LIBRARY University of California. ^IFT OP Class B '^ "7 DOCUMENTS DEPT. noj 311 (A S~V /?7 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/centralelectriclOOunitrich J ^^ •/ i DEPARTMENT OE COMMERCE AND LABOR ^. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS E. DANA DURAND, DIRECTOR SPECIAL REPORTS CENTRAL ELECTRIC LICHT AND POWER STATIONS 1907 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 • c • c •; '^^ ^^ ^' v^> CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Scope and Grouping of the Statistics. Page. Central stations 13 Municipal stations 13 Electric-railway j^lanf s and central electric stations 13 Isolated plants 14 Power or generating plants 14 Period covered 14 Basis of canvass 15 Grouping o£ statistics 15 CHAPTER II. Summary op Statistics. Table 1. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations: 1907 and 1902 16 Table 2. — Central electric stations oi^erated by street-railway companies: 1907 and 1902 17 Ownership of central electric stations 17 Table 3. — Commercial central electric stations — Number, by character of ownership: 1907 and 1802 17 Table 4. — Commercial central electric stations, by character of ownership: 1907 18 Table 5. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations, by character of ownership: 1907 19 Table 6. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Commercial and municipal: 1907 and 1902 20 Relationship of population and central stations 20 Table 7. — Central electric stations — Relation of leading items to population, by .geographic divisions: 1907 and 1E02 22 Thirty-four selected cities grouped in four classes according to their estimated population in 1902 23 Table 8. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities, by groups, according to population: 1907 and 1902 24 Table 9. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Income from "All other electric service; " 1907 and 1902 25 Table 10. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities— Generating equipment: 1907 and 1902 25 Large and small stations 26 Table 11. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and ir,02 26 Table 12. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1£07 rr.d 1S02. . 27 Table 13. — Central electric stations — Number, by dynamo capacity and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1S02 27 Consolidation of electric stations with other enterprises 27 Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kind of associated enterprises: 1907 27 Table 14. — Comparative summary — Central electric stations and gas plants 28 Municipal plants 28-34 Table 15. — Municipal central electric stations — Number, with additions since 1902, by geographic divisions: 1S07 29 Table 16. — Municipal central electric stations — Number, by population of cities in which located and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 29 Table 17. — Municipal central electric stations, by population of cities in which located and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 30 Table 18. — Municipal central electric stations which supply the entire electric service in the cities where located, by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 .-...• 32 Table 19. — Municipal central electric stations which do not supply the entire electric service in the cities where located, by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 33 Municipal central electric stations that render the entire electric service and those that do not — Per cent distribution of in- come, by geographic divisions: 1907 34 CHAPTER III. Power Equipment. Primary-power equipment of central stations and electric railways 35 Table 20. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Number and horsepower of the primary-power machines, by kind of power: 1907 and 1902 35 (3) 228712 • -•' - ' • • . ■« « ••• • * * • CONTENTS, Page. Central stations 35-50 Engines and water wheels S5 Table 21. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of the primary-power machines, by kind of power: 1907 and 1902 36 Table 22. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Percent distribution, by kind of primary-power machines: 1907 and 1902 38 Steam engines and steam turbines 38 Table 23. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Steam engines and steam tiu-bines, by horsepower capacity: 1907 and 1902 38 Table 24. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of steam engines and steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 39 Table 25. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of steam engines, exclusive of steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 39 Table 26. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of steam engines, exclusive of steam turbines: 1907 and 1902 41 Steam turbines 41 Table 27. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of steam turbines, by horsepower capacity, with per cent distribution : 1907 41 Table 28. — Central electric stations in selected cities — Number and horsepower of steam turbines: 1907 42 Gas engines 42 Intenial-combustion oil engines 42 Internal-combustion oil engines — -Number and horsepower, by states: 1907 42 Water power 42 Table 29. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and horsepower of water wheels, by horsepower capacity: 1907 and 1902 43 Table 30. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by number and horsepower capacity of water wheels: 1907 and 1902 43 Table 31. — Commercial and municipal central electric station.s — Average horsepower, per station and per machine, of pri- mary power : 1907 and 1902 43 Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Distribution by number of stations, and kinds of primary power: 1907 and 1902 44 Dynamos, central stations, and electric railways ■. 44 Table 32. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Number and kilowatt capacity of dynamos in generating stations, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 44 Table 33. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Per cent dintribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902 ■ 45 Dynamos in central stations 45 Table 34. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of dynamos in generating stations, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 46 Table 35. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902 46 Table 36. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average kilowatt capacity of dynamos, by kind, per station, and per machine: 1907 and 1902 46 Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of stations, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902 46 Table 37. — Central electric stations — Kind of dynamos, by class, number, and kilowatt rapacity : 1907 47 Table 38. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Dynamos, by number and kilowatt capacity: 1907 47 Table 39. — Central electric stations — Kilowatt capacity of dynamos in the states which increased their capacity over 20,000 kilowatts : 1907 and 1902 49 Table 40. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of miscellaneous main- station equipment: 1907 and 1902 49 Table 41. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of substation equipment, by kind: 1907 and 1902 49 Output of stations 50,51 Table 42. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Output of generating stations: 1907 and 1902 , 50 Table 43. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Output of generating stations: 1907 and 1902 50 Table 44. — Central electric stations — Output of generating stations, by states and territories, with per cent of increase and per cent distribution of total increase: 1907 and 1902 51 CHAPTER IV. Line Equipment. Central stations and electric railways 52 Table 45. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Lamps, meters, transformers in circuits, and stationary motors: 1907 and 1902 52 CONTENTS. 5 Page. Central stations 52-60 Lamps, meters, transformers, and stationary motors 52 Table 46.— Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Lamps, meters, transformers in circuits, and stationary motors: 1907 and 1902 53 Arc lamps 53 Table 47. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Arc lamps, by kinds: 1907 and 1902 53 Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind : 1907 and 1902 54 Table 48. — Commercial and municipal central electric .stations — Arc lamp,s, by kind of current used : 1907 and 1902 54 Table 49. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind of current used: 1907 and 1902 54 Incandescent lamps 54 Table 50. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Incandescent lamps, by c^andlepower, and other varieties of lamps: 1907 and 1902 55 Central electric stations — Number, by lamp equipment: 1907 56 Table 51. — Central electric stations — Arc and incandescent lamps, for the 8 states having the largest numbers of incandescent lamps: 1907 and 1902 56 Central electric stations — Lamps other than regular arc and incandescent, by kind : 1907 57 Meters on consumption circuits 57 Table 52. — Central electric stations — Meters on consumption circuits, for the 8 states having the greatest numbers cf meters: 1907 and 1902 57 Transformers in circuits for customers 58 Table 53. — Central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of transformers in circuits for customers, for the 8 states having the greatest kilowatt capacity: 1907 and 1902 58 Stationary motors 58 Table 54. — Central electric stations — Number and horsepower capacity of stationary motors, for the 8 states having the greatest horsepower capacity : 1907 and 1902 59 Table 55. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of stations, by character of service: 1907 and 1902. 59 Average size of station 59 Table 56. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average number of lamps, meters, transformers, and motors per station and average capacity per machine: 1907 and 1902 60 Line construction 60 CHAPTER V. Capitalization. Basi.s of statistics ■ 61 Increase since 1902 61 Table 57. — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest paid on funded debt of commercial companies, and funded debt and interest of municipal stations having bonds outstanding: 1907 and 1902 61 Capitalization of commercial companies 61 Average rate of return on capitalization of incorporated companies: 1907 and 1902 62 Capitalization of purely electric and composite companies 62 Table 58. — Purely electric and composite companies — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest: 1907 63 Table 59. — Di.stribution of capitalization, dividends, and interest between the electric light and power industry and allied industries: 1907 63 Capitalization and cost of construction 64 Analysis of dividends and interest - 64 Table 60. — Analysis of dividends and interest: 1907 64 Table 61. — Capitalization — Amount, dividends, and interest for companies paying either dividends on stock or interest on funded debt, and amount for companies paying neither dividends nor interest: 1907 64 Table 62. — Capital stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends either on common or preferred stock, and amount for companies not paying dividends' 1907 65 Table 63. — Common stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends, grouped by rate of dividends, and amount for companies not paying dividends: 1907 65 Table 64. — Preferred stock — Amount and dividends for companies paying dividends, grouped by rate of dividends, and amount for companies not paying dividends: 1907 66 Table 65. — Funded debt — Amount and interest for companies paying interest and amount for companies not paying interest: 1907 66 Table 66. — Companies reporting funded debt, grouped by rate of interest: 1907 67 Capitalization statistics of companies, classified according to dynamo capacity 67 Table 67. — Capitalization statistics of commercial companies, clas.sified according to dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 67 Table 68. — Per cent distribution, by dynamo capacity, of number of companies, capitalization, and dividends ahd interest, and average capitalization per company: 1907 68 Average capitalization per company and per cent distribution of capitalization for groups of companies, classified according to dynamo capacity: 1907 68 Municipal stations 69 Table 69.— Municipal stations— Funded debt and interest: 1907 and 1902 69 Table 70. — Municipal stations — Funded debt and interest for purely electric and composite stations: 1907 69 Table 71. — Municipal stations — Distribution of funded debt and interest between the electric light and power industry and allied industries; 1907 69 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VI. Cost op Construction and Equipment. Page. General discussion 70 Table 72. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Total cost of plants and equipment; average cost per kilowatt capacity of dynamos and per horsepower capacity of engines and water wheels; and cost of construc- tion during the census year: 1907 and 1902 70 Table 73.— Total cost of plants and equipment for states each of which in 1907 reported a total of more than $40,000,000: 1907 and 1902 71 Table 74. — Notable increases in the total cost of construction for. 20 selected states in 1907 over the amount reported in 1902 71 Table 75. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Total cost of plants and equipment, by kind of primary power: 1907 and 1902 72 Table 76. — Commercial and municipal central electric Rtations — Cost of plants and equipment, by kind of primary power used and by geographic divisions: 1907 and 1902 72 Table 77. — Total cost of plants and equipment, by character of ownership: 1907 73 Table 78. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of construction during the year, by kind of primary power used and by geographic divisions: 1907 73 Table 79. — Commercial central electric stations — Cost of construction during the year for selected states, by geographic divisions and kind of primary power: 1907 74 Table 80. — Number of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions. . 74 Table 81. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the incorporated companies, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions '. 74 Table 82. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the incorporated companies, by kind of power used and by geographic divisions 75 Stations under construction, December 31, 1907 — Number of stations, by kind of power and by character of ownership. 75 CHAPTER VII. Income and Expenses. Purpose of the statistics 76 General statistics of income 76-89 Table 83. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 and 1902 76 Table 84. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income: 1907 and 1902 78 Table 85. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 and 1902 78 Table 86. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income: 1907 and 1902 79 Table 87. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902. 79 Table 88. — Commercial central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 80 Table 89. — Municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 80 Table 90. — Purely electric commercial stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations : 1907 and 1902 80 Table 91. — Composite commercial stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81 Table 92. — Purely electric municipal stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81 Table 93. — Composite municipal stations — Gross income, by dynamo capacity of stations: 1907 and 1902 81 Table 94. — Central electric stations — Gross income for 10 selected states: 1907 and 1902... 82 Table 95. — Central electric stations — Per cent distribution and per cent of increase for gross income in 10 selected states: 1907 and 1902 82 Table 96. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income, by kind of primary power used: 1907 and 1902. 83 Table 97. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent of increase of gross income, by kind of primary power used: 1907 83 Table 98. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of gross income for each kind of power used, by source of income : 1907 and 1902 84 Table 99. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income for stations with and without meters on con- sumption circuits: 1907 and 1902 84 Table 100. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from commercial and public lighting: 1907 and 1902 85 Table 101. — Central electric stations — Gross income from commercial and public lighting, for 15 selected states: 1907 and ].902. 86 Commercial central electric stations — Average income from lamps as reported in 1902, and as obtained from 110 selected reports in 1907 86 Table 102. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from stationary-motor service, for 14 selected states: 1907 and 1902 87 Table 103. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from "All other electric service:" 1907 and 1902. 87 Table 104. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from current sold to electric railways and to other electric companies, for 12 selected states: 1907 and 1902 88 Table 105. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Income from electric service other than that for lighting, motor service, and current sold to railways and to other electric companies : 1907 88 CONTENTS. 7 Paga Expenses 89-95 Table 106. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Expenses: 1907 and 1902 89 Table 107. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. 90 Table 108. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Expenses : 1907 and 1902 90 Table 109. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. 90 Table 110. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Expenses, by kind of primary power used: 1907 and 1902. . . 91 Table 111. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent increase of expenses, by kind of primary power used: 1907 91 Table 112. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of total expenses for each kind of power used, by items of expense: 1907 and 1902 1 91 Salaries and wa§es 92 Table 113. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Employees, salaries, and wages: 1907 and 1902 92 Supplies and materials 93 Table 114. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of supplies and materials: 1907 and 1902 93 Fuel 94 Table 115. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Cost of fuel: 1907 and 1902 94 Power purchased 94 Miscellaneous expenses 95 Table 116. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Jliscellaneous expenses: 1907 and 1902 95 CHAPTER VIII. Technical Aspects of the Period. By Thomas Commerford Martin, Expert Special Agent. General conditions 96 Steam power 97 Oil engines 98 Gas engines 98 Water power 98 Generators 100 Transmission 102 Distribution 103 Transformers 104 Storage batteries 105 Arc lamps 106 Incandescent lamps 108 Electric power 113 Electric heating and cooking 115 Electric meters 117 Regulation and rates 120 GENERAL TABLES. Table 117. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations— Comparative summary, by states and territories: 1907 and 1902. 126 Table 118. — Commercial and municipal central electric station.s — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and terri- tories: 1907 130 Table 119. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of stations, by states and territories: 1907 136 Table 120. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 138 Table 121. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories: 1907 140 Table 122. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of income, by states and territories: 1907 142 Table 123. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and territories: 1907 143 Table 124. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and territories: 1907 144 Table 125. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by states and territories: 1907. 145 Table 126. — Commercial central electric stations — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and territories: 1907 146 Table 127. — Commercial central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of stations, by states and territories: 1907 152 Table 128. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 154 Table 129. — Commercial central electric stations — Character of ownership, service, capitalization, and cost of construction and equipment, by states and territories: 1907 156 Table 130. — Commercial central electric stations — Condensed statement: income and expenses, by states and territories: 1907 158 Table 131. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis 'of income, by states and territories: 1907 159 Table 132. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories: 1907 160 Table 133. — Commercial central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and territories: 1907. 162 Table 134. — Commercial central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and territories: 1907. 163 Table 135. — Commercial central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by states and territories: 1907 164 , 8 CONTENTS. Page. Table 136. — Municipal central electric stations — Substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of stations, by states and territories: 1907 165 Table 137. — Municipal central electric stations — Primary power and generating equipment, by states and territories: 1907 166 Table 138. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of service, by states and territories: 1907 170 Table 139. — Municipal central electric stations — Character of service, bonds, and cost of construction and equipment, by states and territories: 1907 172 Table 140. — Municipal central electric stations — Condensed statement: income and expenses, by states and territories: 1907 173 Table 141. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of supplies, materials, and fuel, by states and territories: 1907 174 Table 142. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of income, by states and territories: 1907 176 Table 143. — Municipal central electric stations — Number of salaried employees and total salaries, by states and territories: 1907. . . 177 Table 144.— Municipal central electric stations — Average number of wage-earners and total wages, by states and territories: 1907... 178 Table 145. — Municipal central electric stations — Analysis of miscellaneous expenses, by stales and territories: 1907 179 Table 146.— Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Analysis of arc-lighting service, by states: 1907 and 1902 " 180 Table 147. — Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Analysis of incandescent and other varieties of lighting service as well as motor service and number of meters, by states: 1907 and 1902 181 Table 148. — Central electric light and power stations operated by street-railway companies — Income, by states: 1907 and 1902 182 APPENDICES. Appendix A. — Schedule 185-187 Appendix B. — Instructions to special agents 189-192 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS. MAPS. Map 1. — Geographic divisions 21 Map 2. — Central electric stations — Gross income: 1907 77 Map 3. — Central electric stations — Gross income: 1902 77 DIAGRAMS. Diagram 1. — Central stations and electric railways, by character of primary power: 1907 36 Diagram 2. — Central stations, by character of primary power: 1907 and 1902 36 Diagram 3. — Central electric stations — Primary power, by states, arranged in order of their relative importance: 1907 and 1902 37 Diagram 4. — Central electric stations — Steam and water power, by states, arranged in order of their relative importance: 1907 40 Diagram 5. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902 46 Diagram 6. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos, by states, arranged in the order of their relative importance: 1907 and 1902 48 Diagram 7. — Central electric atations^-Output, by gec^raphic divisions: 1907 and 1902 51 ILLUSTRATIONS. Facing page. Interior view of Southern Power Company's hydro-electric plant 96 Horizontal low-pressure steam turbine and generator 96 Switchboard room, Quarry Street Station, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago 98 Steam turbine generating plant, Fisk Street Station, Commonwealth Edison Co., Chicago 98 1,500-kilowatt rotary converter 100 Generator connected to large gas engine, San Francisco 100 Conveying a 10,000-kilowatt, 100,000-volt transformer without case across the Feather River, California 102 Method of mounting distribution transformers on poles 102 400-ampere, 1 16 to 120 volt meter uncased to show mechanism 104 High-voltage transformer. Southern Power Company 104 Modern type of distribution transformer 104 Tungsten lighting. Riverside Drive, New York City 106 Inclosed arc-light lamp-posts. Fifth avenue. New York City 106 Arc lighting oa Seventh avenue. New York City ". 108 Types of modern arc-light poles 108 Type of ordinary tungsten lamp 110 1,000-candlepower tungsten lamp compared with ordinary 16-candlepower carbon lamp 110 Inclosed arc lamp with ornamental casing for indoor service 110 Type of flaming-arc lamp 110 Room in New York Post-Office lighted with vacuum tubes 112 Typical electric chafing dish 116 Electric oil-tempering bath 116 Electric coffee percolator 116 Electric flatiron 116 Electric toaster with warming shelf 110 Section of switchboard, New York Edison System 12C LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C, June 20, 1910. Sir: The act of Congress of June 7, 1906, amendatory of section 7 of the act approved March 6, 1902, provides that statistics concerning central electric light and power stations shall be collected by the Bureau of the Census at quinquennial periods. I have the honor to submit herewith the first report preparetl in conformity with the requirements of this law. The report presents statistics concerning the physical equipment, service, and financial operations of the central electric light and power stations. This is the second census of the central electric stations that has been taken since the Bureau of the Census was made a permanent office. The first census covered the 3'ear ending December 31, 1902, and was taken in accordance with the provisions of section 7 of the act of Congress of March 6, 1902. In order to preserve the comparability of the data, the same form of schedule was used to collect statistics at both censuses, and, as nearly as possible, the same form of presenting the data has been followed in both reports. The statistics were collected and the report prepared under the supervision of Mr. William M. Steuart, chief statistician for manufactures. Mr. T. Commerford Martin, of New York City, was the consulting expert special agent of the ofiice and prepared the portion of the report dealing with the technical features of the industry. Acknowledgment should also be made of the services of Mr. Frank L. Sanford, who prepared the analytical tables and verified the text. Very respectfully, Oi^yW<<^Oj h Hon. Charles Nagel, Secretary oj C(ymmerce and Labor. Director of the Census. (9) CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS (11) CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. CHAPTER I. SCOPE AND GROUPING OF THE STATISTICS. Central stations. — The act of Congress approved June 7, 1906, amending section 7 of the act estabUsh- ing a permanent Census Oflice, authorizes the Director of the Census to collect every five years statistics relating to street railways, electric light and power, and the telephone and telegraph business. This report relates to central electric stations which furnish electrical energy for lighting and heating and power for manufacturing and mining purposes, for street railways and elevators, for charging batteries, etc. Central stations are classed as "commercial" and "municipal," the former being those operated by indi- viduals, companies, and corporations; and the latter those operated by municipalities. The census takes no cognizance of electric stations that are operated by the Federal Government or of those operated prima- rily for the service of state institutions. Central stations are further classed as "purely elec- tric" and "composite." The central stations devoted soleh' to the generation and sale of electrical energy are designated as "purely electric." The majority of the central stations are of this class. Central stations engaged in the electric business and also in other industries, such as the manufacture of gas and the operation of waterworks, electric railways, ice plants, mining and other commercial enterprises, are desig- nated as "composite." There is scarcely a limit to the variety of industries that are conducted under the same management with electric plants, such associa- tion of industries being the result of a belief that econ- omy of administration is secured thereby. In many instances only one system of accounts is kept for all of the industries conducted under the same ownership, and this makes it difficult to obtain statistics which relate exclusively to the central electric light and power stations. When it was impossible to secure from book accounts exact data for the electric plants as distinct from other business, careful estimates as to the generation and sale of electric current were obtained. No estimate could be made, however, in the case of the income and expenses that should be credited to the various phases of the business when steam was fur- nished for heating, or electric fixtures and supplies were sold in connection with the operation of the elec- tric plant, and consequently the income and expenses pertaining to these transactions are included in those shown as incident to the operation of the station. Furthermore, it was often impracticable to apportion the capital among the various industries when other business was conducted in connection with the opera- tion of the electric plant, and therefore the reported capital does not represent the amount actually charge- able to the electrical industry. The difficulty attend- ing the segregation of capital is more fully explained in the chapter on capitalization, where an effort is made to show the capital properly chargeable to the central stations. Municipal stations. — As already indicated, electric light and power plants operated under the ownership of municipalities and other local governments are con- sidered as "central stations," and statistics for them are included in this report. These plants, generally established primarily to furnish current for lighting the public buildings, streets, and parks, frequently sell large quantities of electricity for commercial uses. Their field of operation is similar to that of the com- mercial stations, and their sources of revenue are much the same. Although as a rule no cash income is derived from the furnishing of current for the use of the munici- pality, in order that the income shown in this report may represent the total consumption of electrical energy, the income for such energy furnished for mu- nicipal purposes has been estimated on the basis of what would have been paid for similar service if this service had been supplied by a commercial company in the vicinity. The methods of conducting municipal plants, how- ever, differ in so many important respects from those of the commercial plants that the statistics for the two classes of plants are presented separately. Electric-railway plants and central electric stations. — The tendency to sell electricity for general commercial use is constantly increasing among electric-railway companies. It was impossible, however, in some instances, to obtain statistics concerning the capital, employees, expenses, etc., relating to the sale of elec- tricity by railway companies for purposes similar to those reported by the central stations. As a rule but (13) 14 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. one system of accounts is employed when the gener- ating apparatus is used for the railway service and also for commercial light or power service, and is located in the same building and operated by the same primary power; in such cases it is impracticable to obtain separate financial statistics for the two branches of service. In all cases where separate data could be obtained, the statistics were included in the reports for the central stations and for the railways, respectively. If, however, separate returns could not be prepared, the statistics for the entire plant and equipment were included in the report on Street and Electric Railways, but certain features, such as the income from the sale of electrical energ}', the num- ber of lamps wired for service, the number of station- ary motors, and the number of meters on consumption circuits, were so reported in the schedule as to enable their separate presentation, which will be found in Tables 146 to 148. In 1902 there were 251 railway companies which furnislied electricity for light, power, and other pur- poses. These companies reported an aggregate in- come of 87,703,574 from tlie sale of current. In 1907 there were 3.30 railway companies in this class, and the in- come from the sale of current amounted to $20,093,302. In 1902 the annual output of all electric stations and electric railways amounted to 4,768,535,512 kilowatt hours. In 1907 the output of the two classes of sta- tions was 10,621,406,837 kilowatt hours, the increase in that year as compared with 1902 being 5,852,871,325 kilowatt hours, or 122.7 per cent. In 1902 the output by electric railways formed 47.4 per cent of the total, but by 1907 the proportion for such railways had de- creased to 44.9 per cent. Because of consolidations of the two branches of the industry and the growing tendency of the railway companies to sell electricity for commercial purposes, the reports for tlie railway compa- nies show an encroachment upon the field of the central stations, and the separate statistics for these latter stations are becoming less representative of the elec- trical energy sold for general commercial purposes. Nevertheless, the figures indicate that during the five years ending with 1907 the central stations increased more rapidly than the electric railways. Isolated plants. — For the purpose of lighting and furnishing power for factories, hotels, or other enter- prises, a large quantity of electricity is generated in plants which are operated for the exclusive benefit of their owners. Some of these plants sell limited amounts of current, but they were established as adjuncts to other forms of business, and practically no statistics concerning them are included in the census reports. Some of these isolated plants are extensive and have a much larger capacity than many of the central stations. At the census of 1902 it was estimated that there were 50,000 of these isolated electric plants in the United I States. The number of commercial and municipal plants increased from 3,620 in 1902 to 4,714 in 1907, the increase amounting to 1,094, or 30.2 per cent. The application of the same rate of increase to the estimated number of isolated plants in 1902 gives an estimate of 65,000 for 1907. To what extent tlie utili- zation of surplus power in the operation of private electric plants to furnish light and power for large mills, department stores, hotels, and other industrial enterprises, has stimulated tlie increase in these plants it is impossible to state, and the above estimate, tliere- fore, maj^ be more or less than the actual number of isolated plants in existence. Power or generating plants. — Census reports are pre- pared as far as possible in conformity with the systems of bookkeeping in use in the different establishments. Frequently two or more power or generating plants operated under the same management had but one system of accounts, and consequently it was necessary to include the statistics for all classed as a "central station" on the same census schedule. In the vast majority of cases only one power plant is operated under the same ownership, and the term "central sta- tion" of the census classification, therefore, generally represents one plant, but it is evident that the terms "central station" and "power or generating plant" are not synonymous. Although the statistics for a central station may represent a number of these plants, every effort was made to obtain separate census re- ports for the plants located in separate states, even if they were conducted under the same ownership. The number of primary-power or generating plants was not called for in the schedule used for reporting central stations in 1907, but some idea of their number may be had from the fact that the returns sliowed 4,731 plants equipped with dynamos for the generation of electricity. Of the 4,714 stations reported in 1907, 227 had no generating equipment, while 113 had more than one power plant. This latter class reported 357 generating stations. Period covered. — This census relates to tlie calendar year ending December 31, 1907. The only other com- plete enumeration of the central electric stations covered the twelve months ending June 30, 1902. At both censuses reports .of the establishments were ac- cepted for the business year which most nearly con- formed to the census year, and all stations that were in operation during any portion of the respective census years were included. Therefore, although most of the reports were prepared for the census year, they do not necessarily represent the same period of twelve months, or even an entire year. In 1902 reports covering a period of less than a year were furnished by 141 com- mercial and 38 municipal stations; and in 1907, by 202 commercial and 49 municipal stations. The ma- jority of the reports covering less than a year were for stations that commenced operations during the census year. Some reports of this kind, however, were for SCOPE AND GROUPING OF THE STATISTICS. 15 properties that changed ownership during the year, the new owners being unable to furnish statistics for the operations conducted under the previous owner- ship. These variations in the period covered by the reports necessarily have some influence on certain sta- tistics, such as the output of stations. As a rule, how- ever, the reports covering less than a year are for com- paratively small plants, and the statistics for such plants have but little effect upon the various totals. The census takes no cognizance of stations that had not begun operations prior to the close of the census year, except that limited statistics are presented in Chapter VI, pages 74 and 75, for such stations as were under construction during the year. Basis of canvass. — In the endeavor to secure statis- tics from all central stations lists of the names and addresses of such concerns were prepared from informa- tion obtained from the postmasters in the different cities and towns and from directories and other sources of information. These lists formed the basis of the canvass. The United States was divided into districts and each district given to one or more agents, who were instructed not only to secure reports from all stations named on the lists, but to make careful inquir\' for other stations. It is believed that in this way a thorough canvass was made of the entire country and reports were secured from all plants that should be cla.ssed as "central stations." Grouping of statistics. — Tables 118 to 145 contain all of the detailed statistics that were collected for 1907 for the central stations in each state and territory. In other tables and text statements the statistics have been grouped under appropriate headings, and comparisons made, when possible, with the data for 1902. The most important classifications of the sta- tistics are the following: 1. Commercial central stations, or those that were operated under private ownership, whether by indi- viduals, companies, or corporations. 2. Municipal central stations, or those that were operated by state, city, or other local governments, except those operated specially for institutions. 3. Purely electric central stations, or those that do a strictly electrical business. 25142—10 2 4. Composite central stations, or those operated in connection with some other industry. 5. Central stations according to d3'namo capacity. 6. Central stations operated by water power ex- clusively. 7. Central stations operated by steam power ex- clusively. 8. Central stations operated by both steam and water power. 9. Central stations in selected cities where all or practically all of the current is produced and consumed within the incorporated limits of the cities. This grouping of the statistics closely follows the arrangement established at the census of 1902, in order that comparisons may be made to show the de- velopment of the industry. The report of 1902 shows the number of central sta- tions that commenced operations each year from 1881 to 1902, but this feature was abandoned at the census of 1907 because changes in ownership are so frequent that in many instances it is impossible to obtain the date on which operations were commenced. The ease and practicability of long-transmission lines has caused a great extension of the area which may be covered by lines from a central station, and therefore it often happens that the generating station is located at a place which from the standpoint of population is comparatively insignificant, whereas the places at which the electrical energy is delivered for use may be of considerable size. On the other hand, many stations located in large cities are extending their service into the surrounding territory. For these reasons, a classification of central (generating) stations by the population of the places in which these stations are located would not convey a correct idea of the population served, or available for service, and consequently this presentation also, which was shown in 1902, has been abandoned. The meager statistics concerning electric stations collected at the census of 1890 are not presented in this report because they are so fragmentary that they are not fairly comparable with those for subsequent censuses. CHAPTER II. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. The magnitude of the central electric station industry in the census years 1902 and 1907, and the growth during the five-year period, are shown in Table 1. Table 1 .—COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. 1007 Number of stations Cost of construction and equipment Gross income Eleetric service Lighting Stationary motors All other All other sources Total expenses i Cost of supplies and materials, including power purchased Cost of fuel Miscellaneous expenses Salaries and wages Salaried ollicials, clerks, etc.— Number Salaries Wage-earners— Average numljer Wages Primary power: « Number of macliines Horsepower capacity Steam engines and steam turbines- Number Horsepower Gas engines- Number Horsepower Water wheels- Number Horsepower Generating equipment: Dynamos- Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-voltage— Numijer Kilowatt capacity Direct -current, constant -amper- age- Number Kilowatt capacity Alternating single-phase and poly- phase current— Numt>er Kilowatt capacity Output of stations, kilowatt hours Lamps wired for service: * A re Incandescent 5 other varieties— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc 4.714 $1.0!W.913,622 SI 75, 642, 338 $109,614,691 J125, 755, 114 J28,511,550 815,348,027 $6,027,647 $106, 205, 149 $21,400,823 $23,057,745 $26,326,257 $35,420,324 12, 990 $11,733,787 34,542 $23,686,537 10,150 4,032,365 7,206 2,627,450 463 55,828 2,481 1,349,087 12,173 2,709,225 3,680 406,460 1,685 80,992 6,808 2.221,773 5,862,276,737 555, 713 41,445,997 162.338 3,620 $504,740,332 $85,700,605 $84,186,605 $70, 138, 147 $9,910,217 $4,138,241 $1,514,000 $55,457,830 $11,280,423 $11,635,509 $ll,895,20fi $20,646,692 6,996 $5,663,580 23,330 $14,983,112 7,485 1,830,594 5,930 1,379,941 165 12,181 1,390 438,472 12.484 1,212,235 3.823 330.065 3.539 145,866 5,122 736,304 2,507,051,115 385,698 18,194,044 COMMERCHL. MCSICIPA L. 1907 3,462 $1,054,034,175 $161,630,339 $156. 000. 257 $112,714,851 $27,995,177 $15,290,229 $5,630,082 $97,037,961 $19,665,919 $19,824,962 $25,611,771 $31,935,309 11,375 $10,738,955 30,091 $21,196,354 8,205 3,712,518 5,492 2,344,032 385 49, 746 2.328 1,318,740 9,778 2,500,209 3,169 379, 706 1.240 01,753 5,303 2,058,750 . 5,572,813,949 472, 773 37, .393, 549 m 153,408 190-2 2,805 $482,719,879 $78, 735, 500 $77,349,749 $(3,389,284 $9,839,677 $4, 120, 788 $1,385,761 $50,710,648 $10,303,950 $10,189,685 $11,456,037 $18,766,970 6,040 $5,206,199 20.8(3 $13,560,771 6,325 1,671,401 4,870 1,232,923 147 11,224 1,308 427,254 10,662 1,098,855 3,405 312,509 2,957 117,695 4,300 668,651 2,311,140,070 334,903 16, 616, 593 («) 1,252 $42,879,447 '$14,011,999 '$13,614,434 $13,040,263 $516,373 $57, 798 $397. 565 $9,167,188 $1,734,904 $3,232,783 $714,486 $3,485,015 1,015 $994,832 3,951 $2,490,183 1,945 319,847 1.714 283,418 78 6,082 153 30,347 2,395 209,016 511 26,754 439 19,239 1.445 163,023 289,462,788 82.940 4,052,448 815 $22,020,473 '$0,965,105 '$6,830,850 $0,748,863 $70,540 $17,453 $128, 249 $4,741,182 $976,407 $1,445,824 $439, 1(>9 $1,879,722 950 $457,381 2,467 $1,422,341 I.IOO 159, 193 1,060 147,018 18 957 82 11,218 1,822 113,380 418 17,556 582 28,171 822 67,653 195,904,439 50,795 1,577,451 m FEB CENT or INCREASE. Total. 30.2 117.3 104.9 101.5 79.3 187.7 270.9 298.1 91.5 89.7 98.2 121.3 71.6 85.7 107.2 48.5 58.1 35.6 120.3 21.5 90.4 180.6 358.3 78.5 207.7 a 2.5 123.5 »3.7 23.1 '52.4 »44.5 32.9 201.7 133.8 44.1 127.8 Com- I Municl- mercial. pal. 23.4 118.4 105.3 101.7 77.8 184.5 271.1 300.3 91.3 90.9 94.0 123.6 70.2 88.1 106.3 47.1 56.3 29.7 122.1 12.8 90.1 101.9 343.2 78.0 208.7 >8.3 127.5 ■0.9 21.5 •57.9 »47.5 24.7 207.9 141.1 41.2 125.0 53.6 94.7 101.2 99.1 93.2 632.0 231.2 210.0 93.4 77.6 123.6 62.7 85.4 70.0 117.6 60.2 75.1 67.7 100.9 61.7 92.8 333.3 635.5 86.6 170.5 31.4 84.3 22.2 52.4 »24.6 »31.7 75.8 141.0 47.8 63.3 156.9 < Includes the estimated income tor current consumed in municipal buildings and In lighting streets, parks, etc. 2 Exclusive of auxiliary engines with a total capacity of 05,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower In 1902. .> Decrease. < Exclusive of 275.079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately in 1902. » The number of incandescent lamps was largely, an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candleponer. * Not reported separately. As previously explained, the figures for the central stations do not represent the entire production of elec- trical energy. To arrive at the aggregate it would be necessary to consider also the electric railways, tele- phone and telegraph lines, electric police-patrol and fire-alarm systems, and the isolated electric plants. In 1907, exclusive of the isolated electric plants, there were upward of 30,000 individuals, companies, corporations, and municipalities which reported the (16) generation or utilization of eiectric current in what may be termed " commercial enterprises." These industries represent an outstanding capitalization of $6,209,746,753, of which $1,367,338,836 is credited to central electric stations, $3,774,772,096 to electric rail- ways, $814,616,004 to commercial or mutual telephone companies, and $253,019,817 to telegraph companies, the latter item including $32,726,242, the capital stock of wireless-telegraph companies. The capitalization of SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 17 the 17,702 independent farmer or rural telephone lines and of the 1,157 electric police-patrol and fire-alarm systems could not be ascertained. In addition, there were a number of companies ori^anized for the purpose of acquiring the capital stock or bonds of electric com- panies, street railwaj's, gas and water systems, and similar properties, holding the same for investment and to some extent supervising the operation of the under- lying companies. To show the ca])italization of these holding companies would be misleading as applied to central electric stations, since it would be impossible to determine the extent of its application to the electrical industry as distinguished from others. In view of this condition and because of the difficulty of securing the information, it was deemed advisable to omit the data as relating to central stations. In view of the very large increases shown for the de- tails of the industry as a whole, it seems necessary to state that the loss shown in the number and the capacity of the direct-current machines was due to the fact that this type of dynamo iias been superseded by the alter- nating single-phase and polyphase current machine. Although central-station statistics of the compara- tively few street railways that sold current and that were able to prepare complete separate reports have been included with those for central electric stations, in order that that branch of the electrical industry might be shown as fully as possible, the full measure of growth of central-station work does not appear in Table 1 because of the fact that this service is also largely car- ried on by numerous street-railway companies which combine the central-station business so closely with other activities as not to permit of complete separate reports. Detailed statistics for the electric-railway companies which were unable to make separate reports will be found in Tables 146, 147, and 148, and a brief summary of the same is presented in Table 2. Table 2. — Central electric stations operated by street-railway com- panies: 1907 and 1902. [Complete separate reports for these stations eould not be secured, hence the full sta- tistics for them have been included with those for electric railways. This table does not include central stations operated by street-railway companies which fur- nished complete separate reports.] Number of stations Gross income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Lamps wired for service: Arc Incandescent > other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, va- por, etc stationary motors: Number Horsepower Meters on consumption circuits, number.. 1S07 177 $17,291,824 $16,570,553 $13,273,295 $2,685,013 $018, 247 $715,269 80,102 4,545,839 20,468 158.923 213.886 1902 118 $0,469,726 $6,271,815 $5,492,609 $768,040 $11,106 $197,911 33,863 1,442,685 m 10,049 35.688 56,601 Per cent of Increase. 50.0 167.3 104.3 141.7 249.6 5,466.8 261.4 136.5 215.1 103.7 345.3 277.9 Table 2 shows that while the number of stations which were unable to make separate reports is grow- ing, there is still greater increase in their impor- tance. The increase in the income for electric service, $10,S22,098, does not fully represent this feature of the electric service, since, as shown in the report on street railways, 3.30 companies reported the sale of electric current during 1907, and the income from this source amounted to $20,093,302. Some of the current was sokl to other electric railways, but a large portion was used for light and power in enter- prises not connected with the railways. However, statistics of income and equipment can be shown separately for only 177 companies. The increases in number of lamps, number and horsepower of station- ary motors, and number of meters on consumption circuits, not only show the rapid growth of central- station work in connection with the operation of street railways, but demonstrate the wonderful facility with which electrical energy may be utilized wherever^ there is a demand for light or power. Ownership of central electric stations. — Table 3 shows the number of commercial central stations conducted under the different forms of ownership. Table 3. — Commercial central electric stations — Number, by char- acter of ownership : 1907 and 1902. CnARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. 1907 1902 Per cent of increase. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. 1907 1902 Total 3.462 2,805 23.4 100.0 lOO.O 609 298 12,555 528 228 2.049 15.3 30.7 24.7 17.0 1 18.8 Finn. R.6 8 1 Incorporated company 73.8 73.1 1 The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and , although mostly reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number rangmg from 2 to 50 candlepower. 2 Not reported separately. ' Includes 2 stations classed as "Other forms of ownership," In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. Although the number of stations operated by the several forms of ownership can not properly be used to determine their relative importance, it shows the character of ownership which predominates and which seems to be one of the distinctive features of the industry. Nearly three-fourths of the stations re- ported at each census were operated by incorporated companies. Individual ownership was next in im- portance as to number of stations, with less than one-fifth of the total at each census. The percentage which stations under individual ownership represent of the total number for all classes decreased from 18.8 in 1902 to 17.6 in 1907, a loss of 1.2. Firms showed but little proportionate change, having less than 9 per cent of the total number at each census. Detailed statistics for 1907 for the different forms of owner- ship are presented in Table 4. These statistics are confined to 1907 because in 1902 data as to character of ownership were limited to the number of estab- lishments. 18 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Taule 4.— commercial CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS, BY CHARACTER OF pWNERSHIP: 1907. Niimbor of stations '. Cost of TOnslruellon and equipment Gross income ; Electric service Lighting Stationary motors All other All other sources Total expenses lost of supplies and materials ''osl of fuel I'owcr i)urchased M iscellaneous expenses Salaries and wages Salaried officials, clerks, etc.— Number Salaries Wage-earners — Average number Wages Primary power: Number of machines Ilorsepower capacity Steam engines — Number Horsepower Steam turbines — Number Ilorsepower Gas engines — Nimiber Horsepower Water wheels — Number Horsepower Auxiliary engines — Number Horsepower Generating equipment: Dynamos- Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-voltage — Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-amperage — Number Kilowatt capacity Alternating single-phase and polyphase current- Number Kilowatt capacity Output of stations, kilowatt hours Lamps wired for service; 2 Arc Incandescent 3 Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc CHABACTEB OF OWKEKSBIT. Total. $1,054, $itn. JIM, $112, 127, tl5, »5, $97, $12, $19, $6. $25, $31, $10, $21, 2, ,318, 402 175 3:i Includes 2 stations classed as " Other forms of ownership " in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 2 Exclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. ' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 10-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candlepower. The statistics in Table 4 show the great preponder- ance of corporate ownership. The proportions con- tributed by the corporations to several of the chief totals of the table were as follows: Cost of construc- tion and equipment, 99 per cent; income from sale of current, 97.6 per cent; primary horsepower, 96.8 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 97.1 per cent; output of stations, 98.5 per cent; number of arc lamps, 98.1 per cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 96.9 per cent. If the municipal stations were included, the proportions for incorporated companies would be less, but they would still represent about 90 per cent of the several totals, while of the remaining 10 per cent, roughly speaking, about 2 per cent may be assigned to individuals and firms, with individual ownership having somewhat the larger share, and 8 per cent to municipalities. As already stated, central stations may be divided into the purely electric, those which were operated solely as electrical enterj^rises ; and the composite, those which were operated in connection with some other industry or service, such as waterworks, gas plants, etc. Table 5 gives detailed statistics of these two classes of stations subdivided by character of ownership. A comparison of the totals for the two groups of -stations shows that about three-fifths of the income and cost of construction and equipment was connected with the purely electric and two-fifths with the com- posite stations. Nearly two-thirds of the commercial central stations were reported as purely electric, and sometliing more than one-third as composite. This division of commercial stations may also be accepted as roughly representing the respective importance of the purely electric and the composite stations. While the proportions for the chief items for the commercial stations are thus decidedly greater in the purely elec- tric than in the composite class, this does not hold triie for the municipal stations, where such important totals as income, expenses, horsepower of primary- SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 19 power plant, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, and num- ber of incandescent lamps are greater for the composite stations. The fact that such public utilities as water and gas are so often operated by municipalities which also operate electric stations explains this condition. Nearly four-fifths of the purely electric central stations and more than three-fifths of those in the composite group were commercial stations. Exclusive of the item of arc lampj, about 6 per cent of the income and equipment of the purely electric group was reported by the municipal stations, as compared with about 10 per cent for these stations in the composite group. Table 5.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS, BY CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP: 1907. PURELY ELECTRIC STATIONS. Commercial. Individual. Firm. Incorporated company.! Municipal. COMPOSITE STATIONS. Commercial. .Individual. Firm. Incorporated company. Municipal. Number of stations Cost of construction and equipment Gross income I'^lectric service Ligliting Stationary motors Another .\11 other sources Total expenses Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased Miscellaneous expenses Salaries and wages Salaried officials, clerics, etc.— Number Salaries Wage-earners — Average number Wages Primary power: Number of machines Horsepower capacity Steam engines — Number Horsepower Steam turbines- Number Horsepower Gas engines — Numt)er Horsei)ower Water wheels — Niunber Horsepower Auxiliary engines— .Mumper Horsepower Generating equipment: Dynamos — Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-volt- age— Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-am- perage — Number Kilowatt capacity Alternating, single-phase and polyphase current— Nnml>er Kilowatt capacity Output of stations, kilowatt hours Lamps wired for service: 2 .\rc Incandescent * Otlier v a r i e t i e s — Nemst vacuum, vapor, etc 4,714 51,096,913,622 8175,642,338 8169,614,691 S125,7.'>.5, 114 $28,511,550 $15,348,027 S6, 027, 647 $106,205,149 814,326,351 82:1,057,745 $7,074,472 $26,326,257 $35,420,324 12,990 $11,733,787 34,642 $23,686,537 10,998 4,098,188 6,829 1,810,040 377 817,410 463 55,828 2,481 1,349,087 848 65,823 12, 173 2,709,225 397 84,427,517 81,606,500 81,538,157 81,442,855 $63,834 831,4(i8 $68,343 81,078,567 8155,112 8374, 037 S56, 278 $137,143 8355,997 100 $65, 261 555 $290,736 532 48,370 339 34,082 175 $2,291,942 8863, 938 8813, 222 $751,275 $35, 121 $26,826 $50, 716 $580, 033 896,035 $185,345 827,237 865,721 $205,695 $50,325 272 $155,370 242 25, 440 160 16,820 3,680 406,460 1,685 80,992 6,808 2,221,773 5,862,276,737 555,713 41,445,997 162,338 66 2,867 104 10,635 556 29,620 257 10,357 34 919 265 18,344 27,704,477 4,055 522.444 447 30 1,049 44 7,326 8 245 251 16,477 121 4,370 12 304 118 11,803 15, 193, 414 1,924 245,456 1,555 $6,32,717,815 $98,751,829 $95,705,459 $67, 189, 245 $17,852,985 $10,663,229 $3,046,370 $57,456,650 $7,360,405 810,592,454 $4, .598, 100 $16,314,907 818,690,784 6,469 $6,438,363 17,494 $12, 152, 421 4,446 2,250,483 2,343 786,663 181 696,712 166 18,736 1,343 824,211 413 25, 161 4,878 1,528,189 1,409 196,380 262 732 38,040 2, 737 1,293,769 3,692,080,449 280, 101 21,852,666 112,069 521 $23,489,640 $6,752,654 $6, 572, 736 $6, 294, 677 $261,061 816,998 $179,918 $4,374,925 $678,961 81,324,732 $277, 904 $331,600 $1,761,728 615 $406,875 1,941 $1,354,853 819 149,018 657 113,729 11 10,160 33 2,796 84 21,813 34 530 1,064 96,528 228 11,360 670 72,927 146,109,547 48,206 1,710,664 5,575 212 $2,147,403 $764, 967 $723, 945 8687, 967 816,694 819, 284 $41,022 8536,859 $76, 359 $186, 416 81,879 $69,3C7 $202,838 71 847,404 308 $155,434 315 26,298 181 16,680 1 30 17 710 105 8,216 11 762 283 14,695 146 5,008 123 $1,727,871 8614,196 8594, 917 8.522, 518 861,680 $10,719 819,279 $441,755 879, 421 $132,601 813,353 $.53,841 $162, 539 61 $39, 289 223 8123,250 194 21,585 125 13,214 7 350 69 7,631 3 390 161 12,034 72 2,611 132 9,592 15,399,016 1,703 214, 150 178 5 103 84 9,320 26,164,332 1,097 160,660 1,000 $410,721,627 $59,028,909 $56,624,657 $42,120,991 $9,964,863 $4,538,703 $2,404,352 836,944,097 $5,202,399 $8,354,109 $1,999,341 $8,970,792 $12,417,450 4,696 $4,098,313 11,839 $8,319,143 3,252 1,404,661 1,996 679,648 166 201,283 99 26,034 673 460,821 318 36,875 3,649 899, 194 1,164 160,980 4.58 22,292 2,027 715,922 1,796,272,261 183,803 14,398,183 40,419 731 $19,389,807 87,269,345 $7,041,698 $6,745,686 $255,312 340,800 $217,647 $4,792,263 $677,659 $1,908,051 8100,380 $382,888 $1,723,287 1,000 $587,957 2,010 $1,135,330 1,198 172,333 1,028 150,304 18 9,235 45 3,286 69 8,534 38 974 1,331 112,488 283 15,394 173 6,998 875 90,096 144,353,241 34,734 2,341,884 3,295 * Includes 2 stations classed as " Other forms of ownership," in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 2 l\xclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. ' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candIepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candlepower. Table 6 presents a comparative summary of the purely electric and the composite plants for 1907 and 1902. The percentages of increase for the composite sta- tions are much greater than for the purely elestric, but the absolute increases show no such excess. On the contrary, the purely electric stations show a greater absolute increase for all the leading items. It is noteworthy that both the commercial and the mu- nicipal stations share in the uniformly larger percent- ages of increase for the composite stations, which ap- pears to indicate that the distinctive characteristics of the two classes of stations are much less marked than formerly. 