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DEPARTMENT OE COMMERCE AND LABOR
^. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
E. DANA DURAND, DIRECTOR
SPECIAL REPORTS
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LICHT AND
POWER STATIONS
1907
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1910
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CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Scope and Grouping of the Statistics.
Page.
Central stations 13
Municipal stations 13
Electric-railway j^lanf s and central electric stations 13
Isolated plants 14
Power or generating plants 14
Period covered 14
Basis of canvass 15
Grouping o£ statistics 15
CHAPTER II.
Summary op Statistics.
Table 1. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations: 1907 and 1902 16
Table 2. — Central electric stations oi^erated by street-railway companies: 1907 and 1902 17
Ownership of central electric stations 17
Table 3. — Commercial central electric stations — Number, by character of ownership: 1907 and 1802 17
Table 4. — Commercial central electric stations, by character of ownership: 1907 18
Table 5. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations, by character of ownership: 1907 19
Table 6. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Commercial and municipal: 1907 and 1902 20
Relationship of population and central stations 20
Table 7. — Central electric stations — Relation of leading items to population, by .geographic divisions: 1907 and 1E02 22
Thirty-four selected cities grouped in four classes according to their estimated population in 1902 23
Table 8. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities, by groups, according to population: 1907 and 1902 24
Table 9. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Income from "All other electric service; " 1907 and 1902 25
Table 10. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities— Generating equipment: 1907 and 1902 25
Large and small stations 26
Table 11. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and ir,02 26
Table 12. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1£07 rr.d 1S02. . 27
Table 13. — Central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1S02 27
Consolidation of electric stations with other enterprises 27
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kind of associated enterprises: 1907 27
Table 14. — Comparative summary — Central electric stations and gas plants 28
Municipal plants 28-34
Table 15. — Municipal central electric stations — Number, with additions since 1902, by geographic divisions: 1S07 29
Table 16. — Municipal central electric stations — Number, by population of cities in which located and by geographic divisions:
1907 and 1902 29
Table 17. — Municipal central electric stations, by population of cities in which located and by geographic divisions: 1907 and
1902 30
Table 18. — Municipal central electric stations which supply the entire electric service in the cities where located, by geographic
divisions: 1907 and 1902 .-...• 32
Table 19. — Municipal central electric stations which do not supply the entire electric service in the cities where located, by
geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 33
Municipal central electric stations that render the entire electric service and those that do not — Per cent distribution of in-
come, by geographic divisions: 1907 34
CHAPTER III.
Power Equipment.
Primary-power equipment of central stations and electric railways 35
Table 20. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Number and horsepower of the primary-power machines, by kind of
power: 1907 and 1902 35
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CONTENTS,
Page.
Central stations 35-50
Engines and water wheels S5
Table 21. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of the primary-power machines,
by kind of power: 1907 and 1902 36
Table 22. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Percent distribution, by kind of primary-power machines:
1907 and 1902 38
Steam engines and steam turbines 38
Table 23. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Steam engines and steam tiu-bines, by horsepower capacity:
1907 and 1902 38
Table 24. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity
of steam engines and steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 39
Table 25. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of steam engines, exclusive of
steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 39
Table 26. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity
of steam engines, exclusive of steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 41
Steam turbines 41
Table 27. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of steam turbines, by horsepower
capacity, with per cent distribution : 1907 41
Table 28. — Central electric stations in selected cities — Number and horsepower of steam turbines: 1907 42
Gas engines 42
Intenial-combustion oil engines 42
Internal-combustion oil engines — -Number and horsepower, by states: 1907 42
Water power 42
Table 29. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of water wheels, by horsepower
capacity: 1907 and 1902 43
Table 30. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity
of water wheels: 1907 and 1902 43
Table 31. — Commercial and municipal central electric station.s — Average horsepower, per station and per machine, of pri-
mary power : 1907 and 1902 43
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Distribution by number of stations, and kinds of primary power: 1907
and 1902 44
Dynamos, central stations, and electric railways ■. 44
Table 32. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Number and kilowatt capacity of dynamos in generating stations, by
kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 44
Table 33. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Per cent dintribution, by kind and by number and capacity of
dynamos: 1907 and 1902 ■ 45
Dynamos in central stations 45
Table 34. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of dynamos in generating
stations, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 46
Table 35. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by kind and by number and capacity
of dynamos: 1907 and 1902 46
Table 36. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average kilowatt capacity of dynamos, by kind, per station,
and per machine: 1907 and 1902 46
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of stations, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 46
Table 37. — Central electric stations — Kind of dynamos, by class, number, and kilowatt rapacity : 1907 47
Table 38. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Dynamos, by number and kilowatt capacity: 1907 47
Table 39. — Central electric stations — Kilowatt capacity of dynamos in the states which increased their capacity over 20,000
kilowatts : 1907 and 1902 49
Table 40. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of miscellaneous main-
station equipment: 1907 and 1902 49
Table 41. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of substation equipment, by
kind: 1907 and 1902 49
Output of stations 50,51
Table 42. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Output of generating stations: 1907 and 1902 , 50
Table 43. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Output of generating stations: 1907 and 1902 50
Table 44. — Central electric stations — Output of generating stations, by states and territories, with per cent of increase and per
cent distribution of total increase: 1907 and 1902 51
CHAPTER IV.
Line Equipment.
Central stations and electric railways 52
Table 45. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Lamps, meters, transformers in circuits, and stationary motors: 1907
and 1902 52
CONTENTS. 5
Page.
Central stations 52-60
Lamps, meters, transformers, and stationary motors 52
Table 46.— Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Lamps, meters, transformers in circuits, and stationary
motors: 1907 and 1902 53
Arc lamps 53
Table 47. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Arc lamps, by kinds: 1907 and 1902 53
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind : 1907 and 1902 54
Table 48. — Commercial and municipal central electric .stations — Arc lamp,s, by kind of current used : 1907 and 1902 54
Table 49. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind of current
used: 1907 and 1902 54
Incandescent lamps 54
Table 50. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Incandescent lamps, by c^andlepower, and other varieties
of lamps: 1907 and 1902 55
Central electric stations — Number, by lamp equipment: 1907 56
Table 51. — Central electric stations — Arc and incandescent lamps, for the 8 states having the largest numbers of incandescent
lamps: 1907 and 1902 56
Central electric stations — Lamps other than regular arc and incandescent, by kind : 1907 57
Meters on consumption circuits 57
Table 52. — Central electric stations — Meters on consumption circuits, for the 8 states having the greatest numbers cf meters:
1907 and 1902 57
Transformers in circuits for customers 58
Table 53. — Central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of transformers in circuits for customers, for the 8 states
having the greatest kilowatt capacity: 1907 and 1902 58
Stationary motors 58
Table 54. — Central electric stations — Number and horsepower capacity of stationary motors, for the 8 states having the
greatest horsepower capacity : 1907 and 1902 59
Table 55. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of stations, by character of service: 1907 and 1902. 59
Average size of station 59
Table 56. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average number of lamps, meters, transformers, and motors
per station and average capacity per machine: 1907 and 1902 60
Line construction 60
CHAPTER V.
Capitalization.
Basi.s of statistics ■ 61
Increase since 1902 61
Table 57. — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest paid on funded debt of commercial companies, and funded debt
and interest of municipal stations having bonds outstanding: 1907 and 1902 61
Capitalization of commercial companies 61
Average rate of return on capitalization of incorporated companies: 1907 and 1902 62
Capitalization of purely electric and composite companies 62
Table 58. — Purely electric and composite companies — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest: 1907 63
Table 59. — Di.stribution of capitalization, dividends, and interest between the electric light and power industry and allied
industries: 1907 63
Capitalization and cost of construction 64
Analysis of dividends and interest - 64
Table 60. — Analysis of dividends and interest: 1907 64
Table 61. — Capitalization — Amount, dividends, and interest for companies paying either dividends on stock or interest on
funded debt, and amount for companies paying neither dividends nor interest: 1907 64
Table 62. — Capital stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends either on common or preferred stock, and
amount for companies not paying dividends' 1907 65
Table 63. — Common stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends, grouped by rate of dividends, and amount
for companies not paying dividends: 1907 65
Table 64. — Preferred stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends, grouped by rate of dividends, and amount
for companies not paying dividends: 1907 66
Table 65. — Funded debt — Amount and interest for companies paying interest and amount for companies not paying interest:
1907 66
Table 66. — Companies reporting funded debt, grouped by rate of interest: 1907 67
Capitalization statistics of companies, classified according to dynamo capacity 67
Table 67. — Capitalization statistics of commercial companies, clas.sified according to dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 67
Table 68. — Per cent distribution, by dynamo capacity, of number of companies, capitalization, and dividends ahd interest, and
average capitalization per company: 1907 68
Average capitalization per company and per cent distribution of capitalization for groups of companies, classified according to
dynamo capacity: 1907 68
Municipal stations 69
Table 69.— Municipal stations— Funded debt and interest: 1907 and 1902 69
Table 70. — Municipal stations — Funded debt and interest for purely electric and composite stations: 1907 69
Table 71. — Municipal stations — Distribution of funded debt and interest between the electric light and power industry and
allied industries; 1907 69
6 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VI.
Cost op Construction and Equipment.
Page.
General discussion 70
Table 72. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Total cost of plants and equipment; average cost per
kilowatt capacity of dynamos and per horsepower capacity of engines and water wheels; and cost of construc-
tion during the census year: 1907 and 1902 70
Table 73.— Total cost of plants and equipment for states each of which in 1907 reported a total of more than $40,000,000: 1907
and 1902 71
Table 74. — Notable increases in the total cost of construction for. 20 selected states in 1907 over the amount reported in 1902 71
Table 75. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Total cost of plants and equipment, by kind of primary
power: 1907 and 1902 72
Table 76. — Commercial and municipal central electric Rtations — Cost of plants and equipment, by kind of primary power
used and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 72
Table 77. — Total cost of plants and equipment, by character of ownership: 1907 73
Table 78. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of construction during the year, by kind of primary
power used and by geographic divisions: 1907 73
Table 79. — Commercial central electric stations — Cost of construction during the year for selected states, by geographic divisions
and kind of primary power: 1907 74
Table 80. — Number of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions. . 74
Table 81. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the
incorporated companies, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions '. 74
Table 82. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the
incorporated companies, by kind of power used and by geographic divisions 75
Stations under construction, December 31, 1907 — Number of stations, by kind of power and by character of ownership. 75
CHAPTER VII.
Income and Expenses.
Purpose of the statistics 76
General statistics of income 76-89
Table 83. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 and 1902 76
Table 84. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income: 1907 and 1902 78
Table 85. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 and 1902 78
Table 86. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income: 1907 and 1902 79
Table 87. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902. 79
Table 88. — Commercial central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 80
Table 89. — Municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 80
Table 90. — Purely electric commercial stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations : 1907 and 1902 80
Table 91. — Composite commercial stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81
Table 92. — Purely electric municipal stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81
Table 93. — Composite municipal stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81
Table 94. — Central electric stations — Gross income for 10 selected states: 1907 and 1902... 82
Table 95. — Central electric stations — Per cent distribution and per cent of increase for gross income in 10 selected states: 1907
and 1902 82
Table 96. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by kind of primary power used: 1907 and 1902. 83
Table 97. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent of increase of gross income, by kind of primary power
used: 1907 83
Table 98. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income for each kind of power
used, by source of income : 1907 and 1902 84
Table 99. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income for stations with and without meters on con-
sumption circuits: 1907 and 1902 84
Table 100. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from commercial and public lighting: 1907 and
1902 85
Table 101. — Central electric stations — Gross income from commercial and public lighting, for 15 selected states: 1907 and ].902. 86
Commercial central electric stations — Average income from lamps as reported in 1902, and as obtained from 110 selected reports
in 1907 86
Table 102. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from stationary-motor service, for 14 selected
states: 1907 and 1902 87
Table 103. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from "All other electric service:" 1907 and 1902. 87
Table 104. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from current sold to electric railways and to
other electric companies, for 12 selected states: 1907 and 1902 88
Table 105. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Income from electric service other than that for lighting,
motor service, and current sold to railways and to other electric companies : 1907 88
CONTENTS. 7
Paga
Expenses 89-95
Table 106. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Expenses: 1907 and 1902 89
Table 107. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. 90
Table 108. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Expenses : 1907 and 1902 90
Table 109. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. 90
Table 110. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Expenses, by kind of primary power used: 1907 and 1902. . . 91
Table 111. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent increase of expenses, by kind of primary power
used: 1907 91
Table 112. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of total expenses for each kind of
power used, by items of expense: 1907 and 1902 1 91
Salaries and wa§es 92
Table 113. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Employees, salaries, and wages: 1907 and 1902 92
Supplies and materials 93
Table 114. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of supplies and materials: 1907 and 1902 93
Fuel 94
Table 115. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of fuel: 1907 and 1902 94
Power purchased 94
Miscellaneous expenses 95
Table 116. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Jliscellaneous expenses: 1907 and 1902 95
CHAPTER VIII.
Technical Aspects of the Period.
By Thomas Commerford Martin, Expert Special Agent.
General conditions 96
Steam power 97
Oil engines 98
Gas engines 98
Water power 98
Generators 100
Transmission 102
Distribution 103
Transformers 104
Storage batteries 105
Arc lamps 106
Incandescent lamps 108
Electric power 113
Electric heating and cooking 115
Electric meters 117
Regulation and rates 120
GENERAL TABLES.
Table 117. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations— Comparative summary, by states and territories: 1907 and 1902. 126
Table 118. — Commercial and municipal central electric station.s — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and terri-
tories: 1907 130
Table 119. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers,
and output of stations, by states and territories: 1907 136
Table 120. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 138
Table 121. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories:
1907 140
Table 122. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of income, by states and territories: 1907 142
Table 123. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and
territories: 1907 143
Table 124. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and
territories: 1907 144
Table 125. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by states and territories: 1907. 145
Table 126. — Commercial central electric stations — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and territories: 1907 146
Table 127. — Commercial central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of
stations, by states and territories: 1907 152
Table 128. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 154
Table 129. — Commercial central electric stations — Character of ownership, service, capitalization, and cost of construction and
equipment, by states and territories: 1907 156
Table 130. — Commercial central electric stations — Condensed statement: income and expenses, by states and territories: 1907 158
Table 131. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis 'of income, by states and territories: 1907 159
Table 132. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories: 1907 160
Table 133. — Commercial central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and territories: 1907. 162
Table 134. — Commercial central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and territories: 1907. 163
Table 135. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by states and territories: 1907 164 ,
8 CONTENTS.
Page.
Table 136. — Municipal central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of
stations, by states and territories: 1907 165
Table 137. — Municipal central electric stations — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and territories: 1907 166
Table 138. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 170
Table 139. — Municipal central electric stations — Character of service, bonds, and cost of construction and equipment, by states and
territories: 1907 172
Table 140. — Municipal central electric stations — Condensed statement: income and expenses, by states and territories: 1907 173
Table 141. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories: 1907 174
Table 142. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of income, by states and territories: 1907 176
Table 143. — Municipal central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and territories: 1907. . . 177
Table 144.— Municipal central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and territories: 1907... 178
Table 145. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by stales and territories: 1907 179
Table 146.— Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Analysis of arc-lighting service, by
states: 1907 and 1902 " 180
Table 147. — Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Analysis of incandescent and other
varieties of lighting service as well as motor service and number of meters, by states: 1907 and 1902 181
Table 148. — Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Income, by states: 1907 and 1902 182
APPENDICES.
Appendix A. — Schedule 185-187
Appendix B. — Instructions to special agents 189-192
MAPS AND DIAGRAMS.
MAPS.
Map 1. — Geographic divisions 21
Map 2. — Central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 77
Map 3. — Central electric stations — Gross income: 1902 77
DIAGRAMS.
Diagram 1. — Central stations and electric railways, by character of primary power: 1907 36
Diagram 2. — Central stations, by character of primary power: 1907 and 1902 36
Diagram 3. — Central electric stations — Primary power, by states, arranged in order of their relative importance: 1907 and 1902 37
Diagram 4. — Central electric stations — Steam and water power, by states, arranged in order of their relative importance: 1907 40
Diagram 5. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902 46
Diagram 6. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos, by states, arranged in the order of their relative importance: 1907 and
1902 48
Diagram 7. — Central electric atations^-Output, by gec^raphic divisions: 1907 and 1902 51
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Facing page.
Interior view of Southern Power Company's hydro-electric plant 96
Horizontal low-pressure steam turbine and generator 96
Switchboard room, Quarry Street Station, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago 98
Steam turbine generating plant, Fisk Street Station, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago 98
1,500-kilowatt rotary converter 100
Generator connected to large gas engine, San Francisco 100
Conveying a 10,000-kilowatt, 100,000-volt transformer without case across the Feather River, California 102
Method of mounting distribution transformers on poles 102
400-ampere, 1 16 to 120 volt meter uncased to show mechanism 104
High-voltage transformer. Southern Power Company 104
Modern type of distribution transformer 104
Tungsten lighting. Riverside Drive, New York City 106
Inclosed arc-light lamp-posts. Fifth avenue. New York City 106
Arc lighting oa Seventh avenue. New York City ". 108
Types of modern arc-light poles 108
Type of ordinary tungsten lamp 110
1,000-candlepower tungsten lamp compared with ordinary 16-candlepower carbon lamp 110
Inclosed arc lamp with ornamental casing for indoor service 110
Type of flaming-arc lamp 110
Room in New York Post-Office lighted with vacuum tubes 112
Typical electric chafing dish 116
Electric oil-tempering bath 116
Electric coffee percolator 116
Electric flatiron 116
Electric toaster with warming shelf 110
Section of switchboard, New York Edison System 12C
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR,
Bureau of the Census,
Washington, D. C, June 20, 1910.
Sir:
The act of Congress of June 7, 1906, amendatory of section 7 of the act approved March 6, 1902, provides
that statistics concerning central electric light and power stations shall be collected by the Bureau of the
Census at quinquennial periods.
I have the honor to submit herewith the first report preparetl in conformity with the requirements of
this law. The report presents statistics concerning the physical equipment, service, and financial operations
of the central electric light and power stations. This is the second census of the central electric stations that
has been taken since the Bureau of the Census was made a permanent office. The first census covered the
3'ear ending December 31, 1902, and was taken in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the act of
Congress of March 6, 1902.
In order to preserve the comparability of the data, the same form of schedule was used to collect statistics
at both censuses, and, as nearly as possible, the same form of presenting the data has been followed in
both reports. The statistics were collected and the report prepared under the supervision of Mr. William
M. Steuart, chief statistician for manufactures. Mr. T. Commerford Martin, of New York City, was the
consulting expert special agent of the ofiice and prepared the portion of the report dealing with the technical
features of the industry. Acknowledgment should also be made of the services of Mr. Frank L. Sanford,
who prepared the analytical tables and verified the text.
Very respectfully,
Oi^yW<<^Oj
h
Hon. Charles Nagel,
Secretary oj C(ymmerce and Labor.
Director of the Census.
(9)
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND
POWER STATIONS
(11)
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
CHAPTER I.
SCOPE AND GROUPING OF THE STATISTICS.
Central stations. — The act of Congress approved
June 7, 1906, amending section 7 of the act estabUsh-
ing a permanent Census Oflice, authorizes the Director
of the Census to collect every five years statistics
relating to street railways, electric light and power,
and the telephone and telegraph business. This
report relates to central electric stations which furnish
electrical energy for lighting and heating and power
for manufacturing and mining purposes, for street
railways and elevators, for charging batteries, etc.
Central stations are classed as "commercial" and
"municipal," the former being those operated by indi-
viduals, companies, and corporations; and the latter
those operated by municipalities. The census takes no
cognizance of electric stations that are operated by
the Federal Government or of those operated prima-
rily for the service of state institutions.
Central stations are further classed as "purely elec-
tric" and "composite." The central stations devoted
soleh' to the generation and sale of electrical energy
are designated as "purely electric." The majority of
the central stations are of this class. Central stations
engaged in the electric business and also in other
industries, such as the manufacture of gas and the
operation of waterworks, electric railways, ice plants,
mining and other commercial enterprises, are desig-
nated as "composite." There is scarcely a limit to
the variety of industries that are conducted under the
same management with electric plants, such associa-
tion of industries being the result of a belief that econ-
omy of administration is secured thereby. In many
instances only one system of accounts is kept for all of
the industries conducted under the same ownership,
and this makes it difficult to obtain statistics which
relate exclusively to the central electric light and
power stations. When it was impossible to secure
from book accounts exact data for the electric plants
as distinct from other business, careful estimates as to
the generation and sale of electric current were
obtained.
No estimate could be made, however, in the case of
the income and expenses that should be credited to the
various phases of the business when steam was fur-
nished for heating, or electric fixtures and supplies
were sold in connection with the operation of the elec-
tric plant, and consequently the income and expenses
pertaining to these transactions are included in those
shown as incident to the operation of the station.
Furthermore, it was often impracticable to apportion
the capital among the various industries when other
business was conducted in connection with the opera-
tion of the electric plant, and therefore the reported
capital does not represent the amount actually charge-
able to the electrical industry. The difficulty attend-
ing the segregation of capital is more fully explained
in the chapter on capitalization, where an effort is
made to show the capital properly chargeable to the
central stations.
Municipal stations. — As already indicated, electric
light and power plants operated under the ownership
of municipalities and other local governments are con-
sidered as "central stations," and statistics for them
are included in this report. These plants, generally
established primarily to furnish current for lighting
the public buildings, streets, and parks, frequently
sell large quantities of electricity for commercial uses.
Their field of operation is similar to that of the com-
mercial stations, and their sources of revenue are much
the same.
Although as a rule no cash income is derived from
the furnishing of current for the use of the munici-
pality, in order that the income shown in this report
may represent the total consumption of electrical
energy, the income for such energy furnished for mu-
nicipal purposes has been estimated on the basis of
what would have been paid for similar service if this
service had been supplied by a commercial company
in the vicinity.
The methods of conducting municipal plants, how-
ever, differ in so many important respects from those
of the commercial plants that the statistics for the
two classes of plants are presented separately.
Electric-railway plants and central electric stations. —
The tendency to sell electricity for general commercial
use is constantly increasing among electric-railway
companies. It was impossible, however, in some
instances, to obtain statistics concerning the capital,
employees, expenses, etc., relating to the sale of elec-
tricity by railway companies for purposes similar to
those reported by the central stations. As a rule but
(13)
14
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
one system of accounts is employed when the gener-
ating apparatus is used for the railway service and
also for commercial light or power service, and is
located in the same building and operated by the
same primary power; in such cases it is impracticable
to obtain separate financial statistics for the two
branches of service. In all cases where separate data
could be obtained, the statistics were included in the
reports for the central stations and for the railways,
respectively. If, however, separate returns could not
be prepared, the statistics for the entire plant and
equipment were included in the report on Street
and Electric Railways, but certain features, such as
the income from the sale of electrical energ}', the num-
ber of lamps wired for service, the number of station-
ary motors, and the number of meters on consumption
circuits, were so reported in the schedule as to enable
their separate presentation, which will be found in
Tables 146 to 148.
In 1902 there were 251 railway companies which
furnislied electricity for light, power, and other pur-
poses. These companies reported an aggregate in-
come of 87,703,574 from tlie sale of current. In 1907
there were 3.30 railway companies in this class, and the in-
come from the sale of current amounted to $20,093,302.
In 1902 the annual output of all electric stations and
electric railways amounted to 4,768,535,512 kilowatt
hours. In 1907 the output of the two classes of sta-
tions was 10,621,406,837 kilowatt hours, the increase
in that year as compared with 1902 being 5,852,871,325
kilowatt hours, or 122.7 per cent. In 1902 the output
by electric railways formed 47.4 per cent of the total,
but by 1907 the proportion for such railways had de-
creased to 44.9 per cent. Because of consolidations
of the two branches of the industry and the growing
tendency of the railway companies to sell electricity for
commercial purposes, the reports for tlie railway compa-
nies show an encroachment upon the field of the central
stations, and the separate statistics for these latter
stations are becoming less representative of the elec-
trical energy sold for general commercial purposes.
Nevertheless, the figures indicate that during the five
years ending with 1907 the central stations increased
more rapidly than the electric railways.
Isolated plants. — For the purpose of lighting and
furnishing power for factories, hotels, or other enter-
prises, a large quantity of electricity is generated in
plants which are operated for the exclusive benefit of
their owners. Some of these plants sell limited amounts
of current, but they were established as adjuncts to
other forms of business, and practically no statistics
concerning them are included in the census reports.
Some of these isolated plants are extensive and have a
much larger capacity than many of the central stations.
At the census of 1902 it was estimated that there were
50,000 of these isolated electric plants in the United I
States. The number of commercial and municipal
plants increased from 3,620 in 1902 to 4,714 in 1907,
the increase amounting to 1,094, or 30.2 per cent.
The application of the same rate of increase to the
estimated number of isolated plants in 1902 gives an
estimate of 65,000 for 1907. To what extent tlie utili-
zation of surplus power in the operation of private
electric plants to furnish light and power for large
mills, department stores, hotels, and other industrial
enterprises, has stimulated tlie increase in these plants
it is impossible to state, and the above estimate, tliere-
fore, maj^ be more or less than the actual number of
isolated plants in existence.
Power or generating plants. — Census reports are pre-
pared as far as possible in conformity with the systems
of bookkeeping in use in the different establishments.
Frequently two or more power or generating plants
operated under the same management had but one
system of accounts, and consequently it was necessary
to include the statistics for all classed as a "central
station" on the same census schedule. In the vast
majority of cases only one power plant is operated
under the same ownership, and the term "central sta-
tion" of the census classification, therefore, generally
represents one plant, but it is evident that the terms
"central station" and "power or generating plant"
are not synonymous. Although the statistics for a
central station may represent a number of these plants,
every effort was made to obtain separate census re-
ports for the plants located in separate states, even if
they were conducted under the same ownership.
The number of primary-power or generating plants
was not called for in the schedule used for reporting
central stations in 1907, but some idea of their number
may be had from the fact that the returns sliowed
4,731 plants equipped with dynamos for the generation
of electricity. Of the 4,714 stations reported in 1907,
227 had no generating equipment, while 113 had more
than one power plant. This latter class reported 357
generating stations.
Period covered. — This census relates to tlie calendar
year ending December 31, 1907. The only other com-
plete enumeration of the central electric stations
covered the twelve months ending June 30, 1902. At
both censuses reports .of the establishments were ac-
cepted for the business year which most nearly con-
formed to the census year, and all stations that were in
operation during any portion of the respective census
years were included. Therefore, although most of the
reports were prepared for the census year, they do not
necessarily represent the same period of twelve months,
or even an entire year. In 1902 reports covering a
period of less than a year were furnished by 141 com-
mercial and 38 municipal stations; and in 1907, by
202 commercial and 49 municipal stations. The ma-
jority of the reports covering less than a year were for
stations that commenced operations during the census
year. Some reports of this kind, however, were for
SCOPE AND GROUPING OF THE STATISTICS.
15
properties that changed ownership during the year,
the new owners being unable to furnish statistics for
the operations conducted under the previous owner-
ship. These variations in the period covered by the
reports necessarily have some influence on certain sta-
tistics, such as the output of stations. As a rule, how-
ever, the reports covering less than a year are for com-
paratively small plants, and the statistics for such
plants have but little effect upon the various totals.
The census takes no cognizance of stations that had
not begun operations prior to the close of the census
year, except that limited statistics are presented in
Chapter VI, pages 74 and 75, for such stations as were
under construction during the year.
Basis of canvass. — In the endeavor to secure statis-
tics from all central stations lists of the names and
addresses of such concerns were prepared from informa-
tion obtained from the postmasters in the different
cities and towns and from directories and other
sources of information. These lists formed the basis
of the canvass. The United States was divided into
districts and each district given to one or more agents,
who were instructed not only to secure reports from
all stations named on the lists, but to make careful
inquir\' for other stations. It is believed that in this
way a thorough canvass was made of the entire country
and reports were secured from all plants that should
be cla.ssed as "central stations."
Grouping of statistics. — Tables 118 to 145 contain all
of the detailed statistics that were collected for 1907
for the central stations in each state and territory.
In other tables and text statements the statistics
have been grouped under appropriate headings, and
comparisons made, when possible, with the data for
1902. The most important classifications of the sta-
tistics are the following:
1. Commercial central stations, or those that were
operated under private ownership, whether by indi-
viduals, companies, or corporations.
2. Municipal central stations, or those that were
operated by state, city, or other local governments,
except those operated specially for institutions.
3. Purely electric central stations, or those that do
a strictly electrical business.
25142—10 2
4. Composite central stations, or those operated in
connection with some other industry.
5. Central stations according to d3'namo capacity.
6. Central stations operated by water power ex-
clusively.
7. Central stations operated by steam power ex-
clusively.
8. Central stations operated by both steam and
water power.
9. Central stations in selected cities where all or
practically all of the current is produced and consumed
within the incorporated limits of the cities.
This grouping of the statistics closely follows the
arrangement established at the census of 1902, in
order that comparisons may be made to show the de-
velopment of the industry.
The report of 1902 shows the number of central sta-
tions that commenced operations each year from 1881
to 1902, but this feature was abandoned at the census
of 1907 because changes in ownership are so frequent
that in many instances it is impossible to obtain the
date on which operations were commenced.
The ease and practicability of long-transmission
lines has caused a great extension of the area which
may be covered by lines from a central station, and
therefore it often happens that the generating station
is located at a place which from the standpoint of
population is comparatively insignificant, whereas the
places at which the electrical energy is delivered for
use may be of considerable size. On the other hand,
many stations located in large cities are extending
their service into the surrounding territory. For
these reasons, a classification of central (generating)
stations by the population of the places in which
these stations are located would not convey a correct
idea of the population served, or available for service,
and consequently this presentation also, which was
shown in 1902, has been abandoned.
The meager statistics concerning electric stations
collected at the census of 1890 are not presented in
this report because they are so fragmentary that they
are not fairly comparable with those for subsequent
censuses.
CHAPTER II.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
The magnitude of the central electric station industry in the census years 1902 and 1907, and the growth
during the five-year period, are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 .—COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
1007
Number of stations
Cost of construction and equipment
Gross income
Eleetric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Total expenses i
Cost of supplies and materials, including
power purchased
Cost of fuel
Miscellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages
Salaried ollicials, clerks, etc.—
Number
Salaries
Wage-earners—
Average numljer
Wages
Primary power: «
Number of macliines
Horsepower capacity
Steam engines and steam turbines-
Number
Horsepower
Gas engines-
Number
Horsepower
Water wheels-
Number
Horsepower
Generating equipment:
Dynamos-
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-voltage—
Numijer
Kilowatt capacity
Direct -current, constant -amper-
age-
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Alternating single-phase and poly-
phase current—
Numt>er
Kilowatt capacity
Output of stations, kilowatt hours
Lamps wired for service: *
A re
Incandescent 5
other varieties— Nernst, vacuum, vapor,
etc
4.714
$1.0!W.913,622
SI 75, 642, 338
$109,614,691
J125, 755, 114
J28,511,550
815,348,027
$6,027,647
$106, 205, 149
$21,400,823
$23,057,745
$26,326,257
$35,420,324
12, 990
$11,733,787
34,542
$23,686,537
10,150
4,032,365
7,206
2,627,450
463
55,828
2,481
1,349,087
12,173
2,709,225
3,680
406,460
1,685
80,992
6,808
2.221,773
5,862,276,737
555, 713
41,445,997
162.338
3,620
$504,740,332
$85,700,605
$84,186,605
$70, 138, 147
$9,910,217
$4,138,241
$1,514,000
$55,457,830
$11,280,423
$11,635,509
$ll,895,20fi
$20,646,692
6,996
$5,663,580
23,330
$14,983,112
7,485
1,830,594
5,930
1,379,941
165
12,181
1,390
438,472
12.484
1,212,235
3.823
330.065
3.539
145,866
5,122
736,304
2,507,051,115
385,698
18,194,044
COMMERCHL.
MCSICIPA L.
1907
3,462
$1,054,034,175
$161,630,339
$156. 000. 257
$112,714,851
$27,995,177
$15,290,229
$5,630,082
$97,037,961
$19,665,919
$19,824,962
$25,611,771
$31,935,309
11,375
$10,738,955
30,091
$21,196,354
8,205
3,712,518
5,492
2,344,032
385
49, 746
2.328
1,318,740
9,778
2,500,209
3,169
379, 706
1.240
01,753
5,303
2,058,750
. 5,572,813,949
472, 773
37, .393, 549
m
153,408
190-2
2,805
$482,719,879
$78, 735, 500
$77,349,749
$(3,389,284
$9,839,677
$4, 120, 788
$1,385,761
$50,710,648
$10,303,950
$10,189,685
$11,456,037
$18,766,970
6,040
$5,206,199
20.8(3
$13,560,771
6,325
1,671,401
4,870
1,232,923
147
11,224
1,308
427,254
10,662
1,098,855
3,405
312,509
2,957
117,695
4,300
668,651
2,311,140,070
334,903
16, 616, 593
(«)
1,252
$42,879,447
'$14,011,999
'$13,614,434
$13,040,263
$516,373
$57, 798
$397. 565
$9,167,188
$1,734,904
$3,232,783
$714,486
$3,485,015
1,015
$994,832
3,951
$2,490,183
1,945
319,847
1.714
283,418
78
6,082
153
30,347
2,395
209,016
511
26,754
439
19,239
1.445
163,023
289,462,788
82.940
4,052,448
815
$22,020,473
'$0,965,105
'$6,830,850
$0,748,863
$70,540
$17,453
$128, 249
$4,741,182
$976,407
$1,445,824
$439, 1(>9
$1,879,722
950
$457,381
2,467
$1,422,341
I.IOO
159, 193
1,060
147,018
18
957
82
11,218
1,822
113,380
418
17,556
582
28,171
822
67,653
195,904,439
50,795
1,577,451
m
FEB CENT or INCREASE.
Total.
30.2
117.3
104.9
101.5
79.3
187.7
270.9
298.1
91.5
89.7
98.2
121.3
71.6
85.7
107.2
48.5
58.1
35.6
120.3
21.5
90.4
180.6
358.3
78.5
207.7
a 2.5
123.5
»3.7
23.1
'52.4
»44.5
32.9
201.7
133.8
44.1
127.8
Com- I Municl-
mercial. pal.
23.4
118.4
105.3
101.7
77.8
184.5
271.1
300.3
91.3
90.9
94.0
123.6
70.2
88.1
106.3
47.1
56.3
29.7
122.1
12.8
90.1
101.9
343.2
78.0
208.7
>8.3
127.5
■0.9
21.5
•57.9
»47.5
24.7
207.9
141.1
41.2
125.0
53.6
94.7
101.2
99.1
93.2
632.0
231.2
210.0
93.4
77.6
123.6
62.7
85.4
70.0
117.6
60.2
75.1
67.7
100.9
61.7
92.8
333.3
635.5
86.6
170.5
31.4
84.3
22.2
52.4
»24.6
»31.7
75.8
141.0
47.8
63.3
156.9
< Includes the estimated income tor current consumed in municipal buildings and In lighting streets, parks, etc.
2 Exclusive of auxiliary engines with a total capacity of 05,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower In 1902.
.> Decrease.
< Exclusive of 275.079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately in 1902.
» The number of incandescent lamps was largely, an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging
from 2 to 50 candleponer.
* Not reported separately.
As previously explained, the figures for the central
stations do not represent the entire production of elec-
trical energy. To arrive at the aggregate it would be
necessary to consider also the electric railways, tele-
phone and telegraph lines, electric police-patrol and
fire-alarm systems, and the isolated electric plants.
In 1907, exclusive of the isolated electric plants,
there were upward of 30,000 individuals, companies,
corporations, and municipalities which reported the
(16)
generation or utilization of eiectric current in what
may be termed " commercial enterprises." These
industries represent an outstanding capitalization of
$6,209,746,753, of which $1,367,338,836 is credited to
central electric stations, $3,774,772,096 to electric rail-
ways, $814,616,004 to commercial or mutual telephone
companies, and $253,019,817 to telegraph companies,
the latter item including $32,726,242, the capital stock
of wireless-telegraph companies. The capitalization of
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
17
the 17,702 independent farmer or rural telephone lines
and of the 1,157 electric police-patrol and fire-alarm
systems could not be ascertained. In addition, there
were a number of companies ori^anized for the purpose
of acquiring the capital stock or bonds of electric com-
panies, street railwaj's, gas and water systems, and
similar properties, holding the same for investment and
to some extent supervising the operation of the under-
lying companies. To show the ca])italization of these
holding companies would be misleading as applied to
central electric stations, since it would be impossible to
determine the extent of its application to the electrical
industry as distinguished from others. In view of this
condition and because of the difficulty of securing the
information, it was deemed advisable to omit the data
as relating to central stations.
In view of the very large increases shown for the de-
tails of the industry as a whole, it seems necessary to
state that the loss shown in the number and the capacity
of the direct-current machines was due to the fact that
this type of dynamo iias been superseded by the alter-
nating single-phase and polyphase current machine.
Although central-station statistics of the compara-
tively few street railways that sold current and that
were able to prepare complete separate reports have
been included with those for central electric stations,
in order that that branch of the electrical industry
might be shown as fully as possible, the full measure of
growth of central-station work does not appear in Table
1 because of the fact that this service is also largely car-
ried on by numerous street-railway companies which
combine the central-station business so closely with
other activities as not to permit of complete separate
reports. Detailed statistics for the electric-railway
companies which were unable to make separate reports
will be found in Tables 146, 147, and 148, and a brief
summary of the same is presented in Table 2.
Table 2. — Central electric stations operated by street-railway com-
panies: 1907 and 1902.
[Complete separate reports for these stations eould not be secured, hence the full sta-
tistics for them have been included with those for electric railways. This table
does not include central stations operated by street-railway companies which fur-
nished complete separate reports.]
Number of stations
Gross income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Lamps wired for service:
Arc
Incandescent >
other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, va-
por, etc
stationary motors:
Number
Horsepower
Meters on consumption circuits, number..
1S07
177
$17,291,824
$16,570,553
$13,273,295
$2,685,013
$018, 247
$715,269
80,102
4,545,839
20,468
158.923
213.886
1902
118
$0,469,726
$6,271,815
$5,492,609
$768,040
$11,106
$197,911
33,863
1,442,685
m
10,049
35.688
56,601
Per cent
of
Increase.
50.0
167.3
104.3
141.7
249.6
5,466.8
261.4
136.5
215.1
103.7
345.3
277.9
Table 2 shows that while the number of stations
which were unable to make separate reports is grow-
ing, there is still greater increase in their impor-
tance. The increase in the income for electric service,
$10,S22,098, does not fully represent this feature
of the electric service, since, as shown in the report
on street railways, 3.30 companies reported the sale
of electric current during 1907, and the income
from this source amounted to $20,093,302. Some of
the current was sokl to other electric railways, but a
large portion was used for light and power in enter-
prises not connected with the railways. However,
statistics of income and equipment can be shown
separately for only 177 companies. The increases in
number of lamps, number and horsepower of station-
ary motors, and number of meters on consumption
circuits, not only show the rapid growth of central-
station work in connection with the operation of
street railways, but demonstrate the wonderful facility
with which electrical energy may be utilized wherever^
there is a demand for light or power.
Ownership of central electric stations. — Table 3 shows
the number of commercial central stations conducted
under the different forms of ownership.
Table 3. — Commercial central electric stations — Number, by char-
acter of ownership : 1907 and 1902.
CnARACTER OF OWNERSHIP.
1907
1902
Per cent
of
increase.
PER CENT
DISTRIBUTION.
1907
1902
Total
3.462
2,805
23.4
100.0 lOO.O
609
298
12,555
528
228
2.049
15.3
30.7
24.7
17.0 1 18.8
Finn.
R.6 8 1
Incorporated company
73.8
73.1
1 The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and , although mostly
reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number rangmg from 2
to 50 candlepower.
2 Not reported separately.
' Includes 2 stations classed as "Other forms of ownership," In order that the
operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
Although the number of stations operated by the
several forms of ownership can not properly be used
to determine their relative importance, it shows the
character of ownership which predominates and which
seems to be one of the distinctive features of the
industry. Nearly three-fourths of the stations re-
ported at each census were operated by incorporated
companies. Individual ownership was next in im-
portance as to number of stations, with less than
one-fifth of the total at each census. The percentage
which stations under individual ownership represent
of the total number for all classes decreased from 18.8
in 1902 to 17.6 in 1907, a loss of 1.2. Firms showed
but little proportionate change, having less than 9
per cent of the total number at each census. Detailed
statistics for 1907 for the different forms of owner-
ship are presented in Table 4. These statistics are
confined to 1907 because in 1902 data as to character
of ownership were limited to the number of estab-
lishments.
18 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Taule 4.— commercial CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS, BY CHARACTER OF pWNERSHIP: 1907.
Niimbor of stations '.
Cost of TOnslruellon and equipment
Gross income ;
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Total expenses
lost of supplies and materials
''osl of fuel
I'owcr i)urchased
M iscellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages
Salaried officials, clerks, etc.—
Number
Salaries
Wage-earners —
Average number
Wages
Primary power:
Number of machines
Ilorsepower capacity
Steam engines —
Number
Horsepower
Steam turbines —
Number
Ilorsepower
Gas engines —
Nimiber
Horsepower
Water wheels —
Number
Horsepower
Auxiliary engines —
Number
Horsepower
Generating equipment:
Dynamos-
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-voltage —
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-amperage —
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Alternating single-phase and polyphase current-
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Output of stations, kilowatt hours
Lamps wired for service; 2
Arc
Incandescent 3
Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc
CHABACTEB OF OWKEKSBIT.
Total.
$1,054,
$itn.
JIM,
$112,
127,
tl5,
»5,
$97,
$12,
$19,
$6.
$25,
$31,
$10,
$21,
2,
,318,
402
175
3:i<J
.257
Sol
177
229
as2
9fil
731
9«2
188
771
309
375
955
691
354
;,98l
i,S37
i,144
i,007
348
;.025
385
1,746
328
740
776
1,319
2,500,
3,
379,
2,
5,572,
058,
813,
472,
,393,
153,
Individual.
397
27,936
43, 103, 493
5,758
7.36, 594
625
2,573
357,360
1,190
60,332
4,764
2,009,691
5,488,352,710
463,994
36,250.839
152,488
> Includes 2 stations classed as " Other forms of ownership " in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
2 Exclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties.
' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
The statistics in Table 4 show the great preponder-
ance of corporate ownership. The proportions con-
tributed by the corporations to several of the chief
totals of the table were as follows: Cost of construc-
tion and equipment, 99 per cent; income from sale of
current, 97.6 per cent; primary horsepower, 96.8 per
cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 97.1 per cent;
output of stations, 98.5 per cent; number of arc
lamps, 98.1 per cent; and number of incandescent
lamps, 96.9 per cent. If the municipal stations were
included, the proportions for incorporated companies
would be less, but they would still represent about 90
per cent of the several totals, while of the remaining
10 per cent, roughly speaking, about 2 per cent may
be assigned to individuals and firms, with individual
ownership having somewhat the larger share, and 8
per cent to municipalities.
As already stated, central stations may be divided
into the purely electric, those which were operated
solely as electrical enterj^rises ; and the composite,
those which were operated in connection with some
other industry or service, such as waterworks, gas
plants, etc. Table 5 gives detailed statistics of these
two classes of stations subdivided by character of
ownership.
A comparison of the totals for the two groups of
-stations shows that about three-fifths of the income
and cost of construction and equipment was connected
with the purely electric and two-fifths with the com-
posite stations. Nearly two-thirds of the commercial
central stations were reported as purely electric, and
sometliing more than one-third as composite. This
division of commercial stations may also be accepted
as roughly representing the respective importance of
the purely electric and the composite stations. While
the proportions for the chief items for the commercial
stations are thus decidedly greater in the purely elec-
tric than in the composite class, this does not hold
triie for the municipal stations, where such important
totals as income, expenses, horsepower of primary-
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
19
power plant, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, and num-
ber of incandescent lamps are greater for the composite
stations. The fact that such public utilities as water
and gas are so often operated by municipalities which
also operate electric stations explains this condition.
Nearly four-fifths of the purely electric central stations
and more than three-fifths of those in the composite
group were commercial stations. Exclusive of the
item of arc lampj, about 6 per cent of the income and
equipment of the purely electric group was reported
by the municipal stations, as compared with about 10
per cent for these stations in the composite group.
Table 5.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS, BY CHARACTER OF
OWNERSHIP: 1907.
PURELY ELECTRIC STATIONS.
Commercial.
Individual.
Firm.
Incorporated
company.!
Municipal.
COMPOSITE STATIONS.
Commercial.
.Individual.
Firm.
Incorporated
company.
Municipal.
Number of stations
Cost of construction and equipment
Gross income
I'^lectric service
Ligliting
Stationary motors
Another
.\11 other sources
Total expenses
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Miscellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages
Salaried officials, clerics, etc.—
Number
Salaries
Wage-earners —
Average number
Wages
Primary power:
Number of machines
Horsepower capacity
Steam engines —
Number
Horsepower
Steam turbines-
Number
Horsepower
Gas engines —
Numt)er
Horsei)ower
Water wheels —
Niunber
Horsepower
Auxiliary engines—
.Mumper
Horsepower
Generating equipment:
Dynamos —
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-volt-
age—
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-am-
perage —
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Alternating, single-phase and
polyphase current—
Nnml>er
Kilowatt capacity
Output of stations, kilowatt hours
Lamps wired for service: 2
.\rc
Incandescent *
Otlier v a r i e t i e s — Nemst vacuum,
vapor, etc
4,714
51,096,913,622
8175,642,338
8169,614,691
S125,7.'>.5, 114
$28,511,550
$15,348,027
S6, 027, 647
$106,205,149
814,326,351
82:1,057,745
$7,074,472
$26,326,257
$35,420,324
12,990
$11,733,787
34,642
$23,686,537
10,998
4,098,188
6,829
1,810,040
377
817,410
463
55,828
2,481
1,349,087
848
65,823
12, 173
2,709,225
397
84,427,517
81,606,500
81,538,157
81,442,855
$63,834
831,4(i8
$68,343
81,078,567
8155,112
8374, 037
S56, 278
$137,143
8355,997
100
$65, 261
555
$290,736
532
48,370
339
34,082
175
$2,291,942
8863, 938
8813, 222
$751,275
$35, 121
$26,826
$50, 716
$580, 033
896,035
$185,345
827,237
865,721
$205,695
$50,325
272
$155,370
242
25, 440
160
16,820
3,680
406,460
1,685
80,992
6,808
2,221,773
5,862,276,737
555,713
41,445,997
162,338
66
2,867
104
10,635
556
29,620
257
10,357
34
919
265
18,344
27,704,477
4,055
522.444
447
30
1,049
44
7,326
8
245
251
16,477
121
4,370
12
304
118
11,803
15, 193, 414
1,924
245,456
1,555
$6,32,717,815
$98,751,829
$95,705,459
$67, 189, 245
$17,852,985
$10,663,229
$3,046,370
$57,456,650
$7,360,405
810,592,454
$4, .598, 100
$16,314,907
818,690,784
6,469
$6,438,363
17,494
$12, 152, 421
4,446
2,250,483
2,343
786,663
181
696,712
166
18,736
1,343
824,211
413
25, 161
4,878
1,528,189
1,409
196,380
262
732
38,040
2, 737
1,293,769
3,692,080,449
280, 101
21,852,666
112,069
521
$23,489,640
$6,752,654
$6, 572, 736
$6, 294, 677
$261,061
816,998
$179,918
$4,374,925
$678,961
81,324,732
$277, 904
$331,600
$1,761,728
615
$406,875
1,941
$1,354,853
819
149,018
657
113,729
11
10,160
33
2,796
84
21,813
34
530
1,064
96,528
228
11,360
670
72,927
146,109,547
48,206
1,710,664
5,575
212
$2,147,403
$764, 967
$723, 945
8687, 967
816,694
819, 284
$41,022
8536,859
$76, 359
$186, 416
81,879
$69,3C7
$202,838
71
847,404
308
$155,434
315
26,298
181
16,680
1
30
17
710
105
8,216
11
762
283
14,695
146
5,008
123
$1,727,871
8614,196
8594, 917
8.522, 518
861,680
$10,719
819,279
$441,755
879, 421
$132,601
813,353
$.53,841
$162, 539
61
$39, 289
223
8123,250
194
21,585
125
13,214
7
350
69
7,631
3
390
161
12,034
72
2,611
132
9,592
15,399,016
1,703
214, 150
178
5
103
84
9,320
26,164,332
1,097
160,660
1,000
$410,721,627
$59,028,909
$56,624,657
$42,120,991
$9,964,863
$4,538,703
$2,404,352
836,944,097
$5,202,399
$8,354,109
$1,999,341
$8,970,792
$12,417,450
4,696
$4,098,313
11,839
$8,319,143
3,252
1,404,661
1,996
679,648
166
201,283
99
26,034
673
460,821
318
36,875
3,649
899, 194
1,164
160,980
4.58
22,292
2,027
715,922
1,796,272,261
183,803
14,398,183
40,419
731
$19,389,807
87,269,345
$7,041,698
$6,745,686
$255,312
340,800
$217,647
$4,792,263
$677,659
$1,908,051
8100,380
$382,888
$1,723,287
1,000
$587,957
2,010
$1,135,330
1,198
172,333
1,028
150,304
18
9,235
45
3,286
69
8,534
38
974
1,331
112,488
283
15,394
173
6,998
875
90,096
144,353,241
34,734
2,341,884
3,295
* Includes 2 stations classed as " Other forms of ownership," in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
2 l\xclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties.
' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candIepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
Table 6 presents a comparative summary of the
purely electric and the composite plants for 1907 and
1902.
The percentages of increase for the composite sta-
tions are much greater than for the purely elestric,
but the absolute increases show no such excess. On
the contrary, the purely electric stations show a
greater absolute increase for all the leading items. It
is noteworthy that both the commercial and the mu-
nicipal stations share in the uniformly larger percent-
ages of increase for the composite stations, which ap-
pears to indicate that the distinctive characteristics
of the two classes of stations are much less marked
than formerly.
20
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 6,— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL:
1907 AND 1902.
Number of stations
Per cent ol Increase
Cost of construction and equipment.
I'er cent of increase
G ross Income
Per cent of increase
Electric service
I'cr cent of increase
All ottier sources
l*er cent of increase
Total expenses
I'er cent of increase
Primary power: i
Number of machines .
Per cent of increase .
Horsepower capacity
Per cent of increase .
Generating equipment:
Dynamos-
Number
Per cent of increase
Kilowatt capacity
Per cent of increase
Output of stations, kilowatt hours.
I'cr cent of increase
Lamps wired for service: '
Arc
Per cent of Increase
Incandescent'
Per cent of increase
Other varieties— Nernst,vacuum, vapor, etc'
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Aggregate.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
4,714
3,620
30.2
SI, 096, 913, 622
$504,740,352
117.3
»175,642,338
$85,700,605
104.9
$169,614,691
$84, 1S6. 605
101.5
$6,027,047
$1,514,000
298.1
$106, 205, 149
$55,457,830
91.5
10, 150
7,485
,33.6
4,032,365
1,830,594
120.3
12, 173
12,484
22.5
2,709,225
1,212,235
123.5
5.862,276,737
2,507,051,115
133.8
555, 713
385,698
44.1
41,445.997
18,194,044
127.8
tvhely electric stations.
Total.
162,338
2,648
2,139
23.8
$662,926,914
$334,151,724
98.4
$107,974,921
$58,603,406
84.2
$104,629,574
$57,470,597
82.1
$3,345,347
$1,132,809
195.3
$63,490,175
$37,272,578
70.3
5,561
4,615
20.6
2,446,489
1,242,362
96.9
6,749
7,752
"12.9
1,670,814
818,805
104.1
3,880,087,887
1,836,748,836
111.2
334,286
252,407
32.4
24,331,120
12.248,918
Commercial. Municipal.
118,353
2,127
1,759
20.9
$639,437,274
$320,580,333
99.5
$101,222,267
$54, 455, 737
85.9
$98,056,838
$53,394,158
83.0
$3,165,429
$1,061,579
198. 2
$59,115,250
$34,525,512
71.2
4,776
4,032
18.5
2,298,001
1,151,520
99.6
5,685
6,783
216.2
1,574,280
753,021
109.1
3,734.978,340
1.716.909.602
117.5
219,409
30.4
22,620.556
11,463.050
97.3
112,778
521
380
37.1
$23,489,640
$13,571,391
73.1
$6,752,654
$4,147,669
62.8
$6,572,736
$4,076,439
61.2
$179,918
$71,230
152.6
$4, 374, 925
$2,747,086
59.3
785
583
34.7
148, 488
90,842
03.5
1,064
969
9.8
96,528
65,784
46.7
145,109.547
119,839,234
21.1
48,206
32,998
46.1
1,710,504
785.868
117.7
COMPOSITE STATIONS.
Total.
Commercial. Municipal.
2,066
1,481
39.5
$433,986,708
$170,588,628
154.4
$07,667,417
$27,097,199
149.7
$64,985,117
$26,716,008
143.2
$2,682,300
$381,191
603.7
$42,714,974
$18,185,252
134.9
4.389
2,870
59.9
1.585.870
588, 232
169.6
5,424
4,732
14.6
1,038,411
393, 430
163.9
1,982,188,850
670, 302. 279
195.7
221,427
133, 291
66.1
17,114,877
5,945.126
187.9
43,985
1,335
1,046
27.6
$414,596,901
$162,139,540
155.7
$60,408,072
$24,279,763
107.6
$57,943,419
$23,955,591
141.9
$2,464,653
$324. 172
660.3
$37,922,711
$16,191,136
134.2
3,429
2,293
49.3
1,414,317
519,881
172.1
4,093
3,879
5.5
925.923
345.834
167.7
1,837,833,009
594,237.074
209.3
186,693
115, 494
61.6
14,772,993
5,153.543
186.7
40,690
731
435
68.0
$19,389,807
$8,449,082
129.5
$7. 239. 345
$2,817,436
157.7
$7,041,698
$2,760,417
155.1
$217,647
$57,019
281.7
$4,792,263
$1,994,116
140.3
1,160
577
101.0
171,339
68,351
150.7
1,331
853
56.0
112,488
47,596
136.3
144,353,241
76,065,205
89.8
34,734
17,797
95.2
2,341.884
791.583
195.8
3.295
1 E.\chisive of auxiliary engines with a total capacity of 65,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower in 1902.
2 Decrease.
3 E.xclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately ia 1902.
* The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from •
2 to 50 candlepower.
' Not reported separately in 1902.
Relationship of population and central stations. — As
a rule, the central electric stations are concentrated in
the most populous states and at points within these
states from which the largest percentage of the popu-
lation can be served economically. From Table 119 it
appears that New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and
Ohio, the 4 states having the largest jropulation, con-
taining together 29.6 per cent of the total for the
United States, reported 1,296 electric stations, or 27.5
per cent of the total number in operation during 1907,
and the annual output of these stations amounted to
2,553,745,890 kilowatt hours, or 43.6 per cent of the
output of all stations in the United States. While
the proportionate number of central stations and the
proportionate population of this group of states were
very nearly the same, or less than one-third of the
total, their proportion of the kilowatt-hour output
formed nearly one-half of the total. In 1902 the exact
percentages for these items were as follows: Popula-
tion, 29.7 per cent; number of establishments, 30.8 per
cent; and kilowatt-hour output, 49.1 per cent.
A number of the tables contained in this report
present the statistics by the officially adopted geo-
graphic divisions. An outline and a list follow,
showing the states and territories contained in each
division:
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
Map 1,— geographic DIVISIONS.
21
2?orth Atlantic; division:
Maine.
New Hampshire.
Vermont.
Massat^husetts.
Rhode Island.
Connecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsylvania.
South Atlantic division;
Delaware.
Maryland .
District of Columbia.
Virginia.
West V'ii^inia.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georjjia.
Florida.
North Central division:
Ohio.
Indiana.
Illinoi.i.
Michigan.
Wisconsin.
Minnesota.
Iowa.
Xorlh Central division — Con-
tinued.
Missouri.
North Dakota.
South Dakota.
Nebraska.
Kansas.
South Central division:
Kentucky.
Tennessee.
Alabama.
Mi.ssissi|)|ii.
Louisiana.
Arkansas.
Oklahoma.
Texas.
Western division:
Montana.
Idaho.
Wyoming.
Colorado.
New Mexico.
Arizona.
Utah.
Nevada.
Washington.
Oregon.
California.
The largest proportion of the total population of the
country, 33.9 per cent in 1907 and 34.5 per cent in
1902, was in the North Central states. These states
also contained nearly the same percentage of electric
lamps wired for service, but for the horsepower of
primary-power plants, kilowatt capacity of dynamos,
anil output of stations, the percentages were consider-
ably less. The North Atlantic states were next in
the proportion of population, with 27.8 per cent in
1907 and 27.7 per cent in 1902, but their proportions
for the various items of the central-station industry
for both 1907 and 1902 were much larger, as follows:
Horsepower of primary-power plant, 37.4 and 44.2
per cent, respectively; kilowatt capacity of dynamos,
38.9 ami 42.7 per cent; output of stations, 42.4 and
50.6 per cent; number of arc lamps, 43.6 and 44 per
cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 41.5 and
47.1 per cent.
The South Atlantic and South Central divisions,
treated as a single group, embraced 32.7 per cent of
the population in 1907 antl 32.4 per cent in 1902.
Although their proportions of the various items of the
central-station industry were larger in 1907 than in
1902, they were the smallest shown for any section of
the country. The exact percentages for each of
these two divisions for 1907 and 1902 were as follows:
South Atlantic, population, 13.5 and 13.7 per cent,
res])ectively; horsepower of primary-power plant, 7.2
and 5 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 7.2
and 5.1 per cent; output of stations, 4.5 and 4.1 per
cent; number of arc lamps, 4.9 and 4.5 per cent; and
number of incandescent lamps, 4.6 and 3.4 per cent.
The South Central, population, 19.1 and 18.6 per cent;
horsepower of primary-power plant, 6 and 6.4 per
cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 6.1 and 6.8 per
cent; output of stations, 4.4 and 6.1 per cent; number
of arc lamps, 7.2 and 6 per cent; and number of incan-
descent lamps, 6.5 and 5.6 per cent. The Western
division was the smallest in population, with 5.6 per
cent of the total in 1907 and 5.5 per cent in 1902. Its
percentages of the various items for the central-
station industry for 1907 and 1902, respectively,
were as follows: Horsepower of primary-power plant,
19.6 and 15.2 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos,
18 and 14.4 per cent; output of stations, 23.8 and 13.4
per cent; number of arc lamps, 7.6 and 7.8 per cent;
and number of incandescent lamps, 13 and 10 per
cent.
22
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 7.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— RELATION OF LEADING ITEMS TO POPULATION, BY GEOGRAPHIC
DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
United States.
Per cent of In-
ciease
North .Vtlantlc
Per cent ot increase.
South Atlantic
Per cent of increase .
North Central
Per cent of increase .
South Central
Per cent of Increase .
Western
Per cent of Increase .
Cen-
sus.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Popula-
tion.!
85,532,761
78,576)436
8.9
23,779,013
21,778,196
9.2
11,574,988
10,770,414
7.5
29,026,645
27,087,206
7.2
16,368,558
14,651,535
11.7
4,783,657
4,289,085
11.6
NUMBER OF STATIONS.
Total.
4,714
3,620
30.2
1,070
913
17.2
390
251
55.4
2,095
1,706
22.8
679
404
68.1
346
38.7
Com-
mer-
cial.
3,462
2,805
23.4
920
810
13.6
232
176
31.8
1,368
1,178
16.1
613
323
58.8
429
318
34.9
Munic-
ipal.
1,252
815
53.6
150
103
45.6
158
75
110.7
727
528
37.7
166
81
104.9
51
28
82.1
HOKSEPOWEB OF
ENGINES AND
WATEE WHEELS.'
Amount.
4,098,188
1,846,048
122.1
1,534,586
814, 728
88.4
295,265
92,641
218.7
1,219,916
539,669
126.0
244,422
117,192
108.6
803,999
280,818
186.3
Per
1,000
popu-
lation.
47.91
23.48
64.54
37.41
25.51
8.60
42.03
19.92
14.93
8.00
168.08
65.47
KILOWATT
CAPACITY OF
DYNAMOS.
Amount.
2,709,225
1,212,236
123.6
1,054,528
517,549
103.8
195,309
62,301
213.5
Per
1,000
gopu-
itlon.
31. fi7
15.43
OUTPUT OF STATIONS,
KILOWATT HOUES.
LAUPS.>
Arc.
Incandescent.*
I Per
A-ount. 1,.^^.
lation.
5,862,276,737 , 68,538.38
2,507,051,115 ■ 31,905.89
133.8
44.35 2,483,106,227 101,424.28
23.76 1,269,331,001 58,284.49
95.6
16.87
5.78
805,012 27.73
375,614 j 13.86
114.4 !
165,969
82,259
101.8
488,407 102.10
174,612 40.71
179.7
10.14
56.14
266,437,175
102,990,576
168.7
1,462,114,001
646,062,113
126.7
267,387,610
153,905,350
67.2
1,393,231,724
335,762,076
315.0
Num-
ber.
556,713
385,698
23,018.35
9,562.36
50,371.44
23,814.27
16,724.61
10,504.38
291,254.34
1,282.91
242,320
169,554
42.9
27,103
17,183
67.7
204,248
145,629
40.3
39,794
23,320
70.6
42,248
30,112
40.3
Per
1,000
popu-
lation.
6.50
4.91
10.19
7.79
2.34
1.60
Numt)er.
41,445,997
18,194,044
127.8
17,187,474
8,561,206
100.8
1,915,725
611,001
213.6
7.04 14,269,544
6.37 I 6,176,919
131.0
2.43
1.59
8.83
7.02
2,697,115
1,022,298
163.8
6,376,139
1,822,621
195.0
Per
1,000
popu-
lation.
484.56
231.56
722.80
393. 11
166.51
56.73
491.60
22S.04
164. 77
69.77
1,123.88
424.94
1 Based upon Bureau of the Census estimates.
2 Includes capacity of auxiliary enj^ines, amounting to 65,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower in 1902.
3 In liX)7, exclusive of 162,338 lamps of "Other varieties— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc,"— the revenue for which is included with the income for lighting, and 275,079
lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. These lamps were not reported separately in 1902.
' Thenumlier of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
The comparison of the population of these geographic
divisions with the several items of Table 7 representing
the equipment and output of the stations may be
roughly summarized as follows: The North Central,
one- third of all items; the North Atlantic, one-fourth
of the population and two-fifths of the other items;
the South Atlantic and South Central combined,
one-third of the population and one-eighth of the
other items; and the Western, one-twentieth of the
population and one-sixth of the other items. Com-
paring the proportion of population with that for
the number of stations, the proportion of stations was
larger than that for population for the North Central
and Western divisions, and smaller for the North
Atlantic, South Atlantic, and South Central divisions.
One of the most pronounced features of the central-
station industry is the large per capita showing for
the Western division, the output of stations and all
the items of ec{uipment, except arc lamps, being the
largest of any group. The Western division, having,
in 1907, less than 5,000,000 population, as compared
with a population of upward of 11,000,000 and
16,000,000 for the South Atlantic and South Central
divisions, respectively, reported a greater primary
horsepower, a larger dynamo capacity, and more
incandescent lamps wired for service than the two
latter divisions combined. In per capita showing,
the North Atlantic division was second in rank, the
North Central third, the South Atlantic fourth, and
the South Central fifth.
Mention has already been made of the fact that
numerous tables in the report for 1902 contained
statistics for the central stations, grouped according
to the population of the places in which the stations
were located. Such a presentation of the statistics
is interesting, but the following points should be con-
sidered in connection with the results:
1. The reports for' the central stations are assigned
to the places in which the plants are located.
2. The development of the alternating current by
means of the single-phase or polyphase dynamo,
referred to in the report of 1902, has continued since
that census, until at the census of 1907 the kilowatt
capacity of this class of machines represented 82 per
cent of the total dynamo capacity of all central stations.
In many instances large plants arc now located at places
where water power is available for the generation of
the current, but at great distances from the places
where the current is used. It is evident that any
attempt to arrive at the true per capita consumption
of current, and other features based on population
by localities, should include the statistics for these
generating plants, but this is impossible, since they
frequently furnish current to two or more widely
separated cities, mills, or factories. The following are
among the most notable examples of this phase of the
development and use of electrical energy: In Califor-
nia two companies have plants located in several
small places where water power is available for the
generation of electricity, which is not only transmitted
to the largest cities in the state but is used in
numerous smaller place- in the course of its transit.
In New York the electrical energy generated at
Niagara Falls is distributed to various cities and towns
in the state. In South Carolina there is one large
company with generating plants at places where there
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
23
is water power, from which places the electrical
energry is transmitted to various sections of that state.
If necessary, many other instances of tliis character
of electric service might be given, but these are deemed
sufficient for the purpose.
3. Some electric companies, though owning two or
more central stations situated in widely separated
places, made but one report covering all of their
properties. As a rule, such reports are assigned to
the place in which the principal plant is located. In
some instances these plants are in two or more of the
groups of cities for which separate statistics were
shown in 1902, and the assignment of all of them to
a certahi city or group of cities would detract from
the value of conclusions based upon population.
A majority of the central stations, however, are
located in the cities to which they are assigned and
where all of their output, or the major portion, is
consumed. WTiile, therefore, this grouping of the
stations in 1902 by population may have been instruct-
ive to some extent, tlie defects are too great, so far
as relates to the commercial stations, to warrant such
an analysis at the census of 1907. Statistics are pre-
sented, however, for the following 34 selected cities,
grouped in four classes according to size:
Thirty-four selected cities grouped in four classes according to their
estimated population in. 1902.
500,000 and over.
100,000 but under
500,000.
25,000 but under
100,000.
5,000 but under
25,000.
Chicago, III. ■
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dayton, Ohio.
Anderson, Ind.
New York, N. Y.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Des Moines, Iowa.
Cumberland, Md.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Denver, Colo.
Duluth, Minn.
Flint. Mich.
St. Louis, Mo.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Eric. Pa.
Hannibal, Mo.
Louisville, Kv.
Evansvilie, Ind.
Lewiston, Me.
Minneapolis. Minn.
Ilolyoke, Mass.
Northampton,
New Orleans, La.
Mobile, Ala.
Mass.
St. Paul, Minn.
Reading, Pa.
Oklahoma City,
Washington. D.C.
.San .Vntonio, Tex.
Okla.
Worcester, Mass.
Wilmington, Del.
Paducah, Kv.
Richmond, tnd.
Shrcveport, La.
In the selection of these 34 cities, the rule followed
was to limit them to those in which all the electrical
energy used was practically generaterl within their
respective limits and but little, if any, sold for outside
consumption. Although the selection was to some
extent an arbitrary one, the cities are fairly repre-
sentative of the various sections of the country.
These 34 cities contained 75 stations in 1907 and 70
stations in 1902, the character of ownership of which
in 1907 was as follows: Corporate, 61; and municipal,
14. In 1902, 58 were corporate; 11, municipal; and
1, individual.
24
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 8.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS IN 34 SELECTED CITIES, BY GROUPS, ACCORDING TO POPULATION:
1907 AND 1902.
I'l'lie cities are grouped according to their estimated population in 1902, In order tliat the groups for the two census years may be identical.]
Population'
N umber of stations .
Stock outstanding...
Dividends.
Bonds outstanding
Cost of construction and equipment..
Gross income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
All otlier
.\11 other sources
Total e.xpenses
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased , .
Miscellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages
Salaried olflcials, clerks, etc.:
Numlier ,
Salaries
Wage-earners:
Average number
THIRTY-FOUR CITIES.
I FOUR CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA-
TION or 500,000 AND OVER.
1907
12,088,994
75
634
001
988
083
154
tl88,133,
17,017,
$181,078,
(338,870,
153,242,
$52,039,
$39,583,
$9,397,
$3,058,
$1,202,
$29,753,
$3, 784,
$5, 527,
$1,121,
$10, 130,
$9,189,
2,
$2,851,
1902
Percent
of
increase.
359
205
934
656
204
641
510
079
039
936
568
745 I
10,546,
$136, US,
$1,857,
$108,571,
$133,825,
$25, 126,
$24,968.
$20, 833,
$3, 919,
$215,
$157,
$15, 282,
$2,952,
$2, 493,
$213,
$4,184,
$5,438,
I
858
70
960
305
502
427
735
991
8S2
455
654
744 I
933 I
346
049
929 !
971 ■
638 '
Wages.
9,000
$6,338,190
Primary power: '
Number of machines 685
Horsepower capacity I 908, 776
Generating e(i uipment:
Number of dynamos 979
Kilowatt capacity ' : 639, 195
Output of stations, kilowatt liours 1 1, 337, 608, 288
Lamps wired for service: * i
Arc I 183,731
Incandescent » ' 11 , 522, 603
Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc ' 56, 391
1,219
$1,291,172
5,727
$4,147,466
485
338,461
1,584
218,688
479,132,378
111,437
5, 484, 938
14.6
7.1
36.7
277.8
66.8
153.2
111.9
108.4
90.0
139.8
1,318.4
662.4
94.7
28.2
121.7
424.0
142.1
69.0
110.7
120.9
57.2
52.8
20.6
168.5
'38.2
192.3
179.2
64.9
110.1
1907
8,461,375
24
$132,860,984
$5,232,927
$135, 130, 386
$240,009,024
$38,868,287
$37,922,680
$28, 409, 863
86,894,775
$3, 618, 042
$945, 607
$20,485,942
$2,337,290
$3,647,844
$068,281
$7,246,844
$6,585,683
1,895
$2,104,888
0,092
$4,480,796
276
S78, 120
460
415,979
989,516,589
120, 169
7,833,061
40,779
1908
7,381,
$105,086,
$1,033,
$93,030,
$91,212,
$18,087,
$18,073,
$15, ail,
$2,958,
$63,
$13,
$10,755,
$2, 181,
$1,656,
$15,
$2,916,
$3,985,
Per cent
ol
increase.
849
$924, 128
4,071
$3,061,709
234
212,990
925
133,247
303,435,153
70,376
4,009,473
14.6
9.1
20.4
406.3
45.3
163.1
114.9
109.8
88.8
133.0
4,010.8
«,«oa7
90.5
7.2
120.2
4, 156. 6
Has
66.2
123.2
127.8
49.6
46.3
17.9
171.4
250.3
212.2
226.1
70.8
92.5
Population 1
Number of stations
Stock outstanding
Dividends
Bonds outstanding
Cost of construction and equipment
Gross income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Total expenses
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Mi,scellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages
Salaried officials, clerks, etc. :
Number
Salaries ,
Wage-earners:
Average number
Wages
Primary power: a
Number of machines
Horsepower capacity
Generating equipment:
Number of dynamos
Kilowatt capacity
Output of stations, kilowatt hours
Lamps wired for service: <
.Arc
Incandescent*
Other varieties— Nemst. vacuum, vapor
etc
TEN CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA-
TION OF 100,000 BUT UNDER 500,000.
Per cent
of
increase.
2,693,310
23
$37,739,390
$1,471,099
$27,490,900
$69, 756, 748
$10,676,631
$10,620,50(1
$8, 360, 722
$1,964,718
$195,0(i6
$156, 125
$0, 830, 562
$1,101,472
$1,237,747
$229,526
$2,346,609
$1,921,208
433
$523,893
2,163
$1,397,315
174
218, 178
292
147,439
219,286,502
47,308
2,769,920
2,354,
$26, 490,
$709,
$12,058,
$34,512,
$5,2.16,
$5, 155,
$4,2.36,
$783,
$135,
$80,
S3,3ob,
$654,
$627,
$106,
$995,
81,070,
704
24 I
600
775 :
600
803
059
061
620
567
574
398
436
705
804
990
084
862
265
$252,702
1,255
$818,150
153
91,916
432
64,147
119,633,836
30,792
1,112,946
(•)
14.4
24.2
42.5
107.3
128,0
102.1
103.9
104.1
97.3
150.7
43.9
94.2
103.7
98.6
97.2
114.5
136.8
79.4
69.8
107.3
72.4
70.8
13.7
126.5
!32.4
129.8
108.5
53.6
148.9
TEN aTIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA-
TION OF 25,000 BUT UNDER 100,000.
1907
I
719,613
15
$13, 105, 760
$253,200
$1.5,208,712
$24,296,933
$2,739,816
$2,678,781
$2,078,740
$417, 766
$182,275
$61,036
$1,820,361
$284,886
S447, 154
$219,626
$378,083
$490, 703
171
$160,116
544
$330,587
»4
93,982
160
62,603
73,547,640
11,958
703,211
10,211
1902
632,582
12
$3,855,000
$106,300
$2,884,000
$7,007,488
$1,436,751
$1,376,328
$1,214,683
$151,013
$10, 632
$60,423
$935, 969
$180,875
$141,820
$91,239
$236,083
$286,952
76
$84,407
292
$202,546
62
24,660
150
16,210
35,166,664
7,431
231,114
(•)
Per cent
of
Increase.
13.8
25.0
240.0
138.2
427.3
246.7
90.7
94.6
7L1
176.6
1,614.4
1.0
94.5
57.6
215.3
140.6
60.8
7L0
126.0
89.7
86.3
63.2
51.6
281.3
6.7
286.2
109.2
60.9
204.3
TEN CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA-
TION OF 5,000 BUT UNDER 25,000.
1907
1902
214,696
13
$2,427,400
$59, 775
$3,249,000
$4,807,378
$967, 420
$917, 631
$734,034
$119,946
$63,551
$39,889
$610,349
$60,993
$194,765
$3,747
$158,603
$192,341
69
$62,848
201
$129, 493
41
18,496
67
13, 174
25,257,557
4,290
215, 811
177,992
12
$683, 700
$7,696
$598,500
$1,092,783
$366, 679
$363,369
$331,327
$26,271
$6,761
$3,220
$235, 795
$35,037
$66,633
$38,528
$94, 997
$29,936
109
$06,062
36
8,906
77
6,084
21,006,735
2,838
71,405
m
Per cent
of
increase.
20.6
8.3
255.0
676.7
442.9
339.9
161.2
152.5
121.5
356.6
1,000.3
1,138.8
158.8
7L2
192.3
3U.4
102.6
76.9
109.9
84.4
99.0
13.9
107.7
!13.0
159.1
20.2
51.4
202.2
■Based upon Bureaa of the Census estimates.
' Decrease.
« Exclusive of au.viliary engines with a total capacity of 10,6.59 horsepower in 1907 and 3,662 horsepower in 1902.
* Exclusive of 62,020 lamps u.sed by the central stations to light tlieir own electric proi>erties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately In 1902.'
^ The number of incandescent laihps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
• Not reported separately.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
25
While the principal income of central stations is de-
rived from lighting and stationary-motor service, elec-
tricity is being used for a constantly increasing va-
I'iety of purposes. The income as reported from these
miscellaneous uses is shown in Table 8 as "All other"
under "Electric service." The several items compos-
ing this total are showii in Table 9.
Table 9. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Income from
"All other electric service:" 1907 and 1902.
1907
1902
I'er cent
of
increase.
Tola! . *
$3,058,934 $215,054
1,318.4
1,9(10,551 1 1.38.275
1,317.9
779,728
117,560
Heating, cooking, welding, etc
2!- 451
401.3
135,121 I 24;775
05,974 1 29.153
445. 4
Miscellaneous electric service
120.3
More than nine-tenths of the gain in "Other elec-
tric service" was from the sale of current to electric-
railway companies and to other companies engaged in
the sale and distribution of current. The percentages
of increase for the remaining items are large, but the
actual amounts of income involved are comparatively
small. The greater part of the income from "Miscel-
laneous electric service" was derived from the use of
current to operate electric fans.
Althougii not shown in Table 8, certain facts con-
nected with the generating plants in the 34 cities are
briefly summarized, as follows: In 1907 nearly one-
fourth of the primary power for the 4,714 central sta-
tions in the United States was connected with the 75
stations in these selected cities. The proportion of
steam power in the total primary power in these cities
was 92.5 per cent in 1907 and 98.7 per cent in 1902,
as compared with 65.2 per cent and 75.4 per cent,
respectively, for the United States. As illustrative of
the extensive use of the steam turbine in the more
thickly settled communities, 55.6 per cent of the total
horsepower reported for steam turbines in the central
stations in the United States was reported by the sta-
tions in these 34 selected cities. Chicago claims the
distinction of having the. largest prime mover in the
world, a steam turbine of 22,000 horsepower, several
more of which are about to be installed in the same
station. The gas engine was very little used in these
cities, only 4 engines with a total of 60 horsepower
being reported in 1907, all in the group of cities of
over 500,000 population. In 1902 the group of cities
"5,000 but under 25,000" was the only one not report-
ing gas engines, although but 300 horsepower of this
character was reported for the 34 cities, which formed
only one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total for all kinds
of primary power. A considerable increase in water
power is shown, from 1.2 per cent in 1902 to 7.6 per
cent in 1907. No water power was reported in the 4
cities of over 500,000 population, but it is shown for
each of the remaining groups. The increase in water
power was not due to the general adoption of this form
of primary power, as nearly nine-tenths of the total
increase was confined to two companies, one in the
group of cities of 100,000 but under 500,000 population,
where the water power increased from 2,400 horse-
power in 1902 to 19,600 horsepower in 1907, and the
other in the group of cities of 25,000 but under 100,000
population, in which there has been installed since
1902 a plant reporting water wheels of 39,700 horse-
power. Although this latter plant was reported in
1907, it had been in operation but a few months and
at only a fraction of the capacity reported.
Exclusive of the horsepower of the gas engines, which
was comparatively insignificant, the horsepower ca-
pacity reported by all central stations in the United
States in 1907 was about two-thirds steam and one-
third water. In 1902 the proportions were about
three-fourths steam and one-fourth water. For the
34 cities in 1907 more than nine-tenths was steam and
less than one-tenth Water, while in 1902 practically all
the primary power was steam.
The generating equipment for the 34 selected cities,
which is reported in bulk in Table 8, is shown in detail
in Table 10.
Table 10. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Generating
equipment: 1907 and 190: .
Four
cities,
eacii
Ten
Ten
Ten
cities,
cities,
cities.
eacli
eacli
each
Thirty-
liaving
liaving
having
KIND OF DYNAMO.
Census.
four
cities.
a popu-
lation of
500,000
and
lation of iation of lation of
100,000 23,000 1 5,000
but but 1 but
under
under
under
500.000.
100,000.
25,000.
1907
1902
75
70
24
22
23
24
15
12
13
12
Dynamo!;:
1907
1902
979
1,584
460
925
292
432
160
150
67
77
Kilowatt capacity
1907
639, 195
415,979
147,439
02,003
13,174
1902
218,088
,133,247
64,147
10,210
5,084
Direct-current, con-
stant-voltage:
Number
1907
1902
312
432
125
192
90
150
70
64
21
26
Kilowatt capacity.
1907
95,956
38,984
40.275
13,798
2,899
1902
94,552
50,927
34,943
7,207
1,475
Direct-current, con-
stant-amperage:
1907
1902
385
702
218
401
109
210
41
00
17
31
Kilowatt capacity.
1907
23,748
15.505
5,579
2,069
595
1902
37,222
22,287
11,214
2,703
1,018
Alternatlngsingle-piiase
and polypiiase cur-
rent:
1907
282
117
87
49
29
1902
450
332
72
20
20
ICilowatt capacity.
1907
519,491
361,490
101,685
46,730
9,080
1902
80,914
60,033
17,990
0,300
2,581
The kilowatt capacity of the dynamos in the 34
selected cities formed about the same proportion of
the total for the United States, shghtly less than one-
fourth, as did the primary power. The percentage
of increase, however, was considerably larger for the
34 cities than for the United States. The kilowatt
26
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
capacity of the direct-current, constant-voltage dy-
namos, which increased 23.1 per cent in the United
States, practically remained stationary in the total
for the 3-4 cities, the increase being less than 2 per
cent. An actual loss is shown for the 4 cities of
largest population, which, however, is slightly over-
come by gains in each of the other three groups.
The capacity of the direct-current, constant-amperage
dynamo decreased in each of the several groups of
cities, in harmony with the decrease shown for this
class of dynamo in the total for the United States.
The capacity of the alternating single-phase and
polyphase current dynamo increased in each group,
and the percentage of gain for the 34 cities together
was much greater than that for the country as a whole.
Notwithstanding the gain in kilowatt capacity of
the dynamos there was a general decrease in their
number, which fact harmonizes with the conclusions
in the chapter treating of the generating ecjuipment
of all central stations, where the average capacity of
the dynamos in 1907 is shown to be much larger than
was reported in 1902.
Large and small stations. — As previously explained,
the classification of "central station" is based on the
character of the service and not on the size of the
plarit. No limit was placed on the size of the plants
to be enumerated, and although there are some very
large stations, the vast majority are comparatively
small. The commercial stations range from the one
located at Stanton, Iowa, with gas as the primary
power and a dynamo of 3-kilowatt capacity, to one
in New York City having steam as the primary power
and a total dynamo capacity of 149,300 kilowatts.
The municipal stations range from the one located
at Bath, 111., also with gas as the primary power and
a dynamo capacity of 6 kilowatts, to that located
at Chicago, with steam as the primary power
and a total dynamo capacity of 5,473 kilowatts.
Table 11 classifies the stations according to dynamo
capacity.
Table 11.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF
STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMEECIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
PEE
CENT DISTRIBUTION.
DYN.tJIO CAPACITY OF STATION.
Total.
Commercial.
Municipal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
4,714
3,620
3,462
2,805
1,252
815
100.0
100.0
100.0
lOO.O
lOO.O
100.0
3,038
821
269
169
115
75
227
2,587
586
172
98
66
33
78
2,116
584
225
159
111
74
193
1,890
497
160
92
64
32
70
922
237
44
10
4
1
34
697
89
12
6
2
1
8
64.4
17.4
5.7
3.6
2.4
1.6
4.8
71.5
16.2
4.8
2.7
1.8
0.9
2.2
61.1
16.9
6.0
4.6
3.2
2.1
5.6
67.4
17.7
5.7
3.3
2.3
1.1
2.5
73.6
18.9
3.5
0.8
0.3
0.1
2.7
85.5
200 but under 500 kilowatts
10.9
500 but under 1,000 kilowatts
1.5
1,(XKI but under 2,000 kilowatts
0.7
2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts
0.2
0. I
Stations having no generating equipment ...
1.0
The extent of the predominance of the small station
is evident from the fact that 81.8 per cent of all sta-
tions in 1907 and 87.7 per cent in 1902 were under
500-kilowatt capacity, wliile considerably more than
one-half of all, 64.4 per cent in 1907 and 71.5 per
cent in 1902, were under 200-kilowatt capacity. As
would be expected, the number of stations in the
various classes grows proportionately less as the
classes increase in dynamo capacity.
Of the commercial stations, 16.4 per cent in 1907
and 12.4 per cent in 1902 were embraced in the classes
which had a kilowatt capacity of 500 horsepower or
over, while of the municipal stations, only 4.7 per
cent in 1907 and 2.5 per cent in 1902 reported tliis
capacity. Although the percentages of increase are
almost uniformly larger for the municij)al stations, in
but one class, that of "200 but under 500 kilowatts,"
was the actual increase the greater. The commercial
stations made the only increase in the class of largest
dynamo capacity, there being but one municipal
station of this class both in 1907 and 1902, wliich was
located in Chicago. Except for a small amount of
current sold to other electric companies, this plant
was engaged exclusively in arc fighting.
The distribution, by dynamo capacity, of the purely
electric and of the composite stations is shown in
Table 12.
For all the stations supplied with dynamos the per-
centages of increase were uniformly greater for the
composite stations. In this group the proportion of
small stations, or those under 500-kilowatt capacity,
was 83.8 per cent in 1907 and 89.8 per cent in 1902 as
compared with 80.4 and 86.2 per cent, respectively,
for the purely electric. Among the purely electric sta-
tions the larger plants are a little more numerous, rel-
atively, than among the composite stations. It ap-
pears, however, that the manufacture of electric current
on a large scale is combined with other lines of work
almost as much as the manufacture of current on a
small scale.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
2Y
Table 12.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY
OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
PURELY
^
PER
CENT DISTRIBUTION.
DYNAMO CAP.ICITY OF .STATION.
ELECTRIC.
Total.
1
Purely electric.
Composite.
1907
190S
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
4.714
3,620
2,648
2.139
2,066 1,481
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Under 200 kilowatts
3.038
821
2(i9
1G9
115
75
227
2,587
586
172
98
66
33
78
1,692 1.477
1,346
385
129
89
45
27
45
1,110
220
76
29
18
10
18
64.4
17.4
6.7
3.6
2.4
1.6
4.8
71.6
16.2
4.8
2.7
1.8
0.9
2.2
63.9
16.6
6.3
3.0
2.6
1.8
6.9
69.1
17.1
4.6
3.2
2.2
1.1
2.8
65.2
18.6
6.2
4.3
2.2
1.3
2.2
74.9
200 but under 500 kilowatts . .
436
140
80
70
48
182
360
96
69
48
23
00
14.9
5.1
1,000 but under 2,001) kilowatts
2.0
1.2
5,000 kilowatts and over ■
0.7
1.2
The distribution of the stations by dynamo capacity
is shown liy geographic divisions in Table 13.
The Western division, altliough having in 1907 less
than one-half the population of any of the other divi-
sions, had more stations of l,000-kilo\vatt capacity
and over than either the South Atlantic or the South
Central divisions, and in the largest class of 5,000 and
over, nearly double the number for these two divisions
combineil. Another noticeable feature connected with
the Western division is the relatively large number of
stations not equipped with dynamos, being exceeded
in this respect onl}- by the Xorth Atlantic division.
In 1907, although not shown in Table 13, there were
4 states each of which had more than ten stations not
possessing electric generators, as follows: California,
40; New York, 30; Pennsylvania, 30; and Massachu-
setts, 18. In 1902 such stations were reported by
these states as follows: California, 25; New York, 4;
Pennsjdvania, 11; and Massachusetts, 5. These fig-
ui'es show that California had considerably the largest
number of stations dependent upon other plants for
their electrical energy, anil this showing may be ex-
plained by the fact that in this state exceptionally
long transmission lines are used, the electricity in one
instance being generated upward of 200 miles from the
places where it is chiefly used.
TAiiLE 13.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-
NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS:
1907 AND 1902.
DmSION.
TOTAL.
UNDER 200
KILOWATTS.
200
BUT UNDER
500
Kn.OWATTS.
500
BUT UNDER
1,000
KILOWATTS.
1,000
BUT UNDER
2,000
KaOWATTS.
2,000
BUT UNDER
5,000
KILOWATTS.
5,000
KILOWATTS.
AND OVER.
STATIONS
HAVING NO
GENERATING
EQUIPMENT.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
4,714
3,620
3,038
2,687
821
586
269
172
169
98
115
66
75
33
227
78
North -\tlantic. -.
1,070
390
2,095
679
480
913
251
1,706
404
346
481
250
1,527
630
250
499
201
1.347
328
212
224
90
346
98
63
216
35
241
48
46
113
11
95
20
30
86
4
00
11
11
76
10
47
11
25
42
2
25
10
19
60
8
27
12
18
26
6
19
4
11
27
7
20
3
18
15
1
6
1
10
99
14
33
5
76
29
2
Nortli Central
8
Bouth Central
2
Western .
37
Consolidation of electric stations with other enter-
prises. — In 1907 an effort was made to ascertain the
extent of the association of other industries with central
electric stations, and the results are presented in the
following statement :
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and
hind of associated enterprises: 1907.
United States.
Purely electric 2, 648
Composite 2, 066
Total associated enterprises 2, 306
Total.
Waterworks 1,036
Oas plants ^
Lumber and grist mills
Ice manufacture ,.
Steam heating
Cotton gins
Electric railways
Miscellaneous
329
310
212
118
35
32
234
' Manufactured gas.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
3,462
1,252
2,127
1,335
1,568
621
731
738
320
317
307
212
114
35
32
231
710
12
3
4
3
Of the 4,714 central electric stations, the composite
central stations, or those which were operated in
connection with other industries, numbered 2,066.
These stations were associated with 2,306 industries
of various kinds, the excess of industries being due to
the fact that a single central station may be asso-
ciated with several other industries. The associa-
tion of central stations with waterworks and gas plants
is the most common, and for the municipal plants
there was practically no other. For the commercial
stations there were 995 operated in connection with
such public sei'vice as waterworks, gas works, street
railways, steam heating, and the manufacture of ice,
and 573 stations operated in connection with some
other business. The central stations associated with
such industries as sawmills, gristmills, manufactured
ice, and cotton gins, are likely to be of secondary
importance, and owe their existence to the facility
with which sui-plus primary power, by use of the
28
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
dynamo, may be converted into electrical energy and
transmitted for service as light or power to neai^by or
remote points.
Of the various industries mentioned, the manu-
facture of illuminating gas comes into the most direct
competition with the generation of electrical energy,
and a comparative summary of the two industries is
shown in Table 14.
Table 14.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND GAS PLANTS.
CENTRAL ELECTEIC STATIONS.
GAS PLANTS.
PER CENT or
INCREASE.
1907
1902
1906
1900
Central
Blectric
stations.
Gas
plants.
4,714
$1,096,913,622
$175,642,338
$169,614,691
$6,027,647
$44,458,568
12,990
$11,733,787
34,642
$23,686,537
3,620 '
$504,740,352
$85,700,605 ■
$84, If 6, 605
$1,514,000
$22,915,932
6,996
$5,663,580
23,330
$14,983,112
1,019
1 $725, 035, 204
$125,144,945
$112,662,568
$12,482,377
$37,180,066
0,406
$8,463,699
30,566
$17,057,917
877
1 $567, 000, 506
$75,716,693
$69,432,682
$6,284,111
$20,605,356
5,904
$5,273,500
22,459
$12,436,296
30.2
117.3
104.9
101.5
298.1
I 94.0
85.7
107.2
48.5
1 58.1
16.2
Cost of construction aud equipment
27.9
' 65.3
From sale of electric current or gas
82.3
98.6
Cost of supplies, materials, power purchased , and fuel
SO. 4
Salaried olficials, etc.:
59.3
Salaries ,
60.5
Wage-earners:
36.1
37.2
' Capital invested— owned and borrowed.
Although the statistics for the two industries in
Table 14 do not cover the same years, they represent
the results of two censuses taken at five-year intervals,
the respective census years being sufficiently near
together for purposes of general comparison. The
respective costs of construction for the two indus-
tries are based upon too widely different constituents
to warrant their use except as they show the compara-
tive growth of each industiy. This item for electric
stations represents the total cost of plants and equip-
ment, and that for the gas plants embraces the capital
invested — owned and borrowed. The percentages of
increase for the central stations are uniformly greater
than for the gas plants, although those for the latter
industiy are surprisingly large considering the com-
petition of the newer industry.
The item most comparable is that which represents
the income from the sale of electrical energy in one
industry and from the sale of gas in the other. The
income represented by this item not only constitutes
in each industry more than 90 per cent of the total
from all sources, but the chief uses of the electricity
and manufactured gas are for identical purposes. A
comparison of this source of income shows an increase
of 101.5 per cent for the central stations and 62.3 per
cent for the gas plants. It is to be remembered that
the census figures for central stations in Table 14 do
not embrace all that properly belongs to the central-
station industrj^, since electric-railway companies sell
electric current, amounting in 1907 to upward of
$20,000,000 worth, and thousands of isolated private
stations exist which were not included in the census.
There are likewise many isolated private gas plants,
but the number is believed to be insignificant com-
pared with the isolated electric plants.
In 1907, 329 stations reported that they also oper-
ated gas plants, but this by no means represents the
extent to which the consolidation of the interests of
the two industries has been carried, since it does not
cover instances wherein the whole, or a controlling
portion, of the stock of one industry has been acquired
by the other, and the companies are operated under
separate management regardless of stock owmership.
There is a growing tendency to merge the two indus-
tries partly to avoid the sharp competition whenever
they are common bidders for the same class of business.
MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
A comparison of the number of reports received from
municipal stations in 1907 with the number received
in 1902 shows an increase of 53.6 per cent as compared
with 23.4 per cent for the commercial companies.
The municipal stations are practically exempt from the
consolidations that so frequently occur among com-
mercial companies, and this fact no doubt accounts
in large part for the proportionately greater increase in
the former class of stations. Not only was there a
large increase in the number of municipal stations,
but an analysis of the reports shows that although 33
municipal stations which reported in 1902 had become
commercial stations in 1907, 113 stations which were
reported as commercial in 1902 had become municipal
in 1907. The claim has been made, and sustained
by what appears to be reasonable argument, that the
drift of these public utilities is from municipal to
commercial, but the results of the census do not furnish
cbrroborative evidence of this. On the contrary there
appears to be a distinct field for municipal electric
stations, not only because of a feeling which may exist
in many localities that these public utilities should be
owned by the cities, but because many of the places in
which municipal plants are located do not present
suflicient inducement for the investment of commercial
capital.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
29
Table 15, — Municipal central electric stations — Number, with addi-
tions since 1902, by geographic divisions: 1907.
1 Total
DIVISION. I reported
i in 1907.
Reported
in 1902
and 1907.
Con-
structed
since
1902.
Commer-
cial in
1902 and
munici-
pal in
1907.
In opera-
tion in
1902 but
not re-
ported
at that
census.
Total
1,252
774
348.
113
17
150
158
727
itie
51
100
72
502
77
23
39
CO
100
63
20
9
17
57
24
6
2
Soutli .\tluntic
3
8
South Central
2
Western
2
Census.
Total.
NUMBER OF .STATIONS IN CITIES HAVING
A POPULATION OF—
DIVISIO.N.
Under
5,000.
6,000
but
under
25,000.
25,000
but
under
100,000.
100,000
but
under
500,000.
500,000
and
over.
Total .
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1,252
815
1,081
671
142
121
17
13
6
6
6
4
North .\tiantic
South Atlantic
150
103
158
75
727
528
166
81
51
28
107
68
142
62
636
449
152
68
44
24
38
31
13
11
76
07
10
9
5
3
3
2
2
2
6
4
4
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
5
4
4
4
The stability of these ])hints is exemphlied by the
fact that 774 of the 815 municipal plants reported in
1902 also reported in 1907. Of the 41 which failed to
report in 1907, 33 had become commercial stations,
as previously noted; 4 had discontinuetl operations or
were idle; 2 were connected with public institutions,
the plants of which were excluded from the census
of 1907; 1 was mer<xed with another municipal plant
because of the consolidation of two cities since 1902;
and 1 was destroyed by fire and had not been rebuilt
at the time of taking the census of 1907.
Reasons have idready been given for the omission
of the statistics of central stations, classified by the
population of the places in which the plants were
located. The objections, which are pronounced for
the commercial stations, are not, however, deemed
suflicient to warrant the omission of general statistics
for the municipal stations showing distribution by
population grouping. The number of these stations
in each geographic division by population groupings
is presented in Table 16.
Table IS.— Municipal central electric stations — Number, by popu-
lation of cities in which located and by geographic divisions: 1907
and 190 J.
[The cities have been grouped according to their population in 1900.]
Table 16 shows that most of the municipal stations
are in places of small population, nearly seven-eighths
of the total number being located in places of less than
5,000 population and less than 3 per cent in places
having a population of 25,000 and over. In tlie
3 divisions — the South Atlantic, the South Central,
and the Western — together, only 1 station was
reported in 1907 for cities of over 100,000 population,
but it is to be remembered that in these 3 divisions
together there were only 8 cities of this class according
to the census of 1900. In the North Atlantic division
there were 1 6 cities of this class, with only 2 municipal
plants in 1907; and in the North Central, 14 cities,
with 9 municipal plants. The 1 station reported
for the South Atlantic division was in Baltimore,
while the 4 stations in the "500,000 and over" class
in 1907 and 1902 in the North Central division were
all located in Chicago.
Table 17 gives detailed statistics of municipal sta-
tions, classified according to population of places in
which located.
Although, as already noticed, the group of smallest
population embraced seven-eighths of the total num-
ber of municipal stations, their proportion of other
leading items in the table was smaller, varying from
about one-half to two-thirds, except for the number
of arc lamps, for which the proportion was only about
three-eighths. Nearly one-eighth of the total number
of stations were found in the next higher group, "5,000
but under 25,000," and these stations reported about
one-fourth of the totals for the several chief items.
For the remaining three groups, the various items of
finance, equipment, and output were naturally much
out of proportion to the number of stations. For the
group "25,000 but under 100,000," the leading items
averaged roughly 9 per cent of their several totals, and
for each of the two groups embracing the citjes of
largest population, 5 or 6 per cent. In the stations
of the cities of largest population the high propor-
tion of arc lamps as compared with incandescent
lamps is noteworthy, and clearly indicates the
character of the service of the few stations in the
large cities.
The North Central division reported considerably
more than one-half of the total number of municipal
stations and the same proportion of all the other chief
items in Table 17. The North Atlantic division stood
second. The figures for the stations in the South
Central and South Atlantic divisions are about equal
as a whole, and those for the Western division the
smallest in every respect, except for incandescent and
for "Other varieties" of lamps.
30
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 17.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS, BY POPULATION OF CITIES
[The cities have been grouped
10
25
31
33
DIVISION AND POPULATION GROUP.
Total
Under 5,000
5,000 but under 25,000. . .
25,000 but under 100,000.
100,000 but under 500,000
500,000 and over
North Atlantic
Under 5,000
6,000 but under 25,000
25,000 but under 100,000 '
South Atlantic
Under 5,000
5,000 but under 25,000 '
25,000 but under 100,000 <
North Central
Under 5,000
5,000 but under 25,000
25,000 but under 100,000
100,000 but under 500,000
600,000 and over
S juth Central
Under 5,000
5,000 but under 25,000
25,000 but under 100,000
Western
Under 5,000
5,000 but under 25,000 =
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1997
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Number of
stations.
Cost o( con-
struction and
equipment.
1,252
815 1
1,081
671
142
121
17
13
6
150
103
107
68
158
75
142
62
727
528
636
449
166
81
152
63
$42, 879. 447
22, 020, 473
21.476,667
11,074,008
9,726.310
5,605,178
4,823,033
1,553,931
2,760.732
1,607,803
4,092,705
2,179,553
7,838.995
3,942.139
3,088.388
1,697.447
3.025.195
1,510,923
1,725,412
733, 769
4.076.042
1,561,938
2,973,002
920,726
476,510
641,212
626,530
22,955,162
13,872,245
11.306,559
7,151,667
4,828,705
3,145,901
665,888
302,811 ;
2,177,490 1
1,092,313
3,976,520
2,179,553
4,259,121
1,582.388
3,046,244
929,481
705,552
364,730
507,325
288,175
3,750,127
1,0(>1,765
1.062,474
374, 687
2,687,653
687,078
Total.
$14,011,999
6,965,105
7,631,842
3,621,023
3,466,142
1,765,000
1,414,810
455.204
736.276
441,235
762.929
682,643
2,308,082
1,089.531
872. 150
392.586
897. 546
424,886
538.386
272,059
1.621.309
5S3, 162
1.072,023
333.335
230. 343
249,827
318,943
7,403,015
4,397.509
4.178,706
2,393,828
1,829,198
1,009,166
200. 438
87,817
472.801
221.055
721.872
682.643
1.640,608
566. 146
1,133.925
364,251
321,549
142,742
185,134
59,153
1,038,985
328,757
375, 038
134,023
663,947
194,734
Electric
service.
$13,614,434
6,836,856
7,337,260
3,538,468
3.389,192
1,732,897
1,408,521
455, 149
716,532
427,699
762.929
682,643
2.266,506
1,075.283
845,774
384,109
882.346
419,115
538.386
272.059
1,574.043
577. 479
1,027.220
328, 776
227,880
248,703
7.142,752
4,308,879
3. 992, 505
2,338,038
1,775,195
992,917
200,123
87, 762
453,057
207,519
721,872
682,643
1,609,032
554,208
1,104,549
354,350
319,349
140,705
185, 134
59,153
1,022,101
321.007
367,212
133, 195
654,889
187,812
All other
sources.
$397,586
128, 249
294,582
82,555
76.950
32, 103
6,289
55
19.744
13,536
41,576
14,248
26,378
8,477
15,200
5,771
47.266
5.683
44.803
4.559
2,463
1,124
260.263
88,630
186,201
58,790
54,003
16,249
315
55
19,744
13,536
31,576
11.938
29,376
9,901
2,200
2,037
18,884
7,750
7,826
828
9,058
6,922
^ Not reported separately in 1902.
'Includes 1 station of the "lOn.lWObut under 500,000" group and 1 station of the " 500,000 and over " group In 1907, and 2 stations of the former group In 1902, In ordei
that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
31
IN WHICH LOCATED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND ]902.
according to their population in 1900.]
Total
expenses.
$9, 167, 188
4,741,182
5,298,119
2,620,167
2,128,859
1,212,636
778,358
315, 139
373, 750
255,606
588,102
337,634
1,40(1,815
768,353
567,090
294, 739
571,386
318,692
268,339
154,922
1,051,602
385,412
726, 425
240,438
137,415
144,974
5,072,384
2,938,805
2,999,451
1,736,342
1,127,782
658,289
136,986
61,575
260, 168
144,965
547,997
337,634
1,070,069
403,246
788, 196
261,938
182,060
103,569
99,813
37,749
566,318
245,366
216,957
86, 710
349,361
158, a.w
Primary-power
plant, total
fiorsepower.
321,351
160,028
194,172
96,282
75,975
40,123
25,763
7,713
12,616
6,085
12,825
9,825
56,580
26,657
24,240
13,967
21,049
9,615
11,291
3,075
36,542
12,410
25, 119
8,070
4,950
4,340
6,473
176,221
102,895
110,320
62,994
40, 166
24,123
3,875
1,778
9,720
4,175
12,140
9,825
36, 440
14, 548
5,625
3,320
3,305
2,320
15,568
3,518
6,98:S
2,343
8,585
1,175
KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS.
Total.
209,016
113,380
130, 174
64,650
48, 107
28,966
14,812
5,394
8,250
4,263
7,673
10, 107
35, 325
17,885
16, 103
8,528
12,892
6,917
6,330
2,440
22, 759
8, 4(i9
17,349
5,215
3,183
3,254
2,227
115,990
73, 169
73,973
42, 472
26,042
16,843
2,735
6,037
2,758
7,2a3
10, 107
25, 133
10,393
18,415
5,862
3,315
2,783
2,903
1,748
4,334
2,573
5,475
891
Direct current.
Constant
voltage.
26, 754
17,556
22, 179
13,450
2,813
2,867
942
927
350
107
470
205
2,133
1,334
771
660
950
551
412
123
2,138
1,171
1,543
798
373
595
19,240
12, 578
16,885
9,740
1,705
2,005
300
583
350
45
2,997
1,402
2,734
1,186
158
82
105
134
246
1,071
246
l,0t>6
Constant
amperage.
19, 239
28,171
5,176
7,229
4,895
7,625
2,465
1,892
1,890
2,762
4,813
8,663
3,370
4,225
905
954
1,247
1,566
1,218
1,705
1,482
1,072
232
574
568
13, 477
20,704
3,979
5,294
2,678
4,976
1,080
182
927
1,588
4,813
8,664
843
1,362
38
299
357
612
448
451
67
208
22
108
45
100
Alternating
single-pliase
and polyphase
current.
163,023
67,653
102,819
43, 971
40,399
18,474
11,405
2,675
6,010
1,394
2,390
1,239
29,822
12,326
14, 427
6,914
10,695
4,800
4,700
612
19,139
5,626
15,574
3,843
2,615
1,783
83,273
39,887
Output of sta-
tions, kilowatt
hours.
53,109
27,438
21,659 ,
9,862
1,355
224
4,760
1,125
2,390
1,238
21,293
7,629
15,643
4,377
3,300
2,089
2,350
1,163
9, 496
2,185
4,066
1,398
5,430
786
289,462,788
195,904,439
146,906,359
105,618,293
78,788,119
56,286,059
29,815,562
8,929,900
17,819,478
9,543,807
16,133,270
15,626,380
48,861,638
28,469,646
17, 742, 732
12,624,636
19,182,675
10,983,988
11,936,231
4,861,022
30,300,397
17,072,971
18,283,131
10,349,782
4,563,870
6, 723, 189
7,453,396
159,005,189
127,865,521
81,262,275
68,683,634
43,628,086
35, 277, 472
5,521,786
2,545,510
1.3,487,582
6,732,525
15, 105, 460
15,626,380
34,365,978
17, 484, 135
23,272,368
10,617,220
6,861,650
6,233,720
4,231,960
1, 733, 195
16,929,586
5,012,166
6, 345, 853
3, 343, 021
10,583,733
1, 669, 145
LAHP3 WIKED FOR SEBVICE.
Arc.
Incandescent.
82,940
50,795
4,052,448
1,577,451
30,888
19,611
23,033
15,701
9,549
4,800
8,393
4,544
11,077
6,139
12,320
7,846
3,546
2,387
5,345
3,464
3,429
1,995
7,529
4,230
4,650
2,010
1,715
2,220
1,164
52,327
33,595
18,351
13,314
13,544
9,699
2,755
1,349
6,801
3,094
10,876
6,139
7,188
3,640
3,678
1,552
1,680
1,064
1,930
1,034
3,576
1,484
763
348
2,813
1,136
2,719,249
1,094,946
952,967
391,645
325,548
66,840
42,754
21,620
11,930
2,400
703,634
272, 212
397,819
151,985
264,749
104,902
51,066
15,325
402,953
107, 764
294,643
68,843
43,880
38,921
64,430
2,204,135
1,014,120
1,625,908
770,668
521,401
226,772
16,565
1,100
32,661
13,190
7,600
2,400
353,646
108,521
286, 134
78,623
63,388
27,365
4,124
2,533
388,080
74,834
114,745
24,837
273,335
49,997
Other varie-
ties— Nernst,
vacuum,
vapor, etc. ^
8,870
3,270
1,566
3,738
282
16
1,149
446
590
113
63
40
23
3,609
2,360
945
7
282
15
187
187
3,862
237
3,625
17
IS
21
23
24
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
SO
61
62
63
25142—10-
= Includes 2 stations of the "25,000 but under 100,000 " group in 1902.
' Includes 1 station of the " .500,000 and over " group in 1907.
5 Includes 2 stations of the "25,000 but under 100,000" group in 1907, and 1 station of this group in 1902.
-.3
82
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Nearly nine-tenths of the municipal stations are
located in places for which they supply the entire
electric current used, and the statistics for these
stations, by geographic divisions, are presented in
Table 18.
Table 18.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS WHICH SUPPLY THE ENTIRE ELECTRIC SERVICE IX THE
CITIES WHERE LOCATED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
Number of stations
Cost of construction and equipment .
Gross income
Electric service
Ligliting
Commercial
Public
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Total expenses
Cost of supplies and materials ■ . .
Miscellaneous expenses
Salaries and wages.
Primary-power plant:
Total horsepower capacity 2.
Generating plant:
Kilowatt capacity of dynamos..
Output of stations, kilowatt hours..
Lamps wired for service:
Arc
Incandescent 3
other varieties— Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc.<..
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
1,114
732
S27,310,126
$15,369,3S2
$9,762,111
$4,923,196
$9,419,223
$4,814,568
$9,026,172
$4,741,735
$6,204,396
$2,925,788
$2,821,776
$1,815,947
$342, 865
$63,880
$50,186
$8,953
$342,888
$108,628
$6,573,242
$3,567,352
$3,649,243
$1,884,539
$558,630
$327,980
$2,365,369
$1,354,833
241.028
124,362
159,265
85,122
196,435,621
148,913,431
40,965
28,631
3,363,195
1,465,582
3,753
North Atlantic. South Atlantic. North Central. South Central. Western.
123
93
$5,259,164
$3,121,983
$1,452,700
$770,903
$1,416,548
$756,655
$1,331,363
$741,502
$805,934
$389,206
$525,429
$352,296
$79, 634
$12,638
$5,551
$2,515
$36, 152
$14,248
$930,274
$595,586
$479,940
$281, 178
$105,895
$79,340
$344,439
$235,068
37,914
22,317
25,087
15,155
27, 540, 654
21,820,641
6,001
5,126
580,424
259,577
143
65
$3,602,972
$1,043,002
$1,396,523
$372,983
$1,354,603
$367,300
$1,305,739
$366,639
$906,681
$199,029
$399,058
$167,610
$45,128
$661
$3,736
$41,920
$5,683
$890,831
$267,091
$509,973
$150, 187
$50,764
$16,559
$330,094
$100, 345
32,037
8,825
20.157
5,747
25.600,947
11,717,107
5,588
2,334
369,264
78,779
42
658
476
$14,117,689
$8,963,636
$5,273,998
$2,985,836
. $5,047,744
$2,916,827
$4,876,268
$2,889,183
$3,371,141
$1,827,478
$1,505,127
$1,061,705
$151,706
$24, 098
$19, 770
$3,546
$226,254
$69,009
$3,674,883
$2,120,088
$2,062,699
$1,136,979
$309,320
$179,925
$1,302,804
$803,184
134,554
78, 124
89,558
52,526
110, 478, 858
95,812,332
24,370
17,570
1,987,470
947.946
2,570
152
72
$3,485,495
$1,203,393
$1,369,437
$473,597
$1,338,200
$461,659
$1, 274, 062
$450, 177
$929, 799
$304,860
$344,263
$145,317
$45, 481
$11,082
$18,657
$400
$31,237
$11,938
$909,922
$342,275
$510,027
$186,321
$78, 296
$25,053
$321,599
$130, 901
31,270
11,653
21,069
8,264
28,335,699
14,611,775
4,568
2,201
336, 496
104,446
$844,806
$1,037,368
$269,453
$319,877
$262,128
$312, 127
$238,740
$294,234
$190,841
$205, 215
$47,899
$89,019
$20,916
$15,401
$2, 472
$2,492
$7,325
$7,750
$167,332
$242,312
$86,604
$129,874
$14,355
$27, 103
$(M),373
$85,335
5,253
3,443
3,394
3,430
4,479.463
4,951,576
438
1,400
89.541
74,834
204
1 Includes cost of fuel amoimting to $2,517,986 in 1907 and $1,124,403 in 1902.
2 Includes capacity of auxiliary engines amounting to 1,134 horsepower in 1907 and 525 horsepower in 1902.
' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a IC-eandlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
1' Not reported separately In 1902.
Large increases are shown for all but the Western
division. In this division decreases are found for
nearly every item, but these decreases are only appar-
ent and not real. A number of municipal stations
which were included in this class in 1902 could not
properly be included in 1907 because in the latter year
they did not supply the sole electric service to the
places in which they were located. This was particu-
larly the case in the states of California and Wash-
ington. If all the stations in these 2 states which were
included in 1902 had also been included in 1907, uni-
form gains would have been shown for the Western
division also.
It is noteworthy that proportionately larger gains
were reported for commercial lighting than for public
lighting, and for incandescent lamps than for arc
lamps. This was true for all geographic divisions.
Compared with the increases for most of the items
the output of stations in kilowatt hours shows small
percentages of gain. This is in large part due to the
difference in the stations included at the respective
censuses, previously referred to, and to the fact that
a somewhat larger amount was expended in 1907 than
in 1902 for power purchased, the difference amounting
to upward of $70,000.
The statistics for municipal stations located in
places where they furnished only a part of the electric
service are shown, by geographic divisions, in Table 19.
SUMMARY OF STATISTICS.
33
Table 19.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS WHICH DO NOT SUPPLY THE ENTIRE ELECTRIC SERVICE
IN THE CITIES WHERE LOCATED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS; 1907 AND 1902.
Census.
Number of stations
Cost of eonslruction and equipment.
Gross income
Electric senice
Lighting
Commercial
Public
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Total expenses ,
Cost of supplies and materials ^ . . .
M isoel laneous expenses
Salaries and wages.
Primary-power plant:
Total horsepower capacity 2.
Generating plant:
Kilowatt capacity of dynamos.
Output of stations, kilowatt hours.
Lamps wired for ser\'ice:
Arc
Incandescent ^ ,
Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc. * I 1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
1907
1902
138
83
J15,569,321
16,651,091
S4. 249. 888
12,041,909
$4,195,211
J2. 022. 288
J4. 014. 091
S2, 007, 128
$1,190,591
$182,674
$2,823,500
$1,824,454
$173. 508
$6,660
$7,612
$8,500
$54,677
$19,621
$2,593,946
$1,173,830
$1,318,444
$537,752
$155,856
$111,189
$1,119,646
$524,889
80, 323
3.i.666
49. 751
28.258
93.027.167
46,991,008
41.975
22.164
689,253
111,869
5,117
North
Atlantic.
27
10
$2,579,831
$820,156
$855,382
$318, 628
$849,958
$318, 628
$777,665
$309,618
$230, .530
$12,250
$547. 135
$297,368
$70. 152
$510
$2,141
$8,500
$5,424
$476. 541
$172,767
$225,8.57
$72,814
$42,217
$23,356
$208,407
$76, 597
18.666
4.340
10,238
2,730
2I.,'J20,984
0,649,005
6,319
2,720
123,210
12,635
379
South
Atlantic.
North
Central.
15
10
$473,070
$518,936
$224,786
$210, 179
$219, 440
$210, 179
$214,132
$204, 733
$78,815
$88,901
$135,317 '
$115,832 !
$5,284
$5,446
$24
$5,346
$160,771
$118,321
$95,899
$59,811
$7,265
$9,366
$57,607
$49, 144
4,505
3,585
2,602
2,722
4, 699. 450
5,355,864
1,941
1,896
33,689
28,985
$8,837,473
$4,908,609
$2,129,017
$1,411,673
$2,095,008
$1,392,052
$2,071,438
$1,391,348
$323,702
$76, 130
$1,747,736
$1,315,218
$20,022
$704
$3,548
$34,009
$19,621
$1,397,501
$818,717
$725, 162
$374,097
$70,935
$73,902
$601,404
$370, 718
41.667
24,771
26,432
20,643
48,526,331
32,053,189
27,957
16,025
216,665
66,174
1,039
South
Central.
. $773, 626
$378,993
$271,171
$92,549
$270,832
$92, 549
$255, 757
$92, 549
$38,758
$5,393
$216,999
$87,156
$15,075
Western.
$339
$160,147
$60,971
$78,919
$29,969
$16, 526
$4,412
$64,702
$26,590
5,170
2,895
4,064
2,129
6,030,279
2,872,360
2,620
1,439
17,150
4,075
13
2
$2,905,321
$24,397
$769,532
$8,880
8759,973
$8,880
$095,099
$8,880
$518,786
$176,313
$8,880
$62,975
$1,899
$9,559
$398,986
$3,054
$192,607
$1,061
$18,913
$153
$187,466
$1,840
10,315
75
6,415
34
12, 450, 123
60,590
3.138
84
298,539
3,668
' Includes cost of fuel amounting to $714,797 in 1907 and $321,421 in 1902.
2 Includes capacity of auxiliary engines amounting to 370 horsepower in 1907 and 310 horsepower in 1902.
"The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16<?andlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from
2 to 50 candlepower.
' Not reported separately in 1902.
The number of stations shown in Table 19 is only
about 10 per cent of the total for municipal stations for
both 1907 and 1902, but the proportions of the totals
for several other leading items were much greater.
For 1907 these were as follows: Gross income, 30.3
per cent; sale of current, 30.8 per cent; expenses, 28.3
per cent; primary horsepower, 25 per cent; kilowatt
capacity of dynamos, 23.8 per cent; output of stations,
kilowatt hours, 32.1 per cent; number of arc lamps,
50.6 per cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 17
per cent. The corresponding proportions for 1902
were: Gross income, 29.3 per cent; sale of current, 29.6
per cent; expenses, 24.8 per cent; primary horsepower,
22.3 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 24.9 per
cent; output of stations, kilowatt hours, 24 per cent;
number of arc lamps, 43.6 per cent; and number of in-
candescent lamps, 7.1 per cent. A comparison of
Tables 18 and 19 shows that public lighting occupied
a far larger proportionate place in the business of the
municipal stations included in the latter table than in
that of th^se included in Table 18. In Table 19 the
income from public lighting in 1907 constituted 66.4
per cent of the total income and in Table 18 only 28.9
per cent. This difference between the two classes of
municipal stations is also reflected in their varying
proportions of arc lamps, which find their chief use in
public lighting of streets and parks. In Table 19 the
arc lamps constituted 5.7 per cent of all lamps and in
Table 18 only 1.2 per cent. As the primary object of
municipal stations in places where they do not supply
the sole electric service is probably in most cases the
lighting of streets and parks, incandescent lighting for
municipal stations would chiefly be confined to places
where there were no commercial stations.
84
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
In the following tabular statement the relative im-
portance of the two classes of municipal stations in the
various geographic divisions is shown on the basis of
income reported :
Municipal central electric stations that render the entire electric
service and those that do not — Per cent distribution of income, by
geographic divisions: 1907.
• ■ :
DIVISION.
Municipal
stations
which
render the
entire
service.
Municipal
stations
which
render only
part of the
service.
Total
100.0
100.0
North Atlantic
14.9
14.3
54.0
14.0
2.8
20.1
South Atlantic . .
5.3
50.1
South Central
6.4
18.1
As indicated by the income, the North Central divi-
sion reported slightly more than half of the municipal
central-station industry for both classes of stations.
The municipal stations which render the entire elec-
trical service were, however, proportionately stronger
here. In the other geographic divisions wide differ-
ences appear in the relative importance of the two
classes of municipal stations. In the South Atlantic
and the South Central, as in the North Central, the mu-
nicipal stations which render the entire service were pro-
portionately stronger — considerably more than twice
as strong. In the North Atlantic and the Western divi-
sions, on the other hand, the municipal stations which
render only part of the service were proportionately
stronger, and in the case of the Western division more
than six times as strong.
CHAPTER III.
POWER EQUIPMENT.
Primanj-'power equipment of central stations and elec-
tric railways. — The equipment of the primary-power
plants as reported to tlie Bureau of the Census consists
of the number and horsepower of the steam engines,
steam turbines, gas engines, water wheels, and aux-
iliar}' engmes. With the exception of the auxiliary
engines, which represent the power used within the
station to operate pumps, etc., these machines are
necessarily closeh' allied to the equipment of the gen-
erating plant. In a few instances the primary-power
plant and the electric generators are conducted under
independent ownership, but the two classes of equip-
ment are so generally interdependent that the statis-
tics for them are associated in various tables through-
out the report. The totals for the primary machines
in central stations and electric-railway plants are
given in Table 20.
Table 20.— CENTRAL
ELECTRIC STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF THE
PRIMARY-POWER MACHINES, BY KIND OF POWER: 1907 AND 1902.
KIND OF POWER.
Total:
Number
Horsepower. .
Steam engines:
Number
Horsepower
Steam turbines:
Number
Horsepower
Gas engines:
Number ,
Horsepower
Water wtieels:
Numljer
Horsepower
Auxiliary engines:
Number
Horsepower
1907
14,635
6,618,011
3,642,819
629
1,352,814
504
72,163
2,709
1,441,048
1,705
109, 167
1902
10,661
3,204,333
8,286
2,678,074
(=)
180
14,106
1.549
487,625
24,528
CENTRAL STATIONS.
1907
10,998
4,098,188
6,829
1,810,040
377
817,410
463
55,828
2,481
1,349,087
848
65,823
1902
7,850
1,845,048
5.930
1,379,941
(»)
(')
165
12, 181
1,390
438, 472
3«5
14,454
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS.
1907
3,637
2,619,823
2,259
1,832,779
252
635, 404
41
16,335
228
91,961
857
43,344
1902
2,811
1,359,285
2,336
1,298,133
(')
15
1,925
159
49,153
301
10,074
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
Total, i
37.3
106.5
180.0
411.6
74.9
196.5
156.0
345.1
Central
stations.
40.1
122.1
16.2
31.2
180.6
358.3
78.5
207.7
132.3
355.4
Electric
railways.
29.4
85.4
'3.3
41.2
173.3
748.3
43.4
87.1
185.4
330.3
• In 1902 steam turbines wer« included with steam engines.
The combined horsepower of the engines and water
wheels used to operate the electric machines in the
central stations and railway plants more than doubled
during the five years ending with 1907. The power
plants of the central stations show the greater gain,
representing 57.6 per cent of the total horsepower in
1902 and 61.9 per cent in 1907.
While steam is the most important primary power
in both branches of the industry, its lead is greatest in
the railway plants, where at both censuses it formed
about 95 per cent of all the primary power repoi-ted.
It was in this kind of primary power that the electric
railways showed their largest proportion of the total,
namely, 47.4 and 48.5 per cent, respectively, in 1907
and 1902. In respect to steam engines alone the elec-
tric railways showed a marked relative gain over 1902,
but having 81,808 less horsepower than the central sta-
tions in that year as compared with an excess of
22,739 horsepower in 1907. The true measure of
the comparative importance of steam power in the two
branches of the electrical industry, however, is fur-
nished by a comparison of the totals for both steam
engines and steam turbines, and this shows that, as
compared with electric railways, the central stations
reported an excess of 259,267 steam horsepower in 1907
and 81,808 in 1902.
The horsepower of gas engines, although forming but
a small proportion of the total primary power, showed
a decided increase in both branches of the electrical
industry, but the proportion was greatest for the elec-
tric railways, this particular kind of power having
increased from 13.6 per cent in 1902 to 22.6 per
cent in 1907. Water power has developed more rap-
idly as connected with the central stations than with
the electric railways, the proportion of the total re-
ported by the former having increased from 89.9 per
cent in 1902 to 93.6 per cent in 1907.
CENTRAL STATIONS.
Engines and water wheels. — Table 21 gives statistics
of the primary-power equipment of commercial and
municipal central stations for 1907 and 1902 and
shows the percentages of increase.
(35)
36
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 21.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF THE
PRIMARY-POWER MACHINES, BY KIND OF POWER: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
KIND OF POWER.
i9o;
1903
1907
1902
190i
1902
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total:
Number
10,998
4,098,188
7,850
1.845,048
8,981
3,776,837
6,654
1,685,020
2,017
321,351
1,196
160,028
40.1
122.1
35.0
124.1
68.6
100.8
steam engines:
Number
6,829
1,810,040
377
817.410
463
55,828
2,481
1,349,087
848
65,823
5,930
1,379,941
0)
165
12, 181
1,390
438,472
365
14,454
5,144
1,546,007
348
j 798,025
385
49, 740
2,328
1,318,740
776
64, 319
4,870
1,232,923
(')
(')
147
11,224
1,308
427,254
329
13,619
1,685
264,033
29
19,385
78
0.082
1.53
30,347
72
1,504
1,060
147,018
(')
(')
18
957
82
11,218
36
835
15.2
31.2
5.6
25.4
59.0
79.6
Steam turmnes:
1
Gas engines:
180.6
358.3
78.5
207.7
132.3
355.4
161.9
343.2
78.0
208.7
135.9
372.3
333.3
Horsepower
535. S
Water wheels;
Number
86.6
170.5
Auxiliary engines:
100.0
Horsepower ^
83.7
1 In 1902 steam turbines were Included with steam engines.
Diagram 1.
-Central stations and electrk railways, by character of
primary power: 1907.
GAS ssssftsss^^sss^^sa
AUXILIARY B88S88S88SS 8SS88S888S8S
g^ga
WATER
STE/
1
1
1
1
1
^B
1
w
^^^§
^
1
§
H
m
1
^
w
1
^
1
^^H
i
H
1
gi
1
m
i
m
s ?
^^s
1
1
1
^^^
p
^^§ i
g
1
1
« I
§
1
1
^
1
1
•wSSs
fS? ^^ ^
;
CENTRAL STATIONS
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS
In 1907 the primary machines of the central sta-
tions averaged 869 horsepower per station as com-
pared with 510 horsepower in 1902, an increase of 359
horsepower, or 70.4 per cent. The commercial stations
averaged 1,091 horsepower in 1907 and 601 horse-
power in 1902, showing an increase of 490 horsepower,
or 81.5 per cent; while the municipal stations averaged
257 horsepower in 1907 and 196 horsepower in 1902,
showing an increase of 61 horsepower, or 31.1 per cent.
Steam has contributed more than any other kind of
power to the great increase, 1,247,509 horsepower, in
the primary power of central stations, and the steam
turbine, which was first i-eported separately in this
industry at the census of 1907, has become a very im-
portant factor in the electrical generating equipment.
Water is used as the primary power in a constantly
increasing number of stations, and the power of the
wheels increased by 910,615 horsepower during the
five years ending with 1907. Although the greatest
absolute increase was shown for steam power, in per-
centage of increase, it was surpassed by both gas and
water power. The percentages are: Steam power,
90.4 per cent; water power, 207.7 per cent; and gas
power, 358. 3 per cent.
Diagram 2. — Central stations, by character rf primary potver: 1907
and 1902.
AUXILIARY
Of the two classes of stations the commercial shows
by far the greater amount of power and the larger
increase since 1902. In 1907 their equipment repre-
sented 92.2 per cent of the total primary power, the
proportion having increased from 91.3 per cent in
1902. Thus, while the municipal electric stations, as
compared with many industries, have a large motive-
power equipment, it forms but a small proportion (7.8
per cent) of the primary power used for the generation
of electricitv in central stations.
Diagram 3.-CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER, BY STATES. ARRANGED IN ORDER OF THEIR
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE: 1007 AND 1902.
1907
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
1002
(37)
38
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 22 shows the per cent distribution, l)y kind
of power, of the primary-power equipment of commer-
cial and municipal stations for 1907 and 1902.
Table 22. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution, by kind of primary-pou'er machines: 1907
and 1902.
KIND OF POWER.
Total:
Number
Horsepower..
Steam engines:
Number
Horsepower
Steam turoines:
Number
Horsepower
Gas engines:
Number
Horsepower
Water wiieels:
Number
Horsepower
Auxiliary engines:
Numljer ,
Horsepower
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
62.1
44.2
3.4
19.9
4.2
1.4
22.6
32.9
7.7
1.6
100.0
100.0
75.5
74.8
0)
(')
2.1
0.7
17.7
23.8
4.6
0.8
COMMEKCIAL.
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
57.3
40.9
3.9
21.1
4.3
1.3
25.9
34.9
8.6
1.7
100.0
100.0
73.2
73.2
(')
0)
2.2
0.7
19.7
25.4
4.9
0.8
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
83.5
82.2
1.4
6.0
3.9
1.9
7.0
9.4
3.6
0.5
100.0
100.0
88.6
91.9
(■)
0)
1.5
0.6
6.9
7.0
3.0
0.5
1 In 1902 steam turbines were included witli steam engines.
Steam engines furnished the largest proportion of
horsepower for both the commercial and the munici-
pal stations, but for each of the two classes of stations
their relative importance has decreased considerably
since 1902, while that of the water wheels and gas en-
gines has increased. If a division of the primary
power, including auxiliary power, be made into the
three classes — steam, gas, and water — it is found that
of the total power in central stations in 1907, 65.7 per
cent was steam; 1.4 per cent, gas; and 32.9 per cent,
water. The corresponding proportions for 1902 were:
Steam, 75.6 per cent; gas, seven-tenths of 1 per cent;
and water, 23.8 per cent. Of the proportion for steam
in 1907, the commercial stations reported 58.8 per cent
of the total primary power and the municipal stations
6.9 per cent. The corresponding proportions in 1902
were 67.6 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively.
Steam engines and steam turbines. — Inasmuch as
steam turbines were not reported separately in 1902,
they are, for comparative purposes, combined with
steam engines for 1907 in Tables 23 and 24, which give
detailed statistics of the steam-power equipment of
commercial and municipal central stations for 1907
and 1902.
Table 23.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— STEAM ENGINES AND STEAM TURBINES,
BY HORSEPOWER CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMEECIAL.
MtJNiaPAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
CLASS or ENGINES.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Com-
mercial.
Munici-
pal.
Total:
Number
7,206
2,627,450
5,930
1,379,941
5,492
2,344,032
4,870
1,232,923
1,714
283, 418
1,060
147,018
21.5
90.4
12.8
90.1
61 7
500 horsepower and under:
Number . .
6,248
1,035,583
498
345,158
249
316,588
148
407,695
63
522,426
5,451
849,336
278
193,570
149
187,485
52
149,550
(')
4,584
794,205
460
318,818
239
306,188
146
402,395
63
522,426
4,407
715,418
266
184,670
145
183,285
52
149,550
(')
(■)
1,664
241,378
38
26,340
10
10,400
2
5,300
1,044
133,918
12
8,900
4
4,200
14.6
21.9
79.1
78.3
67.1
68.9
184.6
172.6
4.0
11.0
72.9
72.6
64.8
67.1
180.8
169.1
59 4
Over 500 but under 1,000 horsepower:
Number
216 7
196.0
1,000 but under 2,000 horsepower:
150.0
Horsepower. . . .
147 6
2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower:
Horsepower
5,000 horsepower and over:
Number
1 Included in "2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower." The class ' ' 5,000 horsepower and over" not called for at the census of 1902.
The figures in Tables 23 and 24 show that the great-
est increases have taken place in the horsepower
of the largest types of steam engines. Of the total
steam power reported for 1907, 35.4 per cent was
represented by machines with a capacity of 2,000
horsepower or over, while machines of this type repre-
sented only 10.8 per cent of the steam power reported
for 1902. In 1902, of the total steam power, 61.5 per
cent was in the class of "500 horsepower and under,"
and in 1907 the proportion had decreased to 39.4 per
cent. The commercial stations naturally made the most
marked gains in the large units of power, increasing
from 12.1 per cent for the class of 2,000 and over in
1902 to 39.5 per cent in 1907, and decreasing from 58
per cent for the class of 500 or under in 1902 to 33.9
per cent in 1907. The municipal stations, although
showing no marked changes in the relative propor-
tions of the several classes, manifest a tendency toward
the larger units of steam power.
POWER EQUIPMENT.
39
Table 24. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of steam,
engines and steam turbines: 1907 and 1902.
CLASS OF ENGINES.
Total:
Number
Horsepower.
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
500 horsepower and under:
Numoer
Horsepower
Over 500 but under 1,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
1,000 but, under 2,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
2,000 but under 5,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
5,000 horsepower and over:
Number
Horsepower
86.7
39.4
6.9
13.1
3.5
12.0
2.1
15.5
0.9
19.9
100.0
100.0
91.9
61.5
4.7
14.0
2.5
13.6
0.9
10.8
(■)
(■)
COMUERCUL.
1907
100.0
100.0
83.5
33.9
8.4
13.6
4.4
13.1
2.7
17.2
1.1
22.3
1902
100.0
100.0
MUNICIPAL.
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
90.5
58.0
5.5
15.0
3.0
14.9
1.1
12.1
97.1
85.2
2.2
9.3
0.6
3.7
0.1
1.9
100.0
100.0
98.5
91.1
1.1
6.1
0.4
2.9
1 Included in "2,000 but under 6,000 horsepower." The cl8SSi''5,000 horsepower
and over" not called for at the census of 1902.
There were only 3 states — Nevada, South CaroHna,
and Utah — for which a smaller amount of primary
steam power was reported in 1907 than in 1902.
While only 9,964 steam horsepower was reported for
these states in 1907 and 12,990 in 1902, it is inter-
esting to note that for each state there was an
increase in water power far greater than the decrease
in steam power. In each of the following states the
steam power reported for 1907 exceeded 100,000
horsepower: New York, 410,007 horsepower; Ilhnois,
286,958; Pennsylvania, 258,163; Ohio, 170,251; Mas-
sachusetts, 169,617; California, 133,299; and Mis-
souri, 102,044. The total for these states amounted
to 1,530,339 horsepower, or 58.2 per cent of the total
steam power for all states.
The increase in the number and importance of the
steam turbines makes it desirable to segregate the
statistics for the two kinds of engines operated by
steam, and Tables 25 and 26 show the totals and per-
centages for engines exclusive of steam turbines. The
statistics for 1902, however, include the figures for a
comparatively small number of steam turbines, be-
cause they were not deemed of sufficient importance
to be reported separately for that year, and to tliis
extent the comparison of the figures for the two census
years is vitiated.
Table 25.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OF STEAM
ENGINES, EXCLUSIVE OF STEAM TURBINES: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMERCUL.
MUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
CLAS.S OF ENQINKS.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total:
Number
6,829
1,810,040
5.930
1,379,941
5,144
1,546,007
4,870
1,232,923
1,685
264,033
1,060
147,018
15.2
31.2
5.6
25.4
59
500 horsepower and under:
Numoer...
6,183
1,018,566
375
259,478
182
230,216
70
186,280
19
115,500
5,461
849,336
278
193,570
149
187,485
52
149,550
(■)
C)
4,535
781,673
342
236,638
178
225,916
70
186,280
19
115,500
4,407
715,418
266
184,670
145
183,285
52
149.650
{')
(')
1,648
236,893
33
22,840
4
4,300
1,044
133,918
12
8,900
4
4,200
13.4
19.9
34.9
34.0
22.1
22.8
2.9
9.3
28.6
28.1
22.8
23.3
57 9
Over 500 but under 1,000 horsepower:
Horsepower . .
15ti 6
1,000 but under 2,000 horsepower:
2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower:
Number
4,000 horsepower and over;
Horsepower
' Included in "2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower." The class " 5,000 horsepower and over " not called for at the census of 1902.
While a considerable increase took place in the
horsepower of the smaller engines in both classes of
stations, it lias not been sufficient to overcome the
increase in the larger units. Therefore the relative
importance of the engines of " 500 horsepower and
under" decreased from 61.5 per cent of the total in
1902 to 56.3 per cent in 1907, the greatest relative
decrease, from 58 per cent to 50.6 per cent, occurring
in the commercial stations, which contain all of the
large engines.
As would naturally be expected, the municipal sta-
tions show no large steam engines. There were no
machines of more than 2,000 horsepower reported for
such stations at either census, and only 4 that had an
indicated horsepower of 1,000 and over. As a rule
the municipal stations are small, and therefore contain
a large proportion of the small machines.
Little change was shown in the proportion of engines
of "Over 500 but under 1,000 horsepower," 14.3 per
cent in 1907 and 14 per cent in 1902, but there was a
decline in the proportion of engines of " 1 ,000 but under
2,000 horsepower," from 13.6 per cent in 1902 to 12.7
per cent in 1907. As already indicated, a decided
increase was manifest in the proportion of engines of
over 2,000 horsepower, from 10.8 per cent in 1902 to
16.7 per cent in 1907.
Diagram 4.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— STEAM AND WATER POWER, BY STATES, ARRANGED IN ORDER OF
THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE: 1907.
THOUSANDS
300
■oirj'XMmfyxyyxyM'MrM'M'yyMryj'yM'/y^^
VM'/A'MI VJAtat
(40)
POWER EQUIPMENT.
41
Table 26. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of steam
engines, exclusive of steam turbines: 1907 and 1902.
TOTAL.
COUHEBCUL.
MUNICIPAL.
1907
l*tt
1907
1902
1907
1903
Total:
Number
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1D0.0
loao
100.0
Horsepower
100.0
500 horsepower and under:
Numljer
90.5
56.3
5.5
14.3
2.7
12.7
1.0
10.3
0.3
6.4
91.9
61.5
4.7
14.0
2.5
13.6
0.9
10.8
(•)
(')
88.2
60.6
6.6
1 1.5. 3
3.5
14.6
1.4
12.0
0.4
7.5
90.5
58.0
5.5
15.0
3.0
14.9
1.1
12.1
97.8
89.7
2.0
8.7
0.2
1.6
98.5
91.1
Over .500 but under 1,000 horse-
power:
Number
1.1
6.1
1,000 but under 2,000 horse-
power:
Number . .
0.4
2.9
2,000 but under 5,000 horse-
power:
5,000 horsepower and over:
Number
Horsepower
' Included ln"2,000but under 5. 000 horsepower." Theclass "5,000 horsepower
and over" notcalled for at the census of 1902.
Since all engines with an indicated horsepower of
2,000 or over were reported as a single group at the
census of 1902, it is impracticable to determine the
number and horsepower of the machines of 5,000 and
over in operation in that year to compare with those
reported in 1907. At the latter census these engines
were distributed as follows: New York, 11 engines
with 60,500 horsepower; California, 5 with 34 500;
Pennsylvania, 1 with 8,000; Maryland, 1 with 7,500;
and Illinois, 1 with 5,000.
Steam turbines. — These engines appear to be admi-
rably adapted to central-station work, and although a
number of engines of this type of small horsepower
capacity were reportud, it is evident from the statistics
in Table 27 that the majority were of large horsepower
and especially fitted to meet the requirements of large
centers of distribution.
The municipal stations contained comparatively
few steam turbines, the majority of which (55.2 per
cent) were of the smaller type. The turbines of less
than 2,000 horsepower, as shown in Table 27, formed
72.7 per cent of the total power of all these engines in
the municipal stations and but 22 per cent of the
power of those in the commercial stations. In com-
mercial stations the large engines, those having over
2,000 horsepower, represented 78.1 percent of the total
turbine power. Practically one-half of the horse-
power of the steam turbines was in units of 5,000 and
over. The extent to which the steam turbine pre-
dominates among the machines of this largest capacity
is indicated by the fact that in 1907 there were 44
turbines in this class, with a total of 406,926 horse-
power, as compared with 19 steam engines of other
types of 115,500 horsepower and 55 water wheels of
339,800 horsepower. Of the total for all kinds of pri-
mary power, excluding auxiliaiy engines, the steam
turbine furnished 20.3 per cent as compared with 44.9
per cent for other classes of steam engines and 33.5
per cent for water wheels.
Table 27. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Number and horsepower of steam turbines, by horsepoxoer capacity,
with per cent distribution: 1907.'
CLASS or SntAM TUKBINES.
Total:
Number
Horsepower.
500 horsepower and under:
Number
Horsepower
Over 500 but under 1,000
horsepower:
Number
Horsepower
1,000 but under 2,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
2,000 but under 5,000 horse-
power:
Numlier
Horsepower
5,000 horsepower and over:
Numljer
Horsepower
Total.
Com-
mercial
123
85,680
67
86,372
78
221,415
44
406,926
49
12,532
118
82,180
61
80,272
76
216,115
44
406,926
Munici-
pal.
19,385
16
4,485
5
3,500
6
6,100
2
5,300
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Total.
100.0
100.0
17.2
2.1
32.6
10.5
17.8
10.6
20.7
27.1
11.7
49.8
Com- Municl-
mercial.' pal.
loao j 100.0
loao I 100.0
14.1
1.6
33.9
10.3
17.5
10.1
21.8
27.1
12.6
51.0
55.2
23.1
17.2
18.1
20.7
31.5
6.9
27.3
'Comparison with 1902 Impracticable, since In that year steam turbines were
included with steam engines.
Steam turbines were reported as in use in some of
the central stations of all the states and territories,
except Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, North
Dakota, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, and New Mexico. In
all these states together only 41,130 steam horsepower
was reported for the stations, and it is evident that
water power, of which 147,979 horsepower was re-
ported, was more economical, or that the business did
not justify or require the installation of turbines.
Nearly one-half (48.2 per cent) of the horsepower
of the steam turbines was contained in 3 states — New
York, Illinois, and Massachusetts. New York alone
reported 24.9 per cent of this class of power, while as
between steam engines and steam turbines in that
state the latter represented 49.7 per cent of their total
horsepower. Of the total steam power in Illinois, 48.3
per cent was reported for steam turbines, while of the
total in Massachusetts, the proportion contributed by
steam turbines was considerably less, 30.3 per cent.
Although steam turbines were in use in 187 stations, in
only 18 were they the sole primary power.
That the steam turbine is specially adapted to large
centers of distribution will be seen from Table 28.
More than three-fifths of the horsepower reported
for steam turbines was found in the 14 cities named,
and their 90 engines showed the enormous average of
5,559 horsepower, as compared with an average of
2,168 for the country as a whole.
42
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 28. — Central electric stations in selected cities — Number and
horsepouer of steam, turbines: 1907.
Number.
Total for United States.
377
Total for selected cities..
90
New York
Chicago
St. IjOuIs
Boston
Philadelphia. .
Los Angeles..
Cleveland
Washington..
Baltimore
Louisville
Denver
Indianapolis..
Cincinnati
Hartford
Horse-
power.
S17,410
500,335
170,600
116,500
38,882
30,000
25,4fi8
25, 360
22,000
21,000
10,200
9,000
8,525
7,800
7,500
7,500
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
100.0
61.2
20.9
14.3
4.8
3.7
3.1
3.1
2.7
2.6
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
Gas engines. — The 463 engines denominated as gas
engines in Table 21, with a total of 55,828 horsepower,
are composed of 294 gas engines, with 45,330 horse-
power; 136 gasoline engines, with 4,313 horsepower;
and 33 oil engines, with 6,185 horsepower. These
machines were used in 294 stations, of which 1 80, with
292 engines and a total of 23,487 horsepower, were
operated wholly by machines of this class. Of these
180 stations, 137, with 19,532 horsepower, were com-
mercial stations, and 43, with 3,955 horsepower,
municipal stations. Although the proportion of the
total horsepower in central stations which is repre-
sented by the gas engines is comparatively small (1.4
per cent of the total primary power), the number and
importance of the gas engines have nevertheless in-
creased largely since 1902. As a rule these engines
are of a small type and their use has been confined
largely to small plants. Lately, however, a larger
type of machine is coming into use, and one commer-
cial station operated 3 gas engines, with a total of
16,200 horsepower, which furnished motive power to
operate 3 dynamos of slightly less than 4,000 kilo-
watts each. The exact size of each engine was not
reported on the census schedule, but it appears that
the smallest engine in this class shown as connected
with a generator is one of 6 horsepower, which operated
a 3-kilowatt dynamo. California reported gas engines
with a total of 16,585 horsepower, or 29.7 per cent of
the total of this class of primary power; Pennsylvania
reported 7,469 horsepower; Ohio, 5,628; New York,
3,315; Texas, 3,058; and Wisconsin, 2,079. The
horsepower of the gas engines of these 6 states
amounted to 38,134 and formed 68.3 per cent of the
total horsepower reported for all gas engines in both
commercial and municipal stations.
Intemal-comhustion oil engines. — At the census of
1907, 18 stations reported the use of oil engines of the
internal-combustion type, similar in character to the
gas engine, with 6,185 horsepower; and 10 stations,
with 1 8 of these engines, relied upon them entirely for
primary power. The following tabular statement
shows the states in which these stations are located:
Internal-combustion oil engines— Number and horsepower, by states:
1907.
Number
of
stations.
Total
Connecticut
Illinois
Louisiana
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island
Texas
Wisconsin
18
Number.
33
Horse-
power.
6,185
600
240
170
570
SSO
270
170
900
190
1,000
1,450
75
Water power. — The ease with which electric current
may be transmitted long distances and the economy
connected with its generation by the use of water
power have not only greatly increased the amount of
this kind of power in 1907 as compared with 1902, but
indicate its continued development. The statistics
represent only the central stations that were in actual
operation during the respective census years. The
construction of hydro-electric plants is proceeding
rapidly; a number were under construction during
1907 but had not commenced operations before the
close of the year; and the Bureau of the Census was
advised also that extensive water-power plants were
contemplated in various sections of the country. The
exhaustion of the fuel supply will further stimulate
the erection of these plants, but naturally their in-
crease will be slowest in the states where fuel is most
abundant.
The horsepower of the water wheels in the central
stations during 1907 was more than three times as
great as it was in 1902. Although the actual increase
was less than that for steam power, its proportion of
the total primary power, excluding auxiliary engines,
increased from 24 to 33.5 per cent, while the propor-
tion for steam power shows a nearly corresponding
decrease, from 75.4 per cent in 1902 to 65.2 per cent
in 1907. The greatest increase occurred in the com-
mercial stations, which contained 97.4 per cent of the
water power in 1902 and 97.8 per cent in 1907.
As with steam power, the increase in water power
is due primarily to the installation of large units of
2,000 horsepower and over. The increase in the
capacity of these machines represented 61.9 per cent
of the total increase in water power. In other words,
the large water wheels furnished about three-fifths
and the small wheels two-fifths of the increase.
POWER EQUIPMENT.
43
Table 29.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER OP WATER
WHEELS, BY HORSEPOWER CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
HUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OP INCREASE.
CLASS or ENGINES.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
78.5
207.7
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total:
Number
2,481
1,349,087
1,390
438, 472
2,328
1,318,740
1,308
427, 254
153
30, 347
82
11,218
78.0
208.7
86.3
170.5
500 horsepower and under:
1,910
320,636
244
161,051
161
196,620
111
330,980
55
339,800
1,192
174,559
85
57,160
81
99,453
32
107,300
(')
1,761
296,689
243
160,251
160
195,420
109
326,580
55
339,800
1,112
164,981
84
56,520
80
98, 453
32
107,300
(')
(')
149
23,947
1
800
1
1,200
2
4,400
80
9,578
1
640
1
1,000
60.2
83.7
187.1
181.8
98.8
97.7
246.9
208.5
58.4
79.8
189.3
183.5
100.0
98.5
240.6
204.4
86.2
150
Over 600 but under 1,000 horsepower:
25.0
1,000 but under 2,000 horsepower:
20.0
2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower:
5,000 horsepower and over:
' Included In "2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower." The class "5,000 horsepower and over" not called for at the census of 1902.
The municipal stations contained only 3 of the
water wheels with 1,000 horsepower and over in 1907
and but 1 in 1902. This small number of large wheels
is, however, natural, as municipal plants are generally
constructed for the purpose of supplying current to a
single community and often for a specific purpose, and
the equipment is limited to tlie probable needs of that
community or purpose. Commercial plants, on the
other hand, are constructed upon a broader, larger
plan and are therefore more frequently designed to
furnish current to any place to which it can be delivered
at a profit.
Table 30. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of water
wheels: 1907 and 1902.
CLASS OF WATER WHEELS.
Total;
Numl>er
Horsepower.
500 horsepower and under:
Number
Horsepower
Over 500 but under 1,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
1,000 but under 2,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
2,000 but under 5,000 horse-
power:
Number
Horsepower
5,000 horsepower and over:
Number
Horsepower
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
77.0
23.8
6.5
14.6
4.5
24.5
2.2
25.2
100.0
100.0
85.8
39.8
6.1
13.0
S.8
22.7
2.3
24. S
(')
(')
COMMERCIAL.
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
75.6
22.5
10.4
12.2
6.9
14.8
4.7
24.8
2.4
25.8
100.0
100.0
85.0
38.6
6.4
13.2
6.1
23.0
2.4
25.1
(')
(')
1907 1902
100.0
100.0
97.4
78.9
0.7
2.6
0.7
4.0
1.3
14.5
100.0
100.0
97.6
85.4
1.2
5.7
' Included in "2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower." The class "5,000 horse-
power and over" not called for at the census of 1902.
With the exception of Kentucky and North Dakota,
in which states very little water power is utilized in
electric plants, every state that reported water power
in 1902 showed an increased use of such power in 1907.
Alabama, Arizona, and Delaware had no central sta-
tions operated by water power in 1902, but each con-
tained stations so equipped in 1907. Some of the
most marked gains in water power occurred in the
following states: New York, from 128,785 horsepower
in 1902 to 305,950 in 1907; California, from 78,933 to
208,444; Oregon, 11,195 to 102,052; Michigan, 16,085
to 85,738; Minnesota, 6,040 to 71,656; South Caro-
lina, 10,415 to 75,430; Washington, 17,238 to 56,118;
Montana, 24,000 to 56,987; and Georgia, 6,121 to
36,335. The water power reported by these 9 states
represented 68.1 per cent of the total of this kind of
primary power for all central stations in the United
States in 1902 and 74 per cent in 1907. No water
power was reported by the central stations in Florida,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, or the District of
Columbia.
For the purpose of comparing the average horse-
power both of the stations as equipped with the
various kinds of primary power and of the different
classes of machines reported in 1907 and in 1902 the
following table is given:
Table 31. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Average horsepower, per station and per machine, of primary power:
1907 and 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total power:
869
373
510
235
■
; 1,091
\ 421
601
253
257
159
196
Per machine
134
Steam engines and steam tur-
bines:
675
365
489
265
4,371
2,168
190
121
1,483
544
201
78
445
233
445
233
(')
C)
121
74
756
315
72
40
844
427
593
301
4,694
' 2,293
(
209
129
1,606
566
228
83
523
253
523
253
131
76
806
327
78
41
254
165
240
157
1,140
668
109
78
341
198
33
21
198
Per machine. ... . .
139
Steam engines:
Per station
Per machine
Steam turbines:
Per station
Per machine
Gas engines:
198
139
(■)
64
Per machine
53
Water wheels:
Per station
224
137
Auxiliary engines:
I*er station
32
23
> In 1902 steam turbines were Included with steam engines.
44
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Except for the comparatively unimportant auxiliary
engines reported by municipal stations, in which there
was a small decrease in horsepower per machine,
there was in every instance a pronounced increase per
station and per machine for the total, for all machines,
and for each class of machine reported at both cen-
suses. The smallest increase in total average capacity
is shown for steam engines which, when comparetl
with the large average power of the steam turbines,
indicates that when great units of steam power have
been required the steam turbine has been utilized. It
is apparent, however, that since the figures for steam
turbines were combined with those for steam engines
in 1902 a correct understanding of the relative aver-
ages can be obtained only by the addition of the two
sets of figures for 1907. The averages thus secured,
for the totals of this combination, show that the in-
crease in steam power has been on a par with that of
the other kinds of primary power.
As might be expected, every class of machine re-
ported by the commercial stations not only averaged
much larger than those of the municipal stations but
the increase in capacity also was greater.
The averages contained in Table 31 are based upon
the horsepower as shown in Table 21, while the number
of stations reporting the various kinds of power is
shown in the following statement:
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Distribution b
number of stations, and kinds of primary power: 1907 and 190H.
KIND OF POWER.
Census.
Steam engines
Steam turbines. . .
Gas engines
' Water wheels
Auxiliary engines.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
3,704
3,100
(')
294
101
910
580
328
201
Commer-
cial.
2,606
2,356
170
(')
238
821
530
282
175
Munici-
pal.
(')
744
17
56
15
50
46
26
' In 1902 steam turbines were included with steam engines.
A total of the number of stations in this statement
would be in excess of the actual number reported, since
a station having several kinds of power would be
repeated under each class of power with which it was
equipped.
Dynamos, central stations, and electric railways. —
The electric-generating machines in the central sta-
tions and electric-railway plants represent the ma-
jority of those in use in the United States, and in
order to show statistics for the aggregate the totals
for the two branches of the industry are combined in
Table 32.
Table 32.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY OF
DYNAMOS IN GENERATING STATIONS, BY KIND OF DYNAMO: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
CENTRAL
STATIONS.
ELECTRIC
RAILWAYS.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
KIND OF DYNAMO.
1907
IWtt
IKOT
IMK
1907
1902
Total.
Central
stations.
Electric
railways.
Total:
15,297
4,432,641
15,786
2,110,597
12,173
2,709,225
12,484
1,212,235
3,124
1,723,416
3,302
898,362
'3.1
110.0
'2.5
123.5
'5.4
91.8
Direct-current, constant-voltage:
Numl)er
■ 5,872
1,347,962
1,685
80,992
7,740
3,003,687
6,684
1,055,411
3,539
145,866
5,563
909,320
3,680
406,460
1,685
80,992
6,808
2,221,773
3,823
330,065
3,539
145,866
5,122
736,304
2,192
941,502
932
781,914
2,861 ,
725,346
(»)
441
173,016
'12.1
27.7
'52.4
'44.5
39.1
230.3
'3.7
23.1
'52.4
'44.5
32.9
201.7
'23.4
29.8
111.3
3S1.B
Direct-current, constant-amperage:
Kilowatt capacity ....
Alternating single-phase and polyphase current:
Kilowatt capacity
' Decrease.
! Not rep
orted.
With the exception of the dynamos in the isolated
electric plants and telephone and telegraph offices,
which are comparatively unimportant, the equipment
covered by this table may be accepted as representing
all dynamos used for the generation of electricity for
general commercial and municipal use.
The total dynamo capacity as reported for the
combined industry increased 2,322,044 kilowatts, or
110 per cent, of which increase the central stations
contributed 1,496,990 kilowatts, or 64.5 per cent, and
the electric-railway plants 825,054 kilowatts, or 35.5
per cent. It is suggestive of the intimate relation
existing between the electric generators and the pri-
mary power, the force necessary to operate the dyna-
mos, that the percentage of increase of the primary
power, 106.5 per cent, should so closely approximate
that of the dynamos, which was 110 per cent. The
evenness of these gains is somewhat remarkable, be-
cause both for primary power and for the generators
the totals represent the equipment, all of which is not
necessary for present requirements. That is, the pri-
mary power no doubt represents a larger horsepower
than was actually required for electrical purposes at
the time of the census, as in many instances plants
were equipped to furnish power in connection with
other industries conducted by the companies report-
POWER EQUIPMENT.
45
ing, as well as with a view to future demands, emer-
gency uses, etc. Similarly the total installation of
dynamos represents not only the dynamos required to
generate the current actually used, but includes those
held in reserve to furnish additional current when
needed and to provide for breakdowns or repairs.
Of the total number of dynamos reported, the pro-
portion in central stations was practically the same
at the two censuses, i. e., 79.6 per cent in 1907 and
79.1 per cent in 1902. The proportion of kilowatt
capacity of the dynamos in the central stations in-
creased, however, from 57.4 per cent in 1902 to 61.1
per cent in 1907.
The direct-current, constant-voltage dynamos
showed a total increase in capacity of 292,551 kilo-
watts, or 27.7 per cent, the greater part of which in-
crease, 216,156 kilowatts, or 73.9 per cent, was for
electric railways, while but 76,395, or 26.1 per cent,
was contributed by the central stations. Of the total
kilowatt capacity of these machines, the electric-
railway plants reported nearly seven- tenths in 1907
and a proportion but slightly smaller in 1902.
The direct-current, constant-amperage machine was
not reported by the electric-railway plants, as it is not
adapted to that service, and the uses of the machine
are so restricted that comparatively few companies
doing a general light and power business feel justified
in carrying a class of dynamo only fitted for series arc
lighting. The number of this class of dynamos re-
ported by the central stations in 1907 was less than
one-half the number so reported in 1902, and the de-
crease in their total capacity amounted to 64,874
kilowatts, or 44.5 per cent.
The alternating single-phase and polyphase current
dynamo showed the largest actual and percentage of
gain, due to the fact that it is adapted to almost every
use required of a dynamo. The total capacity of
these machines increased 2,094,367 kilowatts, or 230.3
per cent. Of this gain, 1,485,469 kilowatts, or 70.9
per cent, was represented by the central stations.
Electric-railway plants reported a little more than
one-fourth of the total capacity of these dynamos in
1907 and not quite one-fifth in 1902.
Table 33 shows the per cent distribution, by kind,
of the dynamos in the central stations and electric-
railway plants for 1902 and 1907.
Notwithstanding the increase of 27.7 per cent in
the total capacity of the direct-current, constant-
voltage dynamos in 1907, they represented only about
three-tenths of the total capacity of all classes of
dynamos in that year as compared with one-half of
the total in 1902. The capacity of the alternating-
current dynamos, which in 1902 represented but
little more than four-tenths of the total for all classes,
had increased its proportion to more than two-thirds
in 1907. The direct-current, constant-amperage dy-
namos, as already stated, were all reported by the
central stations, and the small proportion which they
supplied of the total kilowatt capacity decreased from
nearly 7 per cent in 1902 to slightly less than 2 per
cent in 1907.
Table 33. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Per cent
distribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dynamos: 1907
and 1902.
KIND OF DYNAMO.
TOTAL.
CENTRAL
STATIONS.
ELECTRIC
RAILWAYS.
1907
1903
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total:
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
Kilowatt capacity . . .
100.0
Direct^iurrent, constant-volt-
age:
Number
38.4
30.4
11.0
1.8
50.6
67.8
42.3
50.0 .
22.4
6.9
35.2
43.1
30.2
15.0
13.8
3.0
55.9
82.0
30.6
27.2
28.3
12.0
41.0
00.7
70.2
54.6
(')
(')
29.8
45.4
86 6
80.7
Direct-current, constant -am-
perage:
Number. . .
(')
13 4
Alternating single-phase and
polvplia.se current:
plumber
19.3
' Not reported by electric railways.
Dynamos in central stations. — As compared with the
total kilowatt capacity of all dynamos reported in
1902 there was an increase in 1907 of 1,496,990 kilo-
watts, or 123.5 per cent. Of this increase, the com-
mercial stations reported 1,401,354 kilowatts, or 93.6
per cent, and the municipal stations only 95,636
kilowatts, or 6.4 per cent. In 1907 the commercial
stations reported 92.3 per cent of the total dynamo
capacity and the municipal stations 7.7 per cent.
When compared with similar proportions for the prior
census it is found that the percentage for the com-
mercial stations was 1.7 per cent greater than in 1902.
The increase in the number and in the capacity of
the dynamos of the different kinds in commercial and
municipal stations is shown by the figures in Table 34,
while Table 35 gives the per cent distribution of such
dynamos, by kind, for 1907 and 1902.
The advantages possessed by the alternating-cur-
rent dynamo and its adaptabUit}' for general central-
station work is illustrated by the tremendous gain in
its use. Practically the entire increase in dynamo
capacity was due to the gain made by the alternating-
current machine, as the direct-current, constant-amper-
age machines lost 64,874 in kilowatt capacity, which
was but little more than counterbalanced by a gain of
76,395 kilowatts in the capacity of the direct-current,
constant- voltage machines.
46
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 34.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY
OF DYNAMOS IN GENERATING STATIONS, BY KIND OF DYNAMO: 1907 AND 1902.
KIND OF DYNAUO.
Total:
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-voltage:
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Direct-current, constant-amperage:
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Alternating single-phase and polyphase current:
Number
Kilowatt capacity
1907
12, 173
2,709,225
3.680
406,400
1,685
80,992
6,808
2,221,773
1902
12,484
1,212,235
3.823
330,065
3,539
145, 866
5,122
736,304
COMMERCIAL.
1907
9,778
2,500,209
3.169
379, 706
1,246
61,753
5,363
2,058.750
1902
10,662
1.098,855
3.405
312,509
2.957
1 17-, 695
4,300
668,651
MUNICIPAL.
1907
2.395
209,016
511
26,754
439
19,239
1,445
163.023
1902
1,822
113,380
418
17,556
582
28, 171
822
,653
FEB CENT OF INCREASE.
Total.
>2.5
123.5
'3.7
23.1
152.4
'44.6
32.9
201.7
Commer-
cial.
18.3
127.5
16.9
21.5
157.9
147.5
24.7
207.9
Munici-
pal.
31.4
84.3
22.2
52.4
124.6
1-81.7
75.8
141.0
1 Decrease.
Although the kilowatt capacity of the direct-current,
constant-voltage dynamos had increased nearly one-
fourth since 1902, the relative importance of these
machines was considerably less in 1907. The number
and capacity of the direct-current, constant-amperage
dynamos has decreased since 1902, as has their relative
importance.
Table 35. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dyna-
mos: 1907 and 1902.
KIND OF DYNAMO.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MiraiCIPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total:
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Kilowatt capacity. . .
100.0
Direct-current, constant-volt-
age:
Number
30.2
15.0
13.8
3.0
55.9
82.0
30.6
27.2
28.3
12.0
41.0
60.7
32.4
15.2
12.7
2.5
54.8
82.3
31.9
28.4
27.7
10.7
40.3
60.8
21.3
12.8
18.3
9.2
60.3
78.0
22.9
15.5
Direct-current,constant-amper-
age:
31.9
Kilowatt capacitv
24.8
Alternating single-phase and
polyphase current:
45.1
Kilowatt capacity
59.7
Diagram 5. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos: 1907
and 1902.
NUNOREOB OF THOUSANDS
ALTCRNATINQ CURRENT
eiNQLE PHASE AND POLYPHASE
DmECT CURRENT, CONSTANT VOLTAGE
DIRECT CURRENT. CONSTANT AMPERAGE
The average capacity of the different types of
dynamos per station and per machine for commercial
and municipal stations, 1907 and 1902, is shown in
Table 36.
Table 36. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Average kilouatt capacity of dynamos, by kind, per station, and per
machine: 1907 and 1902.
KIND OF DYNAMO.
TOTAL.
COMMERCTAL.
MUNICIPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
190S
Total kilowatt capacity:
575
223
335
97
722
256
392
103
167
87
13S
Per machine.
62
Direct-current, constant-volt-
age:
Per station
256
110
149
48
645
326
228
86
126
41
280
144
298
120
181
50
816
384
262
92
136
40
323
156
85
52
96
44
177
113
70
42
Direct -current, cons'ant-am-
perage:
Per station
95
48
Alternating single-phase and
polyphase current;
Per station
120
82
The average capacity of the several classes of dyna-
mos, per station and per machine, was determined
from the number of these machines as shown in Table
34, and the number of stations reporting the different
types of dynamos is shown in the following statement:
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of sta-
tions, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902.
KIND OF DYNAMO.
Census.
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munic-
ipal.
1907
1.S8S
1,273
1,195
34!.'
864
2,524
2,069
315
1902 1,447
1907 542
252
200
Alternating single-phase and polyphase cur-
rent.
1902
1907
1902
1,160
3,446
2,634
296
922
565
The increase in the total average capacity of the
dynamos per station and per machine, shown in Table
36, is in keeping with the general tendency toward
larger units of equipment in almost all branches of
central-station work.
For the direct-current dynamos there was an in-
crease, although not very pronounced, both per station
and per machine. The constant-amperage dynamos
in the municipal stations form the single exception to
an increase, the average capacity of these dynamos
showing a decrease per machine from 48 to 44 kilo-
POWER EQUIPMENT.
47
watts. There has been a large decrease in the num-
ber of this latter class of tlynamos and probably but
few new ones installed, and the figures indicate that
those removed have been the machines of the larger
capacity. In harmony with the great increase in the
kilowatt capacity shown for the alternating-current
dynamo in other tables, the table of average capacity
shows an increase in every detail presented.
A better understanding of the dynamo equipment
of central stations may be obtained from a study of
the detailed statistics showing the number and capac-
ity of the different types of machines, grouped accord-
ing to size. The totals for the United States are sum-
marized in Table 37.
Table .37. — Central electric stations — Kind of dynamos, by class,
number, and kilowatt capacity: 1907.
CLASS OF DYNAMO.
Total.
1
1 Direct-
current,
constant-
voltage.
Direct-
current,
constant-
amper-
age.
Alternat-
ing sin-
gle-phase
and poly-
phase
current.
Total:
12, 173
2,709,225
3,680
406,460
1,685
80,992
6,808
2,221,773
Kilowatt capacity
Under 200 kilowatt capacity:
9,491
064,440
24.5
1,547
434,586
16.0
824
390. 149
14.4
281
351,700
13.0
163
438,350
16.2
67
430,000
15.9
3,128
183,8(i5
45.2
417
115,155
28.3
102
63,890
15.7
30
36,550
9.0
3
7,000
1.7
1,664
71,649
88.5
16
4,699
408,926
18.4
1 111
Per cent of total kilowatt capacity. .
200 iMit under 500 kilowatt capacity:
Nunil>er. ,
4,833 314! 598
0.0 14.2
3 519
I^er cent of total kilowatt capacity. .
600 but nnder 1,000 kilowatt capacity:
Number.. ...
2,010 ^ 324,249
2.5 14.6
2 249
Per cent of total kilowatt capacity. .
1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatt capacity:
Number..
2,600
3.1
312,650
14.1
160
Per cent of total kilowatt capacity . .
2,000 but tmder 5,000 kilowatt capacity:
Number
431,350
19.4
6,000 kilowatt capacity and over:
67
Kilowatt capacity
430,000
19.4
Per cent of total Kilowatt capacity. .
Of the direct-current, constant-voltage dynamo
capacity, 73.5 per cent was represented by the ma-
chines of less than 500 kilowatts; 24.7 per cent by
those in the two classes 500 but under 2,000 kilowatt
capacity; only 1.7 per cent bj' those in the class "2,000
but under 5,000 kilowatt capacity;" and none in the
class "5,000 kilowatt capacity and over."
The direct-current, constant-amperage machines show
even a larger proportion in the small classes, the class
of " under 200 kilowatt capacity " having 88.5 percent,
with small proportions in the next three classes and no
dynamo of this type of 2,000 kilowatt capacity or over.
The remarkable increase in the use of the alternat-
ing-current dynamo has already been shown, and its
adaptability to the varying requirements as to capacity
are demonstrated by the evenness of its distribution
among the several classes, the variation in the propor-
25142—10 i
tion of the six classes ranging from only 14.1 per cent
for the class of the lowest total crapacity to 19.4 for
the class of the highest. Beginning with the class with
the smallest kilowatt capacity, the proportions of the
total capacity for all kinds of dynamos contributed by
the alternating-current were as follows: 61.5; 72.4;
83.1; 88.9; 98.4; and 100 per cent, the proportion thus
steadily increasing with the capacity of the dynamo.
In Table 38 the dynamos in commercial and munic-
ipal stations, respectively, have been grouped accord-
ing to the capacity of the separate machines.
Table 38- — Commercial and municipal central electric stations^
Dynamos, by number and kilowatt capacity: 1907.
CLASS OF DYNAMO.
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Municipal.
Total:
Number
12,173
2,709,225
9,778
2,500.209
2,395
209,016
Under 200 kilowatt capacity:
Number
9,491
604,440
1,547
434,586
624
390, 149
281
351,700
163
438,350
07
■ 430.000
7.283
513, 427
1,375
389,833
613
383,099
278
346,900
162
436.360
07
430,000
2.208
151,013
200 but under 500 kilowatt capacity:
172
44,753
500 but under 1,000 kilowatt capacity:
11
6,450
1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatt capacity:
Number .
3
4,800
2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatt capacity:
1
Kilowatt capacity
2,000
5.000 kilowatt capacity and over:
Number
This table shows in every class not only the great
preponderance of the dynamo capacity of commercial
over municipal stations, but also the little use of dyna-
mos of large capacity in the municipal stations.
The increase in dynamo capacity is practically con-
fined to the states for which statistics are given in
Table 39.
The total increase in the dynamo capacity of these
21 states, each of which made a gain of over 20,000
kilowatts, amounted to 1,256,929 kilowatts, or 84 per
cent of the total increase for the entire United States.
To illustrate the extent to which single-phase and poly-
phase dynamos have superseded the other varieties of
machines, the increase in their kilowatt capacitj' is
shown separately and is found to approximate closely
the total increase for all machines, the difference for
the selected states being but 2,361 kilowatts, or less
than two-tenths of 1 per cent, and that for the entire
United States 11,521 kilowatts, or about eight-tenths
of 1 per cent. In some states the increase in the ca-
pacity of the alternating-current machines exceeds
that for all classes of dj'namos; due to the fact that
there was an actual decrease in the capacity of the
direct-current machines in several states.
Diagram 6.-CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS, BY STATES \RRANGED IN THF
ORDER OF THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE: 1907 AND 1902. ' *
1807 ^^ar90«
(48)
POWER EQUIPMENT.
49
In each of 8 states — California, Illinois, Michigan,
Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wash-
ington — the increase in the capacity of dynamos ex-
ceeded 50,000 kilowatts. The total increase in these
states amounted to 873,910, or 58.4 per cent of the
total gain for the United States. In 3 states — Cali-
fornia, Illinois, and New York — the dynamo capacity
increased more than 100,000 kilowatts each, the total
amounting to 558,349 kilowatts, or 37.3 per cent of
the total gain for all stations.
Table 39.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS IN THE STATES WHICH
INCREASED THEIR CAPACITY OVER 20,000 KILOWATTS
1907 AND 1902.
J
KILOWATT CAPACITY.
Total.
Actual
Increase.
Per cent
of increase.
Per cent
distribution
of increase.
Actual in-
crease in
STATS.
1907
1902
capacity of
alternating
single-phase
and poly-
phase current
dynamos.
Total for United States
2,709,225
1,212,235
1,496,990
123.5
100.0
1 485,469
2,238,059
981,130
1,256,929
128.1
84.0
1,254,668
238,480
53,130
39,363
35,446
209,226
81,576
30,307
39,290
36,223
135,924
101,714
78,516
68,467
70,566
482.031
128,533
32,687
212,543
51,271
48.558
66,308
471, 166
83,816
21,808
16,516
7,620
100,320
38, 144
8,596
15,291
13,207
90,624
44,176
20,999
32,100
46,120
187,252
69,811
11,165
121,388
13,390
26,108
13,679
231,105
154,664
31,322
23,847
27,826
108,906
43, 432
21,711
23,999
23,016
45,300
57,538
57,517
36,367
24, 446
294,779
66,722
21,422
91,155
37,881
22,450
52,629
240,061
184.5
143.6
153.7
365.2
108.6
113.9
252.6
156.9
174.3
50.0
130.2
273.9
113.3
53.0
157.4
81.3
191.9
75.1
282.9
86.0
384.7
103.9
10.3
2.1
1.6
l.y
7.3
2.9
1.5
1.6
1.5
3.0
3.8
3.8
2.4
1.6
19.7
3.8
1.4
6.1
2.5
1.5
3.5
16.0
161,830
32,423
21,221
27,595
Illinois .
115,873
41,104
18, 320
Maine
22,158
24,105
53,993
60,492
Minnesota
52.496
Missouri -
39,318
20,316
New York
295,359
Ohio
58,050
19,325
82,198
38, 370
Texas .
17,868
Washington
52,164
230,901
In addition to the dynamos, the number and capacity
of the auxiliary machines used in connection with the
distribution of the electric energy were reported, and
the statistics for them are summarized in Table 40.
Table 4:0. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Number and kilowatt capacity of miscellaneous main-station equip-
ment: 1907 and 1902
Cen-
sus.
TOTAL.
COMUERCIAL.
MUNIOPAL.
KIND OF EQUIPMENT.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watt ca-
pacity.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watt ca-
pacity.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watt ca-
pacity.
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
•1907
1,577
180
132
' 127
, 193
' 9.751
6,881
592,708
52,416
47,608
4,810
13,361
1,432
175
131
106
184
9,256
9,981
587,421
51,703
47,508
4,474
13,230
145
5
1
21
9
496
900
5,287
Rotaries . ...
713
100
336
Storage-battery cells
131
Miscellaneous 2
43,209
42,256
953
' Not reported as main-station equipment In 1902.
2 Includes motor generators, motors, regulators, and other accessories. Not re-
ported as main-station equipment in 1902.
The transformers in the main station, which are
chiefly those used to raise the voltage generated for
purposes of transmission, and miscellaneous machines
were not called for in 1902 as connected with the
generating plant; hence the extent of their use at
that census can not be determined. The transformers
probably were reliably reported, but it was apparent
from an examination of the reports that there was
little uniformity among the electric companies in re-
porting their miscellaneous machines. The commer-
cial stations, which reported most of the boosters, show
a decided decrease in these machines in 1907, which
is in harmony with the later dynamo equipment and
more recent methods followed in central-station
management.
The substation equipment, as reported at the two
censuses, is shown in Table 41.
Table 41. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Number and kilowatt capacity of substation equipment, by kind:
1907 and 1902.
Cen-
sus.
TOTAL.
COHHERCLAL.
MUNICIPAL.
KIND OF EQOTPMENT.
Num-
ber.
Kilowatt
capacity.
Num-
ber.
Kilowatt
capacity.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watt ca-
pacity.
Transformers
1907
1902
1907 i
1902 1
1907
1902
1907
1902 1
4,211
1,800
490
169
20,187
8,388
1,100,824
312,848
311,003
81, 728
4,047
1,765
490
168
20,187
8,388
1,090,261
311,879
311,003
81,721
164
35
10,663
969
Storage-battery cells .
1
7
Miscellaneous '
99,275
15,997
98, 117
15,867
1,158
130
• Includes motor generators, motors, regulators, and other accessories.
50
CENTEAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
It is evident that the electric service performed by
the municipal stations was of a character wliich neces-
sitated a very limited use of substations. Of the 1,093
substations reported for all central stations, only 57
were connected with municipal stations, and practi-
cally their entire equipment was confined to a few
step-down transformers.
OUTPUT OF STATIONS.
The product of central electric stations is electrical
energy or current and the operations of such sta-
tions are measured by this output in kilowatt hours.
Accordingly, as in 1902, an inquir}- with respect to the
total output of current for the year in kilowatt hours
was made a part of the schedule. With many establish-
ments, the output is a matter of scientific accounting,
being carefully recorded from the actual watt-hour
or kilowatt-hour readings of dynamo meters. Many
other establishments, however, particularly the smaller
plants, could give no exact data in reply to this inquirj^,
but were asked to make careful estimates. There is
thus a considerable element of estimate in the figures,
but it is believed that it is not sufficiently large to
vitiate or to impair seriously their statistical value.
Table 42. — Central electric stations and electric railways-
of generating stations: 1907 and 1902.
—Output
KILOWATT HOUKS.
Per cent
of
1907
1902
increase.
Total
10,621,406,837
4,768,535,512
122 7
Central stations
5,862,276,737
4,759,130,100
2,507,051,115
2,261,484,397
133 8
110.4
There were 10,621,406,837 kilowatt hours of current
generated in central stations and electric-railway
plants in 1907 compared with 4,768,535,512 in 1902,
an increase of 122.7 per cent. Central stations i-e-
ported 55.2 per cent of the total output in 1907 as
compared with 52.6 per cent in 1902.
It is interesting to compare the total kilowatt
capacity of dynamos with the annual output of cur-
rent. Confining this comparison to central stations,
the total kilowatt-hour capacity of such stations in
1907 was reported as 2,709,225, and the annual out-
put was 5,862,276,737 kilowatt hours. Assuming that
the stations could be operated continuously twenty-
four hours a day for 365 days, or one year, at their
maximum capacity, the theoretical annual capacity
would be 23,732,811,000 kilowatt hours; the actual
output, however, was only 24.7 per cent, or less than
one-fourth, of this amount. The corresponding per-
centage at the census of 1902 was 23.6. As illustrating
the same point, a division of the kilowatt capacity of
the dynamos into the output for the year gives,
theoretically, the number of hours of operation of the
generators on the basis of their maximum capacity.
The figures, thus derived, 2,164 for 1907 and 2,068
for 1902, when compared with the total number of
hours in a year of 365 days, 8,760, sloow in another
way the difference between the theoretical maximum
capacity and the actual conditions as reported.
There are, however, several circumstances which
lessen the value of such comparisons. The indicated
capacity of a dynamo is the theoretical maximum
capacity or greatest load at which it can be operated.
It is mechanically impossible, of course, to operate
dynamos or other machinery at maximum capacity
for any length of time, and the necessity for repairs
frequently puts the generating machinery wholly out
of commission. Many central stations, especially
those of large capacity, have installed duplicate
machines to provide against accident, and thus
throughout the year a considerable part of their
equipment is idle. Again, to render satisfactory
service to the consumers, a station should be equipped
to transmit sufficient current to satisfy the largest
possible demand. Therefore as the consumption
varies from the peak of the load capacity to a small
fraction of it the speed of the dynamos is moderated,
or some of them are stopped altogether, in accordance
with the requirements. A large proportion of the
smaller plants operate onlj' during the hours of dark-
ness, and many during the few hours from sunset to
midnight. These and other factors, therefore, com-
bine to explain the difference, previously noted,
between the actual output of the central-station
dynamos and the output which they are theoretically
capable of generating.
The income received during the year 1907 by
central stations from the sale of current amounted to
$169,614,691 ; the total output of stations was
5,862,276,737 kilowatt hours; the average earnings
per kilowatt hour therefore appear to have been
about 2^ cents, compared with 3/;^ cents in 1902.
Improved methods of transmission in 1907 over 1902,
resulting in a decreased loss of current, the large
increase in the average capacity of the generating
units, and economies in other directions, have no
doubt reduced the cost of production and thus make
possible the delivery of current at a lower figure.
A comparison of the output of commercial and
municipal stations reveals the comparative unim-
portance of the latter in that respect.
Table 43. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Output of generating stations: 1907 and 190S.
KILOWATT HOURS.
Per cent
of
Increase.
1907
1902
Total
5,862,276,737
2,607,051,115
133.8
Commercial
5,572,813,949
289,462,788
2,311,146,676
195,904,439
141.1
47.8
POWER EQUIPMENT.
51
From 1902 to 1907 the output of municipal stations
increased only 47.8 per cent, while the output of com-
mercial stations increased 141.1 per cent. The greater
importance of commercial stations is still further
shown in the fact that the percentage which their out-
put formed of the total for all central stations increased
from 92.2 in 1902 to 95.1 in 1907, while as a necessary
sequence the proportion of municipal stations dropped
from 7.8 per cent to 4.9 per cent.
The increase in output of electric current is an
accurate measure of the increase in importance of
the central stations in other particulars — investment,
equipment, etc. The accompanying diagram shows
the output for each geographic division for 1907 and
1902.
DiAOR.wi 7. — Central electric stations — Output, by geographic divi-
sions: 1907 and 1902.
niuifiiniU HUNDREDS Of MILLIONS
NORTH ATLANTIC
NORTH CENTRAL
SOUTH ATLANTIC
SOUTH CENTRAl.
show the largest percentages of increase are Nevada,
Washington, Oklahoma, Georgia, Oregon, Kansas, and
California, in the order given, each witli an increase
exceeding 300 per cent. The smallest increase in
both amount and per cent was for Iowa.
Table 44. — Central electric stations — Output of generating stations,
by states and territories, with per cent of increase and per cent dis-
tribution of total increase: 1907 and 1903.
The following table illustrates the differences which
mark the rate of development of the use of electric
current for light and power in the several states. The
output in every state shows an increase in 1907 over
1902. The largest actual increase is shown for New
York, with California, Illinois, Washington, Pennsyl-
vania, Michigan, and Montana following in the order
named, each with an increase of more than 100,000,000
kilowatt hours. On the other hand the states which
• OUTPUT OF STATIONS (KILOWATT HOURS).
STATE OR TERRITORY.
1907
190-2
Actual in-
crease.
Per
cent
of in-
crease.
Per
cent
distri-
bution
of in-
crease.
United states...
5,862,276,737
2,507,051,116
3,355,225,022
133.8
100.0
Alabama.
30,840,764
9,392,302
11,519,310
661,606,309
123,275,212
67,406,232
30,543,522
11,766,994
59,311,202
9.577,588
467,667,328
130,2(:3,093
37,729,072
59, 740, 179
37,232,623
26,421,316
66,136,661
47,868,676
219,425,607
208,154,199
87, 579, 431
15,704,624
147,328,446
137,379,261
31,958,739
29,021,730
55,258,921
140,527,522
4,614,349
1,452,222,471
13,171,681
8,229,765
217,311,924
24,986,903
92,807,992
416,554,167
35,651,323
08,696,424
13,615,015
34,847,966
75,829,108
61,672,661
29,923,333
10,208,360
257,786,236
24,871,317
52,546,210
6,499,084
11,616,707
3,662,045
9,965,997
152,728,042
60,177,084
26,738,121
17,871,872
8,006,078
9,911,243
5,018,149
161,543,646
75,686,493
36,506,425
13,326,518
27,835,614
17,474,261
21,987,700
22, 128, 125
125,813,392
80,564,630
40,258,632
9,825,926
57, 450, 731
36,435,766
12,315,776
1,508,910
27,377,793
78,739,456
2,637,810
701,769,716
8,351,346
6,850,115
127,437,383
3,825,763
17,531,660
241,094,328
23,430,435
18,426,763
4,266,007
24,472,632
48,888,460
32,457,003
22,374,060
0,879,243
19,722,262
11,355,905
29,960,758
3,883,285
19,230,057
5,730,267
1,553,319
508,878,207
63,098,128
40,668,111
12,671,650
3,699,916
49.399,959
4,559,439
306.113,682
54,678,200
1,222,647
46,413,061
9,397,009
8,947,055
44,148,951
26, 740, 650
93,012,215
127,589,669
47,320,799
5,878,098
89,877,715
100,943,495
19,642,904
28,112,820
27,881,128
61,788,066
1,976,539
760,452,755
4,820,335
2,379,650
89,874,541
21,160,140
75,276,332
175,459,839
12,214,888
60,209,061
9,359,008
10,376,324
20,940,058
29,216,598
7,549,273
3,329,117
238,062,974
13,515,412
22,579,462
1,615,799
165.5
156.5
16.6
333.2
104.9
152.1
70.9
46.9
498.4
90.9
189.5
72.3
3.3
348.3
33.8
61.2
200.8
110.3
74.4
158.4
117.5
59.8
156.4
277.0
169.5
1,863.1
101.8
78.5
74.9
106.9
57.7
40.7
70.5
553.1
429.4
72.8
62.1
272.8
219.9
42.4
55.1
90.0
33.7
48.4
1,207.1
119.0
76.3
41.6
0.0
.Vrizona.
0.2
.\rkansas
Calitornia
(■)
15.2
Colorado
1.9
1.2
Delaware and District
of Columbia
Florida
0.4
0.1
1.5
0.1
Illinois
9.1
1.6
Iowa
(')
1.4
0.3
0.3
Maine
1.3
Maryland ^
Massachusetts
0.8
2.8
3.8
1.4
0.2
Missouri
2.7
3.0
Nebraska
0.6
0.8
New Hampshire
0.8
1.8
New Mexico
0.1
22.4
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
0.1
0.1
2.7
0.6
Oregon
2.2
Pennsylvania
5.2
0.4
Sout h Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
1.5
0.3
3
Texas
8
Utah .
9
Virginia
0.1
Wasliington
7 1
West Virginia
Wyoming.
(')
1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
CHAPTEE IT.
LINE EQUIPMENT.
Central stations and electric railways. — The prevalence
of the lighting and general motor service among the
electric-railway companies makes it necessary to com-
bine their equipment with that of the central stations
in order to show the total number of lamps, meters,
transformers, and stationary motors wired for service.
Such totals are given in Table 45.
Table 46.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— LAMPS, METERS, TRANSFORMERS IN CIR-
CUITS, AND STATIONARY MOTORS: 1907 AND 1902.
Arc lamps
PubUe
Commercial
Incandescent lamps
Public
Commercial . .
Other varieties of lamps — Nemst, vaciiam, vapor, etc
Public
Commercial
Lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric
properties
Meters on consumption circuits
Transformers in circuits for customers:
Number
Kilowatt capacity
Stationary motors: '
Number
Horsepower
1907
1902
635,815
318,819
316,996
45,991,836
866,851
45,124,985
190,979
6,090
184,889
1,107,116
1,897,803
299,489
2,058,567
187,652
1,807,949
419,561
229,403
190,158
19,636,729
474, 686
19,162,043
A
)
(')
639,290
207,370
687, 121
111,113
473,693
CENTRAL STATIONS.
1907
555,713
289,391
266,322
1902
385,698
211,725
173,973
41,445,997 18,194,044
808.693 ' 455,660
40.637,304 i 17,738,384
ELECTEIC RAILWAYS.
1907
1902
I
162,338
5,716
156,622
275,079
1,683,917
299.489
2,058,567
167, 184
1,649,026
I
(')
('
582,689
207,370
687, 121
101,064
438,005
80,102
29,428
60,674
4,545,839
58, 158
4,487,681
28,641
374
28,267
832,037
213,886
20,468
158,923
33,863
17,678
16,185
1,442,685
19,026
1,423,659
56,601
10,049
35,688
FEB CENT or INCREASE.
Total.
51.5
39.0
66.7
134.2
82.6
135.5
44.4
199.6
Central
stations.
44.1
36.7
53.1
127.8
77.5
129.1
44.4
199.6
65.4
276.5
Electric
railways.
136.5
66.5
213.1
21S.1
205.7
215.2
277.9
103.7
345.3
' Not reported separately. = Not called for in schedule for electric railways. » Some fan motors were included in 1902, but such motors were omitted in 1907.
The apparatus represented by the statistics in this
table is characteristic of central-station work, and
although a considerable proportion is connected with
railway plants, it all belongs to the same department
of industry. For the two branches of service together
an aggregate of 47,925,746 lamps is shown for 1907 as
compared with 20,056,290 for 1902, the increase
amounting to 27,869,456, or 139 per cent. Of the
total number of lamps, the central stations reported
88.6 per cent in 1907 and 92.6 per cent in 1902, and the
electric railways, 11.4 per cent in 1907 and 7.4 per cent
in 1902. In 1902 the railways reported 8.1 per cent of
the arc lamps and 7.3 per cent of the incandescent
lamps; at the census of 1907 these proportions had
increased to 12.6 and 9.9 per cent, respectively.
Large increases are shown for all of the items of
equipment, and in every instance the percentage of
increase was much larger for the electric-railway plants
than for the central stations. Several causes con-
tribute to this condition, among which may be men-
tioned the method of preparing the reports when a
central station and electric -railway plant are united
and keep only one system of accounts. The tendency
toward such combination in the interest of economy
has been very general, and when separate reports
(52)
for the two branches could not be furnished, the
combined industry was returned as an electric railway
rather than as a central station, irrespective of the
relative importance of the two branches.
The electric-railway branch of the characteristic
central-station industry is, however, of very minor
importance, comparatively, and the large percentages
of increase in its apparatus have little effect on the
increases shown for the total apparatus used in furnish-
ing electric light and power.
CENTRAL STATIONS.
Lamps, meters, transformers, and stationary motors. —
The lamps used for lighting streets, parks, public
buildings, and all other public places for the illumina-
tion of which the municipality or other local govern-
ment was responsible, were considered as devoted to
the "public service," and were reported separately
from those used in general "comnaercial service" in
lighting residences, places of business, etc., for which
individuals or private enterprises were responsible.
The number of lamps for these two branches of service
are shown in Table 46, which presents also data con-
cerning the meters, transformers, and motors.
LINE EQUIPMENT.
53
Table 46.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— LAMPS, METERS, TRANSFORMERS IN
CIRCUITS, AND STATIONARY MOTORS: 1907 AND 1902.
Arc lamps
Public
Commercial .
1907
Incandescent lamps.
I'ublic
Commercial
Other varieties of lamps— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc.
I'ublic
Commercial
Lamps used by tiie central stations to light their own electric
properties
Arc
Incandescent
.Ml other lamps
655,713
289,391
266,322
41,445,997
808,693
40,637,304
162,338
5,716
156,622
275,079
7,082
266,242
1,755
1902
Meters on consumption circuits ! 1, 683, 917
Transformers in circuits for customers:
Number 299, 489
Kilowatt capacity 2,058, 567
Stationary motors: 2
Number
Horsepower
167, 184
1,649,026
385,698
211,725
173,973
18,194,044
455,660
17,738,384
(')
(')
(')
(')
582,689
207,370
687, 121
101,064
438,005
COHHERaAL.
utnnciPAL.
1907
1902
1907
472,773
216,309
256,464
37,393,549
638,456
36,755,093
153,468
4,584
148,884
245,905
6,487
237, 729
1,689
1,468,763
255,337
1,897,170
162, 677
1,617,337
334,903
166,723
168,180
16,616,593
372, 740
16, 243, 853
(■)
(>)
179,300
612,442
99,102
434,681
82,940
73,082
9,858
4,052,448
170,237
3,882,211
8,870
1,132
7,738
29,174
595
28,513
66
215, 154
44,152
161,397
4,507
31,689
50,795
45,002
5,793
1,577,451
82,920
1,494,531
(')
56,678
28,070
74,679
PER CENT or INCREASE.
1,962
3,324
Total.
44.1
36.7
53.1
127.8
77.5
129.1
44.4
199.6
65.4
276.5
Commer-
cial.
41.2
29.7
52.5
125.0
71.3
126.3
42.4
209.8
64.2
272.1
Munici-
pal.
63.3
62.4
70.2
156.9
105.3
159.8
279.6
57.3
116.1
129.7
853.3
' Not reported separately.
' Some fan motors were included in 1902, but such motors were omitted in 1907.
Although every item of equipment specified in the
table shows a large increase in 1907 as compared with
1902, the most notable increases and those indicating
most nearly the progress in the industry are those for
incandescent lamps, stationary motors, meters on con-
sumption circuits, and transformers in circuits for cus-
tomers. The number of incandescent lamps is neces-
sarily, to some extent, an estimate. Accepting these
estimates, there were 42,439,127 lamps of all varieties
connected with the central stations at the close of
1907 and 18,579,742 at the close of 1902, the increase
for the five years amounting to 2.3,859,385 lamps, or
128.4 per cent. While this increase in the aggregate
number of lamps indicates the development, a clearer
understanding of the conditions will be obtained by
an analysis of the statistics for the different varieties.
Arc lamps. — The statistics for the arc lamps are
shown in Table 47.
Table 47.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC LAMPS, BY KINDS: 1907 AND 1902,
TOTAL.
COMMERCUL.
UX7NICIFAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
KIND.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total
1555,713
385,698
472,773
334,903
82,940
50,795
44.1
41.2
63.3
Open arcs *
78,886
181,672
60,456
149, 704
18,430
31,968
«56.6
'59.6
242 3
Public
66,879
64,416
2,463
12,007
10,050
1,957
476,827
138,684
134,054
4,630
42, 988
39,255
3,733
204,026
48, 875
47,207
1,668
11,581
9,6%
1,885
412,317
108,082
105,401
2,681
41,622
37,991
3,631
185,199
18,004
17,209
795
426
354
72
64,510
30,602
28,653
1,949
1,366
1,264
102
18,827
»51.8
«51.9
'46.8
'72.1
'74.4
'47.6
133.7
'54.8
'55.2
'37.8
'72.2
'74.5
'48.1
122.6
'41 2
Commercial
'68 8
Direct-t^urrent ...
'72
242 6
Public
222,512
68,600
154,012
254,315
126,251
128,064
73,041
29,608
43,433
130,985
67,180
63,805
167, 434
54,066
113,368
244,883
125,150
119,733
58,641
23,006
35,635
126,558
66,104
00,454
55,078
14,434
40,644
9,432
1,101
8,331
14,400
6,602
7,798
4,427
1,076
3,351
204,0
131.4
264.6
94.2
87.9
100.7
185.5
135,0
218.1
93.5
89.3
98.1
Direct-current
118 6
421.2
Commercial
113 1
Alternating-current
148 6
' Exclusive of 7,082 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties.
' Decrease.
Notwithstanding a considerable increase in the total
number of arc lamps — 170,015, or 44.1 per cent — the
gain has been at a slower rate than that for incandes-
cent lamps. At the census of 1902 the arc lamp had
reached a higher degree of development than the incan-
descent lamp, since in the early stages of the industry
the demand for electricity was to a considerable extent
influenced by its utility for street lighting, a branch of
service which was at first confined to arc lamps. Now,
however, the incandescent lamp has largely superseded
the arc lamp for street and other lighting purposes,
since it has been found that better service is secured
54
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
by the distribution of a larger number of compara-
tively small lamps than by the use of a few lamps of
large candlepower. In fact, the relatively small gain
in arc lamps may be accounted for by the much
greater general usefulness of the incandescent lamp.
The percentage of increase in the number of arc lamps
was somewhat larger for the municipal than for the
commercial stations. Inasmuch, however, as the total
number of these lamps in municipal stations formed
less than one-seventh of the total number in both
branches of the service in 1902, and but little more
than one-seventh in 1907, the percentage of gain is not
of so much real significance. In this connection it
may be of interest to note that, although at both
censuses the municipal stations had a larger propor-
tion of the total number of arc lamps than of the total
number of incandescent lamps, the percentages being
14.9 for the former class and 9.8 for the latter in 1907,
and 13.2 and 8.7 for the two classes, respectively, in
1902, the gains in the percentages were remarkably
close, being 1.7 for the arc lamps and 1.1 for the incan-
de^ent lamps.
Since the census of 1902 the change then going on
from the open arc to the inclosed has continued on a
large scale. At that census the open-arc lamps which
were of very limited length of continuous .burning
represented 47.1 per cent of the total number of
arcs, but in 1907 the proportion had declined to 14.2
per cent. There was an actual decrease in the number
of open-arc lamps of 102,786, or 56.6 per cent, and an
increase in the number of inclosed-arc lamps of 272,801,
or 133.7 per cent. These figures show conclusively that
not only is the inclosed arc demanded in new work, but
that the old equipment of open arcs has largely been
replaced by the inclosed lamp. In 1902 of the open
arcs reported 82.4 per cent were in commercial sta-
tions and 17.6 per cent in municipal stations, while the
corresponding proportions for 1907 were 76 6 per cent
and 23.4 per cent, respectively. The following tabular
statement shows the per cent distribution, by kind, of
arc lamps, for commercial and municipal stations, for
the years 1907 and 1902:
Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribu-
tion of arc lamps, by kind: 1907 and 1902.
KIND.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
• 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 100.0
Open
14.2
85.8
47.1
52.9
12.8 ; 44.7
87 2 «i^ 9
22.2 62.9
77 8 ! 17 1
Inclosed
■
The change from open to inclosed arc lamps has been
accompanied by a decided change in the kind of current
used in operating them.
Table 48.
-COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL C^t'i^RAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC LAMPS, BY KIND OF CURRENT
USED: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
1
COMMERCIAL.
MtraiciPAL.
PEE CENT OF INCREASE.
KIND.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Municipal.
Total
1555,713
385,698
472,773
334,903
83,940
50,795
44.1
41.2
63.3
269,217
286,496
270,097
115,601
236,119
236,654
232,502
102,401
33,098
49,842
37,595
13,200
20.3
147.8
1.6 212.0
Alternating current
' Exclusive of 7,082 lamps used by central stations to liglit tlieir own properties.
' Decrease.
Of the total number of arc lamps in 1902, seven-
tenths were direct-current, but in 1907 the correspond-
ing proportion was less than one-half. The increase
of 170,0l5 arc lamps between 1902 and 1907 is due
wholly to the gain in the alternating-current lamps,
since there was an actual loss of 880 in the number
of those operated by direct current. The change in
the character of current used has taken place some-
what more rapidly in municipal than in commercial
stations.
Table 49. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind of current used: 1907
and 1902.
KIND.
TOTAL.
COMMERCLAL.
MUNICIPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
48.4
51.6
70.0
30.0
49.9
50.1
69.4
30.6
39. 9 74.
60 1 oti n
Alternating current
Incandescent lamps. — The incandescent lamps have
become an important adjunct to business, and in some
of its uses may be rightfully classed as necessary to
comfort, although in other cases its use is a luxury.
Spectacular and beautiful effects are produced with
incandescent lamps in outdoor and indoor illumi-
nation, while electric signs in motion effects and in
colors, and window and store decorations of great bril-
liancy are now common in all large centers. These
features have become so important in central-station
work that a special department devoted to this branch
of the service is considered necessary by many of the
larger companies. The developments along the lines
of incandescent lighting have been wonderful and the
possibilities seem almost limitless.
Various kinds of lamps which in 1902 were in a
semiexperimental stage have since become of demon-
strated merit, while new ones are continually being
invented. In fact, so numerous and so desirable were
many of these lamps that at the census of 1907 it was
LINE EQUIPMENT.
55
decided to add an inquiry calling for the number of
such lamps, and, although it is probable that some
lamps of these classes were erroneously reported as
incandescent lamps, 162,338 lamps of the special va-
rieties were reported separately by the various central
stations. In 1902 these types of lamps were probably
included in the total number of incandescent lamps
reported, and consequently their actual increase as
given in Table 50 is less than it should be.
Tabll 50.— commercial AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— INCANDESCENT LAMPS, BY CANDLE-
POWER, AND OTHER VARIETIES OF LAMPS: 1907 AND 1902.
COUMESaAL.
Incandescent lamps
Sixteen-candlepower
Thirty-two-can(iiepo\ver.
All other candlepower. , .
Other varieties of lamps — Xernst, vacuum, vapor, etc .
141,445,997
35,640,612
1,408,610
4,396,775
2 162,338
190-2
1902
1902
PES CENT OP INCEEASE.
18,194,044
15,557,843
574,667
2,061,534
(')
37,393,549
32,153,240
1,242,415
3,997,894
153,468
16,616,593
14,126,123
531,309
1,959,161
(')
4,052,448
3,487,372
166, 195
398,881
8,870
1,577,461
1,431,720
43,358
102,373
(')
Total.
Commer-
cial.
MunicI--
pal.
127.8
129.1
145.1
113.3
125.0
127.6
.133.8
104.1
156.9
143.6
283.3
289.6
1 Exclusive of 266,242 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties.
■ Exclusive of 1,755 lamps used liy the central stations to light their own electric properties.
2 Not reported separately.
The total number of incandescent lamps more than
doubled between the censuses of 1902 and 1907, the
increase being 23,251,953 lamps, or 127.8 per cent.
Although this increase was mostly in IG-candlepower
lamps, it also represents lamps varying from street
lamps and those of 32 candlepower to the very small
sign lamps. The increase is exclusive of 162,338
lamps of "other varieties," chiefly Nernst, and of
266,242 lamps used by the central stations to light
their own properties.
The schedules used at both censuses were prepared
in such a way that the number of incandescent lamps
should be reported as of the following three classes:
16 candlepower, 32 candlepower, and all other candle-
power. The wording of the inquiry was such as to
ascertain the number of these lamps wired for service
on December 31, or the last day of the period covered
by the report, and not the actual number in use at
different times during the year.
The continually decreasing practice of renting incan-
descent lamps for general commercial uses on a flat-
rate basis and, as a consequence, the increasing use of
meters to measure the amount of current consumed,
rentier it no longer necessary in the majority of cases
for the central stations to know the number of lamps
wired for service or of machines in use, and although
some companies reported the number of incandescent
lamps, in accordance with the requirements of the
schedule, many of the large companies claimed to have
such limited knowledge of the number of these lamps
wired for service that they were reluctant, and in
some instances declined, to give even an estimate of
the several varieties, but confined their answers to
the inquiry to an estimate of the total number of
incandescent lamps on a 16-candlepower basis. In
view of these conditions, the results should be accepted
only as an approximation of the total number of
incandescent lamps wired for service and also of the
classes by candlepower. The actual number of arc
lamps was reporteil by practically all companies.
In 1907, 3,136 companies reported lamps of 32
candlepower. There were 956 companies that reported
none of this size, either because they actually had
none of this size or because they prepared their sched-
ule for the estimated number of incandescent lamps
on a 16-candlepower basis. The remaining 504 sta-
tions that had incandescent lamps wired for service,
so far as their equipment in that respect is concerned,
reported 16's and "other varieties" or oidy "other
varieties." The 956 central stations which reported
no lamps of 32 candlepower reported a total of
13,407,883 lamps of 16 candlepower, or nearly one-
third of the incandescent lamps reported by all sta-
tions. In this connection, however, it should not be
forgotten that many of the companies which reported
lamps of 32 candlepower stated that the number was
estimated.
An attempt was made by correspondence on the
subject with a number of central stations to obtain
the proper ratio by which to reduce the total number
of incandescent lamps shown in Table 50 to lamps of
a uniform 16 candlepower. Applying the same ratio
of reduction to the total number of lamps of all other
varieties, it was found that the total lamps in question
were equivalent to 40,656,220 incandescent lamps of
16 candlepower in 1907, and to 17,737,944 in 1902, an
increase of 22,918,276, or 129.2 per cent. The differ-
ence of increase, as shown in Table 50 and as estimated
on a basis of 16 candlepower, is smaller than might
be expected, 333,677, or but little more than 1 per
cent.
More than nine-tenths of the incandescent lamps
were reported at each of the two censuses by the com-
mercial stations, the actual proportions contributed
by the municipal stations being 9.8 per cent in 1907
and 8.7 per cent in 1902.
56
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
The following statement shows the number of cen-
tral stations, classified according to the kind of lamps
wired for service, December 31, 1907:
Central electric stations — Number, by lamp equipment: 1907.
Total number of stations 4, 714
With incandescent lamps 4, 596
Witli lamps of 32 candlepower 3, 136
With lamps of 16 candlepower only » 956
Without incandescent lamps 118
With arc lamps 3,700
Without arc lamps 1,014
Without either Incandescent or arc lamps 68
'These 956 stations reported nearly one-third of the total number of incandescent
lamps, and most of them reported only an estimate of the number of lamps on a
16-candlepower basis, because it was impracticable to answer the inquiries on the
schedule In detail.
The increase in the use of electric light and the im-
portance of the industry may perhaps be illustrated
most satisfactorily by comparing the number of lamps
with the population. Such a comparison is made in
Table 51 for the 8 states that contained the largest
number of incandescent lamps in 1907 and 1902.
The striking features of this table are the concen-
tration in a comparatively few states of a large pro-
portion of the electric lamps, and the great increase
in the average number of lamps per 1,000 population.
The 8 states here shown contained nearly two-thirds
of the total number of both arc and incandescent
lamps, the proportions for the two classes being prac-
tically the same, but represented a considerably
smaller proportion of the total population, wliich fact
merely illustrates the larger general use of the electric
Ught in the thickly settled communities. Of the 8
states, Missouri shows the lowest and California the
highest average number of lamps per 1,000 popula-
tion. The population of Missouri is more than twice
as great as that of California, but it is evident that
the electrical development there has not reached the
importance that it has in California. Both states
contain a considerable proportion of rural popula-
tion, which has been supplied with electricity more
generally in California than in Missouri. In CaU-
fornia a number of hydro-electric plants have been
established throughout the state, primarily to supply
current to large cities located at a distance, but these
plants also supply intervening smaller places for
which electricity might not otherwise be available.
This condition contributes naturally toward the
more extensive use of the electric light and an in-
crease in the number of lamps. Although California
holds a low comparative rank in population, it being
the twenty-first state, it ranks fourth in the number
of incandescent lamps and ninth in the number of
arc lamps. In 1902 the state ranked fifth in the
number of incandescent lamps and seventh in the
number of arc lamps. Next to California, which has
the smallest population of the 8 states shown in Table
51, New York, which is the most populous state of the
Union, has the greatest average number of arc lamps
per 1,000 inhabitants, and Massachusetts, the third
largest average for arc lamps and the second largest
for incandescent lamps.
Table 61.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC AND INCANDESCENT LAMPS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE
LARGEST NUMBERS OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS: 1907 AND 1902.
ARC LAMPS.
PER CENT DISTRIBUTION.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF LAMPS PER
1,000 POPULATION.
STATE.
Arc lamps.
Incandescent
lamps.
Arc lamps.
Incandescent
lamps.
1907
190S
1007
1902
1907
1903
1907
1903
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total for United States
555,713
385,698
41,445,997
18,194,044
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.50
4.91
484.57
231.55
358,114
252,316
25,817,953
11,817,849
64.4
65.4
62.3
65.0
9.89
7.55
712.99
353.46
New York ^
97,529
06,777
55,309
19,691
33,869
43,849
23,514
17,576
59,130
47,722
38,215
15,764
28,790
31,839
17,712
13,144
6,991,406
3,861,171
3,582,178
3,067,383
2,650,724
2, 254, 467
1,711,689
1,698,935
3,705,525
1,783,683
1,567,665
1,006,875
1,420,963
934,213
805,127
f 93, 798
17.6
12.0
10.0
3.5
6.1
7.9
4.2
3.2
15.3
12.4
9.9
4.1
7.5
8.3
4.6
3.4
16.9
9.3
8.6
7.4
6.4
5.4
4.1
4.1
20.4
9.8
8.6
5.5
7.8
5.1
4.4
3.3
11.63
9.49
10.02
11.75
10.99
9.75
9.00
5.16
7.85
7.34
7.61
10.25
9.87
7.49
7.14
4.12
833.63
549.01
649.16
1,831.04
859.78
501.30
655.37
498.82
491.90
274. 16
312.31
654.73
487.00
219.69
324.55
186.32
niinois
Ohio
Michigan
Missouri
The largest increases in the number of arc lamps
are shown for New York, Pennsylvania, IlUnois,
Ohio, Indiana, New Jersey, Michigan, and Massachu-
setts. For the incandescent lamps large increases
occur in so many states that it is difficult to select
any as showing the greatest development, but in the
following states the numbers for 1907 are at least
three times as great as for 1902: Alabama, California,
Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, Ne-
vada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Caro-
lina, and Wasliington. While these 13 states show
the greatest proportional increases in the number of
lamps, they do not represent the largest absolute
increases, as their combined increase is exceeded by
the gain in the total for the 2 states of New York and
Pennsylvania.
The 162,338 lamps reported as "other varieties" in
1907 include those that were considered by certain
of the establishments reporting as not properly be-
longing to the first group of incandescents. These
LINE EQUIPMENT.
57
new types of lamps were not reported separately at
the census of 1902, and, as already stated, it is prob-
able that in 1907 lamps that properly should have
been assigned to this group were included by many
stations in the total for incandescent lamps. The
total for 1907, however, included a number of the
new varieties of lamps and, although thought to be
far from complete, they are shown in the following
statement:
Central electric stations — Lamps other than regular arc and incan-
descent, by kind: 1907.
KIND OF LAMP.
Number.
162,338
124,899
5,214
3,343
2,467
1,282
582
138
24,413
The central stations were requested to name the
lamps other than the regular arc and incandescent,
but some reported a number without any designation,
and the 24,413 "Not designated" no doubt include
some that might properly have been assigned to one or
more of the other groups.
The use of electric lamps for advertising and deco-
rative purposes has resulted in greatly increasing the
varieties in use, and has also added to the difficulty of
ascertaining the actual number wired for service on a
given date. It was impossible, therefore, with a fair
degree of accuracy to show separately the number of
16, 32, and other candlepower incandescent lamps, as
was done at the census of 1902. However, the sched-
ule used at the census of 1 907 required that the number
of 32-candlepower lamps wired for service be reported
separately, and 3,136 stations reported 1,408,610,
while the same stations reported a total of 27,248,337
incandescent lamps of all varieties. Using the ratio of
these totals as a basis, the estimated number of
32-candlepower lamps wired for service at the close
of 1907 was about 2,112,915.
Meters on consumption circuits. — It was impracti-
cable to obtain statistics concerning the size of the
meters in service, and therefore the extension of the
service can be shown only by the number of meters.
That the number has increased rapidly since 1902 is
shown by Table 52.
Table 52.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— METERS ON CONSUMPTION CIRCUITS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING
THE GREATEST NUMBERS OF METERS: 1907 AND 1902.
STATE.
TOTAL NUMBER.
Per cent
of
increase.
AVERAGE
NUMBER PER
STATION.
NUMBER OF
CUSTOMERS
FURNISHED
CURRENT. I
AVERAGE
NUMBER OF
METERS PER
CUSTOMER. '
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
Total for United States
1,683,917
582,689
189.0
a57.2
161.0
1,946,979
0.9
Total lor selected states
981,461
361,230
171.7
496.9
209.5
1,057,853
0.9
New York
217,462
146,208
143,384
142,186
92,964
87,824
78,950
72,483
73,789
59,836
34,224
56,874
31,508
56,909
29,272
18,758
194.7
144.3
319.0
150.0
195.0
54.2
169.7
286.4
692.6
381.7
1,111.6
434.8
341.8
731.9
337.4
362.4
288.2
172.9
297.6
203.8
135.2
499.7
145.6
104.2
201,701
167,645
173,029
160, 957
100,071
80,713
87,500
86,237
1.1
Illinois
0.9
rftlifnmift, . , . , ,
0.8
0.9
Ohio
0.9
Massachusetts
1.1
Michigan
0.9
0.8
1 Information not available for 1902.
The gain of 189 per cent in the number of meters no
doubt indicates fairly well how complete the change
lias been from the flat-rate method of charging, so
largely used at the earlier period of electric-station
work, to the use of meters. There have been many
and important changes in central-station practice dur-
ing the short period between the two censuses, but
none is more important, from the commercial point of
view, than the general adoption of meter rates.
To obtain the total number of meters used for the
sale of electricity it is necessary to add to the number
shown in Table 52, the number on the consumers'
circuits of electric-railway companies. There were
213,886 meters reported by such companies in 1907
and 56,601 in 1902, making the aggregates for th^ two
censuses 1,897,803 and 639,290, respectively, showing
an increase of 1,258,513, or 196.9 per cent.
The 8 states represented in this table are those in
which central stations have had the greatest develop-
ment in the installment of meters, and contained 58.3
per cent of the total number of meters reported for
all central stations in 1907 and 62 per cent of the total
reported for 1 902 . The percentages of increase and the
average number per customer indicate, however, that
the practice has become very general.
The average number of meters per station is to some
extent misleacUng because of differences due to peculiar
conditions in certain states. In California, for instance,
there is one company which generates electric current
at a long distance from the main point of distribution
58
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
and supplies it to towns and cities in 22 counties,
whereas a service of this sort in other states probably
would be represented by a number of separate stations,
so that the average number of metere j)er station would
be considerably smaller. Probably the best indication
of the growth in the use of meters may be had from
the fact that of the 4,714 stations in 1907 only 629, or
13.3 per cent of the total, reported no meters, while
in 1902, of a total of 3,620 stations, 901, or 24.9 per
cent, reported none. The mechanical meter has now
come into such general use that the number of chemical
and other varieties of meters were not reported sepa-
rately in 1907 as they were in 1902.
Transformers in circuits for customers.- — The in-
creased use of alternating dynamos has necessarily
been accompanied by an increase in the number
of machines for loweiing the pressure of the
circuit. Step-down alternating-current transformers
are in general use where alternating dynamos are
employed.
Table 53.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS
FOR CUSTOMERS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE GREATEST KILOWATT CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902.
STATE.
1907
1902
Per cent
of in-
crease in
liiiowatt
capacity.
PEK CENT OF
TOTAL KILOWATT
CAPACITY.
AVEBAOE
CAPACITY.
Number.
Kilowatt
capacity.
Number.
Kilowatt
capacity.
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total for United States
299,489
2,058,567
207,370
687,121
199.6
100.0
100.0
6.9
3.3
169,674
1,326,338
113,046
425,715
211.6
64.4
62.0
7.8
3.8
New York
32,466
21,625
37,578
20,331
16,165
18,991
10,222
12,296
496,046
213,633
195,742
99,067
94,324
91,064
72,663
63,799
18,036
9,480
,29,005
15,040
12,284
11,925
7,695
9,581
142,383
49,368
62,258
46,515
41,786
34,600
26,995
21,810
248.4
332.7
214.4
113.0
125.7
163.2
169.2
192.6
24.1
10.4
9.5
4.8
4.6
4.4
3.5
3.1
20.7
7.2
9.1
6.8
6.1
5.0
3.9
3.2
15.3
9.9
5.2
4.9
5.8
4.8
7.1
5.2
7 9
Pennsylvania
2 1
Illinois
Ohio
2.9
3 6
Micliixan . .