20 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 6,— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations Per cent ol Increase Cost of construction and equipment. I'er cent of increase G ross Income Per cent of increase Electric service I'cr cent of increase All ottier sources l*er cent of increase Total expenses I'er cent of increase Primary power: i Number of machines . Per cent of increase . Horsepower capacity Per cent of increase . Generating equipment: Dynamos- Number Per cent of increase Kilowatt capacity Per cent of increase Output of stations, kilowatt hours. I'cr cent of increase Lamps wired for service: ' Arc Per cent of Increase Incandescent' Per cent of increase Other varieties— Nernst,vacuum, vapor, etc' 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Aggregate. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 4,714 3,620 30.2 SI, 096, 913, 622 $504,740,352 117.3 »175,642,338 $85,700,605 104.9 $169,614,691 $84, 1S6. 605 101.5 $6,027,047 $1,514,000 298.1 $106, 205, 149 $55,457,830 91.5 10, 150 7,485 ,33.6 4,032,365 1,830,594 120.3 12, 173 12,484 22.5 2,709,225 1,212,235 123.5 5.862,276,737 2,507,051,115 133.8 555, 713 385,698 44.1 41,445.997 18,194,044 127.8 tvhely electric stations. Total. 162,338 2,648 2,139 23.8 $662,926,914 $334,151,724 98.4 $107,974,921 $58,603,406 84.2 $104,629,574 $57,470,597 82.1 $3,345,347 $1,132,809 195.3 $63,490,175 $37,272,578 70.3 5,561 4,615 20.6 2,446,489 1,242,362 96.9 6,749 7,752 "12.9 1,670,814 818,805 104.1 3,880,087,887 1,836,748,836 111.2 334,286 252,407 32.4 24,331,120 12.248,918 Commercial. Municipal. 118,353 2,127 1,759 20.9 $639,437,274 $320,580,333 99.5 $101,222,267 $54, 455, 737 85.9 $98,056,838 $53,394,158 83.0 $3,165,429 $1,061,579 198. 2 $59,115,250 $34,525,512 71.2 4,776 4,032 18.5 2,298,001 1,151,520 99.6 5,685 6,783 216.2 1,574,280 753,021 109.1 3,734.978,340 1.716.909.602 117.5 219,409 30.4 22,620.556 11,463.050 97.3 112,778 521 380 37.1 $23,489,640 $13,571,391 73.1 $6,752,654 $4,147,669 62.8 $6,572,736 $4,076,439 61.2 $179,918 $71,230 152.6 $4, 374, 925 $2,747,086 59.3 785 583 34.7 148, 488 90,842 03.5 1,064 969 9.8 96,528 65,784 46.7 145,109.547 119,839,234 21.1 48,206 32,998 46.1 1,710,504 785.868 117.7 COMPOSITE STATIONS. Total. Commercial. Municipal. 2,066 1,481 39.5 $433,986,708 $170,588,628 154.4 $07,667,417 $27,097,199 149.7 $64,985,117 $26,716,008 143.2 $2,682,300 $381,191 603.7 $42,714,974 $18,185,252 134.9 4.389 2,870 59.9 1.585.870 588, 232 169.6 5,424 4,732 14.6 1,038,411 393, 430 163.9 1,982,188,850 670, 302. 279 195.7 221,427 133, 291 66.1 17,114,877 5,945.126 187.9 43,985 1,335 1,046 27.6 $414,596,901 $162,139,540 155.7 $60,408,072 $24,279,763 107.6 $57,943,419 $23,955,591 141.9 $2,464,653 $324. 172 660.3 $37,922,711 $16,191,136 134.2 3,429 2,293 49.3 1,414,317 519,881 172.1 4,093 3,879 5.5 925.923 345.834 167.7 1,837,833,009 594,237.074 209.3 186,693 115, 494 61.6 14,772,993 5,153.543 186.7 40,690 731 435 68.0 $19,389,807 $8,449,082 129.5 $7. 239. 345 $2,817,436 157.7 $7,041,698 $2,760,417 155.1 $217,647 $57,019 281.7 $4,792,263 $1,994,116 140.3 1,160 577 101.0 171,339 68,351 150.7 1,331 853 56.0 112,488 47,596 136.3 144,353,241 76,065,205 89.8 34,734 17,797 95.2 2,341.884 791.583 195.8 3.295 1 E.\chisive of auxiliary engines with a total capacity of 65,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower in 1902. 2 Decrease. 3 E.xclusive of 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately ia 1902. * The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from • 2 to 50 candlepower. ' Not reported separately in 1902. Relationship of population and central stations. — As a rule, the central electric stations are concentrated in the most populous states and at points within these states from which the largest percentage of the popu- lation can be served economically. From Table 119 it appears that New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Ohio, the 4 states having the largest jropulation, con- taining together 29.6 per cent of the total for the United States, reported 1,296 electric stations, or 27.5 per cent of the total number in operation during 1907, and the annual output of these stations amounted to 2,553,745,890 kilowatt hours, or 43.6 per cent of the output of all stations in the United States. While the proportionate number of central stations and the proportionate population of this group of states were very nearly the same, or less than one-third of the total, their proportion of the kilowatt-hour output formed nearly one-half of the total. In 1902 the exact percentages for these items were as follows: Popula- tion, 29.7 per cent; number of establishments, 30.8 per cent; and kilowatt-hour output, 49.1 per cent. A number of the tables contained in this report present the statistics by the officially adopted geo- graphic divisions. An outline and a list follow, showing the states and territories contained in each division: SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. Map 1,— geographic DIVISIONS. 21 2?orth Atlantic; division: Maine. New Hampshire. Vermont. Massat^husetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. South Atlantic division; Delaware. Maryland . District of Columbia. Virginia. West V'ii^inia. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georjjia. Florida. North Central division: Ohio. Indiana. Illinoi.i. Michigan. Wisconsin. Minnesota. Iowa. Xorlh Central division — Con- tinued. Missouri. North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska. Kansas. South Central division: Kentucky. Tennessee. Alabama. Mi.ssissi|)|ii. Louisiana. Arkansas. Oklahoma. Texas. Western division: Montana. Idaho. Wyoming. Colorado. New Mexico. Arizona. Utah. Nevada. Washington. Oregon. California. The largest proportion of the total population of the country, 33.9 per cent in 1907 and 34.5 per cent in 1902, was in the North Central states. These states also contained nearly the same percentage of electric lamps wired for service, but for the horsepower of primary-power plants, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, anil output of stations, the percentages were consider- ably less. The North Atlantic states were next in the proportion of population, with 27.8 per cent in 1907 and 27.7 per cent in 1902, but their proportions for the various items of the central-station industry for both 1907 and 1902 were much larger, as follows: Horsepower of primary-power plant, 37.4 and 44.2 per cent, respectively; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 38.9 ami 42.7 per cent; output of stations, 42.4 and 50.6 per cent; number of arc lamps, 43.6 and 44 per cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 41.5 and 47.1 per cent. The South Atlantic and South Central divisions, treated as a single group, embraced 32.7 per cent of the population in 1907 antl 32.4 per cent in 1902. Although their proportions of the various items of the central-station industry were larger in 1907 than in 1902, they were the smallest shown for any section of the country. The exact percentages for each of these two divisions for 1907 and 1902 were as follows: South Atlantic, population, 13.5 and 13.7 per cent, res])ectively; horsepower of primary-power plant, 7.2 and 5 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 7.2 and 5.1 per cent; output of stations, 4.5 and 4.1 per cent; number of arc lamps, 4.9 and 4.5 per cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 4.6 and 3.4 per cent. The South Central, population, 19.1 and 18.6 per cent; horsepower of primary-power plant, 6 and 6.4 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 6.1 and 6.8 per cent; output of stations, 4.4 and 6.1 per cent; number of arc lamps, 7.2 and 6 per cent; and number of incan- descent lamps, 6.5 and 5.6 per cent. The Western division was the smallest in population, with 5.6 per cent of the total in 1907 and 5.5 per cent in 1902. Its percentages of the various items for the central- station industry for 1907 and 1902, respectively, were as follows: Horsepower of primary-power plant, 19.6 and 15.2 per cent; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 18 and 14.4 per cent; output of stations, 23.8 and 13.4 per cent; number of arc lamps, 7.6 and 7.8 per cent; and number of incandescent lamps, 13 and 10 per cent. 22 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 7.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— RELATION OF LEADING ITEMS TO POPULATION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902. United States. Per cent of In- ciease North .Vtlantlc Per cent ot increase. South Atlantic Per cent of increase . North Central Per cent of increase . South Central Per cent of Increase . Western Per cent of Increase . Cen- sus. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Popula- tion.! 85,532,761 78,576)436 8.9 23,779,013 21,778,196 9.2 11,574,988 10,770,414 7.5 29,026,645 27,087,206 7.2 16,368,558 14,651,535 11.7 4,783,657 4,289,085 11.6 NUMBER OF STATIONS. Total. 4,714 3,620 30.2 1,070 913 17.2 390 251 55.4 2,095 1,706 22.8 679 404 68.1 346 38.7 Com- mer- cial. 3,462 2,805 23.4 920 810 13.6 232 176 31.8 1,368 1,178 16.1 613 323 58.8 429 318 34.9 Munic- ipal. 1,252 815 53.6 150 103 45.6 158 75 110.7 727 528 37.7 166 81 104.9 51 28 82.1 HOKSEPOWEB OF ENGINES AND WATEE WHEELS.' Amount. 4,098,188 1,846,048 122.1 1,534,586 814, 728 88.4 295,265 92,641 218.7 1,219,916 539,669 126.0 244,422 117,192 108.6 803,999 280,818 186.3 Per 1,000 popu- lation. 47.91 23.48 64.54 37.41 25.51 8.60 42.03 19.92 14.93 8.00 168.08 65.47 KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS. Amount. 2,709,225 1,212,236 123.6 1,054,528 517,549 103.8 195,309 62,301 213.5 Per 1,000 gopu- itlon. 31. fi7 15.43 OUTPUT OF STATIONS, KILOWATT HOUES. LAUPS.> Arc. Incandescent.* I Per A-ount. 1,.^^. lation. 5,862,276,737 , 68,538.38 2,507,051,115 ■ 31,905.89 133.8 44.35 2,483,106,227 101,424.28 23.76 1,269,331,001 58,284.49 95.6 16.87 5.78 805,012 27.73 375,614 j 13.86 114.4 ! 165,969 82,259 101.8 488,407 102.10 174,612 40.71 179.7 10.14 56.14 266,437,175 102,990,576 168.7 1,462,114,001 646,062,113 126.7 267,387,610 153,905,350 67.2 1,393,231,724 335,762,076 315.0 Num- ber. 556,713 385,698 23,018.35 9,562.36 50,371.44 23,814.27 16,724.61 10,504.38 291,254.34 1,282.91 242,320 169,554 42.9 27,103 17,183 67.7 204,248 145,629 40.3 39,794 23,320 70.6 42,248 30,112 40.3 Per 1,000 popu- lation. 6.50 4.91 10.19 7.79 2.34 1.60 Numt)er. 41,445,997 18,194,044 127.8 17,187,474 8,561,206 100.8 1,915,725 611,001 213.6 7.04 14,269,544 6.37 I 6,176,919 131.0 2.43 1.59 8.83 7.02 2,697,115 1,022,298 163.8 6,376,139 1,822,621 195.0 Per 1,000 popu- lation. 484.56 231.56 722.80 393. 11 166.51 56.73 491.60 22S.04 164. 77 69.77 1,123.88 424.94 1 Based upon Bureau of the Census estimates. 2 Includes capacity of auxiliary enj^ines, amounting to 65,823 horsepower in 1907 and 14,454 horsepower in 1902. 3 In liX)7, exclusive of 162,338 lamps of "Other varieties— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc,"— the revenue for which is included with the income for lighting, and 275,079 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. These lamps were not reported separately in 1902. ' Thenumlier of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candlepower. The comparison of the population of these geographic divisions with the several items of Table 7 representing the equipment and output of the stations may be roughly summarized as follows: The North Central, one- third of all items; the North Atlantic, one-fourth of the population and two-fifths of the other items; the South Atlantic and South Central combined, one-third of the population and one-eighth of the other items; and the Western, one-twentieth of the population and one-sixth of the other items. Com- paring the proportion of population with that for the number of stations, the proportion of stations was larger than that for population for the North Central and Western divisions, and smaller for the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, and South Central divisions. One of the most pronounced features of the central- station industry is the large per capita showing for the Western division, the output of stations and all the items of ec{uipment, except arc lamps, being the largest of any group. The Western division, having, in 1907, less than 5,000,000 population, as compared with a population of upward of 11,000,000 and 16,000,000 for the South Atlantic and South Central divisions, respectively, reported a greater primary horsepower, a larger dynamo capacity, and more incandescent lamps wired for service than the two latter divisions combined. In per capita showing, the North Atlantic division was second in rank, the North Central third, the South Atlantic fourth, and the South Central fifth. Mention has already been made of the fact that numerous tables in the report for 1902 contained statistics for the central stations, grouped according to the population of the places in which the stations were located. Such a presentation of the statistics is interesting, but the following points should be con- sidered in connection with the results: 1. The reports for' the central stations are assigned to the places in which the plants are located. 2. The development of the alternating current by means of the single-phase or polyphase dynamo, referred to in the report of 1902, has continued since that census, until at the census of 1907 the kilowatt capacity of this class of machines represented 82 per cent of the total dynamo capacity of all central stations. In many instances large plants arc now located at places where water power is available for the generation of the current, but at great distances from the places where the current is used. It is evident that any attempt to arrive at the true per capita consumption of current, and other features based on population by localities, should include the statistics for these generating plants, but this is impossible, since they frequently furnish current to two or more widely separated cities, mills, or factories. The following are among the most notable examples of this phase of the development and use of electrical energy: In Califor- nia two companies have plants located in several small places where water power is available for the generation of electricity, which is not only transmitted to the largest cities in the state but is used in numerous smaller place- in the course of its transit. In New York the electrical energy generated at Niagara Falls is distributed to various cities and towns in the state. In South Carolina there is one large company with generating plants at places where there SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 23 is water power, from which places the electrical energry is transmitted to various sections of that state. If necessary, many other instances of tliis character of electric service might be given, but these are deemed sufficient for the purpose. 3. Some electric companies, though owning two or more central stations situated in widely separated places, made but one report covering all of their properties. As a rule, such reports are assigned to the place in which the principal plant is located. In some instances these plants are in two or more of the groups of cities for which separate statistics were shown in 1902, and the assignment of all of them to a certahi city or group of cities would detract from the value of conclusions based upon population. A majority of the central stations, however, are located in the cities to which they are assigned and where all of their output, or the major portion, is consumed. WTiile, therefore, this grouping of the stations in 1902 by population may have been instruct- ive to some extent, tlie defects are too great, so far as relates to the commercial stations, to warrant such an analysis at the census of 1907. Statistics are pre- sented, however, for the following 34 selected cities, grouped in four classes according to size: Thirty-four selected cities grouped in four classes according to their estimated population in. 1902. 500,000 and over. 100,000 but under 500,000. 25,000 but under 100,000. 5,000 but under 25,000. Chicago, III. ■ Cincinnati, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio. Anderson, Ind. New York, N. Y. Cleveland, Ohio. Des Moines, Iowa. Cumberland, Md. Philadelphia, Pa. Denver, Colo. Duluth, Minn. Flint. Mich. St. Louis, Mo. Indianapolis, Ind. Eric. Pa. Hannibal, Mo. Louisville, Kv. Evansvilie, Ind. Lewiston, Me. Minneapolis. Minn. Ilolyoke, Mass. Northampton, New Orleans, La. Mobile, Ala. Mass. St. Paul, Minn. Reading, Pa. Oklahoma City, Washington. D.C. .San .Vntonio, Tex. Okla. Worcester, Mass. Wilmington, Del. Paducah, Kv. Richmond, tnd. Shrcveport, La. In the selection of these 34 cities, the rule followed was to limit them to those in which all the electrical energy used was practically generaterl within their respective limits and but little, if any, sold for outside consumption. Although the selection was to some extent an arbitrary one, the cities are fairly repre- sentative of the various sections of the country. These 34 cities contained 75 stations in 1907 and 70 stations in 1902, the character of ownership of which in 1907 was as follows: Corporate, 61; and municipal, 14. In 1902, 58 were corporate; 11, municipal; and 1, individual. 24 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 8.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS IN 34 SELECTED CITIES, BY GROUPS, ACCORDING TO POPULATION: 1907 AND 1902. I'l'lie cities are grouped according to their estimated population in 1902, In order tliat the groups for the two census years may be identical.] Population' N umber of stations . Stock outstanding... Dividends. Bonds outstanding Cost of construction and equipment.. Gross income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors All otlier .\11 other sources Total e.xpenses Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased , . Miscellaneous expenses Salaries and wages Salaried olflcials, clerks, etc.: Numlier , Salaries Wage-earners: Average number THIRTY-FOUR CITIES. I FOUR CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA- TION or 500,000 AND OVER. 1907 12,088,994 75 634 001 988 083 154 tl88,133, 17,017, $181,078, (338,870, 153,242, $52,039, $39,583, $9,397, $3,058, $1,202, $29,753, $3, 784, $5, 527, $1,121, $10, 130, $9,189, 2, $2,851, 1902 Percent of increase. 359 205 934 656 204 641 510 079 039 936 568 745 I 10,546, $136, US, $1,857, $108,571, $133,825, $25, 126, $24,968. $20, 833, $3, 919, $215, $157, $15, 282, $2,952, $2, 493, $213, $4,184, $5,438, I 858 70 960 305 502 427 735 991 8S2 455 654 744 I 933 I 346 049 929 ! 971 ■ 638 ' Wages. 9,000 $6,338,190 Primary power: ' Number of machines 685 Horsepower capacity I 908, 776 Generating e(i uipment: Number of dynamos 979 Kilowatt capacity ' : 639, 195 Output of stations, kilowatt liours 1 1, 337, 608, 288 Lamps wired for service: * i Arc I 183,731 Incandescent » ' 11 , 522, 603 Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc ' 56, 391 1,219 $1,291,172 5,727 $4,147,466 485 338,461 1,584 218,688 479,132,378 111,437 5, 484, 938 14.6 7.1 36.7 277.8 66.8 153.2 111.9 108.4 90.0 139.8 1,318.4 662.4 94.7 28.2 121.7 424.0 142.1 69.0 110.7 120.9 57.2 52.8 20.6 168.5 '38.2 192.3 179.2 64.9 110.1 1907 8,461,375 24 $132,860,984 $5,232,927 $135, 130, 386 $240,009,024 $38,868,287 $37,922,680 $28, 409, 863 86,894,775 $3, 618, 042 $945, 607 $20,485,942 $2,337,290 $3,647,844 $068,281 $7,246,844 $6,585,683 1,895 $2,104,888 0,092 $4,480,796 276 S78, 120 460 415,979 989,516,589 120, 169 7,833,061 40,779 1908 7,381, $105,086, $1,033, $93,030, $91,212, $18,087, $18,073, $15, ail, $2,958, $63, $13, $10,755, $2, 181, $1,656, $15, $2,916, $3,985, Per cent ol increase. 849 $924, 128 4,071 $3,061,709 234 212,990 925 133,247 303,435,153 70,376 4,009,473 14.6 9.1 20.4 406.3 45.3 163.1 114.9 109.8 88.8 133.0 4,010.8 «,«oa7 90.5 7.2 120.2 4, 156. 6 Has 66.2 123.2 127.8 49.6 46.3 17.9 171.4 250.3 212.2 226.1 70.8 92.5 Population 1 Number of stations Stock outstanding Dividends Bonds outstanding Cost of construction and equipment Gross income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors All other All other sources Total expenses Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased Mi,scellaneous expenses Salaries and wages Salaried officials, clerks, etc. : Number Salaries , Wage-earners: Average number Wages Primary power: a Number of machines Horsepower capacity Generating equipment: Number of dynamos Kilowatt capacity Output of stations, kilowatt hours Lamps wired for service: < .Arc Incandescent* Other varieties— Nemst. vacuum, vapor etc TEN CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA- TION OF 100,000 BUT UNDER 500,000. Per cent of increase. 2,693,310 23 $37,739,390 $1,471,099 $27,490,900 $69, 756, 748 $10,676,631 $10,620,50(1 $8, 360, 722 $1,964,718 $195,0(i6 $156, 125 $0, 830, 562 $1,101,472 $1,237,747 $229,526 $2,346,609 $1,921,208 433 $523,893 2,163 $1,397,315 174 218, 178 292 147,439 219,286,502 47,308 2,769,920 2,354, $26, 490, $709, $12,058, $34,512, $5,2.16, $5, 155, $4,2.36, $783, $135, $80, S3,3ob, $654, $627, $106, $995, 81,070, 704 24 I 600 775 : 600 803 059 061 620 567 574 398 436 705 804 990 084 862 265 $252,702 1,255 $818,150 153 91,916 432 64,147 119,633,836 30,792 1,112,946 (•) 14.4 24.2 42.5 107.3 128,0 102.1 103.9 104.1 97.3 150.7 43.9 94.2 103.7 98.6 97.2 114.5 136.8 79.4 69.8 107.3 72.4 70.8 13.7 126.5 !32.4 129.8 108.5 53.6 148.9 TEN aTIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA- TION OF 25,000 BUT UNDER 100,000. 1907 I 719,613 15 $13, 105, 760 $253,200 $1.5,208,712 $24,296,933 $2,739,816 $2,678,781 $2,078,740 $417, 766 $182,275 $61,036 $1,820,361 $284,886 S447, 154 $219,626 $378,083 $490, 703 171 $160,116 544 $330,587 »4 93,982 160 62,603 73,547,640 11,958 703,211 10,211 1902 632,582 12 $3,855,000 $106,300 $2,884,000 $7,007,488 $1,436,751 $1,376,328 $1,214,683 $151,013 $10, 632 $60,423 $935, 969 $180,875 $141,820 $91,239 $236,083 $286,952 76 $84,407 292 $202,546 62 24,660 150 16,210 35,166,664 7,431 231,114 (•) Per cent of Increase. 13.8 25.0 240.0 138.2 427.3 246.7 90.7 94.6 7L1 176.6 1,614.4 1.0 94.5 57.6 215.3 140.6 60.8 7L0 126.0 89.7 86.3 63.2 51.6 281.3 6.7 286.2 109.2 60.9 204.3 TEN CITIES, EACH HAVING A POPULA- TION OF 5,000 BUT UNDER 25,000. 1907 1902 214,696 13 $2,427,400 $59, 775 $3,249,000 $4,807,378 $967, 420 $917, 631 $734,034 $119,946 $63,551 $39,889 $610,349 $60,993 $194,765 $3,747 $158,603 $192,341 69 $62,848 201 $129, 493 41 18,496 67 13, 174 25,257,557 4,290 215, 811 177,992 12 $683, 700 $7,696 $598,500 $1,092,783 $366, 679 $363,369 $331,327 $26,271 $6,761 $3,220 $235, 795 $35,037 $66,633 $38,528 $94, 997 $29,936 109 $06,062 36 8,906 77 6,084 21,006,735 2,838 71,405 m Per cent of increase. 20.6 8.3 255.0 676.7 442.9 339.9 161.2 152.5 121.5 356.6 1,000.3 1,138.8 158.8 7L2 192.3 3U.4 102.6 76.9 109.9 84.4 99.0 13.9 107.7 !13.0 159.1 20.2 51.4 202.2 ■Based upon Bureaa of the Census estimates. ' Decrease. « Exclusive of au.viliary engines with a total capacity of 10,6.59 horsepower in 1907 and 3,662 horsepower in 1902. * Exclusive of 62,020 lamps u.sed by the central stations to light tlieir own electric proi>erties in 1907. These lamps were not reported separately In 1902.' ^ The number of incandescent laihps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16-candlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candlepower. • Not reported separately. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 25 While the principal income of central stations is de- rived from lighting and stationary-motor service, elec- tricity is being used for a constantly increasing va- I'iety of purposes. The income as reported from these miscellaneous uses is shown in Table 8 as "All other" under "Electric service." The several items compos- ing this total are showii in Table 9. Table 9. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Income from "All other electric service:" 1907 and 1902. 1907 1902 I'er cent of increase. Tola! . * $3,058,934 $215,054 1,318.4 1,9(10,551 1 1.38.275 1,317.9 779,728 117,560 Heating, cooking, welding, etc 2!- 451 401.3 135,121 I 24;775 05,974 1 29.153 445. 4 Miscellaneous electric service 120.3 More than nine-tenths of the gain in "Other elec- tric service" was from the sale of current to electric- railway companies and to other companies engaged in the sale and distribution of current. The percentages of increase for the remaining items are large, but the actual amounts of income involved are comparatively small. The greater part of the income from "Miscel- laneous electric service" was derived from the use of current to operate electric fans. Althougii not shown in Table 8, certain facts con- nected with the generating plants in the 34 cities are briefly summarized, as follows: In 1907 nearly one- fourth of the primary power for the 4,714 central sta- tions in the United States was connected with the 75 stations in these selected cities. The proportion of steam power in the total primary power in these cities was 92.5 per cent in 1907 and 98.7 per cent in 1902, as compared with 65.2 per cent and 75.4 per cent, respectively, for the United States. As illustrative of the extensive use of the steam turbine in the more thickly settled communities, 55.6 per cent of the total horsepower reported for steam turbines in the central stations in the United States was reported by the sta- tions in these 34 selected cities. Chicago claims the distinction of having the. largest prime mover in the world, a steam turbine of 22,000 horsepower, several more of which are about to be installed in the same station. The gas engine was very little used in these cities, only 4 engines with a total of 60 horsepower being reported in 1907, all in the group of cities of over 500,000 population. In 1902 the group of cities "5,000 but under 25,000" was the only one not report- ing gas engines, although but 300 horsepower of this character was reported for the 34 cities, which formed only one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total for all kinds of primary power. A considerable increase in water power is shown, from 1.2 per cent in 1902 to 7.6 per cent in 1907. No water power was reported in the 4 cities of over 500,000 population, but it is shown for each of the remaining groups. The increase in water power was not due to the general adoption of this form of primary power, as nearly nine-tenths of the total increase was confined to two companies, one in the group of cities of 100,000 but under 500,000 population, where the water power increased from 2,400 horse- power in 1902 to 19,600 horsepower in 1907, and the other in the group of cities of 25,000 but under 100,000 population, in which there has been installed since 1902 a plant reporting water wheels of 39,700 horse- power. Although this latter plant was reported in 1907, it had been in operation but a few months and at only a fraction of the capacity reported. Exclusive of the horsepower of the gas engines, which was comparatively insignificant, the horsepower ca- pacity reported by all central stations in the United States in 1907 was about two-thirds steam and one- third water. In 1902 the proportions were about three-fourths steam and one-fourth water. For the 34 cities in 1907 more than nine-tenths was steam and less than one-tenth Water, while in 1902 practically all the primary power was steam. The generating equipment for the 34 selected cities, which is reported in bulk in Table 8, is shown in detail in Table 10. Table 10. — Central electric stations in 34 selected cities — Generating equipment: 1907 and 190: . Four cities, eacii Ten Ten Ten cities, cities, cities. eacli eacli each Thirty- liaving liaving having KIND OF DYNAMO. Census. four cities. a popu- lation of 500,000 and lation of iation of lation of 100,000 23,000 1 5,000 but but 1 but under under under 500.000. 100,000. 25,000. 1907 1902 75 70 24 22 23 24 15 12 13 12 Dynamo!;: 1907 1902 979 1,584 460 925 292 432 160 150 67 77 Kilowatt capacity 1907 639, 195 415,979 147,439 02,003 13,174 1902 218,088 ,133,247 64,147 10,210 5,084 Direct-current, con- stant-voltage: Number 1907 1902 312 432 125 192 90 150 70 64 21 26 Kilowatt capacity. 1907 95,956 38,984 40.275 13,798 2,899 1902 94,552 50,927 34,943 7,207 1,475 Direct-current, con- stant-amperage: 1907 1902 385 702 218 401 109 210 41 00 17 31 Kilowatt capacity. 1907 23,748 15.505 5,579 2,069 595 1902 37,222 22,287 11,214 2,703 1,018 Alternatlngsingle-piiase and polypiiase cur- rent: 1907 282 117 87 49 29 1902 450 332 72 20 20 ICilowatt capacity. 1907 519,491 361,490 101,685 46,730 9,080 1902 80,914 60,033 17,990 0,300 2,581 The kilowatt capacity of the dynamos in the 34 selected cities formed about the same proportion of the total for the United States, shghtly less than one- fourth, as did the primary power. The percentage of increase, however, was considerably larger for the 34 cities than for the United States. The kilowatt 26 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. capacity of the direct-current, constant-voltage dy- namos, which increased 23.1 per cent in the United States, practically remained stationary in the total for the 3-4 cities, the increase being less than 2 per cent. An actual loss is shown for the 4 cities of largest population, which, however, is slightly over- come by gains in each of the other three groups. The capacity of the direct-current, constant-amperage dynamo decreased in each of the several groups of cities, in harmony with the decrease shown for this class of dynamo in the total for the United States. The capacity of the alternating single-phase and polyphase current dynamo increased in each group, and the percentage of gain for the 34 cities together was much greater than that for the country as a whole. Notwithstanding the gain in kilowatt capacity of the dynamos there was a general decrease in their number, which fact harmonizes with the conclusions in the chapter treating of the generating ecjuipment of all central stations, where the average capacity of the dynamos in 1907 is shown to be much larger than was reported in 1902. Large and small stations. — As previously explained, the classification of "central station" is based on the character of the service and not on the size of the plarit. No limit was placed on the size of the plants to be enumerated, and although there are some very large stations, the vast majority are comparatively small. The commercial stations range from the one located at Stanton, Iowa, with gas as the primary power and a dynamo of 3-kilowatt capacity, to one in New York City having steam as the primary power and a total dynamo capacity of 149,300 kilowatts. The municipal stations range from the one located at Bath, 111., also with gas as the primary power and a dynamo capacity of 6 kilowatts, to that located at Chicago, with steam as the primary power and a total dynamo capacity of 5,473 kilowatts. Table 11 classifies the stations according to dynamo capacity. Table 11.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. TOTAL. COMMEECIAL. MUNICIPAL. PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. DYN.tJIO CAPACITY OF STATION. Total. Commercial. Municipal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total 4,714 3,620 3,462 2,805 1,252 815 100.0 100.0 100.0 lOO.O lOO.O 100.0 3,038 821 269 169 115 75 227 2,587 586 172 98 66 33 78 2,116 584 225 159 111 74 193 1,890 497 160 92 64 32 70 922 237 44 10 4 1 34 697 89 12 6 2 1 8 64.4 17.4 5.7 3.6 2.4 1.6 4.8 71.5 16.2 4.8 2.7 1.8 0.9 2.2 61.1 16.9 6.0 4.6 3.2 2.1 5.6 67.4 17.7 5.7 3.3 2.3 1.1 2.5 73.6 18.9 3.5 0.8 0.3 0.1 2.7 85.5 200 but under 500 kilowatts 10.9 500 but under 1,000 kilowatts 1.5 1,(XKI but under 2,000 kilowatts 0.7 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts 0.2 0. I Stations having no generating equipment ... 1.0 The extent of the predominance of the small station is evident from the fact that 81.8 per cent of all sta- tions in 1907 and 87.7 per cent in 1902 were under 500-kilowatt capacity, wliile considerably more than one-half of all, 64.4 per cent in 1907 and 71.5 per cent in 1902, were under 200-kilowatt capacity. As would be expected, the number of stations in the various classes grows proportionately less as the classes increase in dynamo capacity. Of the commercial stations, 16.4 per cent in 1907 and 12.4 per cent in 1902 were embraced in the classes which had a kilowatt capacity of 500 horsepower or over, while of the municipal stations, only 4.7 per cent in 1907 and 2.5 per cent in 1902 reported tliis capacity. Although the percentages of increase are almost uniformly larger for the municij)al stations, in but one class, that of "200 but under 500 kilowatts," was the actual increase the greater. The commercial stations made the only increase in the class of largest dynamo capacity, there being but one municipal station of this class both in 1907 and 1902, wliich was located in Chicago. Except for a small amount of current sold to other electric companies, this plant was engaged exclusively in arc fighting. The distribution, by dynamo capacity, of the purely electric and of the composite stations is shown in Table 12. For all the stations supplied with dynamos the per- centages of increase were uniformly greater for the composite stations. In this group the proportion of small stations, or those under 500-kilowatt capacity, was 83.8 per cent in 1907 and 89.8 per cent in 1902 as compared with 80.4 and 86.2 per cent, respectively, for the purely electric. Among the purely electric sta- tions the larger plants are a little more numerous, rel- atively, than among the composite stations. It ap- pears, however, that the manufacture of electric current on a large scale is combined with other lines of work almost as much as the manufacture of current on a small scale. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 2Y Table 12.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. TOTAL. PURELY ^ PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. DYNAMO CAP.ICITY OF .STATION. ELECTRIC. Total. 1 Purely electric. Composite. 1907 190S 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total 4.714 3,620 2,648 2.139 2,066 1,481 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 200 kilowatts 3.038 821 2(i9 1G9 115 75 227 2,587 586 172 98 66 33 78 1,692 1.477 1,346 385 129 89 45 27 45 1,110 220 76 29 18 10 18 64.4 17.4 6.7 3.6 2.4 1.6 4.8 71.6 16.2 4.8 2.7 1.8 0.9 2.2 63.9 16.6 6.3 3.0 2.6 1.8 6.9 69.1 17.1 4.6 3.2 2.2 1.1 2.8 65.2 18.6 6.2 4.3 2.2 1.3 2.2 74.9 200 but under 500 kilowatts . . 436 140 80 70 48 182 360 96 69 48 23 00 14.9 5.1 1,000 but under 2,001) kilowatts 2.0 1.2 5,000 kilowatts and over ■ 0.7 1.2 The distribution of the stations by dynamo capacity is shown liy geographic divisions in Table 13. The Western division, altliough having in 1907 less than one-half the population of any of the other divi- sions, had more stations of l,000-kilo\vatt capacity and over than either the South Atlantic or the South Central divisions, and in the largest class of 5,000 and over, nearly double the number for these two divisions combineil. Another noticeable feature connected with the Western division is the relatively large number of stations not equipped with dynamos, being exceeded in this respect onl}- by the Xorth Atlantic division. In 1907, although not shown in Table 13, there were 4 states each of which had more than ten stations not possessing electric generators, as follows: California, 40; New York, 30; Pennsylvania, 30; and Massachu- setts, 18. In 1902 such stations were reported by these states as follows: California, 25; New York, 4; Pennsjdvania, 11; and Massachusetts, 5. These fig- ui'es show that California had considerably the largest number of stations dependent upon other plants for their electrical energy, anil this showing may be ex- plained by the fact that in this state exceptionally long transmission lines are used, the electricity in one instance being generated upward of 200 miles from the places where it is chiefly used. TAiiLE 13.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- NUMBER, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902. DmSION. TOTAL. UNDER 200 KILOWATTS. 200 BUT UNDER 500 Kn.OWATTS. 500 BUT UNDER 1,000 KILOWATTS. 1,000 BUT UNDER 2,000 KaOWATTS. 2,000 BUT UNDER 5,000 KILOWATTS. 5,000 KILOWATTS. AND OVER. STATIONS HAVING NO GENERATING EQUIPMENT. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total 4,714 3,620 3,038 2,687 821 586 269 172 169 98 115 66 75 33 227 78 North -\tlantic. -. 1,070 390 2,095 679 480 913 251 1,706 404 346 481 250 1,527 630 250 499 201 1.347 328 212 224 90 346 98 63 216 35 241 48 46 113 11 95 20 30 86 4 00 11 11 76 10 47 11 25 42 2 25 10 19 60 8 27 12 18 26 6 19 4 11 27 7 20 3 18 15 1 6 1 10 99 14 33 5 76 29 2 Nortli Central 8 Bouth Central 2 Western . 37 Consolidation of electric stations with other enter- prises. — In 1907 an effort was made to ascertain the extent of the association of other industries with central electric stations, and the results are presented in the following statement : Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and hind of associated enterprises: 1907. United States. Purely electric 2, 648 Composite 2, 066 Total associated enterprises 2, 306 Total. Waterworks 1,036 Oas plants ^ Lumber and grist mills Ice manufacture ,. Steam heating Cotton gins Electric railways Miscellaneous 329 310 212 118 35 32 234 ' Manufactured gas. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. 3,462 1,252 2,127 1,335 1,568 621 731 738 320 317 307 212 114 35 32 231 710 12 3 4 3 Of the 4,714 central electric stations, the composite central stations, or those which were operated in connection with other industries, numbered 2,066. These stations were associated with 2,306 industries of various kinds, the excess of industries being due to the fact that a single central station may be asso- ciated with several other industries. The associa- tion of central stations with waterworks and gas plants is the most common, and for the municipal plants there was practically no other. For the commercial stations there were 995 operated in connection with such public sei'vice as waterworks, gas works, street railways, steam heating, and the manufacture of ice, and 573 stations operated in connection with some other business. The central stations associated with such industries as sawmills, gristmills, manufactured ice, and cotton gins, are likely to be of secondary importance, and owe their existence to the facility with which sui-plus primary power, by use of the 28 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. dynamo, may be converted into electrical energy and transmitted for service as light or power to neai^by or remote points. Of the various industries mentioned, the manu- facture of illuminating gas comes into the most direct competition with the generation of electrical energy, and a comparative summary of the two industries is shown in Table 14. Table 14.— COMPARATIVE SUMMARY— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND GAS PLANTS. CENTRAL ELECTEIC STATIONS. GAS PLANTS. PER CENT or INCREASE. 1907 1902 1906 1900 Central Blectric stations. Gas plants. 4,714 $1,096,913,622 $175,642,338 $169,614,691 $6,027,647 $44,458,568 12,990 $11,733,787 34,642 $23,686,537 3,620 ' $504,740,352 $85,700,605 ■ $84, If 6, 605 $1,514,000 $22,915,932 6,996 $5,663,580 23,330 $14,983,112 1,019 1 $725, 035, 204 $125,144,945 $112,662,568 $12,482,377 $37,180,066 0,406 $8,463,699 30,566 $17,057,917 877 1 $567, 000, 506 $75,716,693 $69,432,682 $6,284,111 $20,605,356 5,904 $5,273,500 22,459 $12,436,296 30.2 117.3 104.9 101.5 298.1 I 94.0 85.7 107.2 48.5 1 58.1 16.2 Cost of construction aud equipment 27.9 ' 65.3 From sale of electric current or gas 82.3 98.6 Cost of supplies, materials, power purchased , and fuel SO. 4 Salaried olficials, etc.: 59.3 Salaries , 60.5 Wage-earners: 36.1 37.2 ' Capital invested— owned and borrowed. Although the statistics for the two industries in Table 14 do not cover the same years, they represent the results of two censuses taken at five-year intervals, the respective census years being sufficiently near together for purposes of general comparison. The respective costs of construction for the two indus- tries are based upon too widely different constituents to warrant their use except as they show the compara- tive growth of each industiy. This item for electric stations represents the total cost of plants and equip- ment, and that for the gas plants embraces the capital invested — owned and borrowed. The percentages of increase for the central stations are uniformly greater than for the gas plants, although those for the latter industiy are surprisingly large considering the com- petition of the newer industry. The item most comparable is that which represents the income from the sale of electrical energy in one industry and from the sale of gas in the other. The income represented by this item not only constitutes in each industry more than 90 per cent of the total from all sources, but the chief uses of the electricity and manufactured gas are for identical purposes. A comparison of this source of income shows an increase of 101.5 per cent for the central stations and 62.3 per cent for the gas plants. It is to be remembered that the census figures for central stations in Table 14 do not embrace all that properly belongs to the central- station industrj^, since electric-railway companies sell electric current, amounting in 1907 to upward of $20,000,000 worth, and thousands of isolated private stations exist which were not included in the census. There are likewise many isolated private gas plants, but the number is believed to be insignificant com- pared with the isolated electric plants. In 1907, 329 stations reported that they also oper- ated gas plants, but this by no means represents the extent to which the consolidation of the interests of the two industries has been carried, since it does not cover instances wherein the whole, or a controlling portion, of the stock of one industry has been acquired by the other, and the companies are operated under separate management regardless of stock owmership. There is a growing tendency to merge the two indus- tries partly to avoid the sharp competition whenever they are common bidders for the same class of business. MUNICIPAL PLANTS. A comparison of the number of reports received from municipal stations in 1907 with the number received in 1902 shows an increase of 53.6 per cent as compared with 23.4 per cent for the commercial companies. The municipal stations are practically exempt from the consolidations that so frequently occur among com- mercial companies, and this fact no doubt accounts in large part for the proportionately greater increase in the former class of stations. Not only was there a large increase in the number of municipal stations, but an analysis of the reports shows that although 33 municipal stations which reported in 1902 had become commercial stations in 1907, 113 stations which were reported as commercial in 1902 had become municipal in 1907. The claim has been made, and sustained by what appears to be reasonable argument, that the drift of these public utilities is from municipal to commercial, but the results of the census do not furnish cbrroborative evidence of this. On the contrary there appears to be a distinct field for municipal electric stations, not only because of a feeling which may exist in many localities that these public utilities should be owned by the cities, but because many of the places in which municipal plants are located do not present suflicient inducement for the investment of commercial capital. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 29 Table 15, — Municipal central electric stations — Number, with addi- tions since 1902, by geographic divisions: 1907. 1 Total DIVISION. I reported i in 1907. Reported in 1902 and 1907. Con- structed since 1902. Commer- cial in 1902 and munici- pal in 1907. In opera- tion in 1902 but not re- ported at that census. Total 1,252 774 348. 113 17 150 158 727 itie 51 100 72 502 77 23 39 CO 100 63 20 9 17 57 24 6 2 Soutli .\tluntic 3 8 South Central 2 Western 2 Census. Total. NUMBER OF .STATIONS IN CITIES HAVING A POPULATION OF— DIVISIO.N. Under 5,000. 6,000 but under 25,000. 25,000 but under 100,000. 100,000 but under 500,000. 500,000 and over. Total . 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1,252 815 1,081 671 142 121 17 13 6 6 6 4 North .\tiantic South Atlantic 150 103 158 75 727 528 166 81 51 28 107 68 142 62 636 449 152 68 44 24 38 31 13 11 76 07 10 9 5 3 3 2 2 2 6 4 4 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 5 4 4 4 The stability of these ])hints is exemphlied by the fact that 774 of the 815 municipal plants reported in 1902 also reported in 1907. Of the 41 which failed to report in 1907, 33 had become commercial stations, as previously noted; 4 had discontinuetl operations or were idle; 2 were connected with public institutions, the plants of which were excluded from the census of 1907; 1 was mer1,765 1.062,474 374, 687 2,687,653 687,078 Total. $14,011,999 6,965,105 7,631,842 3,621,023 3,466,142 1,765,000 1,414,810 455.204 736.276 441,235 762.929 682,643 2,308,082 1,089.531 872. 150 392.586 897. 546 424,886 538.386 272,059 1.621.309 5S3, 162 1.072,023 333.335 230. 343 249,827 318,943 7,403,015 4,397.509 4.178,706 2,393,828 1,829,198 1,009,166 200. 438 87,817 472.801 221.055 721.872 682.643 1.640,608 566. 146 1,133.925 364,251 321,549 142,742 185,134 59,153 1,038,985 328,757 375, 038 134,023 663,947 194,734 Electric service. $13,614,434 6,836,856 7,337,260 3,538,468 3.389,192 1,732,897 1,408,521 455, 149 716,532 427,699 762.929 682,643 2.266,506 1,075.283 845,774 384,109 882.346 419,115 538.386 272.059 1,574.043 577. 479 1,027.220 328, 776 227,880 248,703 7.142,752 4,308,879 3. 992, 505 2,338,038 1,775,195 992,917 200,123 87, 762 453,057 207,519 721,872 682,643 1,609,032 554,208 1,104,549 354,350 319,349 140,705 185, 134 59,153 1,022,101 321.007 367,212 133, 195 654,889 187,812 All other sources. $397,586 128, 249 294,582 82,555 76.950 32, 103 6,289 55 19.744 13,536 41,576 14,248 26,378 8,477 15,200 5,771 47.266 5.683 44.803 4.559 2,463 1,124 260.263 88,630 186,201 58,790 54,003 16,249 315 55 19,744 13,536 31,576 11.938 29,376 9,901 2,200 2,037 18,884 7,750 7,826 828 9,058 6,922 ^ Not reported separately in 1902. 'Includes 1 station of the "lOn.lWObut under 500,000" group and 1 station of the " 500,000 and over " group In 1907, and 2 stations of the former group In 1902, In ordei that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 31 IN WHICH LOCATED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND ]902. according to their population in 1900.] Total expenses. $9, 167, 188 4,741,182 5,298,119 2,620,167 2,128,859 1,212,636 778,358 315, 139 373, 750 255,606 588,102 337,634 1,40(1,815 768,353 567,090 294, 739 571,386 318,692 268,339 154,922 1,051,602 385,412 726, 425 240,438 137,415 144,974 5,072,384 2,938,805 2,999,451 1,736,342 1,127,782 658,289 136,986 61,575 260, 168 144,965 547,997 337,634 1,070,069 403,246 788, 196 261,938 182,060 103,569 99,813 37,749 566,318 245,366 216,957 86, 710 349,361 158, a.w Primary-power plant, total fiorsepower. 321,351 160,028 194,172 96,282 75,975 40,123 25,763 7,713 12,616 6,085 12,825 9,825 56,580 26,657 24,240 13,967 21,049 9,615 11,291 3,075 36,542 12,410 25, 119 8,070 4,950 4,340 6,473 176,221 102,895 110,320 62,994 40, 166 24,123 3,875 1,778 9,720 4,175 12,140 9,825 36, 440 14, 548 5,625 3,320 3,305 2,320 15,568 3,518 6,98:S 2,343 8,585 1,175 KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS. Total. 209,016 113,380 130, 174 64,650 48, 107 28,966 14,812 5,394 8,250 4,263 7,673 10, 107 35, 325 17,885 16, 103 8,528 12,892 6,917 6,330 2,440 22, 759 8, 4(i9 17,349 5,215 3,183 3,254 2,227 115,990 73, 169 73,973 42, 472 26,042 16,843 2,735 6,037 2,758 7,2a3 10, 107 25, 133 10,393 18,415 5,862 3,315 2,783 2,903 1,748 4,334 2,573 5,475 891 Direct current. Constant voltage. 26, 754 17,556 22, 179 13,450 2,813 2,867 942 927 350 107 470 205 2,133 1,334 771 660 950 551 412 123 2,138 1,171 1,543 798 373 595 19,240 12, 578 16,885 9,740 1,705 2,005 300 583 350 45 2,997 1,402 2,734 1,186 158 82 105 134 246 1,071 246 l,0t>6 Constant amperage. 19, 239 28,171 5,176 7,229 4,895 7,625 2,465 1,892 1,890 2,762 4,813 8,663 3,370 4,225 905 954 1,247 1,566 1,218 1,705 1,482 1,072 232 574 568 13, 477 20,704 3,979 5,294 2,678 4,976 1,080 182 927 1,588 4,813 8,664 843 1,362 38 299 357 612 448 451 67 208 22 108 45 100 Alternating single-pliase and polyphase current. 163,023 67,653 102,819 43, 971 40,399 18,474 11,405 2,675 6,010 1,394 2,390 1,239 29,822 12,326 14, 427 6,914 10,695 4,800 4,700 612 19,139 5,626 15,574 3,843 2,615 1,783 83,273 39,887 Output of sta- tions, kilowatt hours. 53,109 27,438 21,659 , 9,862 1,355 224 4,760 1,125 2,390 1,238 21,293 7,629 15,643 4,377 3,300 2,089 2,350 1,163 9, 496 2,185 4,066 1,398 5,430 786 289,462,788 195,904,439 146,906,359 105,618,293 78,788,119 56,286,059 29,815,562 8,929,900 17,819,478 9,543,807 16,133,270 15,626,380 48,861,638 28,469,646 17, 742, 732 12,624,636 19,182,675 10,983,988 11,936,231 4,861,022 30,300,397 17,072,971 18,283,131 10,349,782 4,563,870 6, 723, 189 7,453,396 159,005,189 127,865,521 81,262,275 68,683,634 43,628,086 35, 277, 472 5,521,786 2,545,510 1.3,487,582 6,732,525 15, 105, 460 15,626,380 34,365,978 17, 484, 135 23,272,368 10,617,220 6,861,650 6,233,720 4,231,960 1, 733, 195 16,929,586 5,012,166 6, 345, 853 3, 343, 021 10,583,733 1, 669, 145 LAHP3 WIKED FOR SEBVICE. Arc. Incandescent. 82,940 50,795 4,052,448 1,577,451 30,888 19,611 23,033 15,701 9,549 4,800 8,393 4,544 11,077 6,139 12,320 7,846 3,546 2,387 5,345 3,464 3,429 1,995 7,529 4,230 4,650 2,010 1,715 2,220 1,164 52,327 33,595 18,351 13,314 13,544 9,699 2,755 1,349 6,801 3,094 10,876 6,139 7,188 3,640 3,678 1,552 1,680 1,064 1,930 1,034 3,576 1,484 763 348 2,813 1,136 2,719,249 1,094,946 952,967 391,645 325,548 66,840 42,754 21,620 11,930 2,400 703,634 272, 212 397,819 151,985 264,749 104,902 51,066 15,325 402,953 107, 764 294,643 68,843 43,880 38,921 64,430 2,204,135 1,014,120 1,625,908 770,668 521,401 226,772 16,565 1,100 32,661 13,190 7,600 2,400 353,646 108,521 286, 134 78,623 63,388 27,365 4,124 2,533 388,080 74,834 114,745 24,837 273,335 49,997 Other varie- ties— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc. ^ 8,870 3,270 1,566 3,738 282 16 1,149 446 590 113 63 40 23 3,609 2,360 945 7 282 15 187 187 3,862 237 3,625 17 IS 21 23 24 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 SO 61 62 63 25142—10- = Includes 2 stations of the "25,000 but under 100,000 " group in 1902. ' Includes 1 station of the " .500,000 and over " group in 1907. 5 Includes 2 stations of the "25,000 but under 100,000" group in 1907, and 1 station of this group in 1902. -.3 82 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Nearly nine-tenths of the municipal stations are located in places for which they supply the entire electric current used, and the statistics for these stations, by geographic divisions, are presented in Table 18. Table 18.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS WHICH SUPPLY THE ENTIRE ELECTRIC SERVICE IX THE CITIES WHERE LOCATED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations Cost of construction and equipment . Gross income Electric service Ligliting Commercial Public Stationary motors All other All other sources Total expenses Cost of supplies and materials ■ . . Miscellaneous expenses Salaries and wages. Primary-power plant: Total horsepower capacity 2. Generating plant: Kilowatt capacity of dynamos.. Output of stations, kilowatt hours.. Lamps wired for service: Arc Incandescent 3 other varieties— Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc.<.. Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 1,114 732 S27,310,126 $15,369,3S2 $9,762,111 $4,923,196 $9,419,223 $4,814,568 $9,026,172 $4,741,735 $6,204,396 $2,925,788 $2,821,776 $1,815,947 $342, 865 $63,880 $50,186 $8,953 $342,888 $108,628 $6,573,242 $3,567,352 $3,649,243 $1,884,539 $558,630 $327,980 $2,365,369 $1,354,833 241.028 124,362 159,265 85,122 196,435,621 148,913,431 40,965 28,631 3,363,195 1,465,582 3,753 North Atlantic. South Atlantic. North Central. South Central. Western. 123 93 $5,259,164 $3,121,983 $1,452,700 $770,903 $1,416,548 $756,655 $1,331,363 $741,502 $805,934 $389,206 $525,429 $352,296 $79, 634 $12,638 $5,551 $2,515 $36, 152 $14,248 $930,274 $595,586 $479,940 $281, 178 $105,895 $79,340 $344,439 $235,068 37,914 22,317 25,087 15,155 27, 540, 654 21,820,641 6,001 5,126 580,424 259,577 143 65 $3,602,972 $1,043,002 $1,396,523 $372,983 $1,354,603 $367,300 $1,305,739 $366,639 $906,681 $199,029 $399,058 $167,610 $45,128 $661 $3,736 $41,920 $5,683 $890,831 $267,091 $509,973 $150, 187 $50,764 $16,559 $330,094 $100, 345 32,037 8,825 20.157 5,747 25.600,947 11,717,107 5,588 2,334 369,264 78,779 42 658 476 $14,117,689 $8,963,636 $5,273,998 $2,985,836 . $5,047,744 $2,916,827 $4,876,268 $2,889,183 $3,371,141 $1,827,478 $1,505,127 $1,061,705 $151,706 $24, 098 $19, 770 $3,546 $226,254 $69,009 $3,674,883 $2,120,088 $2,062,699 $1,136,979 $309,320 $179,925 $1,302,804 $803,184 134,554 78, 124 89,558 52,526 110, 478, 858 95,812,332 24,370 17,570 1,987,470 947.946 2,570 152 72 $3,485,495 $1,203,393 $1,369,437 $473,597 $1,338,200 $461,659 $1, 274, 062 $450, 177 $929, 799 $304,860 $344,263 $145,317 $45, 481 $11,082 $18,657 $400 $31,237 $11,938 $909,922 $342,275 $510,027 $186,321 $78, 296 $25,053 $321,599 $130, 901 31,270 11,653 21,069 8,264 28,335,699 14,611,775 4,568 2,201 336, 496 104,446 $844,806 $1,037,368 $269,453 $319,877 $262,128 $312, 127 $238,740 $294,234 $190,841 $205, 215 $47,899 $89,019 $20,916 $15,401 $2, 472 $2,492 $7,325 $7,750 $167,332 $242,312 $86,604 $129,874 $14,355 $27, 103 $(M),373 $85,335 5,253 3,443 3,394 3,430 4,479.463 4,951,576 438 1,400 89.541 74,834 204 1 Includes cost of fuel amoimting to $2,517,986 in 1907 and $1,124,403 in 1902. 2 Includes capacity of auxiliary engines amounting to 1,134 horsepower in 1907 and 525 horsepower in 1902. ' The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a IC-eandlepower basis, embraces a considerable number ranging from 2 to 50 candlepower. 1' Not reported separately In 1902. Large increases are shown for all but the Western division. In this division decreases are found for nearly every item, but these decreases are only appar- ent and not real. A number of municipal stations which were included in this class in 1902 could not properly be included in 1907 because in the latter year they did not supply the sole electric service to the places in which they were located. This was particu- larly the case in the states of California and Wash- ington. If all the stations in these 2 states which were included in 1902 had also been included in 1907, uni- form gains would have been shown for the Western division also. It is noteworthy that proportionately larger gains were reported for commercial lighting than for public lighting, and for incandescent lamps than for arc lamps. This was true for all geographic divisions. Compared with the increases for most of the items the output of stations in kilowatt hours shows small percentages of gain. This is in large part due to the difference in the stations included at the respective censuses, previously referred to, and to the fact that a somewhat larger amount was expended in 1907 than in 1902 for power purchased, the difference amounting to upward of $70,000. The statistics for municipal stations located in places where they furnished only a part of the electric service are shown, by geographic divisions, in Table 19. SUMMARY OF STATISTICS. 33 Table 19.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS WHICH DO NOT SUPPLY THE ENTIRE ELECTRIC SERVICE IN THE CITIES WHERE LOCATED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS; 1907 AND 1902. Census. Number of stations Cost of eonslruction and equipment. Gross income Electric senice Lighting Commercial Public Stationary motors All other All other sources Total expenses , Cost of supplies and materials ^ . . . M isoel laneous expenses Salaries and wages. Primary-power plant: Total horsepower capacity 2. Generating plant: Kilowatt capacity of dynamos. Output of stations, kilowatt hours. Lamps wired for ser\'ice: Arc Incandescent ^ , Other varieties — Nemst, vacuum, vapor, etc. * I 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 1907 1902 138 83 J15,569,321 16,651,091 S4. 249. 888 12,041,909 $4,195,211 J2. 022. 288 J4. 014. 091 S2, 007, 128 $1,190,591 $182,674 $2,823,500 $1,824,454 $173. 508 $6,660 $7,612 $8,500 $54,677 $19,621 $2,593,946 $1,173,830 $1,318,444 $537,752 $155,856 $111,189 $1,119,646 $524,889 80, 323 3.i.666 49. 751 28.258 93.027.167 46,991,008 41.975 22.164 689,253 111,869 5,117 North Atlantic. 27 10 $2,579,831 $820,156 $855,382 $318, 628 $849,958 $318, 628 $777,665 $309,618 $230, .530 $12,250 $547. 135 $297,368 $70. 152 $510 $2,141 $8,500 $5,424 $476. 541 $172,767 $225,8.57 $72,814 $42,217 $23,356 $208,407 $76, 597 18.666 4.340 10,238 2,730 2I.,'J20,984 0,649,005 6,319 2,720 123,210 12,635 379 South Atlantic. North Central. 15 10 $473,070 $518,936 $224,786 $210, 179 $219, 440 $210, 179 $214,132 $204, 733 $78,815 $88,901 $135,317 ' $115,832 ! $5,284 $5,446 $24 $5,346 $160,771 $118,321 $95,899 $59,811 $7,265 $9,366 $57,607 $49, 144 4,505 3,585 2,602 2,722 4, 699. 450 5,355,864 1,941 1,896 33,689 28,985 $8,837,473 $4,908,609 $2,129,017 $1,411,673 $2,095,008 $1,392,052 $2,071,438 $1,391,348 $323,702 $76, 130 $1,747,736 $1,315,218 $20,022 $704 $3,548 $34,009 $19,621 $1,397,501 $818,717 $725, 162 $374,097 $70,935 $73,902 $601,404 $370, 718 41.667 24,771 26,432 20,643 48,526,331 32,053,189 27,957 16,025 216,665 66,174 1,039 South Central. . $773, 626 $378,993 $271,171 $92,549 $270,832 $92, 549 $255, 757 $92, 549 $38,758 $5,393 $216,999 $87,156 $15,075 Western. $339 $160,147 $60,971 $78,919 $29,969 $16, 526 $4,412 $64,702 $26,590 5,170 2,895 4,064 2,129 6,030,279 2,872,360 2,620 1,439 17,150 4,075 13 2 $2,905,321 $24,397 $769,532 $8,880 8759,973 $8,880 $095,099 $8,880 $518,786 $176,313 $8,880 $62,975 $1,899 $9,559 $398,986 $3,054 $192,607 $1,061 $18,913 $153 $187,466 $1,840 10,315 75 6,415 34 12, 450, 123 60,590 3.138 84 298,539 3,668 ' Includes cost of fuel amounting to $714,797 in 1907 and $321,421 in 1902. 2 Includes capacity of auxiliary engines amounting to 370 horsepower in 1907 and 310 horsepower in 1902. "The number of incandescent lamps was largely an estimate and, although mostly reported on a 16er Horsepower. 500 horsepower and under: Number Horsepower Over 500 but under 1,000 horse- power: Number Horsepower 1,000 but under 2,000 horse- power: Number Horsepower 2,000 but under 5,000 horse- power: Number Horsepower 5,000 horsepower and over: Number Horsepower 1907 1902 100.0 100.0 77.0 23.8 6.5 14.6 4.5 24.5 2.2 25.2 100.0 100.0 85.8 39.8 6.1 13.0 S.8 22.7 2.3 24. S (') (') COMMERCIAL. 1907 1902 100.0 100.0 75.6 22.5 10.4 12.2 6.9 14.8 4.7 24.8 2.4 25.8 100.0 100.0 85.0 38.6 6.4 13.2 6.1 23.0 2.4 25.1 (') (') 1907 1902 100.0 100.0 97.4 78.9 0.7 2.6 0.7 4.0 1.3 14.5 100.0 100.0 97.6 85.4 1.2 5.7 ' Included in "2,000 but under 5,000 horsepower." The class "5,000 horse- power and over" not called for at the census of 1902. With the exception of Kentucky and North Dakota, in which states very little water power is utilized in electric plants, every state that reported water power in 1902 showed an increased use of such power in 1907. Alabama, Arizona, and Delaware had no central sta- tions operated by water power in 1902, but each con- tained stations so equipped in 1907. Some of the most marked gains in water power occurred in the following states: New York, from 128,785 horsepower in 1902 to 305,950 in 1907; California, from 78,933 to 208,444; Oregon, 11,195 to 102,052; Michigan, 16,085 to 85,738; Minnesota, 6,040 to 71,656; South Caro- lina, 10,415 to 75,430; Washington, 17,238 to 56,118; Montana, 24,000 to 56,987; and Georgia, 6,121 to 36,335. The water power reported by these 9 states represented 68.1 per cent of the total of this kind of primary power for all central stations in the United States in 1902 and 74 per cent in 1907. No water power was reported by the central stations in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, or the District of Columbia. For the purpose of comparing the average horse- power both of the stations as equipped with the various kinds of primary power and of the different classes of machines reported in 1907 and in 1902 the following table is given: Table 31. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average horsepower, per station and per machine, of primary power: 1907 and 1902. TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MUNICIPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total power: 869 373 510 235 ■ ; 1,091 \ 421 601 253 257 159 196 Per machine 134 Steam engines and steam tur- bines: 675 365 489 265 4,371 2,168 190 121 1,483 544 201 78 445 233 445 233 (') C) 121 74 756 315 72 40 844 427 593 301 4,694 ' 2,293 ( 209 129 1,606 566 228 83 523 253 523 253 131 76 806 327 78 41 254 165 240 157 1,140 668 109 78 341 198 33 21 198 Per machine. ... . . 139 Steam engines: Per station Per machine Steam turbines: Per station Per machine Gas engines: 198 139 (■) 64 Per machine 53 Water wheels: Per station 224 137 Auxiliary engines: I*er station 32 23 > In 1902 steam turbines were Included with steam engines. 44 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Except for the comparatively unimportant auxiliary engines reported by municipal stations, in which there was a small decrease in horsepower per machine, there was in every instance a pronounced increase per station and per machine for the total, for all machines, and for each class of machine reported at both cen- suses. The smallest increase in total average capacity is shown for steam engines which, when comparetl with the large average power of the steam turbines, indicates that when great units of steam power have been required the steam turbine has been utilized. It is apparent, however, that since the figures for steam turbines were combined with those for steam engines in 1902 a correct understanding of the relative aver- ages can be obtained only by the addition of the two sets of figures for 1907. The averages thus secured, for the totals of this combination, show that the in- crease in steam power has been on a par with that of the other kinds of primary power. As might be expected, every class of machine re- ported by the commercial stations not only averaged much larger than those of the municipal stations but the increase in capacity also was greater. The averages contained in Table 31 are based upon the horsepower as shown in Table 21, while the number of stations reporting the various kinds of power is shown in the following statement: Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Distribution b number of stations, and kinds of primary power: 1907 and 190H. KIND OF POWER. Census. Steam engines Steam turbines. . . Gas engines ' Water wheels Auxiliary engines. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 3,704 3,100 (') 294 101 910 580 328 201 Commer- cial. 2,606 2,356 170 (') 238 821 530 282 175 Munici- pal. (') 744 17 56 15 50 46 26 ' In 1902 steam turbines were included with steam engines. A total of the number of stations in this statement would be in excess of the actual number reported, since a station having several kinds of power would be repeated under each class of power with which it was equipped. Dynamos, central stations, and electric railways. — The electric-generating machines in the central sta- tions and electric-railway plants represent the ma- jority of those in use in the United States, and in order to show statistics for the aggregate the totals for the two branches of the industry are combined in Table 32. Table 32.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS IN GENERATING STATIONS, BY KIND OF DYNAMO: 1907 AND 1902. TOTAL. CENTRAL STATIONS. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. PER CENT OF INCREASE. KIND OF DYNAMO. 1907 IWtt IKOT IMK 1907 1902 Total. Central stations. Electric railways. Total: 15,297 4,432,641 15,786 2,110,597 12,173 2,709,225 12,484 1,212,235 3,124 1,723,416 3,302 898,362 '3.1 110.0 '2.5 123.5 '5.4 91.8 Direct-current, constant-voltage: Numl)er ■ 5,872 1,347,962 1,685 80,992 7,740 3,003,687 6,684 1,055,411 3,539 145,866 5,563 909,320 3,680 406,460 1,685 80,992 6,808 2,221,773 3,823 330,065 3,539 145,866 5,122 736,304 2,192 941,502 932 781,914 2,861 , 725,346 (») 441 173,016 '12.1 27.7 '52.4 '44.5 39.1 230.3 '3.7 23.1 '52.4 '44.5 32.9 201.7 '23.4 29.8 111.3 3S1.B Direct-current, constant-amperage: Kilowatt capacity .... Alternating single-phase and polyphase current: Kilowatt capacity ' Decrease. ! Not rep orted. With the exception of the dynamos in the isolated electric plants and telephone and telegraph offices, which are comparatively unimportant, the equipment covered by this table may be accepted as representing all dynamos used for the generation of electricity for general commercial and municipal use. The total dynamo capacity as reported for the combined industry increased 2,322,044 kilowatts, or 110 per cent, of which increase the central stations contributed 1,496,990 kilowatts, or 64.5 per cent, and the electric-railway plants 825,054 kilowatts, or 35.5 per cent. It is suggestive of the intimate relation existing between the electric generators and the pri- mary power, the force necessary to operate the dyna- mos, that the percentage of increase of the primary power, 106.5 per cent, should so closely approximate that of the dynamos, which was 110 per cent. The evenness of these gains is somewhat remarkable, be- cause both for primary power and for the generators the totals represent the equipment, all of which is not necessary for present requirements. That is, the pri- mary power no doubt represents a larger horsepower than was actually required for electrical purposes at the time of the census, as in many instances plants were equipped to furnish power in connection with other industries conducted by the companies report- POWER EQUIPMENT. 45 ing, as well as with a view to future demands, emer- gency uses, etc. Similarly the total installation of dynamos represents not only the dynamos required to generate the current actually used, but includes those held in reserve to furnish additional current when needed and to provide for breakdowns or repairs. Of the total number of dynamos reported, the pro- portion in central stations was practically the same at the two censuses, i. e., 79.6 per cent in 1907 and 79.1 per cent in 1902. The proportion of kilowatt capacity of the dynamos in the central stations in- creased, however, from 57.4 per cent in 1902 to 61.1 per cent in 1907. The direct-current, constant-voltage dynamos showed a total increase in capacity of 292,551 kilo- watts, or 27.7 per cent, the greater part of which in- crease, 216,156 kilowatts, or 73.9 per cent, was for electric railways, while but 76,395, or 26.1 per cent, was contributed by the central stations. Of the total kilowatt capacity of these machines, the electric- railway plants reported nearly seven- tenths in 1907 and a proportion but slightly smaller in 1902. The direct-current, constant-amperage machine was not reported by the electric-railway plants, as it is not adapted to that service, and the uses of the machine are so restricted that comparatively few companies doing a general light and power business feel justified in carrying a class of dynamo only fitted for series arc lighting. The number of this class of dynamos re- ported by the central stations in 1907 was less than one-half the number so reported in 1902, and the de- crease in their total capacity amounted to 64,874 kilowatts, or 44.5 per cent. The alternating single-phase and polyphase current dynamo showed the largest actual and percentage of gain, due to the fact that it is adapted to almost every use required of a dynamo. The total capacity of these machines increased 2,094,367 kilowatts, or 230.3 per cent. Of this gain, 1,485,469 kilowatts, or 70.9 per cent, was represented by the central stations. Electric-railway plants reported a little more than one-fourth of the total capacity of these dynamos in 1907 and not quite one-fifth in 1902. Table 33 shows the per cent distribution, by kind, of the dynamos in the central stations and electric- railway plants for 1902 and 1907. Notwithstanding the increase of 27.7 per cent in the total capacity of the direct-current, constant- voltage dynamos in 1907, they represented only about three-tenths of the total capacity of all classes of dynamos in that year as compared with one-half of the total in 1902. The capacity of the alternating- current dynamos, which in 1902 represented but little more than four-tenths of the total for all classes, had increased its proportion to more than two-thirds in 1907. The direct-current, constant-amperage dy- namos, as already stated, were all reported by the central stations, and the small proportion which they supplied of the total kilowatt capacity decreased from nearly 7 per cent in 1902 to slightly less than 2 per cent in 1907. Table 33. — Central electric stations and electric railways — Per cent distribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902. KIND OF DYNAMO. TOTAL. CENTRAL STATIONS. ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. 1907 1903 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Kilowatt capacity . . . 100.0 Direct^iurrent, constant-volt- age: Number 38.4 30.4 11.0 1.8 50.6 67.8 42.3 50.0 . 22.4 6.9 35.2 43.1 30.2 15.0 13.8 3.0 55.9 82.0 30.6 27.2 28.3 12.0 41.0 00.7 70.2 54.6 (') (') 29.8 45.4 86 6 80.7 Direct-current, constant -am- perage: Number. . . (') 13 4 Alternating single-phase and polvplia.se current: plumber 19.3 ' Not reported by electric railways. Dynamos in central stations. — As compared with the total kilowatt capacity of all dynamos reported in 1902 there was an increase in 1907 of 1,496,990 kilo- watts, or 123.5 per cent. Of this increase, the com- mercial stations reported 1,401,354 kilowatts, or 93.6 per cent, and the municipal stations only 95,636 kilowatts, or 6.4 per cent. In 1907 the commercial stations reported 92.3 per cent of the total dynamo capacity and the municipal stations 7.7 per cent. When compared with similar proportions for the prior census it is found that the percentage for the com- mercial stations was 1.7 per cent greater than in 1902. The increase in the number and in the capacity of the dynamos of the different kinds in commercial and municipal stations is shown by the figures in Table 34, while Table 35 gives the per cent distribution of such dynamos, by kind, for 1907 and 1902. The advantages possessed by the alternating-cur- rent dynamo and its adaptabUit}' for general central- station work is illustrated by the tremendous gain in its use. Practically the entire increase in dynamo capacity was due to the gain made by the alternating- current machine, as the direct-current, constant-amper- age machines lost 64,874 in kilowatt capacity, which was but little more than counterbalanced by a gain of 76,395 kilowatts in the capacity of the direct-current, constant- voltage machines. 46 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 34.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS IN GENERATING STATIONS, BY KIND OF DYNAMO: 1907 AND 1902. KIND OF DYNAUO. Total: Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-voltage: Number Kilowatt capacity Direct-current, constant-amperage: Number Kilowatt capacity Alternating single-phase and polyphase current: Number Kilowatt capacity 1907 12, 173 2,709,225 3.680 406,400 1,685 80,992 6,808 2,221,773 1902 12,484 1,212,235 3.823 330,065 3,539 145, 866 5,122 736,304 COMMERCIAL. 1907 9,778 2,500,209 3.169 379, 706 1,246 61,753 5,363 2,058.750 1902 10,662 1.098,855 3.405 312,509 2.957 1 17-, 695 4,300 668,651 MUNICIPAL. 1907 2.395 209,016 511 26,754 439 19,239 1,445 163.023 1902 1,822 113,380 418 17,556 582 28, 171 822 ,653 FEB CENT OF INCREASE. Total. >2.5 123.5 '3.7 23.1 152.4 '44.6 32.9 201.7 Commer- cial. 18.3 127.5 16.9 21.5 157.9 147.5 24.7 207.9 Munici- pal. 31.4 84.3 22.2 52.4 124.6 1-81.7 75.8 141.0 1 Decrease. Although the kilowatt capacity of the direct-current, constant-voltage dynamos had increased nearly one- fourth since 1902, the relative importance of these machines was considerably less in 1907. The number and capacity of the direct-current, constant-amperage dynamos has decreased since 1902, as has their relative importance. Table 35. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution, by kind and by number and capacity of dyna- mos: 1907 and 1902. KIND OF DYNAMO. TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MiraiCIPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total: 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Kilowatt capacity. . . 100.0 Direct-current, constant-volt- age: Number 30.2 15.0 13.8 3.0 55.9 82.0 30.6 27.2 28.3 12.0 41.0 60.7 32.4 15.2 12.7 2.5 54.8 82.3 31.9 28.4 27.7 10.7 40.3 60.8 21.3 12.8 18.3 9.2 60.3 78.0 22.9 15.5 Direct-current,constant-amper- age: 31.9 Kilowatt capacitv 24.8 Alternating single-phase and polyphase current: 45.1 Kilowatt capacity 59.7 Diagram 5. — Central electric stations — Capacity of dynamos: 1907 and 1902. NUNOREOB OF THOUSANDS ALTCRNATINQ CURRENT eiNQLE PHASE AND POLYPHASE DmECT CURRENT, CONSTANT VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT. CONSTANT AMPERAGE The average capacity of the different types of dynamos per station and per machine for commercial and municipal stations, 1907 and 1902, is shown in Table 36. Table 36. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Average kilouatt capacity of dynamos, by kind, per station, and per machine: 1907 and 1902. KIND OF DYNAMO. TOTAL. COMMERCTAL. MUNICIPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 190S Total kilowatt capacity: 575 223 335 97 722 256 392 103 167 87 13S Per machine. 62 Direct-current, constant-volt- age: Per station 256 110 149 48 645 326 228 86 126 41 280 144 298 120 181 50 816 384 262 92 136 40 323 156 85 52 96 44 177 113 70 42 Direct -current, cons'ant-am- perage: Per station 95 48 Alternating single-phase and polyphase current; Per station 120 82 The average capacity of the several classes of dyna- mos, per station and per machine, was determined from the number of these machines as shown in Table 34, and the number of stations reporting the different types of dynamos is shown in the following statement: Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number of sta- tions, by kind of dynamo: 1907 and 1902. KIND OF DYNAMO. Census. Total. Commer- cial. Munic- ipal. 1907 1.S8S 1,273 1,195 34!.' 864 2,524 2,069 315 1902 1,447 1907 542 252 200 Alternating single-phase and polyphase cur- rent. 1902 1907 1902 1,160 3,446 2,634 296 922 565 The increase in the total average capacity of the dynamos per station and per machine, shown in Table 36, is in keeping with the general tendency toward larger units of equipment in almost all branches of central-station work. For the direct-current dynamos there was an in- crease, although not very pronounced, both per station and per machine. The constant-amperage dynamos in the municipal stations form the single exception to an increase, the average capacity of these dynamos showing a decrease per machine from 48 to 44 kilo- POWER EQUIPMENT. 47 watts. There has been a large decrease in the num- ber of this latter class of tlynamos and probably but few new ones installed, and the figures indicate that those removed have been the machines of the larger capacity. In harmony with the great increase in the kilowatt capacity shown for the alternating-current dynamo in other tables, the table of average capacity shows an increase in every detail presented. A better understanding of the dynamo equipment of central stations may be obtained from a study of the detailed statistics showing the number and capac- ity of the different types of machines, grouped accord- ing to size. The totals for the United States are sum- marized in Table 37. Table .37. — Central electric stations — Kind of dynamos, by class, number, and kilowatt capacity: 1907. CLASS OF DYNAMO. Total. 1 1 Direct- current, constant- voltage. Direct- current, constant- amper- age. Alternat- ing sin- gle-phase and poly- phase current. Total: 12, 173 2,709,225 3,680 406,460 1,685 80,992 6,808 2,221,773 Kilowatt capacity Under 200 kilowatt capacity: 9,491 064,440 24.5 1,547 434,586 16.0 824 390. 149 14.4 281 351,700 13.0 163 438,350 16.2 67 430,000 15.9 3,128 183,8(i5 45.2 417 115,155 28.3 102 63,890 15.7 30 36,550 9.0 3 7,000 1.7 1,664 71,649 88.5 16 4,699 408,926 18.4 1 111 Per cent of total kilowatt capacity. . 200 iMit under 500 kilowatt capacity: Nunil>er. , 4,833 314! 598 0.0 14.2 3 519 I^er cent of total kilowatt capacity. . 600 but nnder 1,000 kilowatt capacity: Number.. ... 2,010 ^ 324,249 2.5 14.6 2 249 Per cent of total kilowatt capacity. . 1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatt capacity: Number.. 2,600 3.1 312,650 14.1 160 Per cent of total kilowatt capacity . . 2,000 but tmder 5,000 kilowatt capacity: Number 431,350 19.4 6,000 kilowatt capacity and over: 67 Kilowatt capacity 430,000 19.4 Per cent of total Kilowatt capacity. . Of the direct-current, constant-voltage dynamo capacity, 73.5 per cent was represented by the ma- chines of less than 500 kilowatts; 24.7 per cent by those in the two classes 500 but under 2,000 kilowatt capacity; only 1.7 per cent bj' those in the class "2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatt capacity;" and none in the class "5,000 kilowatt capacity and over." The direct-current, constant-amperage machines show even a larger proportion in the small classes, the class of " under 200 kilowatt capacity " having 88.5 percent, with small proportions in the next three classes and no dynamo of this type of 2,000 kilowatt capacity or over. The remarkable increase in the use of the alternat- ing-current dynamo has already been shown, and its adaptability to the varying requirements as to capacity are demonstrated by the evenness of its distribution among the several classes, the variation in the propor- 25142—10 i tion of the six classes ranging from only 14.1 per cent for the class of the lowest total crapacity to 19.4 for the class of the highest. Beginning with the class with the smallest kilowatt capacity, the proportions of the total capacity for all kinds of dynamos contributed by the alternating-current were as follows: 61.5; 72.4; 83.1; 88.9; 98.4; and 100 per cent, the proportion thus steadily increasing with the capacity of the dynamo. In Table 38 the dynamos in commercial and munic- ipal stations, respectively, have been grouped accord- ing to the capacity of the separate machines. Table 38- — Commercial and municipal central electric stations^ Dynamos, by number and kilowatt capacity: 1907. CLASS OF DYNAMO. Total. Commer- cial. Municipal. Total: Number 12,173 2,709,225 9,778 2,500.209 2,395 209,016 Under 200 kilowatt capacity: Number 9,491 604,440 1,547 434,586 624 390, 149 281 351,700 163 438,350 07 ■ 430.000 7.283 513, 427 1,375 389,833 613 383,099 278 346,900 162 436.360 07 430,000 2.208 151,013 200 but under 500 kilowatt capacity: 172 44,753 500 but under 1,000 kilowatt capacity: 11 6,450 1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatt capacity: Number . 3 4,800 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatt capacity: 1 Kilowatt capacity 2,000 5.000 kilowatt capacity and over: Number This table shows in every class not only the great preponderance of the dynamo capacity of commercial over municipal stations, but also the little use of dyna- mos of large capacity in the municipal stations. The increase in dynamo capacity is practically con- fined to the states for which statistics are given in Table 39. The total increase in the dynamo capacity of these 21 states, each of which made a gain of over 20,000 kilowatts, amounted to 1,256,929 kilowatts, or 84 per cent of the total increase for the entire United States. To illustrate the extent to which single-phase and poly- phase dynamos have superseded the other varieties of machines, the increase in their kilowatt capacitj' is shown separately and is found to approximate closely the total increase for all machines, the difference for the selected states being but 2,361 kilowatts, or less than two-tenths of 1 per cent, and that for the entire United States 11,521 kilowatts, or about eight-tenths of 1 per cent. In some states the increase in the ca- pacity of the alternating-current machines exceeds that for all classes of dj'namos; due to the fact that there was an actual decrease in the capacity of the direct-current machines in several states. Diagram 6.-CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS-CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS, BY STATES \RRANGED IN THF ORDER OF THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE: 1907 AND 1902. ' * 1807 ^^ar90« (48) POWER EQUIPMENT. 49 In each of 8 states — California, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wash- ington — the increase in the capacity of dynamos ex- ceeded 50,000 kilowatts. The total increase in these states amounted to 873,910, or 58.4 per cent of the total gain for the United States. In 3 states — Cali- fornia, Illinois, and New York — the dynamo capacity increased more than 100,000 kilowatts each, the total amounting to 558,349 kilowatts, or 37.3 per cent of the total gain for all stations. Table 39.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS IN THE STATES WHICH INCREASED THEIR CAPACITY OVER 20,000 KILOWATTS 1907 AND 1902. J KILOWATT CAPACITY. Total. Actual Increase. Per cent of increase. Per cent distribution of increase. Actual in- crease in STATS. 1907 1902 capacity of alternating single-phase and poly- phase current dynamos. Total for United States 2,709,225 1,212,235 1,496,990 123.5 100.0 1 485,469 2,238,059 981,130 1,256,929 128.1 84.0 1,254,668 238,480 53,130 39,363 35,446 209,226 81,576 30,307 39,290 36,223 135,924 101,714 78,516 68,467 70,566 482.031 128,533 32,687 212,543 51,271 48.558 66,308 471, 166 83,816 21,808 16,516 7,620 100,320 38, 144 8,596 15,291 13,207 90,624 44,176 20,999 32,100 46,120 187,252 69,811 11,165 121,388 13,390 26,108 13,679 231,105 154,664 31,322 23,847 27,826 108,906 43, 432 21,711 23,999 23,016 45,300 57,538 57,517 36,367 24, 446 294,779 66,722 21,422 91,155 37,881 22,450 52,629 240,061 184.5 143.6 153.7 365.2 108.6 113.9 252.6 156.9 174.3 50.0 130.2 273.9 113.3 53.0 157.4 81.3 191.9 75.1 282.9 86.0 384.7 103.9 10.3 2.1 1.6 l.y 7.3 2.9 1.5 1.6 1.5 3.0 3.8 3.8 2.4 1.6 19.7 3.8 1.4 6.1 2.5 1.5 3.5 16.0 161,830 32,423 21,221 27,595 Illinois . 115,873 41,104 18, 320 Maine 22,158 24,105 53,993 60,492 Minnesota 52.496 Missouri - 39,318 20,316 New York 295,359 Ohio 58,050 19,325 82,198 38, 370 Texas . 17,868 Washington 52,164 230,901 In addition to the dynamos, the number and capacity of the auxiliary machines used in connection with the distribution of the electric energy were reported, and the statistics for them are summarized in Table 40. Table 4:0. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of miscellaneous main-station equip- ment: 1907 and 1902 Cen- sus. TOTAL. COMUERCIAL. MUNIOPAL. KIND OF EQUIPMENT. Num- ber. Kilo- watt ca- pacity. Num- ber. Kilo- watt ca- pacity. Num- ber. Kilo- watt ca- pacity. 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 •1907 1,577 180 132 ' 127 , 193 ' 9.751 6,881 592,708 52,416 47,608 4,810 13,361 1,432 175 131 106 184 9,256 9,981 587,421 51,703 47,508 4,474 13,230 145 5 1 21 9 496 900 5,287 Rotaries . ... 713 100 336 Storage-battery cells 131 Miscellaneous 2 43,209 42,256 953 ' Not reported as main-station equipment In 1902. 2 Includes motor generators, motors, regulators, and other accessories. Not re- ported as main-station equipment in 1902. The transformers in the main station, which are chiefly those used to raise the voltage generated for purposes of transmission, and miscellaneous machines were not called for in 1902 as connected with the generating plant; hence the extent of their use at that census can not be determined. The transformers probably were reliably reported, but it was apparent from an examination of the reports that there was little uniformity among the electric companies in re- porting their miscellaneous machines. The commer- cial stations, which reported most of the boosters, show a decided decrease in these machines in 1907, which is in harmony with the later dynamo equipment and more recent methods followed in central-station management. The substation equipment, as reported at the two censuses, is shown in Table 41. Table 41. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Number and kilowatt capacity of substation equipment, by kind: 1907 and 1902. Cen- sus. TOTAL. COHHERCLAL. MUNICIPAL. KIND OF EQOTPMENT. Num- ber. Kilowatt capacity. Num- ber. Kilowatt capacity. Num- ber. Kilo- watt ca- pacity. Transformers 1907 1902 1907 i 1902 1 1907 1902 1907 1902 1 4,211 1,800 490 169 20,187 8,388 1,100,824 312,848 311,003 81, 728 4,047 1,765 490 168 20,187 8,388 1,090,261 311,879 311,003 81,721 164 35 10,663 969 Storage-battery cells . 1 7 Miscellaneous ' 99,275 15,997 98, 117 15,867 1,158 130 • Includes motor generators, motors, regulators, and other accessories. 50 CENTEAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. It is evident that the electric service performed by the municipal stations was of a character wliich neces- sitated a very limited use of substations. Of the 1,093 substations reported for all central stations, only 57 were connected with municipal stations, and practi- cally their entire equipment was confined to a few step-down transformers. OUTPUT OF STATIONS. The product of central electric stations is electrical energy or current and the operations of such sta- tions are measured by this output in kilowatt hours. Accordingly, as in 1902, an inquir}- with respect to the total output of current for the year in kilowatt hours was made a part of the schedule. With many establish- ments, the output is a matter of scientific accounting, being carefully recorded from the actual watt-hour or kilowatt-hour readings of dynamo meters. Many other establishments, however, particularly the smaller plants, could give no exact data in reply to this inquirj^, but were asked to make careful estimates. There is thus a considerable element of estimate in the figures, but it is believed that it is not sufficiently large to vitiate or to impair seriously their statistical value. Table 42. — Central electric stations and electric railways- of generating stations: 1907 and 1902. —Output KILOWATT HOUKS. Per cent of 1907 1902 increase. Total 10,621,406,837 4,768,535,512 122 7 Central stations 5,862,276,737 4,759,130,100 2,507,051,115 2,261,484,397 133 8 110.4 There were 10,621,406,837 kilowatt hours of current generated in central stations and electric-railway plants in 1907 compared with 4,768,535,512 in 1902, an increase of 122.7 per cent. Central stations i-e- ported 55.2 per cent of the total output in 1907 as compared with 52.6 per cent in 1902. It is interesting to compare the total kilowatt capacity of dynamos with the annual output of cur- rent. Confining this comparison to central stations, the total kilowatt-hour capacity of such stations in 1907 was reported as 2,709,225, and the annual out- put was 5,862,276,737 kilowatt hours. Assuming that the stations could be operated continuously twenty- four hours a day for 365 days, or one year, at their maximum capacity, the theoretical annual capacity would be 23,732,811,000 kilowatt hours; the actual output, however, was only 24.7 per cent, or less than one-fourth, of this amount. The corresponding per- centage at the census of 1902 was 23.6. As illustrating the same point, a division of the kilowatt capacity of the dynamos into the output for the year gives, theoretically, the number of hours of operation of the generators on the basis of their maximum capacity. The figures, thus derived, 2,164 for 1907 and 2,068 for 1902, when compared with the total number of hours in a year of 365 days, 8,760, sloow in another way the difference between the theoretical maximum capacity and the actual conditions as reported. There are, however, several circumstances which lessen the value of such comparisons. The indicated capacity of a dynamo is the theoretical maximum capacity or greatest load at which it can be operated. It is mechanically impossible, of course, to operate dynamos or other machinery at maximum capacity for any length of time, and the necessity for repairs frequently puts the generating machinery wholly out of commission. Many central stations, especially those of large capacity, have installed duplicate machines to provide against accident, and thus throughout the year a considerable part of their equipment is idle. Again, to render satisfactory service to the consumers, a station should be equipped to transmit sufficient current to satisfy the largest possible demand. Therefore as the consumption varies from the peak of the load capacity to a small fraction of it the speed of the dynamos is moderated, or some of them are stopped altogether, in accordance with the requirements. A large proportion of the smaller plants operate onlj' during the hours of dark- ness, and many during the few hours from sunset to midnight. These and other factors, therefore, com- bine to explain the difference, previously noted, between the actual output of the central-station dynamos and the output which they are theoretically capable of generating. The income received during the year 1907 by central stations from the sale of current amounted to $169,614,691 ; the total output of stations was 5,862,276,737 kilowatt hours; the average earnings per kilowatt hour therefore appear to have been about 2^ cents, compared with 3/;^ cents in 1902. Improved methods of transmission in 1907 over 1902, resulting in a decreased loss of current, the large increase in the average capacity of the generating units, and economies in other directions, have no doubt reduced the cost of production and thus make possible the delivery of current at a lower figure. A comparison of the output of commercial and municipal stations reveals the comparative unim- portance of the latter in that respect. Table 43. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Output of generating stations: 1907 and 190S. KILOWATT HOURS. Per cent of Increase. 1907 1902 Total 5,862,276,737 2,607,051,115 133.8 Commercial 5,572,813,949 289,462,788 2,311,146,676 195,904,439 141.1 47.8 POWER EQUIPMENT. 51 From 1902 to 1907 the output of municipal stations increased only 47.8 per cent, while the output of com- mercial stations increased 141.1 per cent. The greater importance of commercial stations is still further shown in the fact that the percentage which their out- put formed of the total for all central stations increased from 92.2 in 1902 to 95.1 in 1907, while as a necessary sequence the proportion of municipal stations dropped from 7.8 per cent to 4.9 per cent. The increase in output of electric current is an accurate measure of the increase in importance of the central stations in other particulars — investment, equipment, etc. The accompanying diagram shows the output for each geographic division for 1907 and 1902. DiAOR.wi 7. — Central electric stations — Output, by geographic divi- sions: 1907 and 1902. niuifiiniU HUNDREDS Of MILLIONS NORTH ATLANTIC NORTH CENTRAL SOUTH ATLANTIC SOUTH CENTRAl. show the largest percentages of increase are Nevada, Washington, Oklahoma, Georgia, Oregon, Kansas, and California, in the order given, each witli an increase exceeding 300 per cent. The smallest increase in both amount and per cent was for Iowa. Table 44. — Central electric stations — Output of generating stations, by states and territories, with per cent of increase and per cent dis- tribution of total increase: 1907 and 1903. The following table illustrates the differences which mark the rate of development of the use of electric current for light and power in the several states. The output in every state shows an increase in 1907 over 1902. The largest actual increase is shown for New York, with California, Illinois, Washington, Pennsyl- vania, Michigan, and Montana following in the order named, each with an increase of more than 100,000,000 kilowatt hours. On the other hand the states which • OUTPUT OF STATIONS (KILOWATT HOURS). STATE OR TERRITORY. 1907 190-2 Actual in- crease. Per cent of in- crease. Per cent distri- bution of in- crease. United states... 5,862,276,737 2,507,051,116 3,355,225,022 133.8 100.0 Alabama. 30,840,764 9,392,302 11,519,310 661,606,309 123,275,212 67,406,232 30,543,522 11,766,994 59,311,202 9.577,588 467,667,328 130,2(:3,093 37,729,072 59, 740, 179 37,232,623 26,421,316 66,136,661 47,868,676 219,425,607 208,154,199 87, 579, 431 15,704,624 147,328,446 137,379,261 31,958,739 29,021,730 55,258,921 140,527,522 4,614,349 1,452,222,471 13,171,681 8,229,765 217,311,924 24,986,903 92,807,992 416,554,167 35,651,323 08,696,424 13,615,015 34,847,966 75,829,108 61,672,661 29,923,333 10,208,360 257,786,236 24,871,317 52,546,210 6,499,084 11,616,707 3,662,045 9,965,997 152,728,042 60,177,084 26,738,121 17,871,872 8,006,078 9,911,243 5,018,149 161,543,646 75,686,493 36,506,425 13,326,518 27,835,614 17,474,261 21,987,700 22, 128, 125 125,813,392 80,564,630 40,258,632 9,825,926 57, 450, 731 36,435,766 12,315,776 1,508,910 27,377,793 78,739,456 2,637,810 701,769,716 8,351,346 6,850,115 127,437,383 3,825,763 17,531,660 241,094,328 23,430,435 18,426,763 4,266,007 24,472,632 48,888,460 32,457,003 22,374,060 0,879,243 19,722,262 11,355,905 29,960,758 3,883,285 19,230,057 5,730,267 1,553,319 508,878,207 63,098,128 40,668,111 12,671,650 3,699,916 49.399,959 4,559,439 306.113,682 54,678,200 1,222,647 46,413,061 9,397,009 8,947,055 44,148,951 26, 740, 650 93,012,215 127,589,669 47,320,799 5,878,098 89,877,715 100,943,495 19,642,904 28,112,820 27,881,128 61,788,066 1,976,539 760,452,755 4,820,335 2,379,650 89,874,541 21,160,140 75,276,332 175,459,839 12,214,888 60,209,061 9,359,008 10,376,324 20,940,058 29,216,598 7,549,273 3,329,117 238,062,974 13,515,412 22,579,462 1,615,799 165.5 156.5 16.6 333.2 104.9 152.1 70.9 46.9 498.4 90.9 189.5 72.3 3.3 348.3 33.8 61.2 200.8 110.3 74.4 158.4 117.5 59.8 156.4 277.0 169.5 1,863.1 101.8 78.5 74.9 106.9 57.7 40.7 70.5 553.1 429.4 72.8 62.1 272.8 219.9 42.4 55.1 90.0 33.7 48.4 1,207.1 119.0 76.3 41.6 0.0 .Vrizona. 0.2 .\rkansas Calitornia (■) 15.2 Colorado 1.9 1.2 Delaware and District of Columbia Florida 0.4 0.1 1.5 0.1 Illinois 9.1 1.6 Iowa (') 1.4 0.3 0.3 Maine 1.3 Maryland ^ Massachusetts 0.8 2.8 3.8 1.4 0.2 Missouri 2.7 3.0 Nebraska 0.6 0.8 New Hampshire 0.8 1.8 New Mexico 0.1 22.4 North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 0.1 0.1 2.7 0.6 Oregon 2.2 Pennsylvania 5.2 0.4 Sout h Carolina South Dakota Tennessee 1.5 0.3 3 Texas 8 Utah . 9 Virginia 0.1 Wasliington 7 1 West Virginia Wyoming. (') 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CHAPTEE IT. LINE EQUIPMENT. Central stations and electric railways. — The prevalence of the lighting and general motor service among the electric-railway companies makes it necessary to com- bine their equipment with that of the central stations in order to show the total number of lamps, meters, transformers, and stationary motors wired for service. Such totals are given in Table 45. Table 46.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS AND ELECTRIC RAILWAYS— LAMPS, METERS, TRANSFORMERS IN CIR- CUITS, AND STATIONARY MOTORS: 1907 AND 1902. Arc lamps PubUe Commercial Incandescent lamps Public Commercial . . Other varieties of lamps — Nemst, vaciiam, vapor, etc Public Commercial Lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties Meters on consumption circuits Transformers in circuits for customers: Number Kilowatt capacity Stationary motors: ' Number Horsepower 1907 1902 635,815 318,819 316,996 45,991,836 866,851 45,124,985 190,979 6,090 184,889 1,107,116 1,897,803 299,489 2,058,567 187,652 1,807,949 419,561 229,403 190,158 19,636,729 474, 686 19,162,043 A ) (') 639,290 207,370 687, 121 111,113 473,693 CENTRAL STATIONS. 1907 555,713 289,391 266,322 1902 385,698 211,725 173,973 41,445,997 18,194,044 808.693 ' 455,660 40.637,304 i 17,738,384 ELECTEIC RAILWAYS. 1907 1902 I 162,338 5,716 156,622 275,079 1,683,917 299.489 2,058,567 167, 184 1,649,026 I (') (' 582,689 207,370 687, 121 101,064 438,005 80,102 29,428 60,674 4,545,839 58, 158 4,487,681 28,641 374 28,267 832,037 213,886 20,468 158,923 33,863 17,678 16,185 1,442,685 19,026 1,423,659 56,601 10,049 35,688 FEB CENT or INCREASE. Total. 51.5 39.0 66.7 134.2 82.6 135.5 44.4 199.6 Central stations. 44.1 36.7 53.1 127.8 77.5 129.1 44.4 199.6 65.4 276.5 Electric railways. 136.5 66.5 213.1 21S.1 205.7 215.2 277.9 103.7 345.3 ' Not reported separately. = Not called for in schedule for electric railways. » Some fan motors were included in 1902, but such motors were omitted in 1907. The apparatus represented by the statistics in this table is characteristic of central-station work, and although a considerable proportion is connected with railway plants, it all belongs to the same department of industry. For the two branches of service together an aggregate of 47,925,746 lamps is shown for 1907 as compared with 20,056,290 for 1902, the increase amounting to 27,869,456, or 139 per cent. Of the total number of lamps, the central stations reported 88.6 per cent in 1907 and 92.6 per cent in 1902, and the electric railways, 11.4 per cent in 1907 and 7.4 per cent in 1902. In 1902 the railways reported 8.1 per cent of the arc lamps and 7.3 per cent of the incandescent lamps; at the census of 1907 these proportions had increased to 12.6 and 9.9 per cent, respectively. Large increases are shown for all of the items of equipment, and in every instance the percentage of increase was much larger for the electric-railway plants than for the central stations. Several causes con- tribute to this condition, among which may be men- tioned the method of preparing the reports when a central station and electric -railway plant are united and keep only one system of accounts. The tendency toward such combination in the interest of economy has been very general, and when separate reports (52) for the two branches could not be furnished, the combined industry was returned as an electric railway rather than as a central station, irrespective of the relative importance of the two branches. The electric-railway branch of the characteristic central-station industry is, however, of very minor importance, comparatively, and the large percentages of increase in its apparatus have little effect on the increases shown for the total apparatus used in furnish- ing electric light and power. CENTRAL STATIONS. Lamps, meters, transformers, and stationary motors. — The lamps used for lighting streets, parks, public buildings, and all other public places for the illumina- tion of which the municipality or other local govern- ment was responsible, were considered as devoted to the "public service," and were reported separately from those used in general "comnaercial service" in lighting residences, places of business, etc., for which individuals or private enterprises were responsible. The number of lamps for these two branches of service are shown in Table 46, which presents also data con- cerning the meters, transformers, and motors. LINE EQUIPMENT. 53 Table 46.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— LAMPS, METERS, TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS, AND STATIONARY MOTORS: 1907 AND 1902. Arc lamps Public Commercial . 1907 Incandescent lamps. I'ublic Commercial Other varieties of lamps— Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc. I'ublic Commercial Lamps used by tiie central stations to light their own electric properties Arc Incandescent .Ml other lamps 655,713 289,391 266,322 41,445,997 808,693 40,637,304 162,338 5,716 156,622 275,079 7,082 266,242 1,755 1902 Meters on consumption circuits ! 1, 683, 917 Transformers in circuits for customers: Number 299, 489 Kilowatt capacity 2,058, 567 Stationary motors: 2 Number Horsepower 167, 184 1,649,026 385,698 211,725 173,973 18,194,044 455,660 17,738,384 (') (') (') (') 582,689 207,370 687, 121 101,064 438,005 COHHERaAL. utnnciPAL. 1907 1902 1907 472,773 216,309 256,464 37,393,549 638,456 36,755,093 153,468 4,584 148,884 245,905 6,487 237, 729 1,689 1,468,763 255,337 1,897,170 162, 677 1,617,337 334,903 166,723 168,180 16,616,593 372, 740 16, 243, 853 (■) (>) 179,300 612,442 99,102 434,681 82,940 73,082 9,858 4,052,448 170,237 3,882,211 8,870 1,132 7,738 29,174 595 28,513 66 215, 154 44,152 161,397 4,507 31,689 50,795 45,002 5,793 1,577,451 82,920 1,494,531 (') 56,678 28,070 74,679 PER CENT or INCREASE. 1,962 3,324 Total. 44.1 36.7 53.1 127.8 77.5 129.1 44.4 199.6 65.4 276.5 Commer- cial. 41.2 29.7 52.5 125.0 71.3 126.3 42.4 209.8 64.2 272.1 Munici- pal. 63.3 62.4 70.2 156.9 105.3 159.8 279.6 57.3 116.1 129.7 853.3 ' Not reported separately. ' Some fan motors were included in 1902, but such motors were omitted in 1907. Although every item of equipment specified in the table shows a large increase in 1907 as compared with 1902, the most notable increases and those indicating most nearly the progress in the industry are those for incandescent lamps, stationary motors, meters on con- sumption circuits, and transformers in circuits for cus- tomers. The number of incandescent lamps is neces- sarily, to some extent, an estimate. Accepting these estimates, there were 42,439,127 lamps of all varieties connected with the central stations at the close of 1907 and 18,579,742 at the close of 1902, the increase for the five years amounting to 2.3,859,385 lamps, or 128.4 per cent. While this increase in the aggregate number of lamps indicates the development, a clearer understanding of the conditions will be obtained by an analysis of the statistics for the different varieties. Arc lamps. — The statistics for the arc lamps are shown in Table 47. Table 47.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC LAMPS, BY KINDS: 1907 AND 1902, TOTAL. COMMERCUL. UX7NICIFAL. PER CENT OF INCREASE. KIND. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. Total 1555,713 385,698 472,773 334,903 82,940 50,795 44.1 41.2 63.3 Open arcs * 78,886 181,672 60,456 149, 704 18,430 31,968 «56.6 '59.6 242 3 Public 66,879 64,416 2,463 12,007 10,050 1,957 476,827 138,684 134,054 4,630 42, 988 39,255 3,733 204,026 48, 875 47,207 1,668 11,581 9,6% 1,885 412,317 108,082 105,401 2,681 41,622 37,991 3,631 185,199 18,004 17,209 795 426 354 72 64,510 30,602 28,653 1,949 1,366 1,264 102 18,827 »51.8 «51.9 '46.8 '72.1 '74.4 '47.6 133.7 '54.8 '55.2 '37.8 '72.2 '74.5 '48.1 122.6 '41 2 Commercial '68 8 Direct-t^urrent ... '72 242 6 Public 222,512 68,600 154,012 254,315 126,251 128,064 73,041 29,608 43,433 130,985 67,180 63,805 167, 434 54,066 113,368 244,883 125,150 119,733 58,641 23,006 35,635 126,558 66,104 00,454 55,078 14,434 40,644 9,432 1,101 8,331 14,400 6,602 7,798 4,427 1,076 3,351 204,0 131.4 264.6 94.2 87.9 100.7 185.5 135,0 218.1 93.5 89.3 98.1 Direct-current 118 6 421.2 Commercial 113 1 Alternating-current 148 6 ' Exclusive of 7,082 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. ' Decrease. Notwithstanding a considerable increase in the total number of arc lamps — 170,015, or 44.1 per cent — the gain has been at a slower rate than that for incandes- cent lamps. At the census of 1902 the arc lamp had reached a higher degree of development than the incan- descent lamp, since in the early stages of the industry the demand for electricity was to a considerable extent influenced by its utility for street lighting, a branch of service which was at first confined to arc lamps. Now, however, the incandescent lamp has largely superseded the arc lamp for street and other lighting purposes, since it has been found that better service is secured 54 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. by the distribution of a larger number of compara- tively small lamps than by the use of a few lamps of large candlepower. In fact, the relatively small gain in arc lamps may be accounted for by the much greater general usefulness of the incandescent lamp. The percentage of increase in the number of arc lamps was somewhat larger for the municipal than for the commercial stations. Inasmuch, however, as the total number of these lamps in municipal stations formed less than one-seventh of the total number in both branches of the service in 1902, and but little more than one-seventh in 1907, the percentage of gain is not of so much real significance. In this connection it may be of interest to note that, although at both censuses the municipal stations had a larger propor- tion of the total number of arc lamps than of the total number of incandescent lamps, the percentages being 14.9 for the former class and 9.8 for the latter in 1907, and 13.2 and 8.7 for the two classes, respectively, in 1902, the gains in the percentages were remarkably close, being 1.7 for the arc lamps and 1.1 for the incan- de^ent lamps. Since the census of 1902 the change then going on from the open arc to the inclosed has continued on a large scale. At that census the open-arc lamps which were of very limited length of continuous .burning represented 47.1 per cent of the total number of arcs, but in 1907 the proportion had declined to 14.2 per cent. There was an actual decrease in the number of open-arc lamps of 102,786, or 56.6 per cent, and an increase in the number of inclosed-arc lamps of 272,801, or 133.7 per cent. These figures show conclusively that not only is the inclosed arc demanded in new work, but that the old equipment of open arcs has largely been replaced by the inclosed lamp. In 1902 of the open arcs reported 82.4 per cent were in commercial sta- tions and 17.6 per cent in municipal stations, while the corresponding proportions for 1907 were 76 6 per cent and 23.4 per cent, respectively. The following tabular statement shows the per cent distribution, by kind, of arc lamps, for commercial and municipal stations, for the years 1907 and 1902: Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribu- tion of arc lamps, by kind: 1907 and 1902. KIND. TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MUNICIPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total • 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Open 14.2 85.8 47.1 52.9 12.8 ; 44.7 87 2 «i^ 9 22.2 62.9 77 8 ! 17 1 Inclosed ■ The change from open to inclosed arc lamps has been accompanied by a decided change in the kind of current used in operating them. Table 48. -COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL C^t'i^RAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC LAMPS, BY KIND OF CURRENT USED: 1907 AND 1902. TOTAL. 1 COMMERCIAL. MtraiciPAL. PEE CENT OF INCREASE. KIND. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. Commer- cial. Municipal. Total 1555,713 385,698 472,773 334,903 83,940 50,795 44.1 41.2 63.3 269,217 286,496 270,097 115,601 236,119 236,654 232,502 102,401 33,098 49,842 37,595 13,200 20.3 147.8 1.6 212.0 Alternating current ' Exclusive of 7,082 lamps used by central stations to liglit tlieir own properties. ' Decrease. Of the total number of arc lamps in 1902, seven- tenths were direct-current, but in 1907 the correspond- ing proportion was less than one-half. The increase of 170,0l5 arc lamps between 1902 and 1907 is due wholly to the gain in the alternating-current lamps, since there was an actual loss of 880 in the number of those operated by direct current. The change in the character of current used has taken place some- what more rapidly in municipal than in commercial stations. Table 49. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribution of arc lamps, by kind of current used: 1907 and 1902. KIND. TOTAL. COMMERCLAL. MUNICIPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 48.4 51.6 70.0 30.0 49.9 50.1 69.4 30.6 39. 9 74. 60 1 oti n Alternating current Incandescent lamps. — The incandescent lamps have become an important adjunct to business, and in some of its uses may be rightfully classed as necessary to comfort, although in other cases its use is a luxury. Spectacular and beautiful effects are produced with incandescent lamps in outdoor and indoor illumi- nation, while electric signs in motion effects and in colors, and window and store decorations of great bril- liancy are now common in all large centers. These features have become so important in central-station work that a special department devoted to this branch of the service is considered necessary by many of the larger companies. The developments along the lines of incandescent lighting have been wonderful and the possibilities seem almost limitless. Various kinds of lamps which in 1902 were in a semiexperimental stage have since become of demon- strated merit, while new ones are continually being invented. In fact, so numerous and so desirable were many of these lamps that at the census of 1907 it was LINE EQUIPMENT. 55 decided to add an inquiry calling for the number of such lamps, and, although it is probable that some lamps of these classes were erroneously reported as incandescent lamps, 162,338 lamps of the special va- rieties were reported separately by the various central stations. In 1902 these types of lamps were probably included in the total number of incandescent lamps reported, and consequently their actual increase as given in Table 50 is less than it should be. Tabll 50.— commercial AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— INCANDESCENT LAMPS, BY CANDLE- POWER, AND OTHER VARIETIES OF LAMPS: 1907 AND 1902. COUMESaAL. Incandescent lamps Sixteen-candlepower Thirty-two-can(iiepo\ver. All other candlepower. , . Other varieties of lamps — Xernst, vacuum, vapor, etc . 141,445,997 35,640,612 1,408,610 4,396,775 2 162,338 190-2 1902 1902 PES CENT OP INCEEASE. 18,194,044 15,557,843 574,667 2,061,534 (') 37,393,549 32,153,240 1,242,415 3,997,894 153,468 16,616,593 14,126,123 531,309 1,959,161 (') 4,052,448 3,487,372 166, 195 398,881 8,870 1,577,461 1,431,720 43,358 102,373 (') Total. Commer- cial. MunicI-- pal. 127.8 129.1 145.1 113.3 125.0 127.6 .133.8 104.1 156.9 143.6 283.3 289.6 1 Exclusive of 266,242 lamps used by the central stations to light their own electric properties. ■ Exclusive of 1,755 lamps used liy the central stations to light their own electric properties. 2 Not reported separately. The total number of incandescent lamps more than doubled between the censuses of 1902 and 1907, the increase being 23,251,953 lamps, or 127.8 per cent. Although this increase was mostly in IG-candlepower lamps, it also represents lamps varying from street lamps and those of 32 candlepower to the very small sign lamps. The increase is exclusive of 162,338 lamps of "other varieties," chiefly Nernst, and of 266,242 lamps used by the central stations to light their own properties. The schedules used at both censuses were prepared in such a way that the number of incandescent lamps should be reported as of the following three classes: 16 candlepower, 32 candlepower, and all other candle- power. The wording of the inquiry was such as to ascertain the number of these lamps wired for service on December 31, or the last day of the period covered by the report, and not the actual number in use at different times during the year. The continually decreasing practice of renting incan- descent lamps for general commercial uses on a flat- rate basis and, as a consequence, the increasing use of meters to measure the amount of current consumed, rentier it no longer necessary in the majority of cases for the central stations to know the number of lamps wired for service or of machines in use, and although some companies reported the number of incandescent lamps, in accordance with the requirements of the schedule, many of the large companies claimed to have such limited knowledge of the number of these lamps wired for service that they were reluctant, and in some instances declined, to give even an estimate of the several varieties, but confined their answers to the inquiry to an estimate of the total number of incandescent lamps on a 16-candlepower basis. In view of these conditions, the results should be accepted only as an approximation of the total number of incandescent lamps wired for service and also of the classes by candlepower. The actual number of arc lamps was reporteil by practically all companies. In 1907, 3,136 companies reported lamps of 32 candlepower. There were 956 companies that reported none of this size, either because they actually had none of this size or because they prepared their sched- ule for the estimated number of incandescent lamps on a 16-candlepower basis. The remaining 504 sta- tions that had incandescent lamps wired for service, so far as their equipment in that respect is concerned, reported 16's and "other varieties" or oidy "other varieties." The 956 central stations which reported no lamps of 32 candlepower reported a total of 13,407,883 lamps of 16 candlepower, or nearly one- third of the incandescent lamps reported by all sta- tions. In this connection, however, it should not be forgotten that many of the companies which reported lamps of 32 candlepower stated that the number was estimated. An attempt was made by correspondence on the subject with a number of central stations to obtain the proper ratio by which to reduce the total number of incandescent lamps shown in Table 50 to lamps of a uniform 16 candlepower. Applying the same ratio of reduction to the total number of lamps of all other varieties, it was found that the total lamps in question were equivalent to 40,656,220 incandescent lamps of 16 candlepower in 1907, and to 17,737,944 in 1902, an increase of 22,918,276, or 129.2 per cent. The differ- ence of increase, as shown in Table 50 and as estimated on a basis of 16 candlepower, is smaller than might be expected, 333,677, or but little more than 1 per cent. More than nine-tenths of the incandescent lamps were reported at each of the two censuses by the com- mercial stations, the actual proportions contributed by the municipal stations being 9.8 per cent in 1907 and 8.7 per cent in 1902. 56 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. The following statement shows the number of cen- tral stations, classified according to the kind of lamps wired for service, December 31, 1907: Central electric stations — Number, by lamp equipment: 1907. Total number of stations 4, 714 With incandescent lamps 4, 596 Witli lamps of 32 candlepower 3, 136 With lamps of 16 candlepower only » 956 Without incandescent lamps 118 With arc lamps 3,700 Without arc lamps 1,014 Without either Incandescent or arc lamps 68 'These 956 stations reported nearly one-third of the total number of incandescent lamps, and most of them reported only an estimate of the number of lamps on a 16-candlepower basis, because it was impracticable to answer the inquiries on the schedule In detail. The increase in the use of electric light and the im- portance of the industry may perhaps be illustrated most satisfactorily by comparing the number of lamps with the population. Such a comparison is made in Table 51 for the 8 states that contained the largest number of incandescent lamps in 1907 and 1902. The striking features of this table are the concen- tration in a comparatively few states of a large pro- portion of the electric lamps, and the great increase in the average number of lamps per 1,000 population. The 8 states here shown contained nearly two-thirds of the total number of both arc and incandescent lamps, the proportions for the two classes being prac- tically the same, but represented a considerably smaller proportion of the total population, wliich fact merely illustrates the larger general use of the electric Ught in the thickly settled communities. Of the 8 states, Missouri shows the lowest and California the highest average number of lamps per 1,000 popula- tion. The population of Missouri is more than twice as great as that of California, but it is evident that the electrical development there has not reached the importance that it has in California. Both states contain a considerable proportion of rural popula- tion, which has been supplied with electricity more generally in California than in Missouri. In CaU- fornia a number of hydro-electric plants have been established throughout the state, primarily to supply current to large cities located at a distance, but these plants also supply intervening smaller places for which electricity might not otherwise be available. This condition contributes naturally toward the more extensive use of the electric light and an in- crease in the number of lamps. Although California holds a low comparative rank in population, it being the twenty-first state, it ranks fourth in the number of incandescent lamps and ninth in the number of arc lamps. In 1902 the state ranked fifth in the number of incandescent lamps and seventh in the number of arc lamps. Next to California, which has the smallest population of the 8 states shown in Table 51, New York, which is the most populous state of the Union, has the greatest average number of arc lamps per 1,000 inhabitants, and Massachusetts, the third largest average for arc lamps and the second largest for incandescent lamps. Table 61.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ARC AND INCANDESCENT LAMPS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE LARGEST NUMBERS OF INCANDESCENT LAMPS: 1907 AND 1902. ARC LAMPS. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION. AVERAGE NUMBER OF LAMPS PER 1,000 POPULATION. STATE. Arc lamps. Incandescent lamps. Arc lamps. Incandescent lamps. 1907 190S 1007 1902 1907 1903 1907 1903 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total for United States 555,713 385,698 41,445,997 18,194,044 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.50 4.91 484.57 231.55 358,114 252,316 25,817,953 11,817,849 64.4 65.4 62.3 65.0 9.89 7.55 712.99 353.46 New York ^ 97,529 06,777 55,309 19,691 33,869 43,849 23,514 17,576 59,130 47,722 38,215 15,764 28,790 31,839 17,712 13,144 6,991,406 3,861,171 3,582,178 3,067,383 2,650,724 2, 254, 467 1,711,689 1,698,935 3,705,525 1,783,683 1,567,665 1,006,875 1,420,963 934,213 805,127 f 93, 798 17.6 12.0 10.0 3.5 6.1 7.9 4.2 3.2 15.3 12.4 9.9 4.1 7.5 8.3 4.6 3.4 16.9 9.3 8.6 7.4 6.4 5.4 4.1 4.1 20.4 9.8 8.6 5.5 7.8 5.1 4.4 3.3 11.63 9.49 10.02 11.75 10.99 9.75 9.00 5.16 7.85 7.34 7.61 10.25 9.87 7.49 7.14 4.12 833.63 549.01 649.16 1,831.04 859.78 501.30 655.37 498.82 491.90 274. 16 312.31 654.73 487.00 219.69 324.55 186.32 niinois Ohio Michigan Missouri The largest increases in the number of arc lamps are shown for New York, Pennsylvania, IlUnois, Ohio, Indiana, New Jersey, Michigan, and Massachu- setts. For the incandescent lamps large increases occur in so many states that it is difficult to select any as showing the greatest development, but in the following states the numbers for 1907 are at least three times as great as for 1902: Alabama, California, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Nebraska, Ne- vada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Caro- lina, and Wasliington. While these 13 states show the greatest proportional increases in the number of lamps, they do not represent the largest absolute increases, as their combined increase is exceeded by the gain in the total for the 2 states of New York and Pennsylvania. The 162,338 lamps reported as "other varieties" in 1907 include those that were considered by certain of the establishments reporting as not properly be- longing to the first group of incandescents. These LINE EQUIPMENT. 57 new types of lamps were not reported separately at the census of 1902, and, as already stated, it is prob- able that in 1907 lamps that properly should have been assigned to this group were included by many stations in the total for incandescent lamps. The total for 1907, however, included a number of the new varieties of lamps and, although thought to be far from complete, they are shown in the following statement: Central electric stations — Lamps other than regular arc and incan- descent, by kind: 1907. KIND OF LAMP. Number. 