The figures in this table represent only the trans-
formers owned by the central stations. The number
used by electric-railway companies was not reported
at either census. As transformers are sometimes
o\vned by the customers, the total shown in the table,
299,489, is somewhat less than the actual number
used in connection with central-station service. The
number of machines has, however, increased rapidly
since 1902, but not so fast as their kilowatt capacity.
This condition is due primarily to the fact that the
old-style transformers in use in 1902 have been largely
replaced by machines of much larger capacity, the
average capacity per machine having more than
doubled during the five years ending with 1907.
There were 1,126 stations in 1907 and 967 in 1902
that reported no transformers in use, the proportions
being 23.9 and 26.7 per cent of the total number of
stations at tlie respective censuses.
Stationary motors. — The schedule used at the census
of 1902 called for the number of all kinds of stationary
motors, including fan motors, while that for 1907 ex-
pressly excluded the latter class. No doubt many
fan motors were reported at the census of 1902, but
to what extent it is impossible to ascertain.
It was often extremely difficult to ascertain the
horsepower capacity of the motors, the current to
operate which was sometimes transmitted long dis-
tances to factories where the interest of the central
station furnishing the electricity was confined to the
amount of current consumed as measured by the
meters. It was necessary, therefore, to obtain esti-
mates of the number and capacity of the motors.
These estimates were included in the totals given in
Table 54, which shows, for the United States and for
the 8 states reporting the greatest horsepower capacity,
the number and capacity of all stationary motors re-
ported at the two censuses.
Next to lighting, stationary-motor service is the
most important source of income for central electric
stations, but the introduction of meters has compli-
cated the difficulties attending the collection of statis-
tics concerning the number and capacity of the motors.
It is probable, therefore, that the totals in Table 54 are
somewhat less than the actual number of motors wired
at the end of the respective census years. Many large
factories have the machinery operated entirely by
electric power and some contain many motors for
which statistics had to be obtained from the manu-
facturers, as the central stations were concerned only
with the quantity of current sold.
As shown by Table 45, there were a number of
stationary motors supplied with current by electric-
railway companies which must be considered in arriv-
ing at the totals for this class of service. The figures
in Table 54 indicate that the average size of the motors
in the central stations has more than doubled since
1902, while the number increased by only 65.4 percent,
a difference in ratio of increase which is without doubt
due to the fact that some large central stations reported
the horsepower of the motors for which current was
LINE EQUIPMENT.
59
supplied but expressed their inability to give even an
estimate of the number of machines. This condition
was pronounced in Pennsylvania, where the increase
in the average capacity of the motors was excep-
tionally large — from 2.16 horsepower in 1902 to 12.17
horsepower in 1907. One large company in this state
reported nearly one-third of its total stationary-motor
power but was unable to state the number of motors.
Table 54.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF STATIONARY MOTORS,
FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE GREATEST HORSEPOWER CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902.
1907
1902
AVERAGE
CAPACITY.
Per cent
of in-
crease in
liorse-
power.
PEE CENT OF
TOTAL HORSh-
POWEK.
Number.
Horse-
power.
Number.
Horse-
power.
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total for United States
167,184
1,649,026
101,064
438,005
9.86
4.33
276.5
100.0
100.0
106,321
1,107,687
67,037
309,055
10.42
4.62
257.7
67.2
70.7
18,051
11,500
21,075
10,063
15,877
13,083
8,923
7,089
393,955
200,067
137,661
122,461
81,246
64,941
54,111
53,245
13,581
5,190
11,838
14, 144
9,663
5,704
4,646
2,271
109,277
50,296
35,928
30,560
35,749
21,956
14,552
11,337
21.82
17.31
6.35
12.17
5.12
4.96
6.06
7.61
8.05
9.69
3.03
2.16
3.70
3.85
3.13
4.99
260.5
297.8
283.2
300.7
127.3
195.8
271.8
369.7
23.9
12.1
8.3
7.4
4.9
3.9
3.3
3.2
24.9
11.5
8.2
7.0
8.2
Ohio
5.0
3.3
2.0
The state of California, although having a compara-
tively small population, ranks second in the horse-
power of its stationary-motor service, being outranked
only by New York. This high rank is due to the
scarcity of fuel in the state ; the ease with which elec-
tric power may be transmitted and made available
in sparsely settled sections; and its adaptability for use
on dredgers and for many other purposes connected
with mining and irrigation.
Modern central-station companies concern them-
selves little with the various uses made of the current
sold. The quantity is measured, and as a rule the pro-
ducers make no inquiry as to its use. Electricity is
used for a multitude of miscellaneous purposes which
consume, however, but a small proportion of the
amount generated, much the larger portion being used
for light and power. Table 55 shows the number of
stations which sold current for the various purposes
during the years 1907 and 1902.
Table 55.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF STATIONS, BY
CHARACTER OF SERVICE: 1907 AND 1902
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OP INCREASE.
CHARACTER OF SERVICE.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Com-
mercial.
[
Munici-
pal.
Are lighting:
2,381
3,298
4,538
3,345
2,009
217
999
2,020
2,522
3,484
2,491
1,093
159
161
1,840
2,206
3,385
2,327
1,659
211
831
1,667
1,810
2,752
1,889
975
157
152
641
1,092
1,153
1,018
350
6
168
353
712
732
602
118
2
9
17.9
30.8
30.3
34.3
83.8
36.5
520.5
10.4
21.9
23.0
23.2
70.2
34.4
446.7
53.3
53.4
Incandescent lighting:
57.5
Public
69.1
Motor power:
196.6
200.0
1,706.7
There were only 68 central stations in 1907 which
reported that the entire amount of electricity generated
during the year was sold for motor service, disposed of
in bulk to other electric or railway companies, or sold
for some purpose other than lighting; all the other sta-
tions reported the sale of current for lighting. That
electric lighting is the chief business of the central sta-
tions is shown also by the fact that of the total income,
almost three-fourths was from lighting and about one-
sixth from stationary-motor service.
Average size of station. — The number of lamps, me-
ters, transformers, and motors is an indication of the
size of the central station, and averages based on the
numbers of these machines are given in Table 56.
60
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table S6.— Commercial and municipal central electric stationg —
Average number of lamps, meters, transformers, and motors per
station and average capacity per machine: 1907 and 1902.
' TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
1807
1902
H07
IWtt
1907
1S02
Arc lamps:
Average number per sta-
tion
Incandescent lamps:
Average number per sta-
tion
Meters on consumption cir-
cuits:
Average number per sta-
tion
Transformers in circuits for cus-
tomers:
Average number per sta-
tion
118
8,792
357
64
7
437
35
10
350
107
5,026
161
57
3
190
28
4
121
137
10,801
424
74
7
518
47
10
467
119
5,924
188
64
3
218
85
4
155
(J6
3,237
172
35
4
129
4
7
25
62
1,936
70
Kilowatt capacity per ma-
3
92
Kilowatt capacity per sta-
tion
Stationary motors:
Average number per sta-
tion
2
Horsepower per motor
Horsepower per station
2
4
Although there are conflicting elements entering into
the details from which these totals arc obtained, the
figures are of sufficient accuracy to establish the fact
that the averages for 1907 show great increases over
the averages for 1902.
Line construction. — The report on central electric
stations for 1902 presents statistics for 125,144.14
miles of mains and feeders contained in overhead, un-
derground, and submarine construction. Compara-
tively few companies, however, had definite knowledge
of tlie miles of wire strung, and it was exceedingly difli-
cult to obtain satisfactory answers to the census in-
quiries on the subject. In 1907, therefore, the inquiry
on the subject was confined to the single question as to
the number of miles of street occupied by underground
conduits for mains and feeders, for which a total of
2,509.15 miles was reported. Of this total, 2,268.34
miles were reported by commercial stations and 240.81
miles by municipal stations.
CHAPTER Y.
CAPITALIZATION,
Basis of statistics. — The statistics of capitalization of
central electric light and power stations are confined
to the par value of the authorized and outstanding
preferred and common stock and bonds of commercial
corporations, the par value of the bonds issued by
municipalities to secure funds for the construction,
purchase, or operation of the municipal stations, and
the returns made on such capitalization in the form of
dividends or interest. For 909 stations owned by
individuals, private companies, or cooperative asso-
ciations, which were not incorporated and had no stock,
no statistics of capitalization could be reported. In
addition, 21 companies which operated both electric
light and power stations and electric railways reported
their entire capitalization in connection with the
inquiry on street railways; 9 stations, which are re-
ported separately in the tables showing the number
of companies, represent stations owned by corpora-
tions operating other stations which reported the
capitalization of these 9 stations in the same or another
state; while 7 companies did not report capitalization.
In the cases of 254 municipal stations, bonds originally
issued by the city to secure funds for their construc-
tion, purchase, or operation had been retired, and for
this or other reasons no statistics of capitalization
could be secured. Deducting these plants, there
remain 2,516 commercial and 998 municipal stations
for which statistics of capitalization are shown.
Increase since 1902. — A presentation of statistics as
to the capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and
interest on funded debt of all companies and municipal
stations having outstanding investment securities is
given for 1907 and 1902 in Table 57.
Although the number of municipal stations having
outstanding bonds was relatively larger in 1907 than
in 1902 — constituting 28.4 per cent of the aggregate
number of companies and municipal stations reporting
capital stock or funded debt in 1907 compared with
24.3 per cent in 1902 — the funded debt of the munici-
pal stations constituted but 4 per cent of the total
funded debt in 1907 as compared with 4.4 per cent in
1902. The aggregate amount of interest paid on
funded debt was $27,991,762 in 1907 and $12,623,545
in 1902, the interest on the municipal bonds consti-
tuting 4.1 per cent of the former amount and 4 per
cent of the latter amount. The funded debt of the
municipal stations represented 1 .9 per cent of the total
capitalization outstanding in both 1907 and 1902.
Table 57. — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest paid
on funded debt of commercial companies, and funded debt and
interest of municipal stations having bonds outstanding: 1907
and 1902.
Number of commercial companies and
municipal stations having outstanding
capitalization
Commercial companies
Municipal stations reporting bonds
outstanding
Total capitalization outstanding
Capital stock
Funded debt
Commercial companies:
Total capitalization outstanding.
Capital stock-
Authorized, par value
Common
Preferred
Outstanding, par value
Common
Preferred
Dividends, amount
On common stock
On preferred stock
Funded debt-
Authorized, amount
Outstanding, amount
Interest
Municipal stations;
Funded debt-
Authorized, amount
Outstanding, amount
Interest
1907
1902
3,514
2,705
'2,516
2,049
998
656
«, 367,338, 836
»639,125,363
741,317,497
372,951,952
626,021,339
266,173,411
1,341,995,182
627,515,875
900,092,160
435,178,372
798,873,386
407,807,934
101,218,774
27,370,438
741,317,497
372,951,952
666,003,772
349, 080, 281
75,313,725
23,871,671
19,300,572
6,189,837
16,883,812
5,560,341
2,416,760
629,496
815,516,672
308,117,894
600,677,685
254,563,923
26,842,330
12,118,740
29,031,638
12,625,482
25,343,654
11,609,488
1,149,432
504,805
Per cent
of
increase.
29.8
22.8
52.1
113.9
98.8
135.2
113.9
106.8
95.9
289.8
98.8
90.8
215.5
211.8
203.6
283.9
164.7
136.0
121.5
129.9
118.3
127.7
' Exclusive of 37 companies (21 operating electric railways with capitalization
Included In report for street and electric railways; 9 duplications due to corporations
reporting capitalization in one state and owning establishments in another state,
which are reported separately in certain of the tables; and 7 not reporting capitaliza-
tion for sundry reasons), but including 2 companies reporting bonds only, their
capital stock not being separable from other interests.
Capitalization of commercial companies. — While the
capitalization of the commercial companies shows a
large increase from 1902 to 1907 — the total outstand-
ing capitalization increasing 113.9 per cent — this in-
crease is in harmony with the growth in the production
of electricity as indicated by the increase in kilowatt
output for these stations, which was 141.1 per cent.
Of the total outstanding capitalization of the commer-
cial companies in 1907, 55.2 per cent represented capi-
tal stock compared with a corresponding percentage
of 59.4 in 1902, and 44.8 per cent represented funded
debt as compared with a corresponding percentage of
40.6 in 1902. That is, the proportion of the total
capitahzation represented by capital stock has been
appreciably reduced, while that represented by funded
debt has increased. This falling off in the relative im-
portance of capital stock is confined to common stock,
which formed 49.6 per cent of the total capitalization
in 1907 compared with 55.6 per cent in 1902, while the
proportion represented by preferred stock increased
from 3.8 per cent of the total capitalization in 1902 to
(61)
62
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
5.6 per cent in 1907. The average outstanding capi-
talization per system increased in harmony with the
general growth. For 1907 the average total capitali-
zation per system was $53.3,384 compared with
$306,255 in 1902, or a general average increase of 74.2
per cent. These averages represent an average amount
of capital stock outstanding per system in 1907 of
$294,641 compared with $182,017 in 1902, or an aver-
age increase of 61.9 per cent; and an average amount
of funded debt in 1907 of $238,743 compared with
$124,238 in 1902, or an average increase of 92.2 per
cent.
The aggregate amount of funded debt shows an in-
crease of 136 per cent compared with an increase of
98.8 per cent for capital stock. Though there was an
increase of 215.5 per cent in the par value of preferred
stock outstanding, the average increase for all stock is
much smaller, owing to the lower rate of increase for
common stock. The very satisfactory condition of
the industry is evidenced by the increase in average
dividend rates and the decrease in the average interest
rate. The interest paid represents an average rate of
4.47 per cent on the total amount of outstanding
funded debt in 1907 compared with an average rate of
4.76 per cent in 1902, and the dividends paid represent
an average rate of 2.6 per cent in 1907 on the total
amount of outstanding stock compared with an aver-
age rate of 1.66 per cent in 1902; while the total
amount of dividends and interest paid in 1907 repre-
sents an average rate of 3.44 per cent on the total vol-
ume of outstanding securities, including both stocks
and bonds, compared with an average rate of 2.92 per
cent in 1902. The funded debt reported in 1907, how-
ever, includes $9,270,800 upon which no interest was
paid. Eliminating this debt the average rate of inter-
est upon the funded debt of the commercial companies
upon which interest was paid becomes 4.54 per cent,
which is the same as the average rate of interest for
the outstanding bonds of the municipal stations. The
allied industries tend to confuse all the statistics for
the central electric stations, but especially those relat-
ing to capitalization. They make it difficult to draw
any conclusion for the industry as a whole in regard
to the increase in capitalization as compared with the
increase of equipment, expenses, and income. It is
significant, however, that of the 2,049 commercial
companies having outstanding capitalization in 1902,
only 41 reported the payment of dividends on preferred
stock and 561 the payment of dividends on common
stock; while of the 2,516 companies having outstand-
ing capitahzation in 1907, there were 101 which paid
dividends on preferred stock and 661 which paid divi-
dends on common stock. The average rate of dividend
on preferred stock for the companies wliich paid divi-
dends on such stock in 1907 was 5.39 per cent and in
1902,5.16 per cent . The average rate on common stock
for companies which paid dividends on common stock
in 1907 was 5.25 per cent and in 1902, 4.4 per cent.
In this connection a comparison of the average re-
turn on the capitalization of the central electric light
and power stations with that for the other electrical
industries which represent pubUc utilities may be of
interest. The following statement shows the average
rate per cent which the interest paid on funded debt
and dividends paid on capital stock represent on the
total outstanding capitalization of the incorporated
companies in the electric light and power, street and
electric railway, and telegraph and telephone indus-
tries. It should be borne in mind, however, that these
rates are computed on the total outstanding capitaliza-
tion, including that upon which no dividends or inter-
est were paid.
Average rate of return on capitalization of incorporated companies:
1907 and 1902.
INDUSTRY.
AVERAGE RATE,
PER CENT.
1907
1902
Central electric light and power stations
3.44
3.34
4.46
2 92
Street and electric railways
Telegraph and telephone companies
5 23
The average rate of return on outstanding capitali-
zation in 1902 was larger both for street and electric
railways and for telegraph and telephone companies
than for commercial companies operating central elec-
tric light and power stations, but in 1907 the latter
class of companies reported a higher average rate than
did the street and electric railways, though this rate
was still exceeded by the average rate for the tele-
graph and telephone industries.
Capitalization of -purely electric and composite com-
panies. — The report for 1902 does not permit a com-
parative presentation to be made for the two censuses
in respect to the capitalization of commercial com-
panies classified according to the character of the busi-
ness done, but in 1902, 1,302 of the 2,049 commercial
companies having outstanding capitalization, or 63.5
per cent, were purely electric and 747, or 36.5 per cent,
were composite. A further idea as to the probable
distribution of the total capitalization between the two
classes of companies in 1902 may be gained from the
statistics in reference to interest, the interest payments
of the purely electric companies amounting to $8,767,-
252, or 72.3 per cent of the total interest paid on
funded debt, while those of the composite companies
amounted to $3,351,488, or 27.7, per cent of the total
interest on funded debt. From Table 58, which gives
the distribution of capitalization between the purely
electric and the composite companies in 1907, it will
be seen that the capitalization of companies engaged
exclusively in the generation and sale of electric cur-
rent formed only 49.1 per cent of the total capitaliza-
tion of all incorporated companies for which statistics
were secured.
CAPITALIZATION.
63
Table 58. — Purely electric and composite companies — Capital stock,
funded debt, dividends, and interest: 1907.
PER CENT
OF TOTAL.
All
Purely
Composite
companies.
companies.
companies.
Purely-
elec-
tric.
Com-
?tt
Number of companies...
2,516
1,542
974
61.3
38.7
Total capitaUzation out-
standing
$1,341,995,182
$659,206,602
$682,788,580
49.1
50.9
Capital stock oulstand-
741,317,497
375,681,037
305,636,400
60.7
49.3
CornTTion
WH), 003, 772
348,191,906
317,811,800
52.3
47.7
75,313,725
27,489,071
47,824,054
36.5
03.5
Dividends,
amount
19.300,572
11,072,882
8.227,690
57.4
42.6
On com-
mon .stock.
16,883,812
10.312,935
0,570,877
61.1
38.9
On prefer-
red stock..
2,410,7(X)
759,947
1,650,813
31.4
68.6
Funded debt outstand-
ing, amount
Interest
000,677,685
283,525,505
317,152,120
47.2
52.8
26,842,330
12,290,086
14.540,244
45.8
54.2
Tlie total capitalization i.s fairly well distributed
between the two classes of companies, though the
purely electric companies greatly outnumber the com-
posite comjianies. It will be observed, however, that
the composite companies reported nearly two-thirds
of the preferred stock outstanding.
In Table 58 and all other tables containing statistics
of capitalization the total capital stock and funded
debt of each company are included, except where spe-
cially noted, but it is manifest that a considerable pro-
portion of this capitalization is not properly chargeable
to the central electric stations. All companies which
reported the operation of an electric station in connec-
tion with some other industiy and which kept no dis-
tinctive capital account, furnished an estimate as to
the proportion of the outstanding capitalization which
was chargeable to the electric light and power depart-
ment. These estimates ranged from 1 to 99 per cent,
depending upon the relative importance of the electric
portion of the business. By means of a computation
based upon these estimates the sum of $381,958,476 is
obtained as the estimated par value of the capitaliza-
tion represented by the electric portion of the business
of the companies classified as composite. In addition,
a small portion of the capitalization of the companies
in the purely electric class, amounting to $5,681, .307,
is, in like manner, chargeable to other than electric
light and power interests, making the capitalization
of this class of companies which is chargeable to elec-
tric stations $653,525,295. By combining these two
amounts, $1,035,483,771 is obtained as the capitaliza-
tion chargeable to the central electric light and power
stations, instead of $1,341,995,182, as shown in Table
58, the difference of $306,511,411 being the estimated
capitalization not chargeable to the electric stations,
but representing industries carried on in connection
with the electric light and power industry, such as
gas and ice plants, waterworks, sawmills, steam
heating, mines, quarries, etc. Table 59 shows for
1907 this distribution of capitalization and the divi-
dends and interest chargeaole, respectively, to the
electric light and power industry" and to the allied
industries.
Table 59.— DISTRIBUTION OF CAPITALIZATION, DIVIDENDS, AND INTEREST BETWEEN THE ELECTRIC LIGHT
AND POWER INDUSTRY AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES: 1907.
Capitalization.
DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST.
PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION.
Total.
Dividends.
Interest.
Capitali-
zation.
Dividends and interest.
Amount.
Average
rate, per
cent.
Total.
Divi-
dends.
Interest.
Total - . . . .
$1,341,995,182
$46,142,902
3.44
$19,300,572
$26,842,330
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Electric light and power industry
1,^5,483,771
36,803,408
3.46
15,159,573
20,643,835
77.2
77.6
78.5
76.9
Purely electric companies
653, 525, 295
381,958,470
■306,511,411
23,241,772
12,561,636
10,339,494
3.56
3.29
3.37
ll,030,537i 12.211.2.35
48.7
28.5
22.8
50.4
27.2
22.4
67.2
21.4
21.5
45.5
Compo.site companies, chargeable to electric light
4,129,030
4,140,999
8,432,600
6,198,495
31.4
Allied industries
23.1
'Includes $5,681,307 reported for companies classified as purely electric, upon which dividends and interest amounting to $127,196 were paid as follows: Dividends,
$42,345; interest, $84,861.
Of the total capitalization, 77.2 per cent is chargeable
to the electric light and power industry and 22.8 per
cent to other interests. Although the returns on
capitalization have been distributed for the reports on
composite plants according to the estimated propor-
tion of the outstanding capitalization chargeable to the
electric light and power plant department, yet this is
an assumption that may or may not be correct and
undoubtedly will not hold good in many cases. In
25142— -10 5
some instances these allied industries may be con-
ducted at a loss and the bond interest and dividends,
if any, be paid from the profits of the electric plant; in
others the electric plant may be operated at a loss and
the interest and dividends be paid from the profits of
the allied industries. The Census Bureau collected
no statistics concerning profits on the year's business
or the source of the money expended in the payment
of interest or dividends.
64
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Capitalization and cost of construction. — The capitali-
zation reported does not incliule promissory notes and
other temporary obligations, which in some instances
amount to considerable sums. On the other hand, the
stock and bonds were in some instances sold for less
than the par value, and therefore the par value is cor-
respondingly greater than the actual amount invested.
There are also cases in which the market value of the
stock is considerably in excess of the par value. In
any event the capitalization as reported to the Census
Bureau should not be accepted as representing the
cash actually invested, as it by no means represents
cost of physical equipment, etc., but includes earning
capacity, good will, etc. In spite of this fact, how-
ever, the aggregate capitalization reported approxi-
mates very closely the amount reported as cost of
plant. The 2,516 commercial companies reported
$1,027,182,892 as the cost of plant, which includes
land, buildings, machinery, tools and implements,
overhead and underground construction, lamps, mo-
tors, meters, transformers wired for use, and all sup-
plies on hand. Although the total capitalization of
these companies amounts to $1,341,995,182, yet if
the estimated amount chargeable to the allied interests,
$306,51 1 ,41 1 , is deducted, the balance of $1 ,035,483,77 1
chargeable to the electric light and power industry
approximates very closely the amount reported as
cost of plant, the difference being but eight-tenths of 1
per cent.
Many companies as they now exist are consolida-
tions of other companies. In some instances a portion
or all of the capitalization of the subsidiary companies
has been retired, but frequently the entire capitaliza-
tion of both the parent and subsidiary companies is
included in the census reports. A portion of this
capitalization is undoubtedly based on the earning
capacity rather than on the actual value of the plant
or the amount of cash invested. On the other hand,
the application of earnings to new construction and
betterments tends to lower the ratio of capitalization
to cost of construction.
Analysis of dividends and interest. — The return on
capital invested is, from a financial standpoint, the
matter of chief interest in connection with capitaliza-
tion and the most important statistics on this subject
for 1907 are therefore assembled in Table 60.
Of the 2,516 incorporated companies having out-
standing capitalization, 183, or 7.3 per cent, reported
preferred stock, and 1,129, or 44.9 per cent, reported
funded debt. In the aggregate, returns in the form of
dividends or interest we re. made on a capitalization of
$957,741,023, or 71.4 per cent of the total amount out-
standing, this comprising .$321,509,301 of common
stock, or 48.3 per cent of the total common stock out-
standing; $44,824,837 of preferred stock, or 59.5 per
cent of the total preferred stock outstanding; and
$591 ,406,885 of funded debt, this latter amount repre-
senting all of the funded debt, except $9,270,800 upon
which interest was not paid.
The very close correspondence between the average
rates of dividends on dividend-paying common and
preferred stocks is a noticeable feature. The average
rate of dividends on the dividend-paying common
stock was 5.25 per cent, and on the dividend-paying
preferred stock 5.39 per cent. As already stated, the
average rate' of interest on funded debt on wliich
interest was paid was 4.54 per cent.
Table 60. — Analysis of dividends and interest: 1907.
Number of companies ' 2,516
Common stock:
Number of companies reporting 2, 514
Number of companies declaring dividends 601
Amount outstanding, par value $I>OC,003,772
Amount on wiiich dividends were declared $321 . 509, 301
Per cent dividend-paying Steele forms of all common stock 48. 3
Amount of dividends $1U, 883, 812
Average rate of dividends on all common stock, percent 2.64
Average rate of dividends on dividend-paying common stock, per
cent 5.25
Preferred stock:
Number of companies reporting 183
Number of companies declaring dividends 101
Amount outstanding, par value 175,313,725
Amount on which dividends were declared $44. 824. 837
Per cent dividend-paying stock forms of all preferred stock 59. 5
Amount of dividends $2,416,760
Average rate of dividends on all preferred stock, per cent 3.21
Average rate of dividends on dividend-paying preferred stock, per
cent 5. 39
Funded debt:
Number of companies reporting 1, 129
Number of companies paying interest 1,078
Amount outstanding $<iOO. 677. 685
Amount on which interest was paid $591,406,885
Amount of interest $26, 842,330
Average rate of Interest, percent 4.54
■ Including 2 companies reporting bonds only, their capital stock not being separa-
ble from other interests.
Table 61 shows the capitalization of the companies
paying either dividends on stock or interest on funded
debt and of those which made no return on capital-
ization.
Table 61. — Capitalization — Amount, dividends, and interest for
companies paying either dividends on stock or interest on funded
debt, and amount for companies paying neither dividends nor
interest: 1907.
COMPANIES REPORTING C.\PIT.VLIZATION.
Total.
Companies pay-
ing either divi-
dends on slock
or interest on
funded debt.
Companies
paying
neither divi-
dends on
stock nor
interest on
funded debt.
12,516
$1,341,995,182
$46,142,902
3.44
1,496
$1,275,469,707
$46,142,902
3.62
1,020
Capitalization:
Amount outstanding, par
$66,525,475
Amount of dividends and In-
terest
Average rate of dividends and
interest, per cent
1 Exclusive of 37 companies (21 operating eiectric railways with capitalization
included in report for street and electric railways; 9 duplications due to corporations
reporting capitalization in one state and owning establishments in another state,
which are reported separately in certain of the tables; and 7 not reporting capitaliza-
tion for sundry reasons), biit including 2 companies reporting bonds only, their
capital stock not being separable from other interests.
The capitalization reported for the 1 ,496 companies
paying either dividends on stock or interest on funded
debt is the total capitalization of these companies, and
it includes capitalization upon which no return was
made. For example, some companies paid interest on
CAPITALIZATION.
65
bonds, but did not pay dividends on either preferred or
conunon stock, and other companies paid dividends on
preferred stock, but not on their common stock. The
total outstanding stock and bonds of both classes of
companies is included in tliis table. In Tables 62 to
65, inclusive, the analysis is extended to the dividend-
paying stocks, common and preferred, and to the
funded debt.
It is to be noted that the amount of stocks or bonds
reported as outstanding is the amount outstanding at
the close of the year covered by the report, and
includes in many cases stocks or bonds issued during
the year, wliile on the other hand it does not include
any bonds which may have been retired during the
year and on which interest was paid. The average
rate of return in the shape of dividends or interest has
necessarily to be computed on the basis of the amount
of stocks or bonds reported as outstanding and on a
twelve-month basis; hence, to the extent that divi-
dends or interest were paid on stock or bonds issued
during the year and therefore not for a full year, and
also to the extent that interest was paid on bonds
retired during the year, the average rates per cent are
affected, but this element of error is believed to be so
small as not to affect the results appreciably.
The number of companies pa\4ng dividends on
either or both classes of stock constituted 28.7 per cent
of the total number, and the outstanding stock of
these companies constituted 55.7 per cent of the total
amount of stock outstanding. This of course includes
the common stock of companies paying dividends on
preferred stock oidy as well as the common stock upon
which dividends were paid.
Comparing Table 60 with Table 62 it will be seen
that there were 61 companies paying dividends on pre-
ferred stock but not on common stock, these companies
having $46,755,484 of common stock outstanding.
From Table 129, which gives a detailed summary by
states, the average dividend rate for all common stock
in the several states may be deduced. Of the states
reported separately, Massachusetts has the highest
average dividend rate on common stock, 8.23 per cent,
followed by Rhode Island, with 5.41 per cent; Connec-
ticut, with 4.9 per cent; and New Hampshire, with 4.81
per cent. In 1902, of the states reported separately,
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and West
Virginia were the leading states in respect to the aver-
age rate of dividends on common stock, with 7.26, 5.6,
4.77, and 4.61 percent, respectively. In 1907, 18 states
showed an average dividend of less than 1 per cent on
the total outstanding common stock, or no returns at
all on this class of stock, as compared with 21 states
in 1902.
Table 62. — Capital stock — Amount and dividends for companies
paying dividends either on common or preferred stock, and amount
for companies not paying dividends: 1907.
Number of companies
Capital stock:
Amount outstanding, par value. . .
Amount of dividends
Average rate of dividends, per cent.
COMPANIES HEPOETINa CAPITALIZATION.
Total.
2,514
$741,317,497
119,300,572
2.60
Companies
paying divi-
cfends on
either com-
mon or pre-
ferred stock.
»413.089,622
$19,300,572
4.67
Companies
paying divi-
dends on
neither com-
mon nor pre-
ferred stock.
1,792
$328,227,875
A distribution or classification of the common stock
of the companies paying dividends on common stock,
according to rates of dividends, is of interest as showing
the prevailing rate or rates. Such a classification is
given in Table 63.
Table 63.— (COMMON STOCK— AMOUNT AND DIVIDENDS FOR COMPANIES PAYING DIVIDENDS, GROUPED BY RATE
OF DIVIDENDS, AND AMOUNT FOR COMPANIES NOT PAYING DIVIDENDS: 1907.
Companies reporting common stock
Companies paying dividends on common stock
Rate of dividends:
Less than 1 per cent
1 per cent but less than 2
2 per cent but less than 3
3 per cent but less than 4
4 per cent but less than 5
5 per cent but less than (>
6 per cent but less than 7
7 percent but less than 8
8 per cent but less than 9
9 per cent i)ut less than 10
10 per cent and over
Companies not paying dividends on common stock
Number
of com-
panies.
2,514
661
2
16
35
48
46
98
141
26
67
7
175
1,853
COMMON STOCK, PAB VALUE.
Authorized.
Amount.
$798,873,386
378,019.099
3,750,000
14,235,000
12,582,500
38, 372, 000
10, 277, 366
90,341,960
76,540,983
60, 942, 300
30,052,600
1,060,000
33,864,400
420,854,287
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
47.3
0.5
1.8
1.6
4.8
1.3
12.1
9.6
7.6
3.8
0.1
4.2
52.7
Outstanding.
Dividends.
Amount.
$666,003,772
321,509,301
3,582,500
14,101,400
11,568,800
24,816,630
9, 174, 666
75,694,700
69,950,195
55,310,185
25,412,100
1,026,575
30,871,550
344,494,471
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Amount.
100.0
48.3
0.5
2.1
1.7
3.7
1.4
11.4
10.5
8.3
3.8
0.2
4.6
51.7
$16,883,812
16,883,812
17,010
171,290
253, 620
731,059
366, 986
2,846,735
4,101,328
2,853,152
1,954,800
92,415
3, 495, 417
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
0.1
1.0
1.5
4.3
2.2
16.9
24.3
16.9
11.6
0.5
20.7
Average
rate, per
cent.
2.54
5.25
0.47
1.21
2.19
2.95
4.00
3.76
5.86
5.16
7.69
9.00
11.32
The companies paying dividends on common stock
formed 26.3 per cent of the total number, and the out-
standing common stock of these companies formed
48.3 per cent of the total amount outstanding; that
66
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
is, nearlj' three-fourths of the companies paid no divi-
dends at all upon their common stock, and no divi-
dends were paid on more than one-half of the common
stock outstanding.
The rate of dividends indicated for each group fre-
quently is not paid on the entire amount of outstanding
stock credited to the group. The stock reported as
outstanding is the amount outstanding at the close of
the year and includes any stock which may have been
issued during the year, even near its close, and on
which dividends were not paid, and also the total out-
standing common stock of companies, although divi-
dends were paid on a portion only of their common
stock. The rates reported are such as were given in the
schedules, except in a few cases where the amount of
the dividend was reported and the rate omitted, in
which case the rate was established in the office by its
relation to the outstanding stock. It must be under-
stood, therefore, that the rate refers only to the amount
of stock on which the dividends were declared, butthe
amount of this dividend stock was not reported. For
these reasons, in several of the rate groups, the average
rate computed from the amount of common stock out-
standing and the amount paid in dividends on common
stock falls short of the group rate.
A noticeable feature of this table is the relatively
large number of companies paying dividends of 10 per
cent or over, these companies constituting 26.5 per
cent of the companies paying dividends on common
stock. Next to this group the largest number of com-
panies paying dividends on common stock is shown for
the group with a rate of 6 per cent but less than 7,
which also shows the largest amount disbursed as
dividends on common stock of any group.
The preferred stock on which dividends were paid,
distributed by rate groups, is shown in Table 64.
Tabie 64.— preferred STOCK— AMOUNT AND DIVIDENDS FOR COMPANIES PAYING DIVIDENDS, GROUPED BY
RATE OF DIVIDENDS, AND AMOUNT FOR COMPANIES NOT PAYING DIVIDENDS: 1907.
Companies reporting preferred stock.
Companies paying dividends on preferred stoclc.
Rate of dividends:
1 percent but iess tiian 2
2 per cent but less than 3
3 per cent l)ut less than 4
4 per cent but less than 5
6 per cent but less than 6
6 per cent but less than 7
7 per cent but less than 8
8 per cent and over
Companies not paying dividends on preferred stock..
Number
of com-
panies.
PBEFEBBED STOCK, FAB VALUE.
Authorized.
$101,218,774
61,664,274
200,000
1,044,000
368,900
24,280,500
34,474,674
1,013,700
282,500
39,554,500
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
100.0
0.2
1.0
0.4
24.0
34.1
1.0
0.3
39.1
Outstanding.
Amount.
$75,313,725
44,824,837
110,833
244,000
368,900
19,418,600
23,432,304
967,700
282,500
30,488,888
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
59.5
0.1
0.3
0.5
25.8
31.1
1.3
0.4
40.5
Dividends.
Amount.
$2,416,760
2,416,760
1,663
5,880
11,067
938, 379
1,369,845
67, 739
22,187
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
0.1
0.2
0.5
38.8
56.7
2.8
9
Average
rate,
per cent.
3.21
5.39
1.50
2.41
3.00
4.83
5. 85
7.00
7.85
The companies paying dividends on preferred stock
formed 55.2 per cent of the total number having pre-
ferred stock, and the preferred stock of these compa-
nies constituted 59.5 per cent of the total amount of
preferred stock outstanding. Of the companies pay-
ing dividends, those reporting a rate of 6 per cent but
less than 7 are most nvmaerous and reported the major
portion of the dividends paid on preferred stock.
Table 65 shows the number of companies reporting
fxmded debt at the census of 1907, the amount of debt,
both authorized and outstanding, and the amount of
interest paid. It also distinguishes between the com-
panies that did and did not pay interest.
The amount shown as interest on funded debt is not
the total interest chargeable for the year on the total
outstanding debt. It is common practice to charge
all or a part of the interest to the plant account while
construction is going on, and hence in such cases the
total amount of interest on funded debt does not ap-
pear in the income account from which the census fig-
ures of interest on funded debt are taken, but only
that portion of it which is charged against income.
There were other conditions also which operated in
certain cases to prevent the showing of interest on
funded debt in the statistics, such as the use of bonds
as collateral for floating debt and the waiver of the
payment of interest by special agreement, not to men-
tion the defaulting of interest. There were 51 com-
panies with funded debt outstanding which for various
reasons did not show any interest charge in the income
account. The companies reporting funded debt
formed 44.9 per cent of the total number, and interest
was paid upon all but 1.5 per cent of the total amount
outstanding.
Table 65. — Fundeddebt — Amount and interest/or companies paying
interest and amount for companies not paying interest: 1907.
COMPANIES KEPOBTINO FUNDED DEBT.
All
companies.
Companies
Companies
not paying
interest.
Number of companies
1,129
$815,516,672
$600,677,685
$26,842,330
4.47
1,078
$788,113,672
$591,406,885
$26,842,330
4.54
61
Funded debt:
$27,403,000
$9,270,800
Amount outstanding
Average rate of Interest, per cent
.
CAPITALIZATION.
67
In Table 66 the companies having funded debt are
classified according to the rate of interest on their
bonds. In cases where companies had bond issues
bearing different rates of interest, they arc classified
according to the average rate paid on the whole debt.
Table 66. — Companies reporting funded debt, grouped by rate of
intiresl: 1907.
Companies reporting funded debt
Companies paying interest on funded debt
Rate of interest:
Less than 4 per cent
4 percent but less ttian 5
5 percent but less than 6
6 percent but less than 7
7 per cent but less than 8
8 per cent and over
Companies not paying interest on funded debt
COMPANIES
KEPORTING
FU.NDED DEBT.
Number.
1,129
11
63
038
334
23
9
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
100.0
95.5
1.0
5.8
.59.2
31.0
2.1
0.8
4.5
Capitalization statistics of companies, classified accord-
ing to dynamo capacity. — A large majority of the com-
panies organized since 1902 are comparatively small,
and while some large companies have been organized
to construct new plants, most of them have been
formed by the reorganization and consolidation of com-
panies that were in existence in 1902. These reorgan-
izations are made for the avowed purpose of effecting
economies that are not possible in the small companies.
This being the case, it would be expected that the
larger companies would secure greater profit on the
year's business, which in turn would be reflected in a
larger rate of dividends on the capital stock. While
the census classification of companies according to
size on the basis of dynamo capacity is not a perfect
classification for the purpose indicated, it is of interest,
and the statistics are presented in Table 67.
Of the total number of companies in 1907, 162, or
6.4 per cent, purchased current and hence form a
class by themselves. The capitalization of these com-
panies represented 5.5 per cent of the total capitaliza-
tion, and averaged $456,017 per company, compared
with an average of $538,709 per company for the 2,.354
companies equipped with dynamos and generating
current.
Table 67.— CAPITALIZATION STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DYNAMO
CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907.
CAPITAUZATION.
DYNAMO CAPAQTY OF STATION.? IN KILOWATTS.
Numl)er
of com-
panies
report-
ing.
Total
Under 200
200 but under 5IH)
500 but under 1 ,(XXJ
1 ,000 but under 2,000
2,000 but under 5,000
5,000 and over
Companies without generating equipment.
1,281
534
207
150
109
73
162
Amount.
$1,341,995,182
50,680,027
64,807,465
60,606,542
129,337,257
210,387,010
752,302,191
73,874,690
Dividends and interest.
Amount.
$46,142,902
258,055
509,489
881,907
866,422
069,033
818,119
2,739,877
Average
rate, per
cent.
3.44
2.48
2.33
3.11
2.99
3.36
3.70
3.71
CAPITAL STOCK.
Total.
Namber
ofcom-
leport-
ing.
2,514
1,279
534
207
150
109
73
162
$741,317,497
39,710,805
42, 440, 338
35,003,975
78,524,091
122,263,210
384,844,788
38,530,290
Amount.
$19,300,572
719,929
506,033
604,644
1,447,998
3,263,396
11,658,581
1,100,091
Average
rate, per
cent.
2.60
1.81
1.19
1.73
1.84
2.67
3.03
2.g«
DYNAMO CAPAaTT OF STATIONS IN
KILOWATTS.
CAPITAL STOCK— continued.
Common.
Num-
ber of
com-
panies
report-
ing.
Total 2, 514
Dividends.
Amount.
Aver-
age
rate,
per
cent.
$666,003,772 $16,883,812 2.54
I'nder 200
200 but under 500
500 but under 1,000...
1,000 but under 2.000.
2,000 but under 5,000.
5,000 and over
Companies without generating equip-
ment
1,279
534
207
150
109
73
162
38,757,905
40, 169, 155
32,571,676
71,831,091
112,158,110
336,915,946
33,599,890
694,358
470, 434
538,129
1,224,350
3,037,456
9,961,494
1.79
1.17
1.65
1.70
2.71
2.96
957,591 [ 2.85
Preferred.
Num-
ber of
com-
panies
report-
ing.
183
$75,313,725
952,900
2,271,183
2, 432. 300
6,693,000
10, 105, 100
47,928,842
4,930,400
Dividends.
$2,416,760
Aver-
age
rate,
per
cent.
3.21
2.68
1.57
2.73
3.34
2.24
3.54
142,500
FUNDED DEBT.
Num-
ber of
com-
panies
report-
ing.
1,129 $600,677,685
374
290
148
116
86
68
10,969,222
22,367,127
25,602,567
50,813,166
88,123,800
387,457,403
35,344,400
Interest.
Amount.
$26,842,330
Aver-
age
rate,
per
cent.
4.47
638,126
1,003,456
1,277,363
2,418,424
3,805,637
16,159,538 (
4.91
4.49
4.99
4.76
4.32
4.40
1,639,786 4.64
• Inclading 2 companies reporting bonds only, their capital stoclc not being separable from other interests.
68
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
The group of small companies, those operating sta-
tions with a ilynamo capacity of less than 200 kilo-
watts, constituted 50.9 per cent of the total number,
but their capitalization formed but 3.8 per cent of the
total capitalization and averaged but $39,563 per
compan\'. On the other hand, the companies operat-
ing stations with a capacity of 5,000 kilowatts or over
constituted only 2.9 per cent of the total number, but
represented 56.1 per cent of the total capitalization,
with an average of S10,305,509 per company. It
should be remembered that the amounts of common
stock, preferred stock, and funded debt shown for the
several groups are the total amounts outstanding and
include nondividend-paying stocks and noninterest-
paying bonds as well as those upon which dividends
or interest was paid. For this reason, the average
rates per cent, as given, tlo not represent the average
rates per cent for stocks upon which dividends were
paid or for funded debt upon which interest was paid,
but the average return in the form of dividends or
interest on the total amounts of stock or funded debt
outstanding, respectively. In most cases the average
rate of return is better for companies operating stations
with a high dynamo capacity than for those operating
stations with a low capacity, though the rule does not
hold in all cases.
Table 68 shows the per cent distribution of the
number of companies reporting, capitalization, and
dividends and interest for the several groups, and the
average capitalization per company for each group.
Table 68. — Per cent distribution, by dynamo capacity, of number
of companies, capitalization, and dividends and interest, and average
capitalization per company: 1907.
KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS.
Total.
FEB CENT DI3TKIBUTION.
All com-
panies.
100.0
Under 200
200 but under 500
500 but under 1 ,000
1,000 but under 2,000
2,000 but under 5,000
5,000 and over
Companies without generating equip-
ment
50.9
21.2
8.2
6.0
4.3
2.9
6.4
Capital-
ization.
100.0
3.8
4.8
4.5
9.6
15.7
56.1
5.5
Divi-
dends and
interest.
100.0
2.7
3.3
4.1
8.4
15.3
60.3
5.9
Average
capitaliza-
tion per
company.
$533,384
39,563
121,362
292,785
862,248
1,930,156
10,305,509
456,017
The analysis of the statistics might be carried to
the point of ascertaining the earnings of the incorpo-
rated companies, classified according to dynamo ca-
pacity and the relation the earnings bear to the capital-
ization for the several groups. But any deductions
in regard to earnings that might be drawn from these
returns are apt to be misleading.' The amounts
disbursed in the form of interest and dividends by
the different groups of companies can be used, how-
'Seep. 87, Ch. VII.
ever, in lieu of earnings, as a basis of comparison, and
these disbursements for groups of companies will give
results which will approximate comparisons of earn-
ings. Hence the fact that the average rate per cent
of dividends and interest combined, as well as the
average rate per cent of dividends on common stock,
as given in Table 67, shows a general tendency to
increase with dynamo capacity, can be taken as an
indication of the relative increase in the rate of earn-
ings accompanying increase in capitalization. It will
be noted also in this connection that the rate of in-
terest on funded debt shows no such increase, but
in fact is smaller for the highest group than for the
lowest.
As a general rule, increase in capitalization is accom-
panied by an increase in the proportion of the capital-
ization represented by both preferred stock and funded
debt, with a decrease in the proportion of the capital-
ization represented by common stock — that is, the
larger the capitalization the larger the percentage
thereof represented b}' preferred stock and by funded
debt, and the smaller the percentage represented by
common stock. Although the application of this rule
to individual companies or to small groups of com-
panies would show exceptions, yet it holds good when
the companies are grouped on lines broad enough to
eliminate minor variations, as shown by the following
tabular statement:
Average capitalization per company and per cent distribution of
capitalization for groups of companies, classified according to dynamo
capacity: 1907.
All com-
panies.
COMPANIES WITH A DYNAMO CAPACITY OF—
Under
200 kilo-
watts.
200 but
under
1,000 kilo-
watts.
1,000 but
under
5.000 kilo-
watts.
5,000 kilo-
watts
and over.
Average capitalization per
SS38,709
100.0
$39,563
100.0
$169,250
100.0
$1,311,677
100.0
$10,305,509
100
Per cent distribution:
Capitalization
Capital stock
Common stock.
Preferred stock.
Funded debt
55.4
49.9
5.5
44.6
78.4
76.5
1.9
21.0
61.8
58.0
3.8
38.2
59.1
54.2
4.9
40.9
51.2
44.8
6.4
48.8
The above statement is confined to the companies
having generating ecjuipment. It will be seen that the
percentage which common stock forms of the total
capitalization decreases uninterruptedly from 76.5 per
cent for the lowest group, companies operating stations
with a capacity of less than 200 kilowatts, to 44.8 per
cent for the highest group, companies operating stations
with a capacity of 5,000 kilowatts and over; while the
percentage for preferred stock increases uninterrupt-
edly from 1.9 per cent to 6.4 per cent for the successive
groups, and the percentage for funded debt from 21.6
per cent to 48.8 per cent.
CAPITALIZATION.
Municipal stations. — The increase in the number of
municipal stations is naturally accompanied by an
increase in the municipal bonds issued on account of
these stations.
Table 69. — Municipal slalions — Funded debt and interest: 1907 and
1902.
1907
1902
Per cent
of
increase.
Number of stations. . . .
1,252
998
254
$29,031,6.38
$25,343,654
$1,149,432
4.54
815
656
159
$12,625,482
$11,609,488
$504,805
4.35
53.6
52.1
Reporting no bonds outstanding
Funded debt:
.\niount authorized. . .
59.7
129.9
118.3
127.7
.\veragerate of interest, percent
As a general rule, the rate of interest on the bonds of
municipalities is lower than on those of private enter-
prises, and in 1902 the average rate on municipal bonds
issued against light and power stations was 4.35 per
cent, compared with a corresponding rate of 4.76 per
cent for incorporated commercial companies. But the
bond rate for commercial companies shows a lower
average in 1907 than in 1902, while a slight increase is
shown in the rate for municipal bonds, so that, as
before noted, the average rate of interest on the net
amount of funded debt of the commercial companies
upon which interest was paid in 1907 was the same as
that for municipal bonds, 4.54 per cent.
The municipal stations reporting bonds outstanding
in 1907 represented 79.7 per cent of the total number
compared with 80.5 per cent in 1902, and the outstand-
ing bonds represented 87.3 per cent of the amount
authorized in 1907 compared with 92 per cent in 1902.
The average amount of bonded indebtedness per sta-
tion has increased materially, being $25,394 per station
in 1907 compared with $17,697 in 1902.
The bonded debt of the composite municipal stations
formed 57.4 per cent of the total for municipal stations,
and the average rate of interest was 4.8 per cent, com-
pared with an average rate of 4.18 per cent for the
purely electric municipid stations.
Table 70. — Municipal stations — Funded debt and interest for purely
electric and composite stations: 1907 .
Number of stations
Number reporting
l)onds outstanding. .
Funded deltt:
Amount outstand-
ing
Amount of interest
Average rate of in-
terest, per cent...
MUNICIPAI. STATIONS.
Total
number.
1,252
998
$25,343,654
$1,149,4.32
etori?. Uomposite.
521
410
$10,799,693
$4.51,776
731
588
$14, .543,961
$697,656
4.80
Per cent of total.
Purely
electric.
41.6
41.1
42.6
39.3
Com-
posite.
58.4
58.9
57.4
60.7
In making the reports for municipal stations carry-
ing on business of a composite character, an estimate
was given of the proportionate part of the bonded
investments chargeable to the electric light and power
industry, as was done with respect to capital invest-
ments in the case of the commercial companies, and
although these estimates are in most cases only approxi-
mations and do not represent book values, yet the}'
afford a basis for arriving at a general estimate of the
amount of municipal bonds and interest paid thereon
represented b}'^ the electric light and power industry.
Table 71 accordingly shows the estimated amount
of bonds chargeable to the electric light and power
industry and to the allied industries, respectively.
Table 71. — Municipal stations — Distribution of funded debt and
interest between the electric light and power industry and allied
industries: 1907.
BONDS OUTSTANDING.
INTEREST.
Amount.
Per cent
distri-
bution.
Amount.
Average
rate,
per cent.
Total
$25, 343, (.54
100
$1,149,432
4 54
Electric light and power industry. , .
20,479,798
80.8
911,190
4.45
Purely electric stations
Composite stations
10,697,093
9,782 705
42.2
38.6
19.2
446,883
484,307
238,242
4.18
4 75
Allied industries
'4,863,856
4 90
'Includes $102,600 reported for companies classified as purely electric, upon wliich
Interest amounting to $4,893 was paid.
CHAPTER YI.
COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT.
General discussion. — The schedule used in the cen-
sus of 1902 called for a separate statement as to the
cost of land; buildings; machinery, tools, and imple-
ments within stations; overheat! electric-service con-
struction; underground electric-service construction;
lamps, motors, meters, and transformers, wired for
use; supplies of every description on hand; and mis-
cellaneous equipment. The object of these inquiries
was to ascertain the total cost of the plant and equip-
ment, as represented by the total amount expended
for the original construction and for all subsequent
extensions, additions, and repairs to the same. It
was presumed that the electric companies kept an
account of this kind, but a majority contended that
it was impossible to report the cost in such detail, and
many asserted that they had no data from which
even the total cost of the plant and equipment to
date could be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy.
Moreover, a considerable number of the electric sta-
tions have changed ownership during recent years,
and the purchase price often has little relation to the
actual cost of the plant, and in fact seldom, if ever,
represents this cost. The transfer is frequently made
through the exchange of stock or by some other ar-
rangement, whereby it is impossible to ascertain the
money equivalent. In view of these conditions, the
attempt to ascertain the cost of construction in such
detail was abandoned in 1907, but in an effort to
preserve the comparative value of the statistics, the
total cost of the plant and equipment to date and
the cost of construction during the census year were
requested.
Table 72.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND EQUIP-
MENT; AVERAGE COST PER KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS AND PER HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF
ENGINES AND WATER WHEELS; AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION DURING THE CENSUS YEAR: 1907 AND 1902.
Total cost of plants and equipment
Total kilowatt capacity of dynamos
Average cost per kilowatt capacity of dynamos
Total horsepower capacity of engmes and water wheels
Average cost per horsepower capacity of engines and water wheels
Cost of construction during the census year
1907
1902
$1,096,913,622 :
2,709,22s
$405
4.098.188 '
$268
$100,912,573
$504,740,352
1.212.235
$416
1.845,048
$274
$41,792,447
COUUERCIAL.
1907
$1,054,034,175
2,500,209
$422
3,776.837
$279
$95,740,208
1902
$482,719,879
1,098,855
$439
1,685,020
$286
$40,050,613
MUNICIPAL.
1907
$42,879,447
209,016
$205
321,351
$133
$5, 166. 365
1902
$22,020,473
113,380
$194
100.028
$138
$1,741,834
The total cost of all central stations up to the end of
the census year 1907 as compared with that similarly
reported for 1902 showed an increase of $592,173,270,
or 117.3 per cent. In the same period the total cost
reported for the commercial stations, which in 1907
represented 96.1 per cent of the total cost of all sta-
tions, and in 1902, 95.6 per cent, increased 118.4 per
cent. The corresponding increase for the municipal
stations was 94.7 per cent. The average cost of plant
and equipment reported for all stations in 1907 was
$232,693; for commercial stations, $304,458; and for
municipal stations, $34,249. In 1902 the correspond-
ing averages were $139,431, $172,093, and $27,019,
respectively.
Many and varying factors enter into the cost of
plants and equipment. Sites and rights, which in one
instance may cost but little, in anotlier may be very
expensive. The installation and equipment of a sta-
tion designed .and prepared to supply current to a
large city or thickly settled community, is quite unlike
(70)
that of a station transmitting electricity considerable
distances and selling in bulk to but few customers.
These conflicting elements are encountered in any
attempt to arrive at an average cost per station or per
kilowatt capacity of dynamo. In endeavoring to
arrive at an average cost per dynamo capacity there
is always the uncertainty as to the extent of the in-
stallation of surplus dynamos, which frequently do
not, in a true sense, represent the capacity of the
plant, but merely a reserve to be brought into use in
case of a breakdown, need for repairs, etc. The de-
crease in the average cost per horsepower in both
commercial and municipal stations and in average
cost per kilowatt capacity of djmamos for commercial
stations, may be influenced by the fact that in antici-
pation of future demands upon them, plants have in
recent years been constructed with a more general
excess of both primary power and dynamo capacity.
In but 1 state, Utah, was the total cost of plants
and equipment reported less in 1907 than in 1902, and
COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT.
71
in this instance the decrease was due to the fact that
one of the largest of the central stations in the state
for which statistics were secured in 1902 has since that
date been combined with an electric railway, so that
in 1907 it was included with the latter branch of the
industry.
There were 7 states each of which reported in 1907
a total cost of plants and equipment of more than
$40,000,000. These states, together with the amounts
thus reported and the corresponding totals for 1902,
are shown in Table 73.
Table 73. — Total cost of -plants and equipment for ftales each of
which in 1907 reported u total of more than ^40,000,000: 1907 and
1902.
STATE.
TOTAL COffr OF PLANTS AND
EQUIPMENT.
1907
1902
Total for United States
11,096,913,622
J504,740,352
677,617,993
341,831,031
252,731,789
111,780,551
88,142,233
73,907,749
65.219,445
43,279,228
42,557,000
112,998.778
California . ...
36,547,474
Illinois
38,329.275
Pennsylvania . ... . .
41,579,338
56, 432, 502
Massachusetts
29, 662, 267
Ohio
26,381,397
At both censuses the totals for these 7 states formed
approximately the same proportion of the correspond-
ing totals for the entire United States, somewhat less
than two-thirds in 1907 and slightly more than two-
thirds in 1902.
Some of the most notable increases in the state
totals in the cost of construction are shown in Table 74.
Table 14,. — Notable increases in the total cost of construction for 20
selected states in 1907 over the amount reported in 1902.
TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND
EQUIPMENT.
1907
1902
Total for United
States 11,096,913.622 t504,740.352
Total for 20 selected
states
853,914,225
. Alabama
California
Colorado
Georgia
IlUnois
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts. .
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Yorlt
Ohio
Olclahoma
Pennsylvania...
South Carolina..
South Dalvota...
Washington
7,
111.
23,
7,
88,
25,
21.
43.
37,
24.
33,
17,
4.
252,
42,
7,
73,
8,
2,
20,
293, 876
780,551
126,179
354,286
142,233
680, 710
274,959
279,226
001,060
138,081
865,760
950,677
299.631
731.789
557.000
130, 864
907,749
803.382
806,363
789,849
358,809,493
908,895
36,547,474
8,665,826
1,252,578
38,329,275
6.706.510
7.157.986
29,562,267
11,559.169
9,236.505
15,679.872
4,740.807
301,785
112.998,778
26,381,397
597.516
41,579,338
2,442,989
623,504
3,537,022
Actual
increase.
$592,173,270
495,104,732
6,384,981
75,233,077
14,460,353
6,101,708
49.812,958
18,974,200
14,116.973
13,716,959
25,441,891
14.901.676
18,185.888
13,309.870
3,997,846
139,7.33,011
16,175,603
6,533.348
32,328.411
6,360,393
2,182,859
17,252,827
Per cent
of
increase.
138.0
702.5
205.9
166.9
487.1
130.0
282.9
197.2
46.4
220.1
161.3
116.0
278.6
1,324.7
123.7
61.3
1,093.4
77.8
260.4
350.1
487.8
The total cost of construction for these 20 states
formed more than three-fourths of the total for the
United States in 1907 and only a little, less than three-
fourths in 1902; the corresponding amount of increase
for these states was nearly seven-eighths of the total
increase for the country.
For reasons alreatly stated, the cost of the plants as
reported to the Census Bureau does not represent the
actual cost of installing a central station nor indicate
the actual relative costs of stations equipped with water
power as compared with those equipped with steam
power. The reported cost does, however, give an
approximate idea of the cost of construction, and the
classification of the total cost reported according to
the primary power used in the stations gives addi-
tional indication of the relative importance of the dif-
ferent classes of power. This classification is made
in Tables 75 and 76.
In comparing the statistics for the different kinds
of primary power for 1902 with those for 1907, it
should be remembered that stations which in 1902
were operated by either steam or water power might,
because of the extension of the service, or for other
reasons, find the original power inadequate and by the
addition of power of another character, be thrown into
a different group in 1907. The extent of these changes
is, however, a matter of great uncertainty.
The stations using steam exclusively as primary
power in 1907 reported 57.7 per cent of the total cost
of plants and equipment for all central stations, and
if to this is added the cost of the stations which are
practically steam plants but have minor power of
some other kind, the proportion reported by stations
using steam would be 64.4 per cent. But even this
large percentage does not fully represent the cost of
the steam equipment, since there is also a large amount
represented by the plants in the class using water and
steam. The remainder, with the exception of about
one-half of 1 per cent of the total cost contributed by
the plants equipped with gas as the primary power,
represents the cost of plants using water power, or
without primary-power equipment. In 1907 the
plants using water exclusively reported 11.6 per cent
of the total cost, and those equipped with water with
other minor power, 2.8 per cent. Thus 14.4 per cent
of the total cost was represented by this kind of power,
exclusive of the portion represented by stations in the
group "water and steam."
In 1907 the North Central states had about three-
sevenths of the total number of stations, but the cost
of plants and equipment reported for that division
was only a little more than one-fourth of the total for
all central stations; the North Atlantic division, on the
other hand, with about one-half as many stations,
reported somewhat less than twice the amount for cost
of plants and equipment. The Western division was
third, with a little less than one-fifth of the total cost,
while the South Atlantic and South Central divisions
each reported about one-twentieth.
72
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 76.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND E(iUIP-
MENT, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER: 1907 AND 1902.
KIND or POWER.
Total
steam exclusively
Steam with other minor power
Water exclusively
Water with otlier minor power
Water and steam
Gas exclusively
Stations without primary-power equipment
Cen-
sus.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Numljer
of
stations.
4,714
3,620
3,262
2,747
474
315
360
275
180
SI
284
169
Cost of plants
ana
equipment.
Jl, 096, 913, 622
504,740,352
633,050,959
325,912,662
73,016,313
48,904,865
127,722,346
38,387,077
30, 900, 788
14,879,731
176,837,370
65,670,174
4,634,303
2,600,377
50,751,543
8,385,466
COMHEBCIAL.
Numljer
of
stations.
3,462
2,805
2,199
2,008
80
41
413
281
59
19
337
266
137
38
237
152
Cost of plants
and
equipment.
11,054,034,175
482,719,879
598,742,435
306,232,439
72,260,226
48,831,365
124,318,422
37,319,076
30,836,527
14,854,719
174, 697, 251
65, 179, 991
4,040,379
2,499,534
49,138,9.35
7,802,755
MiraiCIPAL.
Number
of
stations.
1,252
815
1,063
739
Cost of plants
and
equipment.
$42,879,447
22,020,473
34,308,524
19,680,223
756,087
73,500
3,403,924
1,068,001
64,281
25,012
2,140,119
490,183
593,924
100,843
1,612,608
582,711
Table 76.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT,
BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
United States
North Atlantic
Soutii Atlantic
Nortli Central
South Central
Western
Cen-
sus.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
Total.
4,714
3,620
1,070
913
390
251
2,095
1,706
679
404
480
346
$1,096,913,622
504,740,352
484,441,333
266,548,738
58,513,594
19,462,480
290,238,111
127,495,351
59,366,131
22,328,727
204,354,453
68,905,056
Steam
exclusively.
$633,050,959
325,912,662
287,302,016
161,398,717
40,779,550
16,406,853
211,879,482
109,632,429
53,947,895
21,885,209
39,142,016
16,589,454
Steam with
otlier minor
power.
$73,016,313
48,904,865
61,814,755
42,101,267
370,000
9,657,530
1,275,982
837,028
15,190
337,000
5,512,426
Water
exclusively.
Water with
other minor
power.
$127,
38,
722,346
387,077
52,
219,507
975,986
',472,369
1,041,027
,606,655
1,744,421
325,905
234,551
1,097,910
1,391,092
$30,900,788
14,879,731
3,331,165
13,752,012
4.787,410
597,972
9,670,351
108,077
13,111,862
421,670
Water
and steam.
eas
exclusively.
$176,837,370
65,670.174
45,882,261
36,565,192
4,464,121
207, 100
31,790,294
11,786,737
3.381,268
109, 510
91,319,420
17,001,635
$4,634,303
2,600,377
2,712,242
2,144,121
69,578
51,800
1,237,379
324,667
435,645
23,414
179,459
56.375
31,179,387
3,611,443
570,566
157,728
8,396,420
623,038
438,390
60,853
10,166,780
3,932,404
The cost of plants having steam as the primary
power developed most rapidly in the North Atlantic
and North Central divisions and least rapidly in the
Western division. Measured by the cost of construc-
tion, the North Atlantic, Western, and North Central
divisions represented the highest development of water
power, as did the North Atlantic of stations equipped
with gas as the primary power.
The remarkable increase in the cost of plants and
equipment reported for stations which are not
equipped with primary power was altogether dis-
proportionate to the increase in their number. The use
of water power and the ability to deliver the electric
energy at long distances from the genei'ating plant, and
at a low cost, have brought about a great change in '■
the installation of power machines and dynamos in
central electric stations. New stations have been
built without such equipment, sometimes not only
purchasing the current but selling the same in bulk to
other stations by means of long-transmission lines.
Many stations originally equipped with generating
apparatus have had such apparatus removed because
it has been found to be more economical to purchase
current than to generate it. The largest increases for
stations not equipped with primary power were in the
North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions.
In 1902 the cost of construction by character of
ownership was not reported, hence comparative figures
are not available. These figures, however, are shown
for 1907 in Table 77.
COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT.
73
Table 77.
-Total cost of plants and equipment, by character of
ownership: 1907.
CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP.
Total cost of
plants and
equipment.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Total
$1,096,913,622
100.0
6,574,920
4,019,813
1,043,439,442
42,879,447
0.6
0.4
Incorporated company ' . . . . .
95.1
3.9
' Includes 2 establishments classed under the head " -\11 other forms of ownership,"
in order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed.
This table shows the importance of corporate owner-
ship and the comparative insignificance of all the
other forms of ownership so far as they relate to the
cost of electric stations. The total cost of construc-
tion for the municipal stations was slightly less than 4
per cent of the total, while that for individuals and
firms combined was but 1 per cent.
During the census year 1907, $100,912,573 was
expended for new stations and for additions and exten-
sions to those already in existence. This amount
represented an increase of $59,120,126, or 141.5 per
cent, over the amount reported as similarly expended
during 1902. For the commercial stations the in-
crease amounted to $55,695,595, or 139.1 per cent, and
for the municipal stations to $3,424,531, or 196.6 per
cent. The total cost of ne\v construction reported for
1907, classified by kind of primary power used in the
respective stations, is shown by geographic divisions
in Table 78.
Table 78.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OP CONSTRUCTION DURING THE
YEAR, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907.
DIVISIOS.
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
Total.
Steam
exclusively.
Steam
with other
minor
power.
Water
exclusively.
Water
with other
minor
power.
Water and
steam.
Gas ex-
clusively.
Stations
without
primary-
power
equipment.
United States
4.714
$100,912,573
$54,505,377
$4,413,308
$8,715,446
$3,532,877
$13,776,002
$643,331
$15,326,232
North Vtlantic
1,070
390
2,095
679
480
A, 989,031
7,023,710
28,091,301
5,216,2,38
18,592,293
20,462,608
5,014,384
19,652,627
4,784,711
4,591,047
3,613,408
30,855
610,849
133. 196
25,000
1,872,932
496,615
1,999,693
20.953
4,325,254
122,145
1,287.936
1.392,634
"736,' i62"
4,060,573
126,857
2.753,211
108,725
6,726,636
233,018
2,281
207.627
145,961
54,444
11,624,347
64,782
North central . .. . .
1,474,661
22,692
Western .. ... ... . . .
2,139,750
Tile cost of construction during the year was dis-
tributed among the several geographic divisions in
much the same relative proportions as was the total
cost of plants and equipment reported, and the same is
true also of the expenditures reported during the year
upon the stations in most of the different groups, by
kind of power used. The Western division, however,
for the stations using water exclusively shows a much
larger proportion of the total cost of construction dur-
ing the year for this kind of power than of the total
cost of plants and equipment to date for the same
kind of power, while the reverse is true for the stations
of the Western division wliich use water as the pri-
mary power but have minor power of some other kind.
In 7 states and territories there was a decrease in
the total cost of new construction during the census
year in 1907 as compared with 1902, namely: Arizona,
Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire,
and Rhode Island. In each case the decline was due
to decreased expenditures on the commercial plants.
In 2 other states — Arkansas and Florida — decreases
in the cost of new construction for the commercial
plants were more than offset by increases in the amounts
expended by municipal stations, so that the totals for
the two branches of the industry showed increases.
In 3 states — Delaware, Kentucky, and West Vir-
ginia — a decrease was reported for municipal plants,
although in each instance the amount was small.
The statistics for some of the states in which the
largest amounts were expended by commercial sta-
tions on new construction during 1907 are shown in
Table 79.
The figures for commercial stations show that the
greatest expenditure in new construction during 1907
for plants using steam power occurred in the state of
New York, Illinois ranking second in this respect.
The greatest amounts for new construction in connec-
tion with plants using water power exclusively and
for those using both water and steam power were
expended in California.
74
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 79.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF CONSTRUCTION DURING THE YEAR FOR
SELECTED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND KIND OF PRIMARY POWER: 1907.
■
Total.
Steam
exclusively.
Steam
with other
minor
power.
Water
exclusively.
Water
with other
minor
power.
Water and
steam.
Gas ex-
clusively.
Stations
without
primary
power
equipment.
$95,746,208
150,540,907
$4,268,353
$8,261,987
$3,532,027
$13,566,719
$541,003
$15,035,212
75,892.395
39,637,792
3,761,152
5,801,188
1,667,524
11,043,859
315,223
13,675,657
North .\tlantic division:
4,613,916
3.834,018
23,403,555
6,686,401
2,914,439
7,900,051
3,761,219
2,632,701
3,572,162
1,616,022
8.849,652
2,005,800
1,657,903
2,444,556
3,975.826
504.827
9,688,551
5,110,074
2,871,656
7,578,177
1,103,413
264,729
3,475,463
1,362,268
1,876,787
1,582,290
129,265
114,466
90,369
3,297,519
17,595
18,190
21,969
46,510
59,844
12,044
47,892
129,220
20,000
19, 194
4,980
1,353,133
164,141
500
1,514
193,070
1,549,551
776
7,075
24,132
349
4,476
180,245
1, 146, 159
469,416
3,025
1,119,484
1,053,874
8,838
40,026
997,270
785,583
17,717
39,723
4,851,493
26,121
1,389,400
241,889
296
900
26,873
120,024
58,039
New Jersev. . .
15,692
New York
11,173,787
Pennsylvania . .
219, 749
South Atlantic division:
Maryland
7,000
North Central division:
Illinois
4,400
20,500
7,414
28,911
84,361
49, 179
Michigan
240,963
13,380
Ohio
1,200
979
South Central division:
Texas
450
Western division:
1,914,801
339,790
116,951
143,563
1,200
26,996
185,371
Colorado . .
20,744
800
9,859
21,487
Washington .
264,916
1,679,722
There were 96 stations reported as under construc-
tion during the year 1907, which were not in actual
operation before the close of the year. These stations
properly form a part of the new construction, but the
statistics for them are shown separately from those
for the plants that were in operation during a portion
or all of the year. In presenting these statistics it
should be understood that although an earnest effort
was made to obtain accurate information, both through
the special agents in the field and by correspondence,
the canvass was not so careful and thorough for this
class of stations as for those in operation; some may
therefore have been overlooked.
Table 80. — Number of stations under construction, December SI,
1907, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions.
Ag-
gre-
gate.
STATIONS WHICH REPORTED COST
TO DATE.
STATIONS WHICH DID
NOT REPORT COST
TO DATE.
DIVISION.
To-
tal.
86
Indi-
vid-
ual.
Firm.
Incor-
porated
com-
pany.
Munic-
ipal.
To-
tal.
Incor-
porated
com-
pany.
Munic-
ipal.
United States... 96
11
7
54
14
10
9
1
North Atlantic-
South .Atlantic...
North Central
South Central
Western
21
10
24
12
20
18
17
23
12
16
3
4
3
1
1
1
1
14
10
10
G
14
""7
5
2
3
2
1
"4
3
1
1
4
i
Of the 96 stations under construction, 86 reported
the amount expended on them to December 31, 1907,
and 10 claimed to be unable to answer the inquiry.
The number of stations is divided among the several
geographic divisions in a manner which clearly indi-
cates that, although the expenditure for construction
and the capitalization may vary largely in the geo-
graphic divisions, the construction of new stations,
regardless of size, is confined to no special section, but
is general throughout the country.
Table 81. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under
construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the incor-
porated companies, by character of ownership and by geographic
divisions.
DIVISION AND CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP.
Number
of
stations.
Cost of con-
struct ion and
eouipment
to December
31,1907.1
Authorized
capitalization
of the
incorporated
companies.
United States
96 i $28,413,013
$155,615,400
11 70,7<0
7 60,904
03 25.025.028
15 3,25o,:mi
Firm
Incorporated company
Municipal
■i55;6i5;466
North Atlantic
21 i 1,788,223
7,570,000
3 ■ 26,0-'0
1 2.000
Firm
17
19
1,760,183
7.758.175
7,570,000
South Atlantic...
29,775.000
Incorporated company...
11
8
24
7,610,634
147,541
5,197,828
29,778,000
Municipal
9,632,000
4
4
11
5
12
28,400
16.904
2.087,724
3,0«i,800
245,536
Firm
Incorporated company...
9,632,000
Municipal
South Central
860,400
3
1
2
20
12, £00
12.000
179, MS
42,000
13,423,262
Firm
Incorporated company...
860,400
Municipal
Western
107,778,000
1
1
18
5,800
30.000
13.387,452
Firm
Incorporated company. . .
' lin'.iTk.om
' Ten of the 96 stations failed to report the cost olconstructlon.
Combining the cost of the stations that were under
construction at the close of the year and the cost of
the new equipment, extensions, etc., of operating sta-
tions gives a total of $129,325,586 as the total cost of
new work during 1 907. Incorporated companies owned
the ma.jority of the new stations, and their authorized
capitalization, which amounted to $155,615,400, is
presented merely as some indication of the magnitude
COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT.
75
of the new enterprises that were in progress or i)ro-
jected but had not been completed by December .31,
1907.
Table 82. — Cost of constructmi and equipment of stations under
construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalkation of the incor-
porated companies, by kind of power used and by geographic divisions.
DIVISION AND KIND OF POWEH.
Number
of
stations.
Cost of
constriiction
and equip-
ment to
Deceml)er3i,
1907.1
Authorized
capitalization
of the incor-
porated
companies.
United States
96
$28,413,013
$155,615,400
Waters
44
39
10
3
27,500,716
790, 172
46,204
75,921
153,654,000
1,636,000
Gas
75.400
250,000
North Atlantic
21
1,788,223
7,570,000
Water'
13
4
2
2
19
1,583,830
135,922
5,800
62, 671
7,758,175
6,779,000
541,000
Gas
25.000
No power equipment
225,000
29,775,000
Water
9
10
24
7,572.134
186,041
5,197,828
29,730,000
45,000
North Central
9,632,000
Water
Steam
Gas
South Central
5
13
6
12
5,016,000
144.824
37,004
245,535
9,350,000
232,000
50,000
860,400
Water
Steam
Gas
Western
1
9
2
20
15,000
227,135
3,400
13,423,252
125,000
735,000
400
107,778,000
Water
Steam ,
16
3
1
13,313,762
96,250
13, 250
107,670,000
83,000
25,000
' Ten of the 96 stations failed to report the cost of construction.
2 Includes 2 stations having steam power also.
The bulk of the expenditure for new construction
was reported for stations to be operated by water
power, 96.8 per cent of the total being for plants of
that character, and although classed as electric sta-
tions there is little doubt that many of them are being
built primarily for the generation of electrical energy
which, by means of transmission lines, will be deliv-
ered in bulk to other places from which it will be
distributed for actual use. The percentages reported
for the remaining stations by character of primary
power were as follows: Steam, 2.8 per cent; gas, two-
tenths of 1 per cent; and those not to be supplied with
power equipment, three-tenths of 1 per cent.
Of the 6.3 incorporated companies, 9 did not report
the cost of construction. The Western division re-
ported 48.4 per cent of the total cost for water-power
stations under construction. The South Atlantic
division was second in the construction of water-power
stations, with 27.5 per cent of the total cost of con-
struction; the North Central, tliird, with 18.2 per
cent; the North Atlantic, fourth, with 5.8 per cent;
and the South Central last, with one-tenth of 1 per cent
of the total cost of construction for stations which
were to use water power.
The following statement shows the character of
ownership of the stations under construction, by
kind of power:
Stations under construction, December 31, 1907 — Number of stations,
by hind of power and by character of ownership.
CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP.
Total.
Water.i
Steam.
Gas.
No
power
equip-
ment.
Total
96
44
39
10
3
Individual
11
7
63
15
4
2
37
1
4
3
18
14
3
2
S
Firm
Corporation
3
I Includes 2 stations having steam power also.
CHAPTER VII.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
Purpose of the statistics. — The object in view in se-
curing these statistics concerning income and ex-
penses was to show the magnitude of the industry and
to bring out certain of its important features. No
attempt was made to secure figures from which the
profits or losses on the year's business might be deter-
mined, as it was well understood that conclusions on
this point could not properly be drawn from informa-
tion which failed to take into consideration bad debts,
discounts, depreciation, and perhaps other important
matters of a similar character. As has already been
explained, a small part of the income as given in this
report does not represent cash receipts or actual re-
ceipts of any character, since in the case of municipal
plants the estimated value of the current furnished
for the municipality was classed as income, and similar
estimates were made by the commercial stations for the
value of the current supplied as free service.
In 1902 there were 380 commercial stations which
furnished some service or paid a cash compensation
in the character of a tax to the municipalities in which
they were located. The value of the free service was
estimated at $150,809 and the cash compensation was
$199,423, making a total of $350,232. In 1907 the
inquiry as to compensation for franchise was aban-
doned, and in its stead the estimated value of current
furnished free was called for. For the year last
named, 727 commercial companies reported free serv-
ice, the value of which was estimated at $337,810.
If to this amount is added the estimated value of the
current furnished by the municipal stations for the use
of the municipahty, $5,672,785, a total of $6,010,595
was classed as income which does not represent actual
receipts.
GENERAL STATISTICS OF INCOME.
Although most of the income, 96.6 per cent, was
derived from the sale of current, a small proportion,
3.4 per cent, was obtained from the sale of supplies and
fixtures and from sundry miscellaneous sources. So far
as possible, the income from the sale of supplies and
fixtures was omitted from the reports, and is included
only when such sales were so involved with the general
business of the station that they could not be satis-
factorily segregated. The income from miscellaneous
sources includes such items as income from steam
heating, pumping, steam or water power, rentals of
machines, etc., wiring of houses and work of a kin-
dred character, interest on deposits, etc. The details
pertaining to income will be taken up in the tables
which follow.
The chief items of income for commercial and
municipal stations are shown in Table 83.
Table 83.— COMMERCIAL AXD MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOilE: 1907 AND 1902.
Census.
Total.
Commercial.
Municipal.
PER CENT OF TOTAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
4,714
3,620
$175,642,338
85,700,005
169,614,691
84,186,605
125,755,114
70,138,147
28,511,550
9,910,217
15,348,027
4,138,241
6,027,647
1,614,000
3,462
2,805
$161,630,339
78,735,500
156,000,257
77,349,749
112,714,851
63,389,284
27,995,177
9,839,077
15,290,229
4,120,788
5,630,082
1,385,751
1,252
815
$14,011,999
6,965,105
13,614,434
6,830,856
13,040,263 1
6,748,863
516,373
70,540
57,798
17,453
397,565
128,249
73.4
77.5
92.0
91.9
92.0
91.9
89.6
90.4
98.2
99.3
99.6
99:6
93.4
91.5
26.6
22.5
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.1
10.4
9.6
1.8
0.7
0.4
0.4
6.6
8.5
30.2
23.4
53.6
Gross income
105.0
105.3
101.2
Electric service
101.5
101.7
99.1
Lighting
79.3
77.8
93.2
Stationary motors
187.7
184.5
632.0
All other
270.9
271.1
231.2
All other sources
298.1
306.3
210.0
Of the different classes of income, that from lighting
shows the largest actual amount, although measured
by its percentage of increase it was the smallest. The
earher work of the central stations was chiefly in the
(76)
direction of hghting, which as a consequence was highly
developed in 1902; while stationary-motor service and,
to a still greater extent, the sale of current for miscel-
laneous purposes are of later development.
Map 2.— central ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1907.
Map 3.— central ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1!)02.
I I LESS THAN 8 600,000
S5oo,ooo TO ei.oo
SI, 000, 000 TO se,
22 S5, 000, 000 TO SIO
111! SIO, 000, 000 AND OVER
(77)
78
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Although the municipal stations formed nearly 27
per cent of the total number of central stations, their
proportion of the total income was only 8 per cent.
The business of the municipal stations is practicallj*
confined to electric lighting. The income of these sta-
tions from stationary-motor service was less than
2 per cent of the total for that item for all stations,
while the income from all other electric service, which
embraces current sold to other electric companies and
to railways, for charging automobiles, etc., was insig-
nificant, forming less than one-half of 1 per cent of the
total for this item.
The per cent distribution of the gross income for
commercial and municipal stations is shown in Table
84.
It is apparent from the table that a considerable
change has taken place in the relative importance of
the various classes of income from electric service.
The percentage that the income from lighting forms
of the total income shows a decrease of 10.2, while
the proportions for income from stationary-motor
service and all otlier electric service, and from all
other sources, increased considerably.
Table 84. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent distribxdion of gross income: 1907 and 1902.
TOTAL.
COHMEBCIAL.
mmiciFAL.
iso;
1902
iwn
1802
1907
1902
Gross income
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
Electric service
Lighting
9t).6
71.6
16.2
8.7
3.4
98^2
81.8
11.6
4.8
1.8
96.5
69.7
17.3
9.5
3.5
98.2
80.5
12.5
5.2
1.8
97.2
93.1
3.7
0.4
2.8
98.2
Stationary motors
.\11 otlier.'
1.0
.\ll other sources
1.8
In some instances there is no real difference between
the character of service performed by the purely elec-
tric stations, or those engaged only in the generation
or sale of electricity, or both, and the composite sta-
tions, which embrace those also engaged in some other
business ; but in view of the fact that in many instances
the electric branch of the industry for the latter class
of stations was only incident to anothesr pursuit,
they have been given a separate presentation in vari-
ous tables of this report. The income for the purely
electric and the composite stations is shown in Table
85.
Table 85.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1907 AND 1902
Census.
Total.
Purely electric.
Composite.
PEE CENT OF TOTAL.
FEB CENT OF INCEEA.SE.
Purely
electric.
Compos-
ite.
TotaL
Purely
electric.
Compos-
ite.
Number of stations .
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
4,714
3,620
8175,642,338
85,700,605
169,614,691
84,186,605
125,755,114
70, 138, 147
28.511,550
9,910,217
15,348.027
4,138,241
6,027,047
1,514,000
2.648
2,139
$107,974,921
58,603,406
104,629,574
57,470,597
75,678.052
46,812,428
18,213.001
7,100,519
10,738.521
3,557,650
3,345.347
1,132,809
2,066
1,481
$67,667,417
27,097,199
64,985.117
26,716,008
50,077,062
23,325,719
10,298,549
2,809,698
4,609.506
580,591
2,682,300
381, 191
56.2
59.1
61.5
68.4
61.7
68.3
60.2
66.7
63.9
7L6
70.0
- 86.0
55.5
74.8
43.8
40.9
38.5
31.6
38.3
31.7
39,8
33.3
36.1
28.8
30.0
14.0
44.5
25.2
30.2
23.8
39 5
105.0
84.2
149.7
Electric service
10L5
82.1
143 2
Lighting
79.3
6L7
114.7
187.7
156.6
266.S
Another
270.9
201.8
694
298.1
195. 3
603.7
That the character of the electric service of these
two classes of stations taken as a whole is becoming
more uniform is evidenced by the absence in 1907 of
the wide divergence, so noticeable in 1902, in the
proportions of the several items of income credited to
each. Both in 1907 and in 1902 the composite sta-
tions showed their largest proportion of the income
from electric service for lighting, and their smallest
for all other electric service; but while the difference
in the percentage of these two classes of income which
was credited to composite stations was 19.3 in 1902,
it was only 9.8 in 1907.
The actual increases for all classes of income from
electric service and for the gross income were greater
for the purely electric stations, while the composite
stations showed a slightly larger actual gain in the
income from "all other sources." The percentages
of increase, however, are in every case greater for the
composite stations, so that the proportions of the
different classes of income shown for this class of sta-
tions were considerably greater in 1907 than in 1902.
The per cent distribution of the gross income for
purely electric and composite stations is shown in
Table 86.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
79
Table 86. — Purely electric and composite central electric slations-
Per cent distribution of gross income: 1007 and 1902.
T0T.4L.
PURELY ELEC-
TRIC.
COMPOSITE.
1907
190-2
1907
1902
1907 1902
Gross income
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0 1 100.0
Electric service t
96.6
71.6
16.2 ,
8.7 j
3.4 !
98.2
81.8
11.6
4.8
1.8
96.9
70.1
16.9
9.9
3.1
98.1
79.9
12.1
6.1
1.9
96.0
98.6
74.0
15.2
6.8
4.0
86.1
Stationary motors
All other
10.4
2.1
1.4
In 1907 the purely electric stations constituted a
smaller proportion of the total number of establish-
ments than in 1902, and also contributed a smaller
percentage of the gross income. Table 86 shows that
of the total income from electric service, the percent-
age of income from lighting for the purely electric sta-
tions was smaller in 1907 than in 1902, but slightly
greater for the income from stationary-motor service,
"All other electric service," and "All other sources."
The gross income will be presented by dynamo
capacity of the stations in several tables which follow.
Table 87.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-
OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902.
-GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY
Number of stations j 1907
1902
Gross income ; 1907
I 1902
Electric service .
Lighting....
1907
1902
1907
1902
Stationary motors 1907
i 1902
All other 1907
1902
All other sources i 1907
1902
$175,642,
85,700,
169,614,1
84,186,1
125. 755,
70,138,
28,511,
9,910,
15,348,
4,138,
6,027,
1,514,
Under 200
kilowatts.
3,038
2,587
M40,070
1,440,351
>, 344, 745
1,090,189
i, 779, 128
1,741,455
386,329
228,578
179,288
120,156
795,325
350, 162
200 but
under 500
kilowatts.
821
586
$14, 786, 719
10,409,319
13,954,088
10,122,092
12,547,375
9,317,862
1,094,952
598, 897
311,761
205,333
832,631
287,227
9m but
under 1,000
kilowatts.
$10,465,110
7,001,486
10,075,476
6, 896, 143
8,267,158
6,832,733
1,240,926
682,445
567,392
380,965
389,634
105,343
1,000 but
under 2,000
kilowatts.
169
$13,149,808
8,414,307
12,617,855
8,175,941
9,274,623
6,385,817
2, 190, 200
1,263,138
1,153,032
626,986
531,953
238,366
2,000 but
under 5,000
kilowatts.i
116
67
$21,915,199
13,839,846
21,277,402
13,635,206
15,355,491
10,875,989
4.353,295
2,034,955
1,568,616
724,262
637, 797
204,640
5,000
kilowatts
and oyer.
74
32
$89,930,073
i 30,027,061
87,277,832
29, 756, 206
58,957,999
22,964,304
17,621.388
4,824,518
10,698,445
1,967,384
2,652,241
270,855
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
227
78
$8,255,369
1,568,235
8,067,293
1,510,828
5,573,340
1,019,987
1,624,460
277,686
809,493
213,165
188,066
57,407
' Includes 1 municipal station with a kilowatt capacity of 5,000 or over.
Of the six classes of stations grouped according to
dynamo capacity, the largest income is shown for the
class smallest in numbers, stations having a kilowatt
capacity of 5,000 or over. In 1907 more than one-
half of the total income was reported by this class,
which naturally embraces the stations in the large
cities. The next largest income is shown for the next
lower group by kilowatt capacity and the next higher
in number of stations; but the group ranking third in
the amount of income reported is that which com-
prises the stations of smallest dynamo capacity, which,
however, includes nearly two-thirds of the total num-
ber of stations. Almost 5 per cent of the total income
was reported by stations not equipped with generating
apparatus. The proportions of the total income from
lighting reported for the different classes of stations
vary but little from the corresponding proportions of
total income, but in the case of income from sta-
tionary-motor service and all other electric service the
proportions show decided variations. This results
from the fact that the income from each of these two
classes of service increases as the dynamo capacity of
the stations grows larger. In 1907 the smallest sta-
tions, those with a dynamo capacity of less than 200
25142—10 6
kilowatts, reported but 1.4 per cent of the tt)tal income
for motor service, while the stations of largest dynamo
capacity reported 61.8 per cent. In the case of
income from all other electric service the correspond-
ing proportions were 1.2 per cent and 69.7 per cent.
From this it is clear that the business of the small sta-
tions is almost exclusively confined to lighting, while
the larger stations are, to a considerable extent, en-
gaged in performing other services.
There is a marked difference between the commer-
cial and the municipal stations in respect to the pro-
portions of income reported by large and small plants.
While the commercial stations show their largest
proportions for the two classes of highest individual
capacity, the municipal stations show their largest
proportions for the two of lowest individual capacity.
The gross income for the class of smallest djmamo
capacity for municipal stations represented more
than one-third of the total, while that for the class
of next higher dynamo capacity was nearly as much
as the total for all the remaining classes. The two
classes together reported 67.6 per cent of the total
income and 92.6 per cent of the total number of
stations.
80
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 88.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS:
1907 AND 1902.
Number of stations
Gross Income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
$161
78,
156,
77,
112,
63,
3.462
2,805
630,339
735,500
000,257
349, 749
714.851
389,284
■,995,177
1,839,677
1,290,229
1,120,788
1,630,082
,385,751
Under 200
icilowattj.
2,116
1,890
,725,245
1,582,929
,117,146
1,309,190
1,621,562
1,992,266
331,416
210,925
164,168
105,999
608,099
273,739
200 but
under 500
Icllowatts.
584
497
$10,727,632
8.980,913
10,036,132
8,725,433
8,837,815
7,952,853
908.089
569,863
290,228
202,717
691,500
255,480
500 but
under 1 ,000
kilowatts.
225
160
$8,903,772
6,688,819
8,539,111
6.589,544
6,845,383
6,533,734
1,140,919
675,525
552,809
380,286
364,661
99,276
1,000 but 1 2,000 but 6,000
under 2,000 under 5,000 kilowatts
kilowatts, kilowatts, and over.
159
92
$12,077,872
7,922,180
11,554,325
7,683,814
8,328,039
5,906,000
2,076,288
1,251,822
1,149.998
626,986
523, 647
238,366
111 I
64
$20,568,767
13,107,024
19,949,795
12,916,920
14,070,217
10,166,839
4,313,891
2,034,819
1,565,687
724,262
618,972
191,104
74
32
$89,930,073
30,027,061
87,277,832
29,756,206
58,957,999
22,964,304
17,621.388
4,824,518
10,698,446
1,967.384
2,652,241
270,855
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
193
70
$7,696,978
1,426.574
7,525,916
1,369,642
5,053,836
884,282
1,603,186
272,205
868.894
213,155
171,062
56,932
Table 89.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS:
1907 AND 1902.
Census.
Total.
Under 200
kilowatts.
200 but
under 500
kilowatts.
500 but
under 1 ,000
kilowatts.
1,000 but
under 2,000
kilowatts.
2,000 but
under 5,000
kilowatts.'
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1,252
815
$14,011,999
6,965,105
13,614,434
6,836,856
13,040,263
6,748,863
516,373
70,540
57,798
17,463
397,565
128,249
922
697
$5,414,825
3,857,422
5,227,599
3,780,999
5,157,566
3,749,189
54,913
17,653
15,120
14,157
187,226
76,423
237
89
$4,059,087
1,428,406
3,917,956
1,396,659
3,709,560
1,365,009
186,863
29,034
21,533
2,616
141,131
31,747
44
12
$1,661,338
312,667
1,536,365
306,699
1,421,775
298,999
100.007
6,920
14,583
680
24.973
6,068
10
6
$1,071,936
492,127
1.063,530
492, 127
946,684
480,811
113,912
11^316
3,034
5
3
$1,346,432
732,822
1,327,607
719,286
1,285,274
719,150
39,404
136
2,929
34
8
$558,381
141,661
■ 541,377
Lighting
141,186
519,504
135,705
21,274
5,481
599
8,406
18.825
13,536
17,004
475
' Includes 1 station having a capacity of more than 5,000 kilowatts.
By a reference to Tables 90 and 91 it will be seen
that the proportions of the total income of the purely
electric and the composite commercial stations
reported for the different groups according to dynamo
capacity are similar to those shown for the two classes
combined. The same may be said of the proportions
shown for the purely electric and the composite i
Table 90.— PURELY ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS:
1907 AND 1902.
municipal stations as compared with those shown
for all municipal stations. It is noteworthy that in
1907 the stations of smallest dynamo capacity reported
a smaller proportion of the total income both of the
purely electric and of the composite municipal stations
than in 1902.
Number of stations
Onss income
Electilc service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
2,127
1,759
$101,222,267
54,455,737
98,056,838
53,394,158
69,383,375
42,804,000
17,951,940
7,049,444
10,721,523
3,540,714
3,165,429
1,061,579
Under 200
kilowatts.
1.314
1,176
$7,606,219
6,695,183
7,107,234
6,504,590
6,777,126
6,354,694
211,841
88,188
118,267
61,806
398,985
190,503
200 but 500 but
under 600 under 1,000
kilowatts, kilowatts.
350
311
$5,994,937
5,316,200
6,634,988
6,127,766
6,009,071
4,666,079
465,406
364,540
160,511
108,147
359,949
187,434
$3,874,663
3,239,669
3,761,269
3,183,899
2,973,428
2,575,351
470,393
337,603
307,448
270,945
123,394
56,760
1,000 but I 2,000 but
under 2,000 uuder 5,000
kilowatts, kilowatts.
76
65
$5,221,022
6,526,616
4,952,687
6,352,780
3,281,487
4,036,559
1,002,524
907,706
668,676
408,516
268,336
172,835
66
46
'$12,820,831
10,003,346
12,582,827
9,831,193
8,630,737
7,611,473
3,064,162
1,653,371
887,928
666,349
238,004
172,152
5,000
kilowatts
and over.
47
22
$59,664,130
22,626,474
58,006,040
22,387,101
38,845,455
16,996,183
11,421,189
3,579,123
7,739,396
1,811,795
1,658,090
238.373
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
160
53
$6,140,465
1,051,261
6,021.793
1,006,829
3.866,071
564,761
1,316.425
228,913
839,297
213, 165
118,672
44,432
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
81
Table 91.— COMPOSITE COMMERCIAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907
AND 1902.
N umber of stations
Gross Income
Electric sen'ice
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Census.
19OT
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
$60
24:
1,335
1,046
408,072
,279,763
r, 943, 419
1,955,591
1,331,476
1,585,284
), 043, 237
1,790,233
1,568,706
580,074
1,464,653
324,172
I Under 200
> kilowatts.
802
714
$4,219,026
3, 887, 746
4,009.912
3,804,600
3,844,436
3,637,672
119,575
122,737
45,901
44,191
209,114
83,146
200 but I 500 but
under 500 under 1,000
kilowatts, kilowatts.
234
186
$4,732,695
3,665,713
4,401,144
3,597,667
3,828,744
3,287,774
442,683
215,323
129,717
94,570
331,551
68,046
lU
74
$5,029,109
3,449,160
4.787,842
3,405,645
3,871,955
2,958.383
670,526
337,922
245,361
109,340
241,267
43,515
1,000 but
under 2,000
kilowatts.
83
27
$6,856,850
2,396,565
6.601,638
2,331,034
5.046,552
1,868,447
1,073,764
344,116
481,322
118,471
255,212
65,531
2,000 but
under 5,000
kilowatts.
45
18
$7,747,936
3, 103, 679
7,366,968
3,084,727
6,439,480
2,545,366
1,249,729
481,448
677,759
57,913
380,908
18,952
5,000 kilo-
watts and
over.
27
10
$30,265,943
7,401,587
29,271,792
7,369,105
20,112,544
5,968,121
0,200,199
1,245,395
2,959,049
155,589
994,161
32,482
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
33
17
$1,556,513
375,313
1,504,123
362,813
1,187,765
319,521
286,761
43,292
29.597
52,390
12,600
Table 92.— PURELY ELECTRIC MUNICIPAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS:
1907 AND 1902.
Number of stal Ions
Oross Income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
521
380
$6,752,654
4,147,669
6,572,7.36
4,076.439
6,294,677
4,008,428
261,061
51,075
16,998
16,936
179,918
71.230
Under 200
kilowatts.
378
301
$2,007,991
1,672,765
1,936,1,32
1,644,044
1,917.550
1,622,891
16,209
7,513
2,313
13,640
71.859
28,721
200 but
under 500
kilowatts.
$1,589,
921,
1,525.
897,
1,432,399
869,765
500 but I 1,000 but
under 1,000 1 under 2,000
kilowatts, kilowatts.
$1,021,
267,
1,004.
262,
925,
244,
70,
6,
,813
680
4
4
$336,881
423,964
335,928
423,964
304,592
418, 138
31,000
5,826
336
222
Oil
953
2,000 but
under 5,000
kilowatts.'
5
3
346, 432
732,822
327,607
719,286
285,274
719,150
39,404
136
2,929
18,825
13,536
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
22
7
$449,985
139,861
442,733
139,386
429,097
133,905
13.061
5,481
575
7,252
475
■ Includes 1 station having a capacity of more than 5,000 kilowatts.
Table 93.— COMPOSITE MUNICIPAL STATIONS— OROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907
AND 1902.
Number of stations
Oross income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
All other
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
731
435
$7. 259, 345
2, 817, 436
7,041,698
2,760,417
6, 745, 586
2, 740, 435
255, 312
19, 465
40,800
617
217, 647
57,019
Under 200
kilowatts.
544
396
$3,406,
2,184,
3,291,
2,136,
3,240,
2, 126,
38,
10,
12,
115,
47,
200 but
under 500
kilowatts.
151
34
$2, 469, 470
507,339
2,392,146
499, 079
2,277,161
495,244
96, 484
3,835
77,324
8,260
500 but
under
1,000
kilowatts.
18
2
$639,590
55,477
531.839
64,420
496,010
54,420
6,770
7,751
1,057
1.000 but
under
2,000
kilowatts.
$735,
68,
727,
68,
641,
62,
7,453
Stations
having no
generating
equipment.
12
1
$108,396
1,800
98, 644
1,800
90,407
1,800
8,213
24
9,752
82
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
The extent to wliich the income is confined to a few
states is illustrated b}- showing the detailed income
for the 10 selected states in Table 94.
At each of the two censuses almost 70 per cent of
the gross income for all central stations was reported
by the 10 states for wliich figures are given in Table
94, the proportion in 1907 and in 1902 varying but
three-tenths of 1 per cent. Notwithstanding the
large increases in the income for each state, there were
several which in 1907 showed considerably decreased
proportions of the total income reported, as follows:
Pennsylvania, from 11.1 per cent to 9.1 per cent;
Massachusetts, from 7.4 per cent to 6.1 per cent;
Ohio, from 5.2 per cent to 4.4 per cent ; and New Jersey,
from 4 per cent to 3.4 per cent. The states which
increased their proportions were New York, lUinois,
CaUfornia, Michigan, and Missouri. " California and
Illinois show the most pronounced growth in the
gross income, although the total actual increase for
the 2 states combined was only $54,759 more than the
increase for New York alone.
Table 94.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FOR 10 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902.
Total for United Steles..
Total for 10 selected states.. .
New Yort
Pennsylvania
Illinois
California
Uassacbusetts
Ohio
Michigan
New Jersey
Missouri
Indiana
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Number
of
stations.
Gross
income.
4,714
3,620
$175,642,
85,700,
338
606
2,205
1,911
314
256
327
279
383
346
129
115
120
114
272
233
234
201
162
123
200
180
121,418.
59,469,
34,859.
16. 854,
16,015
9,486;
15.465,
6, 757,
14, 416,
5,066,
10, 749,
6,340,
7, 643,
4,431,
6,072,
2; 613,
■ 5,952,
3,421,
5,805,
2,392,
4,438,
2,105,
Lighting.
Stationary-
motor
service.
$125,755,114
70, 138. 147
86, 140. 793
48, 490, 347
24,296,438
12,920.807
12,081,602
8, 321, 766
10,278,668
5,849,351
8,111,012
3, 305, 318
8. 543, 327
5,263,113
6,282,861
3, 873, 339
3, 848, 797
2, 285, 995
5, 123, 926
2, 799, 961
4, 116, 409
1,954,562
3, 457, 753
1,916,135
$28,511,550
9,910,217
19,744,151
7,136.945
5,688,401
2,396,046
2,101,320
640,948
2,445,280
763,764
3, 826, 462
1,228,099
1, 519, 708
744,879
1,054,076
407,901
873,081
173, 881
682,028
258.055
985,596
402,937
568,199
120,435
All other
electric
service.
$15. 348, 027
4,138,241
11,717,114
2, 928, 759
4, 082, 544
1,425,386
1,217,878
348,702
1,842,824
79,133
1,984,554
412, 673
539.463
236,890
138,043
66,266
1,028.569
56,924
104, 791
298,583
581,790
2,651
196,658
1,551
All other
sources.
W, 027, 647
1,614,000
3, 816, 811
913,480
791,787
112,600
614,992
175, 451
899,221
64,767
494, 501 ■
120,327
146,742
96,062
169,017
83,532
321,563
97, 012
41,633
64,705
122,033
31,999
215,722
67,025
The per cent distribution and per cent of increase
of the gross income for the 10 selected states is shown
in Table 95.
Table QH. ^Central electric stations — Per cent distribution and per
cent of increase/or gross income in 10 selected states: 1907 and 1902.
STATE.
PEE CENT DISTRI-
BUTION.
Per cent
of
1907
IMS
increase.
Total for United States. .
100.0
100.0
104 9
Total for 10 selected states. .
69.1
69.4
104 2
New York
19.8
9.1
8.8
8.2
6.1
4.4
3.6
3.4
3.3
2.5
19.7
11.1
7.9
5.9
7.4
5.2
3.0
4.0
2.8
2.S
106 8
Illinois
128 9
California
184 6
Massachusetts .
69 5
Ohio
72 5
New Jersev
74
Missouri..".
Indiana
110 8
Other states not included in Table 94 which report
large incomes for 1907 for central electric stations are,
Texas, $3,792,203; Minnesota, $3,478,009; Washing-
ton, $3,410,.542; Colorado, $3,410,240; Iowa, $2,479,-
969; Connecticut, $2,469,543; Montana, $2,469,131;
and Wisconsin, $2,278,637. The income reported for
the state of Washington is especially noteworthy,
being an increase of $2,626,891, or 335.2 per cent, over
1902. Washmgton is one of the states which relies
largely upon water for primary power, and to the
abundance of this economical force for the generation
of electricity may be traced its relatively large use
in that state.
The income of stations classified according to kind
of primary power used and the percentages of increase
are shown in Tables 96 and 97.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
83
Table 96.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY KIND OF PRIMARY
POWER USED: 1907 AND 1902.
Number of stations ,
Gross inc'flme
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors.
Another
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
4,
3,
»175,(>42,
85,700,
169,614,
84,186,
125,755,
70,138,
28,511,
9,910,
15, 348.
4, 138,
fi,027,
1,514,
605
550
217
647
000
steam
exclusively.
»119,
64,
3,262
2,747
029,194
730,694
i, 428, 251
1,795,608
1,462,389
1,439,357
i, 934, 961
1,886,244
,030,901
,470,007
1,600,943
935,086
Steam
with
other
minor
power.
93
43
$7,%7,002
3,367,962
7,821,550
3,237,584
6,682,067
2,755,445
1,007,776
331,031
231,707
151,108
145,452
120,378
Water
exclu-
sively.
474
315
$11,098,303
4,166,605
10,454,035
4,035,702
3,621,562
2,165,746
2,986,379
986,076
3,846,094
883,881
644,268
120,803
Water
with Water
other 1 and
minor steam.
power.
61
20
$3,104,158
1,060,8(>6
2.946.122
1,034,880
1,702,752
121,058
918,658
80,011
324,712
833,811
158,036
24,986
360
276
$22,700,921
9, 052, 574
21.507,904
8,812,006
13,152,818
7,004,961
6,464,061
1,246,918
2,891,025
560,127
1,193,017
240,568
Gas
exclu-
sively.
180
51
$1,010,150
775,137
980,910
769,900
884,204
706,036
82,221
63,741
14,485
123
29,240
5,237
Stations
without
primary-
power
equipment.
284
169
$10,732,610
2,667,867
10,475,919
2,500,925
7,349,322
1,945,544
2,117,494
316,197
1,009,103
239, 184
266,691
66,942
Table 97.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT OF INCREASE OF GROSS
INCOME, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED: 1907.
Total.
Steam ex-
clusively.
Steam
with
other
minor
power.
Water ex-
clusively.
Water
with
other
minor
power.
Water
and
steam.
Gas ex-
clusively.
Stations
without
primary-
power
equip-
ment.
Number of stations :
30.2
106.9
101.5
79.3
187.7
270.9
298.1
18.7
83.9
80.9
66.8
131.4
378.3
285.1
116.3
137.3
141.6
138.9
204.4
53.3
20.8
60.6
107.0
159.0
67.2
202.9
335.1
433.3
205.0
192.9
184.7
1,306.0
1.048.2
1 61.1
5,32.6
30.9
160.8
144.1
87.8
338.2
416.1
395.9
252.9
30.3
27.4
25.2
29.0
11,670.4
468.3
68.0
318.0
319.0
277.8
669.6
321.9
283.5
Gross income
Electric service
Lighting
Another
All other sources
1 Decrease.
In another chapter of this report reference is made
to the fact that allowance must be made for changes
from year to year in the equipment of existing stations
in respect to the primary power employed, which
would result in the transfer of stations from one class
to another without materially adding to the total
power equipment. The tables, therefore, should be
accepted more as representing the contlitions at the
two censuses, and as showing the increase in the in-
come reported for the stations using the different kinds
of power, rather than as showing the actual growth
in the use of any particular kind of primary power.
In 1907 the income for the steam plants, including
the stations exclusively equipped with steam power
and those which also had other minor power, con-
stituted 72.3 per cent of the total. Even this large
proportion does not fully indicate the relative impor-
tance of the income resulting from using steam as the
primary power, since the stations which were about
equally equipped with steam and with water power
reported 12.9 per cent of the total gross income, some
part of which should rightfully be classed as resulting
from the use of steam. If this amount w-as divided
equally between water and steam, approximately
78.7 per cent of the gross income would be credited
as income derived from the use of steam as the primary
power, leaving but little more than one-fifth of the
income to be divided among the three remaining
classes, water-power stations, gas-power stations, and
those stations having no primary power. Of these
three classes, the stations using water exclusively, or
water with other minor power, reported 8.1 per cent of
the total income, and if to the income for these stations
is added half of the amount reported for stations using
both water and steam, the total income derived from
the use of water power would represent approximately
14.6 per cent of the total gross income reported. The
stations using gas reported but six-tenths of 1 per cent
of the total gross income, and those purchasing their
power, while showing large and most consistent per-
centages of increase in each of the several sources of
income, reported but 6.1 per cent.
The proportion of income derived from each source
is shown for the different classes of stations in Table 98.
84
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 98.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS
INCOME FOR EACH KIND OF POWER USED, BY SOURCE OF INCOME: 1907 AND 1902.
Gross Income ,
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Censos.
19OT
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
100.0
100.0
96.6
98.2
71.6
81.8
16.2
11.6
8.7
4.8
3.4
1.8
Steam
exclu-
sively.
100.0
100.0
97.0
98. C
77.7
85.6
13.4
10.6
S.9
2.3
3.0
1.4
Steam
with
other
minor
power.
Water
exclu-
sively.
100.0
100.0 I
100.0
100.0
98.2
96.4
82.6
82.1
12.6 i
2.9
4.S
1.8
3.6
94.2
97.1
32.6
52.1
26.9
23.7
34.7
21.3
8.8
2.9
Water
with
other
minor
power.
100.0
100.0
94.9
97.6
54.9
11.4
29.6
7.5
10.5
78.7
5.1
2.4
Water
and
steam.
100.0
100.0
94.7
97.3
57.9
77.4
24.1
13.8
12.7
6.2
5.3
2.7
Gas
exclu-
sively.
100.0
100.0
97.1
99.3
87.6
91.1
8.1
8.2
(')
2.9
0.7
Stations
without
primary-
power
equip-
ment.
HX).0
100.0
97.6
97.4
68.5
75.8
19.7
12.3
9.4
9.3
2.4
2.8
1 Less than one-tenth ol 1 per cent.
A noteworthy feature of the central-station industry
is tlie relatively small proportion of the total income
of the stations using water power which is received
from lighting. In 1907 the proportion obtained from
this source was smallest (32.6 per cent) for the stations
using water power exclusively. On the other hand,
the stations using water power show exceptionally
large proportions of their income as derived from
motor service and from all other electric service.
These results are in accordance with the well-known
fact that many of the stations equipped with water
power sell much of their current to other electric
stations or to establishments which use it for motor
service, etc. If the proportionate income from lighting
reported for 1907 by the three classes using water
power is considered separately in relation to the cor-
responding amounts for 1902, unaccountable differ-
ences are found; but when the three classes are con-
sidered together the discrepancies disappear. The
differences referred to result, no doubt, from minor
changes of equipment which transferred stations from
one class to another, but still kept them among those
using water power.
The sale of current in bulk has grown to large pro-
portions and constitutes a special branch of the elec-
trical industry. Although a number of stations
engaged in it were operated by steam as the primary
power, most of the stations that make a specialty of
this form of service are hydro-electric plants. In
1907 there were 92 stations, operated either exclu-
sively or primarily by water power, the chief business of
which was the sale of current in bulk, this current
being transmitted to greater or less distances as
necessity demanded. These 92 stations reported a
total income of $13,231,720, of which $8,783,371,
or 66.4 per cent, was from current sold in bulk;
$2,675,852, or 20.2 per cent, from lighting; $1,221,408,
or 9.2 per cent, from all other electric service; and
$551,089, or 4.2 per cent, from sources other than the
sale of electricity.
Table 99 shows the income of stations with and
those without meters on consumption circuits.
Table 99.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FOR STATIONS WITH
AND WITHOUT METERS ON CONSUMPTION CIRCUITS: 1907 AND 1902.
Number of stations
Oroes income
Electric service
Lighting
Stationary motors
Another
All other sources
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
4,714
3,620
1175,642,338
85, 700, 605
169,614,691
84, 186, 605
125,755,114
70, 138, 147
28,511,550
9,910,217
15.348,027
4,138,241
6,027,647
1,514,000
With meters.
4,
2,
1168.590,
79,888,
162,702.
78,463,
121,749,
65,146,
27,896,922
9,606,409
13,056,464
3,710,896
Without
meters.
5,888,
1.425,
194
083
629
901
.051,454
1,811,701
i, 912, 001
1,722,784
1,005,810
1,991,(81
614,628
303,808
1,291,563
427,345
139,453
88,917
COHHEKCIAL.
Total.
3,462
2,805
$161,630,339
78,735,500
156,000,257
77,349,749
112,714,851
63,389,284
27,995,177
9,839,677
15,290,229
4,120,788
5,630,082
1,385,751
With meters.
3,019
2,147
$157,341,176
75,254,621
151,818,384
73,944,448
111,407,611
60,696,174
27,409,632
9,545,887
13,001,141
3,702,387
5,522,792
1,310,173
Without
meters.
443
658
$4,289,163
3,480,879
4.181,873
3,405,301
1.307.240
2,693,110
585,545
293.790
2.289,088
418,401
107.290
75,578
MUNICIPAL.
Total.
1,252
815
$14,011,999
6,965,105
13,614,434
6,836,856
13,040,263
6,748,803
516,373
"0,540
57,798
17,453
397,565 1
128,249
With
meters.
1,066
572
$11,249,708
4,1)34,283
10,884,306
4,519,373
10, .341, 693
4,450,342
487,290
60,522
55,323
8,509
365,402
114,910
Without
meters.
186
243
$2, 762. 291
2,330,822
2, 730, 128
2,317,483
2,698,570
2,298,521
29.083
10,018
2,475
8,944
32,163
13,339
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
85
The trend of the later methods of electric service is
unquestionably in the direction of selling current by
meter measurement. The change in this direction,
which has been going on for some time, has been accel-
erated by advances made in the perfection of the
meters. It is to the interest of the company furnishing
the current to have these machines installed, not only
as a matter of self-protection but because every step
in the direction of reliability and accuracy is bound to
win favor with the consumer.
It should be understood, in connection with Table
99, that although the figures for stations not equipped
with meters are complete, as reported, this condition
is not in the same degree conclusive for those classed
as having meters. The latter class of stations em-
braces all which reported meters, and included many
stations that were not fully equipped in this particu-
lar, but sold part of the current at contract or flat
rates. The figures, however, demonstrate beyond
question the fact that the stations without meters are
decreasing in number, notwithstanding the increase in
the total number of stations. In 1902, of the total
number of stations, 24.9 per cent reported no meters
as compared with only 13.3 per cent in 1907. The
income for the stations without meters formed 6.8 per
cent of the total in 1902 and but 4 per cent in 1907.
There was little difference in the relative proportions
of the commercial and the municipal stations which
had installed meters, but a considerably larger per-
centage of the income of commercial stations is cred-
ited to those having meters than is the case with the
municipal stations. The municipal stations have
been somewhat slower in the adoption of meters,
since many of them, by reason of the fact that the
whole or the great bulk of the current produced is
used directly by the municipality, do not feel the
necessity for such equipment. In the case of the
commercial stations the income for stations without
meters formed 4.4 per cent of the total for such sta-
tions in 1902 and 2.7 per cent in 1907. The corre-
sponding proportions for the municipal stations were
33.5 per cent and 19.7 per cent, respectively.
A comparison of the income of the commercial sta-
tions from the several classes of electric service in
1907 and in 1902 shows that the stations without
meters reported a decreased proportioii of the total
in 1907 for all classes of income, except income from
all other electric service, for which there was a decided
gain. Of the total income from lighting, the propor-
tion for commercial stations without meters decreased
from 4.2 per cent to 1.2 per cent, while the percentage
of the total income from stationary-motor service re-
ported for this class of stations fell from 3 per cent to
2.1 per cent; in the case of income from all other elec-
tric service, however, the percentage increased from
10.2 per cent to 15 per cent. The increase in the in-
come for this latter item is due to the fact that several
companies with long-transmission lines, a business
largely created since 1902, sold at wholesale large
quantities of current at contract rates. In the case
of the municipal stations, on the other hand, the part
of the total income from all other electric service con-
tributed by stations not equipped with meters shows
a falling off from 51.2 per cent in 1902 to 4.3 per cent
in 1907.
The income for commercial and for municipal
lighting is shown in Table 100.
Table 100. — CommerdM and municipal central electric stations —
Gross income from commercial and public lighting: 1907 and 1902.
STATIONS.
Total.
Commercial.
Municipal.
Lighting. 1907
$125,755,114
100,337,434
25,417,680
70, 138, 147
50,368,173
19,769,974
79.3
92.2
28.6
$112,714,851
92,942,447
19,772,404
63,389,284
47,259,711
16, 129, 573
77.8
96.7
16.4
113,040,263
7,394,987
5,646,276
6,748,863
3, 108, 462
3,640,401
93.2
Conimcrcial
Public
Ligliting, 1902
Public .
Per cent of increase:
Total
Commercial
137. 9
Public. .
55 1
By public lighting in this report is meant the light-
ing of streets, parks, public buildings, and all other
public places for the illumination of which the munici-
pality or other governmental division exercising
municipal functions is responsible, irrespective of
whether such service was rendered by commercial
or municipal stations; while commercial lighting
embraces all lighting which is furnished to individuals,
firms, etc., by either the commercial or the municipal
stations.
The income from commercial lighting formed 79.8
per cent of the total income for all kinds of lighting
in 1907 and 71.8 per cent in 1902, while the corre-
sponding proportions for public lighting were 20.2
per cent and 28.2 per. cent, respectively. Thus the
percentage for commercial lighting was larger by 8
per cent in 1907 than in 1902 and the percentage
for public lighting correspondingly smaller. Both
the actual and the percentage of increase were
much greater for commercial than for public
lighting. It is apparent from Table 100 that
during the period between the two censuses com-
mercial lighting made much more rapid progress than
public lighting.
The extent to which the income from lighting is
confined to a few states is shown in Table 101.
86
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 101.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FROM COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC LIGHTING, FOR
15 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902.
Total Jor United States.
Total for 15 selected states.
New York
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Massachusetts
California
Ohio
New Jersey
Missouri
Michigan
Indiana
Texas
Minnesota
Colorado
Washington
Iowa
1907
1125,755,114
98,183,606
24,296,438
12,081,602
10,278,668
8,543,327
8,111,012
6,282,861
5,123,926
4,116,409
3, 848, 797
3, 457, 753
3,066,994
2, 700, 959
2,181,310
2,078,156
2,015,394
1902
J70, 138, 147
55,045,472
12,920,807
8,321,766
5,849,351
5,263,113
3,305,318
3,873,339
2,799,961
1,954,562
2,285,995
1,916,135
1,753,681
1,615,766
1,209,760
586, 274
1,389,644
COMMERCIAL UOHTING.
1907
$100,337,434
78,494,819
20, 430, 168
8,790,425
8,078,661
6,315,999
7, 220, 210
4,577,668
3,700,863
3,578,819
2,958,391
2,572,206
2,745,418
2,193,540
1,921,459
1,838,208
1,572,784
1902
»50,368,173
39, 173, 239
9,359,493
6,557,115
4,094,781
3,555,731
2,737,430
2,480,638
1,696,783
1,610,820
1,631,983
1,160,712
1,494,712
1,267,424
984,325
602,148
1,039,144
PUBLIC LIGHTING.
1907
$25,417,680
19,688,787
3,866,270
3,291,177
2,200,007
2,227,328
890,802
1,705,193
1,423,063
537,590
890,406
885,547
321,576
507,419
259,851
239,948
442,610
1902
$19,769,974
15,872,233
3,561,314
2,764,651
1,754,570
1,707,382
567,888
1,. 392, 701
1,103,178
343, 742
654,012
755,428
258,969
348,342
225,435
84,128
350,500
The bulk of the income from lighting, 78.1 per cent
in 1907 and 78.5 per cent in 1902, was reported by the
stations in the 15 states shown in the table. So large
a part of the total income is reported by these states
that no great difference between the rates of increase
for the whole United States and for the 15 states to-
gether is to be expected. For the United States the
increases were as follows: Total, 79.3 per cent; com-
mercial lighting, 99.2 per cent; pubhc hghting, 28.6 per
cent. The corresponding increases for tlie 15 states
were 78.4 per cent, 100.4 per cent, and 24 per cent.
In the report for 1902 a statement was prepared
showing the total number of arc and of incandescent
lamps, together with the separate income derived from
each of the two classes of service, and the average in-
come per lamp based upon these figures. The material
for a corresponding statement for 1907 is wanting, on
account of the fact that to a great extent the different
stations have discontinued keeping accounts giving
these data because of the general adoption of the meter
system of selling electricity and the fact that it is no
longer necessary for the company to know the number
of lamps served. Not only is it often impossible to as-
certain the separate income for arc and for incandes-
cent lamps, but there is also no way of finding out the
extent to which the electric current supplied from the
same wire and measured by the same meters has been
used for small fan motors and for other miscellaneous
purposes. Furthermore, the number of lamps called
for in 1907 was the number wired for service on the last
day of the year covered by the report, and not, as in
1902, the number in service. In order that some idea
may be had of the relative income per lamp at the two
censuses, however, a number of reports in which
complete answers appear to have been made were se-
lected and tabulated, and the results, together with the
figures as published in 1902 for all commercial central
stations in the United States, are presented in the fol-
lowing statement :
Commercial central electric stations — Average income from lamps as
reported in 1902, and as obtained from 110 selected reports in 1907.
COMMERCIAL STATIONS.
For 110
selected
stations in
1907.
For all
stations in
1902.
Arc lamps:
Commercial lighting-
62, 426
$2, 496, 837
$40.00
49,900
$3,471,622
$69.57
8,841,206
$17,532,593
$1.98
112,062
$426, 202
$3.80
168,180
$8. 220, 154
Average income per lamp
$48 88
Public lighting-
Number of lamps
166,723
$13,871,646
Average income per lamp
$83 20
Incandescent lamps:
Commercial lighting-
Number of lamps
16.243,853
$39,039,557
Average income per lamp
$2 40
Public lighting-
Number of lamps
372,740
$2, 267, 927
Income
$6,06
In selecting the 110 reports used as a basis for an
average in 1907, ten reports were taken from each of
the following states as fairly representative of the dif-
ferent sections of the United States: California, IIU-
nois, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wiscon-
sin. Owing to the incomplete character of the data
upon which the figures for 1907 are based, they should
not be accepted as giving the exact price of lighting,
but merely as showing that there is a general and un-
mistakable tendency toward a lower cost for electric
lighting.
Stationary-motor service was second in importance
as a source of income, and the states for which in 1907
an income of over $500,000 was reported are shown in
Table 102.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
87
Table 102. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Gross income from stationary-motor service, for 14 selected states:
1907 and 1902.
STATIONARY-MOTOR
SERVICE.
1907
1902
Total for United States. . .
$28,511,550
$9,910,217
Total for 14 selected states . . .
22,728,096
7,771,683
New York
6,688,401
3,826,462
2,445,280
2,101,320
1,519,708
1,054,076
985,5%
963,669
951,83fr
873, 081
682,028
568,199
536,622
531,818
2,396.046
1,228,099
Illinois
763, 764
640, 948
Massacliusetts ...
744, 879
Ohio
407,901
Missouri
402, 937
32,881
Colorado
343, 559
173, 881
New Jersey
258,055
120,435
Minnesota
191, 432
66,866
Both for 1907 and 1902 the income from stationary-
motor service for the 14 states shown in Table 102 was
approximately four-fifths of the total for all states and
territories, their proportion in 1907 being slightly
greater than at the previous census. That New York,
the leading state in population and in value of manu-
factui-es, with its great water power, should lead also
in the income from stationary-motor service is not un-
expected, but that California, which at the census of
1900 stood only twenty-first in population and twelfth
in value of manufactures, should be easily second in
income from this source is surprising, and shows that
the use of electric current is more general in that state
than elsewhere. It is worthy of mention that notwith-
standing the large actual increase in the income from
motor service for New York, that state's proportion of
the total income for such service fell from 24.2 per cent
in 1902 to 20 per cent in 1907; while that for California
increased from 12.4 per cent to 13.4 per cent during the
same time. The largest proportional increases in the
income from motor service are those for Montana,
which increased more than twenty-nine fokl, and for
Washington, which increased nearly eightfold.
Several states not mentioned in Table 102 show
large increases in the income from motor service from
1902 to 1907. The figures for these states in the order
of their importance are presented in the following
tabular statement:
South Carolina
Connecticut...
Texas
Oregon
Maryland
Maine
Iowa
Wisconsin
Kansas
Kentuclcy
STATIONART-MOTOE
SEE VICE.
1907
$432,384
407,577
376,897
375,306
349,059
284, 627
261,202
253,087
224,224
220,061
1902
$169, 353
155, 732
203,859
89,942
91,437
92,032
78,180
75,992
48,558
92,401
There appears to be no satisfactory way of ascer-
taining the average cost per kilowatt for motor serv-
ice, since the conditions under which the income was
obtained differed widely, not only as to the manner of
charges, whether by meter, flat rate, or in bulk, but
because of the variations in the length of service, and
the certainty that the total kilowatts reported represent
a large amount of idle or inactive dynamo capacity,
while on the other hand many stations selling a large
part of the electrical energy in bulk were unable to
report the kilowatt capacity of the stationary motors
used by the customers to whom the current was de-
livered. The capacity of the stationary motors both
in 1907 and 1902 was reported in units of horsepower
which, by being reduced to kilowatts, shows a total
of 1,230,173 in 1907, and 326,752 in 1902. Using the
figures as reported with their known failure to repre-
sent accurate totals, but assuming, for purposes of
comparison, that the element of error was about equal
at the two censuses, the average income per kilowatt
capacity of stationary motors was less in 1907 than
in 1902, the actual figures being $23.18 per kilowatt
and $30.33 per kilowatt for the two censuses, respec-
tively.
Next in order of importance to income from light-
ing and from stationary -motor service was the income
from the sale of current to electric railways and to other
electric companies. In Table 103 the income from
all other electric service is classified into that from cur-
rent sold to electric railways, that from current sold
to other electric companies, and that from current
sold for miscellaneous purposes, such as charging
automobiles, operating fans, electric heating, cook-
ing, welding, etc.
Table 103.— COMMERCIAL AND
MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-
ELECTRIC SERVICE:" 1907 AND 1902.
-GROSS INCOME FROM "ALL OTHER
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MtlNICIPAL.
SODRCE OF INCOME.
1907
1902
Per cent
of
Increase.
1907
1902
Per cent
of
increase.
1907
1902
Per cent
of
increase
Total
$15,348,027
$4,138,241
270.9
$15,290,229
$4,120,788
271.1
$57,798
$17,45S
Current sold to electric railways
7,841,497
5,519,746
1,986,784
2,304,515
1,727,112
100,614
240.3
219.6
1,763.5
7,829,275
5, 513,. 302
1,947,652
2,301,343
1,723,427
96,018
240.2
219.9
1,928.4
12,222
G. 444
39, 132
3,172
3,685
10,590
285 3
Miscellaneous electric service
269 3
88
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
In 1907, of the total income from "All other electric
service," 87.1 per cent was from current sold to electric-
railway companies and to other electric companies as
compared with 97.4 per cent in 1902. It appears,
therefore, that notwithstanding the increase of 231.4
per cent in the total for such sales, the gain was propor-
tionately less than that for the current sold for miscel-
laneous purposes. The income from this latter source
increased from $106,614 in 1902 to $1,986,784 in 1907,
or more than eighteenfold. More than two-thirds of
this miscellaneous income was reported by stations
in the state of New York, and most of it represented
current sold for manufacturing purposes, much of
which was sold to manufacturers using the electro-
lytic process. The continued cheapening of electric
power and its growing popularity resulting from the
wide range of uses to which it may be put, the ease
with which it is made available, its cleanliness and
convenience, and the quickness with which it may be
applied or discontinued, together with its constantly
increasing uses, indicate that the next census will show
a greatly increased use of electrical energy' for miscel-
laneous purposes.
Both in 1907 and in 1902 the proportion of the
earnings from "All other electric service " derived from
current sold to electric railways exceeded that from
current sold to other electric companies.
The income from current sold to electric railways
and to other electric companies is shown in Table 104
for the 12 states, each of which reported an income of
more than $100,000 for the former character of service
in 1907.
Table 104.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FROM CURRENT SOLD
TO ELECTRIC RAILWAYS AND TO OTHER ELECTRIC COMPANIES, FOR 12 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902.
Total for United States
Total tor 12 selected states.
New York
California
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Michigan
Washington
Missouri
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Texas
Oregon
Indiana
1907
113,361,243
11,109,212
2,748.057
1,940,894
1,752,933
1,174,879
958,753
007,980
573, 478
532, 692
290,971
187,276
179,518
155, 781
1902
14,031,627
2,873,422
1,356,819
430, 602
78,513
370,299
63,661
99,600
2,651
237,817
75,684
100,043
51,000
733
INCOME FROM CURRENT
SOLD TO ELECTRIC RAIL-
WAYS.
1907
$7,841,497
6,943,834
1,168,700
1,396,735
1,604,328
901,564
277,115
143, 183
477,784
288,638
217,361
187,276
167,072
114,078
1902
$2,304,515
1,549.079
389,829
183,986
64,360
324,749
55,830
86,588
2,651
226,547
71,586
91,220
51,000
733
INCOME FROM CURRENT
SOLD TO OTHER ELECTRIC
COMPANIES.
1907
4.165,378
1,579,357
550, 159
148,605
273,315
681,638
464,797
95,694
244,054
73,610
12, 446
41,703
1902
»5, 519.746 11,727,112
1,324,343
966,990
246,616
14, 153
45,550
7,831
13,012
11,270
4,098
14,823
Of the total income for the two classes of service,
83.1 per cent in 1907 and 71.3 per cent in 1902 was
contributed by the 12 states for which figures are
shown in the table. In both years the income from
current sold to electric railways exceeded that from
current sold to other electric companies both for the
United States and for the 12 states together. The 12
states increased their proportion of the total income
from current sold to electric railways from 67.2 per
cent in 1902 to 88.6 per cent in 1907; but the propor-
tion of the total income from current sold to other
electric companies reported by them declined from
76.7 per cent to 75.5 per cent. Several of the states —
the most notable of which are Illinois, California, New
York, Missouri, and Indiana — show remarkable gains
in the income from current sold to electric railways,
while Michigan and Washington show remarkable in-
creases in the income from current sold to other electric
companies.
Through the selection of states with reference to the
income from the sale of current to electric railways,
several were omitted which in 1907 reported an income
of more than $100,000 from current sold to other elec-
tric companies, as follows: Georgia, $204,654; Utah,
$203,587; Montana, $188,529; Colorado, $154,412; and
Connecticut, $122,973.
An analysis of the income from miscellaneous service
is given in Table 105.
Table 105- — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Income from electric service other than that for lighting, motor service,
and current sold to railways and to other electric companies: 1907.
KIND OF SERVICE.
Total..
Electric heating, cooking, welding, etc
Charging automobiles
Running lans
Heating irons
Furnishing current for moving-picture shows. .
Charging batteries, motor boats, etc
Furnishing current for signs
Not specified
other miscellaneous '
Total.
SI, 986,784
271,591
154,747
197,736
17,636
2,195
696
10,121
231,858
,100,204
Commer-
cial.
$1,947,652
265,241
153,459
172,746
14,451
1,529
696
10.121
230.010
1,099,399
Munici-
pal.
$39,132
6,350
1,288
24,990
3,185
1.848
805
1 A very small part of this amount was for current used to operate motors, but the
income was mostly derived from current sold to electrolytic, electrochemical, or
electrothermal plants for the production of aluminum, carborundum, carbide of' cal-
cium, caustic soda, etc.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
89
The income from electric heating, cooking, welding,
etc. , and the income from charging automobiles were the
only items in Table 105 which were specifically asked for
in the schedule, and the remaining items represent a
tabulation of amounts reported by companies which in
answering the inquiry in reference to income from all
other electric service specified the exact nature of the
service. It is not believed that any of these items
fully represents the actual earnings from the specific
service. The introduction of the meter system of
measuring the current used has, as before stated,
tended to render it impracticable to distinguish be-
tween the use of current for fighting and for various
other purposes in cases where the service is from the
same wire and the total amount of electrical energy
is recorded by the same meter.
EXPENSES.
The items of expense, the statistics for which are
shown in the following tables, include salaries and
wages of employees; supplies and materials used in
connection with the operation of the plants; the cost
of such supplies and materials as were sold and the
proceeds reported under income; the cost of fuel; the
amount expended for the purchase of power; and other
miscellaneous expenses, which include such items as
taxes, ordinary repairs to buildings and machinery,
rent of stations, line-wire supports, insurance, injuries
and damages, advertising, legal expenses, interest,
and in fact all other expenses not elsewhere reported.
It does not, however, include interest on bonds, as did
the report for 1902.
The items of expense for the commercial and munic-
ipal stations are shown in Table 106.
The proportions of the total expenses reported by the
two classes of stations show but little variation at the
two censuses. In 1907 the commercial stations re-
ported 91.4 percent of the total, a decrease of one-tenth
of 1 per cent from the corresponding proportion for
1902, while the municipal stations reported 8.6 per
cent of the total. The percentages of increase were
greater for the latter class of stations, except for power
purchased and for rent and other miscellaneous ex-
penses.
Table 106.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES: 1907 AND 1902.
Census.
Total.
Commercial.
Municipal.
PER CENT OF
TOTAL.
PEK CENT or INCREASE.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
Total.
Commer-
cial.
Munici-
pal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
4,714
3,620
$106,205,149
55,457,830
35,420,324
20,646,692
14,326,351
9,149,664
23,057,745
11,635,509
7,074,472
2,130,759
26,326,257
11,895,206
3,462
2,805
$97,037,961
50,716,648
31,935,309
18,766,970
12, 969, 731
8,296,763
19,824,962
10, 189, 685
6,696,188
. 2,007,193
25,611,771
11,456,037
1,252
815
$9, 167, 188
4,741,182
3.485,015
1,879,722
1,356,620
852,901
3,232,783
1,445,824
378,284
123,566
714,486
439, 169
73.4
77.5
91.4
91.5
90.2
90.9
90. S
90.7
86.0
87.6
94.7
94.2
97.3
96.3
26.6
22.5
8.6
8.5
9.8
9.1
9.5
9.3
14.0
12.4
5.3
5.8
2.7
3.7
30.2
23.4
53.6
91.5
91.3
93.4
71.6
70.2
85.4
56.6
56.3
59.1
98.2
94.6
123.6
232.0
233.6
206.1
121.3
123.6
62.7
The proportion that each item of expense bears to
the total is shown in Table 107.
Table 107. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations —
Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902.
TOTAL.
COMMERCIAL.
MUNiaPAL.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
33.4
13.6
21.7
6.7
24.8
37.2
16.5
21.0
3.8
21.4
32.9
13.4
20.4
6.9
26.4
37.0
16.4
20.1
4.0
22.6
38.0
14.8
35.3
4.1
7.8
39.6
Cost of supplies and materials..
18.0
30.5
Power purchased
2.6
Miscellaneous expenses
9.3
Table 107 shows that salaries and wages formed the
largest proportion of the total expenses, being upward
of one-third of the total at both censuses. Miscella-
neous expenses, including rents, taxes, insurance, etc.,
was second in importance, forming nearly one-fourth
of the total expenses in 1907 and more than one-fifth
in 1902. The cost of fuel was of nearly equal impor-
tance with the last-mentioned item, and represented
nearly the same proportion of the total at each of the
two censuses. The cost of supplies and materials
includes the amount expended during tlie year for
such articles as meters, motors, transformers, lamps
and fittings, poles or other supports, and wire and
cable, etc., which were used in connection with the
operation of the station or for ordinary repairs and
replacements. It does not, however, include the cost
of such of these articles as were used for new construc-
tion or for extension or additions to the plant or
equipment. It also includes the cost of such of these
articles as were sold, and the proceeds reported by the
90
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
company as an income, rent of water privileges for
water wheels or turbines, and freight on material
which was not included in the cost. The cost of power
purchased was the least important class of expense,
representing only 6.7 per cent of the total in 1907, but
Table 108.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES: 1907 AND 1902.
shows the largest proportionate increase of any of the
items contained in the table.
The distribution of expenses between the purely
electric and the composite stations is shown in Table
108.
Number of stations
Total expenses
Salaries and wages
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Miscellaneous expenses
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
4,ni
3,620
$106,205,149
55,467,830
35,420.324
20,646,692
14,326.351
9,149,664
23,057,745
11,635,509
7,074,472
2, 130, 759
26,326,257
11,895,206
Purely
electric.
2,648
2,139
»63,490,I75
37,272,578
20.914,204
13,891,426
8,290.513
6,090,750
12,476.568
7, 433, 874
4,959.519
1,521,654
16,849,371
8,334,874
Composite.
t42,
18,
2,066
1,481
714,974
185,252
.,506,120
i, 755, 266
1,035,838
;, 058. 914
1,681.177
,201,635
1,114,953
609,105
1,476,880
1,560,332
FEB CENT OP TOTAL.
Purely
electric.
56.2
59.1
69.8
67.2
59.0
67.3
57.9
66.6
54.1
63.9
70.1
71.4
64.0
70.1
Com-
posite.
43.8
40.9
40.2
32.8
41.0
32.7
42.1
33.4
45.9
36.1
29.9
28.6
36.0
29.9
PER CENT OF INCBEASE.
Total.
Purely
electric.
Com-
posite.
30.2
23.8
39.5
91.5
70.3
134.9
71.6
50.6
114.7
56.6
36.1
97.3
98.2
67.8
151.8
232.0
225.9
247.2
121.3
102.1
166.2
All the items of expense showed larger percentages
of increase for the composite stations than for the
purely electric stations, a condition similar to that
which was shown in Table 85 for income. The pro-
portion that the composite stations form of the total
number was greater in 1907 than in 1902, but the pro-
portion of the total expenses that was reported by this
class showed a still larger increase. It is noteworthy
that the composite stations show their smallest propor-
tion of the total of the various items for power pur-
chased. This is natural, as many of them owe their
existence to the fact that there is a surplus of primary
power from some other industry which is harnessed to a
dynamo for the generation of electrical energy. For
each item of expense the proportion chargeable to the
purely electric stations was less in 1907 than in 1902.
The proportion that each item of expense is of the
total for the purely electric and the composite central
electric stations is shown in Table 109.
Table 109. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations —
Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902.
TOTAL.
PURELY
ELECTRIC.
COMPOSITE.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total expenses
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Salaries and wages
33.4
13.6
21.7
6.7
24.8
37.2
16.5
21.0
3.8
21.4
32.9
13.1
19.7
7.8
26.5
37.3
16.3
19.9
4.1
22.4
34.0
14.1
24.8
5.0
22.2
37.1
Cost of supplies and materials. .
Cost of fuel. ..
16.8
23.1
3.3
Miscellaneous expenses. . .
19.6
The proportion of the total expenses represented
by salaries and wages, which formed about one-third
of the total expenses for both the purely electric and
the composite stations, and by the cost of supplies and
materials, which formed rather more than one-eighth
for each class, shows a decrease in 1907 as compared
with 1902. The proportionate cost of fuel remained
nearly constant for both classes of stations. For each
of the two classes of stations miscellaneous expenses
formed a greater proportion of the total expenses in
1907 than in 1902, the gain being the larger for the
purely electric stations, for which it formed more than
one-fourth of the total expenses in 1907. This latter
class of stations also reported much the greater in-
crease in the proportion represented by the cost of
power purchased, which nearly doubled between 1902
and 1907.
The expenses of stations, classified according to the
kind of primary power used and the percentages of in-
crease, are shown in Tables 110 and 111.
Although the expenses of the stations operated by
steam power exclusively show an increase of 74.6 per
cent, the percentage of the total expenses reported for
this class of stations shows a decrease of 6.8 in 1907 as
compared with 1902. Only one other class of stations,
those using gas exclusively, showed a diminution in its
percentage of the total expenses at the later census as
compared with the earher. Although the expenses for
this latter class of stations show an increase of 61.7
per cent, this was the smallest increase shown for any
of the seven classes for which figures are given in
Table 110. Each of the remaining classes of stations
increased its proportion of the total expenses in 1907,
and the stations using water with other minor power
and the stations not equipped with primary power
more than doubled their proportions. Of the total in-
crease in the cost of power purchased, 56.9 per cent was
contributed by the stations without primary power,
which reported 53.2 per cent of the total cost of power
in 1907 as compared with 44.5 per cent in 1902.
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
91
Table 110.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES,
POWER USED: 1907 AND 1902.
BY KIND OF PRIMARY
Number of stations
Total expenses
Salaries and wages
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Miscellaneous expenses ,
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
4,
3,
$106,205,
55,457,
35. 420.
20,646,
14,326,
9,149,
23,057.
11,635,
7,074,
2,130,
26,326,
11,895,
324
Steam
exclusively.
»74, 178,
42, 492,
Steam with
other minor
power.
Water
exclusively.
24,120,
15, 462,
9,594.
7. .360,
19.480,
10, 126,
2,589,
532,
18,393,
9,010,
$5,147,!
2,228,(
1,807.
798.
087
066
817,!
.368.1
1.377.
596,
160,
64,
984.
401,
474
315
972.066
448, 675
173.107
193,781
801.852
303,496
26, 844
5,511
108,823
284, 298
,861,440
661,589
Water with
other minor
power.
61
20
$1,536,930
342,327
622,989
196.698
175.232
20,295
184, 569
7,602
10,703
720
543,437
117,012
Water and
and steam.
Gas
exclusively.
360
275
$12,234,923
5,675,249
4,630,594
2,399,751
2,229,294
887,737
1,716,574
832,601
433.535
193,523
3,224,926
1,361,637
Stations
without
primary-
power
equipment.
180
61
$710,849
439,650
166,379
94,275
55,845
192,835
60,520
7,597
107,132
117,284 !
49,774
$7,423,812
1,830,733
1,767,510
428,906
613,470
153,273
78,826
6,456
3,763,365
948, 184
1,200,641
293, 914
Table 111.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT INCREASE OF EXPENSES,
BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED: 1907.
Number of stations
Total expenses
Salaries and wages
Cost of supplies and materials.
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Miscellaneous expenses
Total.
30.2
91.5
71.6
56.6
98.2
232.0
121.3
Steam
exclu-
sively.
18.7
74.6
66.0
30.4
92.4
386.1
104.1
Steam
with
other
minor
power.
116.3
131.0
126.3
121.7
131.1
150.4
145.5
Water
exclu-
sively.
60.5
103.1
82.0
164.2
387.1
161.7
181.4
Water
with
other
minor
power.
205.0
349.0
216.7
763.4
2,327.9
1,386.5
364. 4
Water
and
steam.
30.9
115.6
93.0
151.1
106.2
124.0
136.8
Gas ex-
clusively.
252.9
61.7
79.6
68.8
218.6
I 92. 9
135.6
Stations
without
primary-
power
equip-
ment.
68.0
305.5
312.0
312.1
1,121.0
296.9
308.5
1 Decrease.
For the separate items of expense the percentages of
gains or losses \&ry so surprisingly that they can only
be accounted for by a transfer of stations from one
group to another by reason of changes in or addition
to their primary power. There is no doubt that many
changes of this character have taken place since 1902,
as a result of which stations reported in one class at
that census are shown in another class in 1907; and the
totals, therefore, in Table 110, although showing exist-
ing conditions at each census, may not correctly por-
tray the increase in the sense in which this term is
generally applied.
The percentages which the several items of expense
form of the total for each class of stations are shown in
Table 112.
Table 112.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF
TOTAL EXPENSES FOR EACH KIND OF POWER USED, BY ITEMS OF EXPENSE: 1907 AND 1902.
Total expenses
Salaries and wages
Cost of supplies and materials
Cost of fuel
Power purchased
Miscellaneous e-xpenses
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
100.0
100.0
33.4
37.2
13.5
16.5
21.7
21.0
6.7
3.8
24.8
21.4
Steam
Steam with
exclu- other
sively. minor
power.
100.0
lOO.O
32.5
36.4
12.9
17.3
26.3
23.8
3.5
1.3
24.8
21.2
100.0
100.0
35.1
35.8
15.9
16.6
26.8
26.7
3.1
2.9
19.1
18.0
Water
exclu-
sively.
100.0
100.0
43.7
48.8
16.1
12.4
0.5
0.2
2.2
11.6
37.4
27.0
Water
with
other
minor
power.
100.0
100.0
40.5
67.5
11.4
5.9
12.0
2.2
0.7
0.2
36.4
34.2
Water
and
steam.
100.0
100.0
37.8
42.3
18.2
16.6
14.0
14.7
3.6
3.4
26.4
24.0
Gas ex-
clusively
100.0
100.0
42.0
37.8
13.3
12.7
27.1
13.8
1.1
24.4
16.6
11.3
Stations
without
primary-
power
equip-
ment.
100.0
100.0
23.8
23.4
8.3
8.4
1.1
0.4
50.7
61.8
16.2
16.1
92
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Salaries and wages forms the largest item of expense
for each class of stations equipped with primary power.
That the stations having steam as the exclusive pri-
mary power showed the smallest proportionate expense
for salaries and wages, is due in a measure to the fact
that the cost of fuel forms a large item of expense for
these stations, in addition to which this class includes
a large proportion of the municipal stations for which
the expense for salaries and wages is small. The per-
centage represented by cost of supphes and materials
is reasonably uniform for the classes having primary
power. Naturally, the stations having steam power
show the largest proportionate cost of fuel. That the
stations using water power exclusively and those
classed as without primary power report fuel, may be
explained by the fact that a number of stations which
had been operated by steam in the early part of the
year had removed their steam equipment and were
operated by water power or wholly discontinued the
use of primary power at the close of the year, the date
for which the stations are classified as to kind of power
and in other respects. The per cent distribution of
expenses for the stations without primary power is
scarcely comparable with those for the other classes of
stations. About half the cost of operation of these
stations lay in power purchased.
Salaries and wages. — The employees whose remu-
neration figures in the expense tables of this report in-
clude all those engaged in operating the plant and
keeping the equipment in proper condition. The num-
ber and the salaries and wages of employees engaged
exclusively upon new work or additions and extensions
are not included, since this expense is reported as part
of the cost of construction during the year. If, how-
ever, any of the regular employees of the station who
are ordinarily engaged in the operation of the plant
were engaged a part of the time on new construction
or additions, the amount paid such employees was in-
cluded under " Salaries and wages." If rent, board, or
other allowance was furnished as part compensation it
was included in the total for salaries and wages. In the
case of composite stations it frequently happens that
such employees as general managers, clerks, engineers,
and firemen work indiscriminately for the electric sta-
tion and for the gas works or waterworks, etc., and in
these instances an estimate was made of the proportion
of salaries and wages chargeable to the electric service.
No attempt has been made in this report to show the
average wages of employees. One of the reasons for
this is that a number of stations were in operation only
a part of the year; and since these stations would show
the full normal number of employees but wages for
only that part of the year for which they were em-
ployed, the average wage as determined by dividing
the total wages paid during the year by the average
number of employees would produce results consider-
ably less than the facts would warrant. The figures
given for the average number of wage-earners repre-
sented approximately the number necessary to conduct
the plant under normal conditions, or the average cal-
culated from the weekly pay rolls of the company.
Detailed statistics of salaries and wages are presented
in Table 113.
Table H3.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- EMPLOYEES, SALARIES, AND
WAGES: 1907 AND 1902.
Total:
Number
Salaries and wages
Salaried employees:
General officers of corpora-
tions —
Number
Salaries
General managers, superin-
tendents, etc.—
Number
Salaries
Clerks and bookkeepers-
Number
Salaries
Wage-earners:
Foremen —
Average number
Wages
Inspectors—
A verage number
Wages
Engineers —
Average number
Wages
All other-
Average number
Wages
47,632
$35,420,324
1907
1,761
12,202,028
4,357
S5, 098, 236
6,872
S4, 473, 523
1,434
SI, 527, 494
894
$697,097
5,857
14,453,378
26,457
»17,008,568
1902
1,416
$1,465,471
2,564
$2,481,278
3,016
$1,716,831
1,000
$953, 738
571
$415,904
4,587
$3,259,870
17,172
$10,353,600
42,066
$31,935,309
COMMERCIAL.
1907
26,909
$18,766,970
1,761
$2,202,028
3,268
$4,243,307
6,346
$4,293,620
1,344
$1,446,048
860
$668,465
4,446
$3,484,231
24,041
$15,597,610
1902
1907
5,666
$3,485,015
1,416
$1,465,471
1,875
$2,088,298
2,755
$1,652,430
943
$910,972
546
$397,983
3,743
$2,721,127
15,631
$9,530,689
1,089
$814,929
526
$179,903
90
$81,446
34
$28,632
1,411
$969, 147
2,416
$1,410,958
1902
3,417
$1,879,722
$392,980
261
$64,401
57
$42, 766
25
$17,921
844
$538,743
1,541
$822,911
FEB CENT OF INCREASE.
Total.
57.1
71.6
24.4
50.3
103.9
127.9
160.6
43.4
60.2
56.6
67.6
27.7
54.1
64.3
Com-
mercial.
56.3
70.2
24.4
50.3
74.3
103.2
130.3
159.8
42.5
58.7
57.5
68.0
18.8
28.0
53.8
63.7
Munic-
ipal.
62.9
85.4
58.1
107.4
101.5
179.3
57.9
90.4
36.0
59.8
67.2
79.9
56.8
71.5
PER CENT OP TOTAL.
Commercial.
Municipal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
88.3
90.2
88.7
90.9
11.7
9.8
11.3
9.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
75.0
83.9
73.1
84.2
92.3
96.0
91.3
96.2
93.7
94.7
94.3
95.5
96.2
95.9
95.6
95.7
75.9
78.2
81.6
83.5
90.9
91.7
91.0
92.1
25.0
16.1
7.7
4.0
6.3
5.3
3.8
4.1
24.1
21.8
9.1
8.3
26.9
15.8
8.7
3.8
5.7
4.5
4.4
4.3
18.4
16.5
9.0
7.9
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
93
Table 113 shows that of the total number of em-
ployees of electric light and power stations in 1907,
the municipal stations employed 11.7 per cent. For
the same year the proportion of the gross income
reported by tliis class of stations, as given in Table 83,
was 8 per cent. Thus the number of employees of
the municipal stations is greater in proportion to their
income than in the case of the commercial stations.
This does not hold for all classes of employees, but is
conspicuously true for general managers, superin-
tendents, etc., among the salaried employees, and for
the engineers among the wage-earners. The large
number of the latter class is probably due to the fact
that in the small stations which so largely predomi-
nate in the municipal stations the same employee
often performs a number of different kinds of work,
and the man, among his other iluties, might have
operated the engine, and hence would be reported as
an engineer.
A comparison of the number of employees and their
earnings in 1902 and 1907 shows a greater relative
increase in the case of the municipal than in that of
the commercial stations, although the actual increases
for the commercial and for the municipal stations
should be considered in connection with this state-
ment.
The commercial stations reported approximately
seven-eighths of the total number of employees in
1907 and about nine-tenths of the total amount
expended for salaries and wages. This appears to
indicate that in general the commercial stations pay
their employees more liberally than do the municipal
stations. This difference holds for both salaried em-
ployees and wage-earners, but is most marked in the
case of the former. In 1907 the commercial stations
reported 87.6 per cent of the total salaried employees
and 91.5 per cent of the total salaries. There are two
reasons for this difference. In the first place there
are connected with the municipal stations no corpo-
ration officials who, in the commercial stations, re-
ceive the highest salaries of any of the employees.
And secondly, many municipal stations reported sal-
aried employees whose time was partly given to other
public utilities of the municipality, and only a por-
tion of whose salaries was charged to the operation of
the electric station. Similar conditions are, to a greater
or less extent, applicable to the wage-earners of the
municipal stations, since many of them give part of
their time only to the work of the electric plant.
Supplies and materials. — Details of the cost of sup-
plies and materials, together with the cost of power
purchased, are shown in Table 114.
Table 114.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS:
1907 AND 1902.
■
TOTAL.
COHMERCIAI,.
MUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OF INCREASE.
PER CENT
OF TOTAL.
Commercial.
Municipal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Com-
mercial.
Munic-
ipal.
1907
1902
1907
1002
Total cost
$21,400,823
$11,280,423'
$19,665,919
$10,303,956
$1,734,904
$976,467
89.7
90.9
77.7
91.9
91.3
8.1
8.7
Meters:
31,900
$426,625
4,646
$278,410
6,762
$337,706
$3,191,252
$762,593
$1,698,205
$757,379
$1,769,109
$7,074,472
$386,552
$4,436,728
$281,792
27,632
$416,994
602
$30,099
13,288
$365,028
$1,507,249
$177,236
$1,466,852
$346,587
$1,152,915
$2,130,759
$2, 566, .341
$1,120,363
28,024
$378,432
4.522
$270,661
5,468
$288,586
$3,042,738
$676,339
$1,456,927
$701,081
$1,623,078
$6,696,188
$351,443
$3, 993, 181
$187,265
25,739
$390,569
572
$29,202
7,843
$326,407
$1,426,224
$154,517
$1,263,528
$319,617
$1,081,380
$2,007,193
m
$2,365,807
$939,512
3,876
$48, 193
124
$7, 749
1,294
$49, 120
$148,514
$86,254
$241,278
$56,298
$146, 031
$378,284
$35,109
$443,547
$94,527
1,893
$26,425
30
$897
5,445
$38,621
$81,025
$22,719
$203,324
$26,970
$71,535
$123,566
(=)
$200,534
$180,851
15.4
2.3
671.8
825.0
149.1
17.5
111.7
330.3
15.8
118.5
53.4
232.0
8.9
■3.1
690.6
826.9
130.3
111.6
113.3
337.7
15.3
119.4
50.1
233.6
104.8
82.4
313.3
763.9
176.2
27.2
83.3
279.7
18.7
108.7
104.1
206.2
87.8
88.7
97.3
97.2
80.9
85.5
95.3
88.7
85.8
92.6
91.7
94.7
90.9
90.0
66.5
93.1
93.7
95.0
97.0
59.0
89.4
94.6
87.2
86.1
92.2
93.8
94.2
■■92.'2'
83.9
12.2
11.3
2.7
2.8
19.1
14.5
4.7
11.3
14.2
7.4
8.3
5.3
9.1
10.0
33.5
6.9
6.3
Motors:
Number
5.0
Cost
3.0
Transformers:
Number
4i.e
Cost
10. «
Incandpscent lamps . .
5.4
Lamp fittings, etc. (except for arc
lamps).
12.8
Carbons, globes, hoods, and other
supplies for arc lamps and re-
13.9
Poles and other supports .
7.8
6.2
5.8
Rent or water privileges for water
All other materials
72.9
.74.8
68.8
180.1
121.2
147.7
7.8
Freight, not included in cost of
16.1
1 Decrease.
' Not reported separately in 1902.
The total cost of supplies, materials, etc., shows a
somewhat larger percentage of increase than do sala-
ries and wages, and the commercial stations show a
larger per cent of increase in the total cost of supplies
and materials than do the municipal stations. The
commercial stations reported a smaller amount as
paid for meters and transformers in 1907 than in 1902.
The amounts reported for these two items at the two
censuses are of doubtful value for purposes of com-
parison, because of the uncertainty as to whether
94
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
the questions were answered witli the same under-
standmg as to their meaning. In connection with tlie
canvass of 1907 it was found that many stations had
included, under suppHes and materials, the cost of
meters and transformers that had been used in connec-
tion with new work and which should have been
reported under the cost of construction during the
year. In 1902, when the first census of electric sta-
tions was taken, errors of this kind may have been
overlooked, for it seems improbable that, in view of
the increased use of meters and the general replace-
ment of small and worn-out transformers by larger
and better ones, the total cost of these machines,
which could properly be classed as "Cost of supplies
and materials," should be less in 1907 than 1902.
For purposes of comparison the amounts reported as
paid for freight in 1907 and 1902 are of no value, be-
cause of the fact that some stations keep a separate
account of freight charges and others reckon these
charges in with the cost of supplies received. Thus
the amounts reported are simply such part of the
total freight charges as were kept separate from the
cost of supplies and materials.
Of all the different items included under expendi-
tures for supplies and materials, the cost of motors
shows the largest j)ercentage of increase. The amount
paid for incandescent lamps more than doubled, and
the amount paid for fittings for lamps of this character
shows a still larger percentage of increase. The
amount paid for carbons, globes, etc., for arc lamps
was but little more in 1907 than in 1902.
Fuel. — The cost of fuel, which is reported as a sin-
gle item in the foregoing tables of this report, is shown
in detail in Table 115.
Table H5. -COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF FUEL: 1907 AND 1902.
TOTAL.
COIIUERCIAL.
MUNICIPAL.
PER CENT OP TOTAL.
Commercial.
Municipal.
1907
1902
1907
1
1902
1907
1902
Total.
Com-
mer-
cial.
Munic-
ipal.
1907
1902
1907
1902
Total
»23,057,745
$11,635,509
$19,824,962
$10,189,685
$3,232,783
$1,445,824
98.2
94.6
123.6
88.0
87.6
14.0
12.4
Coal
19,681,212
2,171,547
9,943,125
721,838
254,269
28.f.54
687,623
16.780,874
2,043,000
259,181
194.816
547,091
8,749,394
700, 136
220,460
20,135
499,560
2,900,338
128,547
40,467
1,193,731
21,702
33,809
8,519
188,063
97.9
200.8
17.8
579.9
3.3
91.8
191.8
17.6
867.5
9.5
143.0
492.3
19.7
I'ij.i'
85.3
94.1
86.5
100.0
77.0
88.0
97.0
86.7
70.3
72.7
14.7
5.9
13.5
■23.0'
12.0
3.0
299,648
194,816
710,522
13 3
Manufactured gas
All other fuel
29.7
163,431
27 3
' Decrease.
Both in 1902 and 1907 approximately seven teen-
twentieths of the total cost of fuel reported represented
the cost of coal. Crude petroleum was next in im-
portance, the percentage which the cost of this fuel
represented of the total cost increasing from 6.2 in
1902 to 9.4 in 1907. The cost of the three remaining
classes of fuel shown formed but 5.2 per cent of the
total cost of fuel in 1907 as compared with 8.3 per
cent in 1902.
All of the amount paid in 1907 for manufactured gas
was reported by the commercial stations, but for
natural gas the proportion of the total represented by
each of the two classes of stations at the two censuses
varied but little from the proportions shown for coal.
The use of crude petroleum appears to have been
chiefly confined to the commercial stations, which
reported 94.1 per cent of the total cost of this kind of
fuel reported in 1907 and 97 per cent in 1902.
The states in which the central stations reported an
exj)enditurefor coal amounting to more than $1,000,000
were as follows: New York, $2,980,946; Illinois,
$1,997,418; Pennsylvania, $1,899,829; Massachusetts,
$1,344,354; and Oliio, $1,215,778. The states in
which the stations reported more than $100,000 as
spent for crude petroleum were: California, $945,251;
Texas, $728,343; and Arizona, $167,922. Among the
largest users of natural gas, with the amount spent
for this fuel in 1907, were: Ohio, $83,979; Pennsyl-
vania, $67,923; Kansas, $52,424; Oklahoma, $29,557;
and West Virginia, $29,401. No large amount was
reported by any. state as spent for manufactured gas,
except by California, the stations in which sta*e
reported $150,407 or 77.2 per cent of the total amount
reported for this class of fuel. Expenditures for "All
other fuel," while general among the stations in the
various states, were largest in those states having an
abundance of timber.
Power purchased. — This constitutes the smallest of
the several items of expense shown in Table 106, but
shows the largest rate of increase, 232 per cent.
Expenditures for electric current naturally form the
greater part of this item, amounting to $6,417,237 in
1907 and $1,300,925 in 1902, a gain of $5,116,312, or
393.3 per cent. The expenditure for other power —
steam, water, etc. — amounted to $657,235 in 1907 as
compared with $829,834 in 1902. Although the re-
ported expenditure for other power was less in 1907
than in 1902, it is probable that there was no actual
decrease, since the amount for 1902 included the cost
of water for water wheels and turbines, which was, in
1907, not included with the cost of power purchased,
and which amounted in that year to $386,552.
The following states reported the largest amounts
for power purchased in 1907: New York, $2,105,944;
INCOME AND EXPENSES.
95
Pennsylvania, $744,378; California, $693,953; Michi-
gan, $630,532; Washington, $365,111; Missouri,
$337,859; Massachusetts, $295,442; and Illinois,
$263,848.
In 1907 there were 414 stations which reported the
purchase of power as compared with 128 in 1902. Of
the number reporting in 1907, 165 both generated and
purchased current, and of the number reporting in
1902, 41 did the same. Moreover, a number of sta-
tions were found which, though fitted with dynamos,
did not operate them, but purchased the current used.
In 1907 there were 26 stations of this character, with
a dynajno capacity of 15,688 kilowatts, as compared
with 15 stations in 1902, with a dynamo capacity of
5,035 kilowatts.
Miscellaneous expenses. — Details of the expenses
included in the last item of Table 106 are shown for
the commercial and municipal stations in Table 116.
Table 116.— COMMERCIAL
AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC
AND 1902.
STATIONS— MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES: 1907
1907
1902
Total IS26,326,257 811, 893.206
Rent of stations, line-wire sup-
ports, conduits, etc
Rent of offices
Taxes.
Injuries and damages
Insurance
Ordinary repairs of buildings and
machinery
All other expenses not elsewhere
reported
2,322,753
577, 193
6,351,020
034,991
1,578,205
4,300,684
10,561,411
1,011,691
275,007
2,605,005
248, 304
893, 507
2, 701, 747
4,099,885
COMMERCIAL.
$25,611,771
1907
$11,456,037
2,317,099
566,472
6,345,796
602,523
1,467,930
3,986,586
10,325,359
MUNICIPAL.
1902
1,001,504
270,446
2,654,885
246, 543
827,926
2,480,217
3, 974, 514
1907
$714,486
5,654
10, 721
5,224
32, 468
110,269
314,098
236,052
1902
$439, 169
10,187
4,561
10,120
1,759
65,641
221,530
125,371
PER CENT OP I.»JCREASE.
Total.
129.6
109.9
138.3
155.7
70.6
59.2
157.6
Com-
mer-
cial.
123.6
131.4
109.5
139.0
144.4
77.3
6a7
159.8
Munici-
pal.
62.7
'44.5
135.1
"48.4
1,745.8
68.0
41.8
88.3
PER CENT OF TOTAL.
Commercial.
1907
97.3
99.8
98.1
99.9
94.9
93.0
92.7
97.8
1902
96.3
99.0
9a 3
99.6
99.3
92.7
91.8
9&9
Municipal.
1907
2.1
0.2
L9
0.1
5.1
7.0
7.3
1902
3.7
1.0
t7
0.4
0.7
7.3
3.1
• Decrease.
More than nineteen-twentieths of the total for these
miscellaneous expenses was reported bj* the com-
mercial stations and less than one-twentieth by the
municipal stations. Of the expense for ordinary re-
pairs of buildings and machinery and for insurance,
the proportions for the two classes of stations were
practically the same in 1907 as in 1902, or more than
nine-tenths for the commercial stations and less than
one-tenth for the municijial. Expenditures for ordi-
nary repairs are common to the two classes of stations,
though necessarily varying in proportion to the age
25142—10 7
and condition of the plant and the standard to which
it is kept up. The proportion of "All other ex-
penses not elsewhere reported," paid by the municipal
stations was relatively small, as might be expected,
since these stations have much less occasion for ex-
penditures for many of the items included under this
head, such as advertising, interest, law expenses, etc.,
than have the commercial stations. The municipal
stations also reported relatively insignificant amounts
as paid for the rent of stations, line-wire supports, etc.,
office rents, and for taxes.
CHAPTER VIII.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
By Thomas Commebfobd Martin, Expert Special Agent.
General conditions. — The report on central electric
light and power stations for 1902 embraced a historical
review of their development and discussed the appa-
ratus in use at that time for the generation of electrical
energy and for its distribution and consumption, in-
cluding dynamos, motors, transformers, arc and in-
candescent lamps, and other appliances. It is not
necessary, therefore, to consider again these phases in
the growth of the electric light and power industry;
and the present discussion will be limited to the evolu-
tion that has taken place since 1902. There have been
changes in every branch of the industry, some of which
have been extreme, and the approach of a few of which
was indicated in the former report. In one or two
instances the introduction of new methods or appli-
ances was unexpected. The changes in the technical
aspects of the industry have kept pace with those in its
financial and physical aspects. Virtually doubling
itself every five years, in the latter respects, the
central-station industry displays as yet no symptoms
of settling down into a condition of satisfaction with
the present which would be obstructive of improve-
ment. Indeed, the notable tendency toward the con-
solidation of small individual stations into large
"systems" with extensive networks has brought with
it the wholesale "scrapping" of plants and apparatus
and the installation of generating and consuming
appliances of far higher efficiency and economy, in
order to meet the demand on the part of the public
for cheaper and better service.
A typical case is that of the Boston Edison Company,
whose system in 1885 covered an area of one-eighth of
a square mile, and at present covers an area of 509
square miles^the increase being due chiefly to expan-
sion during the period 1902-1907. The map presented
herewith, showing some of its circuits, reveals the
details of that vastly larger area in which it is now
operating, within which lie 35 cities and towns of
Massachusetts, with a combined population of approxi-
mately 1,000,000 inhabitants. Included in this ter-
ritory are 2,197 miles of streets, 1,016 miles of which
are covered by the lines of the company Within the
region are 34,428 customers, requiring a supply of cur-
rent up to 100,000 kilowatts, equivalent to two million
16-candlepower lamps. Originally the engines in the
(96)
generating plant were of 90 horsepower, but they have
been displaced by steam turbines of 16,000 horse-
power each; while generators of 20-kilowatt capacity
have been succeeded by generators of 12,000-kilowatt
capacity. All this development has taken place within
a period of about twenty-five years, and similar develop-
ment is shown in other large centers of population,
such as those served by the Public Service Corporation
in New Jersey and the Pacific Gas and Electric Com-
pany in California.
Another salient feature of the period 1902-1907 is the
increasing resort to water power as a source of pri-
mary energy. The statistics in Chapter III on power
equipment show that the number of steam engines,
including steam turbines, in central stations increased
from 5,930 in 1902, with a total of 1,379,941 horse-
power, to 7,206 in 1907, with 2,627,450 horsepower.
Practically all these engines were located within the
corporate limits of towns and cities, and the increase
in capacity during the five-year period was nearly 100
per cent. But the development in water power due
to the establishment of perhaps not less than 300
hydro-electric power transmission enterprises is much
more striking. The water wheels reported show an
increase froml, 390 in 1902 to 2,481 in 1907, while their
capacity increased from 438,472 horsepower to 1,349,-
087 horsepower, more than threefold. It is not to be
understood that all this hydro-electric power is spe-
cifically employed in central station lighting and
power, as a great deal of it is furnished to electric rail-
ways and isolated mills and mines. But the power-
transmission company is generically a central-station
plant, and all such companies and systems are included
in the present statistics where they affect the totals
and the analytic deductions in many important re-
spects, as, for example, in the average price obtained
per kilowatt hour. It is obvious, upon a moment's
consideration, that a transmission company can sell
its product at a lower rate than a central station which
in its price per kilowatt hour to the customer has to
include free supply of lamps, or arc carbons and globes,
labor, inspection, etc. The apparent return per kilo-
watt hour as given in this report is thus too low, from
the central-station standpoint, and would naturally
be higher after the deduction of a very large but inde-
INTERIOR VIEW OF SOUTHERN POWER COMPANY'S HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT.
HORIZONTAL LOW-PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE AND GENERATOR,
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
97
terminate quantity of electrical energy sold in bulk
by the power company, almost invariably at a price
below what the same power would cost the receiving
central-station company, or individual consumer, if
it were produced by steam at or near the point of
utilization.
This development of remote water powers for pur-
poses of electrical transmission is recognized as one of
the questions of the time, and was given special study
by the conservation conference held at the White
House in 1908, on invitation of President Roosevelt.
In a report ^ to this conference, made by Mr. H. St.
Clair Putnam, it was stated that of the total estimated
power produced in the United States in 1907, about
26,000,000 horsepower was credited to steam engines,
800,000 horsepower to gas and oil engines, and
3,000,000 horsepower to water motors. It will be
seen from these figures that nearly half the utilized
water power of the country is subject to central-station
conditions and control, and the proportion belonging
to hydro-electric power is in reality much larger, as
several hundred small electric plants not engaged in
the sale of electricity, but connected with various
manufactories, employ water power. Mr. Putnam
said :
During the past few years there has been renewed interest in water
powers on account of the practicability of their use for the generation
of power and the electrical transmission of this power to distant
markets. The great hydro-electric development at Niagara was the
first large enterprise of this character and has demonstrated its
practicability. The census of 1902 gives a partial list of long-dis-
tance hydro-electric plants developing power aggregating 000,000
horsepower; and this list can now be largely increased. Our most
desirable water powers are being absorbed rapidly, and it becomes
important, therefore, for us to take stock of our water resources and
formulate plans for their control and proper utilization.
The recognition of the importance of water-power
development has grown since the conference was held,
and the proper methods of dealing with water powers
and maintaining public control and interest in them
have become a distinct problem for the National
Government, as well as one of the topics most agitated
in the press.
Steam power. — The figures in Chapter III show strik-
ing changes in the use of steam power in central sta-
tions since the report of 1902. At that time, owing to
the fact that steam turbines had not been installed in
any considerable degree, they were not reported sepa-
rately. In the present report they are credited with
19.9 per cent of the total horsepower reported and 31.1
per cent of all the steam power. Few revolutions in
the mechanical world have been more rapid and sweep-
ing. The relative size of the units is also significant,
for while the reciprocating engines averaged 265 horse-
power in 1907, the turbines averaged 2,168 horse-
power, or eight times as much.
' Proceedingsof a Conference of Governors, published by authority
of Congress, 1909, p. 292.
Only one or two of the recently equipped central
stations with large generating units have installed
reciprocating engines. The most notable instance is
the Redondo generating station of the Pacific Light
and Power Company of California, which has been
equipped with reciprocating engines of the latest type.
The plant has a nominal rating of 15,000 kilowatts in
three equal units, which generate current at the ex-
tremely high electro-motive force of 18,000 volts, for
which the dynamos are wound. There are three 34
and 70 inch by 56 inch combined double horizontal
and vertical compound side-crank automatic engines,
each direct-connected to one of the 50-cycle 3-phase
alternators of the fly-wheel type. The fuel used is
crude petroleum. On a total output of not less than
60,000 kilowatt hours per 19.5 hours running for fifteen
days, there being 4.5 hours of "stand-by" idleness each
day, the contractor guaranteed an output of 170 kilo-
watt hours per barrel of oil weighing 334 pounds, each
pound delivering 18,500 British thermal units. The
actual test showed 252.8 kilowatt hours per barrel;
and a bonus of $363,310 was earned by the contractor
as a result of this remarkable economy and efficiency.
It is stated that the first cost of the plant did not ex-
ceed by 5 per cent that of a steam-turbine plant.
No other large new central station with reciprocating
engines can be named. The whole drift seems to be
toward large steam turbines or large gas engines, where
water power is not available, or even as a reserve where
the uncertainty of water power renders some auxiliary
power necessary. Cliicago and New York have both
furnished examples. The New York Edison Company
now has both its great Waterside stations in operation
side by side on the East River, with an aggregate
maximum rating of 330,000 horsepower, in 24 units of
169,500 kilowatts. Waterside No. 2 began operations
in November, 1906, and although reciprocating units
were first contemplated, it now contains six 8,000-
kilowatt vertical turbo-generators, two 7,500-kilowatt
horizontal turbine units, and two 14,000-kilowatt
vertical units, which comprise the entire equipment
of this huge station. Waterside No. 1, which began
operations in October, 1901, and was intended to hold
sixteen 3,500-kilowatt reciprocating engine units, has
now eleven such units, together with three 10,000-
kilowatt and two 5,000-kilowatt vertical turbine units.
The new Quarry Street station of the Common-
wealth Edison Company of (Chicago, constructed just
across the south branch of the Chicago River from
the Fisk Street station, illustrated in the report of
1902, constitutes, with its initial rating of 28,000
kilowatts in two units, a fit supplement to the latter
station, the pioneer great steam turbine power house
in this country. It is significant of the rapid march
of events that the first four turbo-generators in the
Fisk Street station, only five years old, were replaced
in the summer of 19(39 by an equal number of 12,000-
98
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
kilowatt units, which change increases the Fisk Street
station rating by 22,000 kilowatts without any addi-
tion in the boiler room except the extension of two
stacks and slightly,increased grate surface.
A further development in the use of primary power
has been the practice in high-pressure steam generating
plants to resort to low-pressure steam turbines which
run on the exhaust steam of reciprocating engines,
and this practice appears to have been quite successful.
In a paper on the subject' read at Atlantic City in
June, 1909, before the National Electric Light Asso-
ciation, Mr. C. H. Smoot cited several instances, and
said: "I strongly suggest that owners of noncon-
densing plants consider the opportunity of utilizing
the exhaust of their reciprocating engines in low-
pressure steam turbines, and thereby adopt a method
of rejuvenating their plants by one of the most efficient
methods of developing power from steam."
Oil engines. — The Pittsfield (Mass.) Electric Com-
pany has put in regular service an interesting oil-driven
plant to supplement its older steam plant, which
also does a large exhaust-steam heating business in
the cold season. The fuel used is crude petroleum.
A side track of the Boston and Albany Railroad
extends parallel to the north wall of the station, and
all the fuel oil is handled upon this spur. Oil is stored
outside the plant in three 6,000-gallon tanks. These
tanks are filled by gravity from the oil cars run upon
the siding, and from the tanks the oil is piped into
the basement of the power house. Water for cooling
the jackets and bearings of the machinery in the
station is drawn from a neighboring pond through an
18-inch pipe, which terminates in a well about 60
feet inland from the shore. From the well a triplex
pump in the basement draws and delivers the water
as needed in the plant.
The generating unit is a 350-kilowatt, 60-cycle,
2,300-volt, 2-phase revolving-field alternator mounted
on a shaft midway between two 16-inch by 24-Lnch
3-cylinder oil engines. The normal speed of this unit
is 164 revolutions per minute. It is governed by
by-passing the oil supply back into the suction side of
the oil pump. In general design and appearance the
engine follows the lines of a vertical inclosed type of
steam engine. The action is on the 4-stroke cycle, but
the engine differs from all previous internal-combus-
tion engines in compressing a full charge of air to a
point above the igniting point of the fuel, whether
liquid or gaseous, and then injecting this fuel for a
certain period, variable according to the load, into
this red-hot air, where it burns under controlled limits
of temperature and pressure. The cylinder operation
is therefore one of combustion rather than explosion.
Each engine is rated at 225 horsepower, weighs 80,000
pounds, and has the following over-all dimensions:
Floor space, 9 feet 6 inches by 16 feet 6 inches; height,
' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. II,
p. 232.
12 feet. Foundation dimensions: Width of top, 10
feet; bottom, 12 feet; length, 20 feet; height, 7 feet,
1 inch. The latter dimensions include the space
required by a direct-connected engine-tj'pe generator.
Gas engines. — A notable development in the genera-
tion of current has been the resort in San Francisco to
very large gas engines by the California Gas and Elec-
tric Corporation. Its three engines, each of 5,333
horsepower, connected to the alternating-current gen-
erators, have the following dimensions: Length over
all, 70 feet ; width over all, 34 feet ; weight of heaviest
casting, 60 tons; diameters of cylinders, 42 inches;
length of stroke, 60 inches; main journals, 30 inches
diameter, 54 inches long ; main crosshead gibs, 27 inches
wide, 54 inches long; diameter of center of shaft,
38 inches; weight of fly wheel, 130,000 pounds; total
weight of engine, fly wheel, and generator, 1,200,000
pounds. In general design and detail the gas engines
resemble modern high-grade, massive steam engines.
They are horizontal, twin-tandem, double-acting,
4-stroke cycle, giving two impulses to each crank per
revolution. Each of the electric generating units can
deUver 4,000 kilowatts at 13,000 volts, 25 cycles.
It is recognized that the gas engine itself is success-
ful in large sizes for generating plants, but that the
intrinsic efliciency of such plants depends on the gas
producer, and upon the economical gasification of low
grades of fuel. As has been said, the producer in its
best form is the means of making available the high
thermal efficiency of the gas engine to many central
stations, and is the chief factor that warrants the
installation of this type of prime mover at a greater
installation cost than that of a steam plant. There
are now producers on the market that can be relied
upon to produce a satisfactory gas from many of the
low grades of coal available in difl^erent sections of the
country; and the result is shown, in part, in the
increase in the number of gas engines from 165 in 1902
to 463 in 1907, and in their capacity from 12,181
horsepower to 55,828 horsepower.
As an illustration of complex conditions, the Keene
Gas and Electric Company, of Keene, N. H., may be
cited, which uses gas, steam, and water power in three
separate plants. The company's gas plant, distant
only li miles from the business center, contains two
250-horsepower anthracite gas producers and three
gas engines of the vertical three-cylinder type, the two
smaUer engines being each connected to an 80-kilowatt
alternator, and the largest unit to a 110-kilowatt alter-
nator. The fuel requirements are less than in a steam
plant of equal capacity, and the fuel feeding and ash
discharging for the producer are accomplished by the
action of gravity alone.
Water power. — The statistics in Chapter III as to
water power are clearly indicative of the general trend
of practice. An immense increase is shown both in
the number and size of water wheels. In 1902 there
were 1,390 water wheels, having a capacity of 438,472
_••. > ' ' ^ ! I i : <••.
SWITCHBOARD ROOM, QUARRY STREET STATION, COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, CHICAGO.
STEAM TURBINE GENERATING PLANT, FISK STREET STATION. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, CHICAGO,
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
99
horsepower, while in 1907 there were 2,481, having
1,349,087 horsepower. Tlius the size per unit rose
from an average of about 315 horsepower to 544
horsepower. The units are classified as "water
w'heels," but in practically every instance a more cor-
rect designation would be "turbine." In compiling
the statistics, no attempt was made to differentiate
between impulse and reaction types, or between instal-
lations as having horizontal or vertical shafts; although
all these features have necessarily an intimate relation-
ship to the character of the electrical generator asso-
ciated with the driving wheel.
The most notable developments of the period 1902
to 1907 have been those at Niagara Falls and those in
the Sierras of California; but in every part of the coun-
try where water powers hi}^ undevelo])ed, enterprises
on a large scale have been set on foot for the purpose
of hj'dro-electric generation and power transmission.
In fact, the period named may be regarded as one
of great speculative activity in this respect, with the
result that many plants have come into existence that
remain unprofitable, either because the work has been
too costly, because there is little market for the energy
when developed, or because the problems of econom-
ical and uninterrupted transmission have not been
mastered.
A water-power plant of somewhat unusual character
is that of the Indiana and Michigan Electric Company,
on the St. Joseph River at Berrien Springs, Mich.,
serving northwestern Indiana and southwestern Michi-
gan. It was built during the intercensal period and
placed in service during 1908, and is of the low-head
system, capable of producing 7,200 kilowatts. The
company has a total of 25,000 horsepower in its
steam and water power plants, the four of the latter
all being on the St. Joseph River. This river has a
maximum flow of only about twenty-five times the
minimum, and the actual head at Berrien is only 21
feet, gained by backing up the flow for more than 10
miles by a dam nearly one-third of a mile long, the
back flow extending to the' next plant above. The
power house stands lengthwise to the dam. The low
head made necessary considerable compHcation in the
water-wheel plan. Each of the four generators in-
stalled is driven by a group of four pairs of wheels
working under a normal head of 20 feet. The gener-
ators, rated at 1 ,800 kilowatts each, 60 cycles, are driven
at 150 revolutions per minute. The river runs over and
through a mass of glacial drift, with a hardpan bot-
tom, and to prevent loss of water b}^ flow under the
apparent bottom of the river, a continuous line of
sheet-steel piling was driven in clear across the river
down to hardpan, under the upstream side of the dam;
while a similar defense of mail was put across the
downstream side to prevent any backwash. These
elaborate precautions were taken primarily to prevent
the passage of water under the dam or the scouring
of the river bed below the latter, and thus preclude
any possibility of undermining the structure.
Another plant of somewhat unusual character is
that put in operation in 1907 by the Patapsco Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Company, of Ellicott City,
Md., whose power house on the Patapsco River about
10 miles west of Baltimore is built entirely within the
dam and is thus completely under water. The same
structure thus serves both as dam and as power house ;
the available fall is utilized, and with slight modifica-
tions the suction force of the spillway water as it
rushes over the mouth of the tailrace may be employed
to increase the effective head by lowering the water
level in the race well. With power houses as ordi-
narily constructed below the dam, the contrary effect
obtains. Abundant natural light is had through win-
dows located on the downstream side of the dam,
beneath the falls, and natural ventilation is also pro-
vided. The generating alternators when under load
furnish sufficient heat to dispel any dampness that
may manifest itself; and, although somewhat restricted
as to space, the power house is as comfortable as any
other station building of like capabilities. The plant
has a capacity of 600 kilowatts, with provision for
another 300-kilowatt unit, and the electrical energy is
employed for lamps and motors.
The structure represents the latest development in
dam design. Heretofore, solid masonry has been con-
sidered the only safe and permanent device to impound
water, reliance being placed on the enormous weight of
the dam to resist the water pressure. At Ellicott
City the water pressure is utilized to maintain the
position of the dam, the upstream side being so pro-
portioned and shaped that the weight of the water
upon it equals the horizontal-pressure component.
The dam is merely a shell in which the necessary
rigidity and strength are secured bv a very small frac-
tion of the material needed in the old-style construc-
tion. The deck and apron are supported on buttresses
and have a section just sufficient to resist bending
under water pressure, a large factor of safety, of
course, being allowed. The structure may be built in
considerably less time than a solid dam, and the inte-
rior may be utilized, as in this instance, for housing the
electrical equipment. In 1907 two plants of the same
character as that at Ellicott City were begun, one at
Delta, Pa., and the other on the Big Horn in Wyo-
ming — each having a head of water of about 60 feet
and developing about 1 ,500 kilowatts.
No inconsiderable amount of modern hydro-electric
development in the West is associated with irrigation
work. One of the most noteworthy and recent ex-
amples is connected with the Custer reservoir in San
Miguel and Dolores counties, Colo., where a dam 110
feet high impounds 756,800 acre-feet of water, to
be employed in power development and irrigation.
Another work of this character, which has been under
construction for some time and wiJJ be completed
before April, 1910, is the Orchard Mesa irrigation
project, extending from Grand Junction to Palisade,
in the richest fruit district of Colorado.
100
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
During 1906-7 the municipality of Lynchburg, Va.,
installed a plant which is somewhat typical of the
older methods, in that the current is not transmitted a
long distance, and that the energy is employed for
ordinaiy arc-lighting purposes. This plant utiHzes
the flow of the James River, and occupies an old
pumping station that was part of the municipal water-
works before the new gravity system was introduced.
An operating head of onlj- 12 feet has been skillfully
emploj^ed. The plant is laid out for the use of series
alternating current, to avoid the use of transformers
between the generators and the series circuits. The
generating dynamos are 2-phase alternatoi-s designed
to supply 15 amperes per phase at 4,200 volts. The
arc lamps are supplied with 7.5 amperes at 80 volts.
This gives two circuits per phase, with 50 lamps on
each circuit, or 200 lamps per generator. An induc-
tive regulator is placed in each circuit which will auto-
matically maintain a constant current of 7.5 amperes
through the lamps.
Niagara remains, of course, the preeminent example
of hydro-electric development in the United States.
Grouped around the great falls are seven generating
stations, whose supply of electrical energy is in demand
over a very large area of consumption. Figures
reported for 1908-9 ' show that the energy from Niag-
ara Falls is used at the rate of 126,800 horsepower for
electro-chemical processes, 56,200 horsepower for rail-
way service, 36,400 horsepower for lighting, and 54,640
hoi-sepower for various industrial services, or a total of
274,040 horsepower. Since the water of Niagara Falls
represents probably more than 5,000,000 horsepower,
it would seem that only about 5 per cent of the avail-
able power is being utilized at present. As to the pro-
portion of energy from Niagara Falls used locally as
compared with that transmitted elsewhere, figures in
the article referred to above show that 12,300 horse-
power is transmitted more than 100 miles; 33,500
horsepower, 75 miles and less than 100; 3,100 horse-
power, 50 miles and less than 75; 79,640 horsepower,
10 miles and less than 50; while 145,400 horsepower is
used locally on the Canadian and New York sides of
the falls. That is to say, somewhat more than 50 per
cent of the energy actually utilized is employed locally,
and almost all of tliis is used in industries that have
been attracted to Niagara Falls by reason of the gen-
erating stations located there. Electro-chemical proc-
esses take 87 per cent of the energy that is consumed
locally and 46 per cent of the total amount utilized.
What is believed to be the largest turbine of its type
ever built is that put in operation during 1905-6 by
the Seattle and Tacoma Company at its Snoqualmie
Falls plant, 35 miles east of Seattle, Wash., a single-
wheel turbine of 10,000 horsepower capacity. The
12,500 horsepower vertical turbines of the Electrical
Development Cgmpany, the 10,000 horsepower horizon-
tal turbines of the Ontario Power Company, and the
' Electrical World, October 21, 1909, p. 978 et seq.
10,000 horsepower vertical turbines of the Canadian
Niagara Power Company, all of which are at Niagara
Falls, Ontario, are duplex machines, as each unit has
two runners on a single shaft driving a single generator.
The Snoqualmie Falls turbine, with but one wheel,
therefore, represents by far the largest concentration
of power yet accomplished in turbine water wheels.
The turbine in question is employed in an enlargement
of the Snoqualmie Falls plant to double its original
capacity.
Generators. — The statistics of C'hapter III are very
complete as to the generator, or dynamo, equipment of
American central stations in 1907, and reveal clearly
the changes that have taken place and are still in
progress in the manner of generating electric current.
At one time the central stations of the country were
wholly on the basis of direct current for incandescent
lighting, arc lighting, and motor supply, and direct-
current generators predominated to the exclusion of
any other type. Now the vast majority of stations
are on the basis of alternating current, even if they de-
liver direct current to the consumption devices. As
shown by Table 34, there were in use in 1907 for
generating direct current, either of constant voltage
or of constant amperage, 5,365 dynamos of a total
capacity of 487,452 kilowatts, as compared with 6,808
machines of 2,221,773 kilowatts capacity employed to
generate alternating current. In 1902 the alternating-
current dynamo was already in the lead as to capacity,
though somewhat inferior as to number; but the five
years witnessed a remarkable diminution in the num-
ber and capacity of dynamos of constant amperage
designed strictly for the old arc-lighting service, and
in reality capable of nothing else. The number fell off
from 3,539 to 1,685, and the capacity from 145,866
kilowatts to 80,992 kilowatts; and it is probable that
during the period in question few, if any, new machines
of the old type were built. If there were any new
machines intended specifically for arc-lighting pur-
poses, they will be found in the alternating-current
group, where their pres^ce tended to keep down the
average capacity per unit to 326 kilowatts, although
this is far above the average per alternating unit
shown for 1902, which was below 144 kilowatts.
Thus the interesting and significant fact emerges that
although the generator capacity in the five years more
than doubled, rising from 1,212,235 kilowatts to
2,709,225, the number of dynamos actually tleclined
from 12,484 to 12,173. How far this concentration
will go it is hard to say, but the tendency is plainly
visible. At the beginning of 1908, for example, there
were 345 central stations in New York state. It has
been conservatively estimated that with the methods
and apparatus now in use for generating, transmitting,
and distributing current, the whole state could be
much more economically and eiliciently supplied
from 10 stations eUch with a radius of about 50 miles.
This being true, it is obvious that hundreds of the
smaller dynamos would disappear and their work be
' « ^ > a !• • •
3.3 ; J.
1,500.KILOWATT ROTARY CONVERTER,
GENERATOR CONNECTED TO LARGE GAS ENGINE, SAN FRANCISCO.
1 • : • -
• • • ••
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
101
done by relatively few machines of greatly increased
capacity. Tlie radical modifications of all kinds that
would follow such a change in generating methods,
which is entirely feasible, lie beyond the scope of this
report.
Of late years there has been little development in the
design of such direct-current machinery as is included
in this report, and what has been done aims rather at
refinement and perfection than the adoption of new
ideas. All the real work of development is con-
centrated on the alternating-current types, especially
those driven at high speed by steam turbines. The
size of 3-phase alternating-current tlynamos has been
carried as high as 14,000 kilowatts, with an overload
capacity 50 per cent above normal rating. These
generators have a frequency of 25 cycles per second
and produce current at 11,000 volts pressure, usually
for delivery to rotary converters which so manipulate
it as to make it possible for lamps and motors on the
circuit to use direct current at a low safe pressure.
Such a machine is capable of energizing to full bril-
liancy 560,000 tungsten incandescent lamps of 25
watts and 20 candlepower, giving a total light equal to
11,200,000 candles.
Wlrere such a machine is to furnish current for
lighting rather than for motors, it is usual to employ
a frequency of 60 cycles, as with a lower frequency
there is an appreciable flicker in the lights. Dynamos
of such design are operated either hoiizontally or
vertically, and either the armature or the field magnets
may be revolved. A revolving-field generator of
14,000-kilowatt capacity is among more recent de-
velopments, operating at 6,600 volts, 60 cycles,
3-phase, direct-connected to the vertical shaft of a
steam turbme running at a speed of 720 revolutions
per minute. This huge machine has a peripheral
speed of 18,.300 feet per minute and an output per
pole of 1 ,400 kilowatts, as comjjared with a peripheral
speed of 8,000 feet per minute and an output per pole
of 150 kilowatts in a I'eciprocating engine-driven
alternator of the same capacity and frequency, oper-
ating at 75 revolutions per minute. The electrical
and magnetic losses in the field and armature of such
a machine of 14,000-kilowatt capacity amount to
about 350 kilowatts, and to conduct this heat away
from it in order to prevent local high temperature
requires about 140,000 cubic feet of air per minute
at usual dynamo-room temperatures. In order to
regulate the movement of the ventilating air, the
generator is entirely closed, with the exception of
the intake and discharge openings at the top and
bottom of the armature. Thus when the machine
is running, its revolving field operates as a powerful
fan. Air received through the openings in the
ventilating hood is forced through passages provided
in the field and the armature, and discharged at the
openings in the base of the generator.
Now that so much of the current is generated by
alternators, a large quantity of auxiliary apparatus is
required of various forms. In the smaller plants the
transformer capacity for lowering the potential is
usually from 50 to 75 per cent greater than that of the
generating apparatus, while in many of the larger
systems, it is stated, the combined capacity of the
converting and transforming apparatus is approxi-
mately three times as great as that of the generators.
Transformers will be dealt with later; but reference
may be made here to the apparatus which is of a
generating character in design although it adds
notliing to the capacity of the plant, simply rendering
the energy produced more available for miscellaneous
use. Thus current is often changed in voltage or phase
and frequency changers have been widely adopted.
These may be either synchronous or nonsynchronous,
depending upon the degree to which exactitude in the
change of frequency is carried. One part of the
macliine is motor, receiving the current to be changed,
the other generating and delivering to the line the cur-
rent produced or "manipulated. " In recent work the
vertical shaft type has been largely introduced in
capacities of from 2,000 kilowatts upward. One
machine designed for the Commonwealth Edison
Company of Chicago, built wliile tliis report was in
preparation, which changes from 25 to 60 cycles, is of
not less than 6,666 kilovolt-ampere capacity, with 75
per cent load factor, and is probably the largest of its
kind in existence.
Wliile in a few cities the alternating current pro-
duced locally or received from a distance is used
without any change to direct current, it would appear
that in the consumption circuits and apparatus direct
current is still preferred, in the standard voltages,
from 110 up to 440. Because of this, the demand
for "rotary converters," as they are called, is very
large. These machines, of the synchronous type,
have become the standard form of converting apparatus
for low-frequency substations delivering low-pressure
direct current to line. They receive the alternating
current on one side and send out the direct on the
other. Occasionally their place is taken by motor-
generator sets in which there are two machines
driving on the one horizontal shaft, the motor part
of the device receiving the alternating current. This
apparatus is, however, more in favor in Europe than
in America. Probably the great majority of rotarj^
converters enumerated in the present report are of the
horizontal-shaft type, with collector rings at one side
and the com*nutator on the other, but to meet the
exigencies of limited floor space vertical shaft units
have been manufactured, such as those of the 6-phase,
25-cycle, 250-volt, 2,500-kilowatt capacity designed
for the New York Edison Company.
The extent to which apparatus of the auxiliary
character described above may be needed, even for
systems withm city limits operating at pressures not
to exceed 9,000 volts, can be inferred from the fact
that at the end of 1907 the Commonwealth Edison
Company of Chicago had a "peak-load" generating
102
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
output of 119,250 kilowatts in three stations. It
sent its electrical energy to no fewer than 33 sub-
stations of the system witliin the corporate limits
and to 11 substations belonging to various railwity
companies taking current for the operation of their
cars. The rotarj'-converter rating connected to the
115- volt and 250- volt direct-current network in the
central part of the city aggregated 50,700 kilowatts.
The alternating-current motor-generator frequency-
changer sets, through which 60-cycle energy was
supplied to outlying districts, aggregated 21,340
kilowatts. To this must be added the similar auxiliary
equipment of the railways, making the formidable
total of 122,940 kilowatts. It might be added
incidentally that the system also includetl, for discharg-
ing into its direct-ciu'rent network in the heart of the
city, storage-battery plants fed through the rotaries,
etc., aggregating over 18,000 kilowatts in output at
a one-hour rate of discharge.
Transmission. — It has already been intimated in
the preceding discussion that the development of
the central-station industry has depended materially
upon advances in transmission methods and appa-
ratus. While this is true, little that is revolutionary
has been developed during the period. In fact, one
of the leading authorities. Dr. Louis Bell, discussing
the subject early in 1908, said: "Much of the power-
transmission work of the last five years has been of
an unobtrusive character, mere extension, without
material change of what had gone before." ' Never-
theless, a survey of the progress made discloses con-
ditions that were a few years ago hardly deemed to be
within the range of possibility, and such widespread
extension of transmission systems as to constitute a
new industry and a new well-defined branch of engi-
neering to which experts give their whole attention.
While the voltage of generators furnishing current
for either long or short distance transmission has
remained around 2,000 to 2,500 volts, the pressure on
lines has been boldly carried from 10,000 volts up to
100,000, and the latter figure seems to be by no means
the limit, since far higher potentials are being dis-
cussed or are under experiment, \vith serious thought
of their ultimate adoption. The raising and lowering
transformers appear to be equal to all the strains
thus far put upon them. It has been a common
practice to equip such high-voltage transformers with
taps on the high-voltage side, so that they may be
worked at 5 or 10 per cent below thei^ full voltage.
In the earlier stages of the industry separate trans-
formers were used for each phase of a 2 or 3 phase
system, but now composite 3-phase transformers are
a common type, and no difficulty has been experienced
in providing them for pressures of 100,000 volts and
upward.
The circuits are usually of bare copper, ami possi-
bly the high price to which copper was carried in the
' London Times, June 3, 1908.
"boom" period lasting up to 1907, about 25 cents per
pound, may have had something to do with the eflbrt
to reduce the amount of copper in a line by raising
the voltage. Aluminum has also been tried with
success. The "pole lines" were originally of wood,
as in the case of the first Niagara transmission to
Buffalo, but steel poles and steel towers are now very
general. The method of holding up the wires has
varied. In California, with its dry climate, large pin-
type porcelain insulators have been used with flaring
"hoods" or "petticoats" to shed moisture, while
another type is that of the suspension insulator. In
the latter case several porcelain bells or drums, either
plain or with concentric "petticoats," are strung
together like reels on a thread, the uppermost insu-
lator being carried by the cross-arm, and the lowest
in the series supporting the transmission wire. The
bells, of uniform size, ranging usually from 10 to 15
inches in diameter, are tied together by metallic links;
and four or five of these bells in a bunch have a re-
markable ability for standing up with very high volt-
age under all manner of adverse conditions of weather.
The circuits are now more widely spaced, the separa-
tion averaging a foot per 10,000 volts; so that there
is little risk of disturbance from anything except light-
ning. Many of the systems depend for lightning ar-
resters upon "horn" or curved projecting ground
wires of large dimensions; but others use multiple gap
arresters, shunted to the ground from several points.
A recent widely used type is an electrolytic lightning
arrester which consists of aluminum cells, or jars, of
large surface, stacked up in series.
It has already been noted that the standard fre-
quency of transmission of alternating current is 60
cycles. At Niagara Falls this frequency of transmis-
sion began with 25 cycles, and is still maintained.
The vast heterogeneous network of the Los Angeles
(Cal.) Edison Company operates at 50 cycles. In an
address ' before the National Electric Light Association
in 1906, Mr. R. H. Ballard stated that the Los Angeles
system then included 110 miles of transmission line
with 33,000 volts pressure; 300 miles of double-circuit
transmission with 10,000 and 15,000 volts pressure; and
750 miles of transmission line with 2,200 volts pressure
in the various cities and towns served by the system;
and that there were no fewer than 22 communities to
which the company gave electric service with energy
from all manner (jf sources, including a plant on
the Kern River transmitting energy at 75,000 volts
to Los Angeles, 120 iniles away. The longest
American transmission system, however, is that
in northern California, where the circuits reach
232 miles, from De Sabla, in the Sierras, to San
Saulito.
Another extremely long circuit is that from Niagara
Falls to Syracuse, N. Y., a distance of 165 miles. The
' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1906, Vol. I,
p. 636 et seq.
%^
I'Ji
C^n/'
O K
J UJ
o >
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
103
following description of this circuit is based on a paper *
read by Mr. Ralph D. Mershon before the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1907. The system
described is that of the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario
Power Company, a purely transmission enterprise,
buying its energy in bulk from the Ontario Power
Company, which has a plant at the base of the Horse-
shoe Falls on the Canadian side, where the dynamos
generate 3-phase, 25-cycle current at 12,000 volts,
which is transmitted to the transforming station, the
circuits crossing the river in the gorge below the whirl-
pool. The potential is stepped up from 12,000 to 62,500
volts for the transmission lines which run on a private
right of way from Lockport to Mortimer, a distance of
57 miles, and have a capacity of 20,000 horsepower.
From Mortimer to Syracuse, a distance of 81 miles,
the line on the company's private right of way has a
capacity of 10,000 horsepower. From Lockport to a
point 11 miles east and thence south on private right
of way to the West Shore Railroad, and thence on the
West Shore right of way to Pittsford, is another line
with a capacity of 20,000 horsepower. From Pitts-
ford to Syracuse on the W^est Shore right of way is a
10,000-horsepower line. From Lockport south to
Buffalo are two transmission lines on private way,
each with a capacity of 30,000 horsepower. Emphasis
is laid on the provision made for isolating the circuits
like railroad rights of way, and thus insuring safer and
surer work.
Steel towers are used almost entirely, generally what
is known as the "windmill type," "tripod" or "quad-
ruped," and constructed of either lap-welded pipe, or
structural steel, galvanized. The standard length of
span between towers is 220 feet in some parts, 550 feet in
others; while an extreme length of 1 ,253 feet is reached
and an extreme height of towers of 75 feet. Each line
of towers or wooden structures carries only one 3-phase
system. The main line conductors are of aluminum,
except on a portion of the line between Mortimer and
Syracuse, where copper was preferred because of the
long spans. Crossing the Montezuma marsh, the big
steel towers have their feet deeply embedded in con-
crete foundations.
Three sizes of cable of "line wire" are used for the
main transmitting line. The largest cable of alumi-
num consists of 19 strands, having a total of 642,800
circular mils, equivalent to 400,000 circular mils cop-
per. The areas of cross section of the other cables are
respectively two-thirds and one-third that of the large
one. The insulator used on all main-line construction,
designed by Mr. Mershon, has unusual factors of safety
as regards flashing, etc., and consists of three shells of
porcelain nesting into each other and cemented
together with neat Portland cement, the whole insu-
lator being cemented in a similar manner to a steel pin
before attachment to the tower. The insulator is 19
' Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,
vol. 26, Part II, p. 1273 et seq.
inches in total height and the upper "petticoat" has a
diameter of 14.5 inches. The lines are most liberally
provided with fuses to cut out the circuits in case of
trouble, and with disconnecting switches and lightning
arresters. Speaking of the elaborate arrangements
for protection against lightning, Mr. Mershon says:
Another feature out of the ordinary in connection with this station
is the lightning-arrester equipment. This equipment is also out of
doors and consists of a number of horn-type arresters mounted on
wooden poles, in much the same manner as such arresters are ordi-
narily mounted. The installation differs, however, * * * in
tKat, instead of there being only one pair of horns for each conductor,
there are three such pairs. One pair is set for a comparatively low-
striking electro-motive force and has in series with it a high resist-
ance; the next pair is set for a higher-striking electro-motive force
and has in series with it a lower resistance. A third pair is set for
very high-striking electro-motive force and has in series with it a
fuse. The theory on which these arresters are installed is that for
ordinary slight static disturbances in the line, the arrester having
the lower-striking electro-motive force will discharge, and since it
has in series with it a comparatively high resistance, the resultant
disturbance to the system due to the generated current which follows
the discharge will be comparatively slight.
The Grand Rapids-Muskegon plant and system may
also be cited. They were installed in 1906-7, with
66,000 volt transmission in circuits totaling about 75
miles, supplying the Grand Rapids Edison system,
various interurban and local trolley railways, and
several large industrial plants. In the following year
35 miles of steel-tower line were added, and the poten-
tial has since been raised to 80,000 and 100,000 volts
with success. These later circuits use the suspension
type of porcelain insulator. Five of these insulators
are hung, horizontally, one above the other, like
beads. Each is 10 inches across, and the rated volt-
age it will withstand is 23,000 volts per "link."
Distribution. — The standard methods of distribu-
tion have remained the same throughout the country,
with occasional interesting variations for some par-
ticular purpose. It may be noted that the new
metallic filament lamps favor the 110-115-volt circuits
to which Americans have steadily adhered through
many years. In the United States the 220-volt,
3-wire system is the rule, but in Europe, and especially
in Great Britain, the 450-volt, 3-wire system is
equally the rule. One system employs 110-volt
lamps on each side of the neutral, and the other re-
quires 225-volt lamps. It is obvious that copper
economics are with the 450-volt system, but on the
other hand, the lamp efficiencies are with the 220-volt
system. In Europe, moreover, the standard lamp is
8-candlepower instead of 16-candlepower, and it is the
fact that here again the lamp efficiencies are with the
110-volt lamp of the higher candlepower. It would
seem, therefore, that there is no immediate prospect
of a change of American distributing circuits from 220
to 450 volts on the 3-wire distributing networks, but
that, on the contrary, the new lamps will find a wider
market than heretofore while confirming the practice
at 110 volts.
104
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
An interesting innovation is that made by the
Toledo (Ohio) Gas, Electric and Heating Company,
in the adoption of a 4,600-volt system of alternating-
current distribution. The transformers on the sys-
tem are wound for 4,600 primary and 110-220-volt,
3-wire, secondary distribution. Current is generated
3-phase, but the distribution is single-phase. The
generators are star-connected with the neutral ground-
ed. The transformers are delta-connected. In the
construction unusual care has been taken to avoid
trees by running the lines high. Insulators and fuses
are, of course, more expensive than for the usual
standard of 2,300 volts.
Another interesting change was that made during
the intercensal period by the Denver Gas and Electric
Company from direct to alternating current in terri-
tory just outside the business district of Denver,
Colo. The company had for motor service a 220 and
440 volt, 3-wire, direct-current power distribution,
most of the energy being used in and near the down-
town district. T4ie lighting distribution of the whole
city is by single-phase feeder lines supplied from
3-phase bus bars at the power station. The direct-
current motor feeders were becoming so long and the
number of distant customers so large that an excessive
amount of copper was called for. The decision was
made to change the motor service outside of the down-
town district to 3-phase, and to give customers new
3-phase induction motors in place of their direct-cur-
rent motors. Most of the direct-current motors were
sold at good prices. The direct-current copper taken
down was worth enough to reduce materially the cost
of the change. A puzzling question was to decide
whether to use 220 or 440 volt motors. With 220-
volt motors but one customer could usually be sup-
plied from a bank of transformers, whereas with 440-
volt motors and secondaries several in one locality
could be supplied. The latter advantage was con-
sidered to be more than counterbalanced by the fact
that with 220-volt motors standard lighting trans-
formers could be used. The change was made without
interrupting any customer's service.
The central station company in Detroit, Mich., on
establishing its new plant at Delray, 4 miles from the
business center, installed machinery for the genera-
tion and transmission of electrical energy at 4,600
volts, 3-phase, 60 cycles, and developed an extensive
power service to factories direct by means of such
current. Incidentally it may be mentioned that one
of the reasons for placing this plant at Delray on the
salt beds was that by using the exhaust steam of the
power plant to evaporate the brine from the wells a
very economical and profitable day load was secured.
Transformers. — This class of apparatus, so necessary
to power transmission by electricity, is also used
largely in distribution circuits, and may therefore be
properly considered at this point before taking up
the "consumption devices," by which the electrical
energy is used up in doing its work. Transformers
were fully described in the previous report and in the
reports on the manufacture of electrical apparatus,'
and therefore need not be considered here in great
detail. The most important features in the recent
development of transmission methods have been the
introduction of a large number of the modern trans-
formers employed to "raise" and "lower" the volt-
age, and the adoption of composite 3-phasers instead
of a separate transformer for each phase. The size is
determined, of course, by the general capacity of the
plant and the amount of energy passing out or in
over the respective circuits. The Ontario Power
Company, on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls,
which delivers current for use over a large part of
New York state south of Lake Ontario, employs
transformers each of which has a capacity of 3,000
kilovolt amperes, and weighs, when filled with its
insulating oil, approximately 50 tons. The current
is received from the generators at 12,000 volts, and
after being raised to 36,000 volts in the secondary
winding, a line voltage of approximately 62,000 volts
is secured by connecting the transformers two in
series. At the Great Falls (South Carolina) power
plant of the Southern Power Company the trans-
formers are rated as of 2,000-kilowatt capacity. They
are oil-insulated and water-cooled, and take 2,300-volt
current from the generators, raising it to 44,000 volts
for the line. By means of multiple connections
inside or outside the transformer tank, 1,900, 2,000,
2,100, 10,000, and 22,000 volts can also be obtained.
Oil for the transformers is furnished either by gravity
or under pressure. Circulating water, for trans-
former-cooling purposes, is obtained by gravity.
With a rise in temperature not exceeding 60° C, a
circulation of 4 gallons of water per minute at full load
is required; while with 5 gallons per minute and
1.25 load, the temperature will not exceed, by 55° C,
that of the intake water during continuous operation.
All the transformers are connected to a piping system
by which carbonic acid gas can be admitted in case of
fire.
As shown in Table 40 of Chapter III, main-station
transformers were not enumerated in 1902, but in
1907 their number was reported as 1,577, with
592,708-kilowatt capacity, which is in itself a fair
indication of the amount of "transmission" work
done in the country. As was remarked in that chap-
ter, there was little uniformity among the companies
in th -lanner of reporting their miscellaneous etiuip-
mer this character. While the main-station trans-
formt.6, therefore, are probably reported with fair
accuracy, considerable doubt attaches to the statistics
for what may be called the substation equipment,
because here the border line to distributing apparatus
in some instances is crossed. In Table 41 substation
transformers to the number of 4,211 were reported
for 1907, with x,100,824-kilowatt capacity, while in
' Census Bulletin 245, Electrical Apparatus and Supplies, 1902,
p. 10; Bulletin 73, 1905, p. 25.
! ■■■ '. -'••,
> ! •? ' '■<
400-AMPERE, I 1 6 TO 120 VOLT METER UNCASED TO SHOW MECHANISM.
HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER, SOUTHERN POWER COMPANY.
MODERN TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER,
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
105
1902 only 1,800, of 312,848-kilowatt capacity, were
reported. It will be observed that the substation
or receiving transformers are just about double the
total capacity of the main-station transformers.
Three of the largest transformers in existence were
manufactured during the year 1908-9 for the Great
Western Power Company of California. The main
power house of this company is located on the Feather
Kiver, near Oroville, in the county of Butte. The
ultimate head of water developed is 525 feet, and
40,000 horsepower is transmitted at 100,000 volts to
points along the coast 165 miles distant. The total
weight of each of these monster transformers is
128,000 pounds, of which 40,000 pounds is due to
the 5,000 gallons of oil used in each machine for cool-
ing and insulating purposes. Each transformer is
shaped like a giant wash boiler, stands 20 feet above
the floor, and measures 9 by 18 feet. When these
machines are working they each transform 10,444
kilowatts of electrical energy from a low voltage to
a high voltage at the remarkably high efficiency of
98.6 per cent. The transformers for the Great Western
Power Comijany are slightly larger than the six
recently installed for the Great Northern Company
of Duluth, Minn., which are in successful operation.
In Table 5.3 of Chapter IV the number of "distrib-
uting" transformers, or those on customers' circuits in
1907, is given as 299,489, with a total of 2,058,567-
kilowatt capacity. There was a marked tendency
toward an increase in size. The average capacity of
these transformers more than tloubled during the five
years ending 1907, namely, from a little over 3 kilo-
watts to nearly 7. There has also been a great im-
provement in the construction of such transformers
during the past five yeare. On this subject Mr. W. K.
Layman' says:
Much of this improvement has been the result of a continuous
and, recently, quite sharp improvement in the magnetic quality of
sheet steel. The latest quality of transformer steel has been ex-
ploited under the various names of silicon steel, alloy steel, silico
vanadium, and the like, with claims of individuality for each.
The substantial fact is that these names are synonymous. They
all refer to a quality of material in which the percentage of silicon
has been greatly increa.sed over that previously prevailing over the
art. In chemical composition, the best material, as commonly
employed in use to-day, shows the following analysis;
New
steel.
Old
steel.
0.070
0.170
.0.023
3.700
1.314
0.080
0.240
Sulphur
0.050
0.094
0.050
It has been known from a very early date in the history of com-
mercial transformers that silicon improves the quality of steel for
transformer purposes, and some of the early technical writers ex-
plained the nonaging quality of impure steels, as compared with the
•Practical Aspects of Recent Improvements in Transformers, in
Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, Vol. II, p. 220
etseq., 1909.
pure, on the score of the presence of appreciable quantities of silicon.
Manufacturing difficulties are said to have held back a quality of
steel with as much as 3 per cent of silicon until about two years ago,
when European mills began producing successfully this high silicon
material, and very quickly its manufacture began here.
This change in chemical composition, together with
special heat treatment by the manufacturer, has re-
sulted in a marked improvement in the magnetic
quality of the steel. The saving in internal energy
losses with this material, as compared with the old,
averages about 25 per cent. With this new material,
if the weight is left the same, the performance will be
greatly improved. If the performance remains un-
changed, the weight is greatly reduced. Manufac-
turers have in general compromised between the two
extremes and have built transformers lessened some-
what in weight but substantially improved in per-
formance. Distributing transformers of modern type
are usually for pole lines or for manholes, and differ
in their adaptation to such specific use. If for pole-
line service, the transformer is made as weatherproof
as possible. If for manhole use, it is made water-tight
or air-tight. As to the usual requirements, Mr. E. G.
Reed said in a paper' read before the National Electric
Light Association:
Standard transformers are made for only two voltages on the pri-
mary side — and in case of particular requirements a special trans-
former should be secured. For this reason modern commercial
transformers are made for only two voltages on the primary side —
that is, nominally 1,100 and 2,200 volts — and two voltages on the
secondary — that is, nominally 110 and 220 volts. Standard trans-
formers must be designed to operate at 1,100 volts, as well as at
2,200 volts, since there are still a number of stations using this
voltage, though their number is decreasing. There is a limited
demand for transformers with multiple-ratio taps on the primary
winding, and sometimes for units having three secondary voltages.
Such transformers can be secured for prices slightly higher than for
the standard line. The demand for transformers having three sec-
ondary voltages arises from the convenience which at times results
from having units which are interchangeable for light and power
service. Lights are operated at nominally 110-220 volts, and motors
at nominally 220-440 volts. The performance of the transformers
with three secondary voltages is slightly inferior to that of the
standard lines, which will probably more than offset the inter-
changeable feature. The increased complexity of the transformer
provided with the numerous voltage combinations renders more
likely a wrong connection when installing and the more chance of
losing transformer by burn-out.
Storage batteries. — This class of apparatus has been
found a necessary adjunct in most central stations or
their substations in large cities, and is also found as-
sociated with many of the power-transmission sys-
tems. Persons familiar with the operation of storage
batteries will appreciate the difficulties to be encoun-
tered in securing data as to number or capacity.
While some figures are given in Table 40, Chapter III,
as to number, which may be accepted as reasonably
accurate, indicating a considerable increase in the
number of cells, no effort has been made to report the
' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I,
p. 581.