162,338 124,899 5,214 3,343 2,467 1,282 582 138 24,413 The central stations were requested to name the lamps other than the regular arc and incandescent, but some reported a number without any designation, and the 24,413 "Not designated" no doubt include some that might properly have been assigned to one or more of the other groups. The use of electric lamps for advertising and deco- rative purposes has resulted in greatly increasing the varieties in use, and has also added to the difficulty of ascertaining the actual number wired for service on a given date. It was impossible, therefore, with a fair degree of accuracy to show separately the number of 16, 32, and other candlepower incandescent lamps, as was done at the census of 1902. However, the sched- ule used at the census of 1 907 required that the number of 32-candlepower lamps wired for service be reported separately, and 3,136 stations reported 1,408,610, while the same stations reported a total of 27,248,337 incandescent lamps of all varieties. Using the ratio of these totals as a basis, the estimated number of 32-candlepower lamps wired for service at the close of 1907 was about 2,112,915. Meters on consumption circuits. — It was impracti- cable to obtain statistics concerning the size of the meters in service, and therefore the extension of the service can be shown only by the number of meters. That the number has increased rapidly since 1902 is shown by Table 52. Table 52.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— METERS ON CONSUMPTION CIRCUITS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE GREATEST NUMBERS OF METERS: 1907 AND 1902. STATE. TOTAL NUMBER. Per cent of increase. AVERAGE NUMBER PER STATION. NUMBER OF CUSTOMERS FURNISHED CURRENT. I AVERAGE NUMBER OF METERS PER CUSTOMER. ' 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 Total for United States 1,683,917 582,689 189.0 a57.2 161.0 1,946,979 0.9 Total lor selected states 981,461 361,230 171.7 496.9 209.5 1,057,853 0.9 New York 217,462 146,208 143,384 142,186 92,964 87,824 78,950 72,483 73,789 59,836 34,224 56,874 31,508 56,909 29,272 18,758 194.7 144.3 319.0 150.0 195.0 54.2 169.7 286.4 692.6 381.7 1,111.6 434.8 341.8 731.9 337.4 362.4 288.2 172.9 297.6 203.8 135.2 499.7 145.6 104.2 201,701 167,645 173,029 160, 957 100,071 80,713 87,500 86,237 1.1 Illinois 0.9 rftlifnmift, . , . , , 0.8 0.9 Ohio 0.9 Massachusetts 1.1 Michigan 0.9 0.8 1 Information not available for 1902. The gain of 189 per cent in the number of meters no doubt indicates fairly well how complete the change lias been from the flat-rate method of charging, so largely used at the earlier period of electric-station work, to the use of meters. There have been many and important changes in central-station practice dur- ing the short period between the two censuses, but none is more important, from the commercial point of view, than the general adoption of meter rates. To obtain the total number of meters used for the sale of electricity it is necessary to add to the number shown in Table 52, the number on the consumers' circuits of electric-railway companies. There were 213,886 meters reported by such companies in 1907 and 56,601 in 1902, making the aggregates for th^ two censuses 1,897,803 and 639,290, respectively, showing an increase of 1,258,513, or 196.9 per cent. The 8 states represented in this table are those in which central stations have had the greatest develop- ment in the installment of meters, and contained 58.3 per cent of the total number of meters reported for all central stations in 1907 and 62 per cent of the total reported for 1 902 . The percentages of increase and the average number per customer indicate, however, that the practice has become very general. The average number of meters per station is to some extent misleacUng because of differences due to peculiar conditions in certain states. In California, for instance, there is one company which generates electric current at a long distance from the main point of distribution 58 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. and supplies it to towns and cities in 22 counties, whereas a service of this sort in other states probably would be represented by a number of separate stations, so that the average number of metere j)er station would be considerably smaller. Probably the best indication of the growth in the use of meters may be had from the fact that of the 4,714 stations in 1907 only 629, or 13.3 per cent of the total, reported no meters, while in 1902, of a total of 3,620 stations, 901, or 24.9 per cent, reported none. The mechanical meter has now come into such general use that the number of chemical and other varieties of meters were not reported sepa- rately in 1907 as they were in 1902. Transformers in circuits for customers.- — The in- creased use of alternating dynamos has necessarily been accompanied by an increase in the number of machines for loweiing the pressure of the circuit. Step-down alternating-current transformers are in general use where alternating dynamos are employed. Table 53.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND KILOWATT CAPACITY OF TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS FOR CUSTOMERS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE GREATEST KILOWATT CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902. STATE. 1907 1902 Per cent of in- crease in liiiowatt capacity. PEK CENT OF TOTAL KILOWATT CAPACITY. AVEBAOE CAPACITY. Number. Kilowatt capacity. Number. Kilowatt capacity. 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total for United States 299,489 2,058,567 207,370 687,121 199.6 100.0 100.0 6.9 3.3 169,674 1,326,338 113,046 425,715 211.6 64.4 62.0 7.8 3.8 New York 32,466 21,625 37,578 20,331 16,165 18,991 10,222 12,296 496,046 213,633 195,742 99,067 94,324 91,064 72,663 63,799 18,036 9,480 ,29,005 15,040 12,284 11,925 7,695 9,581 142,383 49,368 62,258 46,515 41,786 34,600 26,995 21,810 248.4 332.7 214.4 113.0 125.7 163.2 169.2 192.6 24.1 10.4 9.5 4.8 4.6 4.4 3.5 3.1 20.7 7.2 9.1 6.8 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.2 15.3 9.9 5.2 4.9 5.8 4.8 7.1 5.2 7 9 Pennsylvania 2 1 Illinois Ohio 2.9 3 6 Micliixan . . The figures in this table represent only the trans- formers owned by the central stations. The number used by electric-railway companies was not reported at either census. As transformers are sometimes o\vned by the customers, the total shown in the table, 299,489, is somewhat less than the actual number used in connection with central-station service. The number of machines has, however, increased rapidly since 1902, but not so fast as their kilowatt capacity. This condition is due primarily to the fact that the old-style transformers in use in 1902 have been largely replaced by machines of much larger capacity, the average capacity per machine having more than doubled during the five years ending with 1907. There were 1,126 stations in 1907 and 967 in 1902 that reported no transformers in use, the proportions being 23.9 and 26.7 per cent of the total number of stations at tlie respective censuses. Stationary motors. — The schedule used at the census of 1902 called for the number of all kinds of stationary motors, including fan motors, while that for 1907 ex- pressly excluded the latter class. No doubt many fan motors were reported at the census of 1902, but to what extent it is impossible to ascertain. It was often extremely difficult to ascertain the horsepower capacity of the motors, the current to operate which was sometimes transmitted long dis- tances to factories where the interest of the central station furnishing the electricity was confined to the amount of current consumed as measured by the meters. It was necessary, therefore, to obtain esti- mates of the number and capacity of the motors. These estimates were included in the totals given in Table 54, which shows, for the United States and for the 8 states reporting the greatest horsepower capacity, the number and capacity of all stationary motors re- ported at the two censuses. Next to lighting, stationary-motor service is the most important source of income for central electric stations, but the introduction of meters has compli- cated the difficulties attending the collection of statis- tics concerning the number and capacity of the motors. It is probable, therefore, that the totals in Table 54 are somewhat less than the actual number of motors wired at the end of the respective census years. Many large factories have the machinery operated entirely by electric power and some contain many motors for which statistics had to be obtained from the manu- facturers, as the central stations were concerned only with the quantity of current sold. As shown by Table 45, there were a number of stationary motors supplied with current by electric- railway companies which must be considered in arriv- ing at the totals for this class of service. The figures in Table 54 indicate that the average size of the motors in the central stations has more than doubled since 1902, while the number increased by only 65.4 percent, a difference in ratio of increase which is without doubt due to the fact that some large central stations reported the horsepower of the motors for which current was LINE EQUIPMENT. 59 supplied but expressed their inability to give even an estimate of the number of machines. This condition was pronounced in Pennsylvania, where the increase in the average capacity of the motors was excep- tionally large — from 2.16 horsepower in 1902 to 12.17 horsepower in 1907. One large company in this state reported nearly one-third of its total stationary-motor power but was unable to state the number of motors. Table 54.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER AND HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF STATIONARY MOTORS, FOR THE 8 STATES HAVING THE GREATEST HORSEPOWER CAPACITY: 1907 AND 1902. 1907 1902 AVERAGE CAPACITY. Per cent of in- crease in liorse- power. PEE CENT OF TOTAL HORSh- POWEK. Number. Horse- power. Number. Horse- power. 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total for United States 167,184 1,649,026 101,064 438,005 9.86 4.33 276.5 100.0 100.0 106,321 1,107,687 67,037 309,055 10.42 4.62 257.7 67.2 70.7 18,051 11,500 21,075 10,063 15,877 13,083 8,923 7,089 393,955 200,067 137,661 122,461 81,246 64,941 54,111 53,245 13,581 5,190 11,838 14, 144 9,663 5,704 4,646 2,271 109,277 50,296 35,928 30,560 35,749 21,956 14,552 11,337 21.82 17.31 6.35 12.17 5.12 4.96 6.06 7.61 8.05 9.69 3.03 2.16 3.70 3.85 3.13 4.99 260.5 297.8 283.2 300.7 127.3 195.8 271.8 369.7 23.9 12.1 8.3 7.4 4.9 3.9 3.3 3.2 24.9 11.5 8.2 7.0 8.2 Ohio 5.0 3.3 2.0 The state of California, although having a compara- tively small population, ranks second in the horse- power of its stationary-motor service, being outranked only by New York. This high rank is due to the scarcity of fuel in the state ; the ease with which elec- tric power may be transmitted and made available in sparsely settled sections; and its adaptability for use on dredgers and for many other purposes connected with mining and irrigation. Modern central-station companies concern them- selves little with the various uses made of the current sold. The quantity is measured, and as a rule the pro- ducers make no inquiry as to its use. Electricity is used for a multitude of miscellaneous purposes which consume, however, but a small proportion of the amount generated, much the larger portion being used for light and power. Table 55 shows the number of stations which sold current for the various purposes during the years 1907 and 1902. Table 55.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF STATIONS, BY CHARACTER OF SERVICE: 1907 AND 1902 TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MUNICIPAL. PER CENT OP INCREASE. CHARACTER OF SERVICE. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. Com- mercial. [ Munici- pal. Are lighting: 2,381 3,298 4,538 3,345 2,009 217 999 2,020 2,522 3,484 2,491 1,093 159 161 1,840 2,206 3,385 2,327 1,659 211 831 1,667 1,810 2,752 1,889 975 157 152 641 1,092 1,153 1,018 350 6 168 353 712 732 602 118 2 9 17.9 30.8 30.3 34.3 83.8 36.5 520.5 10.4 21.9 23.0 23.2 70.2 34.4 446.7 53.3 53.4 Incandescent lighting: 57.5 Public 69.1 Motor power: 196.6 200.0 1,706.7 There were only 68 central stations in 1907 which reported that the entire amount of electricity generated during the year was sold for motor service, disposed of in bulk to other electric or railway companies, or sold for some purpose other than lighting; all the other sta- tions reported the sale of current for lighting. That electric lighting is the chief business of the central sta- tions is shown also by the fact that of the total income, almost three-fourths was from lighting and about one- sixth from stationary-motor service. Average size of station. — The number of lamps, me- ters, transformers, and motors is an indication of the size of the central station, and averages based on the numbers of these machines are given in Table 56. 60 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table S6.— Commercial and municipal central electric stationg — Average number of lamps, meters, transformers, and motors per station and average capacity per machine: 1907 and 1902. ' TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MUNICIPAL. 1807 1902 H07 IWtt 1907 1S02 Arc lamps: Average number per sta- tion Incandescent lamps: Average number per sta- tion Meters on consumption cir- cuits: Average number per sta- tion Transformers in circuits for cus- tomers: Average number per sta- tion 118 8,792 357 64 7 437 35 10 350 107 5,026 161 57 3 190 28 4 121 137 10,801 424 74 7 518 47 10 467 119 5,924 188 64 3 218 85 4 155 (J6 3,237 172 35 4 129 4 7 25 62 1,936 70 Kilowatt capacity per ma- 3 92 Kilowatt capacity per sta- tion Stationary motors: Average number per sta- tion 2 Horsepower per motor Horsepower per station 2 4 Although there are conflicting elements entering into the details from which these totals arc obtained, the figures are of sufficient accuracy to establish the fact that the averages for 1907 show great increases over the averages for 1902. Line construction. — The report on central electric stations for 1902 presents statistics for 125,144.14 miles of mains and feeders contained in overhead, un- derground, and submarine construction. Compara- tively few companies, however, had definite knowledge of tlie miles of wire strung, and it was exceedingly difli- cult to obtain satisfactory answers to the census in- quiries on the subject. In 1907, therefore, the inquiry on the subject was confined to the single question as to the number of miles of street occupied by underground conduits for mains and feeders, for which a total of 2,509.15 miles was reported. Of this total, 2,268.34 miles were reported by commercial stations and 240.81 miles by municipal stations. CHAPTER Y. CAPITALIZATION, Basis of statistics. — The statistics of capitalization of central electric light and power stations are confined to the par value of the authorized and outstanding preferred and common stock and bonds of commercial corporations, the par value of the bonds issued by municipalities to secure funds for the construction, purchase, or operation of the municipal stations, and the returns made on such capitalization in the form of dividends or interest. For 909 stations owned by individuals, private companies, or cooperative asso- ciations, which were not incorporated and had no stock, no statistics of capitalization could be reported. In addition, 21 companies which operated both electric light and power stations and electric railways reported their entire capitalization in connection with the inquiry on street railways; 9 stations, which are re- ported separately in the tables showing the number of companies, represent stations owned by corpora- tions operating other stations which reported the capitalization of these 9 stations in the same or another state; while 7 companies did not report capitalization. In the cases of 254 municipal stations, bonds originally issued by the city to secure funds for their construc- tion, purchase, or operation had been retired, and for this or other reasons no statistics of capitalization could be secured. Deducting these plants, there remain 2,516 commercial and 998 municipal stations for which statistics of capitalization are shown. Increase since 1902. — A presentation of statistics as to the capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest on funded debt of all companies and municipal stations having outstanding investment securities is given for 1907 and 1902 in Table 57. Although the number of municipal stations having outstanding bonds was relatively larger in 1907 than in 1902 — constituting 28.4 per cent of the aggregate number of companies and municipal stations reporting capital stock or funded debt in 1907 compared with 24.3 per cent in 1902 — the funded debt of the munici- pal stations constituted but 4 per cent of the total funded debt in 1907 as compared with 4.4 per cent in 1902. The aggregate amount of interest paid on funded debt was $27,991,762 in 1907 and $12,623,545 in 1902, the interest on the municipal bonds consti- tuting 4.1 per cent of the former amount and 4 per cent of the latter amount. The funded debt of the municipal stations represented 1 .9 per cent of the total capitalization outstanding in both 1907 and 1902. Table 57. — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest paid on funded debt of commercial companies, and funded debt and interest of municipal stations having bonds outstanding: 1907 and 1902. Number of commercial companies and municipal stations having outstanding capitalization Commercial companies Municipal stations reporting bonds outstanding Total capitalization outstanding Capital stock Funded debt Commercial companies: Total capitalization outstanding. Capital stock- Authorized, par value Common Preferred Outstanding, par value Common Preferred Dividends, amount On common stock On preferred stock Funded debt- Authorized, amount Outstanding, amount Interest Municipal stations; Funded debt- Authorized, amount Outstanding, amount Interest 1907 1902 3,514 2,705 '2,516 2,049 998 656 «, 367,338, 836 »639,125,363 741,317,497 372,951,952 626,021,339 266,173,411 1,341,995,182 627,515,875 900,092,160 435,178,372 798,873,386 407,807,934 101,218,774 27,370,438 741,317,497 372,951,952 666,003,772 349, 080, 281 75,313,725 23,871,671 19,300,572 6,189,837 16,883,812 5,560,341 2,416,760 629,496 815,516,672 308,117,894 600,677,685 254,563,923 26,842,330 12,118,740 29,031,638 12,625,482 25,343,654 11,609,488 1,149,432 504,805 Per cent of increase. 29.8 22.8 52.1 113.9 98.8 135.2 113.9 106.8 95.9 289.8 98.8 90.8 215.5 211.8 203.6 283.9 164.7 136.0 121.5 129.9 118.3 127.7 ' Exclusive of 37 companies (21 operating electric railways with capitalization Included In report for street and electric railways; 9 duplications due to corporations reporting capitalization in one state and owning establishments in another state, which are reported separately in certain of the tables; and 7 not reporting capitaliza- tion for sundry reasons), but including 2 companies reporting bonds only, their capital stock not being separable from other interests. Capitalization of commercial companies. — While the capitalization of the commercial companies shows a large increase from 1902 to 1907 — the total outstand- ing capitalization increasing 113.9 per cent — this in- crease is in harmony with the growth in the production of electricity as indicated by the increase in kilowatt output for these stations, which was 141.1 per cent. Of the total outstanding capitalization of the commer- cial companies in 1907, 55.2 per cent represented capi- tal stock compared with a corresponding percentage of 59.4 in 1902, and 44.8 per cent represented funded debt as compared with a corresponding percentage of 40.6 in 1902. That is, the proportion of the total capitahzation represented by capital stock has been appreciably reduced, while that represented by funded debt has increased. This falling off in the relative im- portance of capital stock is confined to common stock, which formed 49.6 per cent of the total capitalization in 1907 compared with 55.6 per cent in 1902, while the proportion represented by preferred stock increased from 3.8 per cent of the total capitalization in 1902 to (61) 62 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. 5.6 per cent in 1907. The average outstanding capi- talization per system increased in harmony with the general growth. For 1907 the average total capitali- zation per system was $53.3,384 compared with $306,255 in 1902, or a general average increase of 74.2 per cent. These averages represent an average amount of capital stock outstanding per system in 1907 of $294,641 compared with $182,017 in 1902, or an aver- age increase of 61.9 per cent; and an average amount of funded debt in 1907 of $238,743 compared with $124,238 in 1902, or an average increase of 92.2 per cent. The aggregate amount of funded debt shows an in- crease of 136 per cent compared with an increase of 98.8 per cent for capital stock. Though there was an increase of 215.5 per cent in the par value of preferred stock outstanding, the average increase for all stock is much smaller, owing to the lower rate of increase for common stock. The very satisfactory condition of the industry is evidenced by the increase in average dividend rates and the decrease in the average interest rate. The interest paid represents an average rate of 4.47 per cent on the total amount of outstanding funded debt in 1907 compared with an average rate of 4.76 per cent in 1902, and the dividends paid represent an average rate of 2.6 per cent in 1907 on the total amount of outstanding stock compared with an aver- age rate of 1.66 per cent in 1902; while the total amount of dividends and interest paid in 1907 repre- sents an average rate of 3.44 per cent on the total vol- ume of outstanding securities, including both stocks and bonds, compared with an average rate of 2.92 per cent in 1902. The funded debt reported in 1907, how- ever, includes $9,270,800 upon which no interest was paid. Eliminating this debt the average rate of inter- est upon the funded debt of the commercial companies upon which interest was paid becomes 4.54 per cent, which is the same as the average rate of interest for the outstanding bonds of the municipal stations. The allied industries tend to confuse all the statistics for the central electric stations, but especially those relat- ing to capitalization. They make it difficult to draw any conclusion for the industry as a whole in regard to the increase in capitalization as compared with the increase of equipment, expenses, and income. It is significant, however, that of the 2,049 commercial companies having outstanding capitalization in 1902, only 41 reported the payment of dividends on preferred stock and 561 the payment of dividends on common stock; while of the 2,516 companies having outstand- ing capitahzation in 1907, there were 101 which paid dividends on preferred stock and 661 which paid divi- dends on common stock. The average rate of dividend on preferred stock for the companies wliich paid divi- dends on such stock in 1907 was 5.39 per cent and in 1902,5.16 per cent . The average rate on common stock for companies which paid dividends on common stock in 1907 was 5.25 per cent and in 1902, 4.4 per cent. In this connection a comparison of the average re- turn on the capitalization of the central electric light and power stations with that for the other electrical industries which represent pubUc utilities may be of interest. The following statement shows the average rate per cent which the interest paid on funded debt and dividends paid on capital stock represent on the total outstanding capitalization of the incorporated companies in the electric light and power, street and electric railway, and telegraph and telephone indus- tries. It should be borne in mind, however, that these rates are computed on the total outstanding capitaliza- tion, including that upon which no dividends or inter- est were paid. Average rate of return on capitalization of incorporated companies: 1907 and 1902. INDUSTRY. AVERAGE RATE, PER CENT. 1907 1902 Central electric light and power stations 3.44 3.34 4.46 2 92 Street and electric railways Telegraph and telephone companies 5 23 The average rate of return on outstanding capitali- zation in 1902 was larger both for street and electric railways and for telegraph and telephone companies than for commercial companies operating central elec- tric light and power stations, but in 1907 the latter class of companies reported a higher average rate than did the street and electric railways, though this rate was still exceeded by the average rate for the tele- graph and telephone industries. Capitalization of -purely electric and composite com- panies. — The report for 1902 does not permit a com- parative presentation to be made for the two censuses in respect to the capitalization of commercial com- panies classified according to the character of the busi- ness done, but in 1902, 1,302 of the 2,049 commercial companies having outstanding capitalization, or 63.5 per cent, were purely electric and 747, or 36.5 per cent, were composite. A further idea as to the probable distribution of the total capitalization between the two classes of companies in 1902 may be gained from the statistics in reference to interest, the interest payments of the purely electric companies amounting to $8,767,- 252, or 72.3 per cent of the total interest paid on funded debt, while those of the composite companies amounted to $3,351,488, or 27.7, per cent of the total interest on funded debt. From Table 58, which gives the distribution of capitalization between the purely electric and the composite companies in 1907, it will be seen that the capitalization of companies engaged exclusively in the generation and sale of electric cur- rent formed only 49.1 per cent of the total capitaliza- tion of all incorporated companies for which statistics were secured. CAPITALIZATION. 63 Table 58. — Purely electric and composite companies — Capital stock, funded debt, dividends, and interest: 1907. PER CENT OF TOTAL. All Purely Composite companies. companies. companies. Purely- elec- tric. Com- ?tt Number of companies... 2,516 1,542 974 61.3 38.7 Total capitaUzation out- standing $1,341,995,182 $659,206,602 $682,788,580 49.1 50.9 Capital stock oulstand- 741,317,497 375,681,037 305,636,400 60.7 49.3 CornTTion WH), 003, 772 348,191,906 317,811,800 52.3 47.7 75,313,725 27,489,071 47,824,054 36.5 03.5 Dividends, amount 19.300,572 11,072,882 8.227,690 57.4 42.6 On com- mon .stock. 16,883,812 10.312,935 0,570,877 61.1 38.9 On prefer- red stock.. 2,410,7(X) 759,947 1,650,813 31.4 68.6 Funded debt outstand- ing, amount Interest 000,677,685 283,525,505 317,152,120 47.2 52.8 26,842,330 12,290,086 14.540,244 45.8 54.2 Tlie total capitalization i.s fairly well distributed between the two classes of companies, though the purely electric companies greatly outnumber the com- posite comjianies. It will be observed, however, that the composite companies reported nearly two-thirds of the preferred stock outstanding. In Table 58 and all other tables containing statistics of capitalization the total capital stock and funded debt of each company are included, except where spe- cially noted, but it is manifest that a considerable pro- portion of this capitalization is not properly chargeable to the central electric stations. All companies which reported the operation of an electric station in connec- tion with some other industiy and which kept no dis- tinctive capital account, furnished an estimate as to the proportion of the outstanding capitalization which was chargeable to the electric light and power depart- ment. These estimates ranged from 1 to 99 per cent, depending upon the relative importance of the electric portion of the business. By means of a computation based upon these estimates the sum of $381,958,476 is obtained as the estimated par value of the capitaliza- tion represented by the electric portion of the business of the companies classified as composite. In addition, a small portion of the capitalization of the companies in the purely electric class, amounting to $5,681, .307, is, in like manner, chargeable to other than electric light and power interests, making the capitalization of this class of companies which is chargeable to elec- tric stations $653,525,295. By combining these two amounts, $1,035,483,771 is obtained as the capitaliza- tion chargeable to the central electric light and power stations, instead of $1,341,995,182, as shown in Table 58, the difference of $306,511,411 being the estimated capitalization not chargeable to the electric stations, but representing industries carried on in connection with the electric light and power industry, such as gas and ice plants, waterworks, sawmills, steam heating, mines, quarries, etc. Table 59 shows for 1907 this distribution of capitalization and the divi- dends and interest chargeaole, respectively, to the electric light and power industry" and to the allied industries. Table 59.— DISTRIBUTION OF CAPITALIZATION, DIVIDENDS, AND INTEREST BETWEEN THE ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER INDUSTRY AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES: 1907. Capitalization. DIVIDENDS AND INTEREST. PEE CENT DISTRIBUTION. Total. Dividends. Interest. Capitali- zation. Dividends and interest. Amount. Average rate, per cent. Total. Divi- dends. Interest. Total - . . . . $1,341,995,182 $46,142,902 3.44 $19,300,572 $26,842,330 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Electric light and power industry 1,^5,483,771 36,803,408 3.46 15,159,573 20,643,835 77.2 77.6 78.5 76.9 Purely electric companies 653, 525, 295 381,958,470 ■306,511,411 23,241,772 12,561,636 10,339,494 3.56 3.29 3.37 ll,030,537i 12.211.2.35 48.7 28.5 22.8 50.4 27.2 22.4 67.2 21.4 21.5 45.5 Compo.site companies, chargeable to electric light 4,129,030 4,140,999 8,432,600 6,198,495 31.4 Allied industries 23.1 'Includes $5,681,307 reported for companies classified as purely electric, upon which dividends and interest amounting to $127,196 were paid as follows: Dividends, $42,345; interest, $84,861. Of the total capitalization, 77.2 per cent is chargeable to the electric light and power industry and 22.8 per cent to other interests. Although the returns on capitalization have been distributed for the reports on composite plants according to the estimated propor- tion of the outstanding capitalization chargeable to the electric light and power plant department, yet this is an assumption that may or may not be correct and undoubtedly will not hold good in many cases. In 25142— -10 5 some instances these allied industries may be con- ducted at a loss and the bond interest and dividends, if any, be paid from the profits of the electric plant; in others the electric plant may be operated at a loss and the interest and dividends be paid from the profits of the allied industries. The Census Bureau collected no statistics concerning profits on the year's business or the source of the money expended in the payment of interest or dividends. 64 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Capitalization and cost of construction. — The capitali- zation reported does not incliule promissory notes and other temporary obligations, which in some instances amount to considerable sums. On the other hand, the stock and bonds were in some instances sold for less than the par value, and therefore the par value is cor- respondingly greater than the actual amount invested. There are also cases in which the market value of the stock is considerably in excess of the par value. In any event the capitalization as reported to the Census Bureau should not be accepted as representing the cash actually invested, as it by no means represents cost of physical equipment, etc., but includes earning capacity, good will, etc. In spite of this fact, how- ever, the aggregate capitalization reported approxi- mates very closely the amount reported as cost of plant. The 2,516 commercial companies reported $1,027,182,892 as the cost of plant, which includes land, buildings, machinery, tools and implements, overhead and underground construction, lamps, mo- tors, meters, transformers wired for use, and all sup- plies on hand. Although the total capitalization of these companies amounts to $1,341,995,182, yet if the estimated amount chargeable to the allied interests, $306,51 1 ,41 1 , is deducted, the balance of $1 ,035,483,77 1 chargeable to the electric light and power industry approximates very closely the amount reported as cost of plant, the difference being but eight-tenths of 1 per cent. Many companies as they now exist are consolida- tions of other companies. In some instances a portion or all of the capitalization of the subsidiary companies has been retired, but frequently the entire capitaliza- tion of both the parent and subsidiary companies is included in the census reports. A portion of this capitalization is undoubtedly based on the earning capacity rather than on the actual value of the plant or the amount of cash invested. On the other hand, the application of earnings to new construction and betterments tends to lower the ratio of capitalization to cost of construction. Analysis of dividends and interest. — The return on capital invested is, from a financial standpoint, the matter of chief interest in connection with capitaliza- tion and the most important statistics on this subject for 1907 are therefore assembled in Table 60. Of the 2,516 incorporated companies having out- standing capitalization, 183, or 7.3 per cent, reported preferred stock, and 1,129, or 44.9 per cent, reported funded debt. In the aggregate, returns in the form of dividends or interest we re. made on a capitalization of $957,741,023, or 71.4 per cent of the total amount out- standing, this comprising .$321,509,301 of common stock, or 48.3 per cent of the total common stock out- standing; $44,824,837 of preferred stock, or 59.5 per cent of the total preferred stock outstanding; and $591 ,406,885 of funded debt, this latter amount repre- senting all of the funded debt, except $9,270,800 upon which interest was not paid. The very close correspondence between the average rates of dividends on dividend-paying common and preferred stocks is a noticeable feature. The average rate of dividends on the dividend-paying common stock was 5.25 per cent, and on the dividend-paying preferred stock 5.39 per cent. As already stated, the average rate' of interest on funded debt on wliich interest was paid was 4.54 per cent. Table 60. — Analysis of dividends and interest: 1907. Number of companies ' 2,516 Common stock: Number of companies reporting 2, 514 Number of companies declaring dividends 601 Amount outstanding, par value $I>OC,003,772 Amount on wiiich dividends were declared $321 . 509, 301 Per cent dividend-paying Steele forms of all common stock 48. 3 Amount of dividends $1U, 883, 812 Average rate of dividends on all common stock, percent 2.64 Average rate of dividends on dividend-paying common stock, per cent 5.25 Preferred stock: Number of companies reporting 183 Number of companies declaring dividends 101 Amount outstanding, par value 175,313,725 Amount on which dividends were declared $44. 824. 837 Per cent dividend-paying stock forms of all preferred stock 59. 5 Amount of dividends $2,416,760 Average rate of dividends on all preferred stock, per cent 3.21 Average rate of dividends on dividend-paying preferred stock, per cent 5. 39 Funded debt: Number of companies reporting 1, 129 Number of companies paying interest 1,078 Amount outstanding $ 6 per cent but less than 7 7 percent but less than 8 8 per cent but less than 9 9 per cent i)ut less than 10 10 per cent and over Companies not paying dividends on common stock Number of com- panies. 2,514 661 2 16 35 48 46 98 141 26 67 7 175 1,853 COMMON STOCK, PAB VALUE. Authorized. Amount. $798,873,386 378,019.099 3,750,000 14,235,000 12,582,500 38, 372, 000 10, 277, 366 90,341,960 76,540,983 60, 942, 300 30,052,600 1,060,000 33,864,400 420,854,287 Per cent distribu- tion. 47.3 0.5 1.8 1.6 4.8 1.3 12.1 9.6 7.6 3.8 0.1 4.2 52.7 Outstanding. Dividends. Amount. $666,003,772 321,509,301 3,582,500 14,101,400 11,568,800 24,816,630 9, 174, 666 75,694,700 69,950,195 55,310,185 25,412,100 1,026,575 30,871,550 344,494,471 Per cent distribu- tion. Amount. 100.0 48.3 0.5 2.1 1.7 3.7 1.4 11.4 10.5 8.3 3.8 0.2 4.6 51.7 $16,883,812 16,883,812 17,010 171,290 253, 620 731,059 366, 986 2,846,735 4,101,328 2,853,152 1,954,800 92,415 3, 495, 417 Per cent distribu- tion. 0.1 1.0 1.5 4.3 2.2 16.9 24.3 16.9 11.6 0.5 20.7 Average rate, per cent. 2.54 5.25 0.47 1.21 2.19 2.95 4.00 3.76 5.86 5.16 7.69 9.00 11.32 The companies paying dividends on common stock formed 26.3 per cent of the total number, and the out- standing common stock of these companies formed 48.3 per cent of the total amount outstanding; that 66 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. is, nearlj' three-fourths of the companies paid no divi- dends at all upon their common stock, and no divi- dends were paid on more than one-half of the common stock outstanding. The rate of dividends indicated for each group fre- quently is not paid on the entire amount of outstanding stock credited to the group. The stock reported as outstanding is the amount outstanding at the close of the year and includes any stock which may have been issued during the year, even near its close, and on which dividends were not paid, and also the total out- standing common stock of companies, although divi- dends were paid on a portion only of their common stock. The rates reported are such as were given in the schedules, except in a few cases where the amount of the dividend was reported and the rate omitted, in which case the rate was established in the office by its relation to the outstanding stock. It must be under- stood, therefore, that the rate refers only to the amount of stock on which the dividends were declared, butthe amount of this dividend stock was not reported. For these reasons, in several of the rate groups, the average rate computed from the amount of common stock out- standing and the amount paid in dividends on common stock falls short of the group rate. A noticeable feature of this table is the relatively large number of companies paying dividends of 10 per cent or over, these companies constituting 26.5 per cent of the companies paying dividends on common stock. Next to this group the largest number of com- panies paying dividends on common stock is shown for the group with a rate of 6 per cent but less than 7, which also shows the largest amount disbursed as dividends on common stock of any group. The preferred stock on which dividends were paid, distributed by rate groups, is shown in Table 64. Tabie 64.— preferred STOCK— AMOUNT AND DIVIDENDS FOR COMPANIES PAYING DIVIDENDS, GROUPED BY RATE OF DIVIDENDS, AND AMOUNT FOR COMPANIES NOT PAYING DIVIDENDS: 1907. Companies reporting preferred stock. Companies paying dividends on preferred stoclc. Rate of dividends: 1 percent but iess tiian 2 2 per cent but less than 3 3 per cent l)ut less than 4 4 per cent but less than 5 6 per cent but less than 6 6 per cent but less than 7 7 per cent but less than 8 8 per cent and over Companies not paying dividends on preferred stock.. Number of com- panies. PBEFEBBED STOCK, FAB VALUE. Authorized. $101,218,774 61,664,274 200,000 1,044,000 368,900 24,280,500 34,474,674 1,013,700 282,500 39,554,500 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 0.2 1.0 0.4 24.0 34.1 1.0 0.3 39.1 Outstanding. Amount. $75,313,725 44,824,837 110,833 244,000 368,900 19,418,600 23,432,304 967,700 282,500 30,488,888 Per cent distribu- tion. 59.5 0.1 0.3 0.5 25.8 31.1 1.3 0.4 40.5 Dividends. Amount. $2,416,760 2,416,760 1,663 5,880 11,067 938, 379 1,369,845 67, 739 22,187 Per cent distribu- tion. 0.1 0.2 0.5 38.8 56.7 2.8 9 Average rate, per cent. 3.21 5.39 1.50 2.41 3.00 4.83 5. 85 7.00 7.85 The companies paying dividends on preferred stock formed 55.2 per cent of the total number having pre- ferred stock, and the preferred stock of these compa- nies constituted 59.5 per cent of the total amount of preferred stock outstanding. Of the companies pay- ing dividends, those reporting a rate of 6 per cent but less than 7 are most nvmaerous and reported the major portion of the dividends paid on preferred stock. Table 65 shows the number of companies reporting fxmded debt at the census of 1907, the amount of debt, both authorized and outstanding, and the amount of interest paid. It also distinguishes between the com- panies that did and did not pay interest. The amount shown as interest on funded debt is not the total interest chargeable for the year on the total outstanding debt. It is common practice to charge all or a part of the interest to the plant account while construction is going on, and hence in such cases the total amount of interest on funded debt does not ap- pear in the income account from which the census fig- ures of interest on funded debt are taken, but only that portion of it which is charged against income. There were other conditions also which operated in certain cases to prevent the showing of interest on funded debt in the statistics, such as the use of bonds as collateral for floating debt and the waiver of the payment of interest by special agreement, not to men- tion the defaulting of interest. There were 51 com- panies with funded debt outstanding which for various reasons did not show any interest charge in the income account. The companies reporting funded debt formed 44.9 per cent of the total number, and interest was paid upon all but 1.5 per cent of the total amount outstanding. Table 65. — Fundeddebt — Amount and interest/or companies paying interest and amount for companies not paying interest: 1907. COMPANIES KEPOBTINO FUNDED DEBT. All companies. Companies Companies not paying interest. Number of companies 1,129 $815,516,672 $600,677,685 $26,842,330 4.47 1,078 $788,113,672 $591,406,885 $26,842,330 4.54 61 Funded debt: $27,403,000 $9,270,800 Amount outstanding Average rate of Interest, per cent . CAPITALIZATION. 67 In Table 66 the companies having funded debt are classified according to the rate of interest on their bonds. In cases where companies had bond issues bearing different rates of interest, they arc classified according to the average rate paid on the whole debt. Table 66. — Companies reporting funded debt, grouped by rate of intiresl: 1907. Companies reporting funded debt Companies paying interest on funded debt Rate of interest: Less than 4 per cent 4 percent but less ttian 5 5 percent but less than 6 6 percent but less than 7 7 per cent but less than 8 8 per cent and over Companies not paying interest on funded debt COMPANIES KEPORTING FU.NDED DEBT. Number. 1,129 11 63 038 334 23 9 Per cent distribu- tion. 100.0 95.5 1.0 5.8 .59.2 31.0 2.1 0.8 4.5 Capitalization statistics of companies, classified accord- ing to dynamo capacity. — A large majority of the com- panies organized since 1902 are comparatively small, and while some large companies have been organized to construct new plants, most of them have been formed by the reorganization and consolidation of com- panies that were in existence in 1902. These reorgan- izations are made for the avowed purpose of effecting economies that are not possible in the small companies. This being the case, it would be expected that the larger companies would secure greater profit on the year's business, which in turn would be reflected in a larger rate of dividends on the capital stock. While the census classification of companies according to size on the basis of dynamo capacity is not a perfect classification for the purpose indicated, it is of interest, and the statistics are presented in Table 67. Of the total number of companies in 1907, 162, or 6.4 per cent, purchased current and hence form a class by themselves. The capitalization of these com- panies represented 5.5 per cent of the total capitaliza- tion, and averaged $456,017 per company, compared with an average of $538,709 per company for the 2,.354 companies equipped with dynamos and generating current. Table 67.— CAPITALIZATION STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL COMPANIES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907. CAPITAUZATION. DYNAMO CAPAQTY OF STATION.? IN KILOWATTS. Numl)er of com- panies report- ing. Total Under 200 200 but under 5IH) 500 but under 1 ,(XXJ 1 ,000 but under 2,000 2,000 but under 5,000 5,000 and over Companies without generating equipment. 1,281 534 207 150 109 73 162 Amount. $1,341,995,182 50,680,027 64,807,465 60,606,542 129,337,257 210,387,010 752,302,191 73,874,690 Dividends and interest. Amount. $46,142,902 258,055 509,489 881,907 866,422 069,033 818,119 2,739,877 Average rate, per cent. 3.44 2.48 2.33 3.11 2.99 3.36 3.70 3.71 CAPITAL STOCK. Total. Namber ofcom- leport- ing. 2,514 1,279 534 207 150 109 73 162 $741,317,497 39,710,805 42, 440, 338 35,003,975 78,524,091 122,263,210 384,844,788 38,530,290 Amount. $19,300,572 719,929 506,033 604,644 1,447,998 3,263,396 11,658,581 1,100,091 Average rate, per cent. 2.60 1.81 1.19 1.73 1.84 2.67 3.03 2.g« DYNAMO CAPAaTT OF STATIONS IN KILOWATTS. CAPITAL STOCK— continued. Common. Num- ber of com- panies report- ing. Total 2, 514 Dividends. Amount. Aver- age rate, per cent. $666,003,772 $16,883,812 2.54 I'nder 200 200 but under 500 500 but under 1,000... 1,000 but under 2.000. 2,000 but under 5,000. 5,000 and over Companies without generating equip- ment 1,279 534 207 150 109 73 162 38,757,905 40, 169, 155 32,571,676 71,831,091 112,158,110 336,915,946 33,599,890 694,358 470, 434 538,129 1,224,350 3,037,456 9,961,494 1.79 1.17 1.65 1.70 2.71 2.96 957,591 [ 2.85 Preferred. Num- ber of com- panies report- ing. 183 $75,313,725 952,900 2,271,183 2, 432. 300 6,693,000 10, 105, 100 47,928,842 4,930,400 Dividends. $2,416,760 Aver- age rate, per cent. 3.21 2.68 1.57 2.73 3.34 2.24 3.54 142,500 FUNDED DEBT. Num- ber of com- panies report- ing. 1,129 $600,677,685 374 290 148 116 86 68 10,969,222 22,367,127 25,602,567 50,813,166 88,123,800 387,457,403 35,344,400 Interest. Amount. $26,842,330 Aver- age rate, per cent. 4.47 638,126 1,003,456 1,277,363 2,418,424 3,805,637 16,159,538 ( 4.91 4.49 4.99 4.76 4.32 4.40 1,639,786 4.64 • Inclading 2 companies reporting bonds only, their capital stoclc not being separable from other interests. 68 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. The group of small companies, those operating sta- tions with a ilynamo capacity of less than 200 kilo- watts, constituted 50.9 per cent of the total number, but their capitalization formed but 3.8 per cent of the total capitalization and averaged but $39,563 per compan\'. On the other hand, the companies operat- ing stations with a capacity of 5,000 kilowatts or over constituted only 2.9 per cent of the total number, but represented 56.1 per cent of the total capitalization, with an average of S10,305,509 per company. It should be remembered that the amounts of common stock, preferred stock, and funded debt shown for the several groups are the total amounts outstanding and include nondividend-paying stocks and noninterest- paying bonds as well as those upon which dividends or interest was paid. For this reason, the average rates per cent, as given, tlo not represent the average rates per cent for stocks upon which dividends were paid or for funded debt upon which interest was paid, but the average return in the form of dividends or interest on the total amounts of stock or funded debt outstanding, respectively. In most cases the average rate of return is better for companies operating stations with a high dynamo capacity than for those operating stations with a low capacity, though the rule does not hold in all cases. Table 68 shows the per cent distribution of the number of companies reporting, capitalization, and dividends and interest for the several groups, and the average capitalization per company for each group. Table 68. — Per cent distribution, by dynamo capacity, of number of companies, capitalization, and dividends and interest, and average capitalization per company: 1907. KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS. Total. FEB CENT DI3TKIBUTION. All com- panies. 100.0 Under 200 200 but under 500 500 but under 1 ,000 1,000 but under 2,000 2,000 but under 5,000 5,000 and over Companies without generating equip- ment 50.9 21.2 8.2 6.0 4.3 2.9 6.4 Capital- ization. 100.0 3.8 4.8 4.5 9.6 15.7 56.1 5.5 Divi- dends and interest. 100.0 2.7 3.3 4.1 8.4 15.3 60.3 5.9 Average capitaliza- tion per company. $533,384 39,563 121,362 292,785 862,248 1,930,156 10,305,509 456,017 The analysis of the statistics might be carried to the point of ascertaining the earnings of the incorpo- rated companies, classified according to dynamo ca- pacity and the relation the earnings bear to the capital- ization for the several groups. But any deductions in regard to earnings that might be drawn from these returns are apt to be misleading.' The amounts disbursed in the form of interest and dividends by the different groups of companies can be used, how- 'Seep. 87, Ch. VII. ever, in lieu of earnings, as a basis of comparison, and these disbursements for groups of companies will give results which will approximate comparisons of earn- ings. Hence the fact that the average rate per cent of dividends and interest combined, as well as the average rate per cent of dividends on common stock, as given in Table 67, shows a general tendency to increase with dynamo capacity, can be taken as an indication of the relative increase in the rate of earn- ings accompanying increase in capitalization. It will be noted also in this connection that the rate of in- terest on funded debt shows no such increase, but in fact is smaller for the highest group than for the lowest. As a general rule, increase in capitalization is accom- panied by an increase in the proportion of the capital- ization represented by both preferred stock and funded debt, with a decrease in the proportion of the capital- ization represented by common stock — that is, the larger the capitalization the larger the percentage thereof represented b}' preferred stock and by funded debt, and the smaller the percentage represented by common stock. Although the application of this rule to individual companies or to small groups of com- panies would show exceptions, yet it holds good when the companies are grouped on lines broad enough to eliminate minor variations, as shown by the following tabular statement: Average capitalization per company and per cent distribution of capitalization for groups of companies, classified according to dynamo capacity: 1907. All com- panies. COMPANIES WITH A DYNAMO CAPACITY OF— Under 200 kilo- watts. 200 but under 1,000 kilo- watts. 1,000 but under 5.000 kilo- watts. 5,000 kilo- watts and over. Average capitalization per SS38,709 100.0 $39,563 100.0 $169,250 100.0 $1,311,677 100.0 $10,305,509 100 Per cent distribution: Capitalization Capital stock Common stock. Preferred stock. Funded debt 55.4 49.9 5.5 44.6 78.4 76.5 1.9 21.0 61.8 58.0 3.8 38.2 59.1 54.2 4.9 40.9 51.2 44.8 6.4 48.8 The above statement is confined to the companies having generating ecjuipment. It will be seen that the percentage which common stock forms of the total capitalization decreases uninterruptedly from 76.5 per cent for the lowest group, companies operating stations with a capacity of less than 200 kilowatts, to 44.8 per cent for the highest group, companies operating stations with a capacity of 5,000 kilowatts and over; while the percentage for preferred stock increases uninterrupt- edly from 1.9 per cent to 6.4 per cent for the successive groups, and the percentage for funded debt from 21.6 per cent to 48.8 per cent. CAPITALIZATION. Municipal stations. — The increase in the number of municipal stations is naturally accompanied by an increase in the municipal bonds issued on account of these stations. Table 69. — Municipal slalions — Funded debt and interest: 1907 and 1902. 1907 1902 Per cent of increase. Number of stations. . . . 1,252 998 254 $29,031,6.38 $25,343,654 $1,149,432 4.54 815 656 159 $12,625,482 $11,609,488 $504,805 4.35 53.6 52.1 Reporting no bonds outstanding Funded debt: .\niount authorized. . . 59.7 129.9 118.3 127.7 .\veragerate of interest, percent As a general rule, the rate of interest on the bonds of municipalities is lower than on those of private enter- prises, and in 1902 the average rate on municipal bonds issued against light and power stations was 4.35 per cent, compared with a corresponding rate of 4.76 per cent for incorporated commercial companies. But the bond rate for commercial companies shows a lower average in 1907 than in 1902, while a slight increase is shown in the rate for municipal bonds, so that, as before noted, the average rate of interest on the net amount of funded debt of the commercial companies upon which interest was paid in 1907 was the same as that for municipal bonds, 4.54 per cent. The municipal stations reporting bonds outstanding in 1907 represented 79.7 per cent of the total number compared with 80.5 per cent in 1902, and the outstand- ing bonds represented 87.3 per cent of the amount authorized in 1907 compared with 92 per cent in 1902. The average amount of bonded indebtedness per sta- tion has increased materially, being $25,394 per station in 1907 compared with $17,697 in 1902. The bonded debt of the composite municipal stations formed 57.4 per cent of the total for municipal stations, and the average rate of interest was 4.8 per cent, com- pared with an average rate of 4.18 per cent for the purely electric municipid stations. Table 70. — Municipal stations — Funded debt and interest for purely electric and composite stations: 1907 . Number of stations Number reporting l)onds outstanding. . Funded deltt: Amount outstand- ing Amount of interest Average rate of in- terest, per cent... MUNICIPAI. STATIONS. Total number. 1,252 998 $25,343,654 $1,149,4.32 etori?. Uomposite. 521 410 $10,799,693 $4.51,776 731 588 $14, .543,961 $697,656 4.80 Per cent of total. Purely electric. 41.6 41.1 42.6 39.3 Com- posite. 58.4 58.9 57.4 60.7 In making the reports for municipal stations carry- ing on business of a composite character, an estimate was given of the proportionate part of the bonded investments chargeable to the electric light and power industry, as was done with respect to capital invest- ments in the case of the commercial companies, and although these estimates are in most cases only approxi- mations and do not represent book values, yet the}' afford a basis for arriving at a general estimate of the amount of municipal bonds and interest paid thereon represented b}'^ the electric light and power industry. Table 71 accordingly shows the estimated amount of bonds chargeable to the electric light and power industry and to the allied industries, respectively. Table 71. — Municipal stations — Distribution of funded debt and interest between the electric light and power industry and allied industries: 1907. BONDS OUTSTANDING. INTEREST. Amount. Per cent distri- bution. Amount. Average rate, per cent. Total $25, 343, (.54 100 $1,149,432 4 54 Electric light and power industry. , . 20,479,798 80.8 911,190 4.45 Purely electric stations Composite stations 10,697,093 9,782 705 42.2 38.6 19.2 446,883 484,307 238,242 4.18 4 75 Allied industries '4,863,856 4 90 'Includes $102,600 reported for companies classified as purely electric, upon wliich Interest amounting to $4,893 was paid. CHAPTER YI. COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. General discussion. — The schedule used in the cen- sus of 1902 called for a separate statement as to the cost of land; buildings; machinery, tools, and imple- ments within stations; overheat! electric-service con- struction; underground electric-service construction; lamps, motors, meters, and transformers, wired for use; supplies of every description on hand; and mis- cellaneous equipment. The object of these inquiries was to ascertain the total cost of the plant and equip- ment, as represented by the total amount expended for the original construction and for all subsequent extensions, additions, and repairs to the same. It was presumed that the electric companies kept an account of this kind, but a majority contended that it was impossible to report the cost in such detail, and many asserted that they had no data from which even the total cost of the plant and equipment to date could be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy. Moreover, a considerable number of the electric sta- tions have changed ownership during recent years, and the purchase price often has little relation to the actual cost of the plant, and in fact seldom, if ever, represents this cost. The transfer is frequently made through the exchange of stock or by some other ar- rangement, whereby it is impossible to ascertain the money equivalent. In view of these conditions, the attempt to ascertain the cost of construction in such detail was abandoned in 1907, but in an effort to preserve the comparative value of the statistics, the total cost of the plant and equipment to date and the cost of construction during the census year were requested. Table 72.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND EQUIP- MENT; AVERAGE COST PER KILOWATT CAPACITY OF DYNAMOS AND PER HORSEPOWER CAPACITY OF ENGINES AND WATER WHEELS; AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION DURING THE CENSUS YEAR: 1907 AND 1902. Total cost of plants and equipment Total kilowatt capacity of dynamos Average cost per kilowatt capacity of dynamos Total horsepower capacity of engmes and water wheels Average cost per horsepower capacity of engines and water wheels Cost of construction during the census year 1907 1902 $1,096,913,622 : 2,709,22s $405 4.098.188 ' $268 $100,912,573 $504,740,352 1.212.235 $416 1.845,048 $274 $41,792,447 COUUERCIAL. 1907 $1,054,034,175 2,500,209 $422 3,776.837 $279 $95,740,208 1902 $482,719,879 1,098,855 $439 1,685,020 $286 $40,050,613 MUNICIPAL. 1907 $42,879,447 209,016 $205 321,351 $133 $5, 166. 365 1902 $22,020,473 113,380 $194 100.028 $138 $1,741,834 The total cost of all central stations up to the end of the census year 1907 as compared with that similarly reported for 1902 showed an increase of $592,173,270, or 117.3 per cent. In the same period the total cost reported for the commercial stations, which in 1907 represented 96.1 per cent of the total cost of all sta- tions, and in 1902, 95.6 per cent, increased 118.4 per cent. The corresponding increase for the municipal stations was 94.7 per cent. The average cost of plant and equipment reported for all stations in 1907 was $232,693; for commercial stations, $304,458; and for municipal stations, $34,249. In 1902 the correspond- ing averages were $139,431, $172,093, and $27,019, respectively. Many and varying factors enter into the cost of plants and equipment. Sites and rights, which in one instance may cost but little, in anotlier may be very expensive. The installation and equipment of a sta- tion designed .and prepared to supply current to a large city or thickly settled community, is quite unlike (70) that of a station transmitting electricity considerable distances and selling in bulk to but few customers. These conflicting elements are encountered in any attempt to arrive at an average cost per station or per kilowatt capacity of dynamo. In endeavoring to arrive at an average cost per dynamo capacity there is always the uncertainty as to the extent of the in- stallation of surplus dynamos, which frequently do not, in a true sense, represent the capacity of the plant, but merely a reserve to be brought into use in case of a breakdown, need for repairs, etc. The de- crease in the average cost per horsepower in both commercial and municipal stations and in average cost per kilowatt capacity of djmamos for commercial stations, may be influenced by the fact that in antici- pation of future demands upon them, plants have in recent years been constructed with a more general excess of both primary power and dynamo capacity. In but 1 state, Utah, was the total cost of plants and equipment reported less in 1907 than in 1902, and COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. 71 in this instance the decrease was due to the fact that one of the largest of the central stations in the state for which statistics were secured in 1902 has since that date been combined with an electric railway, so that in 1907 it was included with the latter branch of the industry. There were 7 states each of which reported in 1907 a total cost of plants and equipment of more than $40,000,000. These states, together with the amounts thus reported and the corresponding totals for 1902, are shown in Table 73. Table 73. — Total cost of -plants and equipment for ftales each of which in 1907 reported u total of more than ^40,000,000: 1907 and 1902. STATE. TOTAL COffr OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT. 1907 1902 Total for United States 11,096,913,622 J504,740,352 677,617,993 341,831,031 252,731,789 111,780,551 88,142,233 73,907,749 65.219,445 43,279,228 42,557,000 112,998.778 California . ... 36,547,474 Illinois 38,329.275 Pennsylvania . ... . . 41,579,338 56, 432, 502 Massachusetts 29, 662, 267 Ohio 26,381,397 At both censuses the totals for these 7 states formed approximately the same proportion of the correspond- ing totals for the entire United States, somewhat less than two-thirds in 1907 and slightly more than two- thirds in 1902. Some of the most notable increases in the state totals in the cost of construction are shown in Table 74. Table 14,. — Notable increases in the total cost of construction for 20 selected states in 1907 over the amount reported in 1902. TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT. 1907 1902 Total for United States 11,096,913.622 t504,740.352 Total for 20 selected states 853,914,225 . Alabama California Colorado Georgia IlUnois Indiana Maryland Massachusetts. . Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nevada New Yorlt Ohio Olclahoma Pennsylvania... South Carolina.. South Dalvota... Washington 7, 111. 23, 7, 88, 25, 21. 43. 37, 24. 33, 17, 4. 252, 42, 7, 73, 8, 2, 20, 293, 876 780,551 126,179 354,286 142,233 680, 710 274,959 279,226 001,060 138,081 865,760 950,677 299.631 731.789 557.000 130, 864 907,749 803.382 806,363 789,849 358,809,493 908,895 36,547,474 8,665,826 1,252,578 38,329,275 6.706.510 7.157.986 29,562,267 11,559.169 9,236.505 15,679.872 4,740.807 301,785 112.998,778 26,381,397 597.516 41,579,338 2,442,989 623,504 3,537,022 Actual increase. $592,173,270 495,104,732 6,384,981 75,233,077 14,460,353 6,101,708 49.812,958 18,974,200 14,116.973 13,716,959 25,441,891 14.901.676 18,185.888 13,309.870 3,997,846 139,7.33,011 16,175,603 6,533.348 32,328.411 6,360,393 2,182,859 17,252,827 Per cent of increase. 138.0 702.5 205.9 166.9 487.1 130.0 282.9 197.2 46.4 220.1 161.3 116.0 278.6 1,324.7 123.7 61.3 1,093.4 77.8 260.4 350.1 487.8 The total cost of construction for these 20 states formed more than three-fourths of the total for the United States in 1907 and only a little, less than three- fourths in 1902; the corresponding amount of increase for these states was nearly seven-eighths of the total increase for the country. For reasons alreatly stated, the cost of the plants as reported to the Census Bureau does not represent the actual cost of installing a central station nor indicate the actual relative costs of stations equipped with water power as compared with those equipped with steam power. The reported cost does, however, give an approximate idea of the cost of construction, and the classification of the total cost reported according to the primary power used in the stations gives addi- tional indication of the relative importance of the dif- ferent classes of power. This classification is made in Tables 75 and 76. In comparing the statistics for the different kinds of primary power for 1902 with those for 1907, it should be remembered that stations which in 1902 were operated by either steam or water power might, because of the extension of the service, or for other reasons, find the original power inadequate and by the addition of power of another character, be thrown into a different group in 1907. The extent of these changes is, however, a matter of great uncertainty. The stations using steam exclusively as primary power in 1907 reported 57.7 per cent of the total cost of plants and equipment for all central stations, and if to this is added the cost of the stations which are practically steam plants but have minor power of some other kind, the proportion reported by stations using steam would be 64.4 per cent. But even this large percentage does not fully represent the cost of the steam equipment, since there is also a large amount represented by the plants in the class using water and steam. The remainder, with the exception of about one-half of 1 per cent of the total cost contributed by the plants equipped with gas as the primary power, represents the cost of plants using water power, or without primary-power equipment. In 1907 the plants using water exclusively reported 11.6 per cent of the total cost, and those equipped with water with other minor power, 2.8 per cent. Thus 14.4 per cent of the total cost was represented by this kind of power, exclusive of the portion represented by stations in the group "water and steam." In 1907 the North Central states had about three- sevenths of the total number of stations, but the cost of plants and equipment reported for that division was only a little more than one-fourth of the total for all central stations; the North Atlantic division, on the other hand, with about one-half as many stations, reported somewhat less than twice the amount for cost of plants and equipment. The Western division was third, with a little less than one-fifth of the total cost, while the South Atlantic and South Central divisions each reported about one-twentieth. 72 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 76.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— TOTAL COST OF PLANTS AND E(iUIP- MENT, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER: 1907 AND 1902. KIND or POWER. Total steam exclusively Steam with other minor power Water exclusively Water with otlier minor power Water and steam Gas exclusively Stations without primary-power equipment Cen- sus. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Numljer of stations. 4,714 3,620 3,262 2,747 474 315 360 275 180 SI 284 169 Cost of plants ana equipment. Jl, 096, 913, 622 504,740,352 633,050,959 325,912,662 73,016,313 48,904,865 127,722,346 38,387,077 30, 900, 788 14,879,731 176,837,370 65,670,174 4,634,303 2,600,377 50,751,543 8,385,466 COMHEBCIAL. Numljer of stations. 3,462 2,805 2,199 2,008 80 41 413 281 59 19 337 266 137 38 237 152 Cost of plants and equipment. 11,054,034,175 482,719,879 598,742,435 306,232,439 72,260,226 48,831,365 124,318,422 37,319,076 30,836,527 14,854,719 174, 697, 251 65, 179, 991 4,040,379 2,499,534 49,138,9.35 7,802,755 MiraiCIPAL. Number of stations. 1,252 815 1,063 739 Cost of plants and equipment. $42,879,447 22,020,473 34,308,524 19,680,223 756,087 73,500 3,403,924 1,068,001 64,281 25,012 2,140,119 490,183 593,924 100,843 1,612,608 582,711 Table 76.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907 AND 1902. United States North Atlantic Soutii Atlantic Nortli Central South Central Western Cen- sus. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Num- ber of sta- tions. Total. 4,714 3,620 1,070 913 390 251 2,095 1,706 679 404 480 346 $1,096,913,622 504,740,352 484,441,333 266,548,738 58,513,594 19,462,480 290,238,111 127,495,351 59,366,131 22,328,727 204,354,453 68,905,056 Steam exclusively. $633,050,959 325,912,662 287,302,016 161,398,717 40,779,550 16,406,853 211,879,482 109,632,429 53,947,895 21,885,209 39,142,016 16,589,454 Steam with otlier minor power. $73,016,313 48,904,865 61,814,755 42,101,267 370,000 9,657,530 1,275,982 837,028 15,190 337,000 5,512,426 Water exclusively. Water with other minor power. $127, 38, 722,346 387,077 52, 219,507 975,986 ',472,369 1,041,027 ,606,655 1,744,421 325,905 234,551 1,097,910 1,391,092 $30,900,788 14,879,731 3,331,165 13,752,012 4.787,410 597,972 9,670,351 108,077 13,111,862 421,670 Water and steam. eas exclusively. $176,837,370 65,670.174 45,882,261 36,565,192 4,464,121 207, 100 31,790,294 11,786,737 3.381,268 109, 510 91,319,420 17,001,635 $4,634,303 2,600,377 2,712,242 2,144,121 69,578 51,800 1,237,379 324,667 435,645 23,414 179,459 56.375 31,179,387 3,611,443 570,566 157,728 8,396,420 623,038 438,390 60,853 10,166,780 3,932,404 The cost of plants having steam as the primary power developed most rapidly in the North Atlantic and North Central divisions and least rapidly in the Western division. Measured by the cost of construc- tion, the North Atlantic, Western, and North Central divisions represented the highest development of water power, as did the North Atlantic of stations equipped with gas as the primary power. The remarkable increase in the cost of plants and equipment reported for stations which are not equipped with primary power was altogether dis- proportionate to the increase in their number. The use of water power and the ability to deliver the electric energy at long distances from the genei'ating plant, and at a low cost, have brought about a great change in '■ the installation of power machines and dynamos in central electric stations. New stations have been built without such equipment, sometimes not only purchasing the current but selling the same in bulk to other stations by means of long-transmission lines. Many stations originally equipped with generating apparatus have had such apparatus removed because it has been found to be more economical to purchase current than to generate it. The largest increases for stations not equipped with primary power were in the North Atlantic, North Central, and Western divisions. In 1902 the cost of construction by character of ownership was not reported, hence comparative figures are not available. These figures, however, are shown for 1907 in Table 77. COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. 73 Table 77. -Total cost of plants and equipment, by character of ownership: 1907. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Total cost of plants and equipment. Per cent distribu- tion. Total $1,096,913,622 100.0 6,574,920 4,019,813 1,043,439,442 42,879,447 0.6 0.4 Incorporated company ' . . . . . 95.1 3.9 ' Includes 2 establishments classed under the head " -\11 other forms of ownership," in order that the operations of individual establishments may not be disclosed. This table shows the importance of corporate owner- ship and the comparative insignificance of all the other forms of ownership so far as they relate to the cost of electric stations. The total cost of construc- tion for the municipal stations was slightly less than 4 per cent of the total, while that for individuals and firms combined was but 1 per cent. During the census year 1907, $100,912,573 was expended for new stations and for additions and exten- sions to those already in existence. This amount represented an increase of $59,120,126, or 141.5 per cent, over the amount reported as similarly expended during 1902. For the commercial stations the in- crease amounted to $55,695,595, or 139.1 per cent, and for the municipal stations to $3,424,531, or 196.6 per cent. The total cost of ne\v construction reported for 1907, classified by kind of primary power used in the respective stations, is shown by geographic divisions in Table 78. Table 78.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OP CONSTRUCTION DURING THE YEAR, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED AND BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1907. DIVISIOS. Num- ber of sta- tions. Total. Steam exclusively. Steam with other minor power. Water exclusively. Water with other minor power. Water and steam. Gas ex- clusively. Stations without primary- power equipment. United States 4.714 $100,912,573 $54,505,377 $4,413,308 $8,715,446 $3,532,877 $13,776,002 $643,331 $15,326,232 North Vtlantic 1,070 390 2,095 679 480 A, 989,031 7,023,710 28,091,301 5,216,2,38 18,592,293 20,462,608 5,014,384 19,652,627 4,784,711 4,591,047 3,613,408 30,855 610,849 133. 196 25,000 1,872,932 496,615 1,999,693 20.953 4,325,254 122,145 1,287.936 1.392,634 "736,' i62" 4,060,573 126,857 2.753,211 108,725 6,726,636 233,018 2,281 207.627 145,961 54,444 11,624,347 64,782 North central . .. . . 1,474,661 22,692 Western .. ... ... . . . 2,139,750 Tile cost of construction during the year was dis- tributed among the several geographic divisions in much the same relative proportions as was the total cost of plants and equipment reported, and the same is true also of the expenditures reported during the year upon the stations in most of the different groups, by kind of power used. The Western division, however, for the stations using water exclusively shows a much larger proportion of the total cost of construction dur- ing the year for this kind of power than of the total cost of plants and equipment to date for the same kind of power, while the reverse is true for the stations of the Western division wliich use water as the pri- mary power but have minor power of some other kind. In 7 states and territories there was a decrease in the total cost of new construction during the census year in 1907 as compared with 1902, namely: Arizona, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. In each case the decline was due to decreased expenditures on the commercial plants. In 2 other states — Arkansas and Florida — decreases in the cost of new construction for the commercial plants were more than offset by increases in the amounts expended by municipal stations, so that the totals for the two branches of the industry showed increases. In 3 states — Delaware, Kentucky, and West Vir- ginia — a decrease was reported for municipal plants, although in each instance the amount was small. The statistics for some of the states in which the largest amounts were expended by commercial sta- tions on new construction during 1907 are shown in Table 79. The figures for commercial stations show that the greatest expenditure in new construction during 1907 for plants using steam power occurred in the state of New York, Illinois ranking second in this respect. The greatest amounts for new construction in connec- tion with plants using water power exclusively and for those using both water and steam power were expended in California. 74 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 79.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF CONSTRUCTION DURING THE YEAR FOR SELECTED STATES, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND KIND OF PRIMARY POWER: 1907. ■ Total. Steam exclusively. Steam with other minor power. Water exclusively. Water with other minor power. Water and steam. Gas ex- clusively. Stations without primary power equipment. $95,746,208 150,540,907 $4,268,353 $8,261,987 $3,532,027 $13,566,719 $541,003 $15,035,212 75,892.395 39,637,792 3,761,152 5,801,188 1,667,524 11,043,859 315,223 13,675,657 North .\tlantic division: 4,613,916 3.834,018 23,403,555 6,686,401 2,914,439 7,900,051 3,761,219 2,632,701 3,572,162 1,616,022 8.849,652 2,005,800 1,657,903 2,444,556 3,975.826 504.827 9,688,551 5,110,074 2,871,656 7,578,177 1,103,413 264,729 3,475,463 1,362,268 1,876,787 1,582,290 129,265 114,466 90,369 3,297,519 17,595 18,190 21,969 46,510 59,844 12,044 47,892 129,220 20,000 19, 194 4,980 1,353,133 164,141 500 1,514 193,070 1,549,551 776 7,075 24,132 349 4,476 180,245 1, 146, 159 469,416 3,025 1,119,484 1,053,874 8,838 40,026 997,270 785,583 17,717 39,723 4,851,493 26,121 1,389,400 241,889 296 900 26,873 120,024 58,039 New Jersev. . . 15,692 New York 11,173,787 Pennsylvania . . 219, 749 South Atlantic division: Maryland 7,000 North Central division: Illinois 4,400 20,500 7,414 28,911 84,361 49, 179 Michigan 240,963 13,380 Ohio 1,200 979 South Central division: Texas 450 Western division: 1,914,801 339,790 116,951 143,563 1,200 26,996 185,371 Colorado . . 20,744 800 9,859 21,487 Washington . 264,916 1,679,722 There were 96 stations reported as under construc- tion during the year 1907, which were not in actual operation before the close of the year. These stations properly form a part of the new construction, but the statistics for them are shown separately from those for the plants that were in operation during a portion or all of the year. In presenting these statistics it should be understood that although an earnest effort was made to obtain accurate information, both through the special agents in the field and by correspondence, the canvass was not so careful and thorough for this class of stations as for those in operation; some may therefore have been overlooked. Table 80. — Number of stations under construction, December SI, 1907, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions. Ag- gre- gate. STATIONS WHICH REPORTED COST TO DATE. STATIONS WHICH DID NOT REPORT COST TO DATE. DIVISION. To- tal. 86 Indi- vid- ual. Firm. Incor- porated com- pany. Munic- ipal. To- tal. Incor- porated com- pany. Munic- ipal. United States... 96 11 7 54 14 10 9 1 North Atlantic- South .Atlantic... North Central South Central Western 21 10 24 12 20 18 17 23 12 16 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 14 10 10 G 14 ""7 5 2 3 2 1 "4 3 1 1 4 i Of the 96 stations under construction, 86 reported the amount expended on them to December 31, 1907, and 10 claimed to be unable to answer the inquiry. The number of stations is divided among the several geographic divisions in a manner which clearly indi- cates that, although the expenditure for construction and the capitalization may vary largely in the geo- graphic divisions, the construction of new stations, regardless of size, is confined to no special section, but is general throughout the country. Table 81. — Cost of construction and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalization of the incor- porated companies, by character of ownership and by geographic divisions. DIVISION AND CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Number of stations. Cost of con- struct ion and eouipment to December 31,1907.1 Authorized capitalization of the incorporated companies. United States 96 i $28,413,013 $155,615,400 11 70,7<0 7 60,904 03 25.025.028 15 3,25o,:mi Firm Incorporated company Municipal ■i55;6i5;466 North Atlantic 21 i 1,788,223 7,570,000 3 ■ 26,0-'0 1 2.000 Firm 17 19 1,760,183 7.758.175 7,570,000 South Atlantic... 29,775.000 Incorporated company... 11 8 24 7,610,634 147,541 5,197,828 29,778,000 Municipal 9,632,000 4 4 11 5 12 28,400 16.904 2.087,724 3,0«i,800 245,536 Firm Incorporated company... 9,632,000 Municipal South Central 860,400 3 1 2 20 12, £00 12.000 179, MS 42,000 13,423,262 Firm Incorporated company... 860,400 Municipal Western 107,778,000 1 1 18 5,800 30.000 13.387,452 Firm Incorporated company. . . ' lin'.iTk.om ' Ten of the 96 stations failed to report the cost olconstructlon. Combining the cost of the stations that were under construction at the close of the year and the cost of the new equipment, extensions, etc., of operating sta- tions gives a total of $129,325,586 as the total cost of new work during 1 907. Incorporated companies owned the ma.jority of the new stations, and their authorized capitalization, which amounted to $155,615,400, is presented merely as some indication of the magnitude COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT. 75 of the new enterprises that were in progress or i)ro- jected but had not been completed by December .31, 1907. Table 82. — Cost of constructmi and equipment of stations under construction, December 31, 1907, and capitalkation of the incor- porated companies, by kind of power used and by geographic divisions. DIVISION AND KIND OF POWEH. Number of stations. Cost of constriiction and equip- ment to Deceml)er3i, 1907.1 Authorized capitalization of the incor- porated companies. United States 96 $28,413,013 $155,615,400 Waters 44 39 10 3 27,500,716 790, 172 46,204 75,921 153,654,000 1,636,000 Gas 75.400 250,000 North Atlantic 21 1,788,223 7,570,000 Water' 13 4 2 2 19 1,583,830 135,922 5,800 62, 671 7,758,175 6,779,000 541,000 Gas 25.000 No power equipment 225,000 29,775,000 Water 9 10 24 7,572.134 186,041 5,197,828 29,730,000 45,000 North Central 9,632,000 Water Steam Gas South Central 5 13 6 12 5,016,000 144.824 37,004 245,535 9,350,000 232,000 50,000 860,400 Water Steam Gas Western 1 9 2 20 15,000 227,135 3,400 13,423,252 125,000 735,000 400 107,778,000 Water Steam , 16 3 1 13,313,762 96,250 13, 250 107,670,000 83,000 25,000 ' Ten of the 96 stations failed to report the cost of construction. 2 Includes 2 stations having steam power also. The bulk of the expenditure for new construction was reported for stations to be operated by water power, 96.8 per cent of the total being for plants of that character, and although classed as electric sta- tions there is little doubt that many of them are being built primarily for the generation of electrical energy which, by means of transmission lines, will be deliv- ered in bulk to other places from which it will be distributed for actual use. The percentages reported for the remaining stations by character of primary power were as follows: Steam, 2.8 per cent; gas, two- tenths of 1 per cent; and those not to be supplied with power equipment, three-tenths of 1 per cent. Of the 6.3 incorporated companies, 9 did not report the cost of construction. The Western division re- ported 48.4 per cent of the total cost for water-power stations under construction. The South Atlantic division was second in the construction of water-power stations, with 27.5 per cent of the total cost of con- struction; the North Central, tliird, with 18.2 per cent; the North Atlantic, fourth, with 5.8 per cent; and the South Central last, with one-tenth of 1 per cent of the total cost of construction for stations which were to use water power. The following statement shows the character of ownership of the stations under construction, by kind of power: Stations under construction, December 31, 1907 — Number of stations, by hind of power and by character of ownership. CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP. Total. Water.i Steam. Gas. No power equip- ment. Total 96 44 39 10 3 Individual 11 7 63 15 4 2 37 1 4 3 18 14 3 2 S Firm Corporation 3 I Includes 2 stations having steam power also. CHAPTER VII. INCOME AND EXPENSES. Purpose of the statistics. — The object in view in se- curing these statistics concerning income and ex- penses was to show the magnitude of the industry and to bring out certain of its important features. No attempt was made to secure figures from which the profits or losses on the year's business might be deter- mined, as it was well understood that conclusions on this point could not properly be drawn from informa- tion which failed to take into consideration bad debts, discounts, depreciation, and perhaps other important matters of a similar character. As has already been explained, a small part of the income as given in this report does not represent cash receipts or actual re- ceipts of any character, since in the case of municipal plants the estimated value of the current furnished for the municipality was classed as income, and similar estimates were made by the commercial stations for the value of the current supplied as free service. In 1902 there were 380 commercial stations which furnished some service or paid a cash compensation in the character of a tax to the municipalities in which they were located. The value of the free service was estimated at $150,809 and the cash compensation was $199,423, making a total of $350,232. In 1907 the inquiry as to compensation for franchise was aban- doned, and in its stead the estimated value of current furnished free was called for. For the year last named, 727 commercial companies reported free serv- ice, the value of which was estimated at $337,810. If to this amount is added the estimated value of the current furnished by the municipal stations for the use of the municipahty, $5,672,785, a total of $6,010,595 was classed as income which does not represent actual receipts. GENERAL STATISTICS OF INCOME. Although most of the income, 96.6 per cent, was derived from the sale of current, a small proportion, 3.4 per cent, was obtained from the sale of supplies and fixtures and from sundry miscellaneous sources. So far as possible, the income from the sale of supplies and fixtures was omitted from the reports, and is included only when such sales were so involved with the general business of the station that they could not be satis- factorily segregated. The income from miscellaneous sources includes such items as income from steam heating, pumping, steam or water power, rentals of machines, etc., wiring of houses and work of a kin- dred character, interest on deposits, etc. The details pertaining to income will be taken up in the tables which follow. The chief items of income for commercial and municipal stations are shown in Table 83. Table 83.— COMMERCIAL AXD MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOilE: 1907 AND 1902. Census. Total. Commercial. Municipal. PER CENT OF TOTAL. PER CENT OF INCREASE. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. Total. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 4,714 3,620 $175,642,338 85,700,005 169,614,691 84,186,605 125,755,114 70,138,147 28,511,550 9,910,217 15,348,027 4,138,241 6,027,647 1,614,000 3,462 2,805 $161,630,339 78,735,500 156,000,257 77,349,749 112,714,851 63,389,284 27,995,177 9,839,077 15,290,229 4,120,788 5,630,082 1,385,751 1,252 815 $14,011,999 6,965,105 13,614,434 6,830,856 13,040,263 1 6,748,863 516,373 70,540 57,798 17,453 397,565 128,249 73.4 77.5 92.0 91.9 92.0 91.9 89.6 90.4 98.2 99.3 99.6 99:6 93.4 91.5 26.6 22.5 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 10.4 9.6 1.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 6.6 8.5 30.2 23.4 53.6 Gross income 105.0 105.3 101.2 Electric service 101.5 101.7 99.1 Lighting 79.3 77.8 93.2 Stationary motors 187.7 184.5 632.0 All other 270.9 271.1 231.2 All other sources 298.1 306.3 210.0 Of the different classes of income, that from lighting shows the largest actual amount, although measured by its percentage of increase it was the smallest. The earher work of the central stations was chiefly in the (76) direction of hghting, which as a consequence was highly developed in 1902; while stationary-motor service and, to a still greater extent, the sale of current for miscel- laneous purposes are of later development. Map 2.— central ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1907. Map 3.— central ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1!)02. I I LESS THAN 8 600,000 S5oo,ooo TO ei.oo SI, 000, 000 TO se, 22 S5, 000, 000 TO SIO 111! SIO, 000, 000 AND OVER (77) 78 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Although the municipal stations formed nearly 27 per cent of the total number of central stations, their proportion of the total income was only 8 per cent. The business of the municipal stations is practicallj* confined to electric lighting. The income of these sta- tions from stationary-motor service was less than 2 per cent of the total for that item for all stations, while the income from all other electric service, which embraces current sold to other electric companies and to railways, for charging automobiles, etc., was insig- nificant, forming less than one-half of 1 per cent of the total for this item. The per cent distribution of the gross income for commercial and municipal stations is shown in Table 84. It is apparent from the table that a considerable change has taken place in the relative importance of the various classes of income from electric service. The percentage that the income from lighting forms of the total income shows a decrease of 10.2, while the proportions for income from stationary-motor service and all otlier electric service, and from all other sources, increased considerably. Table 84. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent distribxdion of gross income: 1907 and 1902. TOTAL. COHMEBCIAL. mmiciFAL. iso; 1902 iwn 1802 1907 1902 Gross income 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 Electric service Lighting 9t).6 71.6 16.2 8.7 3.4 98^2 81.8 11.6 4.8 1.8 96.5 69.7 17.3 9.5 3.5 98.2 80.5 12.5 5.2 1.8 97.2 93.1 3.7 0.4 2.8 98.2 Stationary motors .\11 otlier.' 1.0 .\ll other sources 1.8 In some instances there is no real difference between the character of service performed by the purely elec- tric stations, or those engaged only in the generation or sale of electricity, or both, and the composite sta- tions, which embrace those also engaged in some other business ; but in view of the fact that in many instances the electric branch of the industry for the latter class of stations was only incident to anothesr pursuit, they have been given a separate presentation in vari- ous tables of this report. The income for the purely electric and the composite stations is shown in Table 85. Table 85.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME: 1907 AND 1902 Census. Total. Purely electric. Composite. PEE CENT OF TOTAL. FEB CENT OF INCEEA.SE. Purely electric. Compos- ite. TotaL Purely electric. Compos- ite. Number of stations . 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 4,714 3,620 8175,642,338 85,700,605 169,614,691 84,186,605 125,755,114 70, 138, 147 28.511,550 9,910,217 15,348.027 4,138,241 6,027,047 1,514,000 2.648 2,139 $107,974,921 58,603,406 104,629,574 57,470,597 75,678.052 46,812,428 18,213.001 7,100,519 10,738.521 3,557,650 3,345.347 1,132,809 2,066 1,481 $67,667,417 27,097,199 64,985.117 26,716,008 50,077,062 23,325,719 10,298,549 2,809,698 4,609.506 580,591 2,682,300 381, 191 56.2 59.1 61.5 68.4 61.7 68.3 60.2 66.7 63.9 7L6 70.0 - 86.0 55.5 74.8 43.8 40.9 38.5 31.6 38.3 31.7 39,8 33.3 36.1 28.8 30.0 14.0 44.5 25.2 30.2 23.8 39 5 105.0 84.2 149.7 Electric service 10L5 82.1 143 2 Lighting 79.3 6L7 114.7 187.7 156.6 266.S Another 270.9 201.8 694 298.1 195. 3 603.7 That the character of the electric service of these two classes of stations taken as a whole is becoming more uniform is evidenced by the absence in 1907 of the wide divergence, so noticeable in 1902, in the proportions of the several items of income credited to each. Both in 1907 and in 1902 the composite sta- tions showed their largest proportion of the income from electric service for lighting, and their smallest for all other electric service; but while the difference in the percentage of these two classes of income which was credited to composite stations was 19.3 in 1902, it was only 9.8 in 1907. The actual increases for all classes of income from electric service and for the gross income were greater for the purely electric stations, while the composite stations showed a slightly larger actual gain in the income from "all other sources." The percentages of increase, however, are in every case greater for the composite stations, so that the proportions of the different classes of income shown for this class of sta- tions were considerably greater in 1907 than in 1902. The per cent distribution of the gross income for purely electric and composite stations is shown in Table 86. INCOME AND EXPENSES. 79 Table 86. — Purely electric and composite central electric slations- Per cent distribution of gross income: 1007 and 1902. T0T.4L. PURELY ELEC- TRIC. COMPOSITE. 1907 190-2 1907 1902 1907 1902 Gross income 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 100.0 Electric service t 96.6 71.6 16.2 , 8.7 j 3.4 ! 98.2 81.8 11.6 4.8 1.8 96.9 70.1 16.9 9.9 3.1 98.1 79.9 12.1 6.1 1.9 96.0 98.6 74.0 15.2 6.8 4.0 86.1 Stationary motors All other 10.4 2.1 1.4 In 1907 the purely electric stations constituted a smaller proportion of the total number of establish- ments than in 1902, and also contributed a smaller percentage of the gross income. Table 86 shows that of the total income from electric service, the percent- age of income from lighting for the purely electric sta- tions was smaller in 1907 than in 1902, but slightly greater for the income from stationary-motor service, "All other electric service," and "All other sources." The gross income will be presented by dynamo capacity of the stations in several tables which follow. Table 87.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. -GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY Number of stations j 1907 1902 Gross income ; 1907 I 1902 Electric service . Lighting.... 1907 1902 1907 1902 Stationary motors 1907 i 1902 All other 1907 1902 All other sources i 1907 1902 $175,642, 85,700, 169,614,1 84,186,1 125. 755, 70,138, 28,511, 9,910, 15,348, 4,138, 6,027, 1,514, Under 200 kilowatts. 3,038 2,587 M40,070 1,440,351 >, 344, 745 1,090,189 i, 779, 128 1,741,455 386,329 228,578 179,288 120,156 795,325 350, 162 200 but under 500 kilowatts. 821 586 $14, 786, 719 10,409,319 13,954,088 10,122,092 12,547,375 9,317,862 1,094,952 598, 897 311,761 205,333 832,631 287,227 9m but under 1,000 kilowatts. $10,465,110 7,001,486 10,075,476 6, 896, 143 8,267,158 6,832,733 1,240,926 682,445 567,392 380,965 389,634 105,343 1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatts. 169 $13,149,808 8,414,307 12,617,855 8,175,941 9,274,623 6,385,817 2, 190, 200 1,263,138 1,153,032 626,986 531,953 238,366 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts.i 116 67 $21,915,199 13,839,846 21,277,402 13,635,206 15,355,491 10,875,989 4.353,295 2,034,955 1,568,616 724,262 637, 797 204,640 5,000 kilowatts and oyer. 74 32 $89,930,073 i 30,027,061 87,277,832 29, 756, 206 58,957,999 22,964,304 17,621.388 4,824,518 10,698,445 1,967,384 2,652,241 270,855 Stations having no generating equipment. 227 78 $8,255,369 1,568,235 8,067,293 1,510,828 5,573,340 1,019,987 1,624,460 277,686 809,493 213,165 188,066 57,407 ' Includes 1 municipal station with a kilowatt capacity of 5,000 or over. Of the six classes of stations grouped according to dynamo capacity, the largest income is shown for the class smallest in numbers, stations having a kilowatt capacity of 5,000 or over. In 1907 more than one- half of the total income was reported by this class, which naturally embraces the stations in the large cities. The next largest income is shown for the next lower group by kilowatt capacity and the next higher in number of stations; but the group ranking third in the amount of income reported is that which com- prises the stations of smallest dynamo capacity, which, however, includes nearly two-thirds of the total num- ber of stations. Almost 5 per cent of the total income was reported by stations not equipped with generating apparatus. The proportions of the total income from lighting reported for the different classes of stations vary but little from the corresponding proportions of total income, but in the case of income from sta- tionary-motor service and all other electric service the proportions show decided variations. This results from the fact that the income from each of these two classes of service increases as the dynamo capacity of the stations grows larger. In 1907 the smallest sta- tions, those with a dynamo capacity of less than 200 25142—10 6 kilowatts, reported but 1.4 per cent of the tt)tal income for motor service, while the stations of largest dynamo capacity reported 61.8 per cent. In the case of income from all other electric service the correspond- ing proportions were 1.2 per cent and 69.7 per cent. From this it is clear that the business of the small sta- tions is almost exclusively confined to lighting, while the larger stations are, to a considerable extent, en- gaged in performing other services. There is a marked difference between the commer- cial and the municipal stations in respect to the pro- portions of income reported by large and small plants. While the commercial stations show their largest proportions for the two classes of highest individual capacity, the municipal stations show their largest proportions for the two of lowest individual capacity. The gross income for the class of smallest djmamo capacity for municipal stations represented more than one-third of the total, while that for the class of next higher dynamo capacity was nearly as much as the total for all the remaining classes. The two classes together reported 67.6 per cent of the total income and 92.6 per cent of the total number of stations. 80 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 88.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations Gross Income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. $161 78, 156, 77, 112, 63, 3.462 2,805 630,339 735,500 000,257 349, 749 714.851 389,284 ■,995,177 1,839,677 1,290,229 1,120,788 1,630,082 ,385,751 Under 200 icilowattj. 2,116 1,890 ,725,245 1,582,929 ,117,146 1,309,190 1,621,562 1,992,266 331,416 210,925 164,168 105,999 608,099 273,739 200 but under 500 Icllowatts. 584 497 $10,727,632 8.980,913 10,036,132 8,725,433 8,837,815 7,952,853 908.089 569,863 290,228 202,717 691,500 255,480 500 but under 1 ,000 kilowatts. 225 160 $8,903,772 6,688,819 8,539,111 6.589,544 6,845,383 6,533,734 1,140,919 675,525 552,809 380,286 364,661 99,276 1,000 but 1 2,000 but 6,000 under 2,000 under 5,000 kilowatts kilowatts, kilowatts, and over. 159 92 $12,077,872 7,922,180 11,554,325 7,683,814 8,328,039 5,906,000 2,076,288 1,251,822 1,149.998 626,986 523, 647 238,366 111 I 64 $20,568,767 13,107,024 19,949,795 12,916,920 14,070,217 10,166,839 4,313,891 2,034,819 1,565,687 724,262 618,972 191,104 74 32 $89,930,073 30,027,061 87,277,832 29,756,206 58,957,999 22,964,304 17,621.388 4,824,518 10,698,446 1,967.384 2,652,241 270,855 Stations having no generating equipment. 193 70 $7,696,978 1,426.574 7,525,916 1,369,642 5,053,836 884,282 1,603,186 272,205 868.894 213,155 171,062 56,932 Table 89.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. Census. Total. Under 200 kilowatts. 200 but under 500 kilowatts. 500 but under 1 ,000 kilowatts. 1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatts. 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts.' Stations having no generating equipment. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1,252 815 $14,011,999 6,965,105 13,614,434 6,836,856 13,040,263 6,748,863 516,373 70,540 57,798 17,463 397,565 128,249 922 697 $5,414,825 3,857,422 5,227,599 3,780,999 5,157,566 3,749,189 54,913 17,653 15,120 14,157 187,226 76,423 237 89 $4,059,087 1,428,406 3,917,956 1,396,659 3,709,560 1,365,009 186,863 29,034 21,533 2,616 141,131 31,747 44 12 $1,661,338 312,667 1,536,365 306,699 1,421,775 298,999 100.007 6,920 14,583 680 24.973 6,068 10 6 $1,071,936 492,127 1.063,530 492, 127 946,684 480,811 113,912 11^316 3,034 5 3 $1,346,432 732,822 1,327,607 719,286 1,285,274 719,150 39,404 136 2,929 34 8 $558,381 141,661 ■ 541,377 Lighting 141,186 519,504 135,705 21,274 5,481 599 8,406 18.825 13,536 17,004 475 ' Includes 1 station having a capacity of more than 5,000 kilowatts. By a reference to Tables 90 and 91 it will be seen that the proportions of the total income of the purely electric and the composite commercial stations reported for the different groups according to dynamo capacity are similar to those shown for the two classes combined. The same may be said of the proportions shown for the purely electric and the composite i Table 90.— PURELY ELECTRIC COMMERCIAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. municipal stations as compared with those shown for all municipal stations. It is noteworthy that in 1907 the stations of smallest dynamo capacity reported a smaller proportion of the total income both of the purely electric and of the composite municipal stations than in 1902. Number of stations Onss income Electilc service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 2,127 1,759 $101,222,267 54,455,737 98,056,838 53,394,158 69,383,375 42,804,000 17,951,940 7,049,444 10,721,523 3,540,714 3,165,429 1,061,579 Under 200 kilowatts. 1.314 1,176 $7,606,219 6,695,183 7,107,234 6,504,590 6,777,126 6,354,694 211,841 88,188 118,267 61,806 398,985 190,503 200 but 500 but under 600 under 1,000 kilowatts, kilowatts. 350 311 $5,994,937 5,316,200 6,634,988 6,127,766 6,009,071 4,666,079 465,406 364,540 160,511 108,147 359,949 187,434 $3,874,663 3,239,669 3,761,269 3,183,899 2,973,428 2,575,351 470,393 337,603 307,448 270,945 123,394 56,760 1,000 but I 2,000 but under 2,000 uuder 5,000 kilowatts, kilowatts. 76 65 $5,221,022 6,526,616 4,952,687 6,352,780 3,281,487 4,036,559 1,002,524 907,706 668,676 408,516 268,336 172,835 66 46 '$12,820,831 10,003,346 12,582,827 9,831,193 8,630,737 7,611,473 3,064,162 1,653,371 887,928 666,349 238,004 172,152 5,000 kilowatts and over. 47 22 $59,664,130 22,626,474 58,006,040 22,387,101 38,845,455 16,996,183 11,421,189 3,579,123 7,739,396 1,811,795 1,658,090 238.373 Stations having no generating equipment. 160 53 $6,140,465 1,051,261 6,021.793 1,006,829 3.866,071 564,761 1,316.425 228,913 839,297 213, 165 118,672 44,432 INCOME AND EXPENSES. 81 Table 91.— COMPOSITE COMMERCIAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. N umber of stations Gross Income Electric sen'ice Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Census. 19OT 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. $60 24: 1,335 1,046 408,072 ,279,763 r, 943, 419 1,955,591 1,331,476 1,585,284 ), 043, 237 1,790,233 1,568,706 580,074 1,464,653 324,172 I Under 200 > kilowatts. 802 714 $4,219,026 3, 887, 746 4,009.912 3,804,600 3,844,436 3,637,672 119,575 122,737 45,901 44,191 209,114 83,146 200 but I 500 but under 500 under 1,000 kilowatts, kilowatts. 234 186 $4,732,695 3,665,713 4,401,144 3,597,667 3,828,744 3,287,774 442,683 215,323 129,717 94,570 331,551 68,046 lU 74 $5,029,109 3,449,160 4.787,842 3,405,645 3,871,955 2,958.383 670,526 337,922 245,361 109,340 241,267 43,515 1,000 but under 2,000 kilowatts. 83 27 $6,856,850 2,396,565 6.601,638 2,331,034 5.046,552 1,868,447 1,073,764 344,116 481,322 118,471 255,212 65,531 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts. 45 18 $7,747,936 3, 103, 679 7,366,968 3,084,727 6,439,480 2,545,366 1,249,729 481,448 677,759 57,913 380,908 18,952 5,000 kilo- watts and over. 27 10 $30,265,943 7,401,587 29,271,792 7,369,105 20,112,544 5,968,121 0,200,199 1,245,395 2,959,049 155,589 994,161 32,482 Stations having no generating equipment. 33 17 $1,556,513 375,313 1,504,123 362,813 1,187,765 319,521 286,761 43,292 29.597 52,390 12,600 Table 92.— PURELY ELECTRIC MUNICIPAL STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stal Ions Oross Income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 521 380 $6,752,654 4,147,669 6,572,7.36 4,076.439 6,294,677 4,008,428 261,061 51,075 16,998 16,936 179,918 71.230 Under 200 kilowatts. 378 301 $2,007,991 1,672,765 1,936,1,32 1,644,044 1,917.550 1,622,891 16,209 7,513 2,313 13,640 71.859 28,721 200 but under 500 kilowatts. $1,589, 921, 1,525. 897, 1,432,399 869,765 500 but I 1,000 but under 1,000 1 under 2,000 kilowatts, kilowatts. $1,021, 267, 1,004. 262, 925, 244, 70, 6, ,813 680 4 4 $336,881 423,964 335,928 423,964 304,592 418, 138 31,000 5,826 336 222 Oil 953 2,000 but under 5,000 kilowatts.' 5 3 346, 432 732,822 327,607 719,286 285,274 719,150 39,404 136 2,929 18,825 13,536 Stations having no generating equipment. 22 7 $449,985 139,861 442,733 139,386 429,097 133,905 13.061 5,481 575 7,252 475 ■ Includes 1 station having a capacity of more than 5,000 kilowatts. Table 93.— COMPOSITE MUNICIPAL STATIONS— OROSS INCOME, BY DYNAMO CAPACITY OF STATIONS: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations Oross income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors All other All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 731 435 $7. 259, 345 2, 817, 436 7,041,698 2,760,417 6, 745, 586 2, 740, 435 255, 312 19, 465 40,800 617 217, 647 57,019 Under 200 kilowatts. 544 396 $3,406, 2,184, 3,291, 2,136, 3,240, 2, 126, 38, 10, 12, 115, 47, 200 but under 500 kilowatts. 151 34 $2, 469, 470 507,339 2,392,146 499, 079 2,277,161 495,244 96, 484 3,835 77,324 8,260 500 but under 1,000 kilowatts. 18 2 $639,590 55,477 531.839 64,420 496,010 54,420 6,770 7,751 1,057 1.000 but under 2,000 kilowatts. $735, 68, 727, 68, 641, 62, 7,453 Stations having no generating equipment. 12 1 $108,396 1,800 98, 644 1,800 90,407 1,800 8,213 24 9,752 82 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. The extent to wliich the income is confined to a few states is illustrated b}- showing the detailed income for the 10 selected states in Table 94. At each of the two censuses almost 70 per cent of the gross income for all central stations was reported by the 10 states for wliich figures are given in Table 94, the proportion in 1907 and in 1902 varying but three-tenths of 1 per cent. Notwithstanding the large increases in the income for each state, there were several which in 1907 showed considerably decreased proportions of the total income reported, as follows: Pennsylvania, from 11.1 per cent to 9.1 per cent; Massachusetts, from 7.4 per cent to 6.1 per cent; Ohio, from 5.2 per cent to 4.4 per cent ; and New Jersey, from 4 per cent to 3.4 per cent. The states which increased their proportions were New York, lUinois, CaUfornia, Michigan, and Missouri. " California and Illinois show the most pronounced growth in the gross income, although the total actual increase for the 2 states combined was only $54,759 more than the increase for New York alone. Table 94.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FOR 10 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902. Total for United Steles.. Total for 10 selected states.. . New Yort Pennsylvania Illinois California Uassacbusetts Ohio Michigan New Jersey Missouri Indiana Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Number of stations. Gross income. 4,714 3,620 $175,642, 85,700, 338 606 2,205 1,911 314 256 327 279 383 346 129 115 120 114 272 233 234 201 162 123 200 180 121,418. 59,469, 34,859. 16. 854, 16,015 9,486; 15.465, 6, 757, 14, 416, 5,066, 10, 749, 6,340, 7, 643, 4,431, 6,072, 2; 613, ■ 5,952, 3,421, 5,805, 2,392, 4,438, 2,105, Lighting. Stationary- motor service. $125,755,114 70, 138. 147 86, 140. 793 48, 490, 347 24,296,438 12,920.807 12,081,602 8, 321, 766 10,278,668 5,849,351 8,111,012 3, 305, 318 8. 543, 327 5,263,113 6,282,861 3, 873, 339 3, 848, 797 2, 285, 995 5, 123, 926 2, 799, 961 4, 116, 409 1,954,562 3, 457, 753 1,916,135 $28,511,550 9,910,217 19,744,151 7,136.945 5,688,401 2,396,046 2,101,320 640,948 2,445,280 763,764 3, 826, 462 1,228,099 1, 519, 708 744,879 1,054,076 407,901 873,081 173, 881 682,028 258.055 985,596 402,937 568,199 120,435 All other electric service. $15. 348, 027 4,138,241 11,717,114 2, 928, 759 4, 082, 544 1,425,386 1,217,878 348,702 1,842,824 79,133 1,984,554 412, 673 539.463 236,890 138,043 66,266 1,028.569 56,924 104, 791 298,583 581,790 2,651 196,658 1,551 All other sources. W, 027, 647 1,614,000 3, 816, 811 913,480 791,787 112,600 614,992 175, 451 899,221 64,767 494, 501 ■ 120,327 146,742 96,062 169,017 83,532 321,563 97, 012 41,633 64,705 122,033 31,999 215,722 67,025 The per cent distribution and per cent of increase of the gross income for the 10 selected states is shown in Table 95. Table QH. ^Central electric stations — Per cent distribution and per cent of increase/or gross income in 10 selected states: 1907 and 1902. STATE. PEE CENT DISTRI- BUTION. Per cent of 1907 IMS increase. Total for United States. . 100.0 100.0 104 9 Total for 10 selected states. . 69.1 69.4 104 2 New York 19.8 9.1 8.8 8.2 6.1 4.4 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.5 19.7 11.1 7.9 5.9 7.4 5.2 3.0 4.0 2.8 2.S 106 8 Illinois 128 9 California 184 6 Massachusetts . 69 5 Ohio 72 5 New Jersev 74 Missouri..". Indiana 110 8 Other states not included in Table 94 which report large incomes for 1907 for central electric stations are, Texas, $3,792,203; Minnesota, $3,478,009; Washing- ton, $3,410,.542; Colorado, $3,410,240; Iowa, $2,479,- 969; Connecticut, $2,469,543; Montana, $2,469,131; and Wisconsin, $2,278,637. The income reported for the state of Washington is especially noteworthy, being an increase of $2,626,891, or 335.2 per cent, over 1902. Washmgton is one of the states which relies largely upon water for primary power, and to the abundance of this economical force for the generation of electricity may be traced its relatively large use in that state. The income of stations classified according to kind of primary power used and the percentages of increase are shown in Tables 96 and 97. INCOME AND EXPENSES. 83 Table 96.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations , Gross inc'flme Electric service Lighting Stationary motors. Another All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 4, 3, »175,(>42, 85,700, 169,614, 84,186, 125,755, 70,138, 28,511, 9,910, 15, 348. 4, 138, fi,027, 1,514, 605 550 217 647 000 steam exclusively. »119, 64, 3,262 2,747 029,194 730,694 i, 428, 251 1,795,608 1,462,389 1,439,357 i, 934, 961 1,886,244 ,030,901 ,470,007 1,600,943 935,086 Steam with other minor power. 93 43 $7,%7,002 3,367,962 7,821,550 3,237,584 6,682,067 2,755,445 1,007,776 331,031 231,707 151,108 145,452 120,378 Water exclu- sively. 474 315 $11,098,303 4,166,605 10,454,035 4,035,702 3,621,562 2,165,746 2,986,379 986,076 3,846,094 883,881 644,268 120,803 Water with Water other 1 and minor steam. power. 61 20 $3,104,158 1,060,8(>6 2.946.122 1,034,880 1,702,752 121,058 918,658 80,011 324,712 833,811 158,036 24,986 360 276 $22,700,921 9, 052, 574 21.507,904 8,812,006 13,152,818 7,004,961 6,464,061 1,246,918 2,891,025 560,127 1,193,017 240,568 Gas exclu- sively. 180 51 $1,010,150 775,137 980,910 769,900 884,204 706,036 82,221 63,741 14,485 123 29,240 5,237 Stations without primary- power equipment. 284 169 $10,732,610 2,667,867 10,475,919 2,500,925 7,349,322 1,945,544 2,117,494 316,197 1,009,103 239, 184 266,691 66,942 Table 97.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT OF INCREASE OF GROSS INCOME, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED: 1907. Total. Steam ex- clusively. Steam with other minor power. Water ex- clusively. Water with other minor power. Water and steam. Gas ex- clusively. Stations without primary- power equip- ment. Number of stations : 30.2 106.9 101.5 79.3 187.7 270.9 298.1 18.7 83.9 80.9 66.8 131.4 378.3 285.1 116.3 137.3 141.6 138.9 204.4 53.3 20.8 60.6 107.0 159.0 67.2 202.9 335.1 433.3 205.0 192.9 184.7 1,306.0 1.048.2 1 61.1 5,32.6 30.9 160.8 144.1 87.8 338.2 416.1 395.9 252.9 30.3 27.4 25.2 29.0 11,670.4 468.3 68.0 318.0 319.0 277.8 669.6 321.9 283.5 Gross income Electric service Lighting Another All other sources 1 Decrease. In another chapter of this report reference is made to the fact that allowance must be made for changes from year to year in the equipment of existing stations in respect to the primary power employed, which would result in the transfer of stations from one class to another without materially adding to the total power equipment. The tables, therefore, should be accepted more as representing the contlitions at the two censuses, and as showing the increase in the in- come reported for the stations using the different kinds of power, rather than as showing the actual growth in the use of any particular kind of primary power. In 1907 the income for the steam plants, including the stations exclusively equipped with steam power and those which also had other minor power, con- stituted 72.3 per cent of the total. Even this large proportion does not fully indicate the relative impor- tance of the income resulting from using steam as the primary power, since the stations which were about equally equipped with steam and with water power reported 12.9 per cent of the total gross income, some part of which should rightfully be classed as resulting from the use of steam. If this amount w-as divided equally between water and steam, approximately 78.7 per cent of the gross income would be credited as income derived from the use of steam as the primary power, leaving but little more than one-fifth of the income to be divided among the three remaining classes, water-power stations, gas-power stations, and those stations having no primary power. Of these three classes, the stations using water exclusively, or water with other minor power, reported 8.1 per cent of the total income, and if to the income for these stations is added half of the amount reported for stations using both water and steam, the total income derived from the use of water power would represent approximately 14.6 per cent of the total gross income reported. The stations using gas reported but six-tenths of 1 per cent of the total gross income, and those purchasing their power, while showing large and most consistent per- centages of increase in each of the several sources of income, reported but 6.1 per cent. The proportion of income derived from each source is shown for the different classes of stations in Table 98. 84 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 98.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS INCOME FOR EACH KIND OF POWER USED, BY SOURCE OF INCOME: 1907 AND 1902. Gross Income , Electric service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Censos. 19OT 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 100.0 100.0 96.6 98.2 71.6 81.8 16.2 11.6 8.7 4.8 3.4 1.8 Steam exclu- sively. 100.0 100.0 97.0 98. C 77.7 85.6 13.4 10.6 S.9 2.3 3.0 1.4 Steam with other minor power. Water exclu- sively. 100.0 100.0 I 100.0 100.0 98.2 96.4 82.6 82.1 12.6 i 2.9 4.S 1.8 3.6 94.2 97.1 32.6 52.1 26.9 23.7 34.7 21.3 8.8 2.9 Water with other minor power. 100.0 100.0 94.9 97.6 54.9 11.4 29.6 7.5 10.5 78.7 5.1 2.4 Water and steam. 100.0 100.0 94.7 97.3 57.9 77.4 24.1 13.8 12.7 6.2 5.3 2.7 Gas exclu- sively. 100.0 100.0 97.1 99.3 87.6 91.1 8.1 8.2 (') 2.9 0.7 Stations without primary- power equip- ment. HX).0 100.0 97.6 97.4 68.5 75.8 19.7 12.3 9.4 9.3 2.4 2.8 1 Less than one-tenth ol 1 per cent. A noteworthy feature of the central-station industry is tlie relatively small proportion of the total income of the stations using water power which is received from lighting. In 1907 the proportion obtained from this source was smallest (32.6 per cent) for the stations using water power exclusively. On the other hand, the stations using water power show exceptionally large proportions of their income as derived from motor service and from all other electric service. These results are in accordance with the well-known fact that many of the stations equipped with water power sell much of their current to other electric stations or to establishments which use it for motor service, etc. If the proportionate income from lighting reported for 1907 by the three classes using water power is considered separately in relation to the cor- responding amounts for 1902, unaccountable differ- ences are found; but when the three classes are con- sidered together the discrepancies disappear. The differences referred to result, no doubt, from minor changes of equipment which transferred stations from one class to another, but still kept them among those using water power. The sale of current in bulk has grown to large pro- portions and constitutes a special branch of the elec- trical industry. Although a number of stations engaged in it were operated by steam as the primary power, most of the stations that make a specialty of this form of service are hydro-electric plants. In 1907 there were 92 stations, operated either exclu- sively or primarily by water power, the chief business of which was the sale of current in bulk, this current being transmitted to greater or less distances as necessity demanded. These 92 stations reported a total income of $13,231,720, of which $8,783,371, or 66.4 per cent, was from current sold in bulk; $2,675,852, or 20.2 per cent, from lighting; $1,221,408, or 9.2 per cent, from all other electric service; and $551,089, or 4.2 per cent, from sources other than the sale of electricity. Table 99 shows the income of stations with and those without meters on consumption circuits. Table 99.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FOR STATIONS WITH AND WITHOUT METERS ON CONSUMPTION CIRCUITS: 1907 AND 1902. Number of stations Oroes income Electric service Lighting Stationary motors Another All other sources Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 4,714 3,620 1175,642,338 85, 700, 605 169,614,691 84, 186, 605 125,755,114 70, 138, 147 28,511,550 9,910,217 15.348,027 4,138,241 6,027,647 1,514,000 With meters. 4, 2, 1168.590, 79,888, 162,702. 78,463, 121,749, 65,146, 27,896,922 9,606,409 13,056,464 3,710,896 Without meters. 5,888, 1.425, 194 083 629 901 .051,454 1,811,701 i, 912, 001 1,722,784 1,005,810 1,991,(81 614,628 303,808 1,291,563 427,345 139,453 88,917 COHHEKCIAL. Total. 3,462 2,805 $161,630,339 78,735,500 156,000,257 77,349,749 112,714,851 63,389,284 27,995,177 9,839,677 15,290,229 4,120,788 5,630,082 1,385,751 With meters. 3,019 2,147 $157,341,176 75,254,621 151,818,384 73,944,448 111,407,611 60,696,174 27,409,632 9,545,887 13,001,141 3,702,387 5,522,792 1,310,173 Without meters. 443 658 $4,289,163 3,480,879 4.181,873 3,405,301 1.307.240 2,693,110 585,545 293.790 2.289,088 418,401 107.290 75,578 MUNICIPAL. Total. 1,252 815 $14,011,999 6,965,105 13,614,434 6,836,856 13,040,263 6,748,803 516,373 "0,540 57,798 17,453 397,565 1 128,249 With meters. 1,066 572 $11,249,708 4,1)34,283 10,884,306 4,519,373 10, .341, 693 4,450,342 487,290 60,522 55,323 8,509 365,402 114,910 Without meters. 186 243 $2, 762. 291 2,330,822 2, 730, 128 2,317,483 2,698,570 2,298,521 29.083 10,018 2,475 8,944 32,163 13,339 INCOME AND EXPENSES. 85 The trend of the later methods of electric service is unquestionably in the direction of selling current by meter measurement. The change in this direction, which has been going on for some time, has been accel- erated by advances made in the perfection of the meters. It is to the interest of the company furnishing the current to have these machines installed, not only as a matter of self-protection but because every step in the direction of reliability and accuracy is bound to win favor with the consumer. It should be understood, in connection with Table 99, that although the figures for stations not equipped with meters are complete, as reported, this condition is not in the same degree conclusive for those classed as having meters. The latter class of stations em- braces all which reported meters, and included many stations that were not fully equipped in this particu- lar, but sold part of the current at contract or flat rates. The figures, however, demonstrate beyond question the fact that the stations without meters are decreasing in number, notwithstanding the increase in the total number of stations. In 1902, of the total number of stations, 24.9 per cent reported no meters as compared with only 13.3 per cent in 1907. The income for the stations without meters formed 6.8 per cent of the total in 1902 and but 4 per cent in 1907. There was little difference in the relative proportions of the commercial and the municipal stations which had installed meters, but a considerably larger per- centage of the income of commercial stations is cred- ited to those having meters than is the case with the municipal stations. The municipal stations have been somewhat slower in the adoption of meters, since many of them, by reason of the fact that the whole or the great bulk of the current produced is used directly by the municipality, do not feel the necessity for such equipment. In the case of the commercial stations the income for stations without meters formed 4.4 per cent of the total for such sta- tions in 1902 and 2.7 per cent in 1907. The corre- sponding proportions for the municipal stations were 33.5 per cent and 19.7 per cent, respectively. A comparison of the income of the commercial sta- tions from the several classes of electric service in 1907 and in 1902 shows that the stations without meters reported a decreased proportioii of the total in 1907 for all classes of income, except income from all other electric service, for which there was a decided gain. Of the total income from lighting, the propor- tion for commercial stations without meters decreased from 4.2 per cent to 1.2 per cent, while the percentage of the total income from stationary-motor service re- ported for this class of stations fell from 3 per cent to 2.1 per cent; in the case of income from all other elec- tric service, however, the percentage increased from 10.2 per cent to 15 per cent. The increase in the in- come for this latter item is due to the fact that several companies with long-transmission lines, a business largely created since 1902, sold at wholesale large quantities of current at contract rates. In the case of the municipal stations, on the other hand, the part of the total income from all other electric service con- tributed by stations not equipped with meters shows a falling off from 51.2 per cent in 1902 to 4.3 per cent in 1907. The income for commercial and for municipal lighting is shown in Table 100. Table 100. — CommerdM and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from commercial and public lighting: 1907 and 1902. STATIONS. Total. Commercial. Municipal. Lighting. 1907 $125,755,114 100,337,434 25,417,680 70, 138, 147 50,368,173 19,769,974 79.3 92.2 28.6 $112,714,851 92,942,447 19,772,404 63,389,284 47,259,711 16, 129, 573 77.8 96.7 16.4 113,040,263 7,394,987 5,646,276 6,748,863 3, 108, 462 3,640,401 93.2 Conimcrcial Public Ligliting, 1902 Public . Per cent of increase: Total Commercial 137. 9 Public. . 55 1 By public lighting in this report is meant the light- ing of streets, parks, public buildings, and all other public places for the illumination of which the munici- pality or other governmental division exercising municipal functions is responsible, irrespective of whether such service was rendered by commercial or municipal stations; while commercial lighting embraces all lighting which is furnished to individuals, firms, etc., by either the commercial or the municipal stations. The income from commercial lighting formed 79.8 per cent of the total income for all kinds of lighting in 1907 and 71.8 per cent in 1902, while the corre- sponding proportions for public lighting were 20.2 per cent and 28.2 per. cent, respectively. Thus the percentage for commercial lighting was larger by 8 per cent in 1907 than in 1902 and the percentage for public lighting correspondingly smaller. Both the actual and the percentage of increase were much greater for commercial than for public lighting. It is apparent from Table 100 that during the period between the two censuses com- mercial lighting made much more rapid progress than public lighting. The extent to which the income from lighting is confined to a few states is shown in Table 101. 86 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 101.