106
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
capacity, owing to the different methods in vogue of
rating them or of emplojdng their capacity.
At an earlier period batteries were used to even up
the load on the generators in large central stations,
but they are now used principally for emergency or
"stand-by" service in substations and for carrying
peaks of short duration. Their plates have therefore
been designed to give the maximum output of energy
for short and infrequent perioils with a minimum first
cost, upkeep, and space requirements. As a result
the plates of later typo will give nearly twice the output
of the old plate, for twice the time, with a higher
terminal voltage. Another development in such
emergency service has been in connection with the
auxiliary apparatus. End-cell switches that travel
at high speed over the bars and are capable of carrying
current up to 20,000 amperes for short periods have
been successfully introduced. These switches can cut
in or cut out from one to three cells per contact point,
wliile carrying the maximum current, involving a
great reduction in the cost of the copper conductor
bars, since the number of runs from the end cells is
reduced.
The use of batteries has enabled central stations to
secure and execute large contracts for power that might
otherwise have escaped them and fallen to isolated
plants. In this connection Mr. Joseph Appleton, in
a paper * read before the National Electric Light
Association, says:
Equally important to the development of the emergency or
stand-by battery comes the improved regulating features of storage
batteries in connection with fluctuating direct and alternating-
current power loads. The electrification of steam roads, and the
increasing use of electrical energy in manufacturing plants, where
large motors on fluctuating service are used, has necessitated the
development of apparatus that will give a flexible control to the
battery equipment and make it take that portion of the load, and
that portion only, which gives the most efficient results as a whole
to the substation or the power plant. Methods have been per-
fected which practically enable a selective control to be obtained,
making the battery take any portion of the fluctuation desired for
any predetermined time. For example, a battery equipment can
be adjusted by this method to take the top part of the fluctuations
only, not beginning to discharge until a predetermined portion of
the fluctuation has been thrown on the generator or substation.
It can be made to take the lower portion of the fluctuation, stopping
at any desired point; or, further still, it can be made to take the first
swing of the fluctuation, and then gradually throw the additional
load caused by the fluctuation, up to any desired point, on to the
generator or substation. With this apparatus any combination can
be made to suit the capacity of the generating or rotary capacity
with their overloads, so as to give the best net result to the system.
This development of battery regulation is especially suited for such
loads as are found in steel mills, the hardest kind of service for
electrical apparatus which I believe exists.
It should be noted here that the storage battery is
constantly adding to the consumption of electrical
energy through its use in veliicles of all kinds. Such
batteries, charged directly from the circuits or through
the intervention of mercury arc rectifiers and motor-
' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I,
p. 195.
generator sets, are numbered by thousands, and the
income to the stations from this source is already
large.
Arc lamps. — A very full account of the development
of modern arc lamps up to 1907 will be found in the
last census report on the manufacture of electrical
apparatus. Bulletin 73. But the subsequent develop-
ment has been very rapid and new types continue to
be evolved. The nature of some of these changes has
been quite fully discussed in Chapter IV, and the
figures given there indicate the extent to which the
old form of open arc was superseded by the inclosed
type during the period 1902-1907. The evolution now
going on is in the nature of a partial reversion to the
open arc, and the abandonment of the inclosed, for
outdoor service, while an intensified rivalry with new
metallic filament incandescent lamps promises further
advances in the direction of economy and eiliciency.
The resort to "flaming arcs" has been one of the
most noteworthy and spectacular of the changes which
the mere figures do not bring out, such lamps being
adopted not merely for advertising purposes but for
ordinary street illumination. Newark, N. J., affords
an example that is strictly new and up-to-date in the
special illumination of South Broad street with flaming
arcs. This thoroughfare is no less than 100 feet wide,
and the merchants on it were keen to secure more pat-
ronage. They formed an improvement association
and have carried out an agreement with the Public
Service Corporation, under which the city makes an
allowance to the merchants equal to the sum paid to
the company for the former inclosed arcs on the street.
A system was laid out of permanent flaming arcs and •
of special supplementary incandescent lighting for the
first two weeks. The arcs, of which there are 35, re-
placing 21 alternating-current inclosed arcs, are rated
at 10,000 candlepower each, and are erected on poles
along three blocks of the street, at a spacing of 60 feet.
The new installation has been put in on a three-year
basis oi contract under which the lamps burn from
dusk to dawn. The plan was such a brilliant success
in all respects that steps were immediately taken to
add two more blocks with an additional 15 arcs.
Flaming arc lamps are now being specified by engi-
neers for municipalities and industrial-plant lighting,
and naturally the question of maintenance cost is of
prime importance. Two distinct types are now on the
market, namely, the differential lamp and the so-called
"gravity-feed" lamp. The differential lamp isgenerally
adjusted to operate two lamps in series on 110-volt cir-
cuits, taking 10 amperes for the series, whereas the
gravity-feed lamp, as a rule, is adjusted at 11 or 12
amperes. The differential lamp being taken as an ex-
ample, the consumption of each lamp is 550 watts,
which at an average cost of 2 cents per kilowatt-hour
makes the cost $11 per 1,000 hours for current. The
net cost of flaming arc-lamp carbons being taken as an
example, the cost per trim per 1,000 hours, including
labor, would be $8.50, making the total cost of trim
■ • J > o *•
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
107
and carbons $19.50 per 1,000 hours. The cost of re-
pairs and globes per 1,000 hours may be figured at $2,
to which S2 per 1,000 hours must be added for interest
on the investment and depreciation, making a total of
$23.50 per 1,000 hours of operation. At an average
yearly operation of about 4,000 hours the cost would
be .?94 per year per lamp.
For municipal lighting the general plan of installing
these lamps is to mount two lamps on one pole, as it
simplifies the wiring problem over the plan of mount-
ing one to a pole. The height of the lamps above the
sidewalk should not be less than 25 feet, so as to secure
a good distribution for their high candlepower.
At the annual convention in August, 1908, of the
Ohio Electric Light Association, Mr. C. R. McKay, of
the Toledo Railwaj's and Light Company, read a paper
in which he described an installation of 1,670 luminous
magnetite arc lamps in regular service for street light-
ing at Toledo, Ohio. All the street lighting in Toledo
is now done by means of such lamps, which for the
most part are spaced approximately 600 feet apart in
the residence and outlying districts of the city. In
some other parts of the city, such as the principal shop-
ping district, two lamps are placed on each jjole and
the poles are spaced 80 feet apart opposite to each other
on each side of the street. The energy is generated
by 25-cycle, 3-phase turbo-generators. To supply the
arc lights, 37 constant-current transformers wound for
2,200 volts primary are installed, together with a cor-
responding number of mercury arc rectifiers and switch-
board panels.
The lamps are generally hung over the center of the
street intersections, at a height of approximately 25
feet, by means of suspension wires, and are lowered for
trimming. The light in this type of lamp issues chiefly
from the long arc itself rather than from the positive cra-
ter. It is therefore quite sensitive to rupture by drafts
of air unless thoroughly protected by wind-proof casing
and tight globes. Early difficulties with the upper
electrode have been remedied by using copper of large
diameter. The life of the lower electrode has been in-
creased from 110 to over 160 hours. The lamps aver-
age from 320 to 324 watts per lamp, including line
losses, as measured at the direct-current circuit termi-
nal. The current is about 4 amperes. They take 38
per cent less energy per lamp than the 7.5-ampere al-
ternating-current lamps they displaced. The resi-
dents of East Toledo gave unmistakable testimony to
the superiority of the luminous arc over the 7.5-
ampere inclosed-carbon arc, by objecting publicly to
the u.se of the latter during a temporary interrui)tion of
the other circuit. The 1,670 lamps, distributed over
37 circuits, are trimmed by three trimmers, each
provided with a horse and buggy. About 1 per cent
of the lamps are usually in the shop for adjustment or
repairs.
An interesting and novel feature of arc work is the
"regenerative" inclosed flame, intended for streets
and open spaces. If an ordinary flame arc were in-
closed, the heavy fumes evolved from the impregnated
carbons would soon form a deposit on the globe and
obscure the arc. In this new lamp special means are
provided for obtaining a circulation of the gases past
the arc, and the light is produced mainly by raising
such gases to the temperature of incandescence, and
not merely by the combustion of chemicals in the arc.
The spectrum of the light is a band-and-band line
spectrum, which shows that the gases are in various
stages of incandescence. About 1 5 grams of the associ-
ated composition are volatilized every hour, the gases
rising from the positive crater through the arc. The
lower carbon, which is the positive, is held in a fixed
support. Surrounding the arc is a clear-glass cylinder,
and outside this again is a translucent globe. The
inner glass cylinder is in communication with two
metal tubes, one on each side of the globe. There is
a circulation of the hot gases up the central cylinder
and down the other tubes, and the incandescent gases
are carried around and subjected to the high tempera-
ture of the arc several times before finally condensing
and settling in the outer tubes. The inner glass cyl-
inder is kept perfectly clear of deposit for the greater
part of its length, chiefly by the high temperature
which prevents the gases condensing, but also proba-
bly by the strong direct draft past the arc. The
upper negative carbon is an ordinary high-grade car-
bon. The lower stick is also of high-grade carbon,
but is star-shaped in section. The grooves between
the eight rays of the star are filled with the chemical
composition, which is laid in in the form of a paste.
The rods are then baked, and the paste expands into
the pores of the carbon and fixes itself firmly into the
grooves. ' The life of a single pair of carbons is over
seventy hours. The light is of a yellow-white color, but
modifications can be obtained by varying the nature
of the composition on the positive carbon. The 550-
watt size, taking 5.5 amperes at 100 volts, gives a mean
hemispherical candlepower of 2,200.
Among the arc lamps in actual service on central-
station circuits may be mentioned those with carbons
of smaller diameter than usual, the object being to
obtain a whiter and more efficient light, as well as its
better distribution. Such lamps have a special adap-
tation to interior use, where they compete directly
with incandescent and "glower" lamps. A typical
lamp of this character has a lower negative carbon of
large diameter, and a pair of upper positive carbons
of small diameter, inclined at an angle to each other.
The lower carbon is held in a fixed position while the
two small upper carbons are arranged to "draw the
arc" on starting, and feed downward as they are con-
sumed. The arc is thus centered in one permanent
position, making possible the use of a reflector to pro-
ject the light entirely into the lower hemispherical
plane of illumination. The arc is also inclosed by a
large globe which restricts the access of air and brings
about conditions similar to those which insure the
long life of the carbons in an inclosed arc lamp.
108
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Modifications in fixtures, globes, transformers, etc.,
to meet the changing conditions have necessarily been
made, but as a general thing the manufacture of dyna-
mos specifically for arc lighting, as in the early days,
has ceased. The lamps now derive their supply of
current from generators which operate a variety of
other devices at the same time.
Incandescent lamps. — Data are given in Table 45 of
Chapter IV as to the approximate number of incandes-
cent lamps on the circuits of central-station plants,
namely, 41,445,997 in 1907, or an increase over 1902 of
127.8 per cent. A large gain was shown also in the
connections to electric-railway circuits, making a total
of approximately 45,991,836 lamps connected. The
grand total in the country could be given, however, only
after ascertaining the data of isolated plants in office
buildings, factories, steamships, and other similar pri-
vate estabUshnients, and such figures it is impracti-
cable to obtain. Some authorities have assumed the
connected lamps of such plants to equal in number
those of the central stations, which seems rather im-
probable; but even if they do not, the total of con-
sumption, assuming each lamp to be renewed once a
year, is enormous.
A discussion of many features in the development of
the incandescent lamp during the period will also be
found in Chapter IV. Attention is there drawn to the
nature of the data relating to lamps of 32-candlepower
and 16-candlepower, the latter being the standard size.
The introduction of metallic-filament lamps and other
types has changed the importance and universality of
such units, but the heterogeneity prevalent at the time
of this report will doubtless settle down again to a limited
number of standards by 1912, the probable year of the
next electrical census. The varieties of one kind and
another now run literally into the thousands, adding
seriously to the cost of manufacture and carrying in
stock, and it may be questioned whether the consumer
is benefited in the end, by an illimitable freedom of
choice, which often affects the construction of fixtures
and the conditions of the supply circuits. What is
involved in the transition may be inferred from the fol-
lowing comment : '
So many conditions are involved in a change from one set of funda-
mental apparatus to another, the period of transition must necessarily
be long even if the expected improvements make good. The era
of electric traction is well begun, but the steam locomotive, and even
the horse car, still prevail. As a matter of fact, it is more interesting
and practical to watch the actual incipient changes than to speculate
on the possible scope of a whole revolution. For instance, there is
an indication that a change in the art is upon us in the scarcity of
old-style standard 32 and 50 candlepower lamps, due to the fact that
makers are getting ready to discontinue their manufacture. The
lamp manufacturers announced their intention some time ago of
discontinuing the manufacture of the old common carbon-filament
lamps in sizes of over 100 watts because of the advent of the new
graphitized-filament lamp now commonly known as the "Gem,"
' Report of Committee on Progress, National Electric Light Asso-
ciation, 1^07.
which latter, because of its higher efficiency, would be certain to
supplant the old standard lamps even if the manufacture of the old
lamps was not discontinued. But here comes in one of the prosaic
points of detail. The position of the man who has an installation of
standard 32-candlepower lamps with standard shade holders and who
must substitute the new lamp, which is considerably larger in bulb
and longer in neck than the old standard 32-candlepower lamp, is
not a profitable one. The new lamp, as made, requires special
shade holders when fitted with reflectors. The old standard shade
holders leave the shade "high and dry" above the lamp bulb, de-
feating most of the purposes for which the shade may be intended.
If the change to larger bulb lamps requiring different shade holders
causes the owner at the same time to change to glassware that is
suited to the purpose of most efficient illumination, the change in
lamp sizes will have been a good thing aside from all questions of
lamp efficiency.
The departure from the familiar form of carbon-
filament lamp and the present popularity of the
metallic-filament lamp are well described in a recent
article by Prof. Albert F. Ganz.' It is pointed out that
the early carbon-filament lamps required 5 to 6 watts
per candle, but improvements in the manufacture of
the filaments had, by about 1888, decreased this
specific power consumption to 3.1 watts per candle.
The high efficiency lamps, having a specific consump-
tion of 3.1 watts per candle, could, however, be used
only on circuits having close-voltage regulation, as
otherwise the life of the lamp was greatly reduced.
No radical improvements in carbon-filament lamps
were made for over fifteen years, until about 1905,
when the metallizing or graphitizing process for treat-
ing carbon filaments was developed. This process
consists essentially in subjecting the carbon filament
to the high temperature of an electric furnace with the
result that the filament is partly or wholly graphitized.
The filament is then "flashed" and subjected to the
electric furnace for a second time. The graphitized or
metallized carbon-filament lamp, known also under
the trade name of "Gem" lamp, has a specific power
consumption of 2.5 watts per candle, with the same
normal life as the ordinary carbon-filament lamp. A
further remarkable alteration produced in the carbon
filament by the metaUizing or graphitizing process is
the change of the temperature coefficient of resistance
from negative to positive, so that the treated filament
behaves in this respect like a metal. This positive
temperature coefficient makes the lamp much less
influenced by fluctuations in the supply voltage.
Meantime, incandescent lamps containing filaments
of metal and giving efficiencies much higher than could
be obtained with carbon have been introduced. Plati-
num was tried in the early stages of the manufacture,
but was found not entirely satisfactory. Osmium was
the first metal tried in the newer work, and a fairly
satisfactory lamp, having a specific power consump-
tion of 1.5 watts per candle, was obtained. A number
of osmium lamps have, in fact, been used commercially
in Germany, but the very limited available supply of
'American Gas Light Journal, July, 1909.
r
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
109
this metal has prevented the commercial introduction
of this type on a large scale.
About the year 1904 lamps employing tantalum
filaments were placed on the market, having an
efficiency of about 2 watts per candle, with a useful
life greater than that of the carbon-filament lamp on
direct-current circuits. Processes were developed for
producing pure ductile tantalum which was then
drawn into fine wires for use in the lamps, and these
tantalum lamps have come into considerable com-
mercial use. A pecuharity of the tantalym lamp is
that it has a short hfe when used on alternating cur-
rent. The lamp is therefore inherently a direct-cur-
rent lamp.
The following year incandescent lamps having fila-
ments of tungsten were made in Germany. They had
a specific consumption of about 1.25 watts per candle
with a useful hfe claimed to be greater than that of
the carbon-filament lamp, and worked equally well on
both alternating and direct current. These lamps
were quickly introduced on a large scale. The manu-
facture of tungsten lamps was also started in America
about 1907, and they are now rapidly coming into use.
Since tungsten is not ductile, the tungsten filaments
can not be drawn into fine wires as in the case of tan-
talum. The production of a filament of tungsten,
therefore, presents many difficulties, with the result
that several different processes for producing these
filaments have been developed. Since the specific
resistance of tungsten is very much less than that of
carbon, a filament of tungsten for a lamp to be operated
at a given voltage must be very much thinner and
longer than a carbon filament for the same voltage.
For this reason tungsten filaments are admirably
suited for heavy-current, low-voltage series lamps for
use on constant-current circuits for street lighting.
Multiple lamps for 110-volt constant potential circuits
are now also manufactured in sizes down to 20-candle-
power, but the filaments in these lamps are extremely
small in diameter. When the tungsten filament is
incandescent it is extremely soft, and the loops,
especially those for high- voltage lamps, require supports
to keep them in position. The first tungsten lamps
were for this reason capable of operating only in a
vertical downward position. The lamps have been
so improved that they can now operate in any posi-
tion. The high-voltage tungsten filament is, however,
extremely fragile, and liable to break when subjected
to vibration, so that these lamps are not yet suitable
for places subjected to vibration, as, for instance, on
trains or boats. In these latter places, however, the
tantalum lamp and the low-voltage tungsten lamp
are frequently used.
Both the tantalum and tungsten filaments have a
positive temperature coefficient, and for this reason are
less affected by fluctuations in line voltage than ordi-
nary carbon filaments. The light given by tantalum
and tungsten lamps is also much whiter than that
given by carbon-filament lamps, owing to the higher
temperature at which these filaments are operated.
T^Jiother peculiarity of the.se metal-filament lamps is
that they do not depreciate from their initial candle-
power until the ffiament finally breaks. It is at times
even possible to repair a ruptured tantalum or tungsten
lamp filament by judiciously shaking the lamp with
the current on, until the broken ends of the filament
come in contact and are welded together by the intense
local heat at the point of contact. Such a weld is fre-
quently quite strong, enabling the lamp to continue in
service for a considerable time.
The report of the lamp committee of the National
Electric Light Association for 1909 brings out some
interesting data as to conditions in regard to incan-
descent lamps in general during the period under re-
view in tlie present report, based upon data from 200
of the largest central-station companies in the country.
It is remarked that as to the general use of different
types of lamps, the carbon-filament lamp was still
the standard lamp, although the metallized-filament
lamps were being used extensively by the companies,
more than 60 per cent of those reporting having al-
ready used a considerable proportion of such lamps.
Several of the larger companies proposed to abandon
the standard carbon lamp entirely and furnish the
metallized or Gem filament lamps for all their free
renewals.
Tungsten lamps had also been in general use,
about 75 per cent of the companies reporting that
they had used such lamps, and of these in turn
fully 75 per cent made extensive use of them and
encouragetl their introduction generally in their ter-
ritories. The reports indicate considerable diffi-
culties with the early lamps of this type, but a de-
cided improvement in the later installations. The
opinion is almost unanimous that the tungsten lamp
is the best possible instrument for making satisfied
customers and producing additional revenue. In the
matter of incandescent street lighting, a small pro-
portion of the companies reported changes to tungsten
lamps, with apparently satisfactory results in all
cases.
The number of companies using tantalum lamps
was much smaller, about 20 per cent only, and the
use of tantalum lamps was apparently becoming more
restricted rather than extended. Free lamp renewals
was the general practice, except in the case of very
small companies and a few of the larger companies.
Most of the companies that had furnished carbon
lamps on a free-renewal basis were extending that
policy to the metallized-filament lamps.
In the matter of delivering lamp renewals, about
half of the companies required the customers to send
for all lamps; about 10 per cent delivered all renewal
lamps ui)on request of customers; and about 4 per
cent made deliveries in accordance with a definite
schedule for covering the territory .systematically.
The other companies encouraged customers to send
110
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
for lamps, but also delivered upon request, subject to
restrictions.
About 25 per cent of the companies making deliv-
eries also placed the lamps in the sockets when
requested. About 15 per cent of the companies had
their free-renew^al lamps marked for identification.
Most companies recognized the difficulty of pre-
venting waste or loss of lamps without placing annoy-
ing restrictions upon the furnishing of lamps to cus-
tomers! and about half the companies reporting kept
a record of deliveries to indivitlual customers and
attempted, by means of such records, to avoid undue
losses.
In the matter of renewing blackened and broken
lamps, the general policy seemed to be to refuse to
renew broken lamps, but to renew blackened lamps.
In the matter of reserve stock, most of the companies
carried a safe reserve, which in all the companies
reporting would average about two months' supply.
The prices charged for other than standard free-
renewal lamps varied with the different companies
from list prices to cost prices, with, on the whole, little
uniformity between the companies.
At the Januarj^, 1908, meeting of the Pittsburg
Section of the American Institute of Electrical Engi-
neers the physical properties of the various forms of
lamps then in use were summed up in the following
table presented by Mr. A. J. Sweet:
KIND OF LAMP.
Mean
spher-
ical
candle-
Watts
per
candle.
power.
13.2
4.24
13.2
81.0
3.78
3.26
40.7
3.07
16.0
2.75
213.0
2.03
152.
2.65
37.0
1.62
1,020.0
0.431
Candle
per
k: W.
Common 50-watt carbon-filament incandescent lamp,
rated At 3,5 watts per candle, 10 horizontal candle-
power 13.2 4.24 236
Common 50-watt carbon-filainent incandescent lamp
rated at 3.1 watts per candle, IB horizontal candle
power 13.2 3.78 264
3-glower, 2ii4-watt Nernst lamp 81. 3. 26 307
Gem. 125.watt. praphitized carbon-filament lamp of 50
horizontLiloandlepower - 40.7 3.07 326
44-watt tantalum lamp, rated at 22 horizontal candle-
power 16.0 2.75 364
Direct-current, 5.1-arapere inclosed arc on 110-volt cir-
cuit, 1 .5-inch carbons
Alternating-current inclosed 5.7-ampere arc, taking 388
watts on 110-volt circuit, 0.5-inch carbons 152.0 2.65 392
60-watt, HO-volt tungsten-filament lamp, burning at
1.25 watts per horizontal candle 37.0 1.62 617
Luminous s-ampere arc, 440-watt, two in series on 110-
voltcircuit 1,020.0 0.431 2,320
At the March, 1908, meeting of the New England
Association of Electric Lighting Engineers, Mr. J. S.
Whit!iker,of the Rockingham County Light and Power
Company, Portsmouth, N. II., read a paper on the intro-
duction of tlie tungsten lamp. Citing a life test made
upon an 80-candlepower, 115-volt lamp, he stated that
it burned eight hundred and sixty-four hours con-
tinuously, with no perceptible change in color or
diminution of light, though no photometer test was
made. He instanced a small dry-goods store, which
had originally an installation of incandescent lamps and
gas arcs combined. Tungsten lamps were installed in
the show windows and one wing, on free trial, with
the result that an order was placed for a complete
tungsten installation. The lighting cost to the mer-
chant for December, 1907, was 20 per cent less than a
year before. During seven months Mr. Wliitaker pur-
chased 850 tungsten lamps; of these 27 were broken
in transit, 418 were installed, and 143 burned out. It
was found that 75 per cent of tlie early "burn-outs"
occurred in the first one hundred hours. Later lamps
were better and more uniform. A charge of $1.75 each
for 100-watt lamps was made to the consumer. This
allowed for transportation and breakage. The com-
pany replaced all lamps not burning one hundred
hours.
In the discussion Mr. Willcox, of Lowell, stated that
a rental basis of 25 cents per month had been found
satisfactory in meeting the gas-arc competition. Mr.
Sands, of Haverhill, stated that he loaned the shades
and reflectors in store installations of tungsten lamps;
and if one was broken or lost, the customer paid for it.
Mr. Cowles, of the Boston Edison Company, said that
his company had installed about 1,200 80-candlepower
tungsten lamps, charging an excess of $1.10, the lamp
remaining the property of the company. The life
appeared to be very good — thus far, at least seven
hundred hours. The company placed the lamps in the
sockets itself, pendant sockets being used. Mr. Hale,
of the Boston company, said that most customers ap-
peared to prefer the lamp installed with a clear shade,
even though the company advised the use of a sand-
blasted globe and etched shade. In Peabody, Mass.,
in order to meet gas-arc competition, 100-watt lamps
were installed at a charge of $1.50 each, with a guai-
antee that the annual cost of renewals should not ex-
ceed $3 per lamp, which was the yearlj- rental chai-ged
by the gas company. In a bowling alley where
foi-merly there was one gas lamp between each pair of
alleys the tungsten lamps were placed, one over each
alley, with reflectors adjusted to keep the light out of
the eyes of the patrons, and to direct it onto the pins.
It may be added that since the date of the meeting
last mentioned, all the points in favor of the tungsten
lamp have been improved upon, including longer life,
lower price, and less breakage in transit.
The number of cases of adoption of incandescent
lamps for street lighting in the period has been remark-
able, and the more noteworthy because a great deal of
the new work is due to the efforts of merchants doing
business along the streets illuminated rather than of
the municipal authorities. In other words, it is an-
other example of the stronger public spirit manifested
in late years; and it may also be regarded as an evi-
dence of the local pride which seeks to build up the
community and its trade. Numerous concerted efforts
have been made to enhance by such action the bril-
liancy and attractiveness of sections of particular
thoroughfares or even of whole streets. This develop-
ment is, moreover, particularly interesting as being in
itself an evidence that the general lighting at such
pomts is inadequate. Causing, as it does, too, an
"•^». •♦,
TYPE OF ORDINARY TUNGSTEN LAMP.
I.OOO-CANDLEPOWER TUNGSTEN LAMP COMPARED WITH
ORDINARY 16-CANDLEPOWER CARBON LAMP.
INCLOSED ARC LAMP WITH ORNAMENTAL CASING FOR
INDOOR SERVICE.
TYPE OF FLAMING-ARC LAMP.
t < ; * , f < t
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
Ill
accentuation of the surrounding gloom, it bids fair to
be a factor in raising the general scale of street
illumination.
A plan of extra lighting that has now become quite
common is seen in arch lighting, of which there are
many varieties. For example. Canal street. Grand
Rapids, Mich., has been specially illuminated with
series tungsten lamps, in 15 spans across the thorough-
fare, each with 18 lamps of 60-candlepower, 75 watts.
The spans are 100 feet apart, 110 feet in length, and the
initial expense was $750 each for labor and material.
Merchants paid for the work, and the cost of operation
is so small that some of them are at an expense of only
$1 per month. The effect has been marked, large
crow(.ls have been drawn, and, considered from all
points of view, the installation seems to be very suc-
cessful. On Monroe street, which is about 80 feet
wide, 12 arches had been erected, 80 to 90 feet apart,
with 14 tungstens on each; and 5 more arches were to
follow.
Big Rapids has followed suit and has erected 7
arches, with plans for 5 more. Each arch has 10
tungstens of 60 candlepower in series. Half a dozen
other small towns in ^lichigan have taken up the mat-
ter. A popular differentiation from the pipe arch is
the stringing of a span wire from ]:)olc to pole or from
buikling to building, the tungsten lamps being sus-
pended from the span. It all means additional income
for the station, but there are objections made to the
"canopy" plan. It puts the lamps up so high that a
considerable portion of the illumination is spent on
the upper stories of the buildings. The overhead net-
work of wiring is an obstruction to firemen, and there
is damage in the case of high winds. The contrasting
method of low posts close together has its warm advo-
cates, not merely because of its more permanent char-
acter and appearance, but as a revenue producer.
Thus, at Minneapolis, the Publicity Club has brought
about the lighting of Nicolet avenue, the main street
of the city, with 64 standards, 8 to the block, 4 on each
side of the street. The cost has been met by assessing
merchants $2 a front foot to cover installation and
$1.25 a year per front foot for maintenance. The
posts are of cast iron, standing 14 feet above the
grountl, and are ornamental. Each carries four 12-
inch alabaster globes and one 16-inch, all in a vertical
position, each containing one 100-watt tungsten lamp.
The advantages of the vertical arrangement of the
lamps are minimum breakage, greater cleanliness, and
larger lighting area. Each post is connected to the
Edison 3-wire direct-current system of underground
lead-sheathed cable. The retail cost of the posts in-
stalled is put at $145 each, of which $85 is for foundry
work and .$60 for wiring, globes, lamps, and similar
items. The Minneapolis General Electric Company
runs the installation at a total inclusive charge of $78
per post per year. All five lamps are switched on by
an electrolier key switch in the post base, and after
25142—10 8
midnight only the central lamp on top of the post is
left to burn until daylight. As compared with a post
system installed earlier at St. Paul, these standards
are 2 feet higher and have arms 2 feet longer, while
the tungsten lamp has added appreciably to the effect-
ive result obtained.
At Aurora, 111., a somewhat similar scheme has been
carried out, but there the tungsten lamps are carried
in the downward burning position, except the central
60-watt one. No fewer than 173 posts have been in-
stalled, each carrying 3 lamps, except at each of the
four corners of street intersections, where 5 lamps are
used. The posts are 50 feet apart along each side of
the street, on the curb line, one arm extending over
the sidewalk, the other over the roadway. The plan
originated with business men on the west side of the
city, who organized the West Aurora Improvement
Company. Proper ordinances were passed by the
city council whereby the merchants could install and
pay for the system and then turn it over to the city for
maintenance and operation. Similar movements were
started in other parts of the business distiict, and have
culminated in a thorough lighting of the downtown
section of the city. It is interesting to note that
Aurora, in 1881, began at the other end of the methods
of street illumination, with seven 150-foot towers, each
carrying two large open arcs, high in the air, where
they were imagined to give a "diffused moonlight,"
most of which in summer time at least, was intercepted
from the sidewalks and roads by shade trees.
During the past four or five years there has been
considerable advance in the use of electricity for the
lighting of public parks, especially since the introduc-
tion of the tungsten lamp. In 1908 the New York
Edison and allied companies developed a system of
park lighting with tungstens and soon after placed
large numbers of them in Riverside Park, on Riverside
Drive, in Highbridge Park, and in St. Nicholas Park.
These lamps are carried on ordinary posts at a height
of over 10 feet from the ground. The lantern consists
of three hinged interlocking sections, which provide
socket and globe-holding devices, with means to clean
and replace the lamps quickly as well as the reflectors
and globes. To reach the posts, conduit and buried
cable have been employed. The service switches con-
trol from 16 to 40 units equally balanced over the
3-wire network, and with slight modifications the sys-
tem could be adapted to series altei-nating supply
when used with a series transformer in either an arc
or incandescent circuit. More recent modifications of
this service include the lighting of Central Park with
tungsten lamps.
In regard to street lighting it is interesting to note
everywhere a greater interest in the beautiful aspect
of the streets by day and night, and a desire not to
spoil trees by bad trimming. At Los Angeles, Cal.,
the permits issued to the public-utility companies
have printed on them in large type: "The trees must
112
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
be trimmed so as to preserve their symmetry," and
this has led trimmers to give some attention to the
nature of the tree and the pecuharities of its growth.
One of the problems of suburban and rural develop-
ment of lighting has been how to connect up various
dwellings without excessive expense and without mar-
ring the attractiveness of the streets and foliage trees
by pole lines. In some cities there are alleyways that
can be utilized, but most cities are without these. At
Rochester, N. Y., the Railway and Light Company
has met the difficulty by erecting a pole line on the
back-yard boundary line; and the other utility com-
panies cooperate in maintaining the system. The
company has deeded to it by tlie owner the ground on
which the pole is erected, together with the right of
free access at all times, and in turn it places on the
streets a handsome type of arc lamp with standartl of
bishop's crook or swanneck form. In running the
mains to these back-yard poles, high-potential lines
are taken underground to a transformer in the man-
hole nearest the street, and thence low-potential cir-
cuits are run to a manhole in the street opposite the
pole lines, whence they branch and run underground to
the end pole on either side. The mains are then
brought up through conduit to the cross-arm. Serv-
ice connections are made to the mains and brought in
overhead to the rear of the houses, and the front of the
property is left free from unsightly wires and service
connections. The pole line extends from block to
block, depending on the number of liouses connected.
No trouble has been experienced in getting the neces-
sary concessions, as the plan is a benefit to the neigh-
borhood.
Incidentally the tungsten lamp has already brought
with it a number of auxiliary and supplemental devices
and methods, such as socket adapters, reflectors, fix-
tures, and small transformers. In the new ballroom
of the Hotel Astor, New York, where 1,200 people can
dine or 2,500 can dance at one time, the lighting is
done with some thousands of small low-volt tungsten
lamps associated with small group transformers
receiving current from motor-generator sets. At the
twenty-fiftli anniversary dinner of the American Insti-
tute of Electrical Engineers in the old ballroom of the
same house in March, 1909, some 50 large tables were
each beautifully illuminated with miniature tungsten
lamps fed by a small storage battery set in a low metal
vase on each table. Over the battery and lamps was
placed a block of glass simulating ice, with a number
of holes filled with water in which was set a mass of
blush roses and maidenhair fern. The softly brilliant
effect obtained would, it is said, have been impossible
with carbon-filament lamps. Moreover, it was not
necessary to wire each table for local lamps.
An evidence of the activity in the electric-lighting
industry is the constant stream of novelties. Of these,
the helion lamp is one for which an early commercial
perfection is predicted. The carbon-silicon filament
of this lamp has been brought to a point where it can
be burned in open air at practically the specific con-
sumption of an ordinary vacuum carbon lamp. An
interesting quality of tlie filament is its extraordinary
liigh specific resistance, which is nearly thirty times
that of the carbon filament and several hundred times
that of tungsten. Particles of it are so hard that they
will scratch glass.
The present report includes data as to the extension
of the use of Nernst or "glower" lamps. The intro-
duction of the metallic-filament incandescent lamp has
by no means operated to eliminate this lamp, which
has many desirable features of its own. The vogue of
the glower lamp is also due to the fact that new units
have been developed, considerably better in efficiency
than the old. Coincident with the improvements in
the glower came the development of the single-glower
renewal screw burner, making the renewal of the lamp
the same practically as in standard incandescent prac-
tice. This has resulted in the introduction of the
screw-burner principle into chandeliers; and the new
fixtures of that type are characterized by economy of
space and high illuminating power. A number of
large stores and other establishments have adopted the
glower form of illuminant. The Marsliall Field store
in Chicago, with 25 acres of floor space, is an example,
the details of the lighting of which were made public in
October, 1907, by Mr. F. J. Pearson, electrical engineer
of the dry-goods company, from which report the fol-
lowing is taken:
Tests of various lighting systems were carried on over
a period of eighteen months. While the illumination
calculated from the photometric curves of individual
lamps, as well as measurements of illumination at the
counter level in the actual installations, was made use
of in comparing results, far more value was attached
to visual tests made by comparing the general appear-
ance of large rooms or sections of rooms lighted in
different ways. To show the multiplicity of require-
ments, it is stated that there were 350 sections in the
store, nearly every one of which had a different class of
goods, and therefore presented somewhat different
requirements. It was therefore necessary, if uniform-
ity throughout the store was to be secured, to select a
compromise system which would meet fairly well all
requirements. The general plan of testing the differ-
ent illuminating systems offered by the (Ufferent
manufacturers was to take a large room about 150 by
250 feet, and equip one-half of it with one fighting
system and the other half with another. This was
thought to be the best way to bring before the non-
technical public and the sales managers the relative
effects and efficiencies of the various systems. Glower
lamps on shoit chain pendants were finally selected for
fighting the establishment, with an average illumina-
tion in the foot-candles as follows: All above the first
floor, 2.5 to 3; the first basement, 3.5 to 4; second and
third basements, shipping and packing departments,
2.25 to 2.5. Arc lamps were not seriously considered,
, t J w '• , t
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
113
because it was stated that not 10 of the 350 section
managers wanted to sell goods under tliem. The se-
lection of the glower lamp was made because of low
maintenance cost, color, and good general effect, as
indicated by the preference of the management and
the section managers.
The Moore tube system of vacuum lighting has also
made progress, not only in the design of apparatus, but
in the use of the tubes when provided with carbon
dioxide, and is valuable in business estabUshments
where color values are a main consideration. The
long-loop tube system has been standardized into a
"hair-pin" form, and there has also been developed a
"straight-run" form, i. e., one end of the tube does not
reenter the terminal box. The entire mezzanine floor
of the Xew York Post-Office has been very successfully
fitted up with tubes in 35 parallel rows, each 114 feet
long, placed immediately against the ceiling.
Where the peculiar color is not objectionable, a
large amount of miscellaneous lighting has been done
with the mercury vapor lamp, which was in 1901 in-
troduced to public notice by Dr. Peter Cooper Hewitt.
He has since developed the same principle in the mer-
cury arc rectifier, now also used largely to rectify alter-
nating current into direct for various services, and
especially for charging storage batteries. The lamp
is a glass tube about 1 inch in diameter, on 110-volt
circuits about 4 feet in length, and the light is ob-
tained by vaporizing with the current the small quan-
tity of mercury that the lamp holds. Dr. Louis Bell
gives a specific consumption of 0.6 to 0.8 watt per
equivalent caiidlepower for these lamps. The light is
practically without red rays, but is strongly actinic
and is therefore largely in use for photographic pur-
poses. Mercury vapor lamps have been constructed
with tubes bent into a circular form, so as to fit in a
diffusing globe, and in some cases incandescent lamps
have been added in the fixture for the purpose of sup-
plying the red rays missing in the mercury vapor light.
A prominent example of commercial lighting by units
combining a mercury vapor lamp with a tungsten
incandescent lamp is found in the editorial offices of
the New York World, where 36 such units have been
in use since May 1, 1908. Each combination consists
of a mercury vapor tube bent into circular form of
about 10 inches diameter, with a tungsten lamp in the
center. The vapor tube and tungsten lamp are
attached to an ornamental metal fixture provided
with a white corrugated reflector and surrounded by a
16-inch holophane hemispherical globe. The combi-
nation lamp is designed to operate on the 120-volt cir-
cuit, and to take a current of 2 amperes, thereby con-
suming 240 watts. The vapor tube and tungsten
lamps are connected in series, the vapor tube taking
about 52 volts and the tungsten lamp about 58 volts.
The remaining 10 volts are taken up by steadying
inductance. An automatic device consisting of an
inductance coil with a quick mercury break in vacuum,
called a "shifter," is placed in the fixture for starting
the lamp. Tests of the illumination produced by this
installation, made by means of a luminometer, and of
the power consumed, show that the candlepower of the
tungsten lamp is about 80 and of the vapor lamp about
200. With a power consumption of 240 watts, this
gives an equivalent specific power consumption of 0.86
watt per equivalent candle.
The quartz mercury vapor lamp has also become a
commercial success and is in use in Germany. Its for-
midable powers of competition may be inferred from
the fact that with the mercury arc playing in a quartz
tube it is possible to raise the temperature very much
higher than can be done in a glass tube. The maxi-
mum is reached at about 1 watt per candle, and after-
wards the specific consumption decreases rapidly down
to about 0.16 watt per candle.
Electric power. — As the statistics show, the inter-
censal period witnessed a phenomenal development in
electric-power supply, or motor service. If it were
not for their motor day load, many central-station
companies would doubtless find themselves in diffi-
culties. One problem, of course, is to prevent over-
lapping of the lighting and the motor loads, and this
has been worked out in one way under the Gossler sys-
tem as adopted in Montreal, Canada, and in various
cities of the United States. In 1894 the Royal Elec-
tric Company of Montreal was supplying the equiva-
lent of 14,700 16-candlepower lamps and 50 horse-
power in motors; while the total number of its cus-
tomers did not exceed 300, and none of the various
heating appliances were heard of. In 1907 the Mon-
treal Heat, Light and Power Company had connected
to its system the equivalent of 450,000 1 6-candlepower
lamps, about 37,000 horsepower in motors, and up-
ward of 1,000 appliances for heating, cooking, refrig-
erating, and so forth. The company served upward of
13,000 consumers of electricity and about 50,000 con-
sumers of gas, or a total of nearly 70,000 consumers.
The nonpeak users under this system are encouraged
by a special concession of rates. It was found that
about 40 per cent of the company's customers could
be shut off from obtaining energy at the time of peak
load without detriment to them. Among the loads
were 3,500 horsepower in cotton mills, which in order
to obtain the concession start operation at 7 a. m.
instead of 8, allow only half an hour for lunch, and are
thus able to stop work at 4.30 p. m. The operatives
in many instances prefer to work during these hours
and go home early than to begin later and finisli later.
Among the off-peak customers were the various morn-
ing and afternoon newspapers, to which the company
supplied upward of 400 horsepower. Another class of
customers were the brickyards, which required a sum-
mer service exclusively, and secured a 50 per cent
reduction from the regular rates on seven months' op-
eration. The amount of horsepower involved was 600
to 700, used in driving casting machines, mixers, and
114
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
conveyors. Other nonpeak users were the local water-
power company, whicli used 1,200 horsepower in pump-
ing drinking water; a railway-appliance company,
which used 500 horsepower; cement works, which in
1909 used from 5,000 to 6,000 horsepower; and various
wood 3-ards. In the wood yards all tlie cutting was
done during two or three hours of each day. The non-
peak rates were given to customers consuming rela-
tivety large amounts of power. An installation of 20
to 25 horsepower would be about the limit below which
the nonpeak rate would not be granted. Extensions
of the system have been carried out since the above
data were obtained.
The extent to which electrical energy is now sold for
power purposes is illustrated by the railway contracts
made by the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chi-
cago, which has been particularly energetic in reaching
out for this class of business. Under the ten-year bulk
contract with the Chicago City Railway, for example,
the energy is supplied by the power company to the
railway company in the form of a 3-phase, 25-cycle,
9,000-volt current. The railway company pays a min-
imum, primary, readiness-to-serve charge of $1.25 per
kilowatt of demand per month. The kilowatts de-
manded are taken as 21,000 as a minimum for the first
year of the contract and as much more as may be
demanded. For the remaining nine years of the con-
tract the railway company pays according to the fol-
lowing provisions for determining the maximum
demand : The railway company's maximum demand in
kilowatts for each month, upon which the primary
charge is made, is determined by taking three consecu-
tive days in the month, out of which there are selected
two hours, of which one is the hour of greatest output
in kilowatt hours in the first half of the day and the
other the hour of greatest output in the second half of
the day. The combined output for the six hours
selected in the manner thus indicated must be greater
than the combined output of six hours similarly selected
from any other three consecutive days in the month.
One-sixth of the aggregate number of kilowatt hours
consumed by the railway company during the six hours
selected is considered as the number of kilowatts con-
stituting the railway's maximum demand. If the rail-
way's maximum demand exceeds 21,000 kilowatts
during the first year, the railway is to pay $1.25 per
kilowatt of demand for each month for all in excess of
the amount named.
The applications of electric motors on central-sta-
tion circuits are now so numerous that it is useless to
attempt to enumerate them all. The motors find
employment in every industry and have seriously
modified methods in some classes of work. A notable
instance of their use outside of manufacture is fur-
nished by the electrically operated liigh-pressure water
systems for fire protection in the boroughs of Manhat-
tan and Brooklyn, New York, for which the city
appropriated over $5,000,000 for the whole work. The
pumps are operated by induction motors, the aggre-
gate rating for those installed in the four stations being
15,000 horsepower. Either salt or fresh water can be
used, although up to the present time only the latter
has been admitted to the mains. The systems are very
extensive, that on Manhattan Island comprising about
63 miles of mains varying in diameter from 12 to 24
inches. The five pumping units in each station will
deliver 5,000 gallons per minute against a discharge head
of 300 pounds per square inch when operating at 750
revolutions per minute, with a suction lift not exceed-
ing 20 feet. The pumps can be brought from stand-
still up to full speed in thirty seconds; and the company
is under a contract penalty of $500 per minute if it
fails in three minutes after an alarm is given to furnish
the proper and adequate motor service. The readi-
ness-to-serve charge is $24 per year per kilowatt of
the kilowatt rating of the motors and 1^ cents per
kilowatt hour for energy actually used.
The Brooklyn Edison Company receives $3,660 per
month for its readiness to serve and 1^ cents per kilo-
watt hour for current used. The cost of the two
Brooklyn stations and equipment was about $300,000.
The interest on the city investment and cost of main-
tenance will approximate $78,000 yearly, while the
reduction in insurance premiums in this borough is
placed at $300,000 per annum. It is work like this
that gives an idea of the loads that are being taken up
to-day by large central-station systems throughout the
country ; and the $500-per-minute fine does not appall
them, so reliable have such systems become.
A special example of the development of motor
service from central stations during the intercensal
period is found in its use for refrigerating, where the
motor drives the localized cooling apparatus and the
use of ice is dispensed with. Several plants of this
kind are being operated in Philadelphia, ranging in
capacity from a quarter ton of ice, driven by a 1-horse-
power motor, up to 35 tons, driven by a 75-horsepower
motor; and in some instances there are several units
in the same plant. During 1907 the connected load
of this character oh the circuits of the Philadelphia
Electric Company increased 217 per cent, represented by
over 230 ice-tons capacity of refrigerating machinery.
In the year named the company was operating refrig-
eration machines in saloons, grocery stores, residences,
drug stores, dairies, butcher shops, and restaurants,
and it has since added to this list the establishments of
florists, candy makers, ice-cream makers, fish and
game dealers, pork packers, hospitals, bottlers, and
fruiterers, and the equipment for cooling drinking
water in office buildings. The yearly bill has been
found to vary from 4.3 to 9.2 times that for the highest
month and from 5.5 to 14.8 times that for the month
of June. This relation is modified somewhat by the
differences in temperature of the different localities.
Electricity is also employed to operate brine pumps
and deep-well pumps, and the auxiliary-motor service
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
115
of this kind connected in 1907 showed an increase of
284 per cent.
Early in 1907 one of Pliiladelphia's leading firms of
florists decided to adopt mechanical refrigeration.
They had a display case 16.5 feet long, 9 feet high, and
42 inches wide, embracing about 500 cubic feet, with
three shelves, drawers below, and an ice bunker above.
The flower jars and vases held probably 200 to 300
pounds of water, which was renewed daily. Four 16-
candlepower lamps, placed so as not to be seen by the
observer, were kept burning in the case above and in
front, in order to illuminate the display properly.
Openings in the floor of the main case permitted the
cold air to circulate down to and arountl the smilax
and other green stuff kept in the drawers below. Both
doors and drawers were opened frequently, averaging
probably four times per hour each. Under these con-
ditions it was found necessary to use 500 to 700 poimds
of ice each day to maintain a temperature of 44 or 45
degrees. The annoyance and inconvenience of han-
dling were great, and the ice bill for one year was $501 .
A 1-ton plant driven by electric motor was installed
at a cost of $1,000, and the first year's saving direct
was $34.
Refrigeration suggests ventilation and the motor
fan. Central-station companies have generally ceased
to make any attempt to enumerate the fans on their
ciiTuits, though in some cities the figures are kept. In
1908 the companies in New York City reported that
they had about 250,000 fans on their circuits, which
furnished an appreciable and profitable day "load"
during the summer months. The Philadelphia Elec-
tric Company estimated the number on its circuits at
about 10,000, and a summer income from them of
more than $20,000. St. Louis claimed at least 10,000
on central-station circuits; Providence, 5,000; Buffalo,
2,000; and Denver, 1,500.
The automobile load is a class of business in which,
more or less directly, the modern central station sup-
plies current to motors, several thousand machines
now being operated by charging from the circuits. A
typical example of what can be done is found in Toledo,
Ohio, where the Railways and Light Company makes
a charge of 3 cents per kilowatt hour to all public
garages and repair shops, and 5 cents to private indi-
viduals, or a minimum bill of $3 per month to both
classes. The result is that in Toledo there were in
1908 about 500 electric automobiles, and 9 public
garages and 85 private ones using electricity. The
company sold mercury arc rectifier sets at $230 for
30 amperes, including installation, and made a reduc-
tion of $20 when the owner installed the rectifier him-
self. The rectifier is said to cause an average reduc-
tion of about 40 per cent in kilowatt hours consumed
as compared with charging through a rheostat. The
income to the company was about $48 per year per
vehicle in use in the city. One of the garages in the
city could charge 48 vehicles at once, and 60 to 75
were charged by it in a single night. Its rates were
$22.50 per month for charging, keeping, washing, and
delivering an electric coup6. Another garage had
some 80 vehicles on its regular list. It charged $20
per month for keeping up an open vehicle and $22.50
for a closed one.
Electric heating and cooJcing. — Great advances were
made during the inte recusal period 1 902- 1 907 in the arts
of electric heating and cooking, although the present
report is practically without data of a statistical char-
acter in regard to the extent to which the various de-
vices for these purposes have found a place on central-
station circuits. For many years such apparatus was
costly, easily deranged, and very uneconomical in its
consumption of current; but these defects have been
removed. WTiile electric heating and cooking can not
yet compare in general cheapness with older methods,
including the use of gas, electricity has already made
a place for itself in innumerable special instances and
over a wide variety of industrial and domestic work.
Moreover, the high efficiency metallic-filament incan-
descent lamps, by their smaller consumption of cur-
rent, have put central-station managers on the alert
to dispose of the surplus plant and electrical energy
thus left idle on their hands. As a result there has
been a really enormous stimulation of activity in this
newer field. The progress that is being made may
best be ascertained from the statements of some of
the central-station operators who have studied the
novel problems involved. One great advantage of
electrical apparatus of this class is that it can be used
with equal success on either direct or alternating cur-
rent. It needs only to be fed with the proper amount
of curjent from the supply circuits, without any par-
ticular adjustments except those for protection against
fire and other accidents.
At the Ohio Electric Light Convention, hold during
the summer of 1907, Mr. M. E. Turner gave some inter-
esting data about the use of electrical apparatus for
cooking in Cleveland. He stated that it was not
possible to obtain complete figures from all users, but
the following reliable data were collected from 11
homes using complete cooking outfits :
ELECTRIC COOKING.
Total, exclusively
and in part
Exclusively.
Exclusively.
Exclusively.
Exclusively.
In part
In part
In part
In part
In part
In part
In part
Total exclusively.
Total in part
Number
of resi-
dence.
Full
months
of use.
Average
number of
people
cooked for.
62
-Vverage
kilowatt
hours used
per month.
Average
per
month
per
person.
20
237
85
62
171
34
47
ti8
4b
34
380
71
555
654
'34
28
«21
24
11
9
10
10
6
45
8
28
16
' Includes laundry ironing and water beating.
' Includes laundry Ironing.
116
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
These figures indicate that with the growth of this
branch of the business an increased energy consump-
tion of from 100 to 200 kilowatt hours per residence
per month may be expected. In Cleveland a two-rate
method is used for billing residences, and the users of
electric heating generally received the benefit of the
secondary or lower rate. In fact, the cooking in all
the 11 residences cited was done at a 5-cent rate.
The expense under these conditions compares favor-
ably with that for manufactured gas, and the fact that
over 1,100 electiical-heating devices were sold in
Cleveland by the local illuminating company alone
during the twelve months preceding June, 1907, illus-
trates how popular electrical-energy consuming de-
vices were becoming in the home. These sales were
made through newspaper advertising and through the
efforts of one salesman, and toward the close of the
period named over 100 such devices a month were
being sold without any direct solicitation. The re-
sults from June, 1907, down to the date of writing are
equally striking.
At the meeting of the Northwestern Electrical
Association in Milwaukee during the spring of 1908,
Mr. E. I. Callahan presented the advantages of an
electric-heating load, and suggested some methods of
securing it. He knew of no easier way by which com-
panies could secure the desired result of getting more
revenue with existing investment than by pushing
the use of heating devices. Many of these devices,
he claimed, were simple enough to be used in nearly
every room in the house, by anyone, and could be
connected to the usual receptacles provided. The
central stations could usually supply 75 per cent of
the load demand without providing increased trans-
former, meter, or plant capacity. He suggested that
central stations not operating day circuits follow the
example set by several managers, and for a trial start
day circuits to operate all day on Tuesday, ironing
day. Small motor loads would then spring up and
the plants would soon be forced to operate every day
in the week. As to soliciting business, he suggested
that personal soUcitation, although the most expensive
advertising, was by far the most productive. He
gave the results of cooking by electricity in his own
home, in which for a period of a year the watt hours
per person per meal averaged 264, with a maximum
demand of about 2.8 kilowatts. Mr. J. R. Cravath,
from his own experience, confirmed these figures, and
stated that his maximum demand was about 3 kilo-
watts, inclusive of ironing. Mr. Korst, of Janesville,
Wis., stated that about half of the residence cus-
tomers of his company had flatirons, and that a very
good revenue was derived from this source, especially
during the summer months. He found, however, that
when the bills crept up in the winter time, customers
were apt to use their old irons heated on the coal
ranges. In the summer many customers' bills, ex-
clusive of the ironing, would fall below the $1 minimum
per month. The use of the electric flatiron would
bring the bills a little above $1, which would give the
company more revenue, and better satisfj"^ the cus-
tomer because he thereby avoided paying for some-
thing he did not get. The fiatiron also induced persons
who were not previously customers to have their
houses wired. Mr. II. N. Kimball, of Kenosha, Wis.,
said he had at first attempted to introduce flatirons by
having a demonstrator in the office, but that he did
not get much business that way. The demonstrator
was then sent out to canvass the residences, and the
results were very much better. Fully 75 per cent of
the irons sent out on trial were kept and not returned
to the office.
At its Grand Rapids convention in September, 1908,
the Michigan Electric Association received the report
of a special committee which had canvassed the cen-
tral stations of the state as to the results obtained
with electric heating and cooking. In general, the
data as to progress were similar to those given above.
Next to the fiatiron in popularity and as income
earners were the toasters, water heaters, and luminous
radiators. Most stations reported the toasters and
luminous radiators as equal in popularity, some
of them having as many as 150 of each on their
fines. The sale of chafing dishes, percolators, heat-
ing pads, and other devices seemed to be limited,
either by reason of their first cost or infrequency
of use.
Another field of operations reported on by the com-
mittee named was that of the commercial heating of
such appliances as gluepots, solder pots, soldering irons,
and branding irons. Perhaps the greatest drawbacks
to the introduction of electrical devices for the work
indicated have been the high initial cost and the
frequent burn-outs. Very few of the stations reported
any great advances in the introduction of cooking
outfits. For this the initial cost of the outfits and
devices seemed to be mainly responsible, since even
with such a rate inducement as 2.5 cents per kilowatt
hour, as established at Sault Ste. Marie, no great
amount of business was reported in this fine. Other
drawbacks to the electric-cooking outfit were its
limited reserve capacity for the average family, and
the inability of any yet known devices to heat enough
water for the average household at anywhere near a
reasonable price. The committee thought that before
the electric-cooking outfit could be a success it would
be necessary to furnish to the pubhc devices that
were not only fireproof, but more efficient, longer
lived, and of lower initial cost. Tests had shown con-
siderable saving by the use of the tireless cooker in
connection with electric outfits, and many of the
stations were already introducing and recommending
them. Indeed the whole art was declared to be in a
state of such rapid transition and improvement that
criticisms valid at one time soon become of little
weight.
*■. • *
' .* " «
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
117
Electric meters. — According to the data given in
Chapter IV on line equipment, there were 1,683,917
meters on central-station consumption circuits in 1907
as compared with 582,689 in 1902, the gain being not
less than 189 per cent. If meters on electric-railway
lighting systems are included, the number in 1907 was
1,897,803, representing a gain for the intercensal
period of 196.9 per cent. Such figures furnish a clear
indication of the rapidity with which the old practice
of selling electricity on a flat-rate basis is being aban-
doned. It is true that a great deal of electricity is still
sold by rough estimate, at an arbitrary price per lamp
per year, or per horsepower of motor, and it is also
true that modified flat-rate systems of payment have
enjoyed some degree of favor; nevertheless, it is prob-
able that no progressive central station of any size
can be found that does not employ customers' meters,
and the customers themselves, as a general rule, prefer
to buy current that is measured. To show the
importance attached to the subject, it may be men-
tioned that the report of the meter committee of the
National Electric Light Association, presented in 1909,
was a document' of over 300 pages; and to that
exhaustive report special students of the subject are
referred. The report was based on information
received from the member companies, and included
descriptive data concerning meters in general use on
central-station consumption circuits. '
The statistics in Chapter IV do not distinguish
between types of meters or attempt to give their
capacity. The answers given by the companies
showed that some of them are still using the older
commutator type of watt-hour meter, as well as the
induction type of ampere-hour meter on alternating
circuits. It was formerly considered that the commu-
tator type of watt-hour meter was equally suitable for
both direct and alternating current circuits ; and , indeed,
when the meter was properly "compensated," it did
register with equal accuracy, in the majority of cases, on
both kinds of service. At the present time the commu-
tator type of meter is considered as a direct-current
meter, while the induction watt-hour meter is regarded
as preferable for alternating-current consumption cir-
cuits. It was found that while the ratio of meter
capacity to connected load varied among the member
companies, yet, considered as a whole, it was not far
from 1 to 1 — that is, 1 kilowatt of meter capacity is
installed for each kilowatt capacity of connected load.
It is but seldom that the peak load exceeds 30 to 60
per cent of the connected load and the generators
seldom exceed 70 per cent of the connected load. It
would appear from the following table that, on the
average, the smaller companies had installed about
1.4 kilowatts of meter capacity for each kilowatt of
generator capacity :
' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I,
p. 257.
Number
of meters.
METERS INSTALLED.
KIND OF SERVICE.
Average
cost per
meter.
Average
capacity
per meter
in kilo-
watts.
Average
cost per
kilowatt
of meter
capacity.
flOO
3,000
10,000
til. 75
13.35
14.20
0.91
1.1)9
3.C6
3.4U
$12.91
7.90
4.(i3
General
20,000
13.00
3.93
Assuming the cost of generators for smaller plants
to average $12 per kilowatt and the cost of meters $8
per kilowatt, it will be seen that the cost of meters is
not far below the cost of generators.
As an evidence of the effect of improved meter
practice upon the average accuracy of meters, and the
consequent influence on the revenue, the following
table, received from a member company, was pre-
sented in the report referred to above. This company^
supplying both alternating and direct current, replaced
in all direct-current meters the stationary shunts with
adjustable shunts, equipped all direct-current meters
with diamond jewels, replaced all commutator meters
on alternating-current circuits with induction meters,
substituted modern meters for many of the older type,
and improved its system of testing, with the following
results:
VE.\R.
Meters in
service De-
cemljer 31.
Tenth load
accuracy,
percent.
neavy load
accuracy,
per cent.
Number
of meters
tested.
Per cent
of meters
tested.
1902
3,400
4,165
4,952
5,861
6,964
8,060
9,276
84.4
81.5
84.2
87.9
90.3
92.2
94.1
92.0
94.0
95.1
96.1
97.1
97.5
98.1
1,868
2,980
3,556
4,044
4,086
6,942
10,558
53.5
1003
71.5
71.8
1905
6!)
58.0
1907
86.1
1908
113.8
As indicative of the condition of meters not tested
for from two to five years, the following table, showing
the results of testing the 192 meters of a small com-
pany was also presented:
Total.
,\bove 20 fast
Between 10 and 20 fast
Between 4 and 10 fast
Between 2 and 4 fast
Between 2 slow and 2 fast.
Between 2 and 4 slow
Between 4 and 10 slow
Between 10 and 20 slow. . .
Over 20 slow
Not recording
LIGHT LOAD.
Number
ofmeters.
192
Percent.
100.0
0.5
1.6
2.1
12.5
6.7
18.7
22.9
9.4
25.6
FULL LOAD.
Numlier
ofmeters.
192
Per cent.
100.0
1.0
1.6
4.2
3.1
28.3
23.3
19.8
6.2
2.6
9.9
It is evident from the above tables that the financial
success of a company may be vitally dependent upon
the testing of its meters, and it is obvious that the
consumer has an equally large interest in securing the
highest possible accuracy in the apparatus upon which
alone the cost of service to him depends.
118
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
In Massachusetts a customer of an electric-light
company or the company itself may apply to the
Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners for an
examination and test of any meter in use, the board
furnishing the applicant with a certificate of the result
of the test and the expense attached thereto. If the
meter is inaccurate, the board may order the company
to repair it or substitute an accurate one. All fees
for examinations and tests are paid by the applicant,
but if the examination is made at the request of the
customer and the meter is found to register too fast,
the electric-light company is responsible for the fees.
The meter is deemed to be correct if it does not vary
more than 5 per cent from the standard approved by
the board. The inspector employed by the board
receives a salary, together with necessary traveling
and other expenses. The aggregate amount, however,
must not exceed $3,000 in any year. Should the
amount of compensation and expense exceed the
amount of fees received, the excess is assessed upon
and recovered from the electric-light companies. The
board establishes rules and regulations, fixes stand-
ards, prescribes fees, and employs such means and
methods for making examinations and tests of meters
as in its judgment are most practicable, expedient, and
economical. The fees charged for testing of various-
sized meters in 1907-8 in New York, Massachusetts,
and Canada are given in the accompanying table.
METER BATIKG.
3 amperes
5 amperes
10 amperes...
15 amperes...
25 amperes...
50 amperes . . .
75 amperes...
100 amperes . .
150 amperes..
200an!i)eres..
300 amperes . .
45<) amperes..
600ami)eres..
1,200 amperes
KATES FOB TESTtNG WATT-HOUB METEBS.
New York.
SI. 00
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.50
5.50
8.00
10.50
15.50
23.00
30.50
60.50
Massachu-
setts.
$1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
3.50
4.00
4.50
4.50
5.00
5.00
Canada.
Lamps.
$0.75
0.75
1.25
1.75
2.75
3.50
5.00
B.50
9.00
11.50
16.50
24.00
31.50
61.50
Meters.
$3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
6.00
6.00
9.00
12.00
18.00
27.00
32.00
72.00
It will not be out of place here to note that by the
provisions of the Canadian law a meter must be tested
and stamped every five j-ears. The meters to be tested
are brought to the government inspection office, or in
small towns and villages the test is conducted on the
premises of the electric-light company. When a cus-
tomer wants his meter tested, he notifies the electric-
light company and requests it to send a qualified per-
son to detach the meter from the mains so that it may
be taken to the inspector's office. The inspector files
with either the electric-light company or the customer,
on pajmient of the proper fee, a certificate stating the
result of the inspection, with such particulars as he
may deem right to insert for the information and
guidance of the persons concerned. Electrolytic me-
ters in use may be continued unless objected to by the
purchaser, but all renewals of meters must be made
by the substitution of direct-reading types. No meter
is passed which, when working at its full rating, varies
more than 3 per cent from the legal standard unit of
electricity, in favor of either the electric-light company
or the consumer. Whenever a reading of a meter is
taken by the electric-light company, the company
must give a duplicate of such reading to the consumer.
In every case the owner must keep the meter in good
repair and is responsible for the due inspection thereof.
Legishitjon in this general direction has been made
effective in the control over meters given to such
new "public-service commissions" as those in Wis-
consin and New York, and .steps have been taken by
these commissions for the full examination of all
meters and meter complaints. A report made public
in 1909 by the New York commission of the first dis-
trict of tests conducted in New York City showed a
remarkably satisfactory state of affairs as to the
general accuracy of meters in the district. Under
the public-service laws of New York an electric meter
is allowed a variation of 4 per cent either wa}-, while
a gas meter is allowed only 2 per cent.
The latest rules of the public-service commission
for the city of New York relative to testing electric
meters are embodied in printed" forms. Forms are
included for reports on complaint, periodic, and office
tests of meters. The complaint test is defined as a
test made by an electrical corporation, upon the prem-
ises where the meter is installed, as the result of a
complaint of the customer. A periodic meter test is a
test made by an electrical corporation in the regular
course of its business, upon the premises where the
meter is installed, but not at the time of installation,
which test is not made as the result of a complaint
from the consumer nor by special direction of the cor-
poration or one of its officers or employees. An office
meter test is a test made by an electrical corporation,
upon the premises where the meter is installed, by
special direction of the/ corporation itself or of an
officer or employee.
The rules require that every electrical corporation
operating within the first district shall file with the
public-service commission a monthly report, in the
form prescribed, stating the results of all tests of elec-
tric meters tested for accuracy during the month.
Such reports must be made for each calendar month
and be filed not later than the 15th day of the follow-
ing month.
All tests are required to be made with the meter in
its permanent position on the consumer's premises,
and under actual operating conditions as regards volt-
age, frequenc}', temperature, stray fields, and vibra-
tion. Where shunts, series transformers, or shunt
transformers are used in connection with a meter, the
meter must be tested from the line side of such appa-
ratus when the voltage does not exceed 600. In peri-
odic tests, where the line voltage exceeds 600 volts,
the meter may be testcil as a self-contained meter,
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
119
and the ratio certificates of the transformers may be
used in calciUating the true line watts, provided the
certificates are dated within the five years preceding
the time the meter is tested. In complaint and office
tests the commission will accept the ratio certificates
of the transformers, provided they are dated within
the year preceding the time the meter is tested. When
rotating standard meters are used the coimections
must be so arranged as to give the meter tester full
control of the starting and stopping of the standard
aaid at the same time allow him to count the revolu-
tions of the meter under test.
Each meter must be tested independently, and no
meter can be tested while connected in series with one
or more other meters unless the potential circuit of
each meter is so arranged as not to be fed through the
field of any meter under test or rotating standard.
All indicating and integrating instruments used as
standard instruments in testing meters must be
equipped with scales properly proportioned to the
loads measured.
All meters must be adjusted so as to register with
an error of not more than 1 per cent at light load and
at full load, and both of these adjustments must be
maintained in this condition as nearly as possible.
All meters, whenever possible, are to be tested at three
loads: One-tenth of the full rated capacity of the
meter, normal load, and full rated capacity of the
meter. The average of these tests obtained by mul-
tiplying the result of the test at normal load by three,
adding the result of the tests at one-tenth capacity
and full capacity, and dividing the total by five is
deemed the condition of the meter, and such final
average must be reported to the commission on the
form prescribed by it. In an installation where it is
impossible to obtain a load of 10 per cent of the rated
capacity, or of 100 per cent of the rated capacity of
the meter, tests are to be made at the nearest obtain-
able loads to 10 per cent and 1 00 per cent, respectively,
of the rated capacity of the meter, and the values are
to be given in the ratios.
The following classification, in percentage of instal-
lation, is used in determining normal test load :
A. Residence and apartment lighting 25 per cent
B. Elevator service 40 per cent
C. Factories (individual drive), churches, and offices. 45 per cent
D. Factories (shaft drive), theaters, clubs, entrances,
hallways, and general store lighting 60 per cent
E. Saloons, restaurants, pumps, air compressors, ice
machines, and moving-picture theaters 70 per cent
F. Sign and window lighting and blowers 100 per cent
When a meter is found to be connected to an instal-
lation consisting of two or more of the above classes of
loads, the normal load used must be obtained by tak-
ing the average of the percentages for the classes so
connected. Three tests are made at each load at
which the meter is tested, but should any two fail to
agree by 1 per cent, additional tests must be made
until three results are obtained which do not vary one
from another more than 1 per cent.
At Hartford, Conn., an interesting variation in
meter practice has been worked out by the Hartford
Electric Light Company, in connection with the intro-
duction of the tungsten lamp in smaller sizes, designed
for operation at 30 and 60 volts. Tests have shown
that these low-voltage, extra high-efficiency lamps can
be counted on for a life of at least two thousand hours.
The filaments are tough and thick and will stand rough
handling admirably. During the past two years sev-
eral installations of these lamj)s have been made in
residence service, and as a result the company is satis-
fied that it is advantageous to introduce tiaem gen-
erally on its circuits. In order to handle the situation
profitably, hov/ever, the company has worked out a
plan of charging the customer for light used rather
than billing on the usual basis of a price per kilowatt
hour.
The plan consists in the substitution of a meter dial
reading candlepower hours for the ordinary watt-hour
dial of the ordinary induction meter and in charging
the customer a rate of 0.02.5 cent per candlepower
hour of service supplied. The customer pays the
initial cost of installing the lamps, which is 20 cents
apiece for either the 10, 20, or 30 candlepower, 30 or 60
volt lamps. Free renewals are given on all these
lamps. The company installs an "economy coil," or
compensator, in each residence to reduce the potential
from that of the mains to 30 or 60 volts, as the case
may be. This compensator has the advantage of ab-
sorbing the effect of voltage fluctuations on the liigh-
tension lines back of the subway transformers from
which secondary groups of loads are fed, and it is pro-
vided with multi-voltage taps for convenience. Mr.
Dunham, president of the company, states:
The whole system of meter measurement has gradually adjusted
itself to a certain ratio between watts, or the power used in creating
light, and the other costs entering into the production of the candle-
power. This has been particularly the case with house lighting.
The general average price of house lighting in the larger cities and
in the older stations has become about 10 cents per kilowatt hour —
that is, the whole cost of light is placed upon the kilowatt measure-
ment, whereas more than one-half the cost consists of distribution
management and "overhead" expenses. This is clearly shown by
the fact that the same meter measurement of watts has an altogether
different price when it is used simply as power. The price of power
in the more modem stations and in the larger cities ranges from 2 to
6 cents per kilowatt hour, while the cost of light ranges from 4 to 12
cents, or about double the price of power, which would not be the
fact if the customer paid for the same thing in both instances. For
the power used the customer pays for the actual kilowatts, but for
the light delivered the customer pays for the actual kilowatts used
plus the various other expenses which have been attached by cus-
tom and necessity. This has placed all the stations in a peculiar
relation to the old-fashioned watt-hour meters in regard to the new
lamps, and they find themselves reduced in income, if they use the
new lamps, to one-half of their old revenue. This can not be
avoided except by changing the measuring instrument or by raising
the price of the kilowatt hours used to double that charged for the
old lamps, because the watt-hour meter measures a little less than
half the actual cost of the candlepower.
120
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Regulation and rates. — Various references have al-
ready been made in this chapter to the subjects of
rates and regulation. It is well understood that in
their dealings with the communities served, central-
station companies have always been governed by the
local-franchise ordinances imder which they operated.
But these franchises have dealt more with questions of
public-street lighting than with such a feature as serv-
ice to the private consumer; and it is in the latter re-
spect that most change is noticeable of recent years.
The change has been carried furthest in those states
where public-service commissions exist, whose author-
ity and control over public-utility corporations have
been generously amplified by the respective legislative
bodies delegating such powers. These states are not-
ably Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and New York, but it
is significant that, as a matter of record, in almost
every instance where the commissions have been ap-
pealed to, the actions or methods of the corporations
have been sustained; or if modified, the underlying
principle has been adhered to as based on reason and
equity.
One of the most interesting recent cases is that in
which the Wisconsin commission dealt with the ap-
plication of the La Crosse Gas and Electric Company
for the power to charge higher rates for electrical en-
ergy than had prevailed. The testimony and facts
presented by the petitioner related mostly to the his-
tory of electric lighting in La Crosse, to the rates
which the company was asking permission to establish,
and to the various systems of fixed rates that were al-
ready in use. From the facts relating to the value of
the plant and to its earnings and operating expenses,
the commission said it was quite clear that the plant
had not been a success as a producer of net earnings.
This was especially true when some allowance was
made for depreciation at 3 per cent. During the pre-
ceding two years the net earnings were not enough to
pay any interest upon the investment nor even to
meet ordinary depreciation charges, and so long as the
rates charged for energy remained so low there was but
little hope that the net earnings would increase. The
decision included a discussion of one of the most im-
portant features of the problem — the cost to the com-
pany of serving each class of customers. It is not
necessary to cite here the rates fixed, but the language
of the decision is as follows :
It further appears that the proposed rates are somewhat lower
than those charged in other cities, both inside and outside of this
state. The comparisons we have made upon this point are quite
extensive. They embrace at least 20 cities in Wisconsin and fully
as many in other states. These facts are of considerable importance,
not only to the petitioner but the people who are served by this
company. The petitioner has duties as well as rights in this matter.
While it is entitled to reasonable rates for service it renders, it has
not the right to exact more than this. It must also see to it that the
services it renders are adequate and that they meet all reasonable
requirements in this respect. It is as important that the interests
of the public it serves should be as fully protected as those of its
own. The best rates are those that are based upon the cost. Each
customer should, under ordinary conditions, contribute his just
proportion of all the expenses, as well as of the interest upon the
investment. From the foregoing examination of the facts involved
in this case it appears to us that the rates submitted by the peti-
tioner fairly meet the situation, and that they are just and reason-
able. It has been determined, therefore, that these rates shall be
put into effect, subject, however, to such revision as may be found
necessary when the plants in question have been appraised, or for
other reasons.
At Minneapolis the city officials held that the rates
of the Minneapolis General Electric Company were too
high, and that the same rate per kilowatt hour, except
for quantity discounts, should be made for all con-
sumers without regard to conditions of load. The
company had put in force a system of rates under
which customers having the best load-factors — that
is, those using current the largest number of hours
per day — were given much the lowest rates. It
appears from the reports of the early stages of the
Minneapolis controversy that the city officials were
chiefly concerned with lowering the maximum rates
charged by the company for short-hour business.
Several expert investigations were made into the com-
pany's affairs, with the result that the correctness of
the company's theory of readiness-to-serve charges in
connection with electric light and power business was
upheld. The experts all agreed that the rates given
to any individual customer should be dependent upon
the fixed charges on the investment necessary to
serve him, plus his share of the operating expenses
necessary to serve customers in his class, rather than
on the average expense of serving all classes of cus-
tomers. However, as a concession to the smaller
customers, it seems to have been generally agreed,
both by the company and by the experts, that the
maximum rates should be a little lower than those to
which the smaller short-hour customers would be
strictly and scientifically entitled. This reduction
from the maximum rates to small short-hour customers
was advocated only on the ground that the many
small consumers, by the consent of whom the com-
pany had the use of the streets and public alleys for
the distribution of its current, were entitled to receive
compensation in this way for the franchise, and that
larger consumers were not entitled to receive such
compensation in the same proportion.
The Minneapolis General Electric Company and the
committee of the city council came to an agreement
on electric light and power rates as a groundwork for
an ordinance giving the company a thirty-year fran-
cliise and fixing the rates for electric light and power
for the first year of the franchise. The city council
originally passed an ordinance requiring a uniform
rate of 8 cents per kilowatt hour, with discounts
purely according to quantity. The company refused
to recognize this ordinance, on the ground that it was
imjust, inequitable, and confiscatory. The point of
interest in the controversy is that a company was
able to convince a council committee and citizens of
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
121
the fairness of a rate based on load-factor, and of the
unfairness of a uniform rate per kilowatt hour for all
classes of business.
The residence-lighting rate which was agreed upon
is 9 cents per kilowatt hour for the first fifty-two
hours' use per month of 40 per cent of the connected
load, and 6.66 cents for all over that. Commercial
lighting is at the same rate, except that the maximum
demand as measured by maximum-demand meters is
substituted for 40 per cent of the connected load.
Maximum bills are 100 per cent of the connected load.
Minimum bills are $1 per month per lighting customer.
Retail motor service pays 7.5 cents per kilowatt hour for
the first fifty-two hours per month of the customer's
maximum demand, and 2.5 cents for all over that.
The minimum bill is $1 per month per horsepower
connected. The chief differences between these rates
and the old rates of the company are that the maxi-
mum rate has been reduced on lighting from 12.6
cents for iifty-two hours' use of 60 per cent of the
connected lamps to 9 cents for 40 per cent, and the
minimum bill on motors reduced from $2 to $1 per
horsepower. Free incandescent-lamp renewals and
free arc-lamp maintenance have been abolished under
the new rates. Quantity discounts from 5 to 25 per
cent are to be allowed on accounts of from ?50 to S250
per month.
Professor Cooley, one of the experts employed in
the investigations, pointed out that light and power
furnished under a limited-term franchise ought to
cost the consumer more than that furnished under a
perpetual franchise, because the company must figure
upon paying off its bondholders and stockholders
completely at the end of the limited-franchise period.
A company could certainly float 4 per cent bonds on
a perpetual franchise where with a limited franchise
it would pay 5 per cent.
Rates were changed in one or two of the leading
cities during 1907. The ordinance fixing the maxi-
mum rates to be charged by the Commonwealth
Edison Company of Chicago, until 1912 was passed
by the Chicago city council on March 23 of the former
year. This company pays 3 per cent of its gross re-
ceipts to the city, in accordance with the franchise
previously owned by the Commonwealth Electric
Company. The rates are as follows: Up to July 31,
1908, 15 cents per kilowatt hour as a primary rate
for energy used up to the equivalent of thirty hours' use
of the consumers' maximum demand, and 9 cents per
kilowatt hour as a secondary rate for all energy in
excess of the foregoing amount. From August 1,
1908, to July 31, 1909, the maximum rate is 13 cents
and the secondary rate 9 cents. From August 1,
1909, to July 31, 1912, the primary rate is 13 cents
and the secondary rate 7 cents. A discount of 1 cent
per kilowatt hour from the foregoing rates is to be
allowed on all bills paid within ten days.
The Union Electric Light and Power Company, of
St. Louis, has put in force a new system of rates,
which differs considerably from the typical systems
in use. It is founded on the belief that the value of
the service rendered to any individual should, so far as
practicable, be based on the cost of serving him, and
not on the average cost of serving the entire body of
consumers; and that as the cost of supplying current
per kilowatt hour varies greatly with the different
classes of service, so the price per kilowatt hour, in
justice to the several users, should vary greatly to
different customers. The company felt compelled
to recognize the force of the argument of the customer
who maintained that he was entitled to a lower average
rate if he guaranteed $5 per horsepower per month
than his neighbor who would guarantee only $1 per
horsepower per month. At first a system of " special "
contracts was adopted to meet this condition; but
complaints of unequal discriminations led later to the
su bstitution of a graduated schedule of rates. Under it
the service is divided into a very much larger number
of classes than was ever before attempted, and every
consumer in the same class gets the same rate.
Each customer's rate is based on the minimum
monthly guarantee he is willing to make per horse-
power or per 50-watt lamp connected, and the rate is
inversely proportional to the amount of the con-
nected load. For example, the customer having fewer
than 100 lamps pays 12 cents per kilowatt hour if he
guarantees only 10 cents per month per lamp. By
guaranteeing 45 cents per month per lamp he gets a
rate of 10 cents per kilowatt hour, and by guaranteeing
65 cents per month per lamp, a rate of only 8 cents per
kilowatt hour. Of the customers furnishing the 1 0-cent
guarantee there are 15 subclasses, each with its own
modified rate. The rate also declines as the number of
connected lamps increases. For example, a customer
guaranteeing 10 cents per month per lamp and having
less than 100 lamps pays 12 cents per kilowatt hour.
This rate is reduced by gradations until for 3,000 lamps
or over, with a lO-cent-per-lamp guarantee, the rate is
6 cents per kilowatt hour. For the 45-cent-per-lamp
guarantee the customer with fewer than 100 lamps
pays 10 cents per kilowatt hour, while the customer
with 3,000 lamps pays 5.2 cents per kUowatt hour.
All these rates are subject to discounts based on
hours' use and quantity. The discount made accord-
ing to the equivalent daily hours' use of the entire
connected load starts with a 6 per cent discount for a
kilowatt-hour consumption equivalent to one hour's
use per day of the connected load, and rises by grada-
tions to 25 per cent discount for a kilowatt-hour con-
sumption equivalent to eighteen hours per day of the
connected load. There is, also, in addition to this, a
discount based on the amount of the bill, which is
from 5 per cent on bills of under $10 to 56 per cent on
bills of over $9,000 per month.
122
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
The motor rates are graded on the same plan. For
a 1 -horsepower motor customer they vary from 10
cents per kilowatt hour on a guarantee of $1 per month
per horsepower to 5 cents per kilowatt hour on a guar-
antee of $7.50 per month per horsepower. The rate
also depends on horsepower connected. Under the
guarantee of $1 per month per horsepower the cus-
tomer with over 500 horsepower gets a 5.5-cent rate.
Under a guarantee of $2 per month per horsepower
the rate is 4.5 cents. The rates for heating and cook-
ing circuits in residences are 12 cents per kilowatt hour
on a minimum monthly guarantee of $2, 11 cents on a
$3 guarantee, 10 cents on a $4 guarantee, 9 cents on a
$5 guarantee, 8 cents on a $7.50 guarantee, 7.5 cents
on a $10 guarantee, and 7 cents on a $15 guarantee.
On these cooking rates a discount is given according
to the quantity of current consumed; on bills of $5 or
under 5 per cent is deducted, and this per cent in-
creases by 1 for each $1 of increase in the bills up to
$15, at which point the discount is. 15 per cent. For
bills of over $25 the discount is 20 per cent.
In its annual report' for 1908 the Wisconsin com-
mission said that it found the rates filed by the larger
companies to be generally based on scientific considera-
tions, but that those of the smaller companies partook
of "every conceivable form and method of determina-
tion." Out of 119 companies reporting, 50 had no
discriminatory rates, and 3 out of every 100 cus-
tomers paid less than the schedule rates. The report
went on to say: "Because a certain utility has more
discriminations in effect than another does not mean
in itself that it is following a vicious practice or is
using unlawful methods. Most of the discrimina-
tions cited are remnants of a former period of unre-
stricted competition; others are the outgrowth of cir-
cumstances over which the utilities themselves have
no control." In a recent address President Meyer
of the commission said that the ' ' sliding-scale arrange-
ment is full of promise for the future," because "when
the individual manager feels that with greater and
keener application, with increased efliciency and
economy, the rate of return on his investment will be
increased, he is much more likely to aim toward effi-
ciency and economy than he would if no such induce-
ments were held out to him."
Both the Wisconsin and the New York commis-
sions have sought to introduce a uniform classifica-
tion of accounts for electric companies. Two sets of
accounts are required in Wisconsin. In general, elec-
tric plants operating in cities of 10,000 inhabitants or
over must keep at least the list of accounts prescribed
in Class A, and all plants in cities of under 10,000
population must keep the accounts prescribed in Class
B. Any changes or additions proposed by a company
must be filed with the commission before the accounts
' Second Annual Report of the Railroad Commission of Wiacon-
ein, 1908.
in question are opened. At a meeting of the North-
western Electrical Association the classification was
spoken of in terms of approval by Mr. C. M. Duffy,
comptroller of the Milwaukee Electric Railway and
Light Company and chairman of the accounting com-
mittee of the association, who said that he did not
understand how anyone engaged in the electric-light-
ing business would be willing to conduct it and know
less about its finances than would be required by the
commission. The fundamental principle of the ac-
counting system is that all the costs of generating cur-
rent shall be kept distinct from the other expenses.
In New York state, also, both the commissions have
put into force rules and systems for uniform accounting.
In New York City one of the features of the rate
work of the public-service commission of the first dis-
trict has been to make a more general provision for
"breakdown" service. It has placed the price of this
service at $30 per kilowatt of maximum demand,
against which the real consumption is an offset at regu-
lar rates. In other words, the commission has recog-
nized the inherent propriety of a stand-by readiness-
to-serve charge. The commission of the first district
made an exhaustive investigation of the contracts
made by the companies, revealing a negligible number
of special contracts — one or two hundred in scores of
thousands — and many of these, as in other businesses,
left over from a former management or other control.
One of the acts of the commission has been to prohibit
specifically any "undue or unreasonable preference"
or advantage "to anybody, while no charge shall be
made that is not in a filed schedule, nor shall any elec-
trical corporation refund or remit in any manner or by
any device any portion of the rates or charges so speci-
fied." It is obvious that the immediate effect of such
a general policy is to compel companies to classify
their customers more closely, so that all in any given
group shall be treated alike. The fundamental fact is
that very few cases are alike in all particulars. Even
where like conditions exist, sometimes the parties in
question can not be persuaded of it, and the companies
have insisted on the impossibility of meeting the rules
of the commission either as to publishing everj' little
concession to a customer's wishes or as to strict con-
formity with all the terms prescribed for contracts. A
brief on this point filed with the commission by the
New York Edison Company pointed out that one of
its most important forms of contracts was for supply-
ing energy to large buildings by wholesale or in bulk.
These contracts were largely the result of personal can-
vass and individual negotiation, and it was claimed
that if the company was not permitted to modify the
phrasing or minor details of such contracts to suit
peculiar conditions its business would be seriously
interfered with. The company stated that it did not
seek to make special terms or give unusual privileges
to particular customers, but simply to be permitted to
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD.
123
modify the contracts to suit different conditions. It
desired only to extend to every customer any conven-
ience or facility that the special conditions surround-
ing the service made practicable, provided that the
peculiar features introduced into the contract did not
modif}' the cost to the consumer, and provided that the
compan\^ was prepared to extend the same privileges
to all others who presented the same conditions. The
company expressed itself as quite willing to accept and
obey the order of the commission in so far as it pro-
hibited any variation in charge, preference in rates, re-
funds, or special privileges, but it believed that special
riders to the contracts witii customers siiould be per-
mitted to meet special conditions that did not affect
the actual cost of furnishing the current, and it did not
mean to discriminate in any way in favor of one cus-
tomer as against another.
A valuable study of the whole subject of rates for
electric energy is found in the decision of the Board
of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners of Massachu-
setts in the matter of the complaint of the Public Fran-
chise League against the Edison Electric Illuminating
Company of Boston, filed May 29, 1908. In the
opinion many of the points already discussed in this
report, and others raised in the controversy, are given
careful consideration. The Edison Electric Illumina-
ting Company of Boston, like many other companies,
has had a system of rates based upon "fixed costs" and
"running costs," so as to charge each customer sub-
stantially the cost to it of supplying him, inclusive of
a reasonable return on the investment — the basic
method being known as the "maximum-demand" sys-
tem. One of the various modifications of this system
in use in America is the Doherty system, in operation
in Denver and other cities. It is based fundamentally
on the readiness-to-serve principle and aims at a more
or less exact adjustment of the price to the consumer
to the cost of producing that for which he contracts,
and diverges widely from tlie idea of a uniform rate
for all customers.
GENERAL TABLES
(125)
126
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 117.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-
27
30
37
60
STATE OR TERRITORY.
United States.,
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware'
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
4,714
3,620
1907
1902
129
115
383
346
200
180
192
169
111
61
120
114
234
201
171
138
162
123
Cost of con-
struction and
equipment.
$1,096,913,622
504,740,362
314
256
7,293,876
908,895
1,672,589
810,341
1,922,658
1,082,505
111,780,551
36,647,474
23,126,179
8,665,826
13,416,011
6,583,477
12, 735, 909
4,667,770
1,630,061
974,425
7,354,286
1,252,578
3,251,460
785,030
88,142,233
38,329,275
25,680,710
6,706,510
9,986,666
8,554,234
6,589,805
2,023,886
10,3,56,088
3,670,152
11,614,121
6,056,603
12,629,101
4,824,850
21,274,959
7,157,986
43,279,226
29, 562, 267
37,001,060
11,559,169
24,138,081
9,236,505
2,220,662
899,477
33,865,760
15,679,872
17,950,677
4,740,807
7,372,081
3,305,840
4,299,631
301,785
8,695,6,52
6,447,560
65, 219, 445
56, 432, 502
989,317
369,877
252,731,789
112,998,778
Gross
income.
1175,642,338
85,700,605
1,012,743
385,263
669,850
293,066
675, 718
425,317
14,416,529
5,066,417
3,410,240
1,652,505
2,469,543
1,319,549
1,464,644
749,841
654, 251
324, 770
1,110,510
357,565
719,395
192,206
15,465,993
6,757,015
4,438,332
2, 105, 146
2,479,969
1,545,663
1,514,867
650,833
1,660,700
860,086
1,852,383
971,631
1,453,016
692,350
1,883,084
962,207
10, 749, 240
6,340,944
6,072,010
2,613,812
3,478,009
1,858,789
686.700
366,934
5,805,828
2,392,149
2, 469, 131
1,025,971
1,562,669
601,777
372, 108
44,549
1,422,345
832,3-22
5,952,378
3,421,304
292,682
135,307
34,869,170
16,854,839
Electric service.
Total.
$169,614,691
'84, 186, 606
997,506
374, 138
644,192
288,019
664,916
413, 775
13,922,028
4,946,090
3,317,844
1,628,953
2,452,3.59
1,317,512
1,442,388
742,080
630,632
323,414
1,086,601
348, 763
692,489
191, 126
14,666,772
6,692,248
4,222,610
2, 038, 121
2,317,880
1,477,348
1,419,091
611,966
1,610,475
848,399
1,829,128
967,027
1,324,648
668,675
1,856,359
951,316
10,602,498
6,244,882
5,750,447
2,516,800
3,333,469
1,838,806
667, 543
341,546
5,683,795
2,360,150
2,376,472
1,017,805
1,474,426
697,304
352,959
44,549
1,321,296
826, 176
5,910,745
3,366,599
289,962
133,747
34; 067, 383
16,742,239
Lighting.
$125,755,114
70,138,147
827,094
330,756
446, 962
243,239
620.306
383,113
8,111,012
3,305,318
2,181,310
1,209,760
1,872,933
1,113,754
1,185,0-13
662, 729
607,492
308, 476
731,8.52
311,603
546.309
185, 535
10,278,668
6,849,351
3,457,753
1,916,135
2,016,394
1,389,644
1,092,163
563,403
1,371,667
740,878
1,573,879
850,471
970, 243
574,718
854,798
8,643,327
5, 263, 113
3,848,797
2,285,995
2,700,969
1,615,766
621,959
319,393
4,116,409
1,954,562
1,150,342
697,488
1,232,411
542,317
194,526
44,399
825,315
609,385
6,123,926
2,799,961
228, 161
127, 747
24, 296, 438
12,920,807
Stationary
motors.
$28,511,550
9,910,217
84,805
30, 175
71,808
44, 780
18,248
23,214
3,826,462
1,228,099
951.836
343,559
407,577
155, 732
191.609
79, 133
16,220
7,378
132, 964
35,360
100,291
6,591
2,445,280
763, 764
568,199
120,435
261,202
78, 180
224,224
48,658
220,061
92, 401
228,680
116,656
284,627
92,032
349,059
91,437
1,619,708
744,879
873,081
173,881
536,622
191,432
26, 133
18,741
985,596
402,937
963,669
32,881
168, 402
54,812
148,660
150
190,764
82,257
682,028
258,065
24,033
6,000
5,688,401
2,396,046
Ail other.
$15,348,027
4,138,241
85,607
13,207
25,422
26,362
7,448
1,984,564
412,673
184,698
76,634
171,849
48,026
65,736
100,218
6,920
7,560
221,786
1,800
45,889
1,842,824
79,133
196,658
1,551
41,284
9,524
102,714
6
18,847
15,120
26,569
69,778
1,825
9,014
5,081
639,463
236,890
1,028,569
66,924
96,888
31,608
19, 451
3,412
681,790
2,651
262,461
287,436
73,613
175
9,874
305,217
134, 534
104,791
298,583
37,778
4,082,544
1,425,386
' Exclusive of 7.082 arc and 267,997 incandescent lamps used by the establishments reporting to light their own
2 Includes estimated income of municipal stations from public lighting.
All other
sources.
$6,027,647
1,514,000
15,237
11,125
25,658
5,047
10,802
11,&42
494,601
120,327
92,396
23,552
17,184
2,037
22, 256
7,761
23,619
1,366
23,909
8,812
26,906
1,080
899,221
64,767
215, 722
67,025
162,089
68,316
95,776
38,867
50,225
1,687
23,255
4,604
128,368
23,776
26,726
10,891
146, 742
96,062
321,563
97,012"
144,540
19,983
19, 157
26,388
122,033
31,999
92,659
8,166
88,243
4,473
Total.
$106,205,149
55,457,830
101,049
6,146
41,633
64,706
2,720
1,560
791,787
112,600
electric properties.
650,231
243,059
414,347
222,053
443,735
266,177
8,357,184
3, 219, 422
2,160,135
1,282,246
1,422,717
840,755
874,901
670,772
433,2)0
207,807
612, 975
235,038
415,579
127,510
8,252,762
4,204,046
2,895,729
1,442,116
1,701,173
1,091,943
1,031,312
455,236
1,010,338
636,854
1,189,726
632, 776
866,807
479,850
1,517,770
604,376
6,809,793
4,428,981
3,754,215
1,743,218
2,259,919
1,230,928
441,281
263,459
3,754,747
1,695,316
1,102,955
547,686
968,713
376,418
198,491
31,887
704,964
436,027
3,702,064
2,209,227
208,614
96, 471
Salaries
and wages.
19,528,187
10,494,276
$35,420,324
20,646,692
208,533
87,049
130,663
82,644
157,814
90,759
3,094,193
1,176,741
775,045
482,588
529,652
329,763
262,698
121,711
156,700
73,315
232,711
92, 173
171,125
66,719
3,032,721
1,603,904
%9,263
549.428
547,177
406,819
. 374. 496
167,762
301,794
216, 438
382,982
226,060
308,006
202, 726
496,810
204,888
2,236,647
1,688,836
1,126,813
728,952
755, 778
433,266
161.433
95,300
1,306,640
684, 197
360,768
218,302
313, 427
149, 190
77, 264
14,776
286,749
187,933
1,370,606
821,739
66,981
34, 740
5,819,617
3,904,706
GENERAL TABLES.
127
COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907 AND 1902.
EXPENSE.s— continued.
Cost of sup-
plies ana
materials.
Cost of fuel.
Horsepower
of engines
„ and water
Rents, taxes, wheels (in-
insuranee, eluding
and other , auxiliary
miscellaneous engines)
expenses.
$21,400,823
11,280,423
$23,057,745
11.635.509
87.032
50,731
52,989 !
30,324
58.799 ■
■ 63,592
1,940,030
803,390
333,516
280.822 I
247,029
209,125 i
196,534
165,897
54.036
24,983
106, 757
62,073
137,625
22,745
1,376,655
742, 277
509,059
318,804
367,081
175,236
175, 798
131,330
201.944
90,985
196,193
102,356
220,159
96,595
222,156
106,422
1,438,911
621,057
1,090,659
346,616
580,410
251,484
47,173
56.528
717,251
305, 558
300,818
110,459
168, 144
78,331
50,600
11,460
112.927
71,341
691,810
449,766
48,399
22,363
4,028,067
2,433,526
216,013
62,243
178.232
86,465
169.967
66,294
1,122,639
502, 742
486,033
227, 201
334,733
178,099
155,299
116,079
187,324
92,393
160.641
58,803
39.461
14,906
2,006.053
989, 076
863,435
353,346
533, 438
349, 399
301,410
78,723
298, 270
146,296
289.579
115, 762
116.689
77,932
325. 158
176,101
1,376.830
909,420
852,734
407,568
540.935
337,201
167,733
81,226
767, 710
427, 166
122,551
95,241
307,992
15,867
2,260
142, 251
80,627
1,002.471
504,076
52.798
24.359
3,002,261
1,494,043
•Includes 2
25142—10-
$26,326,257 | 4,098,188
11,895,206 i 1,845,048
138,653 '!
43,036
52,463 '
22,620 .1
57,155 i
35,532
2, 200, 322
070, 549
,552.541
291,635
311,303
123.768
2(i0.370
167,085
35.170
17.110
10().866
21,929
67,368
23,140
1,837,333
868,789
553,972
220,537
253, 477
100.489
179.608
77.420
208.330
183.135
320,972
88,608
221.953
102, 597
473,646
116,965
1,758,405
1,309,668
684.009
260,082
3S2, 796
208,987
64.942
30,405
903. 146
278,395
318,818
123,684
179. 150
60.299
54.760
3,391
103,037
96, 126
637. 277
433.646
40.436
14.009
6,678,242
2.662,001
26.404
7,620
7,746
2,540
13,953
8,433
384, 073
134,788
82, 427
38,2t«
56,243
28,389
33.805
10, 123
14,370
6,114
54,704
12,630
13,694
5,454
299.246
126,806
116,828
54,237
46. 739
39,504
48.374
13,283
41.984
21,415
23,292
13, 767
57,880
24,889
51,541
19. 740
188,335
124,213
184. 207
64.883
121.825
34,823
15,522
7,660
111,416
45,318
68,817
31,887
30,020
12,308
6.980
1,720
46.784
28,090
93, 602
68,761
4,548
1,780
722,653
323, 413
Kilowatt
capacity of
dynamos.
2,709,225
1.212,235
17.124
4,473
4,939
1,811
9,678
6,024
238, 480
83,8Hi
53. 130
21,808
39.303
15,516
20,733
8,432
7,804
4,699
35,440
7,020
7,082
2,774
209,226
100,320
81,576
38, 144
32,056
24, 886
30. 307
8,596
29,140
15.012
15,175
7,781
39,290
15,291
30. 223
13,207
135,924
90,624
101,714
44, 176
78,516
20.999
9,884
5,106
68.407
32,100
39,602
22,055
20,041
8,412
6,690
704
31.917
17,777
70,566
46, 120
3,789
986
482,031
187, 252
Output of sta-
tions, kilowatt
hours.
KUHBER OF L.4.MPS.1
5,802,276.737
2,507,051,115
30,846.764
11,016,707
9.392,302
3,662,045
11.519.316
9.905,997
001.606,309
152,728,042
123, 275. 212
60,177,084
67,406,232
26, 738, 121
30,543,522
17,871,872
11,765,994
8,066,078
59,311.202
9,911,243
9,577,588
5,018,149
407.657.328
161,543.646
130,263,693
75,585,493
37,729,072
30,506,425
59,740,179
13,326,518
37.232.623
27,835.614
26.421,316
17,474,261
66.136,651
21,987,700
47.868,675
22, 128, 125
219,426.607
125,813,392
208, 154. 199
80,564.630
87,579,431
40,258,632
16.701,624
9,825,926
147.328.446
57,450,731
137,379,261
36.435,766
31,958,739
12.315,775
29.621,730
1,508,910
55,258,921
27,377,793
140,627,522
78, 739, 456
4,614,349
2, 637, 810
1,462,222.471
701,769.716
Arc.
655,713
385,698
Incandes-
cent.
I All other
' (includ-
ing
Nernst,
vacuum,
yapor,
etc.).
41,445,997
18.194,044
4,926
2,033
754
295
1.609
1,664
19.691
16.764
5,391
4,770
7,639
6,399
4,473
3,144
1,408
1,106
3.173
1,462
960
567
55,309
38,215
22,105
15,326
7,352
5,929
6,685
3,498
6,884
4,698
8,687
4,278
3,187
2,254
9,292
5,761
33,869
28,790
23,514
17,712
13,398
8,543
1,694
1,035
17,576
13,144
3,132
1,648
4,262
2,608
327
78
3,510
2,879
21,973
15,685
332
272
97,529
59, 1,30
232,577
61,373
72.001
36,560
142.446
82,234
3,067,383
1,006.875
648.446
295,605
576.661
271,806
412.948
167,671
141,258
61,144
179,913
60. 139
122, 460
33,262
3.582,178
1,567,665
1,326,182
656.461
808,451
420,847
471,876
128,857
483, 401
142,662
376,990
135, 693
442,940
204,632
634, 706
125,087
2,650,724
1,420,963
1,711,689
805,127
900,119
384,705
141,027
85,111
1,698,935
593, 798
230.837
101,868
488.932
151, 162
63,904
8,213
301,300
170,541
1,673,082
646, 762
55,229
22, 507
6.991.406
3,706,525
162,338
27
831
1,048
10,226
3,282
26
424
31
9,131
5,478
935
875
395
23S
252
4,844
4,579
5,650
2,904
52
6,461
364
1,169
35
434
1,939
150
25,655
EMPLOYEES.
Salaried officials and
clerks.
Number. Salaries.
12,990 $11,733,787
6,996 ! 5,663,580
109
41
58
28
75
36
927
351
220
166
170
101
96
45
71
30
132
56
72
23
1,034
580
448
243
278
196
182
78
124
75
113
78
100
83
665
459
5M
313
292
175
103
44
482
219
122
53
119
55
109
77
258
27
12 [
1,879
897 I
82,498
31,637
55,596
30,545
52,670
27,354
1,141,902
395,587
220,340
141,885
166,759
106,807
84, 244
34,729
47,064
18,044
102,862
32, 467
82.755
19,790
982,854
480,947
310, 136
166,360
188,899
117,589
136, 160
44,606
100,691
60,563
97.053
67,099
98, 761
50.396
157.825
53,444
471,250
381.337
203,694
261.578
123.663
71.213
29,422
447,578
186, 715
175,087
73,308
104,250
42,801
27.071
5,400
83,568
46,580
419,954
265,566
21,505
11,320
1,775.526
814,600
Wage-earners.
Average
number.
34,642
23,330
$23,686,
14,983,
234
121
90
58
169
113
2,201
1,009
575
395
258
163
194
106
252
147
116
66
2,868
1,759
1,170
098
577
536
385
214
461
292
428
258
345
252
610
268
2,017
1,565
1,226
942
770
474
185
138
1,318
778
197
149
285
182
55
11
313
217
1,,360
816
56
33
5,837
4,524
Wages.
537
112
126,
55,
035
412
52,099
106,
63,
1,962,
781,
554,
340,
362.
222,
178.
86,
109,
56,
129,
59,
144
405
291
154
706
703
956
454
2,049,
1,122,
669
393;
368,
289,
238,
123
201
155
285,
158,
209
152
338
151
1,646
1,117;
745,
625,
494,
309,
90,
65,
869,
185,
144,
209,
106,
203.
141,
950.
556,
636
271
849
706
1,370
i,929
867
957
,127
068
278
230
336
,156
,103
875
929
951
.245
,330
,985
444
151
,586
476
268
200
603
220
878
062
482
681
994
177
389
193
376
181
353
552
173
476 ; 59
420 ; 60
4.044.
3,090,
091
106
61
63
stations In 1902 and 1 In 1907
9
In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
128
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 117.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS—
6S
70
85
87
S4
100
101
102
STATE OR TERRITORY.
North Carolioa.
North Dakota..
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Penosylvanla..
Rhode Island..
South Carolina.
South Dakota. .
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto nico.
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
19022
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902"
1907 <
1902'
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
272
233
327
279
218
137
206
152
Cost ot con-
struction and
equipment.
»2, 241, 791
803,936
1,619,997
416,843
42,557,000
26,381,397
7,130,864
597,516
14,403,278
5,157,651
73,907,749
41,579,338
7,327,862
5, 428, 796
8,803,382
2,442,989
2,806,363
623,504
7,514,333
3,603,088
11,313.529
5,510,491
5,148,596
7,521,780
7,234,498
2,691,170
1,790,271
1,039,347
20,789,849
3,537,022
2,682,935
1,123,449
10,478,355
4,678,316
942,326
467,463
626,837
822,523
Gross
income.
S543,322
250,133
533,383
197,689
7,643,997
4,431,038
1,106,316
281,452
1,965,245
691,582
16,015,392
9,486,867
1,724,659
1,026,407
901,537
387,010
513,682
207,868
1,299,983
912, 482
3,792,203
2,074,558
665,241
714,353
841,701
485,605
390,628
210,632
3,410,542
783,651
724,253
322,015
2,278,637
1,288,020
317,580
159,216
Electric service.
416,103
336,005
321,592
Total.
$527,672
241,903
480,042
197,375
7,474,980
4,347,506
1,097,134
267,453
1,840,155
638,671
15,400,800
9,311,416
1,627,190
985, 595
865,708
356,066
492,767
204,292
1,266,610
911,555
3,668,722
2,049,225
627,332
664,240
795,391
461,898
380, 779
210, 176
3,219,814
739,743
689,919
320,443
2,127,080
1,270,669
303,683
159,016
397,332
207,600
Lighting.
$425,856
226,376
421,711
182,525
6,282,861
3,873,339
920, 737
264,627
1,280,949
497,629
12,081,602
8,321,766
1,257,521
816,773
409,665
180, 973
379,963
199,254
1,063.323
716,417
3,066,994
1,753,681
249,472
435,426
603,381
372,408
319,902
202, 135
2,078,156
586,274
567,027
307, 166
1,783,357
1,178,349
291,822
158,416
287,347
183,595
269,455
Stationary
motors.
176,431
15,627
40, 794
8,850
1,054,076
407,901
10), 920
12,826
375,306
89,942
2,101,320
640,948
302,513
120,935
432,384
169,353
110,651
5,038
1.30,798
134,023
376,897
203,859
173,439
156,331
162,376
67,771
40,746
8,041
531,818
66,866
43,084
7,509
253,087
75,992
11,761
60
109,985
24,005
32,295
'Mother.
$26,385
17,537
6,000
138,043
66,266
72, 477
183,900
51,000
1,217,878
348,702
67, 1.56
47,887
23,659
5,740
2,153
72,489
61,116
224,831
91,685
204,421
72,483
29,634
21,719
.\ 11 other
sources.
609,840
86,603
79,808
5,768 !
90,636
16,328
100
541
$15,650
8,230
53,341
314
169,017
83,532
9,182
13,999
125,090
53,011
614,692
176,451
97, 469
40,812
35.829
30,944
20,915
3,576
33,373
927
123,481
25,333
37,909
50,113
46,310
23,607
9,849
456
190,728
43,908
34,334
1,572
151,557
17,351
13,897
200
6,024
18,771
128, 405
13,818
EXPENSES.
Total.
$370,375
163,639
368,604
162,005
5,3.36,848
2,944,706
791,687
166,039
918,760
338, 142
9,884,187
5,779,371
990,846
763,414
511,486
213,439
359,086
151,471
736,964
480,171
2,900.888
1,436,016
353,108
452,814
621,143
293,966
238,205
160,440
1,911,691
666,667
479,011
225,860
1,641,894
861, 194
215,773
104,549
Salaries
and wages.
322,810
261,984
208,401
$131,013
67,996
113,383
47,260
1,543,925
1,0.53,991
264,604
61,929
416,424
167,756
3,241,421
2,095,415
3.tO,605
238,724
145,357
75,642
127, 143
58,116
247, 764
165, 041
789,219
509,181
169,686
177,391
188,780
132,645
99,060
68,249
800, 441
218,177
168,633
95,343
541,049
324,308
77.811
46.125
131,371
89,154
85,509
' Exclusive of 7,082 arc and 267.997 incandescent lamps used by the establishments reporting to light their own electric properties.
•Includes Indian Territory in 1902.
• Includes 2 stations in Hawaii, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907 AND 1902— Continued.
129
EXPENSES — continued.
Cost of sup-
plies and
materials.
162.948
36,3,10
33, ISd
18,507
869,760
564,844
71,885
23.559
130.883
36, 176
2.334,458
1,092,274
165. 642
100,311
94,301
65,530
58,844
37,645
108.251
99,097
361,1,35
325,305
113,974
103,839
118,071
65,221
54,188
30,947
575. 6,37
194.938
129.417
43. 748
a34,984
132,964
24, 698
12,952
Cost of fuel.
Rents, taxes,
I insurance,
and other
miscellaneous
expenses,
$134,064
43. 275
182. 404
60.505
1,307,873
704, 104
288. 253
63,958
173, 588
63,158
1,975 553 I
1,261.144 I
245. .386
145. ti07
104.043
44,922
140,739
37,611
225,985
123,655
1,178,812
337,730
7,616
52,883
59,895
42,251
51,370
38. ,329
101,085
55,974
113, 146
57,909
484, 109
271,642
78, 257
27,147
$42,350
16,038
39,(i31
19, 673
1,615,290
621,767
166,945
10. 593
197. 8t«
71.053
2,332.765
1,330,538
229,212
218. 772
167. 785
27,345
32.360
18.099
154.964
92.378
571.722
262.800
71.832
118,701
154.397
53,848
33,587
22,915
374,528
97,578
Horsepower
of engines
and water
wheels (in-
cluding
auxiliary
engines).
67.815
28,860
281,692
132,280
35,007
18,325
20,683
6,506
10,277
3,930
179.111
103, 745
22. 623
4, 407
126,815
17,798
302,5.37
175,510
27,986
17,600
84,1'5
21,205
12,984
5,057
28,730
19,003
71,914
34,887
35,950
20,460
38,566
23,857
14, 619
5,443
67.224
22,894
21.428
10,820
58,889
35,715
5,125
3,229
Kilowatt
capacity of
dynamos.
13,911
4,141
5,819
. 2,042
126,533
69,811
15,499
3,019
32, 587
11.165
212, 543
121,388
21,040
12, 139
51,271
13,390
10, 046
2,910
20,911
14,736
48. 558
26,108
33,593
13,923
21,854
11,442
9,195
3.827
66.308
13, 679
14,726
6,985
40,711
23,118
3,208
1.831
Output of sta-
tions, kilowatt
hours.
13,171,681
8,a51,.346
8,229.765
5,850,115
217.311.924
127,437.383
24,985.903
3,825,7(3
92.807,992
17,531,6t«
416,654,167
241, 09-!, 328
35, 651,. 323
23. 436, 435
68. 696. 424
18,426,763
13,615,015
4,256,007
34,847,956
24, 472, 632
75.829,108
48,888,450
61,672,661
32,457,063
29,923,3,33
22,374,060
10.208,360
6,879,243
257,785,236
19,722,262
24,871,317
11.355,905
.52.546,210
29,966,758
5, 499, 084
3.883,285
NUMBER OF LAMPS.'
Arc.
1,936
1,178
1,163
502
43,849
31,839
3,451
914
3,927
2,023
66,777
47,722
5,970
5,161
2,521
1.366
1.278
798
4.407
3,662
8,176
5,146
440
1.866
1,534
1. 415
1.278
6.771
2,977
2.885
1.898
8,697
7,416
517
259
Incandes-
cent.
144, 159
45,181
118,87?
41,916
2.254.467
934,213
218.884
37,443
370.092
95,045
3,861,171
l,78;s,683
384.597
196, 188
149,907
46,068
129. 486
63,248
306,818
174,291
794.972
303,591
67,663 ;
92,165
305,593
161, 106
93,035 I
37,645 I
1
618,809 !
108, 443
159,800
78,066
779,354
428,930
59,315
22,082
All other
(includ-
ing
Nernst,
vacuum,
vapor,
etc).
97
653
2,752
36, 491
732
HI
157
9,351
652
600
6,056
479
2,327
359
EMPLOYEES.
Salaried officials and
clerks.
Number.
660
465
126
21
118
46
713
73
121
65
378
173
61
221
75
290
131
Salaries.
$50,937
27,934
43,205
16, 470
517.401
263,190
92,329
19,280
130, 792
01.340
1,054.939
535. 721
102.077
71,494
67,958
26,479
55,710
18,068
93,858
48,987
278,797
127,747
55,356
57,543
69,006
39, 595
38,207
22,071
247,647
68,365
49,785
19,030
190,129
85, 158
28,722
11,950
Wage-earners.
Average
numljer.
176
96
101
50
1,497
1,301
288
71
349
141
3,313
2,467
377
236
168
120
113
63
295
241
137
171
188
153
112
107
664
199
179
134
577
434
Wages.
$80,076
40, 062
70. 178
30,790
1,026.524
790,801
172,275
42,649
285,632
106, 415
2, 186. 482
1,5,59,{)94
248. 528
167, 230
77,399
49,163
71, 433
40,048
154,206
116,054
510,422
381,434
104,330
119,848
119,774
93,050
60,853
46, 178
552,794
149,812
118,848
76,313
350,920
239, 150
49,089
34, 175
77
87
99
100
101
102
47,251
61,247
22,992
114,996
66,971
29,192
44, 612
41, 182
4,741
3,583
4,416
2,449
2, 192
2,562
3,390,401
3, 430, 600
5,049,047
67
152
19,818
33,877
20
52,350
25,387
80
79,021
63,767
* Includes 2 stations
' Uiiwail included w
in Hawaii and 4 in Porto Rico, in order tliat the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed,
ith Alaska, and Torto Rico not reported.
130
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 118.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY
STATE OB TEBSITOBT
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
PEIMARY POWEB.
Aggregate.
Steam engines.
Total.
500 H. P. and
under.
Over600H.P.but
under 1,000 H. P.
1,000 H. P. but
under 2,000 H. P.
2,000 H. P. but
under 5,000 H. P.
5,000 H. P. and
over.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
lier.
Horse-
power.
Num-
Ijer.
Horse-
power.
Num-
lier.
Horse-
power.
Num-
l;er.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
1
United States...
4,714
10,998
4,098,188
6,829
1,810,040
6,183
1,018,566
375
250,478
182
230,216
70
188,280
19
115,600
?
55
15
63
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
98
9
56
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
100
39
100
384
192
183
55
75
142
56
832
479
339
222
158
89
215
116
393
583
343
107
380
93
171
19
166
257
32
958
113
61
589
115
144
953
66
104
74
142
415
55
146
85
114
95
409
40
26,404
7,746
13,953
384,673
82,427
66,243
33,805
14,370
54,704
13,694
299,246
116,828
46, 739
48,374
41,984
23,292
57,880
51,541
188,335
184,207
121,825
15,522
111,416
68,817
30,020
6,980
46,784
93,602
4,548
722,653
20,683
10,277
179,111
22,623
126,815
302,537
27,986
84,115
12,984
28,730
71,914
35,950
38,566
14,619
67,224
21,428
68,889
8,125
76
25
89
143
97
99
29
57
102
19
654
324
266
146
144
69
74
81
285
280
220
95
226
28
111
3
38
184
26
468
73
55
460
109
57
666
22
48
40
110
287
10
33
38
49
65
220
29
16,835
4,286
12,091
98,299
32,835
24,357
8,515
10,004
16,129
2,202
148,248
68,311
40,406
35,589
32,539
20,542
16,293
39, 035
118,287
56,893
39,895
14,072
63, 162
5,805
16,496
210
14,870
76,095
4,035
206,412
10,241
9,820
125,335
21,599
20,077
209,082
12,480
8,475
5,952
21,150
49,216
1,279
7,981
4,868
9,514
13,811
32,327
4,085
69
25
89
107
76
94
24
56
101
19
599
305
258
138
127
59
73
71
222
264
207
95
205
26
109
3
33
131
25
397
72
54
416
105
44
588
11
47
40
103
268
10
30
38
46
61
215
29
10,505
4,286
12,091
23,469
11,952
20,557
4,315
9,254
14,879
2,202
85,898
63,561
34,301
22,169
19,439
8,667
15,693
12,885
46,881
44,060
27,545
14,072
30,972
3,805
14,546
210
7,170
28,267
3,185
71,212
9,641
9,170
67,276
18, 169
7,877
123,557
3,020
5,975
5,952
13,850
32,916
1,279
6,131
4,868
6,864
11,011
29,087
4,085
4
2,430
3
3,900
3
Arizona
4
Arkansas
California
fi
15
13
5
5
1
10,405
9,883
3,800
4,200
750
5
7
6,025
7,000
11
2
23,900
4,000
6
34,500
(1
Colorado
7
Connecticut
8
Delaware ^
9
Florida
in
1
1,260
11
Idaho
n
Illinois
30
16
6
4
13
4
1
4
40
13
8
21,950
10,250
3,407
3,000
8,300
2,875
600
2,650
28,756
9,100
5,200
21
3
2
1
4
4
26,400
4,500
2,698
1,420
4,800
5,000
3
9,000
1
5,000
13
14
Iowa
15
3
9,000
16
Kentucky
17
Louisiana
2
4,000
18
Maine
19
1
12
3
4
1,000
15,400
3,733
5,150
4
11
15,000
27,250
1
7,600
?n
Massachusetts
21
2?
1
2,000
?1
Mississippi
?4
8
5,430
6
2
1
6,630
2,000
1,200
7
20,130
?'i
Montana
?6
1
750
V
28
New Hampshire
New Jersey
1
31
1
33
1
1
22
3
6
45
9
700
21,050
850
23,400
600
650
13,977
1,940
3,800
30,925
6,460
3
22
4,000
26,778
1
3,000
?<»
30
31
New York
17
22,000
10
29,300
11
60,500
32
North Carolina
North Dakota
33
34
Ohio
12
1
7
29
2
16,882
1,500
8,400
38,600
3,000
10
27,200
Ti
36
Oregon..
37
Pennsylvania
3
8,000
1
8,000
38
Rhode Island
39
South Carolina
South Dakota
1
2,500
40
3
15
2,100
11,050
3
4
3,400
6,250
1
2,000
47
43
Utah..
44
Vermont
3
1,850
Virginia
2
3
5
1,350
1,800
3,240
1
1
1,300
1,000
17
West Virginia. . . .
Alaska
9
6
26
22
4,741
4,416
14
13
2,231
3,190
14
13
2,231
3,190
51
Hawailand Porto Rico
1
1 Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
131
PEIMAHY POWER— continued.
steam turbines.
Water wheels.
Total.
500 H. P. and
under.
Over 500 H. P.
but under 1,000
n. P.
1,000 H. P.
but under 2,000
H. P.
2,000 H. P.
but under 5,000
H. P.
5,000 H. P.
and over.
Total.
500 H. P. and
under.
Over 600 H. P.
but under 1,000
H. P.
1,000 H. P.
but under 2,000
H. P.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num- Horse-
ber. power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
377
817,410
65
17,017
123 [ 85,680
67
86,372
78
221,415
44
406,926
2,481
1,349.087
1,910
320,636
244
161,051
161
196,620
1
4
5
2
13
13
12
8
11
1
2,392
2,550
1,225
35.000
22,16«
12,886
23,800
4.200
2,000
1 225
3 1,000
3
2
2
2
3
3
1
2,167
1,550
1,225
1,500
2,041
2,036
800
15
4
1
172
47
54
5
7,007
750
300
208,444
25,580
18, 0«
285
11
4
1
80
32
48
5
1,007
750
300
17,519
5,480
8,045
285
4
6,000
•J
^
4
1 ■ 390
1 225
3 sua
2
4
6
1
3
2,500
5,500
9,900
1,000
3,000
6
5
16,610
14,400
2
14,000
18
6
14,225
3,900
35
6
6
41,400.
6,600
10,000
S
is,' 666'
7
2
8
1,000
1,200
2
6,000
2
8
<>
1
2,000
37
37
80
83
44
36
36,335
11,492
10,478
19.606
3,833
8,661
16
34
80
83
44
36
2,336
8,742
10,478
19,606
3,833
8,661
4
1
3,000
750
'i
14.200
2,000
10
11
27
25
138,710
2.1. Sfil
10
13
2
2
6,710
9,324
1.500
1,500
4
4
5,300
4,650
3
5
10,200
11,700
10
116,500
1?
3
187
13
2 1.500
2 1,500
3 9, 125
2 1.S2.';
14
15
1
125
2
9,000
16
1
1
1
7
5
525
750
666
4,930
3,540
1
1,300
17
1
7
22
17
750
10,8fi6
51,330
40.215
:
132
13
58
249
71
39,766
1,347
16,781
86,738
71,666
103
13
49
174
57
15, 442
1,347
8,562
24,038
8,656
25
19,104
4
6,220
18
2
2
2
4
700
550
875
1,500
1
7
2
2
1.500
8,800
3,300
2,700
3
3
8
2
8,000
7,050
32,500
4,000
19
3
30,666
7
70
2
5.519
38,500
1,400
5
2,700
1,200
6,800
20
?1
8 8.200
n
1
10
3
4
750
38,882
6,025
8,750
1
2
1
1
750
1.342
625
750
91
4
2
3
10,720
5,400
8,000
4
26,820
5
62
19
9
101
22
6
362
32
1
21
2,002
56,987
2,954
6,260
26,404
1,794
613
305,950
9,962
100
2,037
2
34
18
3
90
22
6
256
20
1
21
202
6,432
2,154
310
14,504
1,794
513
44, 468
3,012
100
2,037
3
5
1
5
3
1,800
4.125
800
3,750
2,400
?4
16
17,150
?5
?«
?7
6
10
4,390
12,850
6
2
4,390
1,500
8
8,500
'H
7
7,350
1
4,000
?9
10
47
203,595
6
1,270
8
5,072
4
5,160
12
30,093
17
162,000
32
12
20,782
6,950
25
31,400
31
31
20
1
2
39
6
44,916
750
4,000
49,081
12,020
4
1,250
6
1
4,500
750
4
6,166
3
11,500
3
22,500
34
31
2
3
4
4,000
6,522
9,720
72
119
16
62
12
14
23
45
101
44
48
U
140
6
102,052
30,863
2,263
75,430
2,205
1,240
2,762
34,671
28,472
9,551
56,118
3,627
19,001
765
38
110
16
21
10
14
23
27
87
40
28
9
139
6
6,286
23,083
2,263
8,705
1,005
1,240
2,762
4,671
17,222
5,726
6.018
1,927
18,451
765
6
4
4,266
2,780
3
6
3,000
5,000
36
7
1,675
21
14,345
5
2
6.433
2,300
3
20,106
37
38
7
2
4, .500
1,200
16
20,625
39
6
6
11
4,100
5,360
15,136
3
1,100
2
2
3
3,000
2,680
3,500
40
4
1
2,680
536
41
3
1,100
4
10,000
4?
7
13
1
2
1
4,700
9,060
600
4,700
1,700
660
8
10,600
43
2
1,783
1
450
1
1,333
44
3 1 3.22.n
4'i
3
5
10
1
1,160
2,680
4,856
225
2
2
3
1
410
410
200
225
1
3
7
750
2,270
4,656
2
2,000
46
47
48
49
10
8
2,490
1,186
10
8
2,490
1,186
50
M
132
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 118.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY
,
psiHART POWER— continued.
GENERATING AND
OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT.
Water wheels— Continued.
Oas engines.
Auxiliary engines.
Dynamos.
2,000 H. P. but
under 5,000 H. P.
5,000 H. P. and
over.
Aggregate.
Total.
Under 200 K. W.
200 K. W. but
under 600 K.W.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Kilowatts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
1
United States
Ill
330,980
55
339,800
463
55,828
848
65,823
12, 173
2,709,225
9,491
664,440
1,547
434,586
■>
1
3
1
11
4
6
20
70
12
16,585
300
706
4
2
7
45
31
12
13
6
1
150
90
325
26,345
1,546
249
1,205
126
100
104
53
105
336
181
220
82
74
157
46
947
640
374
230
175
86
210
155
614
544
381
102
295
94
171
14
140
345
38
1,072
125
64
756
122
113
1,285
110
87
70
127
451
62
118
83
128
115
432
40
17,124
4,939
9,078
238,480
53, 130
39,363
26,733
7,804
35,446
7,082
209,226
81,576
32,056
30,307
29,140
15, 175
39,290
36,223
135,924
101,714
78,516
9,884
68,467
39,602
20,041
5,690
31,917
70,566
3,789
482,031
13,911
6,819
126, 533
15,499
32,587
212,543
21,040
51,271
10,046
20,911
48,5,58
33,592
21,864
9,195
66,308
14, 726
40, 711
3,208
78
44
96
131
121
175
57
67
122
34
819
435
343
192
140
65
142
120
463
430
322
88
254
51
156
9
82
224
36
746
108
58
633
94
59
1,028
88
49
62
101
391
36
73
73
83
91
385
38
6,309
2,114
6,803
10,232
7,605
13,568
3,917
6,059
9,601
2,632
56,026
31,010
21,342
12,972
9,355
4,275
9,420
7,393
33, 440
28,813
19,786
6,609
17, 142
3, 442
9,461
490
7,297
18,056
2,764
57,609
7,836
4,349
44,003
7,349
3,837
76,741
6,396
3,621
4,801
7,001
21,863
2,192
5,481
5,295
6,678
6,681
24, 136
2,733
18
7
8
88
26
25
14
7
13
7
70
71
25
25
23
12
44
21
87
74
35
13
18
20
9
4,490
1,826
2,375
26, 035
7,025
6,405
4,216
1,745
2,795
1,960
21,750
19,310
6,864
6,835
5,985
3,700
12,750
4,930
26,509
21,901
9,690
2,775
5,175
5,710
2,130
•^
4
5
California
Colorado
32
3
89,600
9,600
7
45,700
7
^
q
Florida
1
1
40
140
10
7
16,800
11
•|9
Illinois . ....
19
15
11
19
1
3
870
1,295
564
1,678
15
420
52
32
16
19
10
15
8
10
16
26
22
10
126
940
1,755
436
946
305
605
1,071
163
840
758
646
675
6,407
n
14
T)
16
17
IS
19
5
12
11
22
1
13
130
1,097
603
1,428
25
963
""n
''1
Michigan
i
3
22,000
39,000
7>
4
16,800
•Kf
'4
8
29,280
''fi
17
6
8
11
845
485
1,115
1,328
20
1
13
30
975
25
1,005
1,535
07
' 1
2,200
OR
35
82
2
160
13
6
78
25
35
158
5
5
3
12
42
8
37
7
20
18
34
2
8,370
21,285
625
48,661
3,575
1,470
21,630
6,150
10,995
45,2()7
1,295
1,350
745
3,050
10,745
2,100
10,023
1,650
5,930
4,845
9,576
476
*^0
31
24
62,800
25
146,500
26
3,315
55
8
3
35
3
7
63
18
3
7
12
41
3,381
480
152
1,195
74
504
6,042
223
60
199
980
1,742
T?
?3
North Dakota
2
53
2
6
66
4
1
10
205
5,628
200
182
7,469
1,000
150
528
?4
Ohio . . .
■fi
36
22
73,500
3
15,000
17
Pennsylvania
3S
S9
8
41,600
40
41
4''
Texas
53
3,058
4?
Utah
3
1
14,800
2,200
44
4
1
2
9
22
205
60
90
925
2,079
6
2
12
5
17
4
125
140
342
385
626
50
45
Virginia . ..
46
Washington
6
13,400
5
30,000
47
West Virginia
48
Wisconsin
49
Wyoming
■iO
Alaska
2
1
20
40
25
24
2,449
2,562
22
21
1,574
1,662
3
3
875
900
51
Hawaii and Porto Rico
1
» Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order tliat the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued.
133
GENERATING AND OTHEB MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued.
Dynamos — Continued.
Aggregate-
Continued.
Direct-current, constant-
voltage.
50O K. W, but
under 1,000
K. W.
1,000 K.W. but
under 2,000
K. W.
2,000 K.W. but
under 5,000
K. W.
6,000 K. W. and
over.
Total.
Under 200 K.W.
200K.W.but
under 500
K.W.
600 K. W. but
under 1,000
K.W.
1,000 K.W.
but under 2,000
K.W.
2,000 K. W.
but under 6,000
K.W.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Nmn-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
624
390,149
281
351,700
163
438,350
67
430,000
3,680
406,460
3,128
183,865
417
115,156
102
63,890
30
1
36,560
1,000
3
7,000
1
6
2
1
50
20
7
6
4,125
1,000
500
36,213
12,550
3,890
3,600
2
2,200
1
29
27
36
68
57
70
36
10
23
9
283
126
168
76
57
33
56
33
166
127
185
22
102
25
74
3
26
91
17
291
32
46
230
32
24
388
35
5
23
30
209
13
11
22
30
31
172
18
4,300
737
2,331
8,960
4,852
7,097
5,280
1,070
1,469
147
34,374
13,528
11,866
6,836
5,509
5,724
5,714
2,674
26,633
11,662
13,009
1,061
10,215
2,166
4,005
60
3,682
21,114
925
48,768
1,966
3,609
34,298
3,120
3,877
48,682
8,374
191
1,456
2,176
12,070
622
863
1,252
5,484
2,255
9,804
923
21
27
33
46
46
64
25
8
20
9
237
108
158
68
50
32
48
28
134
110
171
22
91
22
71
3
19
37
17
224
30
42
196
27
15
315
23
5
23
27
194
13
9
22
24
30
167
18
1,550
737
1,531
2,125
2,102
5,847
1,730
570
819
147
13,764
6,778
8,016
3,876
2,709
1,774
2,849
1,574
9,808
5,687
8,484
1,051
4,105
1,466
3,230
60
1,232
2,564
925
17,998
1,566
2,989
11,998
1,770
352
22,867
2,079
191
1,466
1,176
7,345
622
463
1,262
1,184
2,056
8,679
923
7
1,760
?
1
3
20
11
6
10
2
3
800
5,105
2,750
1,260
2,960
500
650
4
31
7
12
1
43,000
8,700
13,500
1,000
22
7
1
2
51,500
17,250
2,000
4,000
14
72,500
1
720
1
1,000
H
n
7
2
10,000
1
600
8
q
9
5
31
21
5
10
8
6
23
6
40
14
7
1
9
15
2
4
18
31
1
59
4
5,760
2,600
19,160
12,660
2,850
6,600
4,650
4,100
16,120
3,400
24,126
7,600
4,540
500
4,660
10,250
1,250
3,000
10,050
21,225
500
39,111
2,600
13
17,400
10
1
11
13
12
1
2
1
3
1
1
20
18
10
14,300
16,600
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,100
1,000
1,600
27,100
20,500
12,000
4
1
11,000
2,000
10
87,000
38
14
8
6
6
2
4
5
17
16
13
13,310
3,260
2,060
1,460
2,000
800
865
1,000
4,450
4,475
3,525
6
3
1
3
1
3
4
3,800
2,000
800
1,600
800
2,100
2,000
1
1
1
1,000
1,500
1,000
1
2,500
12
11
11
1
3
2,000
8,250
n
16
1
1,050
17
■■■ ■ !
IS
7
1
8
4
14,000
2,260
23,000
10,000
1
3
6.000
22,500
14
10
1
6,975
500
4
1
1
6,400
1,000
1,000
20
?l
3
22,500
2?
■n
3
4,600
7
8
2
1
1
1
17,000
20,200
4,600
2,200
2,000
3,000
4
20,000
3
3
3
960
700
775
7
3,650
1
1,500
24
fa
2
2,700
?fi
'T
4
7
4,200
7,000
4
41
960
9,460
3
12
1,600
8,100
?H
1
1,000
?<»
1
■
10
39
47,800
49
166,360
19
133,500
44
2
3
23
5
7
61
5
13,060
400
620
8,000
1,350
2,100
17,165
1,295
18
12,720
5
6,000
31
1?
1?
23
2
14
70
13
16
3
10
11
10
6
3
4
6
13
13,700
1,000
8,265
42,636
7,100
11,500
1,500
5,860
6,960
6,700
3,360
2,260
2,500
3,200
7,000
13
1
5
24
2
9
2
3
7
2
1
16,700
1,000
9,600
26.900
3,000
10,800
3,000
3,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
6
15,500
3
15,000
6
3,600
6
8,200
1
2,500
34
15
2
9
1,426
5,150
3,000
16
1
2
8
2,000
4,250
24,000
4
20,000
3 3,600
17
1
2,000
IS
19
40
1
2,000
2
12
500
2,775
1
3
600
1,950
41
40
4
1
9,600
2,000
2
11,000
41
2
400
44
4'i
9
12,700
10
27,500
2
11,000
2
1
S
400
200
1,125
2
1,600
2
2,400
46
A7
4S
1
10
11
419
797
10
10
419
597
1
200
fii
i
134
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 118.-<)0MMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY
STATE OB TEBBITORY.
GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-.STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued.
Dynamos— Continued.
Direct-current, constant-amperage.
Alternating single-phase and poly-
phase current.
Total.
Under 200 K.W.
200 K.W. but
under 600 K. W.
600K. W. but 1,000 K.W. but
under 1,000 K.W. under 2,000 K.W.
Total.
Under 200 K. W.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
1
United States
1,685
80.992
1,664
71,649
16
4,833
3
2,010
2
2,500
6,808
2,221,773
4,699
408,926
Alabama . .
?
1
1
4
S
19
51
10
4
8
42
40
268
169
1,177
1,650
712
404
233
1
1
4
5
19
51
16
4
8
42
40
268
169
1,177
1,650
712
404
233
74
25
65
263
105
99
30
60
126
37
471
293
188
143
105
47
128
67
.288
322
158
80
172
60
96
U
112
179
21
636
87
15
383
90
89
590
30
82
45
95
234
49
95
53
98
71
220
21
12,782
4,162
7,079
229,361
47,101
30,616
20,741
6,330
33,744
6,936
164,976
62,286
19,759
23,007
23,196
9,413
32,285
31,315
102,032
86,625
64,162
8,833
57,629
37,192
15,961
6,030
28,135
45,582
2,864
422,117
11,764
2,030
86,412
12,379
28,710
147,242
10,859
51,080
8,568
18,646
36, 213
.13,070
20,453
7,709
60,824
11,962
29,907
2,205
66
16
59
80
56
60
16
55
94
25
391
208
167
113
77
32
70
37
168
226
113
60
142
20
84
6
61
112
18
385
72
12
295
67
44
412
20
44
37
72
189
23
53
43
69
48
178
19
4,717
1,337
6,004
7,938
4,326
6,071
1,475
6,085
8,449
2,485
32,886
19,244
12,895
8,632
6,211
2,463
5,845
3,485
16,373
19,699
9,957
5,568
12,314
1,732
6,156
430
5,965
11,622
1,839
33,615
6,089
1,180
26,182
6,579
3,485
38,315
1,509
3,430
3,313
5,736
14,243
1,670
4,780
3,809
5,494
4,117
14,457
1,730
3
Arizona
Arkansas
California. .
4
S
fi
7
R
Delaware*.
Q
Florida .
rn
11
Idaho
1?
Illinois..
193
121
18
11
13
1
26
55
161
95
38
9,876
5,762
431
464
435
38
1,291
2,334
7,259
3,527
1,345
191
119
18
11
13
1
24
55
161
95
38
9,376
4,994
431
464
435
38
720
2,334
7,259
3,527
1,345
2
2
600
768
13
14
Iowa. . . .
1R
Kansas
in
Kentucky
17
Louisiana
IS
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
2
665
w
m
?i
n
Minnesota
ra
?4
Missouri
21
9
1
723
244
75
21
9
1
723
244
75
?5
Montana
Nebraska.
?fi
97
?R
New Hampshire.
.1
100
3,870
2
75
100
3,870
W
in
New Mexico
11
New York.
145
6
4
143
11,146
191
180
5,823
137
6
4
143
5,996
191
180
5,823
4
1,400
2
1,250
2
2,500
1?
North Carolina . .
33
North Dakota
14
Ohio
IS
klahonia
3f>
37
307
46
16,619
1,807
301
45
14,559
1,807
5
1,300
1
760
IS
Rhode Island
31
40
2
2
8
32
89
275
2
2
8
32
89
275
41
Tennessee
Texas. .
4?
41
Utah .
44
12
8
538
234
11
8
238
234
1
300
4')
Virginia
4fi
Washington
47
West Virginia
13
40
1
509
1,000
80
13
40
1
509
1,000
80
4S
41
1
Alaska ..
Vl
1 . . .
15
10
2,030
1,675
12
8
1,155 1
975 j
SI
Hawaii and Porto Rico
3
90
3
90
1
1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Con tiaued.
185
GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued.
Dynanio.s-
-Coiitirnied.
Transformers.
Boosters.
Rotaries.
Storage-
battery
ceils in
main
stations.
Kilowatt
capacity
of miscel-
laneous
appa-
ratus.
Alternating
single-ph
ase and polyphase current — Continued.
200 K. W. but
under SOOK.W.
SOOK.W.but
under 1,000 K.W.
1,000 K. W. but
under 2,000 K.W.
2,000 K. W. but
under 5,000 K.W.
5,000 K. W. and
over.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
1,114
314,598
519
324,249
249
312,650
160
431,360
67
430,000
1,577
592,708
127
4,810
180
52.416
9,751
43,209
1
11
7
5
68
IS
19
4
5
10
7
30
55
17
20
17
10
38
16
70
59
22
13
15
17
6
2,740
1,825
1,575
20.930
4,275
5,155
1,266
1,245
2,145
1,950
7,940
15,292
4,814
5,375
3,985
2,900
11,320
3,930
22,059
17,426
6,165
2,775
4,215
5,010
1,355
6
2
1
49
20
7
5
4,125
1,000
500
34,493
12,660
3.890
3,000
1
1,200
]
12
2
3,801
266
2
2
2
6
1
2
1
1
600
300
680
2,000
350
300
600
275
15
16
45
70
470
60
2,670
12
25
19
1,898
80
420
1.043
115
t
j
3
85
g
4
30
7
12
1
42.000
8,700
13,500
1.000
22
7
1
2
51.600
17,250
2,000
4,000
14
72,500
268
73
10
3
21
17
22
S3
43
12
42
9
131,575
21,251
6,885
130
290
15,900
2,690
4,656
3,749
486
6,517
504
4
7
2
4
136
414
250
266
118
268
5
A
7
2
10,000
204
8
9
5
25
18
4
7
7
3
19
5
30
13
7
1
2
16
2
4
15
19
1
39
4
5.750
2.500
15.350
10,650
2,050
4,000
3,750
2.000
14. 120
3,400
18.150
7,000
4,640
600
1,000
10,250
1,250
3,000
8.550
13. 125
500
25,141
2,500
13
17,400
1
1
13
22
40
324
10
)
11
12
11
13.300
15,100
3
1
8.600
2,000
10
87,000
13
9
4
3,695
2,338
866
1,285
12
11
2
1
5
1
1
3
4
9
6
2
2
3
1
1
25
30
22
10
60
26
202
272
104
16
16
46
2
8
572
280
14
2
1
2
I
1
16
17
9
3.000
1.000
2.050
1,0(X)
1.500
20.700
19.500
11,000
1
3
2,000
8,250
IS
16
3
650
36
17
23
4
46
55
48
4
12
40
4
12
6
10
3
263
9
10,648
160
2,871
20,484
40,172
102
377
34,175
152
4,200
300
132
22
92,538
1,664
18
7
4
14,000
2,250
23,000
10,000
1
3
6,000
22,500
1
7
21
300
2.000
6,100
228
67
646
376
200
860
1,178
1,353
20
95
796
19
20
3
22,600
VI
2
1
1
3
1
600
200
200
• 1,300
600
?1
2
3,000
7
8
2
1
1
1
17,000
20,200
4,500
2,200
2,000
3,000
4
20,000
203
24
?S
2
2,700
60
64
236
974
76
■"Z
31
41
2
112
11
3
55
20
28
92
7.420
11,835
625
34,211
3,175
850
13,630
4,800
8,895
26,802
4
6
4,200
6,000
584
2
18.988
?8
7
566
U
3,835
"X}
If)
32
40,300
49
155,350
19
133,600
22
1
670
30
27
7,914
1,199
31
3?
2
8
108
2,975
289
4,063
350
626
4,354
It
18
2
12
60
7
16
3
9
8
10
6
3
2
6
13
10,100
1.000
6.830
36,725
4,100
11,500
1,500
5.360
5,000
6,700
3,350.
2,250
1,000
3,200
7,000
7
1
5
21
2
9
2
3
7
2
1
8.500
1,000
9,500
23.400
3.000
10.800
3.000
3.000
9.000
2.000
1,000
6
13,000
3
15,000
42
8
42
74
34
43
5
12
8
66
36
11,820
231
13,397
21,666
3,225
29,788
1,250
2,605
429
35.762
4,408
5
1
150
7
610
34
I"!
36
1
1
8
2,000
2,260
24,000
4
;!0,000
3
6
238
462
20
5
4,470
2,100
991
648
37
38
5
3
10
30
8
34
7
18
17
29
2
1,350
745
2,560
7,970
2,100
9,323
1,650
5.630
4.645
8,450
475
55
3")
1
7
7
150
2,300
1,700
266
40
1
2,000
1
2
4
240
885
535
41
4?
4
1
9,600
2,000
2
11,000
4t
189
44
37
208
433
320
15
I*)
7
10,300
10
27,600
2
11,000
62
13
16
56,643
1.584
3,203
'
151
6
1,510
56
46
47
2
19
4
1,600
276
It
4*)
3
2
875
700
6
900
m
1
250
■ii
1
I
136 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 119.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS,
STATE OK TEREITOBY.
Numl)er of
stations.
SUBSTATION PLANTS.
Total
kilowatt
capacity.
Transformers.
Rotarles.
Number of
celUiD
storage
batteries.
Kilowatt
capacity
of miscel-
laneous ap-
paratus.
Number
Kilowatts.
Numljer.
Kilowatts.
1
United states
4,714
1,511,102
4,211
1,100,824
490
311,003
20,187
99,276
?
55
15
63
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
98
9
66
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
61
71
48
206
18
4,500
1,490
9
9
3,400
1,190
266
1,100
1
2
.inn
4
>;
California
296,306
19,594
16,520
24,795
1,068
90
44
21
283,428
18,910
11,470
11,900
8 2,130
1 , 400
11 6.050
1,168
10,748
284
A
7
1,040
1,178
8
18
10,700
2,195
9
Florida
in
15,583
4,226
92,651
23,611
1,443
5,850
1,200
6,117
12,108
16,525
24,093
88,858
63,292
60
35,272
17,742
890
7,700
10,805
9,070
39
61
168
62
28
28
14,483
3,925
21,351
19,930
1,411
5,850
4
600
500
300
1,900
2,066
32
11
Idalio ..
1?
Illinois
93
12
69,400
1,615
3,018
420
11
14
11
16
1,200
1,000
17
10
65
26
163
143
77
2
116
54
17
34
68
60
2,117
12,108
5,726
23,181
61,040
44,440
60
6,347
16,602
840
7,700
9,856
4,746
4
3,000
\^
9
3
28
16
7,400
900
9,290
6,100
3,400
12
18,528
3,752
?n
1,388
299
528
?i
?^
^
'"t
16
2
7,950
600
936
20,975
540
50
■">
?fi
TT
■>«
3
14
750
4,200
278
200
125
•X)
'tn
V
487,973
2,250
865
24
316,937
2,260
196
161,628
7,761
9,408
1?
ti
14
18,795
63
13,425
4
1,000
470
4,370
15
16
40,829
63,747
1,823
47,813
1,390
324
1,140
8,840
8,728
2,055
38,507
1,805
4,733
50
139
186
26
168
9
12
29,629
36,107
1,823
47,813
1,390
324
15 10.200
1,000
12,200
17
23
5,440
1,108
296
1R
19
in
South Dakota - -
^''
Texas -
1,140
41
Utah..
48
66
12
114
19
38
1
8,840
8,528
2,055
35,357
1,805
2,483
50
1
44
1 1 200
45
Virginia. .
46
Washington
7
3,150
55
47
48
2,250
49
'in
9
6
900
6
900
1
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES. 137
TRANSFORMERS, METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATIONARY MOTORS.
TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS FOR
CUSTOMERS.
Number of meters
Number of custom-
OUTPUT OF STATIONS
, KILOWATT HOURS.
ou consumption
ers fumislied elec-
circuits.
tric current.
Number.
Horsepower.
Number.
Kilowatts.
Total for year.
Average per day.
107, 184
1,649.021!
299,489
2,058,567
1,683,917
1,946,979
5,862,276,737
16,295,709
1
541
5,660
2,037
8,890
11,430
16,261
30,840,764
85,766
2
339
2,220
605
3,083
5,025
6,854
9,392,302
25,731
3
198
1,177
1,917
7,, 396
6,503
12,071
11,619,310
31,791
4
ll,5(iO
200,067
21,625
213,633
143,384
173,029
661,606,309
1,816,169
5
3,232
41, 161
4,046
45,633
41,050
46,911
123,275,212
339,288
6
2,741
21,146
3,657
24,262
20,072
21,614
07,406,232
184,720
7
1,630
13,053
1,546
8,078
11,700
11,165
30,543,622
83,681
8
189
1,584
2,004
8,183
7,970
10,640
11,706,994
32,600
9
410
11,078
3,225
14,385
10,075
15,452
59,311,202
163,262
10
406
4,054
2,011
10,402
7,160
12,656
9, 577, .588
27,963
11
21,675
137,661
20,331
99,067
146,208
167,645
467,057,328
1,284.805
12
5,132
33,716
12,296
63,799
72,483
86,237
130,263,093
362, 484
13
2,643
14,547
4,907
23,422
39, 492
48,516
37,729,072
103.743
14
1,425
12,033
3,111
15,606
21,364
29,292
59,740.179
164, 756
15
1,124
9,962
4,582
20,175
18,350
24,282
37, 232, 623
103,293
16
1,713
16,110
3,372
8,862
15,116
15,972
26,421,316
72,841
17
1,304
19,372
4,858
24,210
16,230
19,614
66,136.651
190. .339
18
4.893
19,803
3,824
22,355
20,854
22, 168
47.8(i8.675
131,140
19
15,877
81,246
16,165
94,324
87,824
80,713
219.425.607
601,777
20
7,089
53,245
10,222
72,t»3
78,950
87,500
208, 154, 199
571,182
21
3,711
41,095
6,249
35.860
46,701
54,214
87,579,431
370, 445
22
181
1,520
1,958
9.791
9,234
13,829
15,704,624
43,246
23
8,923
54,111
9.531
46,185
50.070
61,575
147,328,446
406,919
24
971
33,240
1,823
33,691
15. 105
17, 630
137,379,261
392,207
25
1,719
10,776
2,433
17,146
22,710
27,086
31,958,739
87,804
26
411
6,850
836
4,319
2,305
3,958
29,621,730
81,820
27
1.061
10,231
4.030
18.836
11,764
14,082
55,258,921
153,562
28
5,994
27,604
13.830
56, 770
55,296
57,179
140,527,522
385,86(j
29
195
1,231
303
1,949
2,701
4,494
4,614,349
12,680
30
18,051
393, 955
32,406
496,040
217,462
201,701
1,452,222,471
3,988,701
31
249
4,345
1,526
6.395
6,068
9,719
13, 171, 681
37,443
32
327
1,816
343
1,752
6,493
7,999
8,229,705
22,041
33
13,083
04,941
18,991
91,064
92,964
100,071
217,311,924
699,779
34
1.08B
6,586
2,259
12,052
13,937
20,565
24,985.903
69, 428
35
2,072
20,452
3,439
25,227
21,312
33,475
92,807,992
256,8.33
36
10,063
122.461
37,578
195,742
142. 186
160,957
410,554,167
1,101,309
37
2,082
12,947
2,477
10,304
13,212
11,591
36,051,323
97,676
38
969
37,388
2,456
11.195
6,6.32
8,054
68, 696, 424
175,540
39
279
3,649
823
7,096
6,500
7,940
13,616.015
40, ,322
40
1,193
4,524
3,009
12,527
11,397
16,426
34,847,956
101,203
41
4,223
18,634
8,893
31,744
47.625
68,447
75,829,108
210.588
42
406
5,519
943
8,233
2,197
11,212
61, 072, (.61
109,550
43
776
9.778
3,498
20,790
12,698
15,361
29,923.333
82,149
44
268
3,690
1,295
7,764
2,835
6,969
10,208,300
29,347
45
1,933
29,686
3,843
63,657
38,699
46,462
257,785,236
708,034
46
340
4.432
2,052
10,327
5,936
9,404
24.871.317
71,043
47
2,366
17,995
5,993
25,710
34,773
44,081
52,546,210
147,502
48
131
685
271
1,901
3,199
5,116
5,499,084
16,080
49
65
587
53S
1,614
734
1.879
3.390,401
9,306
50
162
1.082
420
2.002
2,490
5,059
5,049,047
13.833
51
138
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 120.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC
STATE OB TEKBIIORY.
Number
of
stations.
ARC UOnTQIO— NUMBES OF LAMPS WIRED FOE SEB^^CE.
Total.
Direct-current.
Altemating-curren t .
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Puhlic.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
1
United States
Alabama
4,714
555,713
1
12,007
254,315
66,879
222,512
10,050
126,251
64,416
68,500
1,957
128,064
2,463
154,012
V
66
16
63
121
56
41
14
37-
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
98
9
56
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
. 37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
4,928
754
1,669
19,691
6,391
7,639
4,473
1,408
3,173
966
55,309
22,165
7,352
5,685
6,884
8,587
3,187
9,292
33,869
23,514
13,398
1,694
17,576
3,132
4,262
327
3,510
21,973
332
97,529
1,936
1,163
43,849
3,451
3,927
66,777
. 5,970
2,521
1,278
4,407
8,176
440
1,866
1,415
6,771
2,885
8,697
517
265
78
3
195
88
241
37
144
683
149
75
3
is'
383
155
195
9
14
16
13
21
i'
8
4
399
"3,'3i7'
12
2
4,929
1
is'
10
44
63'
i2
405
2,483
409
583
9,239
2,230
3,410
2,601
128
561
379
26,411
8,894
3,394
2,514
1,556
4,440
1,096
5,544
15,991
9,335
8,138
361
11,489
1,986
2,061
195
1,564
8,814
162
57,028
249
621
15, 161
1,563
1,557
23,681
2,631
680
479
1,396
4,713
349
461
346
3,768
1,017
2,385
262
68
27
9
903
1,692
1,371
363
220
310
24
9,225
4,644
979
269
318
■■ "326'
1,146
2,741
2,826
1,648
31
976
177
110
19'
2,644
3
4,347
54
36
4,625
44
1,597
18,520
2,399
54'
■ 639
4
243
184
" "6i2'
480
72
2,110
240
1,074
9,354
1,381
2,617
1,472
916
2,302
563
18,990
8,578
2,904
2,899
5,010
4,147
1,750
2,219
14,982
11,158
3,603
1,288
5,095
956
2,070
132
1,923
10,507
163
35,755
1,633
506
20,746
1,832
771
19,647
939
1,841
784
2,947
2,780
87
1,099
885
3,003
1,244
5,427
183
e'
3
66
88
229
37
144
1,780
106
21
984
75
1,849
1,989
12
33
2
9
9
652
1,692
1,371
363
200
183
6
9,107
4,491
908
269
318
" "326'
1,146
2,634
2,511
1,661
'893"
164
105
119
27
445
411
67
589
1,373
24
78
3
5,238
2,400
988
791
2,666
246
550
1,837
6,674
2,361
1,086
82
3,177
77
183
265
72
"i29'
12
53
46
2
1
32'
i4'
16
3
13
703
303
562
8,255
2,156
1,561
612
116
628
379
11,949
5,465
1,664
1,626
1,420
1,325
806
2,406
7,294
5,100
2,872
329
4,796
1,462
1,983
195
1,532
8,372
103
14,850
232
91
6,160
1,478
1,548
15,592
824
680
363
1,370
3,865
349
461
341
2,176
954
1,686
182
66
18
"25i"
26"
127
19
118
53
71
"m
316
87
31
83
13
6
' "m
3
109
""""359'
44
115
is'
8
4
5"
23'
45
1,991
213
629
8,943
1,314
2,028
90
892
2,224
560
13,752
6,178
1,916
2,108
2,344
3,901
1,200
382
8,308
8,797
2,517
1,206
1,918
879
1,887
132
1,822
7,938
137
19,647
1,287
228
15,470
1,639
768
10,304
776
1,754
707
2,805
2,646
87
1,035
663
2,982
1,066
3,982
162
3
Arisona
4
S
CalUomia . . ..
A
7
R
Delaware ' .
9
Florida
in
11
Idaho '.
1?
Illinois
630
103
73
2
is'
383
155
163
9
io'
8
14,462
3,429
1,730
889
136
3,11s
290
3,138
8,697
4,235
6,266
32
6,693
524
78
13
14
Iowa
15
16
Kentiiclcy
17
Louisiana
18
19
Maryland
W
?1
Michigan
r>
Minnesota
?3
?4
Missouri.
vi
w
27
?S
New Hampshire
4
8
"392
"2,' 286'
2
4,801
1
32
442
59
42, 178
17
530
10,001
85
9
8,089
1,807
19
2,295
"4,' 238'
54
36
4,266
'"i,'597'
18,405
2,399
101
2,569
26
16,108
346
278
6,276
193
3
9,343
164
87
77
142
234
4'
7
"i,'63i'
10
2
128
is'
10
9
29
30
New Jersey
New Mexico.
31
New Yorls
3?
North Carolina
33
North Dakota. . .
34
Ohio
35
36
Oregon
37
Pennsylvania
38
.39
40
South Dakota
35
126
26
848
39'
631
41
4?
Texas
43
Utah
44
3
"394'
243
179
"589'
435
72
64
322
21
178
1,445
31
60
i2"
11
45
Virginia . . .
6
1,592
63
699
80
46
Washington
47
West Virginia
48
44
Alaska
.V)
9
6
67
539
1
63
139
""isi
3
269
1
11
39
"isi'
3
112
52
100
61
Hawaii and Porto Bico. . . .
■
157
> Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order tbat the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
139
INCANDESCENT UQHTINQ— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE.
Aggregate.
41,445,997
Total.
Commercial.
40,637,304
Public.
16-candiepower.
Commercial.
35,048,537
232, 577
72, 001
I42,44fi
3,0ti7,38:)
648, 448
376, 661
412, 948
141,258
179,913
122, 460
3,582,178
1,325,182
808, 451
471,876
483, 401
376,990
442,940
634,705
2,650,724
1,711,689
900,119
141,027
1,698,935
230,837
488,932
63,904
301,300
1,673,082
55,229
6,991,406
144, 139
118,875
2,254,467
218,884
370,092
3,861,171
384,597
149,907
129,486
306,818
794,972
67, 663
305,593
93,035
618,809
159,800
779,354
59, 315
19,818
58,492
2.30,434
71,480 1
140,115 I
3,031,750
640,409
569,614
407,942
138,678 I
175,838 i
121,334
3,507,351
1,308,452
792,996
468, 263
477, 244
367,835 i
433,982 1
616,105
2,602,316 !
1,661,290 I
882,459
1.38, 972
1,689,649
229, 277
482, 619
63,684
292,458
1,648,762
54, 537
6,753,211
141,490
117,019
2, 207, 283
216,869
3*14,640
3,815,617
375, 148
147,547
127, 455
300,351
787, 701
64, 632
293,391
91,381
607,594
15<),604
765,063
58,463
19, .WO
57,136
2,143
521
2,a31
35,633
8,037
7,047
5,006
2,580
4,075
1,126
74,827 t
16,730 *
15,455 ]
3,613 I
6,157
9,155
8,958
18,600
48,408
50,399
17,660
2,055
9,286
1,560
6,313
220
8,842
24,320
692 '
238,195
2,669
1,856
47, 184
2,015
5,452
45,554
9,449
2,360
2,031
6,467
7,271
3,031
12,202
1,654
11,215
3, 196
14,291
852
318
1,356
202,708
59,295
123,973
2,482,026
603,804
469.283
392; 2.53
130, 120
146,039
94, 428
2,713,110
1,171,285
670,359
356, 797
393, 796
342,300
359,375
611,591
2, 479, 540
1,386,798
782, 260
119,299
1, 136, 748
208, 402
384,072
60,175
262,183
1,317,787
37, 177
6,443,667
116,704
82,934
1,870,192
204,942
288,853
3,329,414
272,317
132,632
117,622
274,254
764,091
51,832
265, 334
79,303
381,188
1,39, 498
686,869
49,918
14,8.50
47,457
Public.
592,075
1,837
449
702
28, .563
7,115
2,932
3,777
1,065
2,899
374
59,627
12,930
4,616
2,350
4,330
7,972
3, 779
16, 492
21,460
45,234
11,155
734
3,414
1,451
4,175
215
4,794
3,723
625
218, 638
1,028
1,077
40, 416
1,434
2,945
32,560
3,210
1,742
1,311
3,261
4,748
873
2,091
567
5, 171
1,620
9,909
685
216
910
32K;andlepower.
Commercial. I Public.
1,293,229 115,381
11,945
4,9.35
9,366
97,146
15,704
8,373
10,226
6,838
15,690
7,953
99,415
66,327
37,853
22, 878
12, 521
6,868
27, 470
1,789
51,560
59,121
30,088
9,791
42, 757
11,280
16,288
1,330
6,059
201,719
6,817
59,399
6,445
10, 125
63, .329
7,616
37,204
83,830
11,862
9,971
3,864
6,577
10,955
4,785
4,284
6,519
37,436
7,428
18,090
3,205
1,3.55
3,083
214
72
1,158
4,658
574
671
228
861
399
662
9,652
2,513
8,375
831
1,193
773
2,761
1,156
5,506
2,867
4,156
906
4,013
104
1,845
5
1,925
8,135
66
3,620
876
497
4,361
487
2,201
8, 265
5,927
419
675
1,542
1,387
1,838
8,614
846
2,950
1,162
3,288
187
353
All ottier candiepower.
Commercial.
4,295,538
15,781
7,250
6,776
452,578
20,901
91,958
5,463
1,720
14,109
18,953
694, 826
70,840
84,784
88,588
70,927
18,667
47, 137
2,725
71,216
215,371
70, 111
9,882
510, 144
9,595
82,259
2,179
24,216
129,256
10,543
249,945
18,341
23,960
273, 762
4,311
38,583
402, 373
90,969
4,944
5,969
19,520
12,655
8,015
23, 773
5,559
188,970
9,680
60,114
5, ,340
Public.
101,237
3,295
C,59.'
471
2,412
348
3,444
1,001
654
777
90
5,548
1,287
2,464
432 !
634
410
2,418
952
21,442
2,298
2,349
415
1,859
5
293
2,123
12,462
1
15,937
765
282
2,407
94
306
4,729
312
199
45
1,664
1,156
320
1,497
241
3,094
414
1,094
OTHER VARIETIES OF
LAMPS— NERNST, VAC-
UUM, VAPOR, ETC.
Commercial.
1.56,622
Public.
STATIONARY MOTORS.
Number. Horsepower.
69
27
79
769
768
9,941
3,282
26
424
31
8,735
3,078 1
839
722
395
235
252
4,844
4,469
5,293
2,856
52
6,457
364
1,169
20
434
1,927
150
25,438
46
358
13,166
653
2,752
36,248
632
110
157
85
9,183
7
432
600
5,968
479
2,281
32C
62
280
285
396
2,400
no
357
15
"i2'
'21?'
51
'325"
243
100
1
168
"226
167, 184 I
541
339
198
11,560
3,232
2,741
1,630
189
410
406
21,675
5,132
2,643
1,425
1,124
1,713
1,304
4,893
15,877
7,089
3,711
181
8,923
971
1,719
411
1,061
6,994
195
18,051
249
327
13,083
1,086
2,072
10,063
2,082
969
279
1,193
4,223
406
776
268
1,933
340
2,366
131
65
162
1,649,026
5,650
2,220
1,177
200,067
41,161
21,146
13,053
1,584
11,078
4,054
137, 661
33,716
14,547
12,033
9,962
16,110
19,372
19,803
81,246
53,245
41,095
1,520
54,111
33,240
10, 776
6,850
10,231
27,604
1,231
393,955
4,345
1,816
64,941
6,586
20,452
122,461
12,947
37,388
3,649
4,524
18,634
5,519
9,778
3,690
29,686
4,432
17,995
685
587
1,082
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
28
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
38
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
4«
47
48
49
SO
SI
140
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 121.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF
STATE OR TEBEITOBY.
United States
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware '
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois ,
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky ,
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey ,
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina ,
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island ,
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico
Num-
ber
oJ sta-
tions.
4,714
55
15
03
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
30
120
234
171
08
102
33
56
64
IS
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
Aggregate
cost.
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS.
$44,458,568
303,045
231,221
228, 766
3,062.069
822,549
581,762
351,833
241,360
273,398
177,086
3,382,708
1,372,494
900,519
477,208
500,214
485, 772
336,848
547,314
2,815,741
1,943,393
1,121,345
214,906
1,484,901
423,369
476, 136
66,407
255, 178
1,694,281
101,197
7,030,328
197,012
215,590
2,177,633
360,138
304,471
4.310,011
411,028
198,344
199,583
334,236
1,539,947
121,590
177,966
105,558
736. 722
242,563
819, 153
102,955
162,247
81,710
Total cost.
$21,400,823
87,032
62,989
58,799
1,940,0.30
333, 516
247,029
196, 534
54,036
106,767
137,625
1,376,655
509,059
367,081
175,798
201,944
196, 193
220, 1,59
222, 156
1,438,911
1,090,659
580,410
47, 173
717,251
300,818
168, 144
50,600
112,927
691,810
48,399
4,028,067
62, 948
33,186
869,760
71,885
130,883
2,334,458
165,642
94,301
58,844
108,251
361,135
113,974
118,071
54,188
575,637
129,417
334,984
24,698
47,251
22,992
Meters.
Num-
ber.
31,900
302
52
152
2,241
497
138
93
44
72
249
2,122
3,627
804
344
153
68
135
92
4,056
685
746
127
900
491
291
1
474
4,617
6
1,012
173
1,406
119
212
1,580
244
283
620
146
967
67
121
161
507
15
599
20
254
Cost.
J426,625
3,960
882
1,884
43,352
5,936
2,479
1,149
661
783
4,139
26,403
41,944
11,167
5,802
2,043
731
1,678
1,653
54,880
7,371
■ 9, 527
1,688
22,774
5,552
3,983
20
6,682
48,307
84
17,291
80
2.796
19,054
1,487
3,461
18,225
3,555
3,479
6,564
1,996
11,472
794
2.409
1,978
6,083
235
7,155
949
260
3,595
Motors.
Transformers.
Num-
ber.
4.646
13
78
6
258
54
4
25
35
10
22
6
19
75
3
2,722
246
7
31
22
10
261
6
15
Cost.
Num-
ber.
$278,410
48,049
1,025
419
216
800
5,798
7,963
1,934
5,318
2,844
15,100
750
37, 485
4,552
314
2,062
3,320
2.193
1,387
1,765
2.349
1,427
375
77,609
290
305
26,670
1,137
2,910
1,545
690
10,393
607
1,882
370
2,998
180
6,762
67
29
77
460
62
35
69
40
38
64
629
567
185
60
92
64
45
101
414
193
141
41
270
32
25
30
87
16
6
424
89
46
538
70
61
20
87
365
106
73
111
45
24
93
12
24
Cost.
$337,706
2,911
1,950
3,271
26,637
4,046
2,924
2,345
1,719
1,319
6,096
25,112
35,137
7,426
2,200
3,287
1,910
3,037
2,896
30,812
6,865
1,456
10,347
837
1,772
3,805
3,608
18,726
275
12,805
827
303
17,751
3,703
3,273
19,941
8,026
2,207
4,499
3,112
12,605
13,402
4,150
3,568
4,399
1,144
3,430
446
Incandescent lamps.
Number.
19,807,728
Cost.
Nemst
lamps,
vacuum
and vapor
lamps,
etc.
(cost).
$3,118,066
37,055
29,966
25,118
753,301
259,209
300, 789
2.37,352
33,286
60,686
41,415
2,187,088
397,792
182, 685
159, 137
144,517
228.314
100,178
416, 432
1,952,204
757,175
415,642
29,880
447,542
101,496
243,291
10,101
72,504
1,021,106
7,402
4,515,759
36,968
16,844
764,552
36,384
124,998
2,081.458
229,793
54, 429
40.622
148, 624
280,546
21,594
104,822
31,679
248, 954
58,877
285, 048
13,114
1,262
I
20,063
10,697
6,655
5,165
4,531
127, 164
44,384
53,534
41,680
6,208
10,213
9,433
329,205
67,239
35,677
27,326
23,251
33,988
29,481
80,298
318,372
142,222
70,304
5,215
69. 524
17,633
41,544
2,258
14.227
165,089
1,252
695,938
7,019
2,991
112,971
6,604
18,672
334,192
39,439
9,803
6,595
28,881
45,268
4,143
17,149
5,919
36,539
10,655
49,520
2,696
6,040
1,809
$73, 186
62
328
819
200
25
173
175
875
722
554
573
93
129
714
1,430
2,135
4,517
414
8,403
50
1,652
234
419
16,323
55
62
1,106
150
3
13,714
120
44
61
11,017
1,510
52
2,284
1,461
632
Lamp
fittings,
etc.,
except
for arc
lamps
(cost).
$762,593
3,855
4,386
1,868
84,373
20,392
1,834
471
7,249
6,597
6,804
91,089
17,529
18.158
18.397
10,119
4,498
38,781
3,131
6,451
29.378
35.073
5.041
23.217
1,497
17,066
205
4.525
3,031
2,110
07. 156
3,098
797
25.397
884
2,187
48,526
4,221
12,996
6, 601
8,822
18,190
4,436
21,906
1,967
35. 352
1,908
31,261
1,163
3,203
455
1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stat ions may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
141
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS — Continued.
Carbons,
globes,
hoods, and
other sup-
plies for arc
lamps, and
repairs
(cost).
SI, 698, 203
9,589
3. WW
3.414
80.704
25,303
24,306
13,911
6,728
8,252
3, 774
183,769
77,777
20,223
9,403
24,428
15,889
16,413
70,234
76, 167
60,151
35,918
4,044
49, 429
11,312
10,138
173
8,627
96,314
808
220, 505
5,048
2,783
102, 400
10,016
8,794
258, 196
24,567
6,055
2,616
18,956
23,541
1,305
5,371
3,813
18,087
11,760
21,049
1,875
Poles
and other
supports
(cost).
$757,379
506
1,104
5,448
2, 044
4,164
112,749
7,993
16, 480
14,703
2,145
7.982
3,919
23,907
23,738
10,7r«
4,395
3,343
5,654
4,531
2,922
61,268
15,562
44, 248
1.408
37,820
1,108
2,632
8,327
4,294
41,256
711
95,531
1.922
1,919
28,023
2,954
9,241
69.839
8,918
6,371
3,822
5,181
18,341
5,219
4,142
1,335
13,357
1,767
12,038
1,340
Wire and
cable
(cost).
SI. 769, 109
1,395
1,009
All other
supplies
ana mate-
rials, in-
cluding
water for
boilers,
mill sup-
plies, etc.
(cost).
S4, 436, 728
12,424
6,359
6,385
158, 273
27,600
25, 760
36, 106
5,309
13. 293
6,896
168.542 I
79,287
33,010
9.512
19,160
1
19,582 I
15,972
7,753
237,745
50,730
30, 472 I
3,758
32.994
13,689
15,522
7,075
10,352
101,082
1,378 I
189,572
2.726
4,961
102,355
3,01)5
16, 898
102,183 I
16,093 i
7,911
6,162
5,008
50,332
7,361
14, 166
6,679
33,161
2,469
37.803
3,258
4,0
883
38,753
16, 678
21, 129
518,536
63,590
57,103
11,781
19,094
24,40ti
15,546
209,287
106. 935
77,709
45,269
75,038
37,386
30,055
44.554
237,765
104,604
87,801
15.242
103. 499
34,865
53,483
10. 972
25,922
167,749
10, 267
608,975
18, 197
12,052
412,287
24.813
44,720
647,407
42, 646
18,303
8,820
26, 455
97,658
26,528
14,742
11,721
50,912
24, 846
69,194
10,766
Power purchased.
Electric
(cost).
»6. 417, 237
10,863
3,258
7,148
2,580
689, 170
116,330
38. 678
71,969
954
26,974
80,579
200,057
12,684
108,li53
31,538
36,297
70,427
32, 762
6,035
282,715
613, 402
177,381
2,849
336, 239
195. 185
5,579
15,000
13,913
24,417
28,919
2,040,875
12,018
14,645
16,707
15,220
720,039
16, 122
24, 121
8.215
1,495
27,792
48,916
12,785
10,097
109, 252
09,266
40,014
1,218
All other
(cost).
$657, 235
8.870
4,783
6,650
63, 791
14,725
19, 707
10,928
4,700
7,006
12,727
17,130
24, 126
3,270
1,620
11,489
2,349
6.492
15,546
65,069
10, 152
6,360
1,080
1,100
24,339
5,245
6,241
Rent of
water
privileges
for water
wheels or
turbines
(cost).
Freight
not in-
cluded
in cost
of mate-
rials.
$386,552 $281,792
11,070
2,400
255,839
'34,'4ii
900
2,500
46, 158
11, 150
15,518
4,'536
27,360
2,765
1.980
1,200
1,258
22,340
78,697
18,239
6.250
6,172
1,000
9,580
2,285
2,220
12, 582
250
3,010
' 3,' 835
25,273
400
3,220
300
5.900
2,160
9,887
1,650
18,256
750
579
1,977
703
1,020
5,428
1,938
2,159
3,325
2,953
375
21,460
20,614
20,115
3,877
1,441
41
2,287
494
1,602
15,936
18,700
540
18,065
158
5,965
2,222
6,162
7,836
356
4,233
23,496
422
3,479
35,914
798
99
3,364
1,350
26,066
963
889
2,509
96
3.717
6,395
175
18,359
10, .300
COST Of FtJKL.
Total.
$23, 057, 746
210,013
178, 232
169. 967
1. 122. (89
489, 0.33
334,733
155,299
187,324
166,641
39.461
2, 006. 033
863, 435
533,4.38
301,410
298, 270
289,579
116,689
325, 158
1,376,830
852,734
540,935
167,733
767,710
122,551
307,992
15. 867
142,251
1,002,471
52, 798
3,002,261
134, 004
182, 404
1,307,873
288,253
173,588
1,975,553
245,386
104,043
140, 739
226,985
1,178.812
7,616
59,895
51,370
161,085
113, 146
484, 169
78,257
114,996
58,718
Coal.
$19,081,212
200,915
6,310
155, 961
486, 613
322,601
156, 299
97,993
118,427
27,734
1,997,418
848, 624
531, 169
228, 761
296,908
175,060
109,333
320, 263
1,344.334
826,949
484,336
131,801
685,117
111,761
301,412
8,192
130,328
994, 119
51,154
2,980,946
117,374
179, 498
1,215,778
257,777
7,470
1,899,829
240,799
82, 420
131,277
223,879
407,216
7,606
57,884
49,968
84,968
83,745
405,610
78, 257
13,000
32,652
Crude petro-
leum.
$2,171,547
167,922
945,251
3,382
3,300
2,921
336
18,500
96,464
636
62,099
4, 496
1,610
Natural
gas.
$299, 648
Manufac-
tured gas.
1,982
3,607
4,600
4,118
728,343
14,770
26,066
1,800
10, 489
150,407
15,220
7,006
83,979
29,557
67,923
60
7,648
23,783
All other
fuel.
S710,622
15.098
4,000
14,006
26,981
2,420
8,750
89,331
48,214
11,727
3,636
1.401
1,933
1,726
1,362
17,341
6,801
4,895
28,112
25,573
43,909
16,932
6,274
10,790
6,580
7,075
7.427
6,682
1,644
4,679
16,690
2,906
4,623
919
83,338
4,179
87
17,605
8,327
2,100
43,263
10
2,011
1,402
44,993
87,226
142
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
TABr.R 122. -COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF INCOME, BY STATES
AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OB TEBKITOBY.
United States.
Alabama. .
Arizona...
Arkansas..
California.
Colorado.,
Connecticut.
Delaware i . .
Florida
Ceorgia...
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana...
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky .
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota..
Mississippi .
Missouri . . .
Montana...
Nebraska..
Nevada .•
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota . .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania..
Rhode Island..
South Carolina.
South Dakota . .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington...
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico.
Num-
ber ol
sta-
tions.
4,714
55
15
03
129
50
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
56
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
Gross
Income.
1175,042.338
1,012,743
569,850
675, 718
14,416,529
3,410,240
2,469,543
1,464,044
654,261
1,110,510
719,395
15,405,993
4,438,332
2,479,909
1,514,807
1,660,700
1,852,383
1,453,016
1,883.084
10, 749, 240
6,072,010
3,478,009
080,700
5,805,828
2,469,131
1,562,669
372, 108
1,422,345
5,952,378
292,082
34,859,170
543, 322
533,383
7,643,997
1,106,316
1,905,245
10,015,392
1,724,659
901,537
513,082
1,299,983
3,792,203
605,241
841,701
390,628
3,410,542
724,253
2,278,637
317,580
416,103
321,592
Electric service.
Total.
S169, 614, 691
997,506
544, 192
604,916
13,922,028
3,317,844
2,452,359
1,442,388
630,632
1.080,001
692,489
14, 566, 772
4, 222, 610
2,317,880
1,419,091
1,610,475
1,829,128
1,324,048
1,856,359
10,(i02,498
5, 750, 447
3,333,409
067,543
5,083,795
2,370,472
1,474,426
352,959
1,321,296
5,910,745
289,962
34,067,383
527,672
480,042
7,474,980
1,097,134
1,840,155
15,400,800
1,027,190
865,708
492, 767
1,266,610
3,668,722
627,332
795,391
380, 779
3,219,814
689,919
2,127,080
303,683
Lighting.
Commercial. Public
»100,337,434
$25,417,680
397,332
307,774
687,509
415, 8W
510, 280
7,220,210
1,921,459
1,465.952
992,824
500,650
514,211
486, 781
8,078,661
2,572,206
1,572,784
865,072
955, 555
1,242,420
739,226
1,193.470
6,315,999
2,958,391
2,193,540
501,394
3,578,819
1,041,909
1,019,573
184, 736
599,763
3,700,803
208,587
20,430,108
290,893
360,589
4,577,068
763,024
1,093,924
8, 790, 425
833,091
285,620
310,843
800,907
2,745,418
222,067
472,908
235,937
1,838,208
425,612
1,350,876
258,480
276, 514
219,319
139, 525
31,102
110,020
890,802
259,851
406,981
192,219
100,842
217,641
59,528
2,200,007
885,547
442, 610
227,081
416,012
331,459
231,017
304,810
2,227,328
890,406
507,419
120,505
537,590
108,433
212,838
225, 552
1,423,003
19,504
3,806,270
128,963
55,122
1,705,193
157,713
187, 025
3,291,177
424, 430
124,045
69,120
262,416
321,576
27,405
130, 473
83,905
239,948
141,415
432,481
33,342
10,833
50,130
Stationary
motors.
Electric-
railway
service.
128,511,550 17,841,497 $5,519,746
Current
sold to
other elec-
tric com-
panies.
84,805
71,808
18, 248
3,826,462
951,830
407, 577
191, (i09
16,220
132,964
100,291
2,445,280
568,199
261,202
224.224
220,061
228,680
284, 027
349,059
1,519,708
873, 081
536,622
26, 133
985,596
963,669
168,402
148,560
190, 704
082,028
24,033
5,088,401
70, 431
40, 794
1,054,070
103.920
375, 306
2,101,320
302, 513
432,384
110,651
130, 798
376.897
173, 439
162,376
40, 740
531,818
43,084
2,53,087
11,701
109,985
32,295
60,583
17,818
17,075
1,396.735
29,071
46,323
31,971
4,383
13.263
12,000
1,004,328
114,078
28,890
41,079
10,627
7,871
29,454
7,114
288,038
277,115
22, 628
477,784
57,112
18,067
8,340
217,301
95.991
5,924
1,168,700
10.362
47,477
60,977
167, 072
901,564
62,982
1,100
69,964
187,276
13.281
1,825
143, 183
4,714
52, 191
7,104
550,159
154,412
122,973
204,654
32,504
148,605
41,703
577
44,753
421
37,301
100
244,054
681,638
41,629
2,849
95, 694
188,529
40,584
73,610
4,166
28,919
1,579,357
25,235
4,000
48,476
12,446
273,315
3,000
22,557
1,255
203,587
9,570
16,980
404,797
72,434
35,799
1,979
Electric
heating.
1271,591
1,215
18
10,081
954
3,627
786
77,407
34,346
5,151
3,267
60
336
3,021
2,455
44,526
7,942
2,782
8,455
1,444
105
2,575
940
4,210
70
200
3,725
4,000
2,530
30,637
500
907
300
2,055
834
162
115
663
1,865
100
Charging
automo-
biles.
1154,747
$1,560,440
663
78
1,279
26,600
8,547
1,676
2,786
927
150
All other.
23,809
500
9,209
20,316
183
048
3,038
2,537
3,808
3,937
4,855
3.874
12,088
2,010
17,941
1,109
794
3,353
3,739
30
2,707
90
86
1,173
25
91,911
56
290
1,000
3,496
674
1,629
1,800
3,207
24,496
20,336
13,820
4.573
10,790
3,800
14,055
886
1,970
1,238,366
80
2,920
38,075
6,500
1,852
8,866
196
1,053
970
33,971
6,621
1,211
1,166
2,660
744
$6,027,647
All other
sources.
16,237
26,668
10,802
494,601
92,396
17,184
22,266
23,619
23,909
26,906
899,221
215,722
162,089
95, 776
60,225
23,265
128,368
26, 725
146,742
321,563
144,540
19, 157
122,033
92.659
88,243
19, 149
101,049
41,633
2,720
791,787
15,650
53,341
169,017
9,182
126,090
614,692
97,469
36,829
20,915
33,373
123,481
37,909
46,310
9,849
190,728
34,334
151,667
13,897
18,771
13,818
> Includes 1 station In District o{ Columbia, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
143
Table 123.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAX ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES
AND TOTAL SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OP. TERRITORY.
United States....
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California 7
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware'
Florida
Georgia
Idalio
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kan.sas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New IIanip.shire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Uico
Number
of
stations.
4,714
55
15
63
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
2(X)
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
,33
9
56
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
Number.
12.990
109
68
75
927
220
170
96
71
132
72
1,034
448
278
182
124
113
157
160
655
554
292
103
482
122
119
23
109
399
27
1,879
72
49
660
126
118
73
93
121
378
61
109
66
221
83
290
35
Salaries.
SI 1,733, 787
82, 498
55. 596
52, 070
1,141.902
220,340
160,759
84,244
47,064
102,862
82,755
982,854
310, 136
188.899
136,160
100, 091
97.053
98,761
157,823
689,496
381,337
261,578
71,213
447,678
175.087
104,250
27,071
83,568
419.9.54
21,505
1,776,526
60,937
43,205
617,401
92, 329
130, 792
1,054.939
102,077
67,958
55,710
93,558
278,797
65,356
69,006
38.207
247, 647
49,785
190, 129
28.722
GENERAl OFnCERS
OP COEPOBATION.
Number. Salaries.
1,761
52.350
32,091
11
15
7
72
34
54
11
6
10
11
109
72
58
23
14
18
37
27
122
47
45
23
18
1
38
63
6
191
204
6
18
9
11
$2,202,028
13.119
13,311
3,089
144,098
50,162
57,134
23,516
2,410
10,690
20,955
133,774
65,686
39,741
19,905
23,3,50
24,652
23,283
47,122
174,925
49,496
37,613
9,082
74,144
38,385
20,986
250
24.619
111,866
2,799
336,488
3,520
5,918
119,074
13,666
16,950
195,516
25,801
15,466
12,305
19,240
61,184
1.230
8,680
5,030
45,245
7,245
44,073
5,440
GENER.1L MANAGEKS,
StJPERINTENDENTS,
ETC.
Number. Salaries.
10,680
621
53
21
42
222
73
44
25
34
90
29
293
187
115
93
54
39
09
34
155
229
140
60
161
41
69
12
34
84
15
401
25
263
65
46
347
18
42
35
68
132
38
47
30
79
39
128
14
»5, 058, 236
46,305
29,854
37,161
403,821
95,582
60,900
24, 164
27,4.59
78,013
41,174
383,803
164,848
104,785
86,754
54,030
39,697
52,408
48,473
254,260
214,480
157,483
48,040
204,767
78,019
61,614
16, 970
38,772
118,289
14,230
593,236
41,917
27,732
206,709
50,363
61,277
437.924
34,745
39,161
34,883
56,614
124,942
46, 123
40,265
26,2.32
103.832
33, 130
106,316
17,140
32,500
20,001
CLERKS AND BOOK-
KEEPERS.
Number. Salaries.
45
22
26
633
113
72
60
31
32
32
632
189
105
66
56
56
61
99
378
278
124
34
276
58
42
10
37
262
6
1,287
17
16
322
56
66
638
49
33
12
42
178
18
43
19
116
20
107
10
$4,473,623
23.074
12,431
12,420
593,983
74,596
48,725
36,564
17.195
14,169
20,626
405,217
89,002
44, .373
30,501
23,305
32, 704
23,070
02,230
200,. 321
117,361
66,482
13,491
168,667
58,683
21 , 661
9, 851
20. 177
189,799
4,476
815,802
5,600
9,. 565
191,618
28,310
,52,665
421,499
41,731
13,331
8,522
17,804
92,671
8.003
20,071
6,945
98,570
9,410
39,740
0.142
9,170
11.569
' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
25142—10 10
144
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 124.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS
AND TOTAL WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
8TATE OR TEBRITOBT.
Nnmljer
of
stations.
TOTAL.
FOREMEN.
INSPECTORS.
ENGINEERS.
ALL OTHER EMPLOY-
EES (INCLUDINQ
FIREMEN, DYNAMO
AND SWITCHBOARD
MEN, LINEMEN, ME-
CHANICS, AND LAMP
TRIMMERS).
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
1,434
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
United States
4,714
34.642
$23,686,537
$1,527,494
894
1697,097
5.857
$4,453,378
26,457
$17,008,568
55
15
63
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
98
9
56
64
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
78
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
234
90
169
2,201
698
575
258
194
252
116
2.868
1,170
577
385
481
428
345
510
2.017
1,226
770
185
1,318
197
285
55
313
1,360
56
5,837
176
101
1,497
288
349
3,313
377
168
113
295
897
137
188
112
664
179
577
61
126,035
75,067
105,144
1,952,291
554,705
362,893
178,454
109,636
129,849
88.370
2.049.867
659,127
358,278
238,336
201,103
285,929
209,245
338,985
1,546,151
745,476
494,200
90,220
859,062
185,681
209,177
50.193
203,181
950,552
45,476
4,044,091
80.076
70,178
1.026.524
172.275
285.632
2,186,482
248,528
77,399
71,433
154,206
510,422
104,330
119,774
60,853
552,794
118,848
350,920
49,089
9
6
3
117
41
29
7
4
11
11
87
32
26
13
13
7
17
23
83
63
28
7
55
17
7
5
13
30
3
252
5
4
65
13
26
134
12
11
5
6
35
3
17
3
60
7
26
3
6,970
6,190
2,470
157,649
52,914
31.112
7.368
3.782
10.140
10,530
84.919
26.214
21.516
11.224
10,405
8.400
14.561
21.969
87.674
56.634
21.030
7.380
58,086
25,740
6,720
6,750
12,186
28,369
3,480
306,089
3,750
4,400
55,000
10,695
27,610
145,263
13,360
6,588
2,576
4,900
30,940
2,460
14,289
1,715
62,890
5,240
24,207
3,240
4
1
1
37
6
12
9
6
2,989
900
480
39,580
6,360
8,876
6,690
4,387
62
21
54
139
88
79
31
47
66
22
560
279
231
146
108
68
45
62
255
291
191
69
180
31
82
7
31
153
17
438
45
41
405
107
56
498
13
35
41
79
276
16
28
43
70
64
190
18
34,840
24,573
38,849
149,500
77,389
72,511
25,206
31,014
38,057
16,526
427, 412
186,620
154.722
99.573
72,027
45,772
30,421
49,706
248.474
181,283
140,879
39. 762
127,234
31,657
58,425
6,055
28.327
138.518
17,028
376,198
24,372
32,013
304,875
76,256
49,558
389, 427
13,414
21,055
27,371
49.530
177.864
12,178
20,803
26,090
65,783
48,552
128.088
17,592
159
62
HI
1,908
663
455
211
137
175
79
2,070
839
316
220
338
353
81,236
43,404
63,345
1,605,562
418,042
Connecticut
250,394
Delaware ^
139, 190
Florida
70,453
81,652
Idaho
4
161
20
4
6
2
10
6
19
71
29
17
2,600
104,307
15,248
2.915
4.296
1.200
9.240
3.857
18.240
60.216
19,991
15,842
58,814
Illinois
1,433,229
Indiana
431.045
179. 125
123,243
117,471
222.517
277 1 160.406
406
1.608
843
534
109
1.030
144
189
43
267
1,144
36
4,987
126
55
983
166
261
2,588
341
119
67
203
578
117
138
64
640
108
350
40
249,070
1,149,787
Mieliigan
487,568
316,449
Mississippi . ...
43, 078
53
5
7
39,903
4,390
5,400
633.839
123,894
Nebraslta
138,632
37,388
2
33
1,560
21,477
161,108
New Jersey
762, 188
24,968
160
132,662
3,229,252
51,954
1
64
2
7
93
11
3
720
42,790
1,166
6,487
73,049
9,614
1,690
33,045
Otiio
623,859
Oklahoma
84, 159
202,077
1,578,743
Rhode Island
212,140
48,166
South Dakota .
41,486
Tennessee
7
8
1
5
2
4
5.750
5,227
960
3,419
1,540
4,080
94,026
296,391
Utah
88,732
Vermont
81,263
Virginia
31,508
420,041
West Virginia
65,056
11
7,309
191,316
28,257
9
6
49
80
79,021
53,418
4
3
9.120
3,600
1
4
1,800
3,380
16
6
25,085
8,770
28
67
43,016
Hawaii and Porto Rico
37,668
> Includes 1 station In District ol Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
145
Table 125.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS
EXPENSES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TERRITORY.
United States
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connectieut
Delawarei
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico
Number
of
stations.
4,714
56
15
63
129
56
41
14
37
93
42
383
200
192
111
83
42
81
36
120
234
171
68
162
33
56
■04
15
314
71
29
272
72
61
327
7
40
37
218
31
60
51
71
48
206
18
Total
expenses.
J2a,326,257
138,653
52, 463
57,155
2,200,322
552, 541
311,303
260,370
35, 170
106,866
67,368
1,837,333
553,972
253,477
179, 608
208,330
320,972
221,953
473,046
1,758,405
684,009
382,796
64,942
963,146
318,818
179, 150
54,760
103, 037
037,277
40, 4.36
6,678,243
42,350
39,631
1,615,290
166. 945
197,865
2,332,755
229, 212
167,785
32,300
154,964
571,722
71,832
154, 397
33,587
374, 528
67,815
281,692
35,007
29, 192
41,182
Rent of sta-
tions, line- I Rent of
wire supports,; offices.
conduits, etc.
S2, 322, 753
151
840
2,060
2,890
5,893
719
4,000
5,928
48,400
1,427
909
817
630
104
93,317
32,712
09,860
2,654
120
16,525
1,354
240
12,620
309
4,951
1,212,567
300
492
617,723
1,470
120
142,654
154
17,012
1,420
700
3,000
2,053
257
3,701
960
8,740
235
$577, 193
Taxes.
Injuries
and
$6,351,020
$634,991
8,873
3,185
1,634
68,477
25, 361
6,553
2,910
1,606
4,622
5,636
57,079
20, 994
12,604
8,498
4,190
4,266
4,314
11,036
26, 590
13,641
13,592
1,175
22,500
10,667
7,266
4,130
5,994
21,542
1,004
75, 822
1,573
1,436
21,959
6,429
6,305
37, 910
5,700
2,411
1,764
3,683
12,308
3,522
4,635
3,629
6,355
2,253
7,992
1.669
34, 704
13, 749
7,195
491,455
120,656
44, 177
69, 176
6,248
19,038
11,042
645, 268
111,996
49,744
33,150
81,982
105, 969
46, 673
73, 338
677,. 385
168,044
136,595
8,941
246,371
78,076
56,217
11,558
39,117
207,413
0,682
1,580,259
6,665
9,589
276, 431
15. 893
62,804
421,572
100,028
21,016
6,902
29,886
98,895
22, 780
17,936
5,708
108,224
11,814
57, 168
7,372
480
3,300
3,583
11,433
1,648
1,623
3,050
26,399
10,363
5,528
0,946
600
834
588
87,743
11,609
9,629
3,232
5,994
11,745
8,318
21,153
13, 176
10,397
11,866
14,913
27,096
7,109
2,847
56
2,505
20,934
409
179, 944
1,210
952
37,548
2,018
1,007
29,093
1,241
713
230
3,943
31,465
2,100
33
1,448
4,836
4,400
4,236
464
Insurance.
$1,578,205
14,418
4,022
9,034
83,735
38,420
18,112
8,196
8,176
7,266
2,821
136,228
43,606
28,212
15,656
18,888
13, 462
15, 924
25,038
146.045
33,906
28,953
9,459
57, 693
7.390
15,417
6,493
20, 920
47,330
2,356
322,333
6,664
3,699
42, 362
14, 301
10, 419
146,751
27,880
5,998
3,671
11,223
37,253
276
12,850
4,732
19, 779
7.979
31,432
3,023
720
1,965
Ordinary
repairs of
buildings and
machinery.
$4,300,684
24,852
11,439
16,188
470,093
81,399
80,063
65, 781
7,934
15,732
6,084
353,001
183, 763
52,998
36, 126
41,060
36, 269
29,180
53,361
291,739
144, 758
78, 736
15,509
157, 553
20,568
41,069
6,142
34,663
111,666
6,760
807,796
9,587
13, 163
204, 127
34,866
50,632
327,271
15,455
21,938
6,324
45,812
102,055
8,917
35,756
4,066
66, 110
19, 416
62,611
10,718
5,671
6,866
All other
expenses.
$10,561,411
54,007
17,615
17,994
1,066,673
270, 449
156,552
117,362
10,606
55, 374
35, 369
609, 614
180,777
99,481
82,129
55,586
150,261
117,440
195,803
670,758
243,404
110,400
14,825
435, 409
193,664
56, 495
13, 761
69,529
223, 541
23, 225
2,499,521
18,451
10,300
415, 140
101,969
66,018
1,228,504
78,748
98,«697
13,409
58,997
289,046
31,237
81,134
13, 747
166, 523
20,993
119,613
11,761
18,738
17,38S
1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
146
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 126,— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER
STATE OR TEKEITOEY.
Num-
ber
of
sta-
tions.
PEIMABY POWE8.
Aggregate.
Steam engines.
Total.
500 H. P. and
under.
Over 500 H. P.
but under 1,000
H. P.
1,000 H. P. but
under 2,000
H. P.
^•Zd?r^6<JS"* «-«»H.P.and
H. P. ''^*'-
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse- Num- Horse-
power. 1 ber. power.
1
United States
3,462
8,981
3,776,837
5,144
1,648,007
4,536
781,673
342
236,638
178
225,916
70
186,280
19 116,600
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
27
IS
50
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
69
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
9
52
57
15
267
36
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
67
39
82
362
183
163
43
40
71
54
649
367
259
172
136
54
206
95
333
404
203
44
303
91
132
19
199
245
32
881
62
48
401
98
134
865
65
83
59
93
401
44
124
67
107
88
315
40
21,866
7,746
11,044
379,443
81,457
51,653
32,465
6,401
44,740
13,409
268,399
96,382
36,928
40,863
37,400
19,005
55,635
49,086
172, 530
162,703
104,600
7,356
99,370
68,467
25,789
6,980
45,869
91,906
4,548
709,914
13,908
8,852
149,684
20,428
126,211
288,996
27,886
81,510
11,216
21,910
68,974
33,230
33,618
10,760
61,815
19,853
49,019
5,125
45
25
71
124
88
86
17
37
33
18
486
230
196
103
121
34
73
68
239
141
98
39
154
26
81
3
35
175
26
409
28
42
292
92
62
589
21
27
30
66
274
8
30
29
47
58
149
29
12,629
4,286
9,182
94,049
31,865
20,642
7,176
6,188
6,345
2,117
117,721
60,866
31,168
28,680
27,955
16,255
15,793
36,725
108,445
33,840
24,730
6,115
51,367
6,455
12,704
210
14,660
74,563
4,035
197,204
3,907
8,395
99,867
19,404
19,730
196,552
12,380
6,870
4,442
14,570
46,351
1,069
7,491
3,462
9,149
12,236
24,298
4,085
38
25
71
88
66
83
12
37
32
18
445
213
189
95
106
24
72
58
178
129
85
39
135
24
79
3
30
122
25
338
27
41
260
88
39
513
10
26
30
61
256
8
27
29
44
64
144
29
6,299
4,286
9,182
19,219
10,982
18,092
2,975
6,188
5,095
2,117
66,871
37,356
25,613
15,260
16,355
4,380
16, 193
10,.')75
38,339
23,757
12,380
6,115
20,577
3,455
10,754
210
6,860
26,735
3,185
62,004
3,307
7,745
42,838
15,964
7,530
112,527
2,920
3,370
4,442
8,570
30,801
1,069
6,641
3,462
6,499
9,436
21,058
4,085
4
2,430
3
3,900
'. 1
California .
15
13
3
6
10,405
9,883
2,450
4,200
6
7
6,025
7,000
11
2
23,900
4,000
5
34,500
1
1 Mn
Triahn
1
Illinois
19
14
5
4
12
4
1
4
38
9
8
13,750
9,000
2,857
3,000
7,800
2,875
600
2,650
27,456
6,350
5,200-
18 23,100
3 4,600
2 2,698
1 1-420
3
9,000
1
6,000
jr ' " "
3
9,000
1
3
4
3,800
.>i.nnn
2
4,000
Maine
'
Maryland
i 1,666
12 i 15,400
3 i 3,733
4 6,160
4
11
15,000
27,250
1 I 7,500
1
2,000
1
6
4,030
6 1 6,630
2 ; 2,000
1 : 1,200
7
20,130
1
750
_
1
31
1
33
1
1
20
3
6
43
9
700
21,050
860
23,400
600
650
12,937
1,940
3,800
29,425
6,460
3 , 4,000
22 28.778
1
3,000
1
New York
17
22,000
10
29,300
11
60,600
i
Ohio
12
1
7
1
16,882
1,500
8,400
38,600
3,000
10
27,200
1
V
Pennsylvania ..
3
8,000
1
8,000
^s
Vi
1
2,600
40
South Dakota
1
14
600
10,300
3
4
. 3,400
6,250
1
2,000
4?
Texas
41
Utah
_
44
3
1,850
4'i
Virginia
46
2
3
5
1,350
1,800
3,240
1
1
1,300
1,000
47
West Virginia
48
1
49
Wyoming
no
Alaska
9
26
22
4,741
4,416
14
13
2,231
3,190
14
13
2,231
3,190
(
61
Hawaii and Porto Rico'
1
1
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that tlie operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
147
PRiMAHY POWER— continued.
steam turbines.
Water wheels.
Total.
500 H. P. and
under.
Over 500 H.P
but under
1,000 H. P.
l,000H.P.but
under 2,000
H.P.
2,000 H.P. but
under 5,000
H.P.
5,000 H. P.
and over.
Total.
600 H. P. and
under.
Over 600 H. P.
but under
1,000 H. P.
1,000 H. P. but
under 2,000
H.P.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horee-
I>ower.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power,
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
348
798.025
49
12.532
118
82,180
61
80,272
76
216,115 44
406.926
2,328
1,318,740
1,761
296,689
243
160,251
160
195,420
1
4
5
2
12
13
12
8
2
1
2,392
2,550
1,225
34.250
22,166
12,886
23,800
210
2,000
1
3
225
1,000
3
2
2
1
3
3
1
2,167
1,550
1,225
750
2,041
2,036
800
1
13
4
1
171
47
52
5
6,675
750
300
208,244
25,580
17,955
285
9
4
1
79
32
46
5
675
750
300
17,319
5,480
7,955
285
4
6,000
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
3
2
2
390
225
950
1,000
210
2
4
6
1
2,500
5,500
9,900
1,000
6
5
i6,6i6
14,400
2
14,000
18
14,225
3,900
35
6
6
41,400
6,600
10,000
2
6,000
2
15,000
R
n
1
2,000
35
36
80
77
41
35
36,155
11,292
10,478
19,075
3,478
8,461
13
33
80
77
41
35
2,155
8,542
10,478
19,075
3,478
8,461
4
1
3,000
750
11
2
27
22
2
2
3
2
1
7
19
14
7
1
10
3
4
138,710
23,861
1,500
1,500
9,125
1,825
750
10,866
46,930
36,340
7,900
750
38.882
6.025
8,750
10
10
2
2
6,710
7,324
1,500
1,500
4
4
5,300
4,650
3
5
10,200
11,700
10
116,600
1?
3
187
11
j
15
1
125
2
9,000
16
5
525
750
666
4,930
3,540
1
1,300
124
13
52
220
61
38,021
1,347
15,596
81,509
70,160
95
13
43
146
47
13,697
1,347
7,377
21,009
7,100
25
19,104
4
5,220
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2
2
700
550
1
5
2
2
1,500
6,700
3,300
2,700
3
2
7
2
8,000
4,750
29,500
4,000
3
30,000
7
70
2
5,619
38,500
1,400
2
2,700
3
1,200
5
5,800
1
2
1
1
750
1,342
625
750
I
4
2
3
10,720
5.400
8,000
4
28,820
5
62
19
9
97
21
6
349
30
1
18
2,002
56,987
2,954
6,260
24,799
1,682
513
303,905
9,676
100
1,682
2
34
18
3
86
21
6
243
18
1
18
202
6, 432
2,154
310
13,899
1,682
513
42,423
2,726
100
1,682
3
5
1
5
3
1.800
4.126
800
3.750
2,400
15
17,150
1
-n
6
10
4,390
12,850
6
2
4,390
1,500
8
8,500
28
7
7,350
1
4.000
?n
45
202,345
5
770
7
4,322
4
5,160
12
30,093
17
162,000
32
12
20,782
6,960
25
31,400
31
1?
16
1
2
39
6
42,710
750
4,000
49,081
12,020
1
50
6
1
4.500
750
3
4,166
3
11.500
3
22,500
34
2
3
4
4,000
6,522
9,720
70
117
16
52
12
11
23
36
86
35
44
11
125
6
101,877
30,578
2.263
75,430
2,205
1,060
2,762
32,161
24,484
7,098
51,078
3,627
17,431
765
36
108
16
21
10
11
23
19
72
31
26
9
124
6
6,111
22,798
2,2(8
8,705
1,005
1,060
2,762
2,861
13,234
3,273
5,378
1,927
16,881
765
6
4
4,266
2,780
3
5
3,000
5,000
36
.37
18
'
1,675
21
14,345
5
2
6,433
2,300
3
20,106
7
2
4,500
1,200
16
20,625
39
5
6
11
4,100
5,360
15,136
3
1,100
2
2
3
3,000
2,680
3,600
4
1
2,680
536
41
3
1,100
4
10,000
4?
6
13
1
7
2
1
3.900
9.060
600
4,700
1,700
550
8
10,600
43
44
1
1,333
1
1,333
i. .
1
3
2
3,225
2,000
45
46
3
5
8
1
1,160
2,680
4,686
225
2
2
1
1
410
410
30
225
1
3
7
750
2.270
4,656
47
48
49
1
10
8
2,490
1,186
10
8
2,490
1,186
no
1
01
1
'Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
148
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 126.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER
STATE OB TEBEITOEY.
PRIHARY POWER — Continued.
OENEBATINO AND OTHER
MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT.
Water wheels— Continued.
Gas engines.
Auxiliary
engines.
Dynamos.
2,000 H. P. but
under 5,000 U. P.
5,000 H. P. and
over.
Aggregate.
Total.
Under 200 K. W.
200 K. W. but
under600K. W.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
1
United States
109
326,580
55
339,800
385
49,746
776
64,319
9,778
2,500,209
7,283
513,427
1,375
389,833
2
1
3
1
11
4
1
20
70
12
16,585
300
21
4
2
7
44
31
12
13
1
1
150
90
325
26,315
1,546
249
1,205
3
100
68
63
82
313
169
201
65
41
78
44
683
392
279
174
145
44
202
135
534
339
220
43
201
90
131
14
135
333
38
979
67
49
521
105
102
1,167
107
64
55
78
430
52
96
60
122
101
337
40
13,872
4,939
7,634
235,612
52,465
36,653
25,763
4,116
28,331
6,922
190,295
66,224
25,696
25,393
26,331
12,270
38,428
34,911
126,102
82,062
67,307
4,620
60,840
39,247
17,030
5,090
31,372
69,349
3,789
473,664
9,002
4,809
105,878
14,114
32,096
203,682
20,896
49,295
9,020
15,770
46,225
32,132
19,057
7,063
62,498
14,009
34,462
3,208
45
44
74
116
109
161
40
37
49
32
561
309
250
141
114
25
136
101
396
240
169
34
164
47
118
9
77
213
35
661
52
44
' 420
78
48
916
85
27
47
58
377
29
57
53
79
77
291
38
3,697
2,114
4,959
9,194
6,940
12,363
2,947
3,051
3,626
2,472
40,245
22,072
15,482
9,188
7,796
1,870
9,058
6,411
28,793
15,467
10,577
2,420
10,890
3,087
6,850
490
6,752
17,089
2,764
51,342
3,387
3,539
29,408
6,104
3,346
68,732
5,251
1,895
3,781
4,110
21,230
1,582
4,106
3,863
6,168
6,964
18,112
2,733
15
7
7
80
26
20
14
4
7
7
67
80
23
20
20
10
42
20
75
60
27
8
14
20
7
3,850
1,825
2,175
24,205
7,025
4,900
4,216
1,065
1,055
1,950
20,850
13,402
6,364
6,705
5,235
3,200
12,250
4,600
22,834
17,608
7,690
1,700
3,800
5,710
1,730
3
Arizona
4
a
32
3
89,600
9,600
7
45,700
fi
Colorado
7
nonnivlipiit
K
q
Florida
10
7
16,800
1
140
11
1?
Illinois
8
11
9
14
1
3
568
955
398
1,301
15
420
48
27
11
18
10
15
8
4
15
21
21
3
122
922
1,635
384
911
305
505
1,071
53
790
680
643
465
6,226
18
14
Iowa
1ft
Ifi
17
18
Maine... . . ..
19
3
8
8
16
1
12
95
769
334
1,067
25
893
W
Massaciiusetts. . .
?1
Micliigan
4
3
22,000
39,000
m
4
16,800
?.f
?4
Missouri.
?ft
Montana
8
29,280
ai
11
6
8
9
459
485
1,115
1,275
17
" 1
13
30
922
25
1,005
1,535
i!7
1
2,200
?8
New Hampshire.
35
81
2
153
11
5
67
24
35
154
5
4
3
8
35
5
31
4
20
18
33
2
8,370
21,035
525
47,061
3,175
1,270
16,070
5,950
10,995
44,415
1,295
1,100
745
2,000
9,045
1,250
8,541
960
6,930
4,845
9,350
475
W
.W
.^1
New Yoric. . .
24
62,800
25
146,500
24
3.085
54
4
3
30
3
7
63
18
3
6
10
40
3,375
325
152
1,126
74
504
6,042
223
60
173
920
1,667
3?
North Carolina . .
Xt
North Dakota
2
45
2
3
57
4
1
7
205
4,303
200
100
6,743
1,000
150
296
M
Ohio
.<tft
Oldaboma
.%
22
73,500
3
15,000
S7
3S
Rhode Island
3<t
8
41,600
40
South Dakota
41
Tennessee . . .
4?
Texas
53
3,058
4.1
Utah
3
1
14,800
2,200
44
Vermont. . . .
4
I
2
9
21
205
60
90
925
2,004
3
2
11
4
105
140
338
385
600
50
4ft
Virginia
46
4
9,000
5
30,000
47
West Virginia
48
Wisconsin.
49
Alaska
W
2
1
20
40
25
24
2,449
2,562
22
21
1,574
1,662
3
3
875
900
ftl
Hawaii and Porto Rico '
> Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued.
149
GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— continued.
Dynamos— Continued.
Aggregate-
-Continued.
Direct-current, constant-voltage.
600 K. \V. but
under 1,000
K. W.
1,000 K.W. but
under 2,000
K.W.
2,000 K.W. but
under 5,000
K.W.
e.OOOK.W.and
over.
Total.
Under 200 K.W.
200 K. W. but
under 500
K.W.
500 K.W. but
under 1,000
K.W.
l.OOOK.W.but
under 2,000
K.W.
2,000 K.W. but
under 5,000
K.W
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
613
383,699
278
346,900
162
436,350
67
430,000
3,169
379,706
2,622
158,311
412
113,955
102
63,890
30
36,650
3
7,000
1
6
2
1
60
20
7
6
4,125
1,000
600
35,213
12,660
3,890
3,600
2
2,200
24
27
31
66
67
63
1
17
9
241
105
123
63
50
21
56
27
157
104
94
11
81
24
57
3
26
90
17
276
23
36
188
29
19
376
35
2
17
17
206
13
11
19
30
31
150
18
4,003
737
2,145
8,900
4,862
6,372
4,870
470
1,271
147
32,606
12,001
9,142
6,121
5,168
4,966
5,714
2,302
26,411
10,180
8,267
566
9,257
2,091
3,057
60
3,682
21,072
925
48, 151
1,447
3,134
31,765
2,970
3,766
48,126
8,374
160
1,151
1,490
11,977
622
863
1,144
6,484
2,255
8,641
923
16
27
28
43
46
57
15
3
14
9
195
87
114
56
43
16
48
22
126
87
82
11
70
21
54
3
19
36
17
209
21
34
163
24
10
303
23
1?
14
191
13
9
19
24
30
145
i 18
1,253
737
1,345
2,075
2,102
6,122
1,320
170
621
147
11,996
5,251
5,592
3,161
2,368
1,015
2,849
1,302
9,616
4,205
4,242
566
3,147
1,391
2,282
60
1,232
2,522
926
17,381
1,047
2,714
9,465
1,620
231
22,310
2,079
160
1,151
490
7,262
522
463
1,144
1,184
2,055
7,516
923
7
1,760
1
1,000
2
3
3
20
11
6
10
1
3
800
5,105
2,750
1,250
2,960
300
660
4
31
7
12
1
43,000
8,700
13,600
1,000
22
7
1
2
51,600
17,260
2,000
4,000
14
72,500
1
720
1
1,000
fi
6
7
2
10,000
1
600
R
9
9
5
28
20
5
10
7
6
23
5
40
14
7
1
9
15
2
4
18
31
1
58
4
'"5,756
2,600
16,900
12,160
2,850
6,600
4,060
4,100
16,120
3,400
24,125
7,500
4,540
600
4,660
10,250
1,250
3,000
10,050
21,225
500
38,611
2,500
13
17,400
10
11
13
12
1
2
1
3
1
1
19
18
10
14,300
16,600
1,000
3,000
1,000
3,100
1,000
1,500
25,600
20,500
12,000
4
1
11,000
2,000
10
87,000
38
14
7
6
6
2
4
5
17
15
11
13,310
3,250
1,750
1,460
2,000
800
865
1,000
4,450
4,475
3,025
6
3
1
3
1
3
4
3,800
2,000
800
1,500
800
2,100
2,000
1
1
1
1,000
1,500
1,000
1
2,500
12
18
14
1
3
2,000
8,250
15
16
1
1,050
17
18
7
1
7
4
14,000
2,250
21,000
10,000
1
3
6,000
22,500
19
10
1
5,976
600
4
1
1
6,400
1,000
1,000
91}
21
3
22,500
n
23
3
4,500
7
8
2
1
1
1
17,000
20,200
4,600
2,200
2,000
3,000
4
20,000
3
3
3^
960
700
776
7
3,660
1
1,500
?4
Z-i
2
2,700
26
27
4
7
4,200
7,000
4
41
960
9,460
3
12
1,600
8,100
?8
1
1,000
29
.30
39
47,800
49
165,360
19
133,600
44
2
2
23
5
7
61
5
13,050
400
420
8,000
1,350
2,100
17,166
1,295
18
12,720
5
6,000
11
32
.33
22
2
14
68
13
16
3
8
11
10
6
3
4
6
13
13,200
1,000
8,255
41,635
7,100
11,500
1,500
4,660
6,950
6,700
3,350
2,260
2,500
3,200
7,000
13
1
5
24
2
9
2
3
7
2
1
16,700
1,000
9,600
26,900
3,000
10,800
3,000
3,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
6
IS, SOD
3
16,000
5
3,600
6
8,200
1
2,600
34
35
2
9
6
1,425
5,150
3,000
36
1
2
8
2,000
4,260
24,000
4
20,000
3
3,500
17
1
2,000
38
39
40
1
2,000
2
12
500
2,775
1
3
500
1,960
41
42
4
1
9,600
2,000
2
11,000
43
2
400
44
4.')
7
9,400
10
27,600
2
11,000
2
1
5
400
200
1,125
2
1,600
2
2,400
46
47
48
49
10
11
419
797
10
10
419
597
M)
1
200
61
> Includes 1 municipal station in Forto Bico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
150
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 126 — COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER
STATE OB TERRITORY.
OENERATINQ A.ND OTHER MAI.N-STATIO.N EQUIPME.NT— continued.
— 1
Dynamos— Con tUiued.
Direct-current, constant-amperage.
Alternating single-phase and poly-
phase current.
Total.
Under 200 K. V.'.
200K:. W. but
under 500 K. W.
500K. W.but 1 1,000 K.W. but
underl,O0OK.W. 1 under 2,000K. W.
i
Total.
Under 200 K. W.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
walts.
1
United States
1,246
61,753
1,229
53,678
12
3,665
3
2,010
2
2,500
5.363
3,432
301,438
Alabama
2
1
1
42
40
1
1
42
43
25
51
245
94
88
23
36
55
35
366
202
143
102
89
23
124
62
236
195
97
32
lU
57
74
11
107
168
21
570
43
11
237
76
83
528
28
62
37
60
223
39
76
40
92
67
155
21
9,827
4,162
5,489
226,588
46,458
28,691
20,181
3,617
26,877
6,775
154,220
50,414
16,302
18,883
20,986
7,305
31,535
30,545
92,872
70,596
57,943
4,054
51,305
36,912
13,973
5,630
27,590
44,407
2,864
415,236
7,585
1,625
69,861
11,144
28,340
140,693
10,759
49,145
7,853
14,230
34,213
31,610
17,716
5,894
57,014
11,662
24,964
2,205
28
16
46
70
45
54
9
33
29
23
292
137
123
77
65
10
68
33
129
113
58
23
85
17
64
6
56
102
18
325
30
8
171
54
38
356
18
25
29
43
185
16
40
33
55
44
114
19
2,402
1,337
3,614
6,995
3,683
5,651
915
2,852
2,822
2,325
25,280
13,012
9,638
5,6£8
6,251
855
6,595
3,045
12,288
9,966
5,238
1,854
7,465
1,452
4,568
430
5,420
10,697
1,839
28,334
2,310
775
15,691
4,544
3,115
33,618
1,409
1,746
2,6C8
3,570
13,943
1,060
3,525
2,604
4,984
3,817
9,739
1,730
3
40
4
Arkansas
f>
California
3
18
50
16
1
6
124
1,155
1,590
712
29
183
3
18
50
16
1
6
124
1,155
1,590
712
29
183
A
Colorado
1
7
Connecticut
8
»
Florida
]
,
10
Georf^ia
1
11
Idaho
j
n
Illinois
76
85
13
9
6
3,469
3,809
252
389
177
74
85
13
9
6
2,969
3,809
252
389
177
2
500
1.1
Indiana
14
1
15
Kansas
(
Ifi
17
18
Maine
22
46
141
40
29
1,179
2,064
6,789
1,286
1,097
20
46
141
40
29
614
2,064
6,789
1,286
1,097
2
565
19
20
Massachusetts
?A
r>.