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FROM COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC LIGHTING, FOR 15 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902. Total Jor United States. Total for 15 selected states. New York Pennsylvania Illinois Massachusetts California Ohio New Jersey Missouri Michigan Indiana Texas Minnesota Colorado Washington Iowa 1907 1125,755,114 98,183,606 24,296,438 12,081,602 10,278,668 8,543,327 8,111,012 6,282,861 5,123,926 4,116,409 3, 848, 797 3, 457, 753 3,066,994 2, 700, 959 2,181,310 2,078,156 2,015,394 1902 J70, 138, 147 55,045,472 12,920,807 8,321,766 5,849,351 5,263,113 3,305,318 3,873,339 2,799,961 1,954,562 2,285,995 1,916,135 1,753,681 1,615,766 1,209,760 586, 274 1,389,644 COMMERCIAL UOHTING. 1907 $100,337,434 78,494,819 20, 430, 168 8,790,425 8,078,661 6,315,999 7, 220, 210 4,577,668 3,700,863 3,578,819 2,958,391 2,572,206 2,745,418 2,193,540 1,921,459 1,838,208 1,572,784 1902 »50,368,173 39, 173, 239 9,359,493 6,557,115 4,094,781 3,555,731 2,737,430 2,480,638 1,696,783 1,610,820 1,631,983 1,160,712 1,494,712 1,267,424 984,325 602,148 1,039,144 PUBLIC LIGHTING. 1907 $25,417,680 19,688,787 3,866,270 3,291,177 2,200,007 2,227,328 890,802 1,705,193 1,423,063 537,590 890,406 885,547 321,576 507,419 259,851 239,948 442,610 1902 $19,769,974 15,872,233 3,561,314 2,764,651 1,754,570 1,707,382 567,888 1,. 392, 701 1,103,178 343, 742 654,012 755,428 258,969 348,342 225,435 84,128 350,500 The bulk of the income from lighting, 78.1 per cent in 1907 and 78.5 per cent in 1902, was reported by the stations in the 15 states shown in the table. So large a part of the total income is reported by these states that no great difference between the rates of increase for the whole United States and for the 15 states to- gether is to be expected. For the United States the increases were as follows: Total, 79.3 per cent; com- mercial lighting, 99.2 per cent; pubhc hghting, 28.6 per cent. The corresponding increases for tlie 15 states were 78.4 per cent, 100.4 per cent, and 24 per cent. In the report for 1902 a statement was prepared showing the total number of arc and of incandescent lamps, together with the separate income derived from each of the two classes of service, and the average in- come per lamp based upon these figures. The material for a corresponding statement for 1907 is wanting, on account of the fact that to a great extent the different stations have discontinued keeping accounts giving these data because of the general adoption of the meter system of selling electricity and the fact that it is no longer necessary for the company to know the number of lamps served. Not only is it often impossible to as- certain the separate income for arc and for incandes- cent lamps, but there is also no way of finding out the extent to which the electric current supplied from the same wire and measured by the same meters has been used for small fan motors and for other miscellaneous purposes. Furthermore, the number of lamps called for in 1907 was the number wired for service on the last day of the year covered by the report, and not, as in 1902, the number in service. In order that some idea may be had of the relative income per lamp at the two censuses, however, a number of reports in which complete answers appear to have been made were se- lected and tabulated, and the results, together with the figures as published in 1902 for all commercial central stations in the United States, are presented in the fol- lowing statement : Commercial central electric stations — Average income from lamps as reported in 1902, and as obtained from 110 selected reports in 1907. COMMERCIAL STATIONS. For 110 selected stations in 1907. For all stations in 1902. Arc lamps: Commercial lighting- 62, 426 $2, 496, 837 $40.00 49,900 $3,471,622 $69.57 8,841,206 $17,532,593 $1.98 112,062 $426, 202 $3.80 168,180 $8. 220, 154 Average income per lamp $48 88 Public lighting- Number of lamps 166,723 $13,871,646 Average income per lamp $83 20 Incandescent lamps: Commercial lighting- Number of lamps 16.243,853 $39,039,557 Average income per lamp $2 40 Public lighting- Number of lamps 372,740 $2, 267, 927 Income $6,06 In selecting the 110 reports used as a basis for an average in 1907, ten reports were taken from each of the following states as fairly representative of the dif- ferent sections of the United States: California, IIU- nois, Massachusetts, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Penn- sylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wiscon- sin. Owing to the incomplete character of the data upon which the figures for 1907 are based, they should not be accepted as giving the exact price of lighting, but merely as showing that there is a general and un- mistakable tendency toward a lower cost for electric lighting. Stationary-motor service was second in importance as a source of income, and the states for which in 1907 an income of over $500,000 was reported are shown in Table 102. INCOME AND EXPENSES. 87 Table 102. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Gross income from stationary-motor service, for 14 selected states: 1907 and 1902. STATIONARY-MOTOR SERVICE. 1907 1902 Total for United States. . . $28,511,550 $9,910,217 Total for 14 selected states . . . 22,728,096 7,771,683 New York 6,688,401 3,826,462 2,445,280 2,101,320 1,519,708 1,054,076 985,5% 963,669 951,83fr 873, 081 682,028 568,199 536,622 531,818 2,396.046 1,228,099 Illinois 763, 764 640, 948 Massacliusetts ... 744, 879 Ohio 407,901 Missouri 402, 937 32,881 Colorado 343, 559 173, 881 New Jersey 258,055 120,435 Minnesota 191, 432 66,866 Both for 1907 and 1902 the income from stationary- motor service for the 14 states shown in Table 102 was approximately four-fifths of the total for all states and territories, their proportion in 1907 being slightly greater than at the previous census. That New York, the leading state in population and in value of manu- factui-es, with its great water power, should lead also in the income from stationary-motor service is not un- expected, but that California, which at the census of 1900 stood only twenty-first in population and twelfth in value of manufactures, should be easily second in income from this source is surprising, and shows that the use of electric current is more general in that state than elsewhere. It is worthy of mention that notwith- standing the large actual increase in the income from motor service for New York, that state's proportion of the total income for such service fell from 24.2 per cent in 1902 to 20 per cent in 1907; while that for California increased from 12.4 per cent to 13.4 per cent during the same time. The largest proportional increases in the income from motor service are those for Montana, which increased more than twenty-nine fokl, and for Washington, which increased nearly eightfold. Several states not mentioned in Table 102 show large increases in the income from motor service from 1902 to 1907. The figures for these states in the order of their importance are presented in the following tabular statement: South Carolina Connecticut... Texas Oregon Maryland Maine Iowa Wisconsin Kansas Kentuclcy STATIONART-MOTOE SEE VICE. 1907 $432,384 407,577 376,897 375,306 349,059 284, 627 261,202 253,087 224,224 220,061 1902 $169, 353 155, 732 203,859 89,942 91,437 92,032 78,180 75,992 48,558 92,401 There appears to be no satisfactory way of ascer- taining the average cost per kilowatt for motor serv- ice, since the conditions under which the income was obtained differed widely, not only as to the manner of charges, whether by meter, flat rate, or in bulk, but because of the variations in the length of service, and the certainty that the total kilowatts reported represent a large amount of idle or inactive dynamo capacity, while on the other hand many stations selling a large part of the electrical energy in bulk were unable to report the kilowatt capacity of the stationary motors used by the customers to whom the current was de- livered. The capacity of the stationary motors both in 1907 and 1902 was reported in units of horsepower which, by being reduced to kilowatts, shows a total of 1,230,173 in 1907, and 326,752 in 1902. Using the figures as reported with their known failure to repre- sent accurate totals, but assuming, for purposes of comparison, that the element of error was about equal at the two censuses, the average income per kilowatt capacity of stationary motors was less in 1907 than in 1902, the actual figures being $23.18 per kilowatt and $30.33 per kilowatt for the two censuses, respec- tively. Next in order of importance to income from light- ing and from stationary -motor service was the income from the sale of current to electric railways and to other electric companies. In Table 103 the income from all other electric service is classified into that from cur- rent sold to electric railways, that from current sold to other electric companies, and that from current sold for miscellaneous purposes, such as charging automobiles, operating fans, electric heating, cook- ing, welding, etc. Table 103.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- ELECTRIC SERVICE:" 1907 AND 1902. -GROSS INCOME FROM "ALL OTHER TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MtlNICIPAL. SODRCE OF INCOME. 1907 1902 Per cent of Increase. 1907 1902 Per cent of increase. 1907 1902 Per cent of increase Total $15,348,027 $4,138,241 270.9 $15,290,229 $4,120,788 271.1 $57,798 $17,45S Current sold to electric railways 7,841,497 5,519,746 1,986,784 2,304,515 1,727,112 100,614 240.3 219.6 1,763.5 7,829,275 5, 513,. 302 1,947,652 2,301,343 1,723,427 96,018 240.2 219.9 1,928.4 12,222 G. 444 39, 132 3,172 3,685 10,590 285 3 Miscellaneous electric service 269 3 88 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. In 1907, of the total income from "All other electric service," 87.1 per cent was from current sold to electric- railway companies and to other electric companies as compared with 97.4 per cent in 1902. It appears, therefore, that notwithstanding the increase of 231.4 per cent in the total for such sales, the gain was propor- tionately less than that for the current sold for miscel- laneous purposes. The income from this latter source increased from $106,614 in 1902 to $1,986,784 in 1907, or more than eighteenfold. More than two-thirds of this miscellaneous income was reported by stations in the state of New York, and most of it represented current sold for manufacturing purposes, much of which was sold to manufacturers using the electro- lytic process. The continued cheapening of electric power and its growing popularity resulting from the wide range of uses to which it may be put, the ease with which it is made available, its cleanliness and convenience, and the quickness with which it may be applied or discontinued, together with its constantly increasing uses, indicate that the next census will show a greatly increased use of electrical energy' for miscel- laneous purposes. Both in 1907 and in 1902 the proportion of the earnings from "All other electric service " derived from current sold to electric railways exceeded that from current sold to other electric companies. The income from current sold to electric railways and to other electric companies is shown in Table 104 for the 12 states, each of which reported an income of more than $100,000 for the former character of service in 1907. Table 104.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— GROSS INCOME FROM CURRENT SOLD TO ELECTRIC RAILWAYS AND TO OTHER ELECTRIC COMPANIES, FOR 12 SELECTED STATES: 1907 AND 1902. Total for United States Total tor 12 selected states. New York California Illinois Pennsylvania Michigan Washington Missouri Massachusetts New Hampshire Texas Oregon Indiana 1907 113,361,243 11,109,212 2,748.057 1,940,894 1,752,933 1,174,879 958,753 007,980 573, 478 532, 692 290,971 187,276 179,518 155, 781 1902 14,031,627 2,873,422 1,356,819 430, 602 78,513 370,299 63,661 99,600 2,651 237,817 75,684 100,043 51,000 733 INCOME FROM CURRENT SOLD TO ELECTRIC RAIL- WAYS. 1907 $7,841,497 6,943,834 1,168,700 1,396,735 1,604,328 901,564 277,115 143, 183 477,784 288,638 217,361 187,276 167,072 114,078 1902 $2,304,515 1,549.079 389,829 183,986 64,360 324,749 55,830 86,588 2,651 226,547 71,586 91,220 51,000 733 INCOME FROM CURRENT SOLD TO OTHER ELECTRIC COMPANIES. 1907 4.165,378 1,579,357 550, 159 148,605 273,315 681,638 464,797 95,694 244,054 73,610 12, 446 41,703 1902 »5, 519.746 11,727,112 1,324,343 966,990 246,616 14, 153 45,550 7,831 13,012 11,270 4,098 14,823 Of the total income for the two classes of service, 83.1 per cent in 1907 and 71.3 per cent in 1902 was contributed by the 12 states for which figures are shown in the table. In both years the income from current sold to electric railways exceeded that from current sold to other electric companies both for the United States and for the 12 states together. The 12 states increased their proportion of the total income from current sold to electric railways from 67.2 per cent in 1902 to 88.6 per cent in 1907; but the propor- tion of the total income from current sold to other electric companies reported by them declined from 76.7 per cent to 75.5 per cent. Several of the states — the most notable of which are Illinois, California, New York, Missouri, and Indiana — show remarkable gains in the income from current sold to electric railways, while Michigan and Washington show remarkable in- creases in the income from current sold to other electric companies. Through the selection of states with reference to the income from the sale of current to electric railways, several were omitted which in 1907 reported an income of more than $100,000 from current sold to other elec- tric companies, as follows: Georgia, $204,654; Utah, $203,587; Montana, $188,529; Colorado, $154,412; and Connecticut, $122,973. An analysis of the income from miscellaneous service is given in Table 105. Table 105- — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Income from electric service other than that for lighting, motor service, and current sold to railways and to other electric companies: 1907. KIND OF SERVICE. Total.. Electric heating, cooking, welding, etc Charging automobiles Running lans Heating irons Furnishing current for moving-picture shows. . Charging batteries, motor boats, etc Furnishing current for signs Not specified other miscellaneous ' Total. SI, 986,784 271,591 154,747 197,736 17,636 2,195 696 10,121 231,858 ,100,204 Commer- cial. $1,947,652 265,241 153,459 172,746 14,451 1,529 696 10.121 230.010 1,099,399 Munici- pal. $39,132 6,350 1,288 24,990 3,185 1.848 805 1 A very small part of this amount was for current used to operate motors, but the income was mostly derived from current sold to electrolytic, electrochemical, or electrothermal plants for the production of aluminum, carborundum, carbide of' cal- cium, caustic soda, etc. INCOME AND EXPENSES. 89 The income from electric heating, cooking, welding, etc. , and the income from charging automobiles were the only items in Table 105 which were specifically asked for in the schedule, and the remaining items represent a tabulation of amounts reported by companies which in answering the inquiry in reference to income from all other electric service specified the exact nature of the service. It is not believed that any of these items fully represents the actual earnings from the specific service. The introduction of the meter system of measuring the current used has, as before stated, tended to render it impracticable to distinguish be- tween the use of current for fighting and for various other purposes in cases where the service is from the same wire and the total amount of electrical energy is recorded by the same meter. EXPENSES. The items of expense, the statistics for which are shown in the following tables, include salaries and wages of employees; supplies and materials used in connection with the operation of the plants; the cost of such supplies and materials as were sold and the proceeds reported under income; the cost of fuel; the amount expended for the purchase of power; and other miscellaneous expenses, which include such items as taxes, ordinary repairs to buildings and machinery, rent of stations, line-wire supports, insurance, injuries and damages, advertising, legal expenses, interest, and in fact all other expenses not elsewhere reported. It does not, however, include interest on bonds, as did the report for 1902. The items of expense for the commercial and munic- ipal stations are shown in Table 106. The proportions of the total expenses reported by the two classes of stations show but little variation at the two censuses. In 1907 the commercial stations re- ported 91.4 percent of the total, a decrease of one-tenth of 1 per cent from the corresponding proportion for 1902, while the municipal stations reported 8.6 per cent of the total. The percentages of increase were greater for the latter class of stations, except for power purchased and for rent and other miscellaneous ex- penses. Table 106.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES: 1907 AND 1902. Census. Total. Commercial. Municipal. PER CENT OF TOTAL. PEK CENT or INCREASE. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. Total. Commer- cial. Munici- pal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 4,714 3,620 $106,205,149 55,457,830 35,420,324 20,646,692 14,326,351 9,149,664 23,057,745 11,635,509 7,074,472 2,130,759 26,326,257 11,895,206 3,462 2,805 $97,037,961 50,716,648 31,935,309 18,766,970 12, 969, 731 8,296,763 19,824,962 10, 189, 685 6,696,188 . 2,007,193 25,611,771 11,456,037 1,252 815 $9, 167, 188 4,741,182 3.485,015 1,879,722 1,356,620 852,901 3,232,783 1,445,824 378,284 123,566 714,486 439, 169 73.4 77.5 91.4 91.5 90.2 90.9 90. S 90.7 86.0 87.6 94.7 94.2 97.3 96.3 26.6 22.5 8.6 8.5 9.8 9.1 9.5 9.3 14.0 12.4 5.3 5.8 2.7 3.7 30.2 23.4 53.6 91.5 91.3 93.4 71.6 70.2 85.4 56.6 56.3 59.1 98.2 94.6 123.6 232.0 233.6 206.1 121.3 123.6 62.7 The proportion that each item of expense bears to the total is shown in Table 107. Table 107. — Commercial and municipal central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. TOTAL. COMMERCIAL. MUNiaPAL. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 33.4 13.6 21.7 6.7 24.8 37.2 16.5 21.0 3.8 21.4 32.9 13.4 20.4 6.9 26.4 37.0 16.4 20.1 4.0 22.6 38.0 14.8 35.3 4.1 7.8 39.6 Cost of supplies and materials.. 18.0 30.5 Power purchased 2.6 Miscellaneous expenses 9.3 Table 107 shows that salaries and wages formed the largest proportion of the total expenses, being upward of one-third of the total at both censuses. Miscella- neous expenses, including rents, taxes, insurance, etc., was second in importance, forming nearly one-fourth of the total expenses in 1907 and more than one-fifth in 1902. The cost of fuel was of nearly equal impor- tance with the last-mentioned item, and represented nearly the same proportion of the total at each of the two censuses. The cost of supplies and materials includes the amount expended during tlie year for such articles as meters, motors, transformers, lamps and fittings, poles or other supports, and wire and cable, etc., which were used in connection with the operation of the station or for ordinary repairs and replacements. It does not, however, include the cost of such of these articles as were used for new construc- tion or for extension or additions to the plant or equipment. It also includes the cost of such of these articles as were sold, and the proceeds reported by the 90 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. company as an income, rent of water privileges for water wheels or turbines, and freight on material which was not included in the cost. The cost of power purchased was the least important class of expense, representing only 6.7 per cent of the total in 1907, but Table 108.— PURELY ELECTRIC AND COMPOSITE CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES: 1907 AND 1902. shows the largest proportionate increase of any of the items contained in the table. The distribution of expenses between the purely electric and the composite stations is shown in Table 108. Number of stations Total expenses Salaries and wages Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased Miscellaneous expenses 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 4,ni 3,620 $106,205,149 55,467,830 35,420.324 20,646,692 14,326.351 9,149,664 23,057,745 11,635,509 7,074,472 2, 130, 759 26,326,257 11,895,206 Purely electric. 2,648 2,139 »63,490,I75 37,272,578 20.914,204 13,891,426 8,290.513 6,090,750 12,476.568 7, 433, 874 4,959.519 1,521,654 16,849,371 8,334,874 Composite. t42, 18, 2,066 1,481 714,974 185,252 .,506,120 i, 755, 266 1,035,838 ;, 058. 914 1,681.177 ,201,635 1,114,953 609,105 1,476,880 1,560,332 FEB CENT OP TOTAL. Purely electric. 56.2 59.1 69.8 67.2 59.0 67.3 57.9 66.6 54.1 63.9 70.1 71.4 64.0 70.1 Com- posite. 43.8 40.9 40.2 32.8 41.0 32.7 42.1 33.4 45.9 36.1 29.9 28.6 36.0 29.9 PER CENT OF INCBEASE. Total. Purely electric. Com- posite. 30.2 23.8 39.5 91.5 70.3 134.9 71.6 50.6 114.7 56.6 36.1 97.3 98.2 67.8 151.8 232.0 225.9 247.2 121.3 102.1 166.2 All the items of expense showed larger percentages of increase for the composite stations than for the purely electric stations, a condition similar to that which was shown in Table 85 for income. The pro- portion that the composite stations form of the total number was greater in 1907 than in 1902, but the pro- portion of the total expenses that was reported by this class showed a still larger increase. It is noteworthy that the composite stations show their smallest propor- tion of the total of the various items for power pur- chased. This is natural, as many of them owe their existence to the fact that there is a surplus of primary power from some other industry which is harnessed to a dynamo for the generation of electrical energy. For each item of expense the proportion chargeable to the purely electric stations was less in 1907 than in 1902. The proportion that each item of expense is of the total for the purely electric and the composite central electric stations is shown in Table 109. Table 109. — Purely electric and composite central electric stations — Per cent that each item of expense is of total: 1907 and 1902. TOTAL. PURELY ELECTRIC. COMPOSITE. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total expenses 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Salaries and wages 33.4 13.6 21.7 6.7 24.8 37.2 16.5 21.0 3.8 21.4 32.9 13.1 19.7 7.8 26.5 37.3 16.3 19.9 4.1 22.4 34.0 14.1 24.8 5.0 22.2 37.1 Cost of supplies and materials. . Cost of fuel. .. 16.8 23.1 3.3 Miscellaneous expenses. . . 19.6 The proportion of the total expenses represented by salaries and wages, which formed about one-third of the total expenses for both the purely electric and the composite stations, and by the cost of supplies and materials, which formed rather more than one-eighth for each class, shows a decrease in 1907 as compared with 1902. The proportionate cost of fuel remained nearly constant for both classes of stations. For each of the two classes of stations miscellaneous expenses formed a greater proportion of the total expenses in 1907 than in 1902, the gain being the larger for the purely electric stations, for which it formed more than one-fourth of the total expenses in 1907. This latter class of stations also reported much the greater in- crease in the proportion represented by the cost of power purchased, which nearly doubled between 1902 and 1907. The expenses of stations, classified according to the kind of primary power used and the percentages of in- crease, are shown in Tables 110 and 111. Although the expenses of the stations operated by steam power exclusively show an increase of 74.6 per cent, the percentage of the total expenses reported for this class of stations shows a decrease of 6.8 in 1907 as compared with 1902. Only one other class of stations, those using gas exclusively, showed a diminution in its percentage of the total expenses at the later census as compared with the earher. Although the expenses for this latter class of stations show an increase of 61.7 per cent, this was the smallest increase shown for any of the seven classes for which figures are given in Table 110. Each of the remaining classes of stations increased its proportion of the total expenses in 1907, and the stations using water with other minor power and the stations not equipped with primary power more than doubled their proportions. Of the total in- crease in the cost of power purchased, 56.9 per cent was contributed by the stations without primary power, which reported 53.2 per cent of the total cost of power in 1907 as compared with 44.5 per cent in 1902. INCOME AND EXPENSES. 91 Table 110.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— EXPENSES, POWER USED: 1907 AND 1902. BY KIND OF PRIMARY Number of stations Total expenses Salaries and wages Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased Miscellaneous expenses , Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 4, 3, $106,205, 55,457, 35. 420. 20,646, 14,326, 9,149, 23,057. 11,635, 7,074, 2,130, 26,326, 11,895, 324 Steam exclusively. »74, 178, 42, 492, Steam with other minor power. Water exclusively. 24,120, 15, 462, 9,594. 7. .360, 19.480, 10, 126, 2,589, 532, 18,393, 9,010, $5,147,! 2,228,( 1,807. 798. 087 066 817,! .368.1 1.377. 596, 160, 64, 984. 401, 474 315 972.066 448, 675 173.107 193,781 801.852 303,496 26, 844 5,511 108,823 284, 298 ,861,440 661,589 Water with other minor power. 61 20 $1,536,930 342,327 622,989 196.698 175.232 20,295 184, 569 7,602 10,703 720 543,437 117,012 Water and and steam. Gas exclusively. 360 275 $12,234,923 5,675,249 4,630,594 2,399,751 2,229,294 887,737 1,716,574 832,601 433.535 193,523 3,224,926 1,361,637 Stations without primary- power equipment. 180 61 $710,849 439,650 166,379 94,275 55,845 192,835 60,520 7,597 107,132 117,284 ! 49,774 $7,423,812 1,830,733 1,767,510 428,906 613,470 153,273 78,826 6,456 3,763,365 948, 184 1,200,641 293, 914 Table 111.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT INCREASE OF EXPENSES, BY KIND OF PRIMARY POWER USED: 1907. Number of stations Total expenses Salaries and wages Cost of supplies and materials. Cost of fuel Power purchased Miscellaneous expenses Total. 30.2 91.5 71.6 56.6 98.2 232.0 121.3 Steam exclu- sively. 18.7 74.6 66.0 30.4 92.4 386.1 104.1 Steam with other minor power. 116.3 131.0 126.3 121.7 131.1 150.4 145.5 Water exclu- sively. 60.5 103.1 82.0 164.2 387.1 161.7 181.4 Water with other minor power. 205.0 349.0 216.7 763.4 2,327.9 1,386.5 364. 4 Water and steam. 30.9 115.6 93.0 151.1 106.2 124.0 136.8 Gas ex- clusively. 252.9 61.7 79.6 68.8 218.6 I 92. 9 135.6 Stations without primary- power equip- ment. 68.0 305.5 312.0 312.1 1,121.0 296.9 308.5 1 Decrease. For the separate items of expense the percentages of gains or losses \&ry so surprisingly that they can only be accounted for by a transfer of stations from one group to another by reason of changes in or addition to their primary power. There is no doubt that many changes of this character have taken place since 1902, as a result of which stations reported in one class at that census are shown in another class in 1907; and the totals, therefore, in Table 110, although showing exist- ing conditions at each census, may not correctly por- tray the increase in the sense in which this term is generally applied. The percentages which the several items of expense form of the total for each class of stations are shown in Table 112. Table 112.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL EXPENSES FOR EACH KIND OF POWER USED, BY ITEMS OF EXPENSE: 1907 AND 1902. Total expenses Salaries and wages Cost of supplies and materials Cost of fuel Power purchased Miscellaneous e-xpenses Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. 100.0 100.0 33.4 37.2 13.5 16.5 21.7 21.0 6.7 3.8 24.8 21.4 Steam Steam with exclu- other sively. minor power. 100.0 lOO.O 32.5 36.4 12.9 17.3 26.3 23.8 3.5 1.3 24.8 21.2 100.0 100.0 35.1 35.8 15.9 16.6 26.8 26.7 3.1 2.9 19.1 18.0 Water exclu- sively. 100.0 100.0 43.7 48.8 16.1 12.4 0.5 0.2 2.2 11.6 37.4 27.0 Water with other minor power. 100.0 100.0 40.5 67.5 11.4 5.9 12.0 2.2 0.7 0.2 36.4 34.2 Water and steam. 100.0 100.0 37.8 42.3 18.2 16.6 14.0 14.7 3.6 3.4 26.4 24.0 Gas ex- clusively 100.0 100.0 42.0 37.8 13.3 12.7 27.1 13.8 1.1 24.4 16.6 11.3 Stations without primary- power equip- ment. 100.0 100.0 23.8 23.4 8.3 8.4 1.1 0.4 50.7 61.8 16.2 16.1 92 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Salaries and wages forms the largest item of expense for each class of stations equipped with primary power. That the stations having steam as the exclusive pri- mary power showed the smallest proportionate expense for salaries and wages, is due in a measure to the fact that the cost of fuel forms a large item of expense for these stations, in addition to which this class includes a large proportion of the municipal stations for which the expense for salaries and wages is small. The per- centage represented by cost of supphes and materials is reasonably uniform for the classes having primary power. Naturally, the stations having steam power show the largest proportionate cost of fuel. That the stations using water power exclusively and those classed as without primary power report fuel, may be explained by the fact that a number of stations which had been operated by steam in the early part of the year had removed their steam equipment and were operated by water power or wholly discontinued the use of primary power at the close of the year, the date for which the stations are classified as to kind of power and in other respects. The per cent distribution of expenses for the stations without primary power is scarcely comparable with those for the other classes of stations. About half the cost of operation of these stations lay in power purchased. Salaries and wages. — The employees whose remu- neration figures in the expense tables of this report in- clude all those engaged in operating the plant and keeping the equipment in proper condition. The num- ber and the salaries and wages of employees engaged exclusively upon new work or additions and extensions are not included, since this expense is reported as part of the cost of construction during the year. If, how- ever, any of the regular employees of the station who are ordinarily engaged in the operation of the plant were engaged a part of the time on new construction or additions, the amount paid such employees was in- cluded under " Salaries and wages." If rent, board, or other allowance was furnished as part compensation it was included in the total for salaries and wages. In the case of composite stations it frequently happens that such employees as general managers, clerks, engineers, and firemen work indiscriminately for the electric sta- tion and for the gas works or waterworks, etc., and in these instances an estimate was made of the proportion of salaries and wages chargeable to the electric service. No attempt has been made in this report to show the average wages of employees. One of the reasons for this is that a number of stations were in operation only a part of the year; and since these stations would show the full normal number of employees but wages for only that part of the year for which they were em- ployed, the average wage as determined by dividing the total wages paid during the year by the average number of employees would produce results consider- ably less than the facts would warrant. The figures given for the average number of wage-earners repre- sented approximately the number necessary to conduct the plant under normal conditions, or the average cal- culated from the weekly pay rolls of the company. Detailed statistics of salaries and wages are presented in Table 113. Table H3.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- EMPLOYEES, SALARIES, AND WAGES: 1907 AND 1902. Total: Number Salaries and wages Salaried employees: General officers of corpora- tions — Number Salaries General managers, superin- tendents, etc.— Number Salaries Clerks and bookkeepers- Number Salaries Wage-earners: Foremen — Average number Wages Inspectors— A verage number Wages Engineers — Average number Wages All other- Average number Wages 47,632 $35,420,324 1907 1,761 12,202,028 4,357 S5, 098, 236 6,872 S4, 473, 523 1,434 SI, 527, 494 894 $697,097 5,857 14,453,378 26,457 »17,008,568 1902 1,416 $1,465,471 2,564 $2,481,278 3,016 $1,716,831 1,000 $953, 738 571 $415,904 4,587 $3,259,870 17,172 $10,353,600 42,066 $31,935,309 COMMERCIAL. 1907 26,909 $18,766,970 1,761 $2,202,028 3,268 $4,243,307 6,346 $4,293,620 1,344 $1,446,048 860 $668,465 4,446 $3,484,231 24,041 $15,597,610 1902 1907 5,666 $3,485,015 1,416 $1,465,471 1,875 $2,088,298 2,755 $1,652,430 943 $910,972 546 $397,983 3,743 $2,721,127 15,631 $9,530,689 1,089 $814,929 526 $179,903 90 $81,446 34 $28,632 1,411 $969, 147 2,416 $1,410,958 1902 3,417 $1,879,722 $392,980 261 $64,401 57 $42, 766 25 $17,921 844 $538,743 1,541 $822,911 FEB CENT OF INCREASE. Total. 57.1 71.6 24.4 50.3 103.9 127.9 160.6 43.4 60.2 56.6 67.6 27.7 54.1 64.3 Com- mercial. 56.3 70.2 24.4 50.3 74.3 103.2 130.3 159.8 42.5 58.7 57.5 68.0 18.8 28.0 53.8 63.7 Munic- ipal. 62.9 85.4 58.1 107.4 101.5 179.3 57.9 90.4 36.0 59.8 67.2 79.9 56.8 71.5 PER CENT OP TOTAL. Commercial. Municipal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 88.3 90.2 88.7 90.9 11.7 9.8 11.3 9.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 75.0 83.9 73.1 84.2 92.3 96.0 91.3 96.2 93.7 94.7 94.3 95.5 96.2 95.9 95.6 95.7 75.9 78.2 81.6 83.5 90.9 91.7 91.0 92.1 25.0 16.1 7.7 4.0 6.3 5.3 3.8 4.1 24.1 21.8 9.1 8.3 26.9 15.8 8.7 3.8 5.7 4.5 4.4 4.3 18.4 16.5 9.0 7.9 INCOME AND EXPENSES. 93 Table 113 shows that of the total number of em- ployees of electric light and power stations in 1907, the municipal stations employed 11.7 per cent. For the same year the proportion of the gross income reported by tliis class of stations, as given in Table 83, was 8 per cent. Thus the number of employees of the municipal stations is greater in proportion to their income than in the case of the commercial stations. This does not hold for all classes of employees, but is conspicuously true for general managers, superin- tendents, etc., among the salaried employees, and for the engineers among the wage-earners. The large number of the latter class is probably due to the fact that in the small stations which so largely predomi- nate in the municipal stations the same employee often performs a number of different kinds of work, and the man, among his other iluties, might have operated the engine, and hence would be reported as an engineer. A comparison of the number of employees and their earnings in 1902 and 1907 shows a greater relative increase in the case of the municipal than in that of the commercial stations, although the actual increases for the commercial and for the municipal stations should be considered in connection with this state- ment. The commercial stations reported approximately seven-eighths of the total number of employees in 1907 and about nine-tenths of the total amount expended for salaries and wages. This appears to indicate that in general the commercial stations pay their employees more liberally than do the municipal stations. This difference holds for both salaried em- ployees and wage-earners, but is most marked in the case of the former. In 1907 the commercial stations reported 87.6 per cent of the total salaried employees and 91.5 per cent of the total salaries. There are two reasons for this difference. In the first place there are connected with the municipal stations no corpo- ration officials who, in the commercial stations, re- ceive the highest salaries of any of the employees. And secondly, many municipal stations reported sal- aried employees whose time was partly given to other public utilities of the municipality, and only a por- tion of whose salaries was charged to the operation of the electric station. Similar conditions are, to a greater or less extent, applicable to the wage-earners of the municipal stations, since many of them give part of their time only to the work of the electric plant. Supplies and materials. — Details of the cost of sup- plies and materials, together with the cost of power purchased, are shown in Table 114. Table 114.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS: 1907 AND 1902. ■ TOTAL. COHMERCIAI,. MUNICIPAL. PER CENT OF INCREASE. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Commercial. Municipal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total. Com- mercial. Munic- ipal. 1907 1902 1907 1002 Total cost $21,400,823 $11,280,423' $19,665,919 $10,303,956 $1,734,904 $976,467 89.7 90.9 77.7 91.9 91.3 8.1 8.7 Meters: 31,900 $426,625 4,646 $278,410 6,762 $337,706 $3,191,252 $762,593 $1,698,205 $757,379 $1,769,109 $7,074,472 $386,552 $4,436,728 $281,792 27,632 $416,994 602 $30,099 13,288 $365,028 $1,507,249 $177,236 $1,466,852 $346,587 $1,152,915 $2,130,759 $2, 566, .341 $1,120,363 28,024 $378,432 4.522 $270,661 5,468 $288,586 $3,042,738 $676,339 $1,456,927 $701,081 $1,623,078 $6,696,188 $351,443 $3, 993, 181 $187,265 25,739 $390,569 572 $29,202 7,843 $326,407 $1,426,224 $154,517 $1,263,528 $319,617 $1,081,380 $2,007,193 m $2,365,807 $939,512 3,876 $48, 193 124 $7, 749 1,294 $49, 120 $148,514 $86,254 $241,278 $56,298 $146, 031 $378,284 $35,109 $443,547 $94,527 1,893 $26,425 30 $897 5,445 $38,621 $81,025 $22,719 $203,324 $26,970 $71,535 $123,566 (=) $200,534 $180,851 15.4 2.3 671.8 825.0 149.1 17.5 111.7 330.3 15.8 118.5 53.4 232.0 8.9 ■3.1 690.6 826.9 130.3 111.6 113.3 337.7 15.3 119.4 50.1 233.6 104.8 82.4 313.3 763.9 176.2 27.2 83.3 279.7 18.7 108.7 104.1 206.2 87.8 88.7 97.3 97.2 80.9 85.5 95.3 88.7 85.8 92.6 91.7 94.7 90.9 90.0 66.5 93.1 93.7 95.0 97.0 59.0 89.4 94.6 87.2 86.1 92.2 93.8 94.2 ■■92.'2' 83.9 12.2 11.3 2.7 2.8 19.1 14.5 4.7 11.3 14.2 7.4 8.3 5.3 9.1 10.0 33.5 6.9 6.3 Motors: Number 5.0 Cost 3.0 Transformers: Number 4i.e Cost 10. « Incandpscent lamps . . 5.4 Lamp fittings, etc. (except for arc lamps). 12.8 Carbons, globes, hoods, and other supplies for arc lamps and re- 13.9 Poles and other supports . 7.8 6.2 5.8 Rent or water privileges for water All other materials 72.9 .74.8 68.8 180.1 121.2 147.7 7.8 Freight, not included in cost of 16.1 1 Decrease. ' Not reported separately in 1902. The total cost of supplies, materials, etc., shows a somewhat larger percentage of increase than do sala- ries and wages, and the commercial stations show a larger per cent of increase in the total cost of supplies and materials than do the municipal stations. The commercial stations reported a smaller amount as paid for meters and transformers in 1907 than in 1902. The amounts reported for these two items at the two censuses are of doubtful value for purposes of com- parison, because of the uncertainty as to whether 94 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. the questions were answered witli the same under- standmg as to their meaning. In connection with tlie canvass of 1907 it was found that many stations had included, under suppHes and materials, the cost of meters and transformers that had been used in connec- tion with new work and which should have been reported under the cost of construction during the year. In 1902, when the first census of electric sta- tions was taken, errors of this kind may have been overlooked, for it seems improbable that, in view of the increased use of meters and the general replace- ment of small and worn-out transformers by larger and better ones, the total cost of these machines, which could properly be classed as "Cost of supplies and materials," should be less in 1907 than 1902. For purposes of comparison the amounts reported as paid for freight in 1907 and 1902 are of no value, be- cause of the fact that some stations keep a separate account of freight charges and others reckon these charges in with the cost of supplies received. Thus the amounts reported are simply such part of the total freight charges as were kept separate from the cost of supplies and materials. Of all the different items included under expendi- tures for supplies and materials, the cost of motors shows the largest j)ercentage of increase. The amount paid for incandescent lamps more than doubled, and the amount paid for fittings for lamps of this character shows a still larger percentage of increase. The amount paid for carbons, globes, etc., for arc lamps was but little more in 1907 than in 1902. Fuel. — The cost of fuel, which is reported as a sin- gle item in the foregoing tables of this report, is shown in detail in Table 115. Table H5. -COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— COST OF FUEL: 1907 AND 1902. TOTAL. COIIUERCIAL. MUNICIPAL. PER CENT OP TOTAL. Commercial. Municipal. 1907 1902 1907 1 1902 1907 1902 Total. Com- mer- cial. Munic- ipal. 1907 1902 1907 1902 Total »23,057,745 $11,635,509 $19,824,962 $10,189,685 $3,232,783 $1,445,824 98.2 94.6 123.6 88.0 87.6 14.0 12.4 Coal 19,681,212 2,171,547 9,943,125 721,838 254,269 28.f.54 687,623 16.780,874 2,043,000 259,181 194.816 547,091 8,749,394 700, 136 220,460 20,135 499,560 2,900,338 128,547 40,467 1,193,731 21,702 33,809 8,519 188,063 97.9 200.8 17.8 579.9 3.3 91.8 191.8 17.6 867.5 9.5 143.0 492.3 19.7 I'ij.i' 85.3 94.1 86.5 100.0 77.0 88.0 97.0 86.7 70.3 72.7 14.7 5.9 13.5 ■23.0' 12.0 3.0 299,648 194,816 710,522 13 3 Manufactured gas All other fuel 29.7 163,431 27 3 ' Decrease. Both in 1902 and 1907 approximately seven teen- twentieths of the total cost of fuel reported represented the cost of coal. Crude petroleum was next in im- portance, the percentage which the cost of this fuel represented of the total cost increasing from 6.2 in 1902 to 9.4 in 1907. The cost of the three remaining classes of fuel shown formed but 5.2 per cent of the total cost of fuel in 1907 as compared with 8.3 per cent in 1902. All of the amount paid in 1907 for manufactured gas was reported by the commercial stations, but for natural gas the proportion of the total represented by each of the two classes of stations at the two censuses varied but little from the proportions shown for coal. The use of crude petroleum appears to have been chiefly confined to the commercial stations, which reported 94.1 per cent of the total cost of this kind of fuel reported in 1907 and 97 per cent in 1902. The states in which the central stations reported an exj)enditurefor coal amounting to more than $1,000,000 were as follows: New York, $2,980,946; Illinois, $1,997,418; Pennsylvania, $1,899,829; Massachusetts, $1,344,354; and Oliio, $1,215,778. The states in which the stations reported more than $100,000 as spent for crude petroleum were: California, $945,251; Texas, $728,343; and Arizona, $167,922. Among the largest users of natural gas, with the amount spent for this fuel in 1907, were: Ohio, $83,979; Pennsyl- vania, $67,923; Kansas, $52,424; Oklahoma, $29,557; and West Virginia, $29,401. No large amount was reported by any. state as spent for manufactured gas, except by California, the stations in which sta*e reported $150,407 or 77.2 per cent of the total amount reported for this class of fuel. Expenditures for "All other fuel," while general among the stations in the various states, were largest in those states having an abundance of timber. Power purchased. — This constitutes the smallest of the several items of expense shown in Table 106, but shows the largest rate of increase, 232 per cent. Expenditures for electric current naturally form the greater part of this item, amounting to $6,417,237 in 1907 and $1,300,925 in 1902, a gain of $5,116,312, or 393.3 per cent. The expenditure for other power — steam, water, etc. — amounted to $657,235 in 1907 as compared with $829,834 in 1902. Although the re- ported expenditure for other power was less in 1907 than in 1902, it is probable that there was no actual decrease, since the amount for 1902 included the cost of water for water wheels and turbines, which was, in 1907, not included with the cost of power purchased, and which amounted in that year to $386,552. The following states reported the largest amounts for power purchased in 1907: New York, $2,105,944; INCOME AND EXPENSES. 95 Pennsylvania, $744,378; California, $693,953; Michi- gan, $630,532; Washington, $365,111; Missouri, $337,859; Massachusetts, $295,442; and Illinois, $263,848. In 1907 there were 414 stations which reported the purchase of power as compared with 128 in 1902. Of the number reporting in 1907, 165 both generated and purchased current, and of the number reporting in 1902, 41 did the same. Moreover, a number of sta- tions were found which, though fitted with dynamos, did not operate them, but purchased the current used. In 1907 there were 26 stations of this character, with a dynajno capacity of 15,688 kilowatts, as compared with 15 stations in 1902, with a dynamo capacity of 5,035 kilowatts. Miscellaneous expenses. — Details of the expenses included in the last item of Table 106 are shown for the commercial and municipal stations in Table 116. Table 116.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC AND 1902. STATIONS— MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES: 1907 1907 1902 Total IS26,326,257 811, 893.206 Rent of stations, line-wire sup- ports, conduits, etc Rent of offices Taxes. Injuries and damages Insurance Ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery All other expenses not elsewhere reported 2,322,753 577, 193 6,351,020 034,991 1,578,205 4,300,684 10,561,411 1,011,691 275,007 2,605,005 248, 304 893, 507 2, 701, 747 4,099,885 COMMERCIAL. $25,611,771 1907 $11,456,037 2,317,099 566,472 6,345,796 602,523 1,467,930 3,986,586 10,325,359 MUNICIPAL. 1902 1,001,504 270,446 2,654,885 246, 543 827,926 2,480,217 3, 974, 514 1907 $714,486 5,654 10, 721 5,224 32, 468 110,269 314,098 236,052 1902 $439, 169 10,187 4,561 10,120 1,759 65,641 221,530 125,371 PER CENT OP I.»JCREASE. Total. 129.6 109.9 138.3 155.7 70.6 59.2 157.6 Com- mer- cial. 123.6 131.4 109.5 139.0 144.4 77.3 6a7 159.8 Munici- pal. 62.7 '44.5 135.1 "48.4 1,745.8 68.0 41.8 88.3 PER CENT OF TOTAL. Commercial. 1907 97.3 99.8 98.1 99.9 94.9 93.0 92.7 97.8 1902 96.3 99.0 9a 3 99.6 99.3 92.7 91.8 9&9 Municipal. 1907 2.1 0.2 L9 0.1 5.1 7.0 7.3 1902 3.7 1.0 t7 0.4 0.7 7.3 3.1 • Decrease. More than nineteen-twentieths of the total for these miscellaneous expenses was reported bj* the com- mercial stations and less than one-twentieth by the municipal stations. Of the expense for ordinary re- pairs of buildings and machinery and for insurance, the proportions for the two classes of stations were practically the same in 1907 as in 1902, or more than nine-tenths for the commercial stations and less than one-tenth for the municijial. Expenditures for ordi- nary repairs are common to the two classes of stations, though necessarily varying in proportion to the age 25142—10 7 and condition of the plant and the standard to which it is kept up. The proportion of "All other ex- penses not elsewhere reported," paid by the municipal stations was relatively small, as might be expected, since these stations have much less occasion for ex- penditures for many of the items included under this head, such as advertising, interest, law expenses, etc., than have the commercial stations. The municipal stations also reported relatively insignificant amounts as paid for the rent of stations, line-wire supports, etc., office rents, and for taxes. CHAPTER VIII. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. By Thomas Commebfobd Martin, Expert Special Agent. General conditions. — The report on central electric light and power stations for 1902 embraced a historical review of their development and discussed the appa- ratus in use at that time for the generation of electrical energy and for its distribution and consumption, in- cluding dynamos, motors, transformers, arc and in- candescent lamps, and other appliances. It is not necessary, therefore, to consider again these phases in the growth of the electric light and power industry; and the present discussion will be limited to the evolu- tion that has taken place since 1902. There have been changes in every branch of the industry, some of which have been extreme, and the approach of a few of which was indicated in the former report. In one or two instances the introduction of new methods or appli- ances was unexpected. The changes in the technical aspects of the industry have kept pace with those in its financial and physical aspects. Virtually doubling itself every five years, in the latter respects, the central-station industry displays as yet no symptoms of settling down into a condition of satisfaction with the present which would be obstructive of improve- ment. Indeed, the notable tendency toward the con- solidation of small individual stations into large "systems" with extensive networks has brought with it the wholesale "scrapping" of plants and apparatus and the installation of generating and consuming appliances of far higher efficiency and economy, in order to meet the demand on the part of the public for cheaper and better service. A typical case is that of the Boston Edison Company, whose system in 1885 covered an area of one-eighth of a square mile, and at present covers an area of 509 square miles^the increase being due chiefly to expan- sion during the period 1902-1907. The map presented herewith, showing some of its circuits, reveals the details of that vastly larger area in which it is now operating, within which lie 35 cities and towns of Massachusetts, with a combined population of approxi- mately 1,000,000 inhabitants. Included in this ter- ritory are 2,197 miles of streets, 1,016 miles of which are covered by the lines of the company Within the region are 34,428 customers, requiring a supply of cur- rent up to 100,000 kilowatts, equivalent to two million 16-candlepower lamps. Originally the engines in the (96) generating plant were of 90 horsepower, but they have been displaced by steam turbines of 16,000 horse- power each; while generators of 20-kilowatt capacity have been succeeded by generators of 12,000-kilowatt capacity. All this development has taken place within a period of about twenty-five years, and similar develop- ment is shown in other large centers of population, such as those served by the Public Service Corporation in New Jersey and the Pacific Gas and Electric Com- pany in California. Another salient feature of the period 1902-1907 is the increasing resort to water power as a source of pri- mary energy. The statistics in Chapter III on power equipment show that the number of steam engines, including steam turbines, in central stations increased from 5,930 in 1902, with a total of 1,379,941 horse- power, to 7,206 in 1907, with 2,627,450 horsepower. Practically all these engines were located within the corporate limits of towns and cities, and the increase in capacity during the five-year period was nearly 100 per cent. But the development in water power due to the establishment of perhaps not less than 300 hydro-electric power transmission enterprises is much more striking. The water wheels reported show an increase froml, 390 in 1902 to 2,481 in 1907, while their capacity increased from 438,472 horsepower to 1,349,- 087 horsepower, more than threefold. It is not to be understood that all this hydro-electric power is spe- cifically employed in central station lighting and power, as a great deal of it is furnished to electric rail- ways and isolated mills and mines. But the power- transmission company is generically a central-station plant, and all such companies and systems are included in the present statistics where they affect the totals and the analytic deductions in many important re- spects, as, for example, in the average price obtained per kilowatt hour. It is obvious, upon a moment's consideration, that a transmission company can sell its product at a lower rate than a central station which in its price per kilowatt hour to the customer has to include free supply of lamps, or arc carbons and globes, labor, inspection, etc. The apparent return per kilo- watt hour as given in this report is thus too low, from the central-station standpoint, and would naturally be higher after the deduction of a very large but inde- INTERIOR VIEW OF SOUTHERN POWER COMPANY'S HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT. HORIZONTAL LOW-PRESSURE STEAM TURBINE AND GENERATOR, TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 97 terminate quantity of electrical energy sold in bulk by the power company, almost invariably at a price below what the same power would cost the receiving central-station company, or individual consumer, if it were produced by steam at or near the point of utilization. This development of remote water powers for pur- poses of electrical transmission is recognized as one of the questions of the time, and was given special study by the conservation conference held at the White House in 1908, on invitation of President Roosevelt. In a report ^ to this conference, made by Mr. H. St. Clair Putnam, it was stated that of the total estimated power produced in the United States in 1907, about 26,000,000 horsepower was credited to steam engines, 800,000 horsepower to gas and oil engines, and 3,000,000 horsepower to water motors. It will be seen from these figures that nearly half the utilized water power of the country is subject to central-station conditions and control, and the proportion belonging to hydro-electric power is in reality much larger, as several hundred small electric plants not engaged in the sale of electricity, but connected with various manufactories, employ water power. Mr. Putnam said : During the past few years there has been renewed interest in water powers on account of the practicability of their use for the generation of power and the electrical transmission of this power to distant markets. The great hydro-electric development at Niagara was the first large enterprise of this character and has demonstrated its practicability. The census of 1902 gives a partial list of long-dis- tance hydro-electric plants developing power aggregating 000,000 horsepower; and this list can now be largely increased. Our most desirable water powers are being absorbed rapidly, and it becomes important, therefore, for us to take stock of our water resources and formulate plans for their control and proper utilization. The recognition of the importance of water-power development has grown since the conference was held, and the proper methods of dealing with water powers and maintaining public control and interest in them have become a distinct problem for the National Government, as well as one of the topics most agitated in the press. Steam power. — The figures in Chapter III show strik- ing changes in the use of steam power in central sta- tions since the report of 1902. At that time, owing to the fact that steam turbines had not been installed in any considerable degree, they were not reported sepa- rately. In the present report they are credited with 19.9 per cent of the total horsepower reported and 31.1 per cent of all the steam power. Few revolutions in the mechanical world have been more rapid and sweep- ing. The relative size of the units is also significant, for while the reciprocating engines averaged 265 horse- power in 1907, the turbines averaged 2,168 horse- power, or eight times as much. ' Proceedingsof a Conference of Governors, published by authority of Congress, 1909, p. 292. Only one or two of the recently equipped central stations with large generating units have installed reciprocating engines. The most notable instance is the Redondo generating station of the Pacific Light and Power Company of California, which has been equipped with reciprocating engines of the latest type. The plant has a nominal rating of 15,000 kilowatts in three equal units, which generate current at the ex- tremely high electro-motive force of 18,000 volts, for which the dynamos are wound. There are three 34 and 70 inch by 56 inch combined double horizontal and vertical compound side-crank automatic engines, each direct-connected to one of the 50-cycle 3-phase alternators of the fly-wheel type. The fuel used is crude petroleum. On a total output of not less than 60,000 kilowatt hours per 19.5 hours running for fifteen days, there being 4.5 hours of "stand-by" idleness each day, the contractor guaranteed an output of 170 kilo- watt hours per barrel of oil weighing 334 pounds, each pound delivering 18,500 British thermal units. The actual test showed 252.8 kilowatt hours per barrel; and a bonus of $363,310 was earned by the contractor as a result of this remarkable economy and efficiency. It is stated that the first cost of the plant did not ex- ceed by 5 per cent that of a steam-turbine plant. No other large new central station with reciprocating engines can be named. The whole drift seems to be toward large steam turbines or large gas engines, where water power is not available, or even as a reserve where the uncertainty of water power renders some auxiliary power necessary. Cliicago and New York have both furnished examples. The New York Edison Company now has both its great Waterside stations in operation side by side on the East River, with an aggregate maximum rating of 330,000 horsepower, in 24 units of 169,500 kilowatts. Waterside No. 2 began operations in November, 1906, and although reciprocating units were first contemplated, it now contains six 8,000- kilowatt vertical turbo-generators, two 7,500-kilowatt horizontal turbine units, and two 14,000-kilowatt vertical units, which comprise the entire equipment of this huge station. Waterside No. 1, which began operations in October, 1901, and was intended to hold sixteen 3,500-kilowatt reciprocating engine units, has now eleven such units, together with three 10,000- kilowatt and two 5,000-kilowatt vertical turbine units. The new Quarry Street station of the Common- wealth Edison Company of (Chicago, constructed just across the south branch of the Chicago River from the Fisk Street station, illustrated in the report of 1902, constitutes, with its initial rating of 28,000 kilowatts in two units, a fit supplement to the latter station, the pioneer great steam turbine power house in this country. It is significant of the rapid march of events that the first four turbo-generators in the Fisk Street station, only five years old, were replaced in the summer of 19(39 by an equal number of 12,000- 98 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. kilowatt units, which change increases the Fisk Street station rating by 22,000 kilowatts without any addi- tion in the boiler room except the extension of two stacks and slightly,increased grate surface. A further development in the use of primary power has been the practice in high-pressure steam generating plants to resort to low-pressure steam turbines which run on the exhaust steam of reciprocating engines, and this practice appears to have been quite successful. In a paper on the subject' read at Atlantic City in June, 1909, before the National Electric Light Asso- ciation, Mr. C. H. Smoot cited several instances, and said: "I strongly suggest that owners of noncon- densing plants consider the opportunity of utilizing the exhaust of their reciprocating engines in low- pressure steam turbines, and thereby adopt a method of rejuvenating their plants by one of the most efficient methods of developing power from steam." Oil engines. — The Pittsfield (Mass.) Electric Com- pany has put in regular service an interesting oil-driven plant to supplement its older steam plant, which also does a large exhaust-steam heating business in the cold season. The fuel used is crude petroleum. A side track of the Boston and Albany Railroad extends parallel to the north wall of the station, and all the fuel oil is handled upon this spur. Oil is stored outside the plant in three 6,000-gallon tanks. These tanks are filled by gravity from the oil cars run upon the siding, and from the tanks the oil is piped into the basement of the power house. Water for cooling the jackets and bearings of the machinery in the station is drawn from a neighboring pond through an 18-inch pipe, which terminates in a well about 60 feet inland from the shore. From the well a triplex pump in the basement draws and delivers the water as needed in the plant. The generating unit is a 350-kilowatt, 60-cycle, 2,300-volt, 2-phase revolving-field alternator mounted on a shaft midway between two 16-inch by 24-Lnch 3-cylinder oil engines. The normal speed of this unit is 164 revolutions per minute. It is governed by by-passing the oil supply back into the suction side of the oil pump. In general design and appearance the engine follows the lines of a vertical inclosed type of steam engine. The action is on the 4-stroke cycle, but the engine differs from all previous internal-combus- tion engines in compressing a full charge of air to a point above the igniting point of the fuel, whether liquid or gaseous, and then injecting this fuel for a certain period, variable according to the load, into this red-hot air, where it burns under controlled limits of temperature and pressure. The cylinder operation is therefore one of combustion rather than explosion. Each engine is rated at 225 horsepower, weighs 80,000 pounds, and has the following over-all dimensions: Floor space, 9 feet 6 inches by 16 feet 6 inches; height, ' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. II, p. 232. 