Minnesota
28
24
Missouri .'. . .
9
9
278
244
9
9
278
244
2.5
If,
Nebraska
71
Nevada
28
2
75
100
3,870
, 2
75
100
3,870
29
30
New Mexico
31
New York
133
1
2
96
10,277
30
50
4,252
127
1
2
96
5,627
30
50
4,252
2
900
2
1,250
2
2,500
32
33
North Dakota
34
Ohio
35
Oklahoma.. . .
■
.3fi
Oregon
. .
37
Pennsylvania
263
44
14,864
1,763
257
44
12,804
1,763
6
1,300
'
760
38
Rhode Island
39
40
South Dakota
1
1
1
22
50
35
1
1
1
22
50
35
41
4?
Texas
43
Utah
44
9
1
478
25
8
1
178
25
1
300
45
Virginia
46
Washington
47
West Virginia
3
32
1
92
8^7
80
-3
32
1
92
857
80
48
49
Wyoming
Alaska
.. .
.■in
1
15
10
2,030
1,675
12
8
1,155
975
.51
HawaU and Porto Rico >
3
90
3
CJ
■ Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued.
151
GENEEATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued.
Dynamos— Continued.
Transformers.
Boosters.
Rotarles.
Storage-
battery
cells in
main
stations.
Kilowatt
capacity
of miscel-
laneous
apparatus.
Aiternatlng single-phase and polj-pliase current— Continued.
200K. W. but
under 500 K. W.
500K. W. Imt
under 1, 000 K.W.
1,000 K.W. but
under 2,000 K.W.
2,000 K. W. but
under 5,000K.W.
5,000 K. W. and
over.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
I)er.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
Ijer.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-^ Kilo-
ber. watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
951
272,313
508
317, 799
246
307,850
159
429,350
67
430,000
1,432
587,421
106
4,474
176
61,703
9,255
42,266
1
8
7
4
60
15
14
I
3
4
7
27
36
16
15
14
8
36
15
58
45
16
8
11
17
4
2,100
1,825
1,375
19,100
4,275
3,650
1,266
765
905
1,950
7,040
10, 152
4,614
4,245
3,235
2,400
10,820
3,600
18,384
13,130
4,665
1,700
2,840
5,010
955
6
2
1
49
20
7
5
4,125
1,000
500
34,493
12,560
3,890
3,000
1
1,200
12
2
3,801
266
2
2
2
6
1
1
1
600
300
680
2,000
350
200
500
?
*
85
16
35
70
470
3
.
4
30
7
12
1
42,000
8,700
13,500
1,000
22
7
1
2
51,400
17,250
2,000
4,000
14
72,500
263
73
10
3
4
17
• 20
46
20
12
39
9
131,354
21,251
6,885
130
47
15,900
2,675
4,167
1,630
486
6,446
504
2
4
136
414
250
266
118
268
5
ft
7
2
10,000
204
2,670
8
9
9
5
22
17
4
7
6
3
19
5
30
13
7
1
2
16
2
4
15
19
1
38
4
6,750
2,600
13,100
10,160
2,050
4,000
3,250
2,000
14,120
3,400
18,150
7,000
4,540
500
1,000
10,250
1,250
3,000
8,550
13,125
500
24,641
2,500
13
17,400
10
1
11
40
315
19
1,898
80
385
1,029
115
It
12
11
13,300
15,100
3
1
8,500
2,000
10
87,000
13
7
4
3,695
2,200
866
1,286
12
13
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
4
3
2
2
3
1
1
12
30
19
10
60
2
202
127
68
15
15
45
2
8
432
280
14
2
1
2
1
1
IS
17
9
3,000
1,000
2,050
1,000
1,500
19,200
19,500
11,000
1
3
' 2,000
8,250
15
16
3
660
_
17
1
23
4
46
43
45
3
4
40
4
12
6
10
3
254
5
10,648
160
2,871
20,197
40,096
82
90
34,175
152
4,200
300
132
22
92,324
1,571
18
7
1
7
4
14,000
2,250
21,000
1
3
5,000
22,500
1
7
21
300
2,000
6,100
168
67
646
248
200
860
740
1,303
19
20
?1
10,000
3
22,500
TfH
2
600
iB
2
3,000
7
8
2
1
1
1
17,000
20,200
4,500
2,200
2,000
3,000
4
20,000
203
?4
1
3
1
200
1,300
600
796
?*
2
2,700
60
64
236
974
Tfi
W
31
40
2
107
9
3
34
19
28
88
7,420
11,585
625
33,111
2,775
850
8,070
4,600
8,895
25,950
4
6
4,200
6,000
7
584
2
18,988
2H
7
666
11
3,835
29
30
32
40,300
49
155,350
19
133,500
22
570
27
7,914
1,199
31
2
8
108
2,975
275
3,898
360
625
4,364
sa
17
2
12
58
7
16
3
T
8
10
6
3
2
6
13
9,600
1,000
6,830
35,725
4,100
11,500
1,500
4,160
5,000
6,700
3,360
2,250
1,000
3,200
7,000
7
1
5
21
2
9
I
7
2
1
8,500
1,000
9,500
23,400
3,000
10,800
3,000
3,000
9,000
2,000
1,000
5
43,000
3
15,000
22
8
41
70
34
30
5
10
8
66
30
11,349
231
13,380
21,654
3,225
29,518
1,250
2,570
429
35,762
4,168
1
1
100
7
610
34
35
36
1
1
8
2,000
2,250
•24,000
4
20,000
3
5
238
462
20
6
4,470
2,100
991
548
37
38
4
3
6
23
S
28
4
18
17
28
2
i,i66
745
1,500
6,270
1,250
7,841
950
5,530
4,645
8,225
475
56
!l»
1
7
7
150
2,300
1,700
134
40
1
2,000
1
2
4
240
885
535
41
4?,
4
1
9,600
2,000
2
11,000
43
189
44
37
208
433
320
15
45
6
7,000
10
27,500
2
11,000
61
12
13
66,641
1,682
3,100
2
151
6
1,610
55
46
47
1
15
4
1,600
276
48
49
3
2
875
700
6
900
m
1
260
M
' Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
152
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 127.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS, TRANS-
STATE OE TERRITORY.
Number
ol
stations.
SUBSTATION PLANTS.
Total
kilowatt
capacity.
Transformers.
Rotaries.
Number of
cells in
storage
batteries.
Kilowatt
capacity of
miscellaneous
apparatus.
Number.
Kilowatts.
Number. Kilowatts.
1
United States
3,462
1,499,381
4,047
1,090,261
490
311.003
20,187
98,117
?
27
IS
50
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
69
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
9
S2
67
15
267
35
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
60
209
22
47
, 37
65
43
142
18
4,500
1,490
9
9
3,400
1,190
1.
266
1,100
3
2
300
4
5
California ...
295,933
19,594
16,520
24,796
1,0U1
90
44
21
283,055
18,910
11,470
11,900
8
1
11
18
2,130
400
5,050
10,700
1,156
10,748
284
6
7
1,040
1,178
8
Delaware ^ . .
2,195
r)
Florida
in
15,399
4,225
89,060
23,611
1,443
5,860
1,200
6,117
11,611
16,526
23,831
86,693
53,292
60
35,272
17,742
890
7,700
10,730
9,070
35
61
88
52
28
28
14,299
3,925
17,760
19,930
1,411
6,850
4
600
600
300
1,900
2,066
32
11
1?
Illinois
93
12
69,400
1,615
3,018
420
n
14
I"!
If)
• 1,200
1,000
17
10
55
26
154
128
77
2
116
64
17
34
57
60
2,117
11,611
5,725
22,919
60.008
44,440
60
6,347
16,602
840
7,700
9,780
4,745
4
3,000
19
9
3
28
16
7,400
900
9,290
5,100
3,400
12
17,395
3,752
?n
1,388
299
628
''1
oo
''1
24
Missouri
16
2
7,950
600
936
20,975
540
60
*>fi
*>?
?S
New Hampshire
3
14
750
4,200
278
200
125
-X)
10
31
New York
487,673
2,070
860
20
316,637
2,070
196
161,628
7,761
9,408
T*
S*
Ohio
18,706
59
13,335
4
1,000
470
4,370
Ifi
40,579
53,602
1,823
47,667
1,250
249
1,140
8,540
8,510
2,065
36, 107
1,805
4,503
50
138
183
20
151
5
6
29,379
35,987
1.823
47,507
1,250
249
15
23
10,200
5,440
1,000
12, 175
17
1,108
296
IS
Rhode Island
40
South Dakota
■f
Texas
1,140
Utah
45
03
12
no
19
33
1
8,540
8,310
2,055
32,957
1,805
2,253
50
44
1
200
VirEinia
4n
7
3,150
55
47
48
2,250
49
9
6
900
6
900
51
Hawaii and Porto Rico*
' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order that tlie operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
FORMERS, METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
153
STATIONARY MOTORS.
TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS FOB
CUSTOMERS.
Number of
meters on
consumption
circuits.
Number of
customers
furnisiied
electric
current.
OUTPUT OF STATIONS, KILOWATT
HOURS.
Number.
Horsepower.
Number.
Kilowatts.
Total for year.
Average per day.
162,677
1,617,337
255,337
1,897,170
1,468,763
1,663,354
5,572,813,949
16,484,889
1
499
339
192
11,265
3,217
5,412
2,220
1,107
197,861
41,028
1,388
605
1,547
20,297
3,795
6,944
3,083
6,388
208,686
44,863
9,266
6,026
5,649
136,933
40,047
12,176
5,854
9,311
166,013
45,519
27,908,886
9,392,302
9,240,827
657,765,890
122,766,944
77,289
26,731
25,549
1,805,187
336,905
2
3
4
5
6
2,586
1,629
68
323
385
20,014
13,049
669
10 601
4,002
3,472
1,482
1,070
1,231
1,936
22,611
7,838
3,769
9,508
10,017
17,926
11,371
2,729
3,182
6,710
19,147
10,094
4,596
5,599
12,143
64,199,442
29,368,587
4,358,7t3
51,152,893
9,030,453
175,934
80,402
12,107
140,784
26,404
7
8
9
10
11
21,608
4,725
2,441
1,214
1,048
137,405
30,374
13,936
10,957
9,396
17,399
8,63ti
4,052
2,215
3,620
91,216
48,215
20,576
12,342
17,480
137,336
52,644
30,640
16,949
15,587
151,886
60,8(i6
37,347
22,839
20,820
439,685,766
106,317,599
30,387,174
63,069,247
33,113,858
1,207,860
295,138
83,489
145,644
92,000
12
13
14
15
16
1,696
1,296
4,848
15,370
6,761
16,065
19,345
19,391
76,858
51,236
2,783
4,622
3,662
13,983
6,174
6,978
23,720
21,596
83,743
57,049
12,685
15,905
20,422
78,603
54,931
12,244
19,279
21,462
71,727
60,096
22,433,161
64,200,146
45,568,955
206,383,440
178,698,930
61,843
184,702
124,818
566,043
492,573
17
18
19
20
21
3,411
154
8,837
961
1,664
39,452
1,213
62,596
33,236
10,681
4,368
889
7,674
1,695
1,884
29,013
6,162
40,1.53
33,411
14,472
29,645
5,235
44,339
14,800
18,273
34,303
7,466
50,771
17,265
21,837
75,441,141
8,568,823
135,838,680
137,066,091
28,269,376
336,217
23,338
374,769
391,349
77,510
22
23
24
26
26
411
1,061
6,974
195
17,938
6,850
10,231
27,523
1,231
393,004
836
3,798
13,548
303'
30,539
4,319
18,098
65,616
1,949
. 489,982
2,305
11,302
. 63,949
2,701
211,062
3,958
13,425
55,756
4,494
194,351
29,621,730
64,453,809
139,357,377
4,614,349
1,441,317,340
81,820
151,353
382,572
12,080
3,952,327
27
28
29
30
31
168
312
12,745
1,078
2,070
3,416
1,770
63,260
6,561
20,444
623
232
14,714
1,965
3,314
3,036
1,356
77,514
11,094
24,713
1,533
6,182
73,690
13,019
20,626
3,240
6,460
76,122
18,505
31,735
8,086,074
7,210,255
188,017,835
23,057,560
92,035,297
22,420
19,846
517,054
64,028
253,477
32
33
34
36
36
9,955
2,080
898
270
1,175
121,671
12,946
36,937
3,610
4,244
36,125
2,397
1,597
724
2,253
190,454
16,304
9,441
6,616
10,347
136,854
13,017
4,465
4,899
9,665
152,921
11,392
6,403
6,287
11,647
402,666,869
35,605,323
66,664,585
12,584,691
27,493,009
1,123,143
97,275
168,962
37,377
80,945
37
38
39
40
41
4,133
325
710
170
18,068
4,979
9,056
2,826
8,093
666
2,982
831
29,662
6,831
18,239
6,048
45,699
1,001
10, .548
1,861
66,683
7,292
12,171
4,665
71,215,508
67,824,411
26,160,843
7,799,819
197,948 , 42
158,898 I 43
71,840 1 44
22,749 • 45
1,718
338
2,285
131
27,952
4,392
17,617
685
2,639
1,984
4,625
271
52,639
10,092
20,586
1,901
22,407
5,890
20,767
3,199
29,146
9,034
34,012
5,116
250,685,581
23,157,102
47,588,119
5,499,084
688,581
66,902
133,899
15,080
46
47
48
49
65
102
587
1,082
638
420
1,614
2,002
734
2,490
1,879
5,059
3,390,401
5,049,047
9,30<i
13,833
50
61
' Includes 1 municipal station in Porta Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
154
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 128.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-
STATE OK TERRITOKV.
i
:<'umber
of
stations.
ARC
LIQHTINO—
KUMBEB
OF LAMPS WIRED
roR SERVICE.
Aggre-
gate.
Total.
Direct<:urrent.
1
A Itematlns-current.
Commercial.
Public.
1
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
1
United states
3,462
472,773
11,581
244,883
48,87S
167,434
9,696
12s, l.W
47,207
54,066
1,885
119,733
1,668
113,368
•>
Alabama
27
15
50
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
09
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
5?
57
15
267
35
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
4,200
754
1,060
18,826
5,286
6,928
4,417
388
1,160
889
39,032
16,667
6,341
4,180
5,578
7,979
2,565
8,577
30,914
12,973
11,012
857
15,227
3,043
3,320
327
3,501
21,798
332
94,240
417
907
34,332
3.130
3,875
62,627
5,905
1,737
967
2,679
7,123
293
1,522
721
4,550
2,157
6,963
617
262
78
■""'175'
88
241
37
678
109
72
2
is'
383
155
83
7
14
16
5
13
4
8
4
397
"3,' 264'
2
2
4,929
1
is'
44
ei'
i2'
405
2,429
409
SSI
9,199
2,179
3,131
2,599
78
439
359
26,258
7,532
3,131
2,311
1,355
4,368
1.091
5,381
15,138
7,950
7,445
306
11, 187
1,965
1,898
195
1,555
8,806
162
56,794
81
582
14,486
1,503
1.557
23.524
2.630
634
466
1,338
4.522
259
447
319
2,948
1,017
2,107
262
24
27
""807'
1,677
1,371
361
43
172
24
1,765
3,284
939
46
36
" "iii'
1.072
2,329
833
1.422
31
264
162
11
i9'
2,642
3
3,849
26'
3,236
29
1,597
17.182
2,399
9"
375
" "iss'
37
54'
340
72
1,485
240
509
8,645
1,322
2,185
1,420
267
549
506
10,331
5.742
2,199
1,821
4,187
3.611
1,.145
1,741
13,292
4,107
2,138
506
3,760
911
1,398
132
1,923
10,342
163
33,200
336
305
13,346
1,596
719
16,992
875
1,103
486
1,332
2,182
34
816
365
1,602
1.074
4,111
183
6'
66'
88
229
37
1,775
106
20
982
75
1,766
1,989
12
,30
2
9
"■'634'
1,677
1,371
361
23
103
5
1,757
3,251
898
46
36
" "iii'
1,072
2,222
719
1,343
'"'225'
149
6
85
27
109
335
67
474
1,373
18
52
3
2,215
1,630
425
601
2,404
106
550
1,523
6,403
790
401
27
2,878
32
58
262
""m
12
53
46
2
ii'
i4'
16
3
13
654
303
531
8,217
2,104
1,365
610
66
409
359
11,817
4,179
1,564
1,428
1,219
1,256
801
2,243
6.475
3,856
2,476
275
4,514
1,460
1,822
195
1,523
8,364
103
14,616
76
77
4,550
1,427
1,548
15,466
823
634
3S2
1,324
3,684
259
447
314
1,356
954
1.456
182
22
18
'" m
26"
69
19
8
33
41
""'io?'
114
79
31
39
13
5
"347"
3
14
"287'
29
115
i
8
5
23
45
1,400
213
400
8.310
1,255
1,711
47
249
497
503
8,116
4,112
1,774
1,220
1,783
3,505
795
218
6.889
3,317
1,737
479
882
879
1,340
132
1.822
7,773
137
17,892
282
189
9,745
1,452
719
9,302
775
1,016
420
1,295
2,073
34
752
255
1,581
1,026
2,913
152
1
4
',
6
7
8
Q
Florida
in
Georgia
Idaho
I'
Illinois
625
63
70
2
is'
383
155
72
7
2"
14,441
3,353
1,567
883
136
3,112
290
3,138
8,663
4,094
4,969
31
6,673
505
76
11
14
ll
16
17
IS
Maine
14
■>o
?1
Michigan
r>
■>?
?4
Missouri
?•)
?6
Nebraska
77
W
4
S
"392'
' '2,'236'
2
4,801
1
32
442
59
42,178
5
505
9,936
76
9
8,058
1,807
19
2,295
"3,' 835'
26'
2,949
"i,'597'
17,067
2,399
101
2,569
26
15,308
54
116
3,601
144
4'
5
' 'i,'628'
2'
128
is'
9
?«
W
New Mexico
11
New York
1?
11
North Dakota...
14
Ohio
m
16
17
Pennsylvania
7,690
100
87
66
37
109
18
10
40
35
114
14
838
8'
367
41
4?
41
Utah
44
3
""394'
198
32
3i'
295
72
64
110
21
48
1,198
31
58
12"
11
4*)
Virginia..
5
1,592
63
651
80
46
Washington
47
West Virginia
48
49
Wyoming , .
9
6
67
.539
1
1
63
139
' 'isi'
3
269
1
11
39
" "isi"
3
112
1 52
1 100
51
Hawaii and Porto Rico '
157
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia. In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
ANALYSIS OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
155
INCANDESCENT UGHTING— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE.
Aggregate.
37, 393.349
Total.
Commercial, i Public.
36,76o,093 J 038,456
190.354
72,001
115,134
2,950.174
032, 470
523, 484
403.023
53.089
05, 459
114,386
3,378.519
1,027,022
667,283
392,456
428,975
332,894
434,1,34
623,073
2.427,431
1,293,431
629,239
53.019
1,565.757
226.073
407,705
63,904
287,728
1,644,928
6,5.229
6,807.077
45, 456
95,271
1,893.288
201.271
359,947
3,733,412
382, 589
103. 283
93,476
253,662
768, 160 i
44,993
242,437 i
62,697
403,567
156,692
621,962
59,315
19,818
58,492
189,912
71,480
113,430
2,924,367
624,005
517,038
398,837
51,982
04,224
113,519
3,321,320
1,015,016
65<), 356
390, 021
424,450
325,642
427. 703
608.308
2,390,402
1,275,642
617,851
52, 347
1,559.918
224,527
404,161
63.684
279,359
1,622,022
54,537
6, 576, 105
44,613
93.754
1,860.084
199,784
354,864
3,701,041
373.148
102.348
92,359
251,355
763,109
43,401
231,708
61,556
397,433
153,756
612.954
58, 41*3
19.500
57. 130
442
521
1,704
31,807
7,865
6,446
4.186
1,107
1,235
867
57,199
12,006
10,927
1,835
4,525
7,252
6,431
14, 7tS
37.029
17, 789
11,388
672
5,841
1,546
3,544
220 I
8,369 i^
22,906
692
231, 572
S43
1,517
33,204
1,487 I
5,083
32,371
9,441
935
1,117
2,307
5,051
1,592
10, 749
1,141
6,134
2,936
9.008
852
lO-candlepower.
Commercial.
318
1,356
31,679.031
Public.
163, 232
59,295
100.538
2,390,419
589,363
416, 957
383,898
47, 998
55, 140
88,528
2,555,685
912,332
551 , 696
289,519
345,234
302.426
353.896
604.180
2,273.972
1,057,735
552.306
43.480
1,015,413
205.002
311,787
60,175
254.154
1,291.047
37,177
6,329,122
36.829
63,923
l,5(i2,084
190,597
281.993
3,226,477
270,317
93,154
86,644
229,864
739,631
33,506
215,273
50,832
214,199
137,450
551.518
49,918
14,850
47,4:7
474,209
32K:andlepowcr.
Commercial.
1,156.203
Public.
86, 212
358
449
579
26, 086
7,072
2,932
3,277
03
929
209
46.619
9,174
3.428
1,021
3.010
6.867
1,929
12,901
15.644
15.482
7,763
156
2,731
1.447
1.964
215
4,794
3,323
625
212,893
46
892
29,027
1.066
2,822
20.752
3,210
681
611
1,308
3,468
237
1,986
332
4,299
1.572
6,654
685
216
910
11.125
81
4,935
72
8,016
836
94,032
3,640
14,771
481
8.123
270
10.226
88
3,398
610
6.233
170
6,438
382
94,565
0,744
56,780
1,761
30,660
5,575
17,469
503
10,628
1.061
5,663
229
27,170
2,629
1.739
968
50,647
3,574
48,339
1,071
16.639
3,137
40. 148
11.103
12,048
1,330
5,339
201.519
6,817
S(i,058
1,803
8,719
53,933
5.951
37,073
80,952
ll,8(i2
6,607
3,652
4.371
10.823
3.173
2.410
5.926
28,206
7,303
13,001
3,205
1,355
3,083
1,708
382
2,826
94
1,480
5
1,835
7,422
66
3,303
338
423
2,925
387
2.018
6, 909
6,927
194
404
505
1,201
1,315
7,962
661
1,512
954
1,942
167
AH other candlepower.
Commercial.
3,919,859
Public.
78,035
15,555
7,250
4,876
439,916
20,471
91,958
4,713
586
2,845
18.553
671,070
45,904
74,000
83, 6,33
68,588
17,553
46,637
2,383
65,783
169,548
48,906
3.730
504.353
8.420
80,326
2,179
19,8()6
128,856
10,543
190,925
5.981
21,110
243. 467
3.236
35,798
393,612
90,969
2,587
2,163
17,120
12,655
4,722
13,907
4,798
155,028
8,943
48,435
5,340
3,295
0.596
269
1,482
312
3,244
821
432
136
76
3,836
1,071
1,924
311
454
156
1,873
896
17,811
1,236
1,917
134
284
5
100
OTHER VARIETIES OF
LAMP S—N ERNST,
VACUUM, VAPOR,
ETC.
Commercial.
1,740
12, 161
1
15,374
259
202
1,252
34
243
4,650
304
60
42
434
382
20
801
148
323
410
412
148,884
67
27
79
669
735
9,920
3,282
26
421
31
8,533
2,823
831
687
245
227
252
4,824
4.074
4,210
2,230
30
6,399
324
1,000
20
434
1,827
150
25, 413
12
258
12,955
648
2,752
36, 121
606
104
147
65
9,183
195
600
2,436
479
2,187
320
Public.
4.584
280
285
111
2,400
66
20
15
"ii'
"77'
51
'363'
243
100
1
STATIONARY MOTORS.
Number.
Horsepower.
162,677
168
'226'
43
499
339
192
11,205
3,217
2,580
1,629
68
323
385
21,608
4,725
2,441
1,214
1,048
1,696
1,296
4,848
15, 370
6,761
3,411
154
8,837
901
1,664
411
1,061
5,974
195
17,938
168
312
12,745
1,078
2,070
9,955
2,080
898
270
1,175
4,133
325
710
170
1,718
338
2,285
131
20
12
65
162
1,617,337
5,412
2,220
1,167
197,801
41,028
20,014
13,049
669
10,601
4,002
137, 405
30,374
13,936
10,957
9,396
16,005
19,345
19,391
76,858
51,236
39,452
1,213
52,596
33,236
10,581
6,850
10,231
27,523
1,231
393,004
3,416
1,770
63,200
6,561
20, 444
121,671
12,940
36, 937
3,010
4,244
18,068
4,979
9,050
2,820
27,952
4,392
17,617
685
587
1,082
2 Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
156
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 129.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, SERVICE,
' Includes " Other forms of ownership," in order that the operations of individual stations may not l>e disclosed.
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
CAPITALIZATION, AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
157
CAPITAL STOCK— continued.
Common.
Par value.
Authorized. I Outstanding.
$798, 873, 386
$060,003,772
Dividends.
$10, 883, 812
4, 096, 400
2, 225, 000
1,350,200
101,016,500
11,605,500
13, 400, 300
6, 655, 000
1,391,000
11,785,350
6, 053, 500
64, 295, 100
14,773,000
8, 479, 250
0,092.800
7, 002, 200
2,043,500
8,264,140
14, 358, 509
40, 127, 300
21,080,000
15, 299, 700
1,345,000
33,303,911
13, 900, 000
6, 898, 450
4. 4.50, IKK)
6, 5(0,0(10
33, 000, 800
1,040,000
146,751,203
2, 325, 5(X)
1, 480, OOO
32, 530, IWO
5,916,000
6,258,000
59, 942, 873
9,100,000
8, 074, 500
2,761,500
3, 985, 500
10, 783, 400
3, 772, 000
5, 034, 000
839,500
17,098,400
3, 889, 000
8,033,000
1,294,000
860,000
1,38.8,100
3,788,
1, 697
1,074,
86,422,
11,341
7, 693,
6, 408
1,295;
4,967,
6, 52i;
58, 298,
12, 433,
7,639,
*,'
5,315;
1,814
7,063,
10,000,
43, 628,
19, 080,
11,644,
1,064,
19, 693,
11,364,
6, 114,
4, 333,
6, 25ti,
19, 070,
752,
126, 563,
1,202,
1, 170,
30,117,
4,39i:
5, 734;
57,292,
5, 510;
6,999,
2,506;
3,927
8,277
2, 495,
4, 702,
786,
11,347,
2,485,
705,
845,
2,414
7,200
8,000
685, 438
137,340
377,304
380,000
64, 727
40,300
1, 808, 490
147, 174
104, 860
44,025
143,965
29,300
114,838
1,200
3, 690, 428
364, 185
182, 491
18,003
838, 240
187, 570
35, 928
39,000
301,204
400, 236
9,000
3, 750, 569
17,800
43,680
475, 547
29.420
72,335
1,497,191
298,500
7,844
3,666
1,125
192, 691
36,469
38,381
7,201
192, 293
62,160
83,508
4,600
800
940
13,600
71,749
Preferred.
Par value.
Authorized,
$101,218,774
550,000
725,000
15,()00,000
2,700,000
215,000
500,000
60,000
1,645,000
2, .550, .500
1,305,000
1,303,000
100,000
1,661,900
12,906,774
27,500
7,370,000
2,200,000
3,050,000
1,300,000
1,002,500
270,000
355,000
100,000
15,840,000
100,000
13, 936, 000
970,000
1,212,500
2, 103, 100
500,000
5, 425, 000
562,500
762, 500
200,000
60,000
27,000
1,600,000
10,000
453, 0(X)
60,000
Dividends.
Outstanding.,
$75, 313, 725
650,000
600,000
14, 857, 700
2,447,500
215,000
500,000
50,000
395,000
2,500,600
724, 700
1,087,000
1, 277, 600
8, 160, 054
27,500
3, 020, 760
2,138,000
3,060,000
1,254,000
484,300
230,000
325,000
100,000
8,294,600
568,000
1,212,500
1,180,150
400,000
3,931,500
562,500
750,000
110,833
32,000
7,000
1, 412, 500
10,000
453,000
,S2, 416, 760
30,000
20,000
224, 076
14,000
20,000
"2,' 766
105, 610
11,672
28,500
29,102
450,085
1,807
153,211
120,000
125,000
06,780
24, 165
9,000
16,500
291,000
6,000
418,078
16, 440
60,626
37,296
14,000
6,260
200
37,500
l,6<i3
100
560
75,000
240
Par value.
Authorized,
$815, 516, C72
6, 660, OCO
1, 527, 900
860, 000
108,070,000
16,805,000
9,415,000
8,850,000
550, 500
13,771,000
1,320,729
63, 087, 000
27, 4(», 800
6, 358, 500
4, 925, 000
8, 385, 500
2, 740, 000
9, 1.38, 000
40,257,500
4, 197, 500
25, 836, 400
28,118,000
115,000
32, 270, 000
14, 845, 000
4, 649, 600
780,000
4, 157, 100
27, 655, (KX)
1,061,000
187, 260, 760
519, 100
980, (XX)
17, 268, 600
4,897,000
12,216,000
80, 795, 433
1,710,(XI0
3, 365, 000
2, 375, 000
2, 816, 500
4,804,000
1,930,000
3,911,050
690,000
16,012,000
1,501,300
8, 137, 000
561,000
6.5,000
Outstanding,
$000, 677, 085
Interest.
COST OF CONSTRtrCTION AND
EQUIPMENT.
Total.
$26,842,330 1 $1,064,034,175
3, 785, 100
908,900
812,000
84, 696, 367
12, 297, 650
5, 015, 375
5,720,600
487, 443
3, 629, 500
958,429
41,003,800
15, 287, 950
5,244,000
2,893,500
5, 745, 600
2,503,000
7, 569, 000
28,291,500
3,821,000
15,295,400
19, 045, 750
115,000
30,910,500
7, 203, 500
3, 818, 600
780,000
3,880,500
26, 889, 260
755,000
164, 079, 802
369, 100
734,000
11,401,600
3,946,000
7, 463, 600
49,851,219
1,260,000
2,209,000
1, 494, 000
2, 736, 800
3, 905, 000
1, 702, 250
3,042,500
600,000
8,348,000
1,054,300
7,289,500
378,000
66,000
195, 846
50,003
37,400
4,204,320
634,009
526, 364
224, 400
29, 706
183,065
56,914
1, 782, 357
693, 939
265, 228
151,150
270, 335
S3, 664
311,832
1,191,571
180, 644
749, 258
072, 287
6,550
1, 536, 190
365, 233
178, 608
46,800
200, 250
890, 646
18, 323
6,399,290
18, 708
39,000
6tXI, 674
211,455
354, 162
2,223,500
61,850
106, 724
72,600
110, 464
190, 598
99, 482
145, 7tW
13,200
422,112
53, 885
296,011
20,073
3,250
0,804,059
1, 672, 589
1,505,602
110,871,577
23,005,636
12, 696, 303
12, 626, 298
811, 195
0, 226, 692
3, 203, 567
82, 195, 708
23, 427, 532
8,953,989
6, 842, 608
9, 831, 444
11,137,261
12, 443, 798
21,036,079
40, 523, 246
32, 666, 235
22, 192, 763
1,321,554
32, 554, 571
17,903,167
6, 863, 096
4,299,631
8,618,803
64,961,012
989,317
251, 199, 602
1, 426, 512
1,474,985
39, 132, 506
6,928,514
14,281,632
72,210,665
7, 295, 943
8, 390, 850
2, 607, 668
6, 672, 899
10, 905, 677
4,813,440
6, 652, 907
1, 338, 257
18, 621, 544
2, 582, 063
9,381,298
942, 326
626, 837
632, 936
During
the year.
$95, 746, 208
408,
180,
99
8, 849;
2,005,
886,
1, 162,
56,
178,
587
7,900,
1, 175,
506,
837
301
490;
2,914,
4,613,
3, 761
2,632,
115,
2,209,
1,151
713;
107,
279.
3,834,
93,
23, 403,
159,
152,
3, 572,
565,
1,65;
6,680,
632,
1, 612,
170,
883,
1,616,
559,
406,
157,
2, 444,
362
629:
05;
227,
721
380
945
0.'i2
800
146
492
395
335
200
051 12
947 13
308 I 14
343 ; 15
167 16
804
082
439
916
219
701
698
581
941
977
953
340
018
518
555
795
414
162
401
307
097
395
711
022
483
181
215
666
314
128
949
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
50
51
* Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Kico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
158
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 130.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CONDENSED STATEMENT: INCOME AND EXPENSES,
BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TEKEITOEY.
United states.
Alabama..
Arizona...
Arkansas..
California.
Coloraio..
Connecticut -
Delaware'...
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana...
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky.
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota . .
Mississippi.
Missouri
Montana...
Nebraska...
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota..
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania..
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont .
Virginia..
Washington...
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico >.
Number
of
stations.
3,462
27
15
50
115
4g
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
52
57
15
267
35
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
50
200
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
tl6l,630,339
Gross
income.
827,167
669,850
853,247
14,125,542
3,358,063
2,305,778
1,422,478
274,022
657,015
687,522
13,960,932
3,580,833
2,063,180
1,282,639
1,480,713
1,609,836
1,383,022
1,790,939
9,999,531
4,838,924
2,706,790
357,818
5,301,950
2,439,922
1,344,080
372, 108
1,400,058
5,882,309
292,682
34,410,708
229,882
456,641
6,508,718
1,019,945
1,923,302
15,355,241
1,710,432
754,011
439,767
1,012,443
3,584,969
608, 107
732,283
253,055
2,874,880
669, 518
1,899,907
317,680
416,103
321,592
»156,000,257
Electric service.
Total.
815,290
544,192
543,086
13,637,803
3,266,527
2,288,674
1,400,512
260,290
644,775
660,616
13,068,516
3,384,723
1,937,006
1,199,163
1,432,688
1,587,491
1,255,847
1,766,137
9,870,337
4,574,513
2,614,904
348,844
5,189,372
2,347,663
1,259,929
352,
1,299,
5,841,
289,
33,628,
219,
410,
6,368,
1,012,
1,799,
14,747,144
1,613,068
733,041
420, 785
991,782
3,461,488
570,306
691,475
246, 161
2,691,626
635,224
1,773,563
303,683
397,332
307,774
Lighting.
$112,714,851
127,995,177
648, 420
446,962
500,051
7,881,923
2,131,673
1,728,036
1, 144, 224
248,828
295,746
515, 176
8, 787, 325
2,658,004
1,648,543
880,519
1,207,769
1,344,652
901,767
1,412,184
7,907,106
2,708,581
2,015,020
313,791
3,642,998
1,121,493
1,025,414
194,525
803,663
5,057,810
228, 151
23,869,100
129,843
353,139
5, 199, 494
837,175
1,240,630
11,445,777
1,243,419
281,430
308,761
808,961
2,875,221
199, 145
508,980
200,265
1,573,671
512,732
1,434,932
291,822
287, 347
269,455
Stationary
motors.
$15,290,229
81,513
71,808
17,856
3,773,587
950,156
389,156
191,584
5,342
127,744
99,611
2,439,673
532,260
247,639
216,868
206,072
226,576
284,302
344,939
1,425,625
842,845
506,196
20,744
970,985
963,609
160,902
148,560
190,764
680,971
24,033
5,677,498
64,797
39,410
1,034,606
103,140
375,273
2,083,559
302,493
428,599
109,871
111,032
362,053
166,920
155,160
26,396
509,774
42,684
248,231
11,761
All other.
109,985
32,295
85,357
26,422
25, 179
1,982,293
184,698
171,482
64,704
6,120
221,285
45,829
1,841,518
194,459
40,824
101,776
18,847
16, 263
69, 778
9,014
537,606
1,023,087
93,688
14,309
575,389
262,461
73,613
9,874
305,217
102,291
37,778
4,081,945
25,235
17, 519
133,965
72,018
183,689
1,217,808
67,156
23,012
2,1.53
71,789
224,214
204,241
27,335
19,500
608, 181
79,808
90,400
100
6,024
All other
sources.
$5,630,082
11,877
25,658
10,161
487,739
91,536
17,104
21,966
13, 732
12,240
26,906
892,416
196,110
126. 174
83,476
48,025
22,345
127. 175
24,802
129, 194
264,411
91,886
8,974
112,578
92,359
84, 151
19, 149
100,414
41,237
2,720
782, 165
10,007
46,573
140,653
7,612
123,710
608,097
97,364
20,970
18,982
20,661
123,481
37,801
40,808
6,894
183,254
34,294
126,344
13,897
$97,037,961
18,771
13,818
EXPENSES.
Total.
$31,935,309
528,317
414,347
355,807
8,188,387
2,118,644
1,334,099
841,098
214,647
340,430
397,611
7,185,497
2,311,436
1,398,440
873,851
905,091
1,006,710
834,066
1,444,125
6,340,137
2,964,020
1,707,166
223,256
3,411,378
1,084,484
846,697
198,491
693,051
3,664,470
208,614
19,228,083
156,884
300,081
4,594,430
727,276
890,308
I
9,495,470
982,260
394,361
301,907
567,354
2,780,970
320,837
452,250
161,857
1,642,823
432,949
1,357,715 !
215,773
Salaries
and wages.
165,563
130,663
126,464
3,030,781
762,665
496,549
249,883
78, 131
121,643
162,911
2,586,872
772,042
447,894
306,631
261,964
328,955
288,456
468,884
2,066,254
807,680
575, 364
80,656
1,190,072
353,928
268,552
77,264
281,089
1,354,660
66,981
5,692,784
58,959
90,642
1,248,964
237,658
405,421
3,087,148
347,947
109,305
108,603
180,251
746,331
140,159
163,190
70,393
667,978
148,083
444,231
77,811
Cost of
supplies,
materials,
and fuel.
$39,490,881
322,810
208,401
131,371
85,509
230,833
231,221
177,869
2,966,408
805,3-28
538,214
335,329
109,660
127,212
169,277
2,806,088
1,031,592
725, 178
399,956
443,644
375,274
329,058
507,409
2,571,926
1,537,492
792,642
99,228
1,294,164
413,661
406,780
66,467
250,362
1,676,232
101,197
6,879,997
70,290
176,438
1,795,938
327, 510
288,928
4, 103, 464
407,480
121,651
166,530
248,663
1,475,057
113,586 !
150,613 '
62,114
612,057
217,945 ,
650,064
102,965
Rents,
taxes, in-
surance,
and other
miscella-
neous ex-
penses.
$25,611,771
162,247
81,710
131,921
52,463
51,474
2,191,198
550,651
299,330
255,886
26,956
91,575
65,423
1,792,537
507,802
225,368
167,264
199,483
302,481
216,552
467,832
1,701,957
618,848
339, 160
43,372
927,142
316,895
171,365
54,760
161,600
033,584
40,436
6,655,302
27,635
33,001
1,549,528
162,108
195,959
2,304,858
226,833
163,405
26,774
138,440
559,582
67,092
138,447
29,350
362,788
66,921
263,420
35,007
29,192
41,183
* Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
' Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
159
Table 131.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL
ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF
TERRITORIES: 1907.
INCOME, BY STATES AND
STATE OR TERRITORY.
United States.
Alabama..
Arizona...
Arkansas. .
California .
Colorado..
Connecticut.
Delaware i . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky.
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts..
Michigan
Minnesota..
Mississippi.
Missouri
Montana . . .
Nebraska.,
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota..
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsvlvania..
Rhode Island . .
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont.
Virginia..
Washington
West V'irginia. .
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Number
of
stations.
3,462
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico 2
27
15
60
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
69
21
77'
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
9
52
57
15
267
35
21
167
58
60
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
Gross
income.
{161,630,339
827,167
569,850
553,247
14, 126, 542
3,358,003
2,305,778
1,422,478
274,022
657,015
687,522
13,960,932
3,580,833
2,063.180
1,282,639
1,480,713
1,609,836
1.383,022
1,790,939
9,999,531
4,838,924
2,706,790
357,818
5.301,950
2,439,922
1,344,080
372,108
1,400,058
5,882,309
292.682
34,410,708
229,882
456,641
6,508,718
1,019,945
1,923,302
15,355,241
1,710,432
754,011
439,767
1,012,443
3,584,909
608,107
732,283
253,055
2,874,880
669,518
1,899,907
317,580
Electric service.
416.103
321,592
Total.
$156,000,257
$92,942,447
Lighting.
Commer-
cial.
$19,772,404 $27,995,177
397,332
307,774
558,597
415,860
437,605
7,064,389
1,879,278
1,362,122
965,063
208,011
233,862
461,543
7,727,753
2,040,624
1,304,038
736,855
868,578
1,078,890
731,822
1,164,953
5,942,486
2,372,164
1.674,902
263,281
3.290,3,39
1,019,008
887.429
184,7.30
,')84,595
3,660.638
208,587
20.204.998
95,230
315.929
4,025,919
706,374
1,061,886
8,588,268
828, 189
207,713
263.132
090,963
2,033,728
181,408
408,813
166,121
1,446,819
418,774
1,111,195
258,480
276,514
219,319
Public.
Stationary
motors.
89,823
31,102
62,446
817,634
252,395
365,914 '
179,161
40,817
61,884
53,633
1,059,672
617,480
344,505
143,664
339, 191
266.762
169,945
247.231
1,964,620
336,417
340,118
50,510
352,659
101.885
137,986
9.789
219,0()8
1,397,172
19,564
3,6(H,102
34,613
37,210
1,173,, 575
130,801
178,744
2,857.609
416,230
73,717
45,629
117,998
241,493
17,737
100, 167
34, 144
126,852
93,958
323,737
33,342
10,833
50,136
81,513
71,808
17,866
3,773,687
950,156
389,156
191,684
5,342
127,744
99,611
2.439,673
532,260 !
247,639
216,868 1
206,072 I
Electric-
railway
service.
$7,829,275
226,576
284,302 I
344,939
1,42.5,625
842,845
506,196
20,744
970,985
963.609
160,902
148,660
190,764
680,971
24,033
5,677,498
64,797
39,410
1,034,606
103,140
375,273
5,08.'?, 559
302,493
428,599
109,871
111,032
362,063
166,920
155,160
26,396
509,774
42,684
248,231
11,761
109,986
32,295
00,683
17,818
17,075
1,396,735
29,071
46,323
30,939
3,683
13,203
12,600
1,604,328
112.578
28,896
41,379
16,627
7,871
29,454
7,114
288,638
277, 115
22,628
Current
sold to
other
electric
companies.
$5,513,302
471,694
57.112
18,067
8,340
217.361
93,491
5,924
1,168,700
10,362
47,477
60,977
167,072
901,564
62,982
1,100
69,964
187,276
13,281
1,825
143,183
4,714
52, 191
7,104
550,159
154,412
122,973
204,654
32,504
147,435
41,703
677
44,753
421
37,301
100
243,946
679,961
41,629
2,849
96,694
188, ,529
40,684
73,610
4,166
28.919
1,579,357
25,235
4.000
48,476
12,446
273,315
3.000
22,557
555
203,407
8,620
16,980
463,138
72,434
35,799
1,979
Electric
beating.
$265,241
1,075
18
16,601
954
626
3,627
725
77,307
34,005
5,131
3,237
60
Charging
automo-
biles.
$153,459
$1,528,962
3,021
2,116
44,306
6,801
2,734
8,465
1,444
105
2,676
940
4,1.53
200
2,360
4,000
2,384
30,627
.500
260
300
2,065
834
162
15
663
1,776
100
764
616
78
1,204
26,600
8,547
1,393
2,626
921
150
796
615
3,298
3,739
30
2,707
90
86
1,173
25
91,819
All other.
23,699
500
8,086
19, 182
183
356
3,638
2,537
3,368
3,901
4,780
3,594
11,486
2,010
7,971
1,800
2,111
21,090
19,332
8,726
4,262
16,790
3,800
14,065
886
1,970
1,237,916
37
290
1,000
3,436
674
1,529
195
1,053
970
33,354
All other
sources.
2,920
35.372
6,041
1,787
8,866
5,272
680
1,156
2,660
597
$5,630,082
3,106
11,877
25,658
10,161
487,739
91,536
17,104
21,966
13,732
12,240
26,906
892,416
196,110
126, 174
83,476
48,025
22,34S
127,175
24,802
129,194
264,411
91,886
8,974
112,578
92,369
84,151
19,149
100,414
41,237
2,720
782, 165
10,007
46, 673
140,653
7,612
123,710
608,097
97,364
20,970
18,982
20,661
123,481
37,801
40,808
6,894
183,254
34,294
126,344
13,897
18,771
13,818
' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed.
2 Includes 1 municipal station In Porto Rico, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
25142—10 11
160
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 132.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF
STATE OR TEHBITORY.
Number
of
stations.
Aggregate
cost.
SUPPLIES AND HATEKIALS.
Total
cost.
Meters.
Motors.
Transformers.
Incandescent lamps.
Nernst
lamps,
vacuum
and
vapor
lamps,
etc.
(cost).
Lamp
fittings,
etc., ex-
cept for
arc
lamps
(cost).
Num-
ber.
Cost.
Num-
ber.
Cost.
Num-
ber.
Cost.
Number.
Cost.
1
United States
Alabama
3,462
$39,490,881
119,665,919
28,024
1378,432
4,522
$270,661
5,468
$288,586
19,036,086
$2,973,508
$69,230
$676,339
?
27
15
60
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
69
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
9
52
57
15
267
35
21
167
68
60
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
230,833
231,221
177,869
2,966,408
805,328
538,214
335,329
109,560
127,212
169,277
2,806,088
1,031,592
726, 178
399,966
443,644
375,274
329,058
507,409
2,571,926
1,537,492
792,642
99,228
1,294,164
413,661
406,780
66,467
250,362
1,676,232
101,197
6,879,997
70,290
176,438
1,795,938
327,510
288,928
4,103,464
407, 480
121,651
166,630
248,663
1,476,057
113,686
150,613
62,114
612,057
217,945
660,064
102,956
72,709
52,989
46,717
1,884,062
324,559
238,619
191,452
29,643
61,418
133,630
1,166,610
392,107
304,085
148,596
177,394
177,884
212,970
214,124
1,318,930
963,067
489, 237
22,389
668,214
297,758
153,037
50,600
108,559
687,084
48,399
3,975,968
23,033
23,399
748,677
66,944
124,903
2,249,871
163,915
68,491
44,921
82,896
350,807
108,163
102,603
31,964
454,172
115,013
268,659
24,698
262
52
132
2,234
497
137
93
36
68
231
1,986
3,031
570
284
133
23
135
92
3,972
419
614
44
698
491
264
1
474
4,560
6
986
2
80
749
113
212
1,409
232
145
610
130
965
65
119
37
207
15
436
83
3,518
882
1,622
43,264
5,935
2,4?7
1,149
564
736
3,930
24,906
36,262
8,099
5,120
1,736
336
1,678
1,653
53,738
4,529
6,606
579
18,400
5,662
3,696
20
6,682
47,636
84
16,994
34
1,158
11,129
1,414
3,461
16,287
3,393
1,843
6,414
1,804
11,447
629
2,367
482
2,933
235
6,182
949
4
10
250
2,809
30
29
65
458
62
33
59
38
10
61
529
354
155
34
73
23
45
99
394
134
87
23
157
18
14
30
86
375
2
269
6
6
255
64
42
498
69
59
20
59
356
85
55
19
45
23
49
12
1,160
1,950
2,778
25,498
4,046
2,889
2,346
1,605
422
5,664
21,542
28,886
6,225
1,461
2,774
540
3,037
2,840
29 245
4,488
5,066
931
6,121
537
1,215
3,805
3,481
18,282
275
12,093
450
303
9,466
2,815
3,093
18,159
7,951
2,131
4,499
2,142
12,389
12,276
3,421
962
4,399
1,114
1,370
446
29,796
29,966
16,269
740,765
266,714
288,616
233,562
26,785
30,860
41,315
2,166,847
362,600
146, 185
131,286
126,407
220,690
167,214
406,652
1,892,107
666,775
373,762
23,715
421,447
97,996
216,318
10, 101
69,150
1,019,660
7,402
4,495,742
12,480
13,959
707,661
35,694
122,398
2,047,319
229,293
45,358
37,532
129,105
273,378
14,659
99,297
22,499
235,024
58,667
247,066
13,114
5,381
5,166
2,957
125,091
43,691
51,416
40,982
4,994
5,096
9,413
322,401
60,786
27,858
22,289
19, 743
32,171
28,954
78,945
306,452
125,206
62,249
4,051
64,770
16, 927
36,320
2,258
13,253
164,659
1,252
592,143
2,484
2,423
102,708
6,488
18,209
328,571
39,339
8,124
6,053
26,380
44,000
2,786
15,882
4,047
34,386
10,684
42,475
2,696
3,352
4,386
1,783
82,396
20,219
1,834
453
6,228
2,020
5,779
89,613
15,317
14,053
12,888
8,565
4,096
37,871
3,051
4,668
18,428
30,295
1,288
19,486
1,306
16,415
205
4,525
2,976
2,110
64,515
2,924
694
20,647
884
2,05S
45,014
4,221
5,970
5,947
5,873
17,890
4,233
19,928
1,862
30,666
1,898
26,491
1,163
1
4
5
California
302
13
48,049
1,025
62
328
819
200
25
6
Colorado
7
Connecticut
8
9
Florida
3
4
24
76
61
22
82
32
419
216
800
5,798
7,646
1,754
5,318
2,844
10
11
175
725
492
419
667
93
129
714.
1,436
2,136
4,377
326
1?
lUlnois
n
Indiana . . . ...
14
!<;
16
17
18
78
6
256
48
3
15,100
750
37,461
4,049
229
19
Maryland
?n
?1
Michigan
??
?1
?4
35
10
22
6
19
72
3
2,722
3,320
2,193
1,387
1,765
2,349
1,217
376
77,609
7,652
50
1,562
?«i
?fi
Nebraska. .
?7
78
234
406
W
f^O
11
16,174
56
62
877
160
3
13,689
120
I'
1?
North Dakota
6
4
275
305
14
Ohio...
1*1
16
37
244
7
7
22
1
261
6
15
26,512
1,137
600
1,546
90
10,393
607
1,882
18
Rhode Island . ...
19
40
South Dakota
6
41
4?
11,017
41
Utah
44
1,050
52
1,096
41
Virginia
46
1
70
47
West Virrfnia
48
32
3
2,344
180
1,342
632
49
Alaska
fin
9
6
162,247
81,710
47,251
22,992
20
254
260
3,695
3
514
24
1,262
20,063
10,697
6,040
1,809
3,203
455
61
Hawaii and Porto Rico «. . .
1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order tliat tbe operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
161
SXn*PLIES AND MATERIALS—eOIltillUCd.
COST OF FUEL.
Carbons,
gloljes,
hoods, and
other sup-
plies for arc
lamps, and
repairs
(cost).
I'olcs
and other
supports
(cost).
$1,456,927
8,047
3,068
1,797
77, 164
25,028
22,671
13, 574
1,622
3,403
3,680
125,007
61,303
17,369
7,141
19,151
14, 413
12, 224
67,897
70,569
30, 755
29,677
2, 439
43,114
11,121
8,385
173
8,627
95,9()0
808
213,944
1,591
2,217
81,482
9,279
8,573
241,304
24, 481
3,953
1,856
14,166
21,553
1,015
4,672
1,144
13,706
6,288
17,641
1,875
506
,104
J701,081
3,961
2,044
2,797
111,428
7,916
15,485
14,658
1,002
5,180
3,709
18,533
20,797
8,410
4,048
3,003
5,270
4,231
2,812
56,678
8,408
41,760
582
36, 126
1,063
2,200
8,327
4,276
40,921
711
94,608
1,187
1,346
25, 231
2,446
8,940
57,783
8,488
5,454
3,126
4,336
17,193
4,542
4,028
616
12,541
1,451
10,090
1,340
Wire and
cable
(cost).
$1,623,078
10,896
6,359
4,970
153,588
27,522
25,067
36, 141
3,388
8,302
6,789
157,327
69,070
24,053
8,276
18,226
18,062
15,921
7,493
221,682
39,064
22,046
1,990
27, 546
13,552
14,456
7,075
10, 187
100, 732
1,378
185,260
1,958
4,021
92, 074
2,906
16,350
97,783
16,073
5,037
5,543
4,237
48,331
6,101
13,234
3,454
25,816
2,459
28,025
3,258
1,395
1,009 '
4,099
883
All other
supplies
and mate-
rials, in-
cluding wa-
ter for boil-
ers, mill
supplies,
etc. (cost).
$3,993,181
33,867
16,678
18,260
514,022
62,637
54, 187
10, 494
6,652
13,844
15,148
1,53,824
80,868
56,882
37, 730
64,360
27,464
29,148
40,968
219,261
71,733
56,602
7,264
90,175
33,375
50,409
10,972
25,538
165,886
10,267
597,282
8,715
8,427
372, 236
22,353
44,064
618,889
42,246
15,359
6,578
20,405
94, 276
2,5,883
12,589
7, .588
34, 158
16,386
56,466
10,766
10,863
3,258
Power purchased.
Electric
(cost).
$6,080,905
7,148
2,580
651,530
109,634
38,678
71,391
954
17,664
78,079
146, 478
1,440
108, B53
31,538
36,297
70,427
32, 762
6,035
243,546
606,345
170,606
336, 239
195, 185
5,579
15,000
12,613
24,417
28,919
2,024,008
2,330
12,446
16, 707
11,920
708,143
16,122
19,921
240
27, 792
48,916
6,975
8,097
28,560
69, 266
28,507
1,218
All other
(cost).
$615,283
6,870
4,783
5,650
69,691
3,125
17, 767
9,219
3,716
7,006
12, 727
14,330
24, 126
3, 270
1,620
11,489
2,349
4,992
15, .546
65,069
950
6,360
1,080
1,100
22,603
3,166
5,241
11,070
2,400
255,859
"32,'ii6
Rent of
water priv-
ileges for
water
wheels or
turbines
(cost).
Freight,
not in-
cluded in
cost of
materials.
$351, 443
$187,265
900
2,500
46,158
11,150
15,518
27, 360
2,690
1,258
22,340
59,153
17,614
36,043
5,260
5,172
1,000
9,580
2,285
2,220
12,581
250
1,295
"3," 655
22,514
400
3,220
300
4,900
1,100
9,887
1,660
14,595
750
579
1,377
303
1,020
5,428
1,938
65
3,192
375
13,505
4,426
10,563
2,713
612
•1,984
244
1,6.35
13,731
3,607
15
13,646
158
5,002
2,222
6,162
105
2,473
12, 421
422
3,479
32,620
344
99
3,354
668
26,065
876
605
160
3,682
2,021
175
18,359
10,300
Total.
$19,824,962
168, 124
178, 232
131,152
1,082,356
480,769
299,596
143,877
79,917
65, 794
35,647
1,639,478
639, 485
421,093
251,360
266,250
197,390
116,088
293, 285
1,252,996
574, 435
303,405
76,839
625,950
115,903
253,743
16,867
141,803
989,148
52, 798
2,904,029
47, 257
163,039
1,047,261
260,566
164,026
1,853,693
243,565
53,160
121,609
165, 767
1,124,250
5,423
48,010
30,150
157,885
102,932
381,405
78,257
114,996
58,718
Crude
petroleum.
$16,780,874 ; $2,043,000
151,427
6,310
119,261
478,349
295,498
143,877
12,048
42,344
23,920
1,637,373
627,3.57
418,984
186,796
264,888
138,810
108, 732
289, 751
1,226,917
566,846
269,295
64, 198
562,078
105,113
247,492
8,192
129,902
980,868
51,154
2,886,567
40,114
151,944
973. 140
232, 190
6,060
1,787,007
239,066
36,657
113,622
164. 141
378,867
5,413
45,999
28, 760
84,568
76,061
316,682
78,257
13,000
32,652
167,922
911,668
Natural
Hanufoc-
turedgas.
$269,181 I $194,816
1,500
2,921
336
18,500
43, 896
555
2,301
4,496
1,610
50
'82,' 780'
1,302
4,500
4,118
31,124
14, 770
26,066
150,407
7,850
44,839
714
59,392 I 11,086
6,732
69,451
27,457
64,171
12,691
23,783
All other
fuel.
$547,091
6,697
4,000
11,901
20,381
2,420
4,097
67,8f)9
23,450
11,727
605
1,367
1,773
1,225
1,362
13,971
6,801
3,534
23, 778
17,377
21,419
12,641
3,394
10, 790
6,251
7,675
7,405
6,610
1,644
3,082
7,143
1,095
4,620
919
75,185
1,098
13,385
7,987
1,626
41,253
10
2,011
1,390
42, 193
* Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed
162
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 133.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL
SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TEKKITOBY.
United States
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware'
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode" Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico '
Number
o[
stations.
3,462
27
15
SO
115
49
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
52
67
15
267
35
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
Number. Salaries.
11,375
82
68
60
900
211
160
84
45
54
961
355
225
. 139
1U8
81
161
154
595
378
195*
47
423
119
96
23
104
392
27
1,821
32
39
454
107
112
1,144
71
72
49
361
62
190
79
236
35
SlO, 738,955
64,583
55,596
41,070
1,120,694
214,710
157,749
79,315
25,514
52,087
78,955
930,231
254,827
158,729
113,995
89,391
73,409
96,679
164,856
649,248
280,514
186,673
36,335
410,215
172,111
90,696
27,071
80,918
415,904
21,505
1,745,757
20,760
32,898
442,096
83,217
127,797
1,026,502
100,927
62,958
48,170
71,775
265,755
48,183
69,946
31,072
213, 192
48,065
158,595
28,722
52.350
32,091
GENERAL OFFICERS OF
CORPORATION.
Number. Salaries.
1,761
11
16
7
72
34
64
11
6
10
11
109
72
68
23
14
18
37
27
122
47
28
9
46
23
18
1
38
53
6
191
85
16
7
204
6
18
$2,202,028
13,119
13, 3U
3,089
144,098
50,162
57,134
23, 516
2,410
10,690
20,955
133,774
65,686
39, 741
19,905
23,366
24,662
23,283
47,122
174,925
49,496
37,613
9,082
74,144
38,385
20,985
250
24,619
111,866
2,799
336,488
3,520
5,918
119,074
13,666
16,960
195,516
25,601
15,466
12,306
19,240
61,184
1,230
8,680
5,030
45,245
7,245
44,073
5,440
10,680
521
OENEKAL MANAGERS,
SUPERINTENDENTS,
ETC.
Number Salaries
3.268
28
21
31
209
68
39
16
22
26
27
239
119
82
64
43
18
63
31
119
125
73
20
120
39
44
12
32
81
15
15
17
119
42
41
316
16
25
28
124
31
31
25
68
37
$4,243,307
28,600
29,854
27,631
389,166
91,332
54,630
20,015
15,839
31,238
38,174
338,383
108, 107
79,057
65,928
44,050
19,117
49,326
45,893
224,813
132,746
93,942
19,311
171,617
75,619
49,684
16,970
36,472
116,749
14,230
569,594
14, 170
18,460
150,103
42,443
58,482
414,610
33,595
25,881
27,343
35,663
118,402
40,090
31,927
19,762
89,067
31,770
77,313
17,140
32,500
20,001
CLERKS AND BOOK-
KEEPERS.
Number. Salaries.
6,346
43
22
22
619
109
67
58
17
18
30
613
164
85
52
51
45
61
96
364
206
94
18
268
67
34
10
34
258
6
1,261
9
14
250
49
64
626
49
29
12
37
169
16
$4,293,620
22,864
12,431
10,350
687,430
73,210
45,985
35,784
7,265
10.159
19,826
458,074
81.034
39.931
28,162
21,985
29,640
23,070
61,840
249,510
98,273
65,118
7,942
164,454
58, 107
20,027
9,851
19,827
188,289
4.476
839,675
3.060
8,520
172.919
27,118
52,305
416,376
41,731
11,611
8,522
16,872
86, 169
6,863
19,338
6,280
78,880
9,050
37.209
0,142
9,170
11,569
1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
'Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations -of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
163
Table 134.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AND TOTAL
WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR lEEBlTOHY.
United States.
Alabama..
Arizona . . .
Arkansas.
California.
Colorado..
C-onnecticut .
Delaware ' . . .
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana. ..
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky .
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts .
Michigan
Minnesota..
Mississippi .
Missouri
Montana . . .
Nebraska.. .
Nevada
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota..
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania...
Rhode" Island...
South Carolina.
South Dakota. .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont .
Virginia..
Washington . . .
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico'.
Number
of
stations.
3,462
27
15
60
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
9
52
57
15
267
33
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
50
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
Average
number.
Wages.
30,691 i $21,196,354
167
90
138
2,143
688
643
243
90
115
110
2,393
931
464
296
413
363
322
473
1,853
592
80
1,191
190
235
56
308
1,338
56
5,679
85
85
1,160
257
334
3,146
375
119
95
211
852
119
160
554
150
463
61
49
100,980
75.067
85,394
1,910,087
547, 955
338,800
170,568
52,617
69,556
83,956
1,656,641
517,215
289. 165
192,636
172, 573
255,546
192. 777
314,029
1,417,006
527. 166
388,691
44, 321
779,857
181,817
177,856
50,193
200,171
938,756
45, 476
3,947,027
38.209
57,744
806,868
154,441
277, 624
2,060,646
247, 020
56,347
60,433
108, 476
480,576
91,976
103,245
39,321
454,786
100,018
285,636
49,089
79,021
53,418
FOREMEN.
Average
number.
1,344
114
41
28
7
3
' 7
U
73
29
24
11
12
7
Hi
23
77
55
26
4
50
17
7
5
13
29
3
248
4
47
13
26
129
12
11
4
6
34
3
17
3
42
6
25
3
Wages.
11,446,048
6.970
6,190
1,470
154,213
52,914
30,228
7,368
2,582
7,760
10,530
70,864
23,584
20,006
10, 144
9,505
8,400
14, 261
21,969
81.432
51,997
19, ,590
5,040
53,466
25,740
6,720
6,750
12, 186
27,537
3,480
302, 620
1,500
4,400
47.385
10,695
27,510
139, 747
13,360
6,588
2.246
4,900
29,740
2,460
14,289
1,715
63,110
4,520
23,127
3,240
9,120
3,600
INSPECTORS.
.\verage
number.
860
159
17
4
6
2
10
6
19
68
27
160
Wages.
t668,466
39,580
6,360
8,148
6,690
1,600
102,027
13,088
2,915
4,296
1,200
9,240
3,857
18,240
57,609
17,741
15,842
38,943
4,390
5,400
1,560
20,853
132,562
720
40,555
1,166
6,487
69,908
9,614
1,590
5,750
4,327
960
3,419
840
"7,'369'
1,800
3.380
ENOmEERS.
Average
number.
35
21
40
120
82
69
23
27
23
21
413
190
170
102
90
33
42
61
204
153
96
27
129
28
60
7
31
146
17
383
17
32
445
12
19
33
50
261
13
26
30
67
57
134
18
Wages.
$3,484,231
23, 715
24, 573
29,209
132,953
73,649
63,313
20,266
17,832
14,876
15,446
315, 451
128,988
113,527
73. 437
59,737
30,083
27,805
40,823
201,867
99,340
77,040
18, 740
90,721
29,397
43,411
6,056
28,327
134, 366
17,028
340,363
9,681
24,247
198,659
64,621
44. 343
347. 178
12,634
11,415
21.651
31,825
167, 298
9,609
18,966
16,340
63,503
43,268
89,363
17,592
25,085
8,770
ALL OTHER EMPLOYEES
(INCLUDING FIREMEN,
DYNAMO AND SWITCH-
BOARD MEN, LINEMEN,
MECHANICS, AND LAMP
TRIMMERS).
Average
number.
24,041
119
62
96
1,872
559
435
204
60
85
75
695
266
177
309
313
258
380
1,504
593
454
49
960
140
161
43
262
1,131
36
4,888
66
48
798
153
254
2,483
340
86
58
148
560
102
112
46
444
87
293
40
Wages.
$15,597,610
67,306
43,404
54,715
1,583,341
415,132
237,111
136,244
32,203
46,920
66,480
1, 168, 299
351,555
162,717
104,759
102, 131
207, 823
146,854
232,997
1,076.198
358,088
276, 219
20, 641
696,727
122,290
122,325
37,388
158,098
756.000
24,968
3,171,492
27,028
28,377
520,369
78,059
199,284
1,503.813
211,412
36.764
36, 536
6(),001
279,211
78, 947
66,571
21,266
337,333
62,230
166,837
28,257
43.016
37,668
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
2 Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
164
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 136.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES, BY STATES
AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OB TEREITORT.
United States
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware '
Florida
Oeorgia
Idaho
IlUnois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Alaska
Hawaii and Porto Rico '
Number
of
stations.
3,462
27
15
50
115
49
36
8
24
34
40
271
132
141
79
69
21
77
28
96
130
79
29
104
31
73
62
67
15
267
35
21
167
58
50
282
6
23
29
SO
209
22
47
37
65
43
142
18
Total
expenses.
$25,611,771
131,921
52,463
51,474
2, 191, 198
560,661
299,336
256,886
26,956
91,576
65,423
1,792,537
507,802
225, 368
167,2(i4
199,483
302, 481
216, 552
467,832
1,701,957
618, 848
339, 160
43, .372
927, 142
316, 895
171,365
64,760
161,600
633,584
40,436
6,656,302
27,635
33,001
1,549,528
162, 108
195,959
2,304,868
226,833
163,406
26,774
138,440
569,682
67,092
138,447
29,360
362, 788
66,921
263,420
35,007
29,192
41,182
Rent of
stations,
line-wire
supports,
conduits,
etc.
$2,317,099
151
840
2,060
2,890
6,797
719
4,000
5,928
47,525
1,427
909
817
297
104
93,317
32,326
69,685
2.465
16,626
1,364
240
12,620
309
4,951
1,212,641
300
492
617,660
1,470
120
142,327
164
17,012
100
700
3,000
1,441
137
2,701
960
8,728
236
Rent of
offices.
$666,472
8,706
3,185
1,504
58, 477
26,361
6,623
2,766
1,660
4,379
6,366
66,946
19, 753
12,436
8,228
3,998
4,266
4,314
10,916
25,962
12,966
13,190
1,110
21,960
10, 6(i7
7,009
4,130
6,898
21,002
1,004
75,616
874
1,211
21,289
6,267
6,305
37,892
5,700
2,228
1,764
3,513
11,708
3,222
4,224
3,349
5,855
2,253
7,974
1,669
480
3,300
Taxes.
Injuries
and
damages.
$6,345,796 $602,623
34,704 ;
13,749
7,046
491,465
120,656
44,177
59,016
6,131
19,038
11,042
646,268
111,488
49, 744
33,150
81, %2
105,919
46,673
73,338
677, 379
167,917
136,425
8,941
246,671
78,076
65,057
11,558
. 39,117
207,360
6,682
1,679,845
6,666
9,389
276,431
16,893
62,864
421,169
99,853
20,986
6,946
29,836
98, 895
22,780
17,286
4,788
108,224
11,814
57,122
7,372
1,648
1,623
3,060
26,399
10,363
5,528
6,946
600
172
238
86,043
11,484
7,699
3,232
6,994
11,720
8,318
20,528
13,176
7,405
10, 181
3,813
23,796
7,109
2,847
66
2,506
20,934
409
179,944
952
34,233
1,978
1,007
29,078
1,241
427
230
1,943
31,157
2,100
33
1,448
4,836
4,400
4,156
464
3,683
11,433
Insurance.
$1,467,936
13,533
4,022
7,965
82, 157
38,106
16, 164
7,870
3,430
3,631
2,790
129,969
36,769
23,620
13,761
17, 161
11,687
15,441
25,062
136,243
26,259
20,294
6,456
61,984
7,020
14,677
6,493
20,669
46,468
2,356
317,854
3,245
2,643
34,359
13,696
10, 178
142,790
27,621
4,916
3,260
9,351
34,661
171
10,685
3,687
19,373
7,877
27,631
3,023
720
1,965
Ordinary
repairs of
buildings
and
machinery.
$3,986,586
22,333
11,429
13,627
468,241
81, 149
74,135
63,459
5,696
10,731
4,939
330,857
164, 134
43,506
30,181
37,937
20,488
26,678
49,856
267,984
110,976
54,549
11,413
143, 223
19,476
37,996
6,142
34,420
110,714
6,760
797,964
6,071
9,445
172, 737
22,857
49,867
312,045
14,825
20,350
4,808
39,247
96,691
6,645
31,738
2,808
64,290
18,949
44,806
10,718
6,671
6,866
Another
expenses.
$10,326,359
60,847
17,616
16,223
1,061,579
269,219
152, 100
115,830
9,539
49,624
35,130
596,929
163,747
87,455
77,895
62,144
148,401
115,124
194,816
548,887
223,642
102,066
11,039
423,983
193, 194
53,639
13,761
58,682
222,165
23,225
2,491,638
12,500
8,869
392,819
99,958
66,618
1,219,657
77,439
97,487
9,776
64,460
286,870
30,274
73,040
13,133
157,509
20,668
113,003
11,761
18,738
17,383
' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
• Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
GENERAL TABLES.
165
Table 136.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS, TRANSFORMERS,
METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TERMTOHY.
United states.
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Micliigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New llanipstiire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states '
SUBSTATION PLANTS.
Number
of I
stations. , Total
kilowatt
capacity.
13
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
9
9
13
14
184
3,591
497 !
262
2.165
300
180
'96'
Transformers.
Number.
250
145
246
140
75
300
218
2,400
230
164
10
Kilo-
watts.
184
3.591
Kilowatt
capacity
of miscel-
laneous
appa-
ratus.
497
282
1,032
75
366'
180
■96'
256"
120
246
140
75
300
218
2,400
"236"
1,158
STATIONARY
MOTORS.
Number.
1.133
25
4,507
295
15
155
1
121
87
67
407
202
211
76
17
8
45
507
328
300
27
86
55
20
113
81
15
338
8
2
108
71
215
2
81
33
Horse-
power.
31,689
238
10
2,206
133
1,132
4
915
477
256
3.342
611
1,076
566
45
27
412
4.388
2.009
1.643
307
1,515
195
81
951
46 I
1,681
25 I
790
451
39
280
566
540
722
864
1,734
40
378
57
TRANSFORMERS IN
CIRCiriTS FOR
CUSTOMERS.
Number.
44. 152
649
370
1,328
251
185
64
934
1,994
2,932
3,660
855
896
962
589
236
162
2.182
4.048
1,881
1,069
1.857
549
232
282
1.927
903
HI
4,277
294
125
1.453
859
99
756
800
278
516
464
1,304
283
Kilo-
watts.
1,946
1,008
4,947
770
1,651
240
4.414
4.877
7.851
15.584
2,846
3.264
2,695
1.884
490
759
10.581
15.614
6.247
3,629
6.032
2,674
738
1.154
6.064
3.359
396
13.550
958
514
5.288
1.754
580
2.180
2.082
1,402
2.557
1,716
11,018
235
5.124
725
Numljer
of meters
on con-
sumption
circuits.
Number
of custom-!
ersfur- I
nished i
electric
current. I
2,180
954
6,451
1,003
2,146
389
5,241
6.893
8,872
19,839
8,952
4.415
2.763
2.431
325
432
9,221
24,019
17,056
3.999
6,331
4,437
462
1.347
6,400
4,535
1.311
19,274
918
6.332
2,167
1.601
1,832
1,926
696
2,150
974
16,292
46
8.006
950
283,625
4,085
2,760
7,016
1,392
2,367
1,071
5,944
9,853
15, 760
25,371
11,169
6,453
3.462
3.728
335
706
8,986
27,404
19,911
6.373
10.804
5.249
657
1.423
7.350
6,479
1,539
23,949
2,060
1,740
8,036
2,651
1.653
4,879
2,764
3.920
3.190
2,314
17,306
370
10.069
1.077
OUTPUT OF STATIONS,
KILOWATT HOURS.
Total for year.
289,462,788
2,937,878
2,278,489
3,840.413
508.268
3,206,790
1.174,935
7,407,231
8,158,309
27,971,563
23,946.094
7,341.898
6,670,932
4,118.765
3,988,155
1.936.505
2,309,720
13,042.167
29, 455. 289
12.138.290
7,145,801
11,489,766
3,889,363
805,112
1.170,145
10.905,131
5,085,607
1,019,510
29,294.089
1.928.343
772,695
13,887,298
2.041.839
1.030,324
7,354.947
4,613.600
3.848.250
3,762,490
2,408,541
7,099,655
1,714,215
4,958.091
1.006,305
Average
per day.
810,820
8,477
6,242
10,982
2,383
8,786
3,219
20,499
22,468
76.939
67,346
20,254
19,112
11,287
10,998
5,637
6.328
35.734
78.609
34.228
19,908
32.150
10,294
2.209
3.294
36,374
15,017
2,795
82, 725
5,400
2,356
38,166
6,588
2,945
20,258
12,640
10,852
10,309
6,598
19,453
4,741
13,663
2. 757
1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
166
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 137.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER
STATE OE TEKHI-
TOET.
Num-
ber
of !
sta-
tions.
PEIMABY POWEE.
Aggregate.
Steam engines.
steam turbines.
Total.
600 H. P.
and under.
Over500H.P.
but under
1,000 H. P.
1,000 H. P.
but under
2,000 H. P.
Total.
600 H. P.
and under.
Over500H.?.
but under
1,000 H. P.
1,000 H. P.
but under
2,000 H. P.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
1,648
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num- Horse-
ber. power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-; Horse-
ber. power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
1
United States..
1,252
2,017
321,351
1,685
264,033
236,893
33
22,840
4 4,300
29
19,385
16
4,485
5
3,500
6
6,100
2
28
13
14
7
5
6
13
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
8
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
9
9
13
14
6
5
64
5
33
18
22
9
20
12
35
71
183
112
80
50
23
35
9
21
60
179
140
63
77
39
7
12
77
51
13
188
17
10
88
21
15
49
14
U
22
18
7
7
94
5
4,538
2,909
5, -230
970
4,590
1,340
7,969
9,964
30,847
20,446
9,811
7,521
4,584
4,287
2,245
2,455
15,805
31,504
17,325
8,167
12,046
4,231
915
1,697
12,739
6,775
1,425
29,427
2,195
604
13,541
2,605
1,768
6,820
2,940
2,720
4,948
3,859
5,409
1,575
9,870
735
31
18
19
9
13
12
20
69
168
94
70
43
23
35
1
13
40
139
122
56
72
30
3
9
59
45
13
168
17
5
77
21-
10
44
13
2
3
9
2
7
71
4
4,206
2,909
4,250
970
3,815
1,340
3,816
9,784
30,527
17,455
9,238
6,909
4,584
4,287
500
2,310
9,842
23,053
15,165
7,957
11,795
3,792
310
1,532
9,208
6,334
1,425
25,478
2,195
347
12,530
2,605
1,510
6,580
2,865
210
490
1,406
365
1,575
8,029
535
31
18
19
9
n
12
19
69
154
92
69
43
21
35
1
13
44
135
122
56
70
30
3
9
59
45
13
166
17
5
75
21
10
42
12
2
3
9
2
7
71
4
4,206
2,909
4,250
970
2,465
1,340
3,066
9,784
19,027
16,205
8,688
6,909
3,084
4,287
500
2,310
8,542
20,303
15,165
7,957
10,395
3,792
310
1,532
9,208
6,334
1,425
24,438
2,195
347
11,030
2,605
1,510
5,080
2,115
210
490
1,406
365
1,575
8,029
535
3
Arkansas
4
California
1
760
1
750
s
Colorado
fi
2
1,350
7
8
Florida
1
750
9
3,990
6
990
3
3,000
R
10
Illinois
U
2
1
8,200
1,250
550
3
3,300
11
3
2,000
3
2,000
12
1.1
Kansas..
14
Kentucky
1
. 500
1
1,000
1.1
Ifi
Maine...
17
Maryland
18
Massachusetts
2
4
1,300
2,750
3
3
1
4,400
3,875
300
2
2,100
19
2
1
875
300
20
21
2?
2
1,400
2.f
Nebraska..
24
New Hampshire
2.')
2fi
New York.
2
1,250
1
500
1
750
27
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
28
W
2
1,040
4
2,200
3
1,200
1
1.000
,<10
Oklahoma. .
81
Oregon .
.. .
1
32
Pennsylvania '..
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
2
1,500
.13
34
31
2
1
1,500
750
36
Texas
37
Utah
■*
38
Vermont . .
1
450
1
450
3<t
Virginia. . .
40
Washington
41
West Virginia
Wisconsin .
4?
2
170
2
170
43
All other states'
■ Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
GENERAL TABLES.
AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
167
PRIMARY POWER— continued.
GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION
EQUIPMENT.
Steam tur-
bines — Con.
Water wheels.
:
Dynamos.
Gas
engines.
.Vuxiliary
engines.
Aggregate.
2,000 H. P.
but under
5,000 H. 1'.
Total.
500 H. P.
and under.
Over500H.P.
but under
1,000 H. P.
1,000 H. P.
but under
2,000 H. P.
2,000 H. P.
but under
5,000 H. P.
Total.
Under 200
K. W.
200 K.W.
but under
500 K.W.
Nam- Horse-
ber. power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Ilorse-
ppwer.
Num-
ber.
Horse- Nura-
power. ■ ber.
Horse-
power.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts:
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
2
5,300
1S3
30,347
149
23,947
1
800
1
1,200
2
4,400
78
6,082 72
1,504
2,395
209,016
2,208
151,013
172
44,753
1
1
2
332
2
332
36
23
23
12
19
17
33
79
264
148
95
56
30
42
8
20
80
205
161
59
94
40
5
12
93
68
15
235
17
11
118
23
15
49
21
10
22
23
6
14
95
9
3,252
2,044
2,868
665
2,710
970
3,688
7,115
18,931
15,352
6,3fi0
4,914
2,809
2,905
862
1,312
9,822
19,652
11,209
5,264
7,627
3,011
545
1,217
8,367
4,849
1,010
20,655
1,385
491
8,861
1,976
1,020
5,141
2,333
1,460
2,797
2,132
3,810
717
6,249
659
33
22
15
12
14
17
30
73
2.58
126
93
51
26
40
6
19
67
190
153
54
90
38
5
11
85
56
14
213
16
11
112
22
15
43
14
7
16
20
4
14
94
9
2,612
1,844
1,038
665
1,205
970
3,008
5,875
15,781
8,944
5,860
3,784
1,559
2,405
362
982
4,647
13,366
9,209
4,189
6,252
2,611
545
967
6,267
4,449
810
14,595
1,185
491
7,009
1,726
1,020
2,891
633
610
1,315
1,432
510
717
6,024
659
3
1
8
640
200
1,830
•>
1
1
200
1
200
1
30
2
90
2
90
5
685
5
1,505
i
1
40
6
123
3
6
3
21
2
5
3
2
2
1
12
14
8
6
4
2
680
1,240
900
5,908
500
1,130
750
500
500
330
3,676
4,296
2,000
1,075
1,375
400
1
2'
180
2
180
1
11
4
2
5
302
340
166
377
4
5
5
1
18
120
52
36
10
6
3
1
531
355
200
6
3
1
531
355
200
P
I?
1
]«>
8
1,745
8
1,745
1
)
2
4
3
6
35
328
269
361
6
1
5
1
7
4
3
110
50
78
3
210
181
63
17
1 2,300
1 3,000
6
29
10
1,185
4,229
1,496
6
28
10
1,185
3,029
1,496
1
1,200
19
. j..
O]
I
70
386
oo
1
'n
4
1
13
2
605
112
2,045
286
4
1
13
2
605
112
2,045
286
'>t
2
2
63
230
1
7
2
21
250
1,600
400
200
5,560
200
1
4
6
165
9fi
1
07
1
Off
3
355
3
355
S
1,325
6
69
'^
2
2
175
285
2
2
176
285
3
9
82
726
?1
852
250
?*>
1
1
1
3
232
2
2
1
26
60
75
M
3
180
3
180
7
3
6
3
1,060
1,700
850
1,482
700
16
9
15
9
4
2,510
3,988
2,453
5,040
8
IS
9
2
1,710
3,988
2,453
640
1
800
V
3
20
IS
19
2
4,400
1
4
40
41
15
1
1,570
200
15
1
1,570
200
1
75
S
28
1
225
i"*
43
1
1
168
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 137.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER AND
STATE OR TEEBITORY.
OENEHATINO AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued.
Dynamos— Continued.
Aggregate— Continued .
Direct-current, constant-voltage.
Direct-current, constant-amperage.
500 K.W.
but under
1,000 K. W.
1,000 K.W.
but imder
2,000 K. W.
2,000 K.W.
but under
6,000 K. W.
1 Total.
Under 200
K.W.
200 K. W.
but under
500 K. W.
Total.
Under 200
K.W.
200 K.W.
but under
600 K. W.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
1
tTnited States
11
6,450
3
4.!inn
1
2,000
511
26,754
606
25,554
5
1,200
439
19,239
435
17,971
4
1,268
Alabama
7
5
5
3
297
186
50
5
5
3
297
186
50
»
Arkansas
4
2
1
1
268
45
22
60
4
2
1
1
268
45
22
60
4
California
5
Colorado
6
ConnfiptiOMt^
7
10
6
6
42
21
45
13
7
17
725
410
600
198
1,768
1,527
2,724
715
341
759
7
10
5
6
42
21
44
13
7
17
725
410
400
198
1,768
1,527
2,424
715
341
759
7
Delaware
S
Florida
1
200
3
2
117
36
5
2
7
. 1
4
9
20
55
9
375
60
6,407
1,953
179
75
258
38
112
270
470
2,241
248
3
2
117
34
5
2
7
1
4
9
20
55
9
375
SO
6,407
1,185
179
75
258
38
112
270
470
2,241
248
A
Georgia
in
Illinois
3
1
2,250
500
11
Indiana
2
768
1?
1
300
n
Kansas
"'
11
1
500
T>
Louisiana
10
Maine
17
Marvland
6
S
23
91
11
21
17
272
192
1,382
4,742
485
958
948
6
8
23
89
11
21
17
272
192
1,382
4,242
485
958
948
W
Massachusetts
1
1,500
1")
1
2,000
•>fl
Minnesota
2
600
■"l
Mississippi
w
Missouri
12
1
445
75
12
1
445
75
?T
•Jj
New Hampshire
■'i
1
15
9
9
42
3
5
12
3
6
13
3
42
617
509
475
2,533
150
121
557
41
305
686
93
i
15
9
8
42
3
6
12
3
6
13
3
42
617
509
275
2,533
150
121
557
41
305
686
93
'fi
New Yorlc
1
500
12
5
2
47
869
161
130
1,571
10
5
2
47
369
161
130
1,571
2
SOO
v
■US
North Dakota. .
1
1
200
■")
Ohio
1 1 500
in
11
T
2 i.noo
44
1,755
44
1,755
11
South Carolina
14
South Dakota
1
1
7
10
39
240
1
1
7
10
39
240
I')
2
1,200
16
1
17
Utah..
1
18
1
3
7
60
209
3
7
60
209
1Q
Virginia .
i
3
108
3
108
1
4n
"■■ 1
2
3,300
1
41
West Virginia . .
1
10
8
1
4i7
143
44
10
8
1
417
143
44
4?
■
22
1
1,163
75
22
1
1,163
75
41
All other states 1
1
1
i
> Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
GENERAL TABLES.
GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued.
169
GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EOmPHENT—COntlnued.
Dynamos— Continued.
Transformers.
*
Boosters.
Rotaries.
Storage-
battery
cells in
main
stations.
Kilowatt
capacity
of miscel-
laneous
apparatus.
Alternating single-phase and polyphase current.
Total.
"••"• ■ 500 K.W.
500 K.W.
but under
1,000 K.W.
1,000 K.W.
but under
2,000 K.W.
2,000 K.W.
but under
5,000 K.W.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
KUo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
Num-
ber.
Kilo-
watts.
1,445
163,023
1,267
107,488
163
42,285
11
6,450
3
4,800
1
2,000
145
5,287
21
338
5
n3
496
953
1
31
14
18
11
11
7
24
71
105
91
45
41
16
24
4
5
52
127
61
48
61
22
5
11
66
44
4
146
14
6
62
20
8
35
11
10
19
13
6
4
85
7
2,955
1,590
2,773
643
1,925
560
2,713
6,867
10,756
11,872
3,457
4,124
2,210
2,108
750
770
9,160
16,029
6,219
4.779
6,224
1.988
545
1.175
6,881
4,179
405
16.551
1.235
370
6,549
1,935
705
4,416
2,000
1,460
2.737
1.815
3.810
300
4.943
540
28
13
10
11
6
7
22
65
99
71
44
36
12
22
2
4
39
112
55
43
57
20
5
10
60
42
4
124
13
6
56
19
8
29
4
7
13
10
4
4
64
7
2,315
1,390
943
643
420
560
2,233
5,627
7,606
6.232
3.257
2,994
960
i,i;o8
250
3
I
8
640
200
1,830
15
10
H
3
6
221
\
.S
5
1,505
1
ioo
60
6
7
2
6
3
19
1
5
3
2
2
480
1,240
900
5,140
200
1,130
750
500
500
330
3,675
4,296
1,500
1,075
1,375
400
17
243
1
275
12
25
R
1
2
22
9
ff
3
1
2.250
500
7
23
489
2,119
10
2
138
11
1
13
140
35
14
12
3
71
13
1
500
1
3
14
36
1S
16
t
440 1
2
24
60
17
3,985
9,733
4.719
3.704
4,849
12
14
6
5
4
1
1,500
1R
1
2,000
12
3
1
8
287
76
20
287
5
3
145
36
438
50
20
95
19
128
?0
?l
1
200
n
1.588 ' 2
-
V,
545
?4
925
5.281
3,779
405
10.491
1.035
370
4 697
1
s
2
250
1,100
400
?"i
1
500
9
4
214
93
26
1
30
27
14
165
?8
21
1
5,580
200
1
500
20
471
4
50
W
" '■■
30
1
4
13
17
12
270
31
i
852
250
2
1,000
3?
1.685 1
33
705
2.166
132
34
1,050
1,700
850
1,482
700
2
1,200
2
35
3[>
300 1 7
610 3
1,255 , 6
1,115 3
36
37
6
240
38
39
510
300
4.718
540
2
3,300
1
1
3
2
2
2
103
15
40
41
1
225
1
4
42
43
170
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 138 MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS
STATE OB TEBRITOBY.
Num-
ber of
sta-
tions.
ABC UOHTDtO— NDMBEB Or LAMPS WIRED FOB SEEVICE.
Aggre-
gate.
Total.
Direct-current.
Alternating-current.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Conunercial.
Public.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
Open.
Inclosed.
1
United States
1,252
82,940
426
9,432
18,004
55,078
354
1,101
17,209
14,434
72
8,331
796
40,644
Alabama ...
?
28
13
14
7
5
. 6
13
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
8
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
9
9
13
14
6
5
64
5
' 726
609
865
125
711
56
1,020
2,013
16.277
5,498
1,011
1,505
1,306
608
622
715
2,955
10,541
2,386
837
2,349
942
9
175
3,289
1,519
256
9,517
321
52
4,150
784
311
1,728
1,053
147
344
604
2,221
728
1,734
231
3
3
20
"iu
s'
40
3
1
■■■■ii2'
2
8'
2"
53'
10
54
32
40
51
279
2
50
122
153
1,362
263
203
201
72
5
163
853
1,385
693
55
302
163
9
8
234
168
39
675
60
44
9
96
15
2
177
138
7,460
1.260
40
223
282
" "2i2'
74
412
1,993
226
712
99
625
565
709
59
432
52
649
1,753
8,659
2,836
705
1,078
823
536
405
478
1,690
7,051
1,465
782
1,335
672
3'
5
1
2
9'
18
15
2
177
80
7,350
1,240
10
223
282
"2i2'
74
412
1,792
218
668
99
34
336
76
3
26'
49
31
38
51
196
2
50
119
132
1,286
100
197
201
69
5
163
819
1,244
396
54
282
44
78'
58'
110
20
3«.
""■mi
8
44
591
229
633
S9
317
. S2
643
1,727
5,636
2,066
142
888
561
396
405
164
1,419
5.480
780
727
1,036
547
»
4
California. .
5
fi
83
115
7
Delaware
S
Florida
144
5"
40
3
6
26
3,023
770
563
190
262
140
...I.
q
3
21
76
163
6
10
Illinois . . .
11
1?
11
14
i-i
3
Ifi
Maine
17
314
271
1.571
685
56
299
125
2i'
18
9i"
2
s'
34
141
297
1
20
2
1<)
?n
?i
??
Missouri
?3
161
?4
New Hampsliire...
9
8
234
156
14
610
M
2
498
54
16
1,389
15
2,555
1,297
201
7,400
236
52
2,655
738
298
1,615
598
53
283
520
1,401
170
1,316
166
2
95
72'
13
165
1.755
1,005
39
5,725
187
49
1,002
738
287
1,510
473
53
283
308
1,401
40
1,069
57
w
403
54
16
1,317
800
292
162
1,675
49
3
1,653
2
3
■n
56"
12
25
65
9
w
North Dakota
w
Ohio
so
Oklahoma
10 51
11
3?
Pennsylvania
io'
2
157
46
13
58
191
90
14
27
820
1,338
45'
264
4
45
147
" "S58"
140
15
31
1,338
126
46
1
46
181
90
14
27
820
U
4
11
South Carolina
?I4
South Dakota
12
12
10
31'
264
11
105
125
io'
an
RA
Texas
17
Utah
88
45
147
2
It
Virginia
212
40
Washington
West Virginia
41
558
140
15
130
247
109
4?
s'
278
42
8'
48
19
230
23
43
All other states '
1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as fallows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
GENERAL TABLES.
OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
171
INCANDESCENT UGHTING— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIKED FOR
SERVICE.
OTHER VARIETIES OF
STATIONARY
MOTORS.
Aggregate.
Total.
16-candlepower.
32-candIepower.
All other candiepower.
UUM, VAPOR, ETC.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Nimiber.
Horse-
power.
4,052,448
3,882,211
170,237
3,369,606
117,866
137,026
29,169
375,679
23,202
7,738
1,132
4,507
31,689
1
42,223
27,312
111,209
15,976
53,177
9,925
88,169
114,454
203,659
298,160
141,168
79, 420
54, 426
44,096
8,806
11,632
223,293
418,258
270.880
88,008
133. 178
81.227
13. 572
28. 164
183, 729
98,703
23,604
361,179
17,613
10,145
127,759
46.624
36,010
53,156
26,812
22,670
63,136
30,338
215,242
3,108
157,392
14,846
40,622
26. 685
107,383
15,804
62,576
9,106
86,696
111,614
186,031
293, 436
136.640
77,642
52,794
42,193
6,279
7,797
211,914
385,648
264,608
86,626
129,733
78,458
13,099
26,740
177,106
96,877
23,266
347,199
17,086
9,776
114, .576
46,199
36,096
48,996
24,692
21,231
61,683
29,825
210,161
2,848
152, 109
14,565
1,701
627
3,826
172
601
820
1,473
2,840
17,628
4,724
4,628
1,778
1,632
1,903
2,527
3,836
11,379
32,610
6,272
1,383
3,445
2,769
473
1,414
6,623
1,826
339
13,980
528
369
13,183
1,425
914
4,160
2,220
1,439
1,453
513
5,081
260
5,283
281
39,476
23, 436
91,607
14, 441
52,326
8,355
82, 122
90,893
157,426
258, 953
118,663
67,278
48,662
39,874
6,479
7,405
206,668
329, 063
229,954
75,819
121,335
72,285
8,029
26,140
114,546
79,875
19,009
307,608
14,346
6,860
102,937
39, 478
31,078
44,390
24, 460
16,326
50,069
28,471
166,989
2,048
136,341
11,300
1,479
123
1,878
43
820
1,360
3,114
933
250
133
302
1,018
93
401
140
251
229
2,908
752
2,800
328
132
644
132
188
1,932
1,796
2,448
524
1,187
366
90
713
316
338
74
1,436
100
183
1,296
226
211
977
166
523
652
185
1,438
208
1,346
90
226
1.900
12,662
430
89
202
930
36
200
180
222
641
1,712
216
540
121
180
264
545
56
3,631
1,062
432
281
1,575
193
383
301
563
506
80
1,155
60
63
79
139
3
1,230
774
300
696
93
2,771
4
682
22
2
42
6
295
15
156
1
121
87
67
407
202
211
76
17
8
45
607
328
300
27
86
55
238
10
2,206
133
1,132
4
915
477
266
3,342
611
1,076
666
4S
27
412
4,388
2,009
1,643
307
1,515
195
•)
^
100
33
15
62
4
5
6
7
500
1,000
1,970
13,008
3,766
1,188
1,329
1,320
1,105
1,860
3,591
5,816
29,762
3,392
578
683
2,211
760
1.134
11,264
23,766
24,936
10,784
4,955
2,339
1,114
500
342
5,433
46,823
21,206
6,152
5,789
1,933
4,350
400
69,020
12,360
2,850
30,295
1.075
2,785
8,761
2,357
3,806
2,400
3,440
9,457
4,850
9,547
7,193
5,409
1,893
1,205
300
60
913
10,762
13,449
4,664
2,609
4,240
720
200
3,641
4,642
1,406
9,396
1,665
131
2,878
3,364
212
2,206
132
1,612
1,818
593
9,230
63
5,089
1,690
3
202
265
8
35
160
8
f)
285
10
11
30
133
12
13
11
16
20
395
1,083
626
2
58
169
17
84
285
18
19
0]
22
0^
400
5,745
982
186
11,389
368
123
11,808
1,061
700
1,953
1,280
616
105
235
872
48
3,265
169
100
25
34
100
211
5
20
113
81
15
338
8
2
108
71
9
18
90
81
66
98
215
2
81
33
81
951
929
46
1,681
25
8
790
451
39
280
566
640
722
864
1,734
40
378
57
"">
140
26
97
'8
22
29
in
31
127
6
10
20
T>
33
34
•<5
?fi
3,293
9,806
761
33,942
737
11,679
1,575
7
237
37
38
3,532
88
40
41
94
6«
3
42
43
172
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 139.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CHARACTER OF SERVICE, BONDS, AND COST OF
CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OB TEEEITORY.
United SUUs
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states '
NUMBEE OF STATIONS.
Total.
1,252
28
13
U
7
S
6
13
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
8
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
Class.
Purely
elec-
tric.
521
Com-
posite.
731
Character of service.
Lighting.
Arc.
Com-
mercial,
541
10
Public.
41
29
12
17
3
4
19
100
86
30
49
19
5
42
33
8
103
14
5
41
17
8
21
Incandescent.
Com
mercial.
1,153
Public.
1,018
Station-
ary
motors.
350
AU
other
electric
service.
$29,031,638 (25,343,654 $1,149,432
Par value.
Author-
ized.
Outstand-
ing.
Interest.
538,500
231,600
493,000
25,700
737,500
126,000
367,500
1,045,500
791,990
1,013,228
428,800
472,000
74,000
535.500
54,320
135,000
2,042,870
2,770,375
1,230,050
1,395,200
1,338,550
298,100
200,000
178.520
1,054,090
990,900
108,040
3, 425, 725
480,000
274,500
1,245,300
305,500
41,500
766,200
106,000
197,880
476,000
245,000
1,868,000
41,500
789,700
103,000
508,500
195, 100
406,400
22,700
737,500
117,500
350,600
971,400
427,140
726,551
338.830
426,000
65,600
314,650
54,320
127,000
1,814,312
2,429,601
1,096,050
1,370,600
1,081,200
290,100
200,000
178,520
889,200
923, 400
108,040
2,873,260
480,000
235, 100
1,168,200
305,600
41,500
739,700
96,000
191,880
388,200
240,000
1,697,600
31,200
682.600
102.500
26,225
10, 736
19,433
1,257
33,150
5,256
17,790
48. 517
20,344
37,668
17,212
18,639
3,246
18. 518
2,616
5,250
68,760
107.597
54.071
72,038
60,189
10,739
7,000
6,976
34,463
48, 132
6,902
130,268
22,560
10,638
47,654
16,165
2,156
35,345
4,950
9,085
15,100
10,390
54,825
1,469
31.237
5,889
$42, 879, 447
COST OF CONSTRUC-
TION AND EQUIP-
MENT.
Total.
$5,166,366
489, 817
417,066
908,974
120,643
719, 708
109,611
818, 866
1,127.594
5, 946, 525
2,263,178
1,032,677
747,197
624, 644
476, 860
185,303
238,280
2,756,981
4,344,825
1.946,328
899,108
1,311,189
508,986
76,849
258,433
1,632,127
816,279
145,012
3, 424, 494
202,350
121,646
1,697,084
412,626
198,695
841,434
407,852
335, 166
581,591
462,014
2,168,305
100,872
1,097.057
127,322
During
the
year.
86,420
17, 767
394,315
10,971
66,664
1,395
120,856
103,852
779, 486
296,075
87,537
101,596
18,558
53,017
8,591
19,184
357,737
450,238
241,760
57,368
136,801
74,560
2,469
26, 671
166,609
97, 101
28,993
380, 677
39, 194
14.342
87,668
46,908
20,649
64,428
71,937
21,611
66,676
31,342
432, 465
990
114.743
18,254
'Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
GENERAL TABLES.
173
Table 140.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CONDENSED STATEMENT:
STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
INCOME AND EXPENSES, BY
STATE OR TERRITORY.
United states
Alabama
Arkansas
CalUornia
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucliy
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York.
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South 'Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states'
Number
of
stations.
28
13
14
7
5
6
-13
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
105
14
11
45
17
Gross
Income.
$14,011,999
185,576
122,471
290,987
52, 177
163,765
42, 166
380, 229
453,495
1,605,061
857,499
416,789
232, 228
179,987
242, 547
69,994
92, 145
749, 709
1,233,086
771,219
328, 882
503, 878
218, 689
22,287
70,069
448, 462
313,440
76, 742
1,135,279
86,371
41,943
660,161
147,526
73,915
287,540
207,234
57, 134
109,418
137,573
535,662
54,735
378, 730
75,309
Electric service.
Total.
J13, 014, 434
182,216
121,830
284, 225
51,317
163,685
41,876
370,342
441,826
1,498,256
837,887
380,874
219,928
177,787
241,637
68,801
90,222
732, 161
1,175,934
718,565
318, 699
494, 423
214, 497
21,652
69, 673
438, 840
307, 797
69, 974
1,106,915
84,801
40,563
653,656
132,667
71,982
274,828
207,234
57,026
103,916
134,618
528, 188
54,695
353,517
74,904
Lighting.
»13,040,263
178, 674
120, 255
229,089
49,637
144,897
40,819
358,664
436, 106
1,491,343
799, 749
366,851
211,634
163, 798
229, 227
68, 476
86, 102
636,221
1,140,216
685,939
308, 168
473,411
206,997
21,652
66,116
427, 338
296,013
68,572
1,083,367
83,662
40,319
635, 825
128, 235
71,202
254, 362
191,773
50,327
94, 401
119,637
504, 485
54,295
348,426
74,084
Stationary
motors.
$510,373
3,292
392
52,875
1,680
18,421
25
10,878
5,220
5,607
35,939
13,563
7,356
13,989
2,104
325
4,120
94,083
30,236
30,426
5,389
14,611
7,500
1,057
10,903
11,634
1,384
19, 470
780
33
17, 761
3,785
780
19, 760
14,844
6,519
7,216
14,350
22,044
400
4,856
760
$57, 798
250
1,183
2,261
367
1,032
800
500
1,306
2,199
460
938
10,306
1,857
5,482
2,200
5,142
6,401
2,500
599
150
18
4,078
459
211
70
647
700
617
180
2,299
631
1,659
236
60
All other
sources.
Total.
$397,565 '' $9,167,188
3,360
641
6,762
860
80
290
9,887
11,669
6,806
19,612
35,915
12,300
2,200
910
1,193
1,923
17,548
57, 152
52, 654
10,183
9,455
4,092
635
396
9,622
5,643
6,768
28, 364
1,570
1,380
6,495
14,859
1,933
12,712
108
5,502
2,955
7,474
40
25,213
405
Salaries
and
wages.
$3,485,015
121,914
87,928
168, 797
31,491
88, 618
33,803
218,583
272,545
1,067,265
584, 293
302, 733
157, 461
105,247
183, 016
32, 741
73,645
469,656
790, 195
552, 753
218,026
343, 369
122,016
11,913
37,688
300, 104
213, 491
68,523
742,418
64,411
28,452
388, 717
117,125
57, 179
169,610
119,918
32, 271
68,893
76, 348
46,062 i
284, 179
45,024
42, 970
31,350
63,412
12,380
33, 103
12,815
78,669
111,068
445, 849
197, 221
99,283
67,865
39,830
54,027
19,550
27,926
169,393
319, 133
180,414
80,777
116,568
44,875
6,660
15,846
126,833
72,.054
22,741
294,961
26,946
11,003
154,273
36,052
18,540
67,513
42,888
19,527
26,690
28,667
132, 463
20,660
96, 818
17, 712
Cost of
supplies,
materials,
and fuel.
$4, 967, 687
72,212
60, 897
96, 261
17, 221
43,618
16,504
131,800
146, 186
576, 620
340,902
175, 341
77,252
56,570
110,498
7,790
39,905
243,815
405,901
328, 703
115,678
190, 797
69,356
4,816
18,049
150,331
126, 722
39, 162
381,695
32,628
16,643
206,547
76,693
33,053
85,573
64,890
8,004
27,363
43,444
124,665
24,618
169,089
21,065
Rents,
taxes, In-
surance,
and other
miscella-
neous
expenses.
$714,486
6,732
5,681
9,124
1,890
11,967
4,484
8,214
16,291
44,796
46, 170
28,109
12,344
8,847
18, 491
5,401
5,814
66, 448
65,161
43, 636
21,570
36,004
7,785
1,437
3,693
22,940
14, 715
6,630
65,762
4,837
1,906
27, 897
4,380
6,586
16,524
12,140
4,740
15,960
4,237
11,740
894
18,272
6,247
1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
174
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 141 MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF
STATE OB TEBBITOKT.
United States
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states »
Num-
ber ol
sta-
tions.
1,252
28
13
14
7
5
6
13
S9
112
24
104
92
39
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
Aggregate
cost.
(4,967,687
72, 212
50,897
96,261
17,221
43,548
16,504
131,800
146,186
576,620
340,902
175, 341
77,252
56,570
110,498
7,790
39,905
243,815
405,901
328, 703
115,678
190, 797
69,356
4,816
18,049
150, 331
126,722
39, 152
381,695
32,628
15,543
206,547
76,693
33,053
85,573
64,890
8,004
27,353
43,444
124,665
24,618
169,089
21,065
SUPPLIES AND MATEBIALS.
Total cost.
$1,734,904
14,323
12,082
55,978
8,957
8,410
5,082
24,393
45,339
210,045
116,952
62,996
27,202
24,550
18,309
7,189
8,032
119,981
127,602
91, 173
24,784
49,037
15, 107
4,368
4,726
52,099
39,915
9,787
121,083
4,941
5,980
84,587
25,810
13,923
25,355
10,328
5,811
15,468
22,224
121,465
14,404
66,325
8,782
Meters.
Number.
3,876
4
136
506
234
60
20
45
84
266
232
83
202
27
57
26
4
93
657
6
171
138
10
16
2
12
2
124
300
163
30
Cost.
$48,193
432
262
12
97
48
1,497
6,682
3,068
742
307
395
1,142
2,842
2,922
1,109
4,374
387
671
297
46
1,637
7,925
73
1,938
1,636
150
192
25
165
42
1,496
3,150
1,973
371
Motors.
Number. Cost
36
$7,749
318
ISO
34
503
85
2,062
210
158
2,310
300
Transformers.
Number.
100
213
2
20
59
54
18
113
11
1
14
19
169
25
4
40
2
Cost.
$49,120
1,751
493
139
114
897
3,570
6,251
1,201
739
513
1,370
56
1,567
2,377
1,423
525
4,226
557
27
444
712
377
8,285
888
180
1,782
76
970
216
1,127
729
2,606
30
2,060
807
Incandescent
lamps.
Niunber.
771,643
7,259
8,849
12,536
3,495
12, 174
3,790
6,501
29,836
31,241
35,192
37,500
27,852
18, 110
7,624
2,964
9,780
60,097
91,400
41.880
6,165
26,095
27,973
3,354
1.446
20,017
24,488
2,885
56,891
690
2,000
34, 139
9,071
3,090
19,819
7,168
6,935
5,525
9,180
13,930
310
37,992
4.100
Cost.
$144,558
1,274
1,574
2,073
693
2,118
1,214
5,117
6,804
6,453
7,819
5,037
3,508
1,817
527
1,353
11,920
17,016
8,055
1,164
4,754
5,224
974
430
3,795
4,535
568
10,263
116
463
5,621
1,679
542
3,501
1,268
1,357
1,267
1,872
2,153
71
7,045
1 Includes states having leas than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
GENERAL TABLES.
SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
175
SUPPLIES AKD MATERIALS — Continued.
■
COST
or ruEL.
Nernst
lamps,
vacuum
and vapor
lamps,
etc.
(cost).
Lamp
nttings,
etc. (ex-
cept for
arc
lamps)
(cost).
Carbons,
globes,
hoods, and
other sup-
plies for
arc lamps
and repairs
(cost).
Poles and
other
supports
(cost).
Wire and
cable
(cost).
Another
supplies
and
materials,
including
water for
boilers, mill
supplies,
etc. (cost).
Power purchased.
Rent of
water
privileges
for water
wheels or
turbines
(cost).
Freight
not
included
in cost
of ma-
terials.
Total.
Coal.
Crude
petro-
leum.
Natural
gas.
All
other
iuel.
Electric
(cost).
All other
(cost).-
$3,956
$86,254
$241,278
$56,298
$146,031
$443,547
$336,332
$41,952
$35,109
$94,527
$3,232,783
$2,900,338
$128,547
$40,407
$103,431
1
503
85
1,978
173
1,542
1,617
3,540
275
1,(J35
337
5,106
4.849
58.762
16, 474
2,854
2.262
5,277
1.476
4,191
2,337
5,598
29, 396
6.241
2,205
6,315
1,753
1,487
1,367
1,321
77
995
45
1, 143
2,802
5.374
2,941
2.358
347
340
384
300
110
4,590
7,154
2,488
826
1,695
432
18
335
923
735
573
3,392
508
301
2,0.56
917
696
845
1,148
677
114
719
816
316
1,948
685
1.528
1,415
4,685
84
693
25
2, 121
4,991
11.215
10,217
8.957
1.230
934
1.520
61
260
16.063
11,666
8,426
1,768
5.448
1,066
165
350
4,312
768
940
10,281
159
548
4.400
2,874
619
1,431
2,001
1,260
932
3.225
7,345
10
9,778
264
4,886
2.809
4,514
953
2,922
1,287
12,442
10, 622
55,463
26,067
20,827
7.539
11.278
9,922
907
3,586
18,504
32,871
31,199
7,978
13.324
3.074
384
1.863
11,693
9,482
3,625
40,051
2.460
28,518
2,946
2,242
6,050
3,382
645
2,153
4.133
16. 754
8,460
12. 728
2.288
600
400
57,889
38,815
40,283
8, 264
35. 138
11,422
107,407
100,847
366,575
223,950
112,343
50,050
32,020
92, 189
001
31,873
1 123,834
278.299
237.530
90,894
141,760
54,249
448
13.323
98,232
86,807
29,365
260.612
27.687
1 9.563
i 121.960
50.883
19,130
60,218
i 54,502
1 2, 193
11,885
21,220
3,200
10,214
102,764
12.283
49,488
36,710
8,401
2,105
6,600
2
2,000
3
37,640
6,702
33,683
4
8,264
27, 103
11,422
85,945
76,083
360,045
221,267
112, 185
41,965
32,020
36, 250
Wl
30,512
117,437
270, 103
215,040
87,603
j 133,039
53.920
426
13.251
94,379
77.260
27,654
242, 638
25.687
1,410
112.822
46.763
17.655
59.738
28.349
2.193
11.885
21.208
400
7.094
89. 928
12. 196
1
5
3,382
4,653
fi
18
2,023
3,577
1,576
2,212
4,105
5.511
1,564
400
910
80
1.793
10, 950
4.778
3,773
3.731
1,651
578
2,094
133
2,953
7,955
16,188
9,552
1.164
839
41
303
250
57
2.205
15.093
625
4.419
963
7
21,462
24,764
2.930
44
160
500
""'3,' 376'
8
173
150
2.30
135
16
9.310
63.679
11,244
9
4.100
11,600
1,940
1,709
1,800
1.800
2,639
10
75
II
12
900
7, 585
13
"52,'569'
14
984
15
16
1,361
4,334
8,196
22,490
3,291
1,880
329
22
72
1,597
9,547
1,811
3
17
39, 169
7,067
6,775
2,849
19.544
625
3. BOO
2,063
18
140
88
2,800
1<)
W
21
751
2,707
4,134
W,
1 '
23
1,300
1.500
24
14
149
55
2,641
774
103
4,750
354
6,561
4,057
566
20,918
737
221
16,892
2,102
7l«
4,790
1.988
290
699
2,669
4,381
5. 472
3.408
371
25
16, 867
9.688
9,202
1
4.148
251
1,760
11.075
1,982
274
26
27
28
229
2.199 j
1.715
3,443
14,528
2,100
29
.30
131
3.512
7.026
654
2, 949
.300
203
1,978
105
4.686
10
4,770
216
3.300
11.896
4,200
8,215
1,255
180
2,759
8,153
3,081
4,120
340
480
2,000
31
25
44
4.i
1.736
3,294
2,305
3,752
32
:«
1,135
34
2.080
692
:m
24,213
,3fi
87
284
2.349
37
460
5,810
2.000
80,692
1,000
1.050
38
1
12
2,800
,39
1,188
40
35
4,374
«4
2,520
41
119
11,507
2,500
2,301
3,66.0
400
12. 436
87
4'
43
25142—10-
-12
176
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 142.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF INCOME, BY STATES AND TERRI-
TORIES: 1907.
STATE OB TEBUTOBT.
Number
of
stations.
United States
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia.
nilnols
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states ^ .. .
1,252
28
13
14
7
5
6
13
S9
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
8
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
8
28
Gross
Income.
114,011,999
186,576
122,471
290.987
52, 177
163,765
42,166
380.229
453,495
1,505,061
857,499
416,789
232,228
179,987
242.547
69,994
92,J4S
749,709
1,233,086
771,219
328,882
503,878
218,589
22,287
70,069
448,462
313,440
76, 742
1,135.279
86,371
41.943
660, 151
147.526
73.915
287,540
207, 234
57, 134
109,418
137,573
535,662
54,735
378,730
75,309
113,614,434
Electric service.
Total.
182, 216
121,830
284,225
51,317
163,685
41,876
370,342
441,820
1.498.256
837,887
380,874
219,928
177,787
241.637
68.801
90,222
732, 161
1,175,934
718,565
318,699
494,423
214,497
21,652
69,673
438.840
307,797
69,974
1,106,915
84,801
40,563
653,656
132, 667
71,982
274,828
207,234
57,026
103,916
134, 618
528.188
54,695
353,517
74,904
Lighting.
Commer-
cial.
$7,394,987
128,972
72,881
155,831
42,181
103,830
27,761
292, 639
280,349
350.908
531,682
268,746
128.217
86.977
163.530
7,404
28,523
373,513
586,227
518,638
2)8, 113
28S, 480
132, 144
15,168
40.225
225,170
201,663
50,660
551,749
56.650
32,038
202,157
77,907
47,711
109,944
111,690
40,659
64,095
69,816
391,389
6,838
239,681
52,441
Public.
»5, 645, 276
4«,7D3
47,574
73,268
7,456 '
41,067
13,058
66,025
155,757
1,140,435
268,067
98,105
83,417
76,821
65,697
61,072
57.579
262, 708
553,989
167,301
70,055
184,931
74.853
6,484
25.891
202, 168
94,350
17,912
531.618
26.912
8,281
433,668
50.328
23,491
144,418
80,083
9,668
30,306
49, 821
113,096
47,457
108,744
21,643
Station-
ary
1516,373
Electric-
railway
service.
Current
sold to
other
electric
compa-
nies.
tI2,2B «,M4
3,292
392
52,875
1,680
18,421
25
10,878
5,220
5,607
35,939 j
1.3,563 I.
7,356 I
13.989 t.
2.104 i.
325 ..
4,120
94,083
30,236
30,426
5,389
14,611
7,500
1,057
10,903
11,634
1..384
19.470
780
33
17,761
3,785
780
19,766
14,844
6,519
7,216
14,350
22,044
400
4,856
760
1,032
800
1,500
300
6,090
2,500
1,170
108
1,677
180
950
1,659
Electric
heating.
M,350
140
100
341
336
340
220
1,141
48
57
1,375
"iie
10
647
100
Charging
auto-
mobiles.
47
75
160
6
313
179
55
92
All
other.
(1,288 131,494
110
1,183
1,134
292
500
36
75
280
602
9,970
1,096
3,406
1,004
5,094
311
2,703
459
65
617 I
1,349
531 I
All
other
sources.
*397,565
3,360
641
6,762
860
80
290
9,887
11.669
6,805
19,612
.35,915
12,300
2.200
910
1.193
1,923
17,548
57, 152
52,654
10,183
9,455
4,092
635
396
9,622
5,643
6,768
28,364
1.570
1,380
6,495
14,859
1,933
12,712
108
5,502
2,956
7,474
40
25,213
405
> Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows:
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
Idaho, 2;
GENERAL TABLES.
177
Table 143.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL
SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TERRITOEY.
Number
of
stations.
United States.
Alabama
Arkansas
California. . .
Colorado
Connecticut .
Delaware.
Florida. . .
Georgia . . .
Illinois . . .
Indiana..
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky .
Louisiana.
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts.
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi-. . .
Ittissouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina.
North Dakota . .
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania. .
South Carolina.
South Dakota..
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont.
Virginia..
Washington
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
All other states '
1,252
28
13
1* ,
7 !
S I
6
13 i
sg
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
24
104
92
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
105
14
11
46
17
8
28
Number. Salaries.
1,615
73
60
176
97
56
59
23
5
7
58
40
10
206
19
S994,832
17,915
11,600
21,208
5,630
9,010
4,929
21,550
50,775
52,623
55,309
30,170
22,165
11,300
23,644
3,082
2,970
40,248
100,823
74,905
34,878
37,363
13,554
2,650
4,050
29,769
30,187
10,307
75,305
9,112
2,995
28,437
15,000
7,540
21,783
13,042
7,173
9,061
7,135
34,455
1,720
31,534
7,926
OENEHAL MANA-
GERS, SUPERIN-
TENDENTS, ETC.
CLERKS AND BOOK-
KEEPERS.
Number.
104
67
40
41
15
2
3
32
32
8
134
13
5
32
17
7
30
Salaries. Number.
$814,929 I
17,705
9,530
14,655
4,250
6,270
4,149
11,620
46,775
45,480
46,741
25,728
19,826
9,980
20,580
3,082
2,580
29,437
81,735
63,541
29,329
33,150
11,930
2,300
2,540
23,642
27,747
9,272
56,606
7.920
2,795
23,314
13,280
7,540
20,851
6,540
6,033
8,328
6,470
14,765
1,360
29,003
6,550
Salaries.
1179,903
210
2,070
6,553
1,380
2,740
780
9,930
4,000
7,143
8,568
4,442
2,339
1,320
3,064
390
10,811
19,088
11,364
5,549
4,213
1,624
350
1,510
6,127
2,440
1,035
18,699
1,192
200
5,123
1,720
932
6,502
1,140
733
665
19,690
360
2,531
1,376
■ Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
178
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 144.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AND TOTAL
WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OB TERRITOBY.
Number
of
sUtions.
TOTAL.
t
FOREMEN.
INSPECTOES.
ENGINEERS.
ALL OTHER EMPLOY-
EES (I NCLUDIN G
FIREMEN, DYNAMO
AND SWITCHBOARD
MEN, LINEMEN, ME-
CHANICS, AND LAMP
TRIMMERS).
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
Average
number.
Wages.
United States
1,252
3,951
12.490.183
1 90
181,446
34
128.6.32
1,411
$969, 147
2,416 1 SI, 410, 968
28
13
14
7
5
il
59
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
8
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
7
47
36
8
106
14
11
45
17
8
28
9
9
13
14
6
6
67
31
58
10
32
IS
104
137
476
239
113
89
48
65
23
37
164
398
178
105
127.
50
5
22
158
91
16
337
31
15
167
49
18
84
45
18
28
34
110
29
114
15
25,055
19,750
42,204
6,750
24.093
7,886
57,019
60,293
393,226
141,912
69,113
45,700
28,530
30,383
16,468
24,956
129,145
218.310
105.509
45,899
79,205
31,321
3,010
11,796
97,064
41,867
12,434
219,656
17,834
8,008
125,836
21,052
11,000
46,730
29.846
12.354
16.529
21,532
98,008
18,830
65,284
9,786
1
27
14
19
6
10
8
20
43
137
89
61
44
18
25
3
11
51
138
96
42
61
22
11.125
9.640
16. 547
3.840
9.198
4.940
13. 182
23.181
111,961
57,632
41, 195
26, 136
12,290
15,689
2,616
8,883
46,607
81.943
63.839
21.022
30.513
15,014
40 1 13,930
Arkansas
I
1,000
3,436
1
480
15 8,630
California
.36 ' 22,221
Colorado
4 1 2,910
1
884
1
728
20 ' 13,283
7 2,946
Florida
1
4
14
3
2
i 2
1 1
1,200
2,380
14,055
2.630
1,510
1.080
900
6
4,387
77 ! 38,250
Georeia
90 34. 732
Illinois
2
3
2,280
2,160
322 264.930
144 79.490
50 ' 26,408
43 18.484
TfftnsM
1
29 1 15.340
liOiilifianA
40 14 694
H>Mrf«*.. .
! 1
300
19 13.552
26 ! 16,073
Massachusetts
1 6
' '8
2
3
6,242
4,637
1,440
2.340
4,620
3
2
2,707
2,250
104 1 73,580
Michigan
260 1 129,480
80 I 40,230
60 22,537
70 1 -O 112
Minn^'-'u^t^
Mississippi
" " '1
Missouri
1
1 ■ 960
Nebraska
28
5
13
99
60
7
185
105
33
9
56
28
16
26
19
96
9
16, 307
Npw Hftmpshirp
1
3,010
1
4
3
832
3,469
2.250
1 1 624
7
55
28
9
141
18
8
53
16
8
29
15
3
2
13
3
7
56
5
4.i52
35.835
14,691
7.766
106,316
11.734
5,215
42, 249
3,640
5,720
17,705
10,566
2,569
1,837
9,750
2,280
6.284
38.726
4.120
6,188
57,760
New York
24. 926
North Dakota
4 6(i8
Ohio
8
7,615
3 2,236
103.490
Oklahoma
6,100
i i
2,793
74.930
5
5,516
4 3, 141
11,412
4,950
South Dakota ,
1
330
I
1
28,025
Texas
1
1,200
1 900
17,180
Utah
9.785
14,692
Virginia
2 [ 1.540
3 ' 3 240
10, 242
8
I
9,780
82,708
West Virginia
720
1,080
12, 820
26,479
1 1 nnn
4,666
> Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed.
Uontana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
GENERAL TABLES.
179
Table 145.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES, BY STATES
AND TERRITORIES: 1907.
STATE OR TERKITORV.
United States.
.\labama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut.
Delaware.
Florida...
Georgia. ..
Illinois
Indiana...
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky.
Louisiana..
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts..
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire.
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina. .
North Dakota...
Ohio
Oklahoma ,
Oregon
Pennsylvania. .
South Carolina.
South Dakota. .
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont.
Virginia. .
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
All other states ' .
Number
of
stations.
28
13
14
7
5
6
13
5S
112
68
51
32
14
21
4
24
104
92
39
58
25
4
36
8
105
14
11
45
17
Total
expenses.
1714,486
6,732
6,681
9,124
1,890
11,967
4,484
8,214
15,291
44,7%
46, 170
28,109
12,344
8,847
18,491
5,401
5,814
56,448
65,161
43,636
21,570
36,004
7,785
1,437
3,693
22,940
14.715
6,630
65.762
4,837
1,906
27,897
4,380
5,586
16,524
12.140
4,740
15,950
4,237
11.740
894
18, 272
6,247
Rent of
stations,
line-wire
supports,
conduits,
etc.
15,654
386
175
120
26
1,320
612
120
Rent of
offices.
JIO, 721
168
130
30
145
46
243
133
1,241
168
270
192
120
628
676
402
65
540
256
96
540
206
225
670
172
18
183
600
300
411
280
18
180
Taxes.
15,224
150
159
117
6
127
170
700
160
53
414
100
200
403
650
920
46
175
Injuries
and
132,468
662
2,700
25
25
625
2,992
1,685
11,100
3,300
1,130
3,315
40
15
286
2,000
308
80
350
Insurance.
JUO, 269
885
1,069
1,578
314
1,958
326
4,746
3,635
6,259
7,737
4,592
1,895
1,737
1,775
483
576
9,802
7,646
8,659
3,003
5,708
840
251
872
4,479
2,319
1,066
8,003
606
241
2,961
1,083
421
1,872
2,592
105
2,166
1,045
406
102
3,801
666
Ordinary
repairs of
buildings
and
machinery.
$314,098
2,519
2,561
2,452
250
6,527
2,322
2,238
5,001
22, 144
19,629
9,493
6,946
3,123
14,781
2,602
3,606
23,756
33,783
24,187
4,096
14,330
3,673
243
852
9,832
4,516
3,718
31,390
2,008
665
15,226
1,588
1,516
6,565
6,464
3,372
4,018
1,258
820
467
7,805
2,858
All other
expenses.
$236,052
3,160
1,771
5,094
1,230
3,452
1,532
1,067
6,750
12,685
17,030
12,026
4,234
3,442
1,860
2,316
987
21,871
19, 762
8,344
3,186
11,426
2,856
847
1,376
7,983
5,961
1,431
22,321
2, on
1,000
8,947
1,210
3,633
4,547
2,176
963
8,094
614
9,014
325
6,510
2,018
■ Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2;
Uontana, 2; Rhode Island, 1.
180
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 146.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES-
ANALYSIS OF ARC-LIGHTING SERVICE, BY STATES: 1907' AND 1902.
[Separate reports for these stations could not be secured, hence the statistics for them have been Included with those for electric rallways-l
Census.
Kum-
berof
com-
panies.
ABC
UOHTraO— NUMBER 07 LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE.
Aggre-
gate..
Total.
Direct-current.
Alternating-current.
- Ali other.'
STATE OB TEREITOEY.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public.
Commercial.
Public
(open).
"
Open.
In-
closed.
Open.
In-
Closed.
Open.
In-
closed.
Open.
In-
closed.
Open.
In-
closed.
Open.
In-
closed.
Open.
In-
closed.
Total
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
177
118
80,102
33,863
4,491
2,582
46,183
13,603
4,644
10,868
24,784
6,810
882
2,413
11,013
6,459
4,504
10,495
6,220
1,072
3,609
1
35,170
7,069
140
8
18,564
5,738
168
75
365
6
4
5
5
3
7
7
12
4
7
11
8
3
3
3
7
6
6
3
4
3
11
10
8
5
20
U
7
3
3
3
4
10
7
6
4
7
3
7
9
16
25
2,633
1,291
1,527
745
222
6,172
4,347
4,099
817
2,133
2,886
1,603
483
658
431
1,308
869
899
477
1,079
203
2,566
2,594
1,821
613
7,152
2,933
619
1,114
693
3,914
£40
5,956
2,983
3,340
1,854
1,259
572
5,391
4,715
21,808
6,646
■'449'
109
103
164
238
103
235
38
133
39
"'25'
""'so'
""'37'
759
56
""u
'""■ii
2,765
7
42
219
"■'iie'
420
387
45
518
1,759
442
1,368
287
55
3,308
2,092
2,447
328
1,196
1,219
388
53
454
230
590
286
254
112
890
5
306
1,070
837
174
2,659
518
3,38
432
236
809
299
3,305
1,710
2,932
1,416
325
70
1,773
1,778
18,343
2,693
""325"
727
761
278
74
234
812
93
104
115
89
352
" "i32'
"iii"
163
964
194
325
359
1,838
14
483
757
ig'
75'
1,348
1,871
484
2,411
874
75
159
349
64
1,973
1,256
1,271
254
863
1,395
270
298
100
61
629
201
645
233
189
50
1,338
504
790
102
4,134
553
267
682
457
340
234
2,126
297
408
303
934
427
1,850
679
2,936
1,024
""449'
109
103
161
238
"235'
1,015
388
350
744
54
1,018
287
55
1,653
798
1,306
33
1,196
1,079
304
48
353
115
590
250
254
112
890
5
275
1,005
837
174
1,361
353
326
432
199
809
287
1,392
777
1,458
153
325
70
716
501
17.534
2. in
20
874
75
159
349
64
1,734
1,018
631
325
Florida
1,655
1,294
1,141
295
707
761
278
74
234
812
93
104
115
89
352
239
238
640
254
661
51
40
3
103
8
Illinois
110
10
8
202
1,344
230
298
48
31
629
201
645
233
189
50
938
504
790
102
1,579
553
267
407
259
340
234
1,856
197
408
182
900
427
1,835
588
1,908
1,024
30
133
39
"'25'
140
84
5
101
115
52
30
30
36
132
37
"'55'
31
65
111
163
964
194
325
249
l,-838
14
400
759
1
12
"■■24'
1,298
90
12
Ohio
2,555
75
Pennsylvania *
South Carolina
275
198
2,703
7
62
42
219
'"'iiu"
37
12
1,913
933
1,474
1,263
Virginia
483
757
270
100
19
121
34
WestVh-ginla
75
1,348
1,871
474
2,038
420
387
19
350
1,057
1,277
809
582
15
91
1,028
26
All other states 5
168
365
' Two companies in one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table.
« Not reported in 1907.
• Included in "All other states" in 1902.
■•No report for 1902.
Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2.
GENERAL TABLES.
181
Table 147.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES-
ANALYSIS OF INCANDESCENT AND OTHER VARIETIES OF LIGHTING SERVICE AS WELL AS MOTOR SERVICE
AND NUMBER OF METERS, BY STATES: 1907' AND 1902.
[Separate reports (or these stations could not be secured, hence the statistics for them have been included with those for electric railways.)
STATE OR TERRI-
TOHV.
Total
Alabama
Arkansas'
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana >
Iowa
Kansas'
Maine
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
New York
North Carolina.
Ohio
Pennsylvania <..
South Carolina.
Tennessee'
Texas"
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia..
Wisconsin
AH other states^
Cen-
sus.
Num-
ber of
com-
panies.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1S07
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
177
118
11 !
8 !
INCANDESCENT LIGHTING— NUMBER OP LAMPS WIRED POR SERVICE.
Aggre-
gate.
545,839
442,685
151,108
50,704
88,897
83,066
19,872
322,843
136,978
270,367
42,426
150,693
62,284
36,000
82,363
39, 443
103, 462
43,389
66,240
12,887
88,930
66,130
134,363
100,561
126, 131
31,742
522,022
189,708
31,331
115,767
24,225
191,491
82,656
373,928
65,148
293,672
93,247
88,967
23,294
382,724
180,073
667,514
260,574
4,487,681
1,423,659
Total.
Com-
mercial.
151,003
50,045
88,404
81,790
19,541
320,761
1.35,604
270. 193
42,426
150,289
61,924
29,000
82,036
39, 379
100,902
41,169
65,620
11,890
88.820
66,075
124,273
98,812
124,681
31,498
516,469
188,065
31,057
110,370
24,117
191,491
80,811
372,713
64,815
292,068
90,483
78. 571
23,294
382.278
179,611
662,903
254,911
Public.
58,158
19,026
105
659
1,276
331
2,082
1,374
404
360
7,000
327
64
2,560
2,220
620
997
110
55
10,090
1,749
1,450
244
5,553
1,643
274
5,397
108
l(><;andlepower. 32^;andlepower.
Com-
mercial.
3,871,786
1,313,303
1,845
1,215
1,604
2,764
446
462
4,611
5,663
150,648
47,705
78,219
81,165
19,408
313,261
132, 630
238,140
37,883
114,592
57,610
60,974
38,079
92,740
36,577
58,920
11,290
65,999
45,000
119,697
86,950
102,882
28,132
386,692
186,683
25,988
101,370
23, 517
177,439
80,811
284,321
52,595
276,618
70,667
(■)8,6fi2
20.984
381,278
170,305
533,281
247,288
PubUc.
48,451
13,065
105
659
1,235
1,536
900
245
60
6,500
238
2,371
2,130
405
997
60
50
5,051
691
1,450
204
5,198
1,613
150
5,391
100
1,845
849
328
1,564
20S
10,005
396
337
3,651
4,468
Com-
mercial.
217,228
31,597
355
2,203
1,362
250
127
7,500
1,470
7,837
226
6,620
1,830
22,300
7,854
300
2,550
1,134
5,000
100
22,578
75
1,451
2,257
3,697
423
32,705
682
564
6,000
600
7,030
2,224
1,635
10,828
4,459
1,647
3,646
67,249
1,825
Public.
2,264
1,119
131
159
50
150
215
150
20
116
6
230
5
391
50
125
391
625
All other.
Com-
mercial.
398,667
78,759
137
8,823
375
6
24,216
4,317
29,077
2,484
1,500
13,208
1,000
5,612
3,458
1,700
500
243
21,000
3,125
9,605
18, 102
2,943
97,072
700
4,505
3,000
81,362
9,9%
13,915
5,450
663
1,000
5,660
62,373
5,798
Public.
7,443
4,842
362
41
546
444
250
350
5,018
1,011
205
10
2,524
569
S70
OTHER ELECTRIC LIGHT-
ING 2 (NERN.ST, VAC-
UUM, VAPOR, ETC.)—
NUMBER OP LAMPS
WIRED FOR SERVICE.
Total.
28,641
167
391
80
2,838
65
204
22
169
31
9,251
22
566
187
11,108
1,551
Com-
mercial.
28,267
167
114
80
2,832
65
202
148
22
380
1,300
169
31
9,251
22
566
187
11,108
1,551
PubUc.
374
277
56
STATIONARY-
MOTOR SERVICE.
Num-
ber of
motors.
20,468
10,049
158,923
35,688
648
580
137
1,853
2,066
1,490
202
947
549
164
283
129
527
136
151
295
392
87
482
336
556
105
2,275
513
70
339
689
801
275
894
1,960
1,614
587
153
28
1,914
87
2,348
1,495
Total
capac-
ity In
horse-
power.
2,420
2,624
714
14,377
4,844
5,952
611
2,123
5,408
1,479
1,491
2,279
1,011
3,277
700
1,065
198
2,621
119
5,446
2,662
5,043
1,544
17,613
3,589
451
618
10,083
3,349
15, 416
1,467
12,861
3,720
857
121
13,121
3,711
18,525
7,644
Num-
ber of
meters
on con-
sump-
tion cir-
cuits.
213,886
56,601
9,331
2,606
6,305
5,404
880
12,572
5,121
10,862
1,475
4,842
7,356
3,338
1,787
2,353
1,139
S,360
1,857
4,160
714
3,966
1,553
6,434
6,217
6,562
1,273
19,211
5,813
1,251
3,629
1,270
6,729
15,553
3,100
22,181
4,838
4,171
770
12,708
5,403
33,871
9,234
' Two companies In one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table.
' Not reported in 1902.
' Included in " All other states" in 1902.
< No report for 1902.
^ Includes states having less than 3 companies, in order that theoperationsof individual companies may not be disclosed. These companies are distributed as follows:
In 1907- California, 1; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 2; Maryland, I: Mas-sachusctts, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1;
New Mexico, 1; Utah, 1; in 1902— Arkansas, 2; California, 2; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 2; Delaware, 1; Indiana, 2; Kansas, 1; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1;
Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2.
182
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
Table 148.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES-
INCOME, BY STATES: 1907 ' AND 1902.
[Separate reports for tbese stations could not he secured, hence the statistics for them have Ijeen included with those for electric railways.]
Total.
Alabama
Arliansas'.
Florida....
Georgia.
Illinois..
Indiana'.
Iowa
Kansas '
Maine...
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
New York
North Carolina..
Ohio
Pennsylvania'.
South Carolina.
Tennessee'..
Texas=
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia. . . .
Wisconsin
All other states <.
STATE OB TERRITORY.
Census.
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1907
1902
1907
1907
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
1907
1902
Number
of com-
panies.
177
118
Gross
income.
tl7,291,824
6,469,726
671,425
318,660
383,631
380,022
110,209
1,498,822
722,728
943,859
161,070
594,884
291,142
146,669
188,456
101,892
345,813
162,549
274,929
163, 406
621,856
413,782
491,081
155, 770
1,597,195
687,967
104,703
438,911
171,561
700,100
484,860
1,444,593
359,158
1,295,428
618,385
326,752
105, 102
1,024,621
689,572
2,684,017
1,237,935
From sale of current.
Total.
$16,576,555
6,271,815
671,425
317,011
383,225
375,691
110,209
1,484,966
713,700
829,687
151,867
315,220
540,986
270,423
187,237
94,736
321,768
157,920
308,053
98,838
240,967
161,004
612,683
412,403
473,651
155,770
1,461,559
574,929
102,878
437, 483
156,248
700,100
484,128
1,434,429
355,600
1,135,051
562,332
323,434
105, 102
962,315
662,983
2,657,695
1,221,740
Lighting.
$13,273,295
5,492,669
586,629
290,166
340,624
326,207
96,557
1,169,744
594,207
686,299
125,078
270,610
428,788
230,380
104,850
165,637
79,695
256,329
148,680
292,363
89,779
195, 105
148,764
532,373
384,231
389,632
119,405
1,184,656
621,547
93,446
272,293
133,121
534,804
391,070
1,122,482
327,200
898,397
483,902
282,923
103,434
766,039
585,817
1,993,306
1,030,906
Stationary
motors.
$2,686,013
768,040
84,796
26,345 I
39,529
49,427
13,652 ]
284,938 !
119,260
106,664 !
23,038 I
103,091
40,043
27,074
29,618
15,141
30,778
9,340
15,400
8,982
45,852
2,240
74,058
28,172
81,282
36,365
210, 712
63,382
9,422
164,156
22,127
146, 798
93,058
172,207
28,400
221,086
76,636
9,102
1,668
194,135
77,166
448,121
186,064
All other
electric
service.
1618,247
11,106
500
3,172
57
30,284
233
37,704
3,751
1,000
9,107
30
1,982
34,661
300
77
6,252
66,292
10
1,034
18,498
139,740
15,669
1,795
31,40C
2,141
216,288
4,750
From all
other
sources.
$715,269
197,911
1,649
406
4,331
13,856
9,028
114,192
16,122
53,898
20,719
14,715
1,219
7,158
24,045
4,629
9,802
33,972
12,402
9,173
1,379
17,430
135,636
13,038
1,825
1,428
16,313
732
10,164
3,558
160,377
56,063
3,318
62,306
26,689
26,322
16, 195
' Two companies in one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table.
' Included in "All other states" in 1902.
■ No report for 1902.
< Includes states having less than 3 companies, in order that the operations of individual companies may not lie disclosed. These companies are distributed as follows:
In 1907— California, 1; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 1; Kentuclty, 2; Louisiana, 2; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraslta, 1; New Hampshire, 1;
New Mexico, 1; Utah, 1; in 1902 — Arlcansas, 2; California, 2; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 2; Delaware, 1; Indiana, 2; Kansas, 1; Kentuciiy, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1;
Minnesota, I; Montana, 1; Nebraslta, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2.
APPENDICES
Appendix A— SCHEDULE
Appendix B.— INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS
(183)
APPENDIX A.
SCHEDULE.
Name of company or plant ■
T .1 » 1 t (State County
Location of plant. |city or town Street and No.
General Office (give state, city, street, and number)
Washington, D. C, December SI, 1907.
The act of Congress of June 7, 1906, directs the Director of the Census to take a
census of electric light and power stations every Ave years, and this schedule has
been formulated for that purpose.
The infonnation returned on this schedule should cover the business year of the
company most nearly conforming to the year ending December 31, 1907. All ques-
tions that require a fixed time, such as cash on hand, number of lamps, etc., should
be of the date of the last day of the year covered by the report.
The answers to inquiries in regard to fmancial matters will be held absolutely
confidential; the separate reports will i>e combined so as to show totals for all com-
panies in the different states. No publication will be made in the census reports
disclosing the operations of individual companies. The information will be used
only for the statistical purposes for which it is given.
The canvass is to be made under the supervision of Mr. W. M. Steuart, Chief
Statistician for Manufactures. , „ „
S. N. D. North,
Director of the Census.
Extract from act of Congress, March 3, 1899:
Section 22. * » * " And every president, treasurer, secretary, director, agent,
or other ofTicer of every corporation , and every establishment of productive industry,
whether conducted as a corporate body, limited liatiility company, or l\v private
Individuals, from which answers to any of the schedules, inquiries, or statistical
interrogatories provided for bv this act are herein required, who shall, if thereto
requested l)y the Director, supervisor, enumerator, or special agent, willfully neglect
or refuse to give true and complete answers to any Inquiries authorized by this act,
or shall willfully give false information, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to which may
be added iinprisonment for a period not exceeding one year."
CERTIFICATE.
This is to certify that the information contained in this schedule is complete and
correct to the best otmy knowledge and belief , and it covers the iieriod from ,
190 , to , 190 .
(Signature and offi-
cial designation of
the person fur-
nishing the infor-
mation.)
(Signature of spe-
cial agent.)
(Address of person
furnishing the In-
formation.)
1. Character of ownership: State the form of ownership as It existed on the last day
of the year covered by the report, whether Individual, Ann or partnership.
Incorporated company, municipal, or other form
2. If a consolidated company, give names and location of constituent companies
Included in this report, or wTite same on last page
3. If a reorganized company, give name of original company
4. If a subsidiary or leased company, give name and address of operating company
or lessee
5. If the corporation or firm Is engaged In any business or industry other than that
of central-station work for electric light and power, state the character of such
business or Industrj', and whether conducted In the same or separate plants. .
Number of lamps: Account for all lamps wired for service on last day of year
covered by report, Irrespective of ownership. If actual numljer Is not known
give careful estimate.
Class.
Arc lamps:
Direct current.
Alternating current.
Total.
Incandescent lamps:
Sixteen candlepower
Thirty-two candlepower..
Another
Total
Type of
lamp.
Public.
i (Number.)
Open
Inclosed..
Open
Inclosed.
Open
Inclosed.
Other varieties (Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc.
[state kind])
Commer- '
cial or other
private.
(Niunber.)
Lamps used by company to light its own properties, and not reported
above: (For municipal plants Include only lamps In power houses.)
Arc.
Incandescent
Other varieties (state kind) .
Total.
(Number.)
7. Miscellaneous statistics.
Stationary motors served (do not Include small fan motors) .
Total capacity In horsepower
Give estimate of number of small fan motors served
Railway motor cars served
Meters on consumption circuits (Include all kinds, mechanical, chem-
ical, etc.)
Transformers in circuits for customers
Total capacity in kilowatts
Total number of ciwtomers furnished electric current
Number of customers furnished electric current for heating or cooking
apparatus ■
Miles of street occupied by underground conduits for mains and feed-
(If underground conduits are rented from a mimicipality or commer-
cial company, give particulars of agreement and annual rental paid,
on last page of schedule.)
Number.
(185)
186
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
8. Power-plant equipment.
Oeneratlng power plant.
Steam engines, number.
Total rapacity in horse-
power
Steam turbines, number.
Total capacity in liorse-
power , ,,,.
Gas engines, number. .
Total capacity in horse-
power
Water wheels, number. .
Total capacity in horse-
power
500 H. P.
or under.
Over 500
H. P.
and un-
der 1,000
H. P.
1,000 H.
P. and
under
2,000
H. P.
2,000 H.
P. and
under
5,000
H. P.
5,000 H.
P. and
over.
Auxiliary engines for use within plant as accessories, etc.:
Number , total capacity in horsepower.
' Length to be stated in miles and decimals of a mile carried to two places.
9. Electrical generators: The kilowatt rapacity, Voltage, and amperage reported
should represent a single machine. If more than one machine of the same
class, give separate information for each.
Number.
Total ca-
pacity in
kilowatts
of each
machine.
Indicated
voltage
of each
machine.
Indicated
amperage
of each
machine.
Dynamos:
Directrcurrent, constant-volt-
age
Directcurrent, constant-am-
perage
Alternating and polyphase
current
Boosters
notaries
Storage-batterv ceils in main
power plants
Miscellaneous apparatus (state
Und) r.
10. Output of station: The output should be calculated from the voltage and amper-
age of the generators, or obtained from the actual watt or kilowatt readings
of dynamo meters.
Kilowatt hours, average per day
Kilowatt hours, total for year
State the number of hours of operation, per day, if day circuits are not
operated .".
II. Substation equipment: The kilowatt capacity, voltage, and amperage reported
should represent a single machine. If more than one machine of the same
class, give separate information for each.
Class.
Storage battery, cells.
Transformers
Rotary converters
Miscellaneous apparatus (state
kind)
Number.
Total
rapacity in
kilowatts
of each ma-
chine.
Indicated
voltage of
each ma-
chine.
Indlrated
amperage
of each ma-
chine.
12. Cost of plant: The answer must show the total cost of land— buildings— machin-
ery, tools, and implements within stations and shops — overhead and under-
ground electric-service construction— lamps, motors, meters, and transformers
wired for use— supplies of every description on hand not enumerated else-
where. If land was donated, so state and give estimated value at time of
donation, but do not include the amount in the total. For municipal plants
include the preliminary cost of experts' reports, engineering plans, holding
special elections, etc.
Cost during the year $
Cost to date $
Is value of franchise included? (Answer Yes or No)
13. Supplies and materials used during the year for ordinary repairs and replace-
ments: This inquiry is not intended to cover mercantile transactions, but il
the company incidentally sells electric supplies and fixtures to its customers
the quantity and cost of such supplies disposed of during the year should be
Included. If the company pays freight on any of the supplies and materials
used, and the amount is not included in their cost, report the amount of this
freight under "Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above." (Do not include
expenditures for additions or extensions.)
Kind.
Supplies:
Meters
Motors
Transformers
Incandescent lamps
Nernst lamps, vacuum and vapor lamps, etc.
Number.
Cost.
Incandescent and other lamp fittings, sockets, etc. (Do not in-
clude arc-lamp supplies)
Carbons, globes, hoods, and other suppUes for arc lamps, including
arc-lamp repairs
Poles or other supports.
Wire and cable
Fuel:
Coal
All other fuel (state kind)
Electric current purchased for distribution '
Power purchased (state kind)
Rent of water privileges for water wheels or turbines
All other supplies and materials, including water for boilers, mill sup-
plies, etc
Total cost .
Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above(not included in the "Cost"), t
1 Give name and address of company from whom purchased.
14. Miscellaneous expenses.
Rent of stations, and line-wire supports, conduits, or underground
privileges
Rent of offices
Amount.
Taxes (state Idnd)
Injuries and damages .
Insurance ....
Ordinary repairs of buildings, machinery, etc. (Do not include
amounts reported in Inquiry 13, " Supplies and materials ")
Amount paid for interest, advertising, office supplies, law expenses,
telegraph and telephone service, and all other expense incident to
operation and mamtenance not elsewhere reported. (Do not in-
clude Interest on bonds or dividends on stock)
Total.
15. Employees, salaries, and wages: The average number employed during the
year is the number that would be requued, at continuous employment, for
the twelve months. If any of the persons enumerated were employed only
a portion of the time, give only the wages paid in connection with the electric
service. Account for all regular officers and employees wtether engaged on
maintenance, canvassing, collecting, operation, or otherwise. (Do not include
employees engaged exclusively on additions or extensions.)
APPENDIX A.
187
Salaried employees:
Salaried officers of corporation.
Other oflicers (general managers, superintendents,
electricians, and experts)
Clerks and iiookkeepers :
Total.
Wage-earners (do not include salaried employees reported
above):
Foremen
Inspectors
Engineers
Average
number
employed
during the
year.
Total
amount
paid in
salaries
and wages
during
the year.
All other employees (including firemen, dynamo and
switchiward men, linemen, mechanics, and lamp
trimmers)
Total.
16. Income: Give the total amount of income for the year as indicated by the books
of the company. If accounts do not show the income from each class of
service enumerated, give a carefully estimated segregation.
Commercial companies shouid include not only income from current actually
sold, but also the estimated value of current supplied municipaiity or other gov-
ernment free of charge, the estimate to be based on the prevailing commercial rates.
(Estimated value of current consumed by lamps and motors on the company's
own propertiesshouldno/be included.)
Municipal plants must include in answer to the inquiry the estimated value of
current consumed in public buildings and in lighting streets, parks, etc., the estimate
to be based on the prevailing commercial rates. ( Estimated value of current con-
sumed by lamps and motors in municipal-power houses should not be included.
Source.
Lighting:
Commercial or other private-
Arc lamps
Incandescent lamps
Other iamps
Public, furnished municipality or other government for buildings
and streets-
Arc lamps
Incandescent lamps ,
Other lamps
Amount.
Source.
Motor service, stationary (not including small fan motors).
Electric-railway service
Sale of current to other electric companies
Electric heating, cooking, welding, etc
Charging automobiles
All other electric serv^ice (specify items)
Gross income from sale of supplies and fixtures
Income from all other sources (specify Items)
Total.
Amount.
If a commercial company, give amount of estimated income for free
service, which is included above $.
If a municipal plant, give amount of estimated income represented by
current consumed in public buildings and in lighting streets, parks,
etc., which is included al>ove $.
17. Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and interest: If the company operates a gas
or water plant or other industry in connection with the electric light and
power plant, and it Is impossible to segregate the capitalization, report the
entire capital and give an estimate of the proportion chargeable to the electric
light and power plant department.
Number
of shares
or bonds.
Total
par
value.
Dividends declared and
interest paid or due for
the year.
Rate.
Amount.
Authorized capitalization by char-
ter:
s
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X X X
Capital stock and bonds outstand-
ing:
$
1
1
Estimated proportion of above outstanding capitalization chargeable to the elec,
trie light and power plant department
18. Poles purchased during 1907.
Cedar.
Chestnut.
Juniper.
Other species. (Specify.)
length, feet.
Number.
Average cost
per pole at
point of
purchase.
Number.
Average cost
per pole at
point of
purchase.
Number.
Average cost
per pole at
point of
purchase.
Number.
Average cost
per pole at
point of
purchase.
Under 20
How many treated poles were purchased during 1907?
What preservative was used?
How many poles wore treated during 1907?
What preservative was used?
APPENDIX B.
INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS.
Period covered. — The act of Congress, approved June 7, 190C, pro-
vides that every five years this office shall collect statistics relating
to electric light and power stations. The census of this industry
will relate to the year ending December 31, 1907, and all plants that
were in existence during any portion of the year must be reported.
Special agents, daihj reports, and correspondence . — The canvass will
be made by the regular employees of the Census Office working
under the supervision of the chief statistician for manufactures.
The employees detailed for field work must make daily reports on
Form 8-185b for every day on which they are actually employed.
The daily reports, together with all schedules taken daily, must be
forwarded by registered mail at the close of each day, in the return
penalty envelope addressed to the Director of the Census. The
office number and the running number of the report should be placed on
the daily report for all schedules sent in. Inquiries concerning sched-
ules or further instructions must be made by letter and not on the
daily reports. Each inquiry or requisition .should be made in a
separate letter. Employees must give sufficient notice of the date
they will complete the district to which they are assigned, so that,
if necessary, they may bo assigned to other territory without loss
of time.
In all correspondence, make reference to office letters by date,
and to schedules and memoranda containing criticism, by referring
to the office number on the list and the full name and address of
the company in question.
Day's u'ork.-~The relative efficiency of each emjiloyee engaged
in field work will be determined by the number and completeness
of the reports secured. Each daily report must account for the work
of the day. Schedules must not be retained for a number of days
and daily reports made out so as to show a fair average for each day.
Districts and lists.- The entire country has been divided into
districts and one or more special agents will be assigned to each
district. The agents will be held accountable for a thorough canvass
of their respective districts. To a-^sist in locating the plants to be
enumerated, each agent will be furnished with a list giving the
names, locations, and addresses of all electric properties covered
by the census in the territory assigned him. These lists are based
on information obtained from directories, postmasters, and other
sources. The agents must not accept them as complete, but must be
constantly on the alert to discover other plants or systems, especially
municipal electric fire-alarm and police-patrol sy,stems in towns
of less than 2,500 inhabitants.
The different cities must be visited in the order named on the
list, unless the agent finds that railroad connections and local con-
ditions make a change advisable. In such cases the character
and necessity for the change must be given on the agent's daily
report.
An agent should not return to a city already canvassed to secure
information for a report returned to him for correction unless
especially advised to do so. It is believed that the agent will be
able in most cases to supply the information from his knowledge of
the conditions. If he can not do so, he should return the schedule
to the office with such explanation for his error or neglect as he
may be able to make. To obviate the necessity of returning
schedules for additional information, the agent must be careful to
secure complete reports for all plants before leaving a city.
Reports secured by mail. — Schedules were mailed to all companies,
and if a complete report has been thus secured, the name on the
agent's list will be marked "schedule received." If the mail
report is unsatisfactory, the name will be stamped "incomplete
schedule received," and the original schedule furnished the agent
to complete. These schedules must be completed or corrected,
signed, and returned by the agent. If it is found advisable to
prepare a new report in place of the original, such report must be
marked "corrected report" on the title page. Otherwise the agent
will still be charged with the original schedule. If the agent has
not been advised that the office is in receipt of the report, he must
secure the same, although the company may claim that the schedule
has been furnished.
Proposed plants. — Some of the names on the list are for plants
or systems that were contemplated or projected, or supposed to be
under construction, but not necessarily building or in operation;
when possible, such plants have been designated as "proposed,"
or as "under construction." These plants should not be visited
when it requires a special trip unless the agent can obtain informa-
tion that they were actually in operation. If for other purposes
the agent visits a place where such a plant or system is supposed to
be located, he must account for the name on his daily report and
give information which will enable the office to dispose of the name
on the office list.
Idle plants. — The instructions in the preceding paragraph in
regard to " proposed " plants are applicable also to idle plants. While
the census is to cover all plants that were in existence during 1907,
the agent should not make a special trip to secure the report of a
plant that was not in operation during any part of the year.
New plants. — If a report is secured for a listed company under a
name other than that given on the agent's list, a memorandum must
be made on the schedule giving the name of the company as it
appears on the list. If this is not done, the name will remain on the
list as charged to the agent. If schedules are secured for plants not
on the li.st, the words "not on list" must be written in the upper
left-hand corner of the title page.
Central offices. — A large number of properties are controlled from
offices located elsewhere than at the plants. When known, central
offices of this character are indicated on the lists with the names of
the plants for which reports will be prepared at the central office.
Agents canvassing the districts in which central offices are located
must in every instance secure reports from these offices before can-
vassing the other plants. A large number of controlling companies
have advised the office that reports for certain properties will be
prepared at their office. The names of these controlled companies
will appear on the agent's list without a number, but with a notation
' ' see central office, "or " report will be secured at ." Agents
must not secure reports for these controlled companies unle.ss espe-
cially directed to do so. If in the city, the agent should call at such
plants and explain that a census of electrical industries is being
taken; also that it is understood the report is being prepared at the
central office of the company. He should also leave blank .sched-
ules, explaining the requirements of the census, so that the local
officials will know just what information is required if the central
office requests them to furnish data for the reports.
If a plant is owned by a company whose business office is in
(189)
190
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
another locality outside the territory assigned the agent and a por-
tion of the information must be obtained from such office, the agent
should complete the schedule so far as possible from the data obtain-
able at the plant and forward it to the Census Office with a full
statement of the facts, giving also the names and addresses of the
persons from whom further information can be obtained. The agent
must, however, exhaust every reasonable means to complete the
report before sending it in to the Census Office.
Annual reports. — In all cases where an annual reportof the com-
pany is printed, a copy of the latest report should be secured and
forwarded with the schedule. Copies should also be returned of the
latest report of the directors or officers of the company, or other
printed matter that would add to the information contained in the
schedule.
The schedule. — An exact answer to each question enumerated in
the several inquiries is what is required, and is what should be given
if it can be secured with a reasonable amount of labor. It is antici-
pated, however, that in a number of cases the accounts are not kept
under just such a series of items as is enumerated in the schedule.
If the accounts cover two or more of the items enumerated for any of
the inquiries, the total should be equitably apportioned for the reply
to each subinquiry. In all cases where the answers are estimated
the amounts must be preceded by the word "estimate."
All answers must be made clearly and neatly in ink. Amounts
and values must be obtained from book accounts, if such accounts
are available. Each question is to be answered. If any question
is found not applicable and no amounts are reported, write the word
"none."
The following instructions, in addition to those on the schedule,
should be followed by the agents in preparing all reports:
The title-page. — Page 1 must contain the name and location of the
company, the address of the general office, and the signature,
address, and official designation of the person furnishing the infor-
mation. Place the office number and the running number of the report
in the upper right-hand comer. If the address of the general or busi-
ness office is at a different place from that of the plant, care must be
taken to give both.
The reports for plants that were in operation only a portion of the
census year will be tabulated separately; therefore it is essential to
give on the title-page the exact period covered by each report.
Reports must be secured for all electric plants doing a public-serv.
ice business; that is, for all plants, whether owned or operated by
individuals, companies, corporations, or municipalities, estab-
lished for the purpose of generating electric current for sale, that
were in existence during any portion of the year ending December
31, 1907.
No report is required for isolated electric light or power plants
operated primarily for the benefit of the owner in lighting and fur-
nishing power for his factory, hotel, or other enterprise, even though
some current may be sold. The instructions on the title-page of the
schedule provide that "isolated plants which incidentally sell cur-
rent must be reported." This was intended for the guidance of
persons who would receive the blank schedule through the mail,
and to avoid the possibility of omitting any central stations. Such
plants can not be considered as central stations, and agents must not
secure reports for them.
Electric plants owned by the United States Government and
operated primarily for supplying light or power to public buildings,
military posts, naval stations, Indian reservations, etc., should be
considered isolated plants and no report secured; also electric
plants owned by and operated primarily for the benefit of state
institutions.
Combined reports. — If the electric plant is operated in connec-
tion with an electric railway, separate reports should, if possible,
be prepared. If this can not be done, a combined report should
be prepared on the railway schedule.
If the electric plant is operated in connection with any business
other than a street railway and the system of accounts will not
permit of the preparation of a separate return, careful estimates
must be prepared for answer to all the questions contained in the
schedule; these estimates must be prepared by, or submitted to
and approved by, the person furnishing the information. The
items of cost of plant; supplies and materials; miscellaneous ex-
penses; employees, salaries, and wages, and income, must pertain
only to the electric light or power station.
Where two or more plants arc owned by one individual, com-
pany, or corporation, and located in the same city or town, one
combined report may be secured. In such cases the number of
separate plants included in the report should be stated in answer
to inquiry 2. Light and power plants operated by the same cor-
poration, firm, or individual, and located in different states,
counties, cities, or towns should be reported separately.
Inquiries 1 to 5, i.vclusive.
These are intended to obtain information concerning the char-
acter of the organization under which the company i.s operated,
the character of the changes in such organization, and whether or
not conducted in connection with some other industry. The answers
given to each of these questions must be consistent.
I.s'QuiRY G. — Number op lamps.
The answers to this inquiry must show the total number of the
different varieties of lamps connected or wired ready to render
service, and not the number actually performing service at any
one time. The total must include all lamps in position to earn an
income, irrespective of their ownership. Therefore it may include
many lamps that are not owned by the company. If there is no
record of the actual number of lamps, secure a careful estimate.
The distinction between "public" and "commercial or private"
lighting must be carefully preserved. This public service is the
lighting of streets, parks, public buildings, and all other public
places for the illumination of which the municipality or other
form of government is responsible.
Open arc electric lamps are usually employed in street lighting,
and are those having either one or two pairs of carbons inclosed in
a single large globe. They are designed to burn a small number of
hours (ten to fifteen) before having the carbon renewed. An
inclosed arc lamp has two globes, a large or outer one inclosing a
small one in which a single pair of carbons is incased, and is de-
signed to burn a large number of hours (one hundred to one hundred
and fifty) before having the carbons renewed. Both kinds may be
either of the direct-current or of the alternating-current type.
Inquiry 7. — Miscellaneous statistics.
Stationary motors. — This term is applied by central station men
to electric motors that are permanently located in one place, as
distinguished from electric railway motors on cars. Such stationary
motors will cover an infinite variety of work, and in many cases
the companies will have difficulty in reporting the number of
motors on their circuits, or in giving the separate income from
motors (inquiry IG), especially where current is furnished through
meters. But the inquiry must be pushed, and where exact figures
can not be given from records it is desirable that a close estimate
be secured. The field covered by these stationary motors will
include every class of industrial work and many other methods
of application, such as in running large ventilating fans, elevators,
etc. It is a custom of many companies to make special rates for
what they call "power" business, as distinct from that done in
supplying current for lamps; and where this is the case, their rec-
ords should show the data as to motor service and income.
The actual or the estimated number of small fan motors and
railway motor cars served with current should be reported for
every plant.
Meters on consumption circuits. — This inquiry applies solely to
meters installed on the consumers' premises, just as gas meters are,
and does not relate to meters installed at the central station.
Transformers in circuits for customers. — The number and total
capacity in kilowatts of all transformers in circuits for customers
should be reported here.
APPENDIX B.
191
A great deal of electrical work in scattered communities is
done with the aid of transformers, which are also to be found in
some of the larger cities at the customers' end of the line, although
as a general thing in large city plants it is the practice to furnish
direct current to the consumer, in which case transformers are not
needed outside the station or substation. Where the lamps in a
customer's house or store are fed with alternating current, the
transformers are placed on an adjacent pole or in a cellar or other
room where they are not generally accessible, as the primary voltage
is dangerous to life. The current is sent out at a high pressure from
the central station and is received by the primary coil in the trans-
former at perhaps 1,000 to 2,000 volts. The secondary coil takes the
small-quantity high-pressure current from the primary coil and
transforms it into large-quantity low-pressure current for use in
the lamps, motors, etc. The coils and the iron core they surround
are inclosed in water-tight metal boxes, which present a rough
resemblance to mail boxes and fire-alarm boxes.
Inquiries 8 and 9. — Power-plant equipment and electrical
generator.s.
The capacity of the engines and water wheels and of the dynamos
is closely related. The engines and water wheels, as a rule, have
an excess capacity over that of the dynamos. "Auxiliary engines"
will sometimes be found in small stations, but in the larger plants
electric motors are in common use to drive pumps, etc., and the
superintendent or manager can readily enumerate them.
There will be no difficulty in ascertaining the facts as to the
different classes of dynamos. The voltage of machines for lighting
purposes varies greatly. In all cases the kilowatt capacity, voltage,
and amperage reported must represent a single machine. If there
is more than one machine of the same class, give separate informa-
tion for each.
Storage batteries are used, either in the main power plants or
in the substations, to help maintain a steady supply of current
at the right pressure, and "boosters" are dynamos assisting to the
same end. The substation is particularly a feature of long-distance
work, but competent engineers are generally to be found who can
give the substation equipment should it not be in possession of
the management.
Inquiry 10. — Output of Station.
The kilowatt hours may be tested by the earnings. The average
earnings per kilowatt hour for all plants at the census of 1902 was
about 3J cents. The average varies considerably for individual
plants, but if the average is less than 1 cent or more than 15 cents
per kilowatt hour, the figures should be questioned and if found
correct, explanation made.
A standard arc lamp consumes from 450 to 550 watts per hour;
ordinary standard incandescent lamps of 16 candlepower have an
average consumption per hour of about 3.1 watts per candlepower.
Many incande.scent lamps now in use, like the tantalum, take less.
In all calculations of average earnings per kilowatt hour and
consumption of current per lamp, etc., the loss of current in trans-
mission must be considered.
Inquiry 11. — Substation equipment.
The feature of substation equipment is that it does not generate
current, but receives it, manipulates it, stores it, and lowers the
pressure or changes the form for local consumption. All the gen-
erating plants will usually be found in the generating stations, but
sometimes substation apparatus will be found under the same roof
as the main generating plant apparatus.
Inquiry 12. — Cost of plant.
The answer to this inquiry must show the total cost of the plant
and equipment up to the end of the year for which the report is
made, with a separate statement of the cost of additions and ex-
tensions during the year. The cost of plant must include all ex-
25142—10 13
penses incident to the organization of the company and the estab-
lishment of the plant. If the land wa-i donated, that fact should be
stated and the estimated value at the time of the donation given
separately, but not included in the total.
Inquiry 13. — Supplies and materials used during the year
FOR ordinary repairs AND REPLACEMENTS.
The actual cost of all materials and supplies used during the year
must be reported. In answering this inquiry report only the ma-
terials and supplies that were used for ordinary repairs or replace-
ment during the year reported. Expenditures for additions to the
plant, such as new machinery, or additional lines on which new
meters, motors or transformers, or lamps are installed, should be
included in answer to inquiry 12, cost of plant.
As a rule all equipment that adds to the capacity of the plant
should be regarded as "extension" and whatever merely sustains
existing efficiency as "repairs." Incandescent lamps are often
paid for by the central-station customers. If this is the case, only
those used in renewing street lamps or such others as the company
is responsible for should be reported. The quantity (number) and
cost should be given for the first five articles listed under supplies.
If large quantities of supplies or fuel were purchased with a view of
taking advantage of low prices, that fact must be stated in a foot-
note, but in such cases the answer to the inquiry should show only
the quantity and cost of such as were consumed during the year.
The cost of water hired or rented to run water wheels or turbines
should be reported in answer to the question "rent of water privi-
leges for water wheels or turbines." The amount paid annually
for land used for obtaining a water supply should not be reported
in answer to this question, but should be included under the first
question of inquiry 14 — miscellaneous expenses.
Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above (not included in the
"cost"). — If the company reporting pays freight on any of the sup-
plies and materials used, and the amount is not included in their
cost, the amount of the freight should be reported in answer to this
question .
Inquiry 14. — Miscellaneous expenses.
All items of expense incident to the business for the year and not
included in answer to inquiries 13 and 15 must be reported here.
Do not include any portion of the freight reported under inquiry 13
as paid on supplies and materials. Expenses incident to additions
or extensions of the plant or line should not be included in answer
to inquiries 13, 14, or 15. The cost of such additions must be re-
ported as cost of plant — inquiry 12.
Inquiry 15. — Employees, salaries, and wages.
Account for all regular employees of the company who were re-
quired to supervise and keep up the usual work of the plant. Do
not include those employed exclusively on extension work. Give
the number of officers who receive salaries (not the number of
stockholders) and the gross amount of their salaries. Report
separately the number and wages of foremen, inspectors, and en-
gineers. In a few cases the company may rent houses to, or possi-
bly board, its employees at a reduced rate; in such cases the salaries
and wages reported should include the allowance for board or rent
furnished as part compensation. The average number employed
during the year is the number that would be required, at con-
tinuous employment, for the twelve months. There should be no
difficulty in securing this information for the plant of ordinary size,
but it may be that the large companies keep an itemized pay roll,
the total only being carried forward each week or month. In such
cases it will be necessary either to add the pay roll of each week or
month, for each class of employees, or to compute the aggregate for
each class, using a pay roll for a representative week or month as
the base. Results obtained by the latter method will be accepted.
Inquiry 16. — Income.
The total amount of income indicated by the books of the com-
pany for the entire year should be reported. Give separate amounts
192
CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS.
for the different sources enumerated. Electric companies fre-
quently furnish free service to the municipality in which they are
located, such as the illumination of some or all of the public build-
ings, the supply of a certain number of lamps, or the granting of a
special discount on the lamps used, or in other ways make a return
for the ordinance or franchise by which the company was granted
the use of the streets. The value of this free service must be esti-
mated and included as indicated by the inquiry, and must also be
stated separately in answer to the subquestion, "If a commercial
company, give amount of estimated income for free service, which
is included above."
It is essential to show separately the income from commercial or
private service and public service. If incandescent and arc lamps
are connected on the same meter, and it is found impossible to
separate the income, the total income for both classes of service
should be ascertained and a careful estimate made for the two
classes. Public-lighting contracts are usually made for a term of
years. The customary contract is based on what is known as a
lighting schedule. Two principal schedules which show the ex-
tremes are, respectively, designated by business men as the "all-
nigh t-and-€very-night schedule," estimated at 4,000 hours per year,
and the "dark-of-moon, every-night, one-hour-after-sunset-until-12-
o'clock-midnight schedule," estimated at 1,200 hours per year.
Between these extremes are numberless variations. The income
received from public service, therefore, can be very easily ascer-
tained. If this income is not shown separately for arc lighting and
incandescent lighting, the separation should be estimated in the
same manner as above indicated for arc lighting and incandescent
lighting in general.
Electrical signs have become quite an important feature of
central station work. These signs are usually lighted by in-
candescent lamps, and the income from this service should be
accounted for under the proper item of inquiry 16, and the number
of lamps wired for service included under inquiry 6.
Under normal conditions the net income — i. e., the total income
for the year as reported in inquiry 16, less the total expenses of
operation and maintenance (the sum of the totals of inquiries 13,
14, and 15) — should be sufficient to pay the dividends on stock
and the interest on bonds reported in inquiry 17. If the net income
is not sufficient to pay the dividends and interest for the year, or if
a net deficit is indicated for the year's operations, attention should
be called to this fact, and if found correct, explanation made under
"remarks."
Inquiry 17. — CAprrAL stock, bonds, dividends, and interest.
Account for the entire amount of stock and bonds authorized
by charter and the amount outstanding on the last day of the
year covered by the report. Give full amount of dividends de-
clared and interest paid or due for the year. The rate of interest
should always be stated, even though no interest may have been
paid or due for the year.
If some other industry is carried on in connection with and by
the use of the same capitalization, the estimated proportion charge-
able to the electric light and power plant department may be
based upon the ratio between the income of the lighting plant
and the total income from all departments represented by the
entire capital liability.
Inquiry 18. — Poles purchased during 1907.
This inquiry is separate and distinct and bears no direct relation
to the other inquiries of the schedule. The instructions on the
schedule should be applied, and the questions answered for all
companies or plants.
MUNICIPAL PLANTS.
Schedule B2-231 is prepared primarily for plants owned by
individuals, companies, or corporations. In applying this sched-
ule to plants owned and operated by municipalities certain changes
will be necessary. These changes should be made by the agent,
and additional information, when required, must be given under
"remarks" on the last page of the schedule.
It will often occur that the administration of a municipal plant
is assigned to a public officer or officers performing other duties, or
that a part or all of the labor of collecting and accounting is done in
the office of some other department — waterworks, for example.
If, in these cases, a general account is kept for two or more depart-
ments, such as water, streets, etc., the expenses for the electric
plant should be apportioned equitably. The following plan is
suggested to aid in arriving at an equita,ble apportionment of the
salaries, wages, miscellaneous expenses, etc.: For officers, clerks,
and all employees, charge to each service the same proportion of the
total amount paid in salaries or wages as the time devoted to that
service constitutes of the whole time worked; for rent and all
sundry office expenses, charge in proportion to the income of each
service; for insurance, taxes, law expenses, interest, and all con-
tingent expenses, in proportion to the amount of investment; for
fuel, water, and all other power expenses, in proportion to the horse-
power utilized by each service.
Inquiry 12 — Cost of plant. — The installation of municipal plants
is frequently attended by a preliminary cost for experts' reports,
engineering plans, specifications, printing, advertising, holding a
special election, traveling inspection by a special committee, etc.,
which would not, under ordinary circumstances, be included in the
cost of the plant. Care must be taken in all cases of this character
to include such expenses in answer to this inquiry.
Inquiry 16 — Income. — As shown by the instructions on the sched-
ule, the income for municipal plants must include not only the
actual cash received for service to private interests, but also the
value of the service to the city if paid for at prevailing commercial
rates, because the industry must be charged with all expenditures
incident to it for the year and therefore should be credited with an
income for all service rendered and which was made possible by
the expenditure. As called for by the last subquestion of the
inquiry, an estimate of the income of the municipality's own free
service is required separately.
Inquiry 11 — Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and interest. — The
portion of the inquiry relative to capital stock and dividends
is not applicable to municipal plants. As a rule there is a special
bond issue to cover the installation of the electric plant. The
amount of such bonds authorized by the special act and the amount
outstanding at the end of the year, together with the interest paid
or due for the year, should be reported. If, however, there was no
special Issue of bonds, the cost of the electric plant being met by
proceeds of a general bond issue or special tax fund, a full explana-
tion of the arrangement and a description of the general bond issue
or special tax should be given under "remarks."
INDEX
Alabama, increase in total cost of construc-
tion, 71. See also States and territories.
American Institute of Eleetrical Engineers,
description of illumination at twenty-fifth
anniversary of, 112.
Apparatus, miscellaneous, kilowatt capacity
• of, for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 135, 136; for commercial sta-
tions, 151, 152; for municipal stations, 169.
Appleton, Joseph, extract from paper Con-
cerning batteries, 106.
Arc lamps, number of, for commercial sta-
tions, 53, 54; for municipal stations, 53,
54; for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 127; average per station,
60; supplies and repairs, cost of, for com-
mercial stations, 93, 161; for municipal
stations, 93, 175; for commercial and mu-
nicipal stations (combined), 141; rapid
development of new types, 106.
flaming, types of, 106.
hmiinous magnetite, description of, 107.
wired for service, number of, for cen-
tral stations operated by street-railway
companies, 17, 180; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 138; for
commercial stations, 154; for municipal
stations, 170. See also Lamps, arc and
incandescent.
Arc lighting, number of stations selling cur-
rent, 59. 5e« aZso Arc lamps.
Arch lighting, varieties of. 111.
Arizona, decrease in total cost of new con-
struction, 73. See also States and terri-
tories.
Arkansas, increase in total cost of new con-
struction, 73. See also States and terri-
tories.
Aurora, 111., installation of arch lighting. 111.
Automobiles, supply of current for, by cen-
tral station, 115; income from charging,
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 142; for commercial stations,
159; for municipal stations, 176.
Ballard, R. H., on transmission of current,
102.
Baltimore, Md., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Bath, 111., primary power and dynamo
capacity, for municipal station, 26.
Bell, Dr. Louis, on power transmission, 102;
decision as to candlepower of mercury
vapor lamps, 113.
Big Horn, Wyo., utilization of water pres-
sure for dams, 99.
Big Rapids, Mich., description of arch light-
ing, 111.
Board of Gas and Electric Light Commis-
sioners (Mass.), meters examined and
tested by, 118; decision regarding rates,
123.
Bonds, authorized and outstanding, par
value, for commercial stations, 157; for
municipal stations, 172.
Bookkeepers. See Clerks and bookkeepers.
Boosters, number and kilowatt capacity of,
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 135; for commercial stations,
151; for municipal stations, 169.
Boston, Mass., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Boston Edison Company, increase in area of
system, 96.
"Breakdown" service. See Service,
"breakdown."
Brooklyn Edison Company, amount re-
ceived per month for service, 114.
Buffalo, N. Y., number of fans for refrigerat-
ing purposes, 115.
Buildmgs and machinery, repairs of. See
Repairs of buildings and machinery.
Cable. See Wire and cable.
California, number of plants for generation
of electricity, 22; horsepower of steam
power, 39; number and horsepower of
steam engines, 41; of stationary motors,
59; horsepower of gas engines, 42; in-
crease in water power, 43; kilowatt ca-
pacity of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc and in-
candescent, 56; meters on consumption
circuits, 57; number and kilowatt capac-
ity of transformers in circuits, 58; increase
in total cost of construction, 71; rank, in
expenditure for new construction, 73;
cost of construction, for commercial sta-
tions, 74; gross income, 82; from com-
mercial and public lighting, 86; from sta-
tionary-motor service, 87; from current
sold to electric railways and to other elec-
tric companies, 88; method of holding up
wires, 102; length of circuits, 102. See
also States and territories.
California Gas and Electric Corporation,
horsepower and dimension of engines, 98.
Callahan, E. I., on advantages of electric-
heating load, 116.
Canada, rates for testing meters, 118.
Canadian Niagara Power Company, capac-
ity of turbines, 100.
Canvass, basis of, 15.
Capital, difBcultyattendingsegregation of, 13.
Capital stock, amount of, for companies re-
porting capitalization, 65, 67, 68; au-
thorized and outstanding, par value, for
commercial stations, 156. See also Capi-
talization.
Capitalization, increase in, 61; number of
companies reporting, 61, 63-65; amount
of, for purely electric and composite com-
panies, 62, 63; for commercial companies,
(57; for incorporated companies, 74, 75;
distribution between electric light and
power industry and allied industries, 63;
per cent distribution and average per
company, 68.
Cells, storage battery. See Storage-battery
cells.
Cells in storage batteries, number of, for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 136; for commercial stations, 152.
Central stations, number of, 16; relation of
leading items to population, 22, 24; gener-
ating equipment, for selected cities, 24,
25; dynamo capacity, 27; comparison with
gas plants, 28; with electric railways, 36,
52; primary-power machines, 35; primary
power, by states, diagram, 37; steam and
water power, by states, diagram, 40;
steam turbines, for selected cities, 42;
dynamos, 44-48; output of generating sta-
tions, 50, 51; lamp equipment, 56; meters
on consumption circuits, for selected states,
57; transformers in circuits, 58; stationary
motors, 59; gross income, maps, 77; for
selected states, 82, 86; changes in use of
steam power, 97.
Central stations and gas plants, comparative
summary, 28.
Central stations operated by street-railway
companies, summary of statistics, 17.
Chicago, 111., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 25, 42; primary power and
dynamo capacity, for municipal station,
26.
Chicago City Railway, cost of contract for
electrical energy, 114.
Cincinnati, Ohio, number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Clerks and bookkeepers, number and sala-
ries of, for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 143; for commercial
stations, 162; for municipal stations, 177.
Cleveland, Ohio, number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Coal. See Fuel.
Colorado, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49;
increase in total cost of construction, 71;
cost of construction, for commercial sta-
tions, 74; gross income, from commercial
and public lighting, 86; from stationary-
motor service, 87. See also States and
territories.
Commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), number of, 72; cost of plants and
equipment, 72; of construction, 73; gross
income, 79; by kind of power used, 83;
for stations with and without meters on
consumption circuits, 84; from stationary-
motor service, for selected states, 87;
from current sold to electric railways and
to other electric companies, 88; expenses,
91, 145; summary, 126; primary power
and generating equipment,130.
Commercial companies, capitalization of, 61;
classified according to dynamo capacity of
stations, 67.
Commercial stations, comparison with mu-
nicipal stations, 13; number of, 16; by
character of ownership, 17; by dynamo
capacity, 26; kind of associated enter-
pnses, 27; changed to municipal, 29; pri-
mary-power machines, 36, 38; number and
horsepower of steam engines and steam
turbines (combined), 38; of steam engines,
39; of steam turbines, 41; of water wheels,
43; average horsepower per station and per
machine, 43; kinds of primary power, 44;
dynamos, 46, 47; miscellaneous main-sta-
tion equipment, 49; sub.station equip-
ment, 49; output of generating stations,
50; lamps, meters, transformers in circuits,
and stationary motors, 53, 60; arc lamps,
53, 54 ; incandescent lamps, 53, 55; dynamo
capacity, 67; total cost of plants and equip-
ment, 70, 72; of construction, 70, 74; gross
income, 76, 80, 158, 159; for stations with
and without meters on consumption cir-
cuits, 84; from commercial and public
lighting, 85; from current sold to electric
railways, 87, 88; from miscellaneous elec-
tric service, 88; expenses, 89, 95, 164; em-
ployees, salaries, and wages, 92, 162, 163;
cost of supplies, materials, and fuel, 93, 94,
160, 161; primary power and generating
equipment, 146; substation equipment,
motors, transformers, meters, customers,
and output of stations, 152; analysis of
service, 154; character of ownership, serv-
ice, capitalization, and cost of construction
and equipment, 156.
(193)
194
INDEX.
Common stock, classification of, 65. See also
Capital stock.
Commonwealth Edison Company (Chicago),
development of stations by, 97; capacity
of vertical-shaft machine, 101; sale of elec-
trical energy for power purposes, 114;
rates charged, 121.
Companies, number of, reporting capitaliza-
tion, 64, 65; funded debt, 66, 67; paying
and not paying dividends on preferred
stock, 66; dynamo capacity, 68.
incorporated, average rate of return on
capitalization of, 62.
without generating equipment, number
of, 67, 68.
"Composite," use of term, 13.
Composite central stations, number of, 27;
gross income, 78; expenses, 90.
Composite commercial stations, number and
gross income of, 81.
Composite companies, number and capital-
ization of, 63.
Composite municipal stations, funded debt
and interest of, 69; number and gross in-
come, 81.
Conduits, rent of. See Rent of stations, line-
wire supports, and conduits.
Connecticut, number and horsepower of
internal-combustion oil engines, 42; kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, 49; gross in-
come from stationary-motor service, 87.
See also States and territories.
Conservation conference, subject of study,
97.
Construction, cost of, 70, 73, 74; increase in,
71. Se« ato Construction and equipment.
Construction and equipment, cost of, for
commercial stations, 16, 18, 157; for mu-
nicipal stations, 16, 30, 172; for purely
electric and composite stations, 19, 20; for
central electric stations and gas plants, 28;
for stations under construction, 74, 75;
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 126.
Cooking, electric, data concerning, 115, 116.
Cooley, Professor, on perpetual and limited
franchise, 121.
Current sold to other electric companies, in-
come from, tor commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 142; for commercial
stations, 159; for municipal stations, 176;
for central stations operated by street-
railway companies, 182.
Custer Reservoir (Colo.), height of dam, 99.
Customers furnished electric current, num-
ber of, for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 137; for commercial sta-
tions, 153; for municipal stations, 165.
Damages. See Injuries and damages.
Delaware, deorease in total cost of new con-
struction, 73. See also States and terri-
tories.
Delta, Pa., utilization of water power for
dam, 99.
Denver, Colo., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42; number of fans for
refrigerating purposes, 115; rate system,
123.
Denver Gas and Electric Company, change
from direct to alternating current, 104.
Detroit, Mich., establishment of new plant,
-104.
Distribution, methods of, 103.
Dividends and interest, amount of, 63, 156,
157; analysis of, 64, per cent distribution,
68. See also Capitalization.
Doherty system, basis of, 123.
Duffy, C. M., uniform accounting approved
by, 122.
Dunham, , data regarding meter
measurement, 119.
Dynamocapacity, of commercial and munici-
pal stations, 26; of purely electric and com-
posite stations, 27; of central stations, 27.
Dynamos, number and kilowatt capacity of,
for commercial stations, 16, 18, 44, 46, 148;
for municipal stations, 16, 44, 46, 167;
for purely electric and composite stations,
19; for central stations, 44, 47, 48; for
electric railways, 44 ; relation to popula-
tion, 22, 31; average kilowatt capacity per
station and per machine, 46; for selected
states, 49; cost per kilowatt capacity, 70.
Edison Electric Illuminating Company (Bos-
ton), system of rates, 123.
Electric light and power industry, bonds
outstanding and interest, 69.
Electric power, development in, 113.
Electrical Development Company (Niagara
Falls, Ont.), capacity of turbines, 100.
Electrical energy, development and use of,
22.
Ellicott City, Md., utilization of water
power for dam, 99.
Employees, miscellaneous, number and
wages of, for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 144; for commercial
stations, 163; for municipal stations, 178.
salaried. See Salariecl employees.
Engineers, number and wages of, for com-
mercial and municipal stations (com-
bined'), 144; for commercial stations, 163;
for municipal stations, 178.
Engines, auxiliary, number and horsepower
of, for commercial stations, 18, 36, 148;
for purely electric and composite stations,
19; for central stations and electric rail-
ways, 35; for municipal stations, 36, 167;
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 132; average horsepower per
station and per machine, 43.
gas, number of, for commercial stations,
16, 18, 36, 148; for municipal stations,
16, 36, 167 ; for purely electric and compos-
ite stations, 19; for central stations and
electric railways, 35; for commercial and
municipalstations(combined),132; classes
of, 42; average horsepower per station
and per machine, 43; description of, 98.
internal-combustion oil, number and
horsepower of, 42; description of, 98.
reciprocating, installation of, 97.
steam, number of, for commercial sta-
tions, 18, 36, 146; for purely electric and
composite stations, 19; for central stations
and electric railways, 35; for municipal
stations, 36, 166; for commercial and mu-
nicipal stations (combined), 130.
Engines and water wheels, horsepower of, 22,
127 ; average cost per horsepower capacity,
70.
Equipment, number and kilowatt capacity
of substation, 49; generating and other
main-station, 132, 148, 167.
miscellaneous main-station, number
and kilowatt capacity of, 49. See also
Construction and equipment.
Establishments, number of, for central elec-
tric stations and gas plants, 28.
Expenses, for commercial stations, 16, 18,
89, 158, 164; tor municipal stations, 16, 31,
89, 173, 179; for purely electric and com-
posite stations, 19, 20, 90; for commer-
cial and municipal stations (combined),
91, 126, 145.
miscellaneous, for commercial stations,
89, 95, 164; for municipal stations, 89, 95,
179; for purely electric and composite
stations, 90; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 91, 145.
Fans, for refrigerating purposes, number of,
in specified cities, 115.
Flatirons, electric, introduction and use of,
116.
Florida, increase in total cost of new con-
struction, 73. See also States and terri-
tories.
Foremen, average number and wages of, for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 144; tor commercial stations, 163;
for municipal stations, 178.
Freight, cost of, for commercial stations, 93,
161; for municipal stations, 93, 175; for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 141.
Fuel, cost of, for commercial stations, 89,
94, 161; for municipal stations, 89, 94, 175;
tor purely electric and composite stations,
90; tor commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 91, 127, 141. See also Sup-
plies, materials, and fuel.
Funded debt, companies reporting, 66, 67;
per cent distribution, according to dynamo
capacity, 68; amount of, for municipal sta-
tions, 69 ; tor purely electric and composite'
stations, 69. See also Capitalization.
Ganz, Prof. Albert F., on popularity of
metallic-filament lamps, 108.
Gas, manufactured and natural. See Fuel.
Gas engines. See Engines, gas.
Gas plants. See Central stations and gas
plants.
"Gem" lamps, number of, 57; power con-
sumption, 108; carbon lamps replaced by,
109.
Generating equipment, number and kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, for commercial
stations, 16, 18, 148; for municipal stations,
16, 167; for purely electric and composite
stations, 19, 20; for commercial and munici-
pal stations (combined), 132. See also
Equipment.
Generators, data concerning, 100.
Georgia, increase in water power, 43; in total
cost of construction, 71; kilowatt capacity
of dynamos, 49. See also States and terri-
tories.
"Glower" lamps. See Nemst or "glower"
lamps.
Gossler system, adoption of, 113.
Grand Rapids, Mich., description of arch
lighting. 111.
Great Northern Company (Duluth, Minn.),
capacity of transformers, 105.
Great Western Power Comf)any (Cal.), capac-
ity of transformers, 105.
Hartford, Conn., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Hartford Electric Light Company, variation
in meter practice, by introduction of tung-
sten lamps, 119.
Hawaii. See States and territories.
Heating, electric, income from, for com-
mercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 142; for commercial stations, 159;
for municipal stations, 176.
Heating and cooking, electric, cost of, com-
pared with other methods, 115. See also
Cooking, electric.
Hewitt, Dr. Peter Cooper, introduction of
mercury vapor lamps by, 113.
Idaho. See States and territories.
Illinois, horsepower of steam power, 39;
number and horsepower of steam engines,
41 ; of internal-combustion oil engines, 42;
of stationary motors, 59; kilowatt capacity
of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc and incan-
descent, 56; meters on consumption cir-
cuits, 57; number and kilowatt capac-
ity of transformers in circuits, 58; increase
in total cost of construction, 71; rank,
in expenditure for new construction, 73;
cost of construction, for commercial sta-
tions, 74; gross income, 82; from commer-
cial and public lighting, 86; from sta-
tionary-motor service, 87; from current
sold to electric railways and to other
electric companies, 88. See also States
and territories.
INDEX.
195
Incandescent lamps, number of, for commer-
cial st»tions, 55, 160; for municipal stations,
55, 174; for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 127, 140; average per
station, 60; cost of, for commercial stations,
93, 160; for municipal stations, 93, 174; for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 140; change from carbon-filament
to metallic-filament, 108.
having filament of tungsten, consump-
tion of, 109.
wired for service, number of, for cen-
tral stations operated by street-railway
companies, 17, 181; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 1:50; for
commercial stations, 155; for municipal
stations, 171. See also Lamps, arc and in-
candescent.
Incandescent lighting, number of stations
selling current, 59.
Income, amount of, for central stations op-
erated by street-railway companies, 17,
182: for commercial stations, 16, 18, 76,
80, 84, 158; for municipal stations, 16, 30,
76, 80, 84, 173, 176; for purely electric
and composite stations, 19, 20, 78, 80, 81;
for central stations, 77, 82; for central sta-
tions and gas plants, 28; for c<immercial
and municipal stations (combined), 79,
83, 126; from commercial and public light-
ing, 85, 86; from stationary-motor service,
87; from current sold to electric railways
and to other electric companies, 87, 88.
Incorporated companies. See Companies,
incorporated.
Indiana, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49;
meters on consumption circuits, 57; num-
ber and kilowatt capacity of transformers
in circuits, 58; increase in total cost of
construction, 71; gross income, 82; from
commercial and public lighting, 86; from
stationary-motor service, 87; from current
sold to electric railways and to other
electric companies, 88. See also States
and territories.
Indiana and Michigan Electric Company,
character of water-power plant, 99.
Indiano.pnlis, Ind., number and horsepower
of steam turbines, 42.
Injuries and damages, cost of, for commercial
stations, 95, 164; for municipal stations,
95, 179; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 145.
Inspectors, average number and wages of,
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined I, 144; for commercial stations,
163; for municipal stations, 178.
Insurance, cost of, for commercial stations,
95, 164; for mimicipal stations, 95, 179;
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 115. See also Rents, taxes,
and insurance.
Interest. See Dividends and interest.
Iowa, decrease in total cost of new construc-
tion, 73; gross income, from commercial and
pulilic lighting, 86; from stationary-motor
service, 87.
Kansas, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49;
gross income from stationary-motor service,
87. See also States and territories.
Keene Gas and Electric Company (N. H.),
complex use of power, 98.
Kentucky, decrease in total cost of new con-
struction, 73; gross income from station-
ary-motor service, 87. See also States and
territories.
La Crosse Gas and Electric Company, ap-
plication for higher rates, 120.
Lamp fittings (except for arc lamps), cost of,
for commercial stations, 93, 160; for mu-
nicipal stations, 93, 175; for commercial
and municipal stations (combined), 140.
Lamps, arc and incandescent, total number
of, 22, 53; for central stations and electric
railways, 52; for selected states, 56; aver-
age income from, 86.
other than arc and incandescent, num-
ber of, for central stations and electric
railways, 52; for commercial stations, 53,
55, 160; for municipal stations, 53, 55, 171;
for central stations, 57; for commercial
and municipal stations (combined), 140;
for central stations operated by street-rail-
way companies, 181.
quartz mercury vapor, specific con-
sumption of, 113.
used by central stations to light their
own properties, 52, 53.
wired for service, number of, for com-
mercial stations, 16, 18, 154; for municipal
stations, 16, 31, 170; for central stations
operated by street-railway companies, 17,
180; for purely electric and composite
stations, 19, 20; for commercial and mu-
nicipal stations (combined), 138, 139.
See also Arc lamps and Incandescent
lamps.
Layman, \V. K., quoted concerning trans-
formers, 105.
Line construction, scope of inquiry, 60.
Line-wire supports, rent of. See Rent of
stations, line-wire supports, and conduits.
Los Angeles, Cal., number and horsepower
of steam turbines, 42; permits issued in
regard to street lighting, 111.
Los Angeles (Cal.) Edison Company, fre-
quency of transmissions, 102.
Louisiana, number and horsepower of in-
ternal-combustion oil engines, 42. See
also Stales and territories.
Louisville, Ky., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42.
Lynchburg, Va., power-plant equipment,
100.
Machinery, repairs of. See Repairs of build-
ings and machinery.
Maine, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49;
decrease in total cost of new construction,
73; gross income from stationary-motor
service, 87. See also States and territories.
Managers and superintendents, number and
salaries of, for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 143; for commercial
stations, 162; for municipal stations, 177.
Maryland, number and horsepower of steam
engines, 41 ; kilowatt capacity of dynamos,
49; increase in total cost of construction,
71; cost of construction, for commercial
stations, 74; gross income from stationary-
motor service, 87. See also States and
territories.
Massachusetts, horsepower of steam power,
39; number and horsepower of internal-
combustion oil engines, 42; of stationary
motors, 59; kilowatt capacity of dynamos,
49; lamps, arc and incandescent, 56;
meters on consumption circuits, 57; num-
ber and kilowatt capacity of transformers
in circuits, 58; increase in total cost of
construction, 71; decrease in total cost of
new construction, 73; cost of construction,
for commercial stations, 74; gross income,
82; from commercial and public lighting,
86; fromstationary-motorservice, 87; from
current sold to electric railways and to
other electric companies, 88; rates for test-
ing meters, 118. See also States and terri-
tories.
Materials. See Supplies, materials, and fuel.
Mercurj^ vapor lamps, use of, for photo-
graphic purposes, 113.
Meridian lamps, number of, 57.
Meters, number and cost of, for commercial
stations, 93, 160; for municipal stations,
93, 174; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 140; testing of, 119.
Meters, electric, data regarding, 117; fees
charged for testing, 118.
I on consumption circuits, number of, for
j central stations operated by street-railway
companies, 17, 181; for central stations
and electric railways, 52; for commercial
stations, 53, 153; for municipal stations,
53, 165; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 137; average per sta-
tion, 60.
Michigan, increase in water power, 43; kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc
and incandescent, 56; meters on con-
sumption circuits, 57; number and kilo-
watt capacity of transformers in circuits,
58; number and horsepower of stationary
motors, 59; increase in total cost of con-
struction, 71; costof construction, for com-
mercial stations, 74; gross income, 82; from
commercial and public lighting, 86; from
stationary-motor service, 87; from current
sold to electric railways and to other elec-
tric companies, 88; arch lighting, 111. See
also States and territories.
Michigan Electric Association, data of com-
mittee regarding electric heating and cook-
ing, 116.
Minneapolis, Minn., description of arch
lighting. 111.
Minneapolis General Electric Company,
arch lighting installed by. 111; rates
charged, 120.
Minnesota, increase in water power, 43;
kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; increase
in total cost of construction, 71; cost of
construction, for commercial stations, 74;
foss income, from commercial and public
jhting, 86; from stationary-motor serv-
ice, 87. See also States and territories.
Mississippi. See States and territories.
Missouri, horsepower of steam power, 39;
kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; lamps,
arc and incandescent, 56; number and
horsepower capacity of stationary motors,
59; increase in total cost of construction,
71; gross income, 82; from commercial and
public lighting, 86; from stationary-motor
service, 87; from current sold to electric
railways and to other electric companies,
88. See also States and territories.
Montana, increase in water power, 43; in
total costof construction, 71; gross income
from stationary-motor service, 87. .See
also States and territories.
Montreal Heat, Light, and Power Company,
classes of customers using Gossler svstem,
113.
Moore tube system, progress in, 113.
Motor service, development of, for refriger-
ating purposes, 114.
Motors, number and cost of, for commercial
stations, 93, 160; for municipal stations,
93, 174; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 140.
stationary, number and horsepower of,
for central stations operated by street-rail-
way companies, 17; for central stations
and electric railways, 52; for commercial
stations, 53, 1-53, 155; for municipal sta-
tions, 53, 165, 171; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 137, 139;
average per station, 60.
Municipal stations, comparison with commer-
cial stations, 13; number of, 16, 29, 30; by
dynamo capacity, 26; kind of associated
enterprises, 27; supplying and not supply-
ing electric service in cities where located,
32, 33; per cent distribution of income, 34;
primary-power machines, 36, 38; number
and horsepower of steam engines and steam
turbines (combined), 38; of steam engines,
39; of steam turbines, 41; of water wheels,
43; average horsepower per station and
per machine, 43; kinds of primary power,
44; dynamos, 46, 47: miscellaneous main-
196
INDEX.
station equipment, 49; substation equip-
ment, 49; output ol generating stations,
50, lamps, meters, transformers in cir-
cuits, and stationary motors, 53, 60; arc
lamps. 53, 54, incandescent lamps, 53, 55;
funded debt and interest, 69; distribution
of funded debt and interest between elec-
tric light and power industry and allied
industries, 69, total cost of plants and
equipment, 70, 72; of construction, 70;
gross income, 76, 80, 173, 176; for stations
with and without meters on consumption
circuits, 84, from commercial and public
lighting, 85; from current sold to electric
railways, 87, 88; from miscellaneous electric
service, 88; expenses, 89, 95, 179; em-
ployees, salaries, and wages, 92, 177, 178;
cost of supplies, materials, and fuel, 93, 94,
174, 175, substation equipment, motors,
transformers, meters, customers,and output
of stations, 165; primary power and gen-
erating equipment, 166; analysis of serv-
ice, 170; character of service, bonds, and
cost of construction and equipment, 172.
reporting bonds outstanding, capitali-
zation of, 61.
Nebraska. See States and territories.
Nernst or "glower" lamps, advantages of,
112. See also Lamps, other than arc and
incandescent.
Nevada, increase in total cost of construc-
tion, 71, decrease in total cost of new
construction, 73. See also States and ter-
ritories.
New Hampshire, number and horsepower
of internal-combustion oil engines, 42;
decrease in total cost of new construction,
73; gross income from current sold to elec-
tric railways and to other electric com-
panies, 88. See also States and territories.
New Jersey, number and horsepower of
internal-combustion oil engines, 42; kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, 49; increase in
total cost of construction, 71; cost of con-
struction, for commercial stations, 74;
gross income, 82; from commercial and
public lighting, 86; from stationary-motor
service, 87. See also States and terri-
tories.
New Mexico. See States and territories.
New York, horsepower of steam power, 39;
number and horsepower of steam engines,
41; of internal-combustion oil engines, 42;
oi stationary motors, 59; horsepower of gas
engines, 42; increase in water power, 43;
kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; lamps,
arc and incandescent, 56; meters on con-
sumption circuits, 57; number and kilo-
watt capacity of transformers in circuits,
58; increa.se in total cost of construction,
71; rank, in expenditure for new con-
Btruction, 73; cost of construction, for
commercial stations, 74; gross income, 82;
from commercial and public lighting, 86;
from stationary-motor service, 87; from
current sold to electric railways and to
other electric companies, 88; rates for test-
ing meters, 118; legislation in regard to
control over meters, 118; uniform account-
ing in force in, 122. See also States and
territories.
New York City, primary power and dynamo
capacity, for commercial station, 26;
number and horsepower of steam turbines,
42; appropriation for fire protection, 114;
number of fans for refrigerating purposes,
115; accuracy of meters, 118; provision for
"breakdown" service, 122.
New York commission, effort to introduce
uniform classification of accounts, 122.
New York Edison Company, equipment of
stations, 97; capacity of vertical shaft
units, 101; installation of tungsten lamps
in public parks. 111; permission to modify
contracts requested by, 122.
New York World, description of lighting
editorial offices of, 113.
Newark, N. J., use of "flaming arcs," 106.
NiagaraFalls, N. Y., hydro-electric develop-
ment of, 100; frequency of transmission,
102; description of circuit to Syracuse, 102.
North Carolina. See States and territories.
North Dakota. See States and territories.
Officers of corporations, number and salaries
of, for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 143; for commercial stations,
162.
Ohio, horsepower of steam power, 39; of gas
engines, 42; number and horsepower of
internal-combustion oil engines, 42; of
stationary motors, 59; kilowatt capacity
of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc and incan-
descent, 56; meters on consumption cir-
cuits, 57; number and kilowatt capacity
of transformers in circuits, 58; increase in
total cost of construction, 71; cost of con-
struction, for commercial stations, 74;
gross income, 82; from commercial and
public lighting, 86; from stationary-motor
service, 87. See also States and territories.
Oil engines, internal-combustion. See En-
gines, internal-combustion oil.
Oklahoma, increase in total cost of construc-
tion, 71. See also States and territories.
Ontario Power Company, capacity of tur-
bines, 100; of transformers, 104.
Orchard Mesa, Colo., extent of irrigation
project, 99.
Oregon, increase in water power, 43; kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, 49; cost of con-
struction, for commercial stations, 74;
gross income, from stationary-motor serv-
ice, 87; from current sold to electric rail-
ways and to other electric companies, 88.
See also States and territories.
Output of stations, kilowatt hours, for com-
mercial stations, 16, 18, 50, 153; for munici-
pal stations, 16, 31, 50, 165; for purely
electric and composite stations, 19, 20;
for central stations, 22, 51; for commercial
and municipal stations (combined), 127,
137.
Ownership, character of, 18, 156; total cost
of plants and equipment, by character of,
73; number of stations under construction,
by character of, 74, 75; cost of construction
and equipment of stations under con-
struction, and capitalization of incor-
porated companies, by character of, 74.
Pacific Gas and Electric Company (Cal.),
development of generating plant, 96.
Pacific Light and Power Company (Cal.),
reciprocating engines installed by, 97.
Patapsco Electric and Manufacturing Com-
pany (Ellicott City, Md.), character of
water-power plant, 99.
Pearson, F. J., description of "glower"
lighting by, 112.
Pennsylvania, horsepower of steam power,
39; of gas engines, 42; number and horse-
power of steam engines, 41; of internal-
combustion oil engines, 42; of station-
ary motors, 59; kilowatt capacity of dy-
namos, 49; lamps, arc and incandes-
cent, 56; meters on consumption circuits,
57; number and kilowatt capacity of
transformers in circuits, 58; increase in
total cost of construction, 71; cost of con-
struction, for commercial stations, 74; gross
income, 82; from commercial and public
lighting, 86; from stationary-motor service,
87; from current sold to electric railways
and to other electric companies, 88. Sef
also States and territories.
Petroleum, crude. See Fuel.
Philadelphia, Pa., number and horsepower
of steam turbines, 42; use of motor service
for refrigerating purposes, 114; adoption of
refrigerating machines by florists, 115.
Philadelphia Electric Company, increase in
use of refrigerating machines, 114; number
of fans for refrigerating purposes, 115.
Pittsfield (Mass.) Electric Company, oil-
driven plant installed by, 98.
Plants, electric-railway, difficulty in secur-
ing statistics, 13; isolated, purpose of, 14;
power or generating, operation of, 14; pri-
mary-power, horsepower of, 31 ; substation,
number and kilowatt capacity of, 136,
152, 165.
Plants and equipment, total cost of, 70; for
selected states, 71; by kind of primary
power, 72; by character of ownership, 73.
Poles and supports, cost of, for commercial
stations, 93, 161; for municipal stations,
93, 175; for commercial and municipal ,
stations (combined), 141.
Population, relation of leading items to, 22;
estimated, in selected cities, 23.
Porto Rico. See States and territories.
Power, kind of, for stations under construc-
tion, 75; purchased, costof, for commercial
stations, 89, 93, 161 ; for municipal stations,
89, 93, 175; for purely electric and com-
posite stations, 90; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 91, 141;
states reporting largest amounts, 94.
Preferred stock, number of companies re-
porting, 66; dividend and nondividend
paying, 66. See also Capital stock.
Primary power, number and horsepower ca-
pacity of machines, for commercial sta-
tions, 16, 18, 146; for municipal stations,
16, 166; for purely electric and composite
stations, 19, 20; forcentralstations and elec-
tric railways, 35, 36; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 130; by
states, diagram, 37; average horsepower
per station and per machine, 43; kinds
of, 44, 73; total cost of plants and equip-
ment, 72; cost of construction, 74.
Providence, R. I., number of fans for refrig-
erating pur]K)ses, 115.
Public Service Corporation (N. J.), develop-
ment of generating plant, 96.
"Purely electric," use of term, 13.
Purely electric central stations, number of,
27; gross income, 78; expenses, 90.
Purely electric commercial stations, number
and gross income of, 80.
Purely electric companies, number and
capitalization of, 63.
Purely electric municipal stations, funded
debt and interest of, 69; number and
gross income of, 81.
Putnam, H. St. Clair, extract from report to
conservation conference, 97.
Quartz mercury vapor lamps. See Lamps,
quartz mercury vapor.
Railways, electric, number and horsepower
of primary-power machines, 35; character
of power, diagram, 36; number and kilo-
watt capacity of dynamos, 44; output of
generating stations, 50; lamps, meters,
transformers in circuits, and stationary
motors, 52; gross income, from current sold
to, 87, 88; from service, 142, 158, 159,
176;
Railways and Light Company (Toledo,
Ohio), rates for charging automobiles, 115.
Reed, E. G., extract from paper concerning
transformers, 105.
Refrigerating machines, increase in use of,
114.
Regulation and rates, data regarding, 120.
Rent, of offices, for commercial stations, 95,
164; for municipal stations, 95, 179; for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 145.
of stations, line-wire supports, and con-
duits, for commercial stations, 95, 164; for
municipal stations, 95, 179; for commercial
and mimicipal stations (combined), 145.
INDEX.
197
of water privileges, lor commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 141; for
commercial stations, 161; for municipal
stations, 175.
Rents, taxes, and insurance, cost of, forcom-
mercialand municipal stations(combined),
127; for commercial stations, 158; for mu-
nicipal stations, 173.
Repairs of buildings and machinery, cost of,
for commercial stations, 95, 164; for mu-
nicipal stations, 95, 179; for commercial
and municipal stations (combined), 145.
Rhode Island, number and horsepower of
internal-combustion oil engines, 42; de-
crease in total cost of new construction, 73.
See also States and territories.
Rochester, N. Y., erection of pole line on
back-yard boundary line, 112.
Rotaries, number and kilowatt capacity of,
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 135, 136; for commercial sta-
tions, 151, 152; for municipal stations, 169.
Royal Electric Company (Montreal), adop-
tion of Gossler system by, 113.
St. Louis, Mo., number and horsepower of
steam turbines, 42; number of fans for
refrigerating purposes, 115.
Salaried employees, number and salaries of,
for commercial stations, 92, 162 ; for munic-
ipal stations, 92, 177; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 143.
Salaried officials, clerks, etc., number and
salaries of, for commercial stations, 16, 18;
for municipal stations, 16; for purely elec-
tric and composite stations, 19; for central
electric stations and gas plants, 28; for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 127.
Salaries and wages, for commercial stations,
16, 18, 89, 158; for purely electric and
composite stations, 19, 90; for municipal
stations, 89, 173; for commercial and mu-
nicipal stations (combined), 91, 126.
Seattle and Tacoma Company (Wash.), ca-
pacity of turbine, 100,
Service, electric, gross income from, for com-
mercial stations, 76, 80, 158, 159; for
municipal stations, 76, 80, 173, 176; for
purely electric and composite stations, 78,
80, 81; for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 79, 83, 126, 142; for
stations with and without meters on con-
sumption circuits, 84; for central light and
power stations operated by street-railway
companies, 182.
• analysis of, for commercial and munici-
pal stations (combined), 138; for commer-
cial stations, 154; for municipal stations,
170.
"breakdown," provision for, 122.
character of, 156, 172.
miscellaneous, gross income from, 88.
■ stationary-motor, income from, for se-
lected tates, 87.
Sliding scale, use of, 122.
Smoot, 0. H., suggestion regarding exhaust
of reciprocating engines, 98.
Snoqualmie Falls plant, capacity of tur-
bine, 100.
South Carolina, generating plant in, 22;
increase in water power, 43; kilowatt
capacity of dynamos, 49; increase in total
cost of construction, 71; gross income from
stationary-motor service, 87. See also
States and territories.
South Dakota, increase in total cost of con-
struction, 71. See also States and terri-
tories.
Southern Power Company, capacity of trans-
formers, 104.
Stanton, Iowa, primary power and dynamo
capacity of commercial station, 26.
States and territories, primary power, dia-
gram, 37 ; steam and water power, diagram,
40; capacity of dynamos, diagram, 48; out-
put of generating stations, 51; comparative
summary, 126; primary power and gener-
ating equipment, 130, 166; substation
equipment, 136, 152, 165; analysis of serv-
ice, 138, 154, 170; supplies, materials, and
fuel, 140, 160, 174; income and expenses,
142, 158, 159, 173, 176, 182; salaried em-
ployees and salaries, 143, 162, 177; wage-
earners and wages, 144, 163, 178; miscella-
neous expenses, 145, 164, 179; primary
power and generating equipment, 146;
character of ownership, 156; of service,
bonds, and cost of construction and equip-
ment, 172; arc lighting, 180; incandescent
lighting, 181.
Stationary-motor service. See Service, sta-
tionary-motor.
Stations, line-wire supports, and conduits,
rent of. See Rent of stations, line-wire
supports, and conduits.
Statistics, grouping of, 15.
Steam engines. See Engines, steam.
Steam engines and steam turbines (com-
bined), horsepower capacity of, 38; aver-
age p'^r station and per machine, 43. iSee
also Engines, steam.
Steam power, comparison with water power,
diagram, 40.
Steam turbines. See Turbines, steam.
Storage-battery cells, in main stations, num-
ber of, for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 135; for commercial sta-
tions, 151; for municipal stations, 169.
Street-railwaycompanies, number of stations
operated by, 17, 180-182.
Superintendents. See Managers and super-
intendents.
Supplies, materials, and fuel, cost of, for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 129; for commercial stations, 158;
for municipal stations, 173.
Supplies, materials, power purchased, and
fuel, cost of, for central stations and gas
plants, 28.
Supplies and materials, cost of, for commer-
cial stations, 89, 93; for municipal sta-
tions, 89, 93; for purely electric and com-
posite stations, 90; for commercial and
municipal stations (combined), 91, 127.
miscellaneous, cost of, for commercial
and municipal stations (combined), 141;
for commercial stations, 161; for municipal
stations, 175.
Supports. See Poles and supports.
Sweet, A. J., phy.sical properties of various
forms of lamps summarized by, 110.
Tantalum lamps, number of, 57; per cent of
companies using, 109.
Taxes, amount of, for commercial stations,
95, 164; for municipal stations, 95, 179;
for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 145. See also Rents, taxes,
and insurance.
Tennessee. See States and territories.
Texas, horsepower of gas engines, 42; num-
ber and horsepower of internal-combustion
oil engines, 42; kilowatt capacity of dyna-
mos, 49; cost of construction, for commer-
cial stations, 74; gross income, from com-
mercial and public lighting, 86; from sta-
tionary-motor service, 87; from current
sold to electric railways and to other elec-
tric companies, 88, See also States and
territories,
Toledo, Ohio, use of luminous magnetite arc
lamps, 107.
Toledo (Ohio) Gas, Electric, and Heating
Company, alternating-current system
adopted by, 104.
Transformers, transmission methods devel-
oped by introduction of, 104; number and
kilowatt capacity, for commercial and mu-
nicipal stations (combined), 135, 136; for
commercial stations, 151, 152; for munici-
pal stations, 169; cost of, for commercial
stations, 93, 160; for municipal stations,
93, 174; for commercial and municipal
stations (combined), 140.
in circuits, number and kilowatt ca-
pacity of, for central stations and electric
railways, 52; for commercial stations, 53,
153; for municipal stations, 53, 165; for
commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 137; for selected states, 58; aver-
age per station, 60.
Transmission, extension of systems, 102.
Tungsten lamps, number of, 57; improve-
ments in, 109; installation of, 110,
Turbines, steam, number and horsepower of,
for central stations and electric railways,
35; for commercial stations, 36, 41, 147; for
municipal stations, 36, 41, 166; for com-
mercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 131; average horsepower per sta-
tion and per machine, 43.
Turner, M, E., data in reference to use of
electrical apparatus for cooking, 115.
Union Electric Light and Power Company
(St. Louis), system of rates established by,
121.
Utah, cause of decrease in total co.st of plants
and equipment, 70. See also States and
territories.
Vacuum lamps. See Lamps, other than arc
and incandescent.
Vapor lamps. See Lamps, other than arc
and incandescent.
Vermont. See States and territories.
Virginia. See States and territories.
Wage-earners, average number and wages of,
for commercial stations, 16, 18, 92, 163;
for municipal stations, 16, 92, 178; for
purely electric and composite stations, 19;
for central stations and gas plants, 28; for
. commercial and municipal stations (com-
bined), 127, 144.
Washington, D. C, number and horsepower
of steam turbines, 42.
Washington, increase in water power, 43
kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; in
crease in total cost of construction, 71
cost of construction, for commercial sta
tions, 74; gross income, from commercial
and public lighting, 86; from stationary-
motor service, 87; from current sold to
electric railways and to other electric com-
panies, 88. See also States and territories.
Water power, increase in, 25, 42, 98; compari-
son with steam power, diagram, 40.
Water privileges, rent of. See Rent of water
privileges.
Water wheels, number and horsepower of,
for commercial stations, 16, 18, 36, 43, 147;
for municipal stations, 16, 36, 43, 167; for
purely electric and composite stations, 19;
for central stations and electric railways,
35; for commercial and municipal stations
(combined), 131; average horsepower per
station and per machine, 43.
West Virginia, decrease in total cost of new
construction, 73. See also States and ter-
ritories.
Wire and cable, cost of, for commercial sta-
tions, 93, 161; for municipal stations, 93,
175; for commercial and municipal sta-
tions (combined), 141,
Wisconsin, number and horsepower of inter-
nal-combustion oil engines, 42; horse-
power of gas engines, 42; gross income from
stationary-motor service, 87; legislation
in regard to control over meters, 118, See
also States and territories.
Wisconsin commission, decision in regard to
rates, 120; effort to introduce uniform
classification of accounts, 122.
Wyoming. See States and territories.
o
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