12 feet. Foundation dimensions: Width of top, 10 feet; bottom, 12 feet; length, 20 feet; height, 7 feet, 1 inch. The latter dimensions include the space required by a direct-connected engine-tj'pe generator. Gas engines. — A notable development in the genera- tion of current has been the resort in San Francisco to very large gas engines by the California Gas and Elec- tric Corporation. Its three engines, each of 5,333 horsepower, connected to the alternating-current gen- erators, have the following dimensions: Length over all, 70 feet ; width over all, 34 feet ; weight of heaviest casting, 60 tons; diameters of cylinders, 42 inches; length of stroke, 60 inches; main journals, 30 inches diameter, 54 inches long ; main crosshead gibs, 27 inches wide, 54 inches long; diameter of center of shaft, 38 inches; weight of fly wheel, 130,000 pounds; total weight of engine, fly wheel, and generator, 1,200,000 pounds. In general design and detail the gas engines resemble modern high-grade, massive steam engines. They are horizontal, twin-tandem, double-acting, 4-stroke cycle, giving two impulses to each crank per revolution. Each of the electric generating units can deUver 4,000 kilowatts at 13,000 volts, 25 cycles. It is recognized that the gas engine itself is success- ful in large sizes for generating plants, but that the intrinsic efliciency of such plants depends on the gas producer, and upon the economical gasification of low grades of fuel. As has been said, the producer in its best form is the means of making available the high thermal efficiency of the gas engine to many central stations, and is the chief factor that warrants the installation of this type of prime mover at a greater installation cost than that of a steam plant. There are now producers on the market that can be relied upon to produce a satisfactory gas from many of the low grades of coal available in difl^erent sections of the country; and the result is shown, in part, in the increase in the number of gas engines from 165 in 1902 to 463 in 1907, and in their capacity from 12,181 horsepower to 55,828 horsepower. As an illustration of complex conditions, the Keene Gas and Electric Company, of Keene, N. H., may be cited, which uses gas, steam, and water power in three separate plants. The company's gas plant, distant only li miles from the business center, contains two 250-horsepower anthracite gas producers and three gas engines of the vertical three-cylinder type, the two smaUer engines being each connected to an 80-kilowatt alternator, and the largest unit to a 110-kilowatt alter- nator. The fuel requirements are less than in a steam plant of equal capacity, and the fuel feeding and ash discharging for the producer are accomplished by the action of gravity alone. Water power. — The statistics in Chapter III as to water power are clearly indicative of the general trend of practice. An immense increase is shown both in the number and size of water wheels. In 1902 there were 1,390 water wheels, having a capacity of 438,472 _••. > ' ' ^ ! I i : <••. SWITCHBOARD ROOM, QUARRY STREET STATION, COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, CHICAGO. STEAM TURBINE GENERATING PLANT, FISK STREET STATION. COMMONWEALTH EDISON COMPANY, CHICAGO, TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 99 horsepower, while in 1907 there were 2,481, having 1,349,087 horsepower. Tlius the size per unit rose from an average of about 315 horsepower to 544 horsepower. The units are classified as "water w'heels," but in practically every instance a more cor- rect designation would be "turbine." In compiling the statistics, no attempt was made to differentiate between impulse and reaction types, or between instal- lations as having horizontal or vertical shafts; although all these features have necessarily an intimate relation- ship to the character of the electrical generator asso- ciated with the driving wheel. The most notable developments of the period 1902 to 1907 have been those at Niagara Falls and those in the Sierras of California; but in every part of the coun- try where water powers hi}^ undevelo])ed, enterprises on a large scale have been set on foot for the purpose of hj'dro-electric generation and power transmission. In fact, the period named may be regarded as one of great speculative activity in this respect, with the result that many plants have come into existence that remain unprofitable, either because the work has been too costly, because there is little market for the energy when developed, or because the problems of econom- ical and uninterrupted transmission have not been mastered. A water-power plant of somewhat unusual character is that of the Indiana and Michigan Electric Company, on the St. Joseph River at Berrien Springs, Mich., serving northwestern Indiana and southwestern Michi- gan. It was built during the intercensal period and placed in service during 1908, and is of the low-head system, capable of producing 7,200 kilowatts. The company has a total of 25,000 horsepower in its steam and water power plants, the four of the latter all being on the St. Joseph River. This river has a maximum flow of only about twenty-five times the minimum, and the actual head at Berrien is only 21 feet, gained by backing up the flow for more than 10 miles by a dam nearly one-third of a mile long, the back flow extending to the' next plant above. The power house stands lengthwise to the dam. The low head made necessary considerable compHcation in the water-wheel plan. Each of the four generators in- stalled is driven by a group of four pairs of wheels working under a normal head of 20 feet. The gener- ators, rated at 1 ,800 kilowatts each, 60 cycles, are driven at 150 revolutions per minute. The river runs over and through a mass of glacial drift, with a hardpan bot- tom, and to prevent loss of water b}^ flow under the apparent bottom of the river, a continuous line of sheet-steel piling was driven in clear across the river down to hardpan, under the upstream side of the dam; while a similar defense of mail was put across the downstream side to prevent any backwash. These elaborate precautions were taken primarily to prevent the passage of water under the dam or the scouring of the river bed below the latter, and thus preclude any possibility of undermining the structure. Another plant of somewhat unusual character is that put in operation in 1907 by the Patapsco Elec- tric and Manufacturing Company, of Ellicott City, Md., whose power house on the Patapsco River about 10 miles west of Baltimore is built entirely within the dam and is thus completely under water. The same structure thus serves both as dam and as power house ; the available fall is utilized, and with slight modifica- tions the suction force of the spillway water as it rushes over the mouth of the tailrace may be employed to increase the effective head by lowering the water level in the race well. With power houses as ordi- narily constructed below the dam, the contrary effect obtains. Abundant natural light is had through win- dows located on the downstream side of the dam, beneath the falls, and natural ventilation is also pro- vided. The generating alternators when under load furnish sufficient heat to dispel any dampness that may manifest itself; and, although somewhat restricted as to space, the power house is as comfortable as any other station building of like capabilities. The plant has a capacity of 600 kilowatts, with provision for another 300-kilowatt unit, and the electrical energy is employed for lamps and motors. The structure represents the latest development in dam design. Heretofore, solid masonry has been con- sidered the only safe and permanent device to impound water, reliance being placed on the enormous weight of the dam to resist the water pressure. At Ellicott City the water pressure is utilized to maintain the position of the dam, the upstream side being so pro- portioned and shaped that the weight of the water upon it equals the horizontal-pressure component. The dam is merely a shell in which the necessary rigidity and strength are secured bv a very small frac- tion of the material needed in the old-style construc- tion. The deck and apron are supported on buttresses and have a section just sufficient to resist bending under water pressure, a large factor of safety, of course, being allowed. The structure may be built in considerably less time than a solid dam, and the inte- rior may be utilized, as in this instance, for housing the electrical equipment. In 1907 two plants of the same character as that at Ellicott City were begun, one at Delta, Pa., and the other on the Big Horn in Wyo- ming — each having a head of water of about 60 feet and developing about 1 ,500 kilowatts. No inconsiderable amount of modern hydro-electric development in the West is associated with irrigation work. One of the most noteworthy and recent ex- amples is connected with the Custer reservoir in San Miguel and Dolores counties, Colo., where a dam 110 feet high impounds 756,800 acre-feet of water, to be employed in power development and irrigation. Another work of this character, which has been under construction for some time and wiJJ be completed before April, 1910, is the Orchard Mesa irrigation project, extending from Grand Junction to Palisade, in the richest fruit district of Colorado. 100 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. During 1906-7 the municipality of Lynchburg, Va., installed a plant which is somewhat typical of the older methods, in that the current is not transmitted a long distance, and that the energy is employed for ordinaiy arc-lighting purposes. This plant utiHzes the flow of the James River, and occupies an old pumping station that was part of the municipal water- works before the new gravity system was introduced. An operating head of onlj- 12 feet has been skillfully emploj^ed. The plant is laid out for the use of series alternating current, to avoid the use of transformers between the generators and the series circuits. The generating dynamos are 2-phase alternatoi-s designed to supply 15 amperes per phase at 4,200 volts. The arc lamps are supplied with 7.5 amperes at 80 volts. This gives two circuits per phase, with 50 lamps on each circuit, or 200 lamps per generator. An induc- tive regulator is placed in each circuit which will auto- matically maintain a constant current of 7.5 amperes through the lamps. Niagara remains, of course, the preeminent example of hydro-electric development in the United States. Grouped around the great falls are seven generating stations, whose supply of electrical energy is in demand over a very large area of consumption. Figures reported for 1908-9 ' show that the energy from Niag- ara Falls is used at the rate of 126,800 horsepower for electro-chemical processes, 56,200 horsepower for rail- way service, 36,400 horsepower for lighting, and 54,640 hoi-sepower for various industrial services, or a total of 274,040 horsepower. Since the water of Niagara Falls represents probably more than 5,000,000 horsepower, it would seem that only about 5 per cent of the avail- able power is being utilized at present. As to the pro- portion of energy from Niagara Falls used locally as compared with that transmitted elsewhere, figures in the article referred to above show that 12,300 horse- power is transmitted more than 100 miles; 33,500 horsepower, 75 miles and less than 100; 3,100 horse- power, 50 miles and less than 75; 79,640 horsepower, 10 miles and less than 50; while 145,400 horsepower is used locally on the Canadian and New York sides of the falls. That is to say, somewhat more than 50 per cent of the energy actually utilized is employed locally, and almost all of tliis is used in industries that have been attracted to Niagara Falls by reason of the gen- erating stations located there. Electro-chemical proc- esses take 87 per cent of the energy that is consumed locally and 46 per cent of the total amount utilized. What is believed to be the largest turbine of its type ever built is that put in operation during 1905-6 by the Seattle and Tacoma Company at its Snoqualmie Falls plant, 35 miles east of Seattle, Wash., a single- wheel turbine of 10,000 horsepower capacity. The 12,500 horsepower vertical turbines of the Electrical Development Cgmpany, the 10,000 horsepower horizon- tal turbines of the Ontario Power Company, and the ' Electrical World, October 21, 1909, p. 978 et seq. 10,000 horsepower vertical turbines of the Canadian Niagara Power Company, all of which are at Niagara Falls, Ontario, are duplex machines, as each unit has two runners on a single shaft driving a single generator. The Snoqualmie Falls turbine, with but one wheel, therefore, represents by far the largest concentration of power yet accomplished in turbine water wheels. The turbine in question is employed in an enlargement of the Snoqualmie Falls plant to double its original capacity. Generators. — The statistics of C'hapter III are very complete as to the generator, or dynamo, equipment of American central stations in 1907, and reveal clearly the changes that have taken place and are still in progress in the manner of generating electric current. At one time the central stations of the country were wholly on the basis of direct current for incandescent lighting, arc lighting, and motor supply, and direct- current generators predominated to the exclusion of any other type. Now the vast majority of stations are on the basis of alternating current, even if they de- liver direct current to the consumption devices. As shown by Table 34, there were in use in 1907 for generating direct current, either of constant voltage or of constant amperage, 5,365 dynamos of a total capacity of 487,452 kilowatts, as compared with 6,808 machines of 2,221,773 kilowatts capacity employed to generate alternating current. In 1902 the alternating- current dynamo was already in the lead as to capacity, though somewhat inferior as to number; but the five years witnessed a remarkable diminution in the num- ber and capacity of dynamos of constant amperage designed strictly for the old arc-lighting service, and in reality capable of nothing else. The number fell off from 3,539 to 1,685, and the capacity from 145,866 kilowatts to 80,992 kilowatts; and it is probable that during the period in question few, if any, new machines of the old type were built. If there were any new machines intended specifically for arc-lighting pur- poses, they will be found in the alternating-current group, where their pres^ce tended to keep down the average capacity per unit to 326 kilowatts, although this is far above the average per alternating unit shown for 1902, which was below 144 kilowatts. Thus the interesting and significant fact emerges that although the generator capacity in the five years more than doubled, rising from 1,212,235 kilowatts to 2,709,225, the number of dynamos actually tleclined from 12,484 to 12,173. How far this concentration will go it is hard to say, but the tendency is plainly visible. At the beginning of 1908, for example, there were 345 central stations in New York state. It has been conservatively estimated that with the methods and apparatus now in use for generating, transmitting, and distributing current, the whole state could be much more economically and eiliciently supplied from 10 stations eUch with a radius of about 50 miles. This being true, it is obvious that hundreds of the smaller dynamos would disappear and their work be ' « ^ > a !• • • 3.3 ; J. 1,500.KILOWATT ROTARY CONVERTER, GENERATOR CONNECTED TO LARGE GAS ENGINE, SAN FRANCISCO. 1 • : • - • • • •• TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 101 done by relatively few machines of greatly increased capacity. Tlie radical modifications of all kinds that would follow such a change in generating methods, which is entirely feasible, lie beyond the scope of this report. Of late years there has been little development in the design of such direct-current machinery as is included in this report, and what has been done aims rather at refinement and perfection than the adoption of new ideas. All the real work of development is con- centrated on the alternating-current types, especially those driven at high speed by steam turbines. The size of 3-phase alternating-current tlynamos has been carried as high as 14,000 kilowatts, with an overload capacity 50 per cent above normal rating. These generators have a frequency of 25 cycles per second and produce current at 11,000 volts pressure, usually for delivery to rotary converters which so manipulate it as to make it possible for lamps and motors on the circuit to use direct current at a low safe pressure. Such a machine is capable of energizing to full bril- liancy 560,000 tungsten incandescent lamps of 25 watts and 20 candlepower, giving a total light equal to 11,200,000 candles. Wlrere such a machine is to furnish current for lighting rather than for motors, it is usual to employ a frequency of 60 cycles, as with a lower frequency there is an appreciable flicker in the lights. Dynamos of such design are operated either hoiizontally or vertically, and either the armature or the field magnets may be revolved. A revolving-field generator of 14,000-kilowatt capacity is among more recent de- velopments, operating at 6,600 volts, 60 cycles, 3-phase, direct-connected to the vertical shaft of a steam turbme running at a speed of 720 revolutions per minute. This huge machine has a peripheral speed of 18,.300 feet per minute and an output per pole of 1 ,400 kilowatts, as comjjared with a peripheral speed of 8,000 feet per minute and an output per pole of 150 kilowatts in a I'eciprocating engine-driven alternator of the same capacity and frequency, oper- ating at 75 revolutions per minute. The electrical and magnetic losses in the field and armature of such a machine of 14,000-kilowatt capacity amount to about 350 kilowatts, and to conduct this heat away from it in order to prevent local high temperature requires about 140,000 cubic feet of air per minute at usual dynamo-room temperatures. In order to regulate the movement of the ventilating air, the generator is entirely closed, with the exception of the intake and discharge openings at the top and bottom of the armature. Thus when the machine is running, its revolving field operates as a powerful fan. Air received through the openings in the ventilating hood is forced through passages provided in the field and the armature, and discharged at the openings in the base of the generator. Now that so much of the current is generated by alternators, a large quantity of auxiliary apparatus is required of various forms. In the smaller plants the transformer capacity for lowering the potential is usually from 50 to 75 per cent greater than that of the generating apparatus, while in many of the larger systems, it is stated, the combined capacity of the converting and transforming apparatus is approxi- mately three times as great as that of the generators. Transformers will be dealt with later; but reference may be made here to the apparatus which is of a generating character in design although it adds notliing to the capacity of the plant, simply rendering the energy produced more available for miscellaneous use. Thus current is often changed in voltage or phase and frequency changers have been widely adopted. These may be either synchronous or nonsynchronous, depending upon the degree to which exactitude in the change of frequency is carried. One part of the macliine is motor, receiving the current to be changed, the other generating and delivering to the line the cur- rent produced or "manipulated. " In recent work the vertical shaft type has been largely introduced in capacities of from 2,000 kilowatts upward. One machine designed for the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, built wliile tliis report was in preparation, which changes from 25 to 60 cycles, is of not less than 6,666 kilovolt-ampere capacity, with 75 per cent load factor, and is probably the largest of its kind in existence. Wliile in a few cities the alternating current pro- duced locally or received from a distance is used without any change to direct current, it would appear that in the consumption circuits and apparatus direct current is still preferred, in the standard voltages, from 110 up to 440. Because of this, the demand for "rotary converters," as they are called, is very large. These machines, of the synchronous type, have become the standard form of converting apparatus for low-frequency substations delivering low-pressure direct current to line. They receive the alternating current on one side and send out the direct on the other. Occasionally their place is taken by motor- generator sets in which there are two machines driving on the one horizontal shaft, the motor part of the device receiving the alternating current. This apparatus is, however, more in favor in Europe than in America. Probably the great majority of rotarj^ converters enumerated in the present report are of the horizontal-shaft type, with collector rings at one side and the com*nutator on the other, but to meet the exigencies of limited floor space vertical shaft units have been manufactured, such as those of the 6-phase, 25-cycle, 250-volt, 2,500-kilowatt capacity designed for the New York Edison Company. The extent to which apparatus of the auxiliary character described above may be needed, even for systems withm city limits operating at pressures not to exceed 9,000 volts, can be inferred from the fact that at the end of 1907 the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago had a "peak-load" generating 102 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. output of 119,250 kilowatts in three stations. It sent its electrical energy to no fewer than 33 sub- stations of the system witliin the corporate limits and to 11 substations belonging to various railwity companies taking current for the operation of their cars. The rotarj'-converter rating connected to the 115- volt and 250- volt direct-current network in the central part of the city aggregated 50,700 kilowatts. The alternating-current motor-generator frequency- changer sets, through which 60-cycle energy was supplied to outlying districts, aggregated 21,340 kilowatts. To this must be added the similar auxiliary equipment of the railways, making the formidable total of 122,940 kilowatts. It might be added incidentally that the system also includetl, for discharg- ing into its direct-ciu'rent network in the heart of the city, storage-battery plants fed through the rotaries, etc., aggregating over 18,000 kilowatts in output at a one-hour rate of discharge. Transmission. — It has already been intimated in the preceding discussion that the development of the central-station industry has depended materially upon advances in transmission methods and appa- ratus. While this is true, little that is revolutionary has been developed during the period. In fact, one of the leading authorities. Dr. Louis Bell, discussing the subject early in 1908, said: "Much of the power- transmission work of the last five years has been of an unobtrusive character, mere extension, without material change of what had gone before." ' Never- theless, a survey of the progress made discloses con- ditions that were a few years ago hardly deemed to be within the range of possibility, and such widespread extension of transmission systems as to constitute a new industry and a new well-defined branch of engi- neering to which experts give their whole attention. While the voltage of generators furnishing current for either long or short distance transmission has remained around 2,000 to 2,500 volts, the pressure on lines has been boldly carried from 10,000 volts up to 100,000, and the latter figure seems to be by no means the limit, since far higher potentials are being dis- cussed or are under experiment, \vith serious thought of their ultimate adoption. The raising and lowering transformers appear to be equal to all the strains thus far put upon them. It has been a common practice to equip such high-voltage transformers with taps on the high-voltage side, so that they may be worked at 5 or 10 per cent below thei^ full voltage. In the earlier stages of the industry separate trans- formers were used for each phase of a 2 or 3 phase system, but now composite 3-phase transformers are a common type, and no difficulty has been experienced in providing them for pressures of 100,000 volts and upward. The circuits are usually of bare copper, ami possi- bly the high price to which copper was carried in the ' London Times, June 3, 1908. "boom" period lasting up to 1907, about 25 cents per pound, may have had something to do with the eflbrt to reduce the amount of copper in a line by raising the voltage. Aluminum has also been tried with success. The "pole lines" were originally of wood, as in the case of the first Niagara transmission to Buffalo, but steel poles and steel towers are now very general. The method of holding up the wires has varied. In California, with its dry climate, large pin- type porcelain insulators have been used with flaring "hoods" or "petticoats" to shed moisture, while another type is that of the suspension insulator. In the latter case several porcelain bells or drums, either plain or with concentric "petticoats," are strung together like reels on a thread, the uppermost insu- lator being carried by the cross-arm, and the lowest in the series supporting the transmission wire. The bells, of uniform size, ranging usually from 10 to 15 inches in diameter, are tied together by metallic links; and four or five of these bells in a bunch have a re- markable ability for standing up with very high volt- age under all manner of adverse conditions of weather. The circuits are now more widely spaced, the separa- tion averaging a foot per 10,000 volts; so that there is little risk of disturbance from anything except light- ning. Many of the systems depend for lightning ar- resters upon "horn" or curved projecting ground wires of large dimensions; but others use multiple gap arresters, shunted to the ground from several points. A recent widely used type is an electrolytic lightning arrester which consists of aluminum cells, or jars, of large surface, stacked up in series. It has already been noted that the standard fre- quency of transmission of alternating current is 60 cycles. At Niagara Falls this frequency of transmis- sion began with 25 cycles, and is still maintained. The vast heterogeneous network of the Los Angeles (Cal.) Edison Company operates at 50 cycles. In an address ' before the National Electric Light Association in 1906, Mr. R. H. Ballard stated that the Los Angeles system then included 110 miles of transmission line with 33,000 volts pressure; 300 miles of double-circuit transmission with 10,000 and 15,000 volts pressure; and 750 miles of transmission line with 2,200 volts pressure in the various cities and towns served by the system; and that there were no fewer than 22 communities to which the company gave electric service with energy from all manner (jf sources, including a plant on the Kern River transmitting energy at 75,000 volts to Los Angeles, 120 iniles away. The longest American transmission system, however, is that in northern California, where the circuits reach 232 miles, from De Sabla, in the Sierras, to San Saulito. Another extremely long circuit is that from Niagara Falls to Syracuse, N. Y., a distance of 165 miles. The ' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1906, Vol. I, p. 636 et seq. %^ I'Ji C^n/' O K J UJ o > TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 103 following description of this circuit is based on a paper * read by Mr. Ralph D. Mershon before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1907. The system described is that of the Niagara, Lockport and Ontario Power Company, a purely transmission enterprise, buying its energy in bulk from the Ontario Power Company, which has a plant at the base of the Horse- shoe Falls on the Canadian side, where the dynamos generate 3-phase, 25-cycle current at 12,000 volts, which is transmitted to the transforming station, the circuits crossing the river in the gorge below the whirl- pool. The potential is stepped up from 12,000 to 62,500 volts for the transmission lines which run on a private right of way from Lockport to Mortimer, a distance of 57 miles, and have a capacity of 20,000 horsepower. From Mortimer to Syracuse, a distance of 81 miles, the line on the company's private right of way has a capacity of 10,000 horsepower. From Lockport to a point 11 miles east and thence south on private right of way to the West Shore Railroad, and thence on the West Shore right of way to Pittsford, is another line with a capacity of 20,000 horsepower. From Pitts- ford to Syracuse on the W^est Shore right of way is a 10,000-horsepower line. From Lockport south to Buffalo are two transmission lines on private way, each with a capacity of 30,000 horsepower. Emphasis is laid on the provision made for isolating the circuits like railroad rights of way, and thus insuring safer and surer work. Steel towers are used almost entirely, generally what is known as the "windmill type," "tripod" or "quad- ruped," and constructed of either lap-welded pipe, or structural steel, galvanized. The standard length of span between towers is 220 feet in some parts, 550 feet in others; while an extreme length of 1 ,253 feet is reached and an extreme height of towers of 75 feet. Each line of towers or wooden structures carries only one 3-phase system. The main line conductors are of aluminum, except on a portion of the line between Mortimer and Syracuse, where copper was preferred because of the long spans. Crossing the Montezuma marsh, the big steel towers have their feet deeply embedded in con- crete foundations. Three sizes of cable of "line wire" are used for the main transmitting line. The largest cable of alumi- num consists of 19 strands, having a total of 642,800 circular mils, equivalent to 400,000 circular mils cop- per. The areas of cross section of the other cables are respectively two-thirds and one-third that of the large one. The insulator used on all main-line construction, designed by Mr. Mershon, has unusual factors of safety as regards flashing, etc., and consists of three shells of porcelain nesting into each other and cemented together with neat Portland cement, the whole insu- lator being cemented in a similar manner to a steel pin before attachment to the tower. The insulator is 19 ' Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, vol. 26, Part II, p. 1273 et seq. inches in total height and the upper "petticoat" has a diameter of 14.5 inches. The lines are most liberally provided with fuses to cut out the circuits in case of trouble, and with disconnecting switches and lightning arresters. Speaking of the elaborate arrangements for protection against lightning, Mr. Mershon says: Another feature out of the ordinary in connection with this station is the lightning-arrester equipment. This equipment is also out of doors and consists of a number of horn-type arresters mounted on wooden poles, in much the same manner as such arresters are ordi- narily mounted. The installation differs, however, * * * in tKat, instead of there being only one pair of horns for each conductor, there are three such pairs. One pair is set for a comparatively low- striking electro-motive force and has in series with it a high resist- ance; the next pair is set for a higher-striking electro-motive force and has in series with it a lower resistance. A third pair is set for very high-striking electro-motive force and has in series with it a fuse. The theory on which these arresters are installed is that for ordinary slight static disturbances in the line, the arrester having the lower-striking electro-motive force will discharge, and since it has in series with it a comparatively high resistance, the resultant disturbance to the system due to the generated current which follows the discharge will be comparatively slight. The Grand Rapids-Muskegon plant and system may also be cited. They were installed in 1906-7, with 66,000 volt transmission in circuits totaling about 75 miles, supplying the Grand Rapids Edison system, various interurban and local trolley railways, and several large industrial plants. In the following year 35 miles of steel-tower line were added, and the poten- tial has since been raised to 80,000 and 100,000 volts with success. These later circuits use the suspension type of porcelain insulator. Five of these insulators are hung, horizontally, one above the other, like beads. Each is 10 inches across, and the rated volt- age it will withstand is 23,000 volts per "link." Distribution. — The standard methods of distribu- tion have remained the same throughout the country, with occasional interesting variations for some par- ticular purpose. It may be noted that the new metallic filament lamps favor the 110-115-volt circuits to which Americans have steadily adhered through many years. In the United States the 220-volt, 3-wire system is the rule, but in Europe, and especially in Great Britain, the 450-volt, 3-wire system is equally the rule. One system employs 110-volt lamps on each side of the neutral, and the other re- quires 225-volt lamps. It is obvious that copper economics are with the 450-volt system, but on the other hand, the lamp efficiencies are with the 220-volt system. In Europe, moreover, the standard lamp is 8-candlepower instead of 16-candlepower, and it is the fact that here again the lamp efficiencies are with the 110-volt lamp of the higher candlepower. It would seem, therefore, that there is no immediate prospect of a change of American distributing circuits from 220 to 450 volts on the 3-wire distributing networks, but that, on the contrary, the new lamps will find a wider market than heretofore while confirming the practice at 110 volts. 104 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. An interesting innovation is that made by the Toledo (Ohio) Gas, Electric and Heating Company, in the adoption of a 4,600-volt system of alternating- current distribution. The transformers on the sys- tem are wound for 4,600 primary and 110-220-volt, 3-wire, secondary distribution. Current is generated 3-phase, but the distribution is single-phase. The generators are star-connected with the neutral ground- ed. The transformers are delta-connected. In the construction unusual care has been taken to avoid trees by running the lines high. Insulators and fuses are, of course, more expensive than for the usual standard of 2,300 volts. Another interesting change was that made during the intercensal period by the Denver Gas and Electric Company from direct to alternating current in terri- tory just outside the business district of Denver, Colo. The company had for motor service a 220 and 440 volt, 3-wire, direct-current power distribution, most of the energy being used in and near the down- town district. T4ie lighting distribution of the whole city is by single-phase feeder lines supplied from 3-phase bus bars at the power station. The direct- current motor feeders were becoming so long and the number of distant customers so large that an excessive amount of copper was called for. The decision was made to change the motor service outside of the down- town district to 3-phase, and to give customers new 3-phase induction motors in place of their direct-cur- rent motors. Most of the direct-current motors were sold at good prices. The direct-current copper taken down was worth enough to reduce materially the cost of the change. A puzzling question was to decide whether to use 220 or 440 volt motors. With 220- volt motors but one customer could usually be sup- plied from a bank of transformers, whereas with 440- volt motors and secondaries several in one locality could be supplied. The latter advantage was con- sidered to be more than counterbalanced by the fact that with 220-volt motors standard lighting trans- formers could be used. The change was made without interrupting any customer's service. The central station company in Detroit, Mich., on establishing its new plant at Delray, 4 miles from the business center, installed machinery for the genera- tion and transmission of electrical energy at 4,600 volts, 3-phase, 60 cycles, and developed an extensive power service to factories direct by means of such current. Incidentally it may be mentioned that one of the reasons for placing this plant at Delray on the salt beds was that by using the exhaust steam of the power plant to evaporate the brine from the wells a very economical and profitable day load was secured. Transformers. — This class of apparatus, so necessary to power transmission by electricity, is also used largely in distribution circuits, and may therefore be properly considered at this point before taking up the "consumption devices," by which the electrical energy is used up in doing its work. Transformers were fully described in the previous report and in the reports on the manufacture of electrical apparatus,' and therefore need not be considered here in great detail. The most important features in the recent development of transmission methods have been the introduction of a large number of the modern trans- formers employed to "raise" and "lower" the volt- age, and the adoption of composite 3-phasers instead of a separate transformer for each phase. The size is determined, of course, by the general capacity of the plant and the amount of energy passing out or in over the respective circuits. The Ontario Power Company, on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, which delivers current for use over a large part of New York state south of Lake Ontario, employs transformers each of which has a capacity of 3,000 kilovolt amperes, and weighs, when filled with its insulating oil, approximately 50 tons. The current is received from the generators at 12,000 volts, and after being raised to 36,000 volts in the secondary winding, a line voltage of approximately 62,000 volts is secured by connecting the transformers two in series. At the Great Falls (South Carolina) power plant of the Southern Power Company the trans- formers are rated as of 2,000-kilowatt capacity. They are oil-insulated and water-cooled, and take 2,300-volt current from the generators, raising it to 44,000 volts for the line. By means of multiple connections inside or outside the transformer tank, 1,900, 2,000, 2,100, 10,000, and 22,000 volts can also be obtained. Oil for the transformers is furnished either by gravity or under pressure. Circulating water, for trans- former-cooling purposes, is obtained by gravity. With a rise in temperature not exceeding 60° C, a circulation of 4 gallons of water per minute at full load is required; while with 5 gallons per minute and 1.25 load, the temperature will not exceed, by 55° C, that of the intake water during continuous operation. All the transformers are connected to a piping system by which carbonic acid gas can be admitted in case of fire. As shown in Table 40 of Chapter III, main-station transformers were not enumerated in 1902, but in 1907 their number was reported as 1,577, with 592,708-kilowatt capacity, which is in itself a fair indication of the amount of "transmission" work done in the country. As was remarked in that chap- ter, there was little uniformity among the companies in th -lanner of reporting their miscellaneous etiuip- mer this character. While the main-station trans- formt.6, therefore, are probably reported with fair accuracy, considerable doubt attaches to the statistics for what may be called the substation equipment, because here the border line to distributing apparatus in some instances is crossed. In Table 41 substation transformers to the number of 4,211 were reported for 1907, with x,100,824-kilowatt capacity, while in ' Census Bulletin 245, Electrical Apparatus and Supplies, 1902, p. 10; Bulletin 73, 1905, p. 25. ! ■■■ '. -'••, > ! •? ' '■< 400-AMPERE, I 1 6 TO 120 VOLT METER UNCASED TO SHOW MECHANISM. HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER, SOUTHERN POWER COMPANY. MODERN TYPE OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER, TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 105 1902 only 1,800, of 312,848-kilowatt capacity, were reported. It will be observed that the substation or receiving transformers are just about double the total capacity of the main-station transformers. Three of the largest transformers in existence were manufactured during the year 1908-9 for the Great Western Power Company of California. The main power house of this company is located on the Feather Kiver, near Oroville, in the county of Butte. The ultimate head of water developed is 525 feet, and 40,000 horsepower is transmitted at 100,000 volts to points along the coast 165 miles distant. The total weight of each of these monster transformers is 128,000 pounds, of which 40,000 pounds is due to the 5,000 gallons of oil used in each machine for cool- ing and insulating purposes. Each transformer is shaped like a giant wash boiler, stands 20 feet above the floor, and measures 9 by 18 feet. When these machines are working they each transform 10,444 kilowatts of electrical energy from a low voltage to a high voltage at the remarkably high efficiency of 98.6 per cent. The transformers for the Great Western Power Comijany are slightly larger than the six recently installed for the Great Northern Company of Duluth, Minn., which are in successful operation. In Table 5.3 of Chapter IV the number of "distrib- uting" transformers, or those on customers' circuits in 1907, is given as 299,489, with a total of 2,058,567- kilowatt capacity. There was a marked tendency toward an increase in size. The average capacity of these transformers more than tloubled during the five years ending 1907, namely, from a little over 3 kilo- watts to nearly 7. There has also been a great im- provement in the construction of such transformers during the past five yeare. On this subject Mr. W. K. Layman' says: Much of this improvement has been the result of a continuous and, recently, quite sharp improvement in the magnetic quality of sheet steel. The latest quality of transformer steel has been ex- ploited under the various names of silicon steel, alloy steel, silico vanadium, and the like, with claims of individuality for each. The substantial fact is that these names are synonymous. They all refer to a quality of material in which the percentage of silicon has been greatly increa.sed over that previously prevailing over the art. In chemical composition, the best material, as commonly employed in use to-day, shows the following analysis; New steel. Old steel. 0.070 0.170 .0.023 3.700 1.314 0.080 0.240 Sulphur 0.050 0.094 0.050 It has been known from a very early date in the history of com- mercial transformers that silicon improves the quality of steel for transformer purposes, and some of the early technical writers ex- plained the nonaging quality of impure steels, as compared with the •Practical Aspects of Recent Improvements in Transformers, in Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, Vol. II, p. 220 etseq., 1909. pure, on the score of the presence of appreciable quantities of silicon. Manufacturing difficulties are said to have held back a quality of steel with as much as 3 per cent of silicon until about two years ago, when European mills began producing successfully this high silicon material, and very quickly its manufacture began here. This change in chemical composition, together with special heat treatment by the manufacturer, has re- sulted in a marked improvement in the magnetic quality of the steel. The saving in internal energy losses with this material, as compared with the old, averages about 25 per cent. With this new material, if the weight is left the same, the performance will be greatly improved. If the performance remains un- changed, the weight is greatly reduced. Manufac- turers have in general compromised between the two extremes and have built transformers lessened some- what in weight but substantially improved in per- formance. Distributing transformers of modern type are usually for pole lines or for manholes, and differ in their adaptation to such specific use. If for pole- line service, the transformer is made as weatherproof as possible. If for manhole use, it is made water-tight or air-tight. As to the usual requirements, Mr. E. G. Reed said in a paper' read before the National Electric Light Association: Standard transformers are made for only two voltages on the pri- mary side — and in case of particular requirements a special trans- former should be secured. For this reason modern commercial transformers are made for only two voltages on the primary side — that is, nominally 1,100 and 2,200 volts — and two voltages on the secondary — that is, nominally 110 and 220 volts. Standard trans- formers must be designed to operate at 1,100 volts, as well as at 2,200 volts, since there are still a number of stations using this voltage, though their number is decreasing. There is a limited demand for transformers with multiple-ratio taps on the primary winding, and sometimes for units having three secondary voltages. Such transformers can be secured for prices slightly higher than for the standard line. The demand for transformers having three sec- ondary voltages arises from the convenience which at times results from having units which are interchangeable for light and power service. Lights are operated at nominally 110-220 volts, and motors at nominally 220-440 volts. The performance of the transformers with three secondary voltages is slightly inferior to that of the standard lines, which will probably more than offset the inter- changeable feature. The increased complexity of the transformer provided with the numerous voltage combinations renders more likely a wrong connection when installing and the more chance of losing transformer by burn-out. Storage batteries. — This class of apparatus has been found a necessary adjunct in most central stations or their substations in large cities, and is also found as- sociated with many of the power-transmission sys- tems. Persons familiar with the operation of storage batteries will appreciate the difficulties to be encoun- tered in securing data as to number or capacity. While some figures are given in Table 40, Chapter III, as to number, which may be accepted as reasonably accurate, indicating a considerable increase in the number of cells, no effort has been made to report the ' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I, p. 581. 106 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. capacity, owing to the different methods in vogue of rating them or of emplojdng their capacity. At an earlier period batteries were used to even up the load on the generators in large central stations, but they are now used principally for emergency or "stand-by" service in substations and for carrying peaks of short duration. Their plates have therefore been designed to give the maximum output of energy for short and infrequent perioils with a minimum first cost, upkeep, and space requirements. As a result the plates of later typo will give nearly twice the output of the old plate, for twice the time, with a higher terminal voltage. Another development in such emergency service has been in connection with the auxiliary apparatus. End-cell switches that travel at high speed over the bars and are capable of carrying current up to 20,000 amperes for short periods have been successfully introduced. These switches can cut in or cut out from one to three cells per contact point, wliile carrying the maximum current, involving a great reduction in the cost of the copper conductor bars, since the number of runs from the end cells is reduced. The use of batteries has enabled central stations to secure and execute large contracts for power that might otherwise have escaped them and fallen to isolated plants. In this connection Mr. Joseph Appleton, in a paper * read before the National Electric Light Association, says: Equally important to the development of the emergency or stand-by battery comes the improved regulating features of storage batteries in connection with fluctuating direct and alternating- current power loads. The electrification of steam roads, and the increasing use of electrical energy in manufacturing plants, where large motors on fluctuating service are used, has necessitated the development of apparatus that will give a flexible control to the battery equipment and make it take that portion of the load, and that portion only, which gives the most efficient results as a whole to the substation or the power plant. Methods have been per- fected which practically enable a selective control to be obtained, making the battery take any portion of the fluctuation desired for any predetermined time. For example, a battery equipment can be adjusted by this method to take the top part of the fluctuations only, not beginning to discharge until a predetermined portion of the fluctuation has been thrown on the generator or substation. It can be made to take the lower portion of the fluctuation, stopping at any desired point; or, further still, it can be made to take the first swing of the fluctuation, and then gradually throw the additional load caused by the fluctuation, up to any desired point, on to the generator or substation. With this apparatus any combination can be made to suit the capacity of the generating or rotary capacity with their overloads, so as to give the best net result to the system. This development of battery regulation is especially suited for such loads as are found in steel mills, the hardest kind of service for electrical apparatus which I believe exists. It should be noted here that the storage battery is constantly adding to the consumption of electrical energy through its use in veliicles of all kinds. Such batteries, charged directly from the circuits or through the intervention of mercury arc rectifiers and motor- ' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I, p. 195. generator sets, are numbered by thousands, and the income to the stations from this source is already large. Arc lamps. — A very full account of the development of modern arc lamps up to 1907 will be found in the last census report on the manufacture of electrical apparatus. Bulletin 73. But the subsequent develop- ment has been very rapid and new types continue to be evolved. The nature of some of these changes has been quite fully discussed in Chapter IV, and the figures given there indicate the extent to which the old form of open arc was superseded by the inclosed type during the period 1902-1907. The evolution now going on is in the nature of a partial reversion to the open arc, and the abandonment of the inclosed, for outdoor service, while an intensified rivalry with new metallic filament incandescent lamps promises further advances in the direction of economy and eiliciency. The resort to "flaming arcs" has been one of the most noteworthy and spectacular of the changes which the mere figures do not bring out, such lamps being adopted not merely for advertising purposes but for ordinary street illumination. Newark, N. J., affords an example that is strictly new and up-to-date in the special illumination of South Broad street with flaming arcs. This thoroughfare is no less than 100 feet wide, and the merchants on it were keen to secure more pat- ronage. They formed an improvement association and have carried out an agreement with the Public Service Corporation, under which the city makes an allowance to the merchants equal to the sum paid to the company for the former inclosed arcs on the street. A system was laid out of permanent flaming arcs and • of special supplementary incandescent lighting for the first two weeks. The arcs, of which there are 35, re- placing 21 alternating-current inclosed arcs, are rated at 10,000 candlepower each, and are erected on poles along three blocks of the street, at a spacing of 60 feet. The new installation has been put in on a three-year basis oi contract under which the lamps burn from dusk to dawn. The plan was such a brilliant success in all respects that steps were immediately taken to add two more blocks with an additional 15 arcs. Flaming arc lamps are now being specified by engi- neers for municipalities and industrial-plant lighting, and naturally the question of maintenance cost is of prime importance. Two distinct types are now on the market, namely, the differential lamp and the so-called "gravity-feed" lamp. The differential lamp isgenerally adjusted to operate two lamps in series on 110-volt cir- cuits, taking 10 amperes for the series, whereas the gravity-feed lamp, as a rule, is adjusted at 11 or 12 amperes. The differential lamp being taken as an ex- ample, the consumption of each lamp is 550 watts, which at an average cost of 2 cents per kilowatt-hour makes the cost $11 per 1,000 hours for current. The net cost of flaming arc-lamp carbons being taken as an example, the cost per trim per 1,000 hours, including labor, would be $8.50, making the total cost of trim ■ • J > o *• TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 107 and carbons $19.50 per 1,000 hours. The cost of re- pairs and globes per 1,000 hours may be figured at $2, to which S2 per 1,000 hours must be added for interest on the investment and depreciation, making a total of $23.50 per 1,000 hours of operation. At an average yearly operation of about 4,000 hours the cost would be .?94 per year per lamp. For municipal lighting the general plan of installing these lamps is to mount two lamps on one pole, as it simplifies the wiring problem over the plan of mount- ing one to a pole. The height of the lamps above the sidewalk should not be less than 25 feet, so as to secure a good distribution for their high candlepower. At the annual convention in August, 1908, of the Ohio Electric Light Association, Mr. C. R. McKay, of the Toledo Railwaj's and Light Company, read a paper in which he described an installation of 1,670 luminous magnetite arc lamps in regular service for street light- ing at Toledo, Ohio. All the street lighting in Toledo is now done by means of such lamps, which for the most part are spaced approximately 600 feet apart in the residence and outlying districts of the city. In some other parts of the city, such as the principal shop- ping district, two lamps are placed on each jjole and the poles are spaced 80 feet apart opposite to each other on each side of the street. The energy is generated by 25-cycle, 3-phase turbo-generators. To supply the arc lights, 37 constant-current transformers wound for 2,200 volts primary are installed, together with a cor- responding number of mercury arc rectifiers and switch- board panels. The lamps are generally hung over the center of the street intersections, at a height of approximately 25 feet, by means of suspension wires, and are lowered for trimming. The light in this type of lamp issues chiefly from the long arc itself rather than from the positive cra- ter. It is therefore quite sensitive to rupture by drafts of air unless thoroughly protected by wind-proof casing and tight globes. Early difficulties with the upper electrode have been remedied by using copper of large diameter. The life of the lower electrode has been in- creased from 110 to over 160 hours. The lamps aver- age from 320 to 324 watts per lamp, including line losses, as measured at the direct-current circuit termi- nal. The current is about 4 amperes. They take 38 per cent less energy per lamp than the 7.5-ampere al- ternating-current lamps they displaced. The resi- dents of East Toledo gave unmistakable testimony to the superiority of the luminous arc over the 7.5- ampere inclosed-carbon arc, by objecting publicly to the u.se of the latter during a temporary interrui)tion of the other circuit. The 1,670 lamps, distributed over 37 circuits, are trimmed by three trimmers, each provided with a horse and buggy. About 1 per cent of the lamps are usually in the shop for adjustment or repairs. An interesting and novel feature of arc work is the "regenerative" inclosed flame, intended for streets and open spaces. If an ordinary flame arc were in- closed, the heavy fumes evolved from the impregnated carbons would soon form a deposit on the globe and obscure the arc. In this new lamp special means are provided for obtaining a circulation of the gases past the arc, and the light is produced mainly by raising such gases to the temperature of incandescence, and not merely by the combustion of chemicals in the arc. The spectrum of the light is a band-and-band line spectrum, which shows that the gases are in various stages of incandescence. About 1 5 grams of the associ- ated composition are volatilized every hour, the gases rising from the positive crater through the arc. The lower carbon, which is the positive, is held in a fixed support. Surrounding the arc is a clear-glass cylinder, and outside this again is a translucent globe. The inner glass cylinder is in communication with two metal tubes, one on each side of the globe. There is a circulation of the hot gases up the central cylinder and down the other tubes, and the incandescent gases are carried around and subjected to the high tempera- ture of the arc several times before finally condensing and settling in the outer tubes. The inner glass cyl- inder is kept perfectly clear of deposit for the greater part of its length, chiefly by the high temperature which prevents the gases condensing, but also proba- bly by the strong direct draft past the arc. The upper negative carbon is an ordinary high-grade car- bon. The lower stick is also of high-grade carbon, but is star-shaped in section. The grooves between the eight rays of the star are filled with the chemical composition, which is laid in in the form of a paste. The rods are then baked, and the paste expands into the pores of the carbon and fixes itself firmly into the grooves. ' The life of a single pair of carbons is over seventy hours. The light is of a yellow-white color, but modifications can be obtained by varying the nature of the composition on the positive carbon. The 550- watt size, taking 5.5 amperes at 100 volts, gives a mean hemispherical candlepower of 2,200. Among the arc lamps in actual service on central- station circuits may be mentioned those with carbons of smaller diameter than usual, the object being to obtain a whiter and more efficient light, as well as its better distribution. Such lamps have a special adap- tation to interior use, where they compete directly with incandescent and "glower" lamps. A typical lamp of this character has a lower negative carbon of large diameter, and a pair of upper positive carbons of small diameter, inclined at an angle to each other. The lower carbon is held in a fixed position while the two small upper carbons are arranged to "draw the arc" on starting, and feed downward as they are con- sumed. The arc is thus centered in one permanent position, making possible the use of a reflector to pro- ject the light entirely into the lower hemispherical plane of illumination. The arc is also inclosed by a large globe which restricts the access of air and brings about conditions similar to those which insure the long life of the carbons in an inclosed arc lamp. 108 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Modifications in fixtures, globes, transformers, etc., to meet the changing conditions have necessarily been made, but as a general thing the manufacture of dyna- mos specifically for arc lighting, as in the early days, has ceased. The lamps now derive their supply of current from generators which operate a variety of other devices at the same time. Incandescent lamps. — Data are given in Table 45 of Chapter IV as to the approximate number of incandes- cent lamps on the circuits of central-station plants, namely, 41,445,997 in 1907, or an increase over 1902 of 127.8 per cent. A large gain was shown also in the connections to electric-railway circuits, making a total of approximately 45,991,836 lamps connected. The grand total in the country could be given, however, only after ascertaining the data of isolated plants in office buildings, factories, steamships, and other similar pri- vate estabUshnients, and such figures it is impracti- cable to obtain. Some authorities have assumed the connected lamps of such plants to equal in number those of the central stations, which seems rather im- probable; but even if they do not, the total of con- sumption, assuming each lamp to be renewed once a year, is enormous. A discussion of many features in the development of the incandescent lamp during the period will also be found in Chapter IV. Attention is there drawn to the nature of the data relating to lamps of 32-candlepower and 16-candlepower, the latter being the standard size. The introduction of metallic-filament lamps and other types has changed the importance and universality of such units, but the heterogeneity prevalent at the time of this report will doubtless settle down again to a limited number of standards by 1912, the probable year of the next electrical census. The varieties of one kind and another now run literally into the thousands, adding seriously to the cost of manufacture and carrying in stock, and it may be questioned whether the consumer is benefited in the end, by an illimitable freedom of choice, which often affects the construction of fixtures and the conditions of the supply circuits. What is involved in the transition may be inferred from the fol- lowing comment : ' So many conditions are involved in a change from one set of funda- mental apparatus to another, the period of transition must necessarily be long even if the expected improvements make good. The era of electric traction is well begun, but the steam locomotive, and even the horse car, still prevail. As a matter of fact, it is more interesting and practical to watch the actual incipient changes than to speculate on the possible scope of a whole revolution. For instance, there is an indication that a change in the art is upon us in the scarcity of old-style standard 32 and 50 candlepower lamps, due to the fact that makers are getting ready to discontinue their manufacture. The lamp manufacturers announced their intention some time ago of discontinuing the manufacture of the old common carbon-filament lamps in sizes of over 100 watts because of the advent of the new graphitized-filament lamp now commonly known as the "Gem," ' Report of Committee on Progress, National Electric Light Asso- ciation, 1^07. which latter, because of its higher efficiency, would be certain to supplant the old standard lamps even if the manufacture of the old lamps was not discontinued. But here comes in one of the prosaic points of detail. The position of the man who has an installation of standard 32-candlepower lamps with standard shade holders and who must substitute the new lamp, which is considerably larger in bulb and longer in neck than the old standard 32-candlepower lamp, is not a profitable one. The new lamp, as made, requires special shade holders when fitted with reflectors. The old standard shade holders leave the shade "high and dry" above the lamp bulb, de- feating most of the purposes for which the shade may be intended. If the change to larger bulb lamps requiring different shade holders causes the owner at the same time to change to glassware that is suited to the purpose of most efficient illumination, the change in lamp sizes will have been a good thing aside from all questions of lamp efficiency. The departure from the familiar form of carbon- filament lamp and the present popularity of the metallic-filament lamp are well described in a recent article by Prof. Albert F. Ganz.' It is pointed out that the early carbon-filament lamps required 5 to 6 watts per candle, but improvements in the manufacture of the filaments had, by about 1888, decreased this specific power consumption to 3.1 watts per candle. The high efficiency lamps, having a specific consump- tion of 3.1 watts per candle, could, however, be used only on circuits having close-voltage regulation, as otherwise the life of the lamp was greatly reduced. No radical improvements in carbon-filament lamps were made for over fifteen years, until about 1905, when the metallizing or graphitizing process for treat- ing carbon filaments was developed. This process consists essentially in subjecting the carbon filament to the high temperature of an electric furnace with the result that the filament is partly or wholly graphitized. The filament is then "flashed" and subjected to the electric furnace for a second time. The graphitized or metallized carbon-filament lamp, known also under the trade name of "Gem" lamp, has a specific power consumption of 2.5 watts per candle, with the same normal life as the ordinary carbon-filament lamp. A further remarkable alteration produced in the carbon filament by the metaUizing or graphitizing process is the change of the temperature coefficient of resistance from negative to positive, so that the treated filament behaves in this respect like a metal. This positive temperature coefficient makes the lamp much less influenced by fluctuations in the supply voltage. Meantime, incandescent lamps containing filaments of metal and giving efficiencies much higher than could be obtained with carbon have been introduced. Plati- num was tried in the early stages of the manufacture, but was found not entirely satisfactory. Osmium was the first metal tried in the newer work, and a fairly satisfactory lamp, having a specific power consump- tion of 1.5 watts per candle, was obtained. A number of osmium lamps have, in fact, been used commercially in Germany, but the very limited available supply of 'American Gas Light Journal, July, 1909. r TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 109 this metal has prevented the commercial introduction of this type on a large scale. About the year 1904 lamps employing tantalum filaments were placed on the market, having an efficiency of about 2 watts per candle, with a useful life greater than that of the carbon-filament lamp on direct-current circuits. Processes were developed for producing pure ductile tantalum which was then drawn into fine wires for use in the lamps, and these tantalum lamps have come into considerable com- mercial use. A pecuharity of the tantalym lamp is that it has a short hfe when used on alternating cur- rent. The lamp is therefore inherently a direct-cur- rent lamp. The following year incandescent lamps having fila- ments of tungsten were made in Germany. They had a specific consumption of about 1.25 watts per candle with a useful hfe claimed to be greater than that of the carbon-filament lamp, and worked equally well on both alternating and direct current. These lamps were quickly introduced on a large scale. The manu- facture of tungsten lamps was also started in America about 1907, and they are now rapidly coming into use. Since tungsten is not ductile, the tungsten filaments can not be drawn into fine wires as in the case of tan- talum. The production of a filament of tungsten, therefore, presents many difficulties, with the result that several different processes for producing these filaments have been developed. Since the specific resistance of tungsten is very much less than that of carbon, a filament of tungsten for a lamp to be operated at a given voltage must be very much thinner and longer than a carbon filament for the same voltage. For this reason tungsten filaments are admirably suited for heavy-current, low-voltage series lamps for use on constant-current circuits for street lighting. Multiple lamps for 110-volt constant potential circuits are now also manufactured in sizes down to 20-candle- power, but the filaments in these lamps are extremely small in diameter. When the tungsten filament is incandescent it is extremely soft, and the loops, especially those for high- voltage lamps, require supports to keep them in position. The first tungsten lamps were for this reason capable of operating only in a vertical downward position. The lamps have been so improved that they can now operate in any posi- tion. The high-voltage tungsten filament is, however, extremely fragile, and liable to break when subjected to vibration, so that these lamps are not yet suitable for places subjected to vibration, as, for instance, on trains or boats. In these latter places, however, the tantalum lamp and the low-voltage tungsten lamp are frequently used. Both the tantalum and tungsten filaments have a positive temperature coefficient, and for this reason are less affected by fluctuations in line voltage than ordi- nary carbon filaments. The light given by tantalum and tungsten lamps is also much whiter than that given by carbon-filament lamps, owing to the higher temperature at which these filaments are operated. T^Jiother peculiarity of the.se metal-filament lamps is that they do not depreciate from their initial candle- power until the ffiament finally breaks. It is at times even possible to repair a ruptured tantalum or tungsten lamp filament by judiciously shaking the lamp with the current on, until the broken ends of the filament come in contact and are welded together by the intense local heat at the point of contact. Such a weld is fre- quently quite strong, enabling the lamp to continue in service for a considerable time. The report of the lamp committee of the National Electric Light Association for 1909 brings out some interesting data as to conditions in regard to incan- descent lamps in general during the period under re- view in tlie present report, based upon data from 200 of the largest central-station companies in the country. It is remarked that as to the general use of different types of lamps, the carbon-filament lamp was still the standard lamp, although the metallized-filament lamps were being used extensively by the companies, more than 60 per cent of those reporting having al- ready used a considerable proportion of such lamps. Several of the larger companies proposed to abandon the standard carbon lamp entirely and furnish the metallized or Gem filament lamps for all their free renewals. Tungsten lamps had also been in general use, about 75 per cent of the companies reporting that they had used such lamps, and of these in turn fully 75 per cent made extensive use of them and encouragetl their introduction generally in their ter- ritories. The reports indicate considerable diffi- culties with the early lamps of this type, but a de- cided improvement in the later installations. The opinion is almost unanimous that the tungsten lamp is the best possible instrument for making satisfied customers and producing additional revenue. In the matter of incandescent street lighting, a small pro- portion of the companies reported changes to tungsten lamps, with apparently satisfactory results in all cases. The number of companies using tantalum lamps was much smaller, about 20 per cent only, and the use of tantalum lamps was apparently becoming more restricted rather than extended. Free lamp renewals was the general practice, except in the case of very small companies and a few of the larger companies. Most of the companies that had furnished carbon lamps on a free-renewal basis were extending that policy to the metallized-filament lamps. In the matter of delivering lamp renewals, about half of the companies required the customers to send for all lamps; about 10 per cent delivered all renewal lamps ui)on request of customers; and about 4 per cent made deliveries in accordance with a definite schedule for covering the territory .systematically. The other companies encouraged customers to send 110 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. for lamps, but also delivered upon request, subject to restrictions. About 25 per cent of the companies making deliv- eries also placed the lamps in the sockets when requested. About 15 per cent of the companies had their free-renew^al lamps marked for identification. Most companies recognized the difficulty of pre- venting waste or loss of lamps without placing annoy- ing restrictions upon the furnishing of lamps to cus- tomers! and about half the companies reporting kept a record of deliveries to indivitlual customers and attempted, by means of such records, to avoid undue losses. In the matter of renewing blackened and broken lamps, the general policy seemed to be to refuse to renew broken lamps, but to renew blackened lamps. In the matter of reserve stock, most of the companies carried a safe reserve, which in all the companies reporting would average about two months' supply. The prices charged for other than standard free- renewal lamps varied with the different companies from list prices to cost prices, with, on the whole, little uniformity between the companies. At the Januarj^, 1908, meeting of the Pittsburg Section of the American Institute of Electrical Engi- neers the physical properties of the various forms of lamps then in use were summed up in the following table presented by Mr. A. J. Sweet: KIND OF LAMP. Mean spher- ical candle- Watts per candle. power. 13.2 4.24 13.2 81.0 3.78 3.26 40.7 3.07 16.0 2.75 213.0 2.03 152. 2.65 37.0 1.62 1,020.0 0.431 Candle per k: W. Common 50-watt carbon-filament incandescent lamp, rated At 3,5 watts per candle, 10 horizontal candle- power 13.2 4.24 236 Common 50-watt carbon-filainent incandescent lamp rated at 3.1 watts per candle, IB horizontal candle power 13.2 3.78 264 3-glower, 2ii4-watt Nernst lamp 81. 3. 26 307 Gem. 125.watt. praphitized carbon-filament lamp of 50 horizontLiloandlepower - 40.7 3.07 326 44-watt tantalum lamp, rated at 22 horizontal candle- power 16.0 2.75 364 Direct-current, 5.1-arapere inclosed arc on 110-volt cir- cuit, 1 .5-inch carbons Alternating-current inclosed 5.7-ampere arc, taking 388 watts on 110-volt circuit, 0.5-inch carbons 152.0 2.65 392 60-watt, HO-volt tungsten-filament lamp, burning at 1.25 watts per horizontal candle 37.0 1.62 617 Luminous s-ampere arc, 440-watt, two in series on 110- voltcircuit 1,020.0 0.431 2,320 At the March, 1908, meeting of the New England Association of Electric Lighting Engineers, Mr. J. S. Whit!iker,of the Rockingham County Light and Power Company, Portsmouth, N. II., read a paper on the intro- duction of tlie tungsten lamp. Citing a life test made upon an 80-candlepower, 115-volt lamp, he stated that it burned eight hundred and sixty-four hours con- tinuously, with no perceptible change in color or diminution of light, though no photometer test was made. He instanced a small dry-goods store, which had originally an installation of incandescent lamps and gas arcs combined. Tungsten lamps were installed in the show windows and one wing, on free trial, with the result that an order was placed for a complete tungsten installation. The lighting cost to the mer- chant for December, 1907, was 20 per cent less than a year before. During seven months Mr. Wliitaker pur- chased 850 tungsten lamps; of these 27 were broken in transit, 418 were installed, and 143 burned out. It was found that 75 per cent of tlie early "burn-outs" occurred in the first one hundred hours. Later lamps were better and more uniform. A charge of $1.75 each for 100-watt lamps was made to the consumer. This allowed for transportation and breakage. The com- pany replaced all lamps not burning one hundred hours. In the discussion Mr. Willcox, of Lowell, stated that a rental basis of 25 cents per month had been found satisfactory in meeting the gas-arc competition. Mr. Sands, of Haverhill, stated that he loaned the shades and reflectors in store installations of tungsten lamps; and if one was broken or lost, the customer paid for it. Mr. Cowles, of the Boston Edison Company, said that his company had installed about 1,200 80-candlepower tungsten lamps, charging an excess of $1.10, the lamp remaining the property of the company. The life appeared to be very good — thus far, at least seven hundred hours. The company placed the lamps in the sockets itself, pendant sockets being used. Mr. Hale, of the Boston company, said that most customers ap- peared to prefer the lamp installed with a clear shade, even though the company advised the use of a sand- blasted globe and etched shade. In Peabody, Mass., in order to meet gas-arc competition, 100-watt lamps were installed at a charge of $1.50 each, with a guai- antee that the annual cost of renewals should not ex- ceed $3 per lamp, which was the yearlj- rental chai-ged by the gas company. In a bowling alley where foi-merly there was one gas lamp between each pair of alleys the tungsten lamps were placed, one over each alley, with reflectors adjusted to keep the light out of the eyes of the patrons, and to direct it onto the pins. It may be added that since the date of the meeting last mentioned, all the points in favor of the tungsten lamp have been improved upon, including longer life, lower price, and less breakage in transit. The number of cases of adoption of incandescent lamps for street lighting in the period has been remark- able, and the more noteworthy because a great deal of the new work is due to the efforts of merchants doing business along the streets illuminated rather than of the municipal authorities. In other words, it is an- other example of the stronger public spirit manifested in late years; and it may also be regarded as an evi- dence of the local pride which seeks to build up the community and its trade. Numerous concerted efforts have been made to enhance by such action the bril- liancy and attractiveness of sections of particular thoroughfares or even of whole streets. This develop- ment is, moreover, particularly interesting as being in itself an evidence that the general lighting at such pomts is inadequate. Causing, as it does, too, an "•^». •♦, TYPE OF ORDINARY TUNGSTEN LAMP. I.OOO-CANDLEPOWER TUNGSTEN LAMP COMPARED WITH ORDINARY 16-CANDLEPOWER CARBON LAMP. INCLOSED ARC LAMP WITH ORNAMENTAL CASING FOR INDOOR SERVICE. TYPE OF FLAMING-ARC LAMP. t < ; * , f < t TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. Ill accentuation of the surrounding gloom, it bids fair to be a factor in raising the general scale of street illumination. A plan of extra lighting that has now become quite common is seen in arch lighting, of which there are many varieties. For example. Canal street. Grand Rapids, Mich., has been specially illuminated with series tungsten lamps, in 15 spans across the thorough- fare, each with 18 lamps of 60-candlepower, 75 watts. The spans are 100 feet apart, 110 feet in length, and the initial expense was $750 each for labor and material. Merchants paid for the work, and the cost of operation is so small that some of them are at an expense of only $1 per month. The effect has been marked, large crow(.ls have been drawn, and, considered from all points of view, the installation seems to be very suc- cessful. On Monroe street, which is about 80 feet wide, 12 arches had been erected, 80 to 90 feet apart, with 14 tungstens on each; and 5 more arches were to follow. Big Rapids has followed suit and has erected 7 arches, with plans for 5 more. Each arch has 10 tungstens of 60 candlepower in series. Half a dozen other small towns in ^lichigan have taken up the mat- ter. A popular differentiation from the pipe arch is the stringing of a span wire from ]:)olc to pole or from buikling to building, the tungsten lamps being sus- pended from the span. It all means additional income for the station, but there are objections made to the "canopy" plan. It puts the lamps up so high that a considerable portion of the illumination is spent on the upper stories of the buildings. The overhead net- work of wiring is an obstruction to firemen, and there is damage in the case of high winds. The contrasting method of low posts close together has its warm advo- cates, not merely because of its more permanent char- acter and appearance, but as a revenue producer. Thus, at Minneapolis, the Publicity Club has brought about the lighting of Nicolet avenue, the main street of the city, with 64 standards, 8 to the block, 4 on each side of the street. The cost has been met by assessing merchants $2 a front foot to cover installation and $1.25 a year per front foot for maintenance. The posts are of cast iron, standing 14 feet above the grountl, and are ornamental. Each carries four 12- inch alabaster globes and one 16-inch, all in a vertical position, each containing one 100-watt tungsten lamp. The advantages of the vertical arrangement of the lamps are minimum breakage, greater cleanliness, and larger lighting area. Each post is connected to the Edison 3-wire direct-current system of underground lead-sheathed cable. The retail cost of the posts in- stalled is put at $145 each, of which $85 is for foundry work and .$60 for wiring, globes, lamps, and similar items. The Minneapolis General Electric Company runs the installation at a total inclusive charge of $78 per post per year. All five lamps are switched on by an electrolier key switch in the post base, and after 25142—10 8 midnight only the central lamp on top of the post is left to burn until daylight. As compared with a post system installed earlier at St. Paul, these standards are 2 feet higher and have arms 2 feet longer, while the tungsten lamp has added appreciably to the effect- ive result obtained. At Aurora, 111., a somewhat similar scheme has been carried out, but there the tungsten lamps are carried in the downward burning position, except the central 60-watt one. No fewer than 173 posts have been in- stalled, each carrying 3 lamps, except at each of the four corners of street intersections, where 5 lamps are used. The posts are 50 feet apart along each side of the street, on the curb line, one arm extending over the sidewalk, the other over the roadway. The plan originated with business men on the west side of the city, who organized the West Aurora Improvement Company. Proper ordinances were passed by the city council whereby the merchants could install and pay for the system and then turn it over to the city for maintenance and operation. Similar movements were started in other parts of the business distiict, and have culminated in a thorough lighting of the downtown section of the city. It is interesting to note that Aurora, in 1881, began at the other end of the methods of street illumination, with seven 150-foot towers, each carrying two large open arcs, high in the air, where they were imagined to give a "diffused moonlight," most of which in summer time at least, was intercepted from the sidewalks and roads by shade trees. During the past four or five years there has been considerable advance in the use of electricity for the lighting of public parks, especially since the introduc- tion of the tungsten lamp. In 1908 the New York Edison and allied companies developed a system of park lighting with tungstens and soon after placed large numbers of them in Riverside Park, on Riverside Drive, in Highbridge Park, and in St. Nicholas Park. These lamps are carried on ordinary posts at a height of over 10 feet from the ground. The lantern consists of three hinged interlocking sections, which provide socket and globe-holding devices, with means to clean and replace the lamps quickly as well as the reflectors and globes. To reach the posts, conduit and buried cable have been employed. The service switches con- trol from 16 to 40 units equally balanced over the 3-wire network, and with slight modifications the sys- tem could be adapted to series altei-nating supply when used with a series transformer in either an arc or incandescent circuit. More recent modifications of this service include the lighting of Central Park with tungsten lamps. In regard to street lighting it is interesting to note everywhere a greater interest in the beautiful aspect of the streets by day and night, and a desire not to spoil trees by bad trimming. At Los Angeles, Cal., the permits issued to the public-utility companies have printed on them in large type: "The trees must 112 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. be trimmed so as to preserve their symmetry," and this has led trimmers to give some attention to the nature of the tree and the pecuharities of its growth. One of the problems of suburban and rural develop- ment of lighting has been how to connect up various dwellings without excessive expense and without mar- ring the attractiveness of the streets and foliage trees by pole lines. In some cities there are alleyways that can be utilized, but most cities are without these. At Rochester, N. Y., the Railway and Light Company has met the difficulty by erecting a pole line on the back-yard boundary line; and the other utility com- panies cooperate in maintaining the system. The company has deeded to it by tlie owner the ground on which the pole is erected, together with the right of free access at all times, and in turn it places on the streets a handsome type of arc lamp with standartl of bishop's crook or swanneck form. In running the mains to these back-yard poles, high-potential lines are taken underground to a transformer in the man- hole nearest the street, and thence low-potential cir- cuits are run to a manhole in the street opposite the pole lines, whence they branch and run underground to the end pole on either side. The mains are then brought up through conduit to the cross-arm. Serv- ice connections are made to the mains and brought in overhead to the rear of the houses, and the front of the property is left free from unsightly wires and service connections. The pole line extends from block to block, depending on the number of liouses connected. No trouble has been experienced in getting the neces- sary concessions, as the plan is a benefit to the neigh- borhood. Incidentally the tungsten lamp has already brought with it a number of auxiliary and supplemental devices and methods, such as socket adapters, reflectors, fix- tures, and small transformers. In the new ballroom of the Hotel Astor, New York, where 1,200 people can dine or 2,500 can dance at one time, the lighting is done with some thousands of small low-volt tungsten lamps associated with small group transformers receiving current from motor-generator sets. At the twenty-fiftli anniversary dinner of the American Insti- tute of Electrical Engineers in the old ballroom of the same house in March, 1909, some 50 large tables were each beautifully illuminated with miniature tungsten lamps fed by a small storage battery set in a low metal vase on each table. Over the battery and lamps was placed a block of glass simulating ice, with a number of holes filled with water in which was set a mass of blush roses and maidenhair fern. The softly brilliant effect obtained would, it is said, have been impossible with carbon-filament lamps. Moreover, it was not necessary to wire each table for local lamps. An evidence of the activity in the electric-lighting industry is the constant stream of novelties. Of these, the helion lamp is one for which an early commercial perfection is predicted. The carbon-silicon filament of this lamp has been brought to a point where it can be burned in open air at practically the specific con- sumption of an ordinary vacuum carbon lamp. An interesting quality of tlie filament is its extraordinary liigh specific resistance, which is nearly thirty times that of the carbon filament and several hundred times that of tungsten. Particles of it are so hard that they will scratch glass. The present report includes data as to the extension of the use of Nernst or "glower" lamps. The intro- duction of the metallic-filament incandescent lamp has by no means operated to eliminate this lamp, which has many desirable features of its own. The vogue of the glower lamp is also due to the fact that new units have been developed, considerably better in efficiency than the old. Coincident with the improvements in the glower came the development of the single-glower renewal screw burner, making the renewal of the lamp the same practically as in standard incandescent prac- tice. This has resulted in the introduction of the screw-burner principle into chandeliers; and the new fixtures of that type are characterized by economy of space and high illuminating power. A number of large stores and other establishments have adopted the glower form of illuminant. The Marsliall Field store in Chicago, with 25 acres of floor space, is an example, the details of the lighting of which were made public in October, 1907, by Mr. F. J. Pearson, electrical engineer of the dry-goods company, from which report the fol- lowing is taken: Tests of various lighting systems were carried on over a period of eighteen months. While the illumination calculated from the photometric curves of individual lamps, as well as measurements of illumination at the counter level in the actual installations, was made use of in comparing results, far more value was attached to visual tests made by comparing the general appear- ance of large rooms or sections of rooms lighted in different ways. To show the multiplicity of require- ments, it is stated that there were 350 sections in the store, nearly every one of which had a different class of goods, and therefore presented somewhat different requirements. It was therefore necessary, if uniform- ity throughout the store was to be secured, to select a compromise system which would meet fairly well all requirements. The general plan of testing the differ- ent illuminating systems offered by the (Ufferent manufacturers was to take a large room about 150 by 250 feet, and equip one-half of it with one fighting system and the other half with another. This was thought to be the best way to bring before the non- technical public and the sales managers the relative effects and efficiencies of the various systems. Glower lamps on shoit chain pendants were finally selected for fighting the establishment, with an average illumina- tion in the foot-candles as follows: All above the first floor, 2.5 to 3; the first basement, 3.5 to 4; second and third basements, shipping and packing departments, 2.25 to 2.5. Arc lamps were not seriously considered, , t J w '• , t TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 113 because it was stated that not 10 of the 350 section managers wanted to sell goods under tliem. The se- lection of the glower lamp was made because of low maintenance cost, color, and good general effect, as indicated by the preference of the management and the section managers. The Moore tube system of vacuum lighting has also made progress, not only in the design of apparatus, but in the use of the tubes when provided with carbon dioxide, and is valuable in business estabUshments where color values are a main consideration. The long-loop tube system has been standardized into a "hair-pin" form, and there has also been developed a "straight-run" form, i. e., one end of the tube does not reenter the terminal box. The entire mezzanine floor of the Xew York Post-Office has been very successfully fitted up with tubes in 35 parallel rows, each 114 feet long, placed immediately against the ceiling. Where the peculiar color is not objectionable, a large amount of miscellaneous lighting has been done with the mercury vapor lamp, which was in 1901 in- troduced to public notice by Dr. Peter Cooper Hewitt. He has since developed the same principle in the mer- cury arc rectifier, now also used largely to rectify alter- nating current into direct for various services, and especially for charging storage batteries. The lamp is a glass tube about 1 inch in diameter, on 110-volt circuits about 4 feet in length, and the light is ob- tained by vaporizing with the current the small quan- tity of mercury that the lamp holds. Dr. Louis Bell gives a specific consumption of 0.6 to 0.8 watt per equivalent caiidlepower for these lamps. The light is practically without red rays, but is strongly actinic and is therefore largely in use for photographic pur- poses. Mercury vapor lamps have been constructed with tubes bent into a circular form, so as to fit in a diffusing globe, and in some cases incandescent lamps have been added in the fixture for the purpose of sup- plying the red rays missing in the mercury vapor light. A prominent example of commercial lighting by units combining a mercury vapor lamp with a tungsten incandescent lamp is found in the editorial offices of the New York World, where 36 such units have been in use since May 1, 1908. Each combination consists of a mercury vapor tube bent into circular form of about 10 inches diameter, with a tungsten lamp in the center. The vapor tube and tungsten lamp are attached to an ornamental metal fixture provided with a white corrugated reflector and surrounded by a 16-inch holophane hemispherical globe. The combi- nation lamp is designed to operate on the 120-volt cir- cuit, and to take a current of 2 amperes, thereby con- suming 240 watts. The vapor tube and tungsten lamps are connected in series, the vapor tube taking about 52 volts and the tungsten lamp about 58 volts. The remaining 10 volts are taken up by steadying inductance. An automatic device consisting of an inductance coil with a quick mercury break in vacuum, called a "shifter," is placed in the fixture for starting the lamp. Tests of the illumination produced by this installation, made by means of a luminometer, and of the power consumed, show that the candlepower of the tungsten lamp is about 80 and of the vapor lamp about 200. With a power consumption of 240 watts, this gives an equivalent specific power consumption of 0.86 watt per equivalent candle. The quartz mercury vapor lamp has also become a commercial success and is in use in Germany. Its for- midable powers of competition may be inferred from the fact that with the mercury arc playing in a quartz tube it is possible to raise the temperature very much higher than can be done in a glass tube. The maxi- mum is reached at about 1 watt per candle, and after- wards the specific consumption decreases rapidly down to about 0.16 watt per candle. Electric power. — As the statistics show, the inter- censal period witnessed a phenomenal development in electric-power supply, or motor service. If it were not for their motor day load, many central-station companies would doubtless find themselves in diffi- culties. One problem, of course, is to prevent over- lapping of the lighting and the motor loads, and this has been worked out in one way under the Gossler sys- tem as adopted in Montreal, Canada, and in various cities of the United States. In 1894 the Royal Elec- tric Company of Montreal was supplying the equiva- lent of 14,700 16-candlepower lamps and 50 horse- power in motors; while the total number of its cus- tomers did not exceed 300, and none of the various heating appliances were heard of. In 1907 the Mon- treal Heat, Light and Power Company had connected to its system the equivalent of 450,000 1 6-candlepower lamps, about 37,000 horsepower in motors, and up- ward of 1,000 appliances for heating, cooking, refrig- erating, and so forth. The company served upward of 13,000 consumers of electricity and about 50,000 con- sumers of gas, or a total of nearly 70,000 consumers. The nonpeak users under this system are encouraged by a special concession of rates. It was found that about 40 per cent of the company's customers could be shut off from obtaining energy at the time of peak load without detriment to them. Among the loads were 3,500 horsepower in cotton mills, which in order to obtain the concession start operation at 7 a. m. instead of 8, allow only half an hour for lunch, and are thus able to stop work at 4.30 p. m. The operatives in many instances prefer to work during these hours and go home early than to begin later and finisli later. Among the off-peak customers were the various morn- ing and afternoon newspapers, to which the company supplied upward of 400 horsepower. Another class of customers were the brickyards, which required a sum- mer service exclusively, and secured a 50 per cent reduction from the regular rates on seven months' op- eration. The amount of horsepower involved was 600 to 700, used in driving casting machines, mixers, and 114 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. conveyors. Other nonpeak users were the local water- power company, whicli used 1,200 horsepower in pump- ing drinking water; a railway-appliance company, which used 500 horsepower; cement works, which in 1909 used from 5,000 to 6,000 horsepower; and various wood 3-ards. In the wood yards all tlie cutting was done during two or three hours of each day. The non- peak rates were given to customers consuming rela- tivety large amounts of power. An installation of 20 to 25 horsepower would be about the limit below which the nonpeak rate would not be granted. Extensions of the system have been carried out since the above data were obtained. The extent to which electrical energy is now sold for power purposes is illustrated by the railway contracts made by the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chi- cago, which has been particularly energetic in reaching out for this class of business. Under the ten-year bulk contract with the Chicago City Railway, for example, the energy is supplied by the power company to the railway company in the form of a 3-phase, 25-cycle, 9,000-volt current. The railway company pays a min- imum, primary, readiness-to-serve charge of $1.25 per kilowatt of demand per month. The kilowatts de- manded are taken as 21,000 as a minimum for the first year of the contract and as much more as may be demanded. For the remaining nine years of the con- tract the railway company pays according to the fol- lowing provisions for determining the maximum demand : The railway company's maximum demand in kilowatts for each month, upon which the primary charge is made, is determined by taking three consecu- tive days in the month, out of which there are selected two hours, of which one is the hour of greatest output in kilowatt hours in the first half of the day and the other the hour of greatest output in the second half of the day. The combined output for the six hours selected in the manner thus indicated must be greater than the combined output of six hours similarly selected from any other three consecutive days in the month. One-sixth of the aggregate number of kilowatt hours consumed by the railway company during the six hours selected is considered as the number of kilowatts con- stituting the railway's maximum demand. If the rail- way's maximum demand exceeds 21,000 kilowatts during the first year, the railway is to pay $1.25 per kilowatt of demand for each month for all in excess of the amount named. The applications of electric motors on central-sta- tion circuits are now so numerous that it is useless to attempt to enumerate them all. The motors find employment in every industry and have seriously modified methods in some classes of work. A notable instance of their use outside of manufacture is fur- nished by the electrically operated liigh-pressure water systems for fire protection in the boroughs of Manhat- tan and Brooklyn, New York, for which the city appropriated over $5,000,000 for the whole work. The pumps are operated by induction motors, the aggre- gate rating for those installed in the four stations being 15,000 horsepower. Either salt or fresh water can be used, although up to the present time only the latter has been admitted to the mains. The systems are very extensive, that on Manhattan Island comprising about 63 miles of mains varying in diameter from 12 to 24 inches. The five pumping units in each station will deliver 5,000 gallons per minute against a discharge head of 300 pounds per square inch when operating at 750 revolutions per minute, with a suction lift not exceed- ing 20 feet. The pumps can be brought from stand- still up to full speed in thirty seconds; and the company is under a contract penalty of $500 per minute if it fails in three minutes after an alarm is given to furnish the proper and adequate motor service. The readi- ness-to-serve charge is $24 per year per kilowatt of the kilowatt rating of the motors and 1^ cents per kilowatt hour for energy actually used. The Brooklyn Edison Company receives $3,660 per month for its readiness to serve and 1^ cents per kilo- watt hour for current used. The cost of the two Brooklyn stations and equipment was about $300,000. The interest on the city investment and cost of main- tenance will approximate $78,000 yearly, while the reduction in insurance premiums in this borough is placed at $300,000 per annum. It is work like this that gives an idea of the loads that are being taken up to-day by large central-station systems throughout the country ; and the $500-per-minute fine does not appall them, so reliable have such systems become. A special example of the development of motor service from central stations during the intercensal period is found in its use for refrigerating, where the motor drives the localized cooling apparatus and the use of ice is dispensed with. Several plants of this kind are being operated in Philadelphia, ranging in capacity from a quarter ton of ice, driven by a 1-horse- power motor, up to 35 tons, driven by a 75-horsepower motor; and in some instances there are several units in the same plant. During 1907 the connected load of this character oh the circuits of the Philadelphia Electric Company increased 217 per cent, represented by over 230 ice-tons capacity of refrigerating machinery. In the year named the company was operating refrig- eration machines in saloons, grocery stores, residences, drug stores, dairies, butcher shops, and restaurants, and it has since added to this list the establishments of florists, candy makers, ice-cream makers, fish and game dealers, pork packers, hospitals, bottlers, and fruiterers, and the equipment for cooling drinking water in office buildings. The yearly bill has been found to vary from 4.3 to 9.2 times that for the highest month and from 5.5 to 14.8 times that for the month of June. This relation is modified somewhat by the differences in temperature of the different localities. Electricity is also employed to operate brine pumps and deep-well pumps, and the auxiliary-motor service TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 115 of this kind connected in 1907 showed an increase of 284 per cent. Early in 1907 one of Pliiladelphia's leading firms of florists decided to adopt mechanical refrigeration. They had a display case 16.5 feet long, 9 feet high, and 42 inches wide, embracing about 500 cubic feet, with three shelves, drawers below, and an ice bunker above. The flower jars and vases held probably 200 to 300 pounds of water, which was renewed daily. Four 16- candlepower lamps, placed so as not to be seen by the observer, were kept burning in the case above and in front, in order to illuminate the display properly. Openings in the floor of the main case permitted the cold air to circulate down to and arountl the smilax and other green stuff kept in the drawers below. Both doors and drawers were opened frequently, averaging probably four times per hour each. Under these con- ditions it was found necessary to use 500 to 700 poimds of ice each day to maintain a temperature of 44 or 45 degrees. The annoyance and inconvenience of han- dling were great, and the ice bill for one year was $501 . A 1-ton plant driven by electric motor was installed at a cost of $1,000, and the first year's saving direct was $34. Refrigeration suggests ventilation and the motor fan. Central-station companies have generally ceased to make any attempt to enumerate the fans on their ciiTuits, though in some cities the figures are kept. In 1908 the companies in New York City reported that they had about 250,000 fans on their circuits, which furnished an appreciable and profitable day "load" during the summer months. The Philadelphia Elec- tric Company estimated the number on its circuits at about 10,000, and a summer income from them of more than $20,000. St. Louis claimed at least 10,000 on central-station circuits; Providence, 5,000; Buffalo, 2,000; and Denver, 1,500. The automobile load is a class of business in which, more or less directly, the modern central station sup- plies current to motors, several thousand machines now being operated by charging from the circuits. A typical example of what can be done is found in Toledo, Ohio, where the Railways and Light Company makes a charge of 3 cents per kilowatt hour to all public garages and repair shops, and 5 cents to private indi- viduals, or a minimum bill of $3 per month to both classes. The result is that in Toledo there were in 1908 about 500 electric automobiles, and 9 public garages and 85 private ones using electricity. The company sold mercury arc rectifier sets at $230 for 30 amperes, including installation, and made a reduc- tion of $20 when the owner installed the rectifier him- self. The rectifier is said to cause an average reduc- tion of about 40 per cent in kilowatt hours consumed as compared with charging through a rheostat. The income to the company was about $48 per year per vehicle in use in the city. One of the garages in the city could charge 48 vehicles at once, and 60 to 75 were charged by it in a single night. Its rates were $22.50 per month for charging, keeping, washing, and delivering an electric coup6. Another garage had some 80 vehicles on its regular list. It charged $20 per month for keeping up an open vehicle and $22.50 for a closed one. Electric heating and cooJcing. — Great advances were made during the inte recusal period 1 902- 1 907 in the arts of electric heating and cooking, although the present report is practically without data of a statistical char- acter in regard to the extent to which the various de- vices for these purposes have found a place on central- station circuits. For many years such apparatus was costly, easily deranged, and very uneconomical in its consumption of current; but these defects have been removed. WTiile electric heating and cooking can not yet compare in general cheapness with older methods, including the use of gas, electricity has already made a place for itself in innumerable special instances and over a wide variety of industrial and domestic work. Moreover, the high efficiency metallic-filament incan- descent lamps, by their smaller consumption of cur- rent, have put central-station managers on the alert to dispose of the surplus plant and electrical energy thus left idle on their hands. As a result there has been a really enormous stimulation of activity in this newer field. The progress that is being made may best be ascertained from the statements of some of the central-station operators who have studied the novel problems involved. One great advantage of electrical apparatus of this class is that it can be used with equal success on either direct or alternating cur- rent. It needs only to be fed with the proper amount of curjent from the supply circuits, without any par- ticular adjustments except those for protection against fire and other accidents. At the Ohio Electric Light Convention, hold during the summer of 1907, Mr. M. E. Turner gave some inter- esting data about the use of electrical apparatus for cooking in Cleveland. He stated that it was not possible to obtain complete figures from all users, but the following reliable data were collected from 11 homes using complete cooking outfits : ELECTRIC COOKING. Total, exclusively and in part Exclusively. Exclusively. Exclusively. Exclusively. In part In part In part In part In part In part In part Total exclusively. Total in part Number of resi- dence. Full months of use. Average number of people cooked for. 62 -Vverage kilowatt hours used per month. Average per month per person. 20 237 85 62 171 34 47 ti8 4b 34 380 71 555 654 '34 28 «21 24 11 9 10 10 6 45 8 28 16 ' Includes laundry ironing and water beating. ' Includes laundry Ironing. 116 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. These figures indicate that with the growth of this branch of the business an increased energy consump- tion of from 100 to 200 kilowatt hours per residence per month may be expected. In Cleveland a two-rate method is used for billing residences, and the users of electric heating generally received the benefit of the secondary or lower rate. In fact, the cooking in all the 11 residences cited was done at a 5-cent rate. The expense under these conditions compares favor- ably with that for manufactured gas, and the fact that over 1,100 electiical-heating devices were sold in Cleveland by the local illuminating company alone during the twelve months preceding June, 1907, illus- trates how popular electrical-energy consuming de- vices were becoming in the home. These sales were made through newspaper advertising and through the efforts of one salesman, and toward the close of the period named over 100 such devices a month were being sold without any direct solicitation. The re- sults from June, 1907, down to the date of writing are equally striking. At the meeting of the Northwestern Electrical Association in Milwaukee during the spring of 1908, Mr. E. I. Callahan presented the advantages of an electric-heating load, and suggested some methods of securing it. He knew of no easier way by which com- panies could secure the desired result of getting more revenue with existing investment than by pushing the use of heating devices. Many of these devices, he claimed, were simple enough to be used in nearly every room in the house, by anyone, and could be connected to the usual receptacles provided. The central stations could usually supply 75 per cent of the load demand without providing increased trans- former, meter, or plant capacity. He suggested that central stations not operating day circuits follow the example set by several managers, and for a trial start day circuits to operate all day on Tuesday, ironing day. Small motor loads would then spring up and the plants would soon be forced to operate every day in the week. As to soliciting business, he suggested that personal soUcitation, although the most expensive advertising, was by far the most productive. He gave the results of cooking by electricity in his own home, in which for a period of a year the watt hours per person per meal averaged 264, with a maximum demand of about 2.8 kilowatts. Mr. J. R. Cravath, from his own experience, confirmed these figures, and stated that his maximum demand was about 3 kilo- watts, inclusive of ironing. Mr. Korst, of Janesville, Wis., stated that about half of the residence cus- tomers of his company had flatirons, and that a very good revenue was derived from this source, especially during the summer months. He found, however, that when the bills crept up in the winter time, customers were apt to use their old irons heated on the coal ranges. In the summer many customers' bills, ex- clusive of the ironing, would fall below the $1 minimum per month. The use of the electric flatiron would bring the bills a little above $1, which would give the company more revenue, and better satisfj"^ the cus- tomer because he thereby avoided paying for some- thing he did not get. The fiatiron also induced persons who were not previously customers to have their houses wired. Mr. II. N. Kimball, of Kenosha, Wis., said he had at first attempted to introduce flatirons by having a demonstrator in the office, but that he did not get much business that way. The demonstrator was then sent out to canvass the residences, and the results were very much better. Fully 75 per cent of the irons sent out on trial were kept and not returned to the office. At its Grand Rapids convention in September, 1908, the Michigan Electric Association received the report of a special committee which had canvassed the cen- tral stations of the state as to the results obtained with electric heating and cooking. In general, the data as to progress were similar to those given above. Next to the fiatiron in popularity and as income earners were the toasters, water heaters, and luminous radiators. Most stations reported the toasters and luminous radiators as equal in popularity, some of them having as many as 150 of each on their fines. The sale of chafing dishes, percolators, heat- ing pads, and other devices seemed to be limited, either by reason of their first cost or infrequency of use. Another field of operations reported on by the com- mittee named was that of the commercial heating of such appliances as gluepots, solder pots, soldering irons, and branding irons. Perhaps the greatest drawbacks to the introduction of electrical devices for the work indicated have been the high initial cost and the frequent burn-outs. Very few of the stations reported any great advances in the introduction of cooking outfits. For this the initial cost of the outfits and devices seemed to be mainly responsible, since even with such a rate inducement as 2.5 cents per kilowatt hour, as established at Sault Ste. Marie, no great amount of business was reported in this fine. Other drawbacks to the electric-cooking outfit were its limited reserve capacity for the average family, and the inability of any yet known devices to heat enough water for the average household at anywhere near a reasonable price. The committee thought that before the electric-cooking outfit could be a success it would be necessary to furnish to the pubhc devices that were not only fireproof, but more efficient, longer lived, and of lower initial cost. Tests had shown con- siderable saving by the use of the tireless cooker in connection with electric outfits, and many of the stations were already introducing and recommending them. Indeed the whole art was declared to be in a state of such rapid transition and improvement that criticisms valid at one time soon become of little weight. *■. • * ' .* " « TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 117 Electric meters. — According to the data given in Chapter IV on line equipment, there were 1,683,917 meters on central-station consumption circuits in 1907 as compared with 582,689 in 1902, the gain being not less than 189 per cent. If meters on electric-railway lighting systems are included, the number in 1907 was 1,897,803, representing a gain for the intercensal period of 196.9 per cent. Such figures furnish a clear indication of the rapidity with which the old practice of selling electricity on a flat-rate basis is being aban- doned. It is true that a great deal of electricity is still sold by rough estimate, at an arbitrary price per lamp per year, or per horsepower of motor, and it is also true that modified flat-rate systems of payment have enjoyed some degree of favor; nevertheless, it is prob- able that no progressive central station of any size can be found that does not employ customers' meters, and the customers themselves, as a general rule, prefer to buy current that is measured. To show the importance attached to the subject, it may be men- tioned that the report of the meter committee of the National Electric Light Association, presented in 1909, was a document' of over 300 pages; and to that exhaustive report special students of the subject are referred. The report was based on information received from the member companies, and included descriptive data concerning meters in general use on central-station consumption circuits. ' The statistics in Chapter IV do not distinguish between types of meters or attempt to give their capacity. The answers given by the companies showed that some of them are still using the older commutator type of watt-hour meter, as well as the induction type of ampere-hour meter on alternating circuits. It was formerly considered that the commu- tator type of watt-hour meter was equally suitable for both direct and alternating current circuits ; and , indeed, when the meter was properly "compensated," it did register with equal accuracy, in the majority of cases, on both kinds of service. At the present time the commu- tator type of meter is considered as a direct-current meter, while the induction watt-hour meter is regarded as preferable for alternating-current consumption cir- cuits. It was found that while the ratio of meter capacity to connected load varied among the member companies, yet, considered as a whole, it was not far from 1 to 1 — that is, 1 kilowatt of meter capacity is installed for each kilowatt capacity of connected load. It is but seldom that the peak load exceeds 30 to 60 per cent of the connected load and the generators seldom exceed 70 per cent of the connected load. It would appear from the following table that, on the average, the smaller companies had installed about 1.4 kilowatts of meter capacity for each kilowatt of generator capacity : ' Proceedings, National Electric Light Association, 1909, Vol. I, p. 257. Number of meters. METERS INSTALLED. KIND OF SERVICE. Average cost per meter. Average capacity per meter in kilo- watts. Average cost per kilowatt of meter capacity. flOO 3,000 10,000 til. 75 13.35 14.20 0.91 1.1)9 3.C6 3.4U $12.91 7.90 4.(i3 General 20,000 13.00 3.93 Assuming the cost of generators for smaller plants to average $12 per kilowatt and the cost of meters $8 per kilowatt, it will be seen that the cost of meters is not far below the cost of generators. As an evidence of the effect of improved meter practice upon the average accuracy of meters, and the consequent influence on the revenue, the following table, received from a member company, was pre- sented in the report referred to above. This company^ supplying both alternating and direct current, replaced in all direct-current meters the stationary shunts with adjustable shunts, equipped all direct-current meters with diamond jewels, replaced all commutator meters on alternating-current circuits with induction meters, substituted modern meters for many of the older type, and improved its system of testing, with the following results: VE.\R. Meters in service De- cemljer 31. Tenth load accuracy, percent. neavy load accuracy, per cent. Number of meters tested. Per cent of meters tested. 1902 3,400 4,165 4,952 5,861 6,964 8,060 9,276 84.4 81.5 84.2 87.9 90.3 92.2 94.1 92.0 94.0 95.1 96.1 97.1 97.5 98.1 1,868 2,980 3,556 4,044 4,086 6,942 10,558 53.5 1003 71.5 71.8 1905 6!) 58.0 1907 86.1 1908 113.8 As indicative of the condition of meters not tested for from two to five years, the following table, showing the results of testing the 192 meters of a small com- pany was also presented: Total. ,\bove 20 fast Between 10 and 20 fast Between 4 and 10 fast Between 2 and 4 fast Between 2 slow and 2 fast. Between 2 and 4 slow Between 4 and 10 slow Between 10 and 20 slow. . . Over 20 slow Not recording LIGHT LOAD. Number ofmeters. 192 Percent. 100.0 0.5 1.6 2.1 12.5 6.7 18.7 22.9 9.4 25.6 FULL LOAD. Numlier ofmeters. 192 Per cent. 100.0 1.0 1.6 4.2 3.1 28.3 23.3 19.8 6.2 2.6 9.9 It is evident from the above tables that the financial success of a company may be vitally dependent upon the testing of its meters, and it is obvious that the consumer has an equally large interest in securing the highest possible accuracy in the apparatus upon which alone the cost of service to him depends. 118 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. In Massachusetts a customer of an electric-light company or the company itself may apply to the Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners for an examination and test of any meter in use, the board furnishing the applicant with a certificate of the result of the test and the expense attached thereto. If the meter is inaccurate, the board may order the company to repair it or substitute an accurate one. All fees for examinations and tests are paid by the applicant, but if the examination is made at the request of the customer and the meter is found to register too fast, the electric-light company is responsible for the fees. The meter is deemed to be correct if it does not vary more than 5 per cent from the standard approved by the board. The inspector employed by the board receives a salary, together with necessary traveling and other expenses. The aggregate amount, however, must not exceed $3,000 in any year. Should the amount of compensation and expense exceed the amount of fees received, the excess is assessed upon and recovered from the electric-light companies. The board establishes rules and regulations, fixes stand- ards, prescribes fees, and employs such means and methods for making examinations and tests of meters as in its judgment are most practicable, expedient, and economical. The fees charged for testing of various- sized meters in 1907-8 in New York, Massachusetts, and Canada are given in the accompanying table. METER BATIKG. 3 amperes 5 amperes 10 amperes... 15 amperes... 25 amperes... 50 amperes . . . 75 amperes... 100 amperes . . 150 amperes.. 200an!i)eres.. 300 amperes . . 45<) amperes.. 600ami)eres.. 1,200 amperes KATES FOB TESTtNG WATT-HOUB METEBS. New York. SI. 00 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 4.50 5.50 8.00 10.50 15.50 23.00 30.50 60.50 Massachu- setts. $1.50 1.50 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 3.50 4.00 4.50 4.50 5.00 5.00 Canada. Lamps. $0.75 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.75 3.50 5.00 B.50 9.00 11.50 16.50 24.00 31.50 61.50 Meters. $3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 6.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 18.00 27.00 32.00 72.00 It will not be out of place here to note that by the provisions of the Canadian law a meter must be tested and stamped every five j-ears. The meters to be tested are brought to the government inspection office, or in small towns and villages the test is conducted on the premises of the electric-light company. When a cus- tomer wants his meter tested, he notifies the electric- light company and requests it to send a qualified per- son to detach the meter from the mains so that it may be taken to the inspector's office. The inspector files with either the electric-light company or the customer, on pajmient of the proper fee, a certificate stating the result of the inspection, with such particulars as he may deem right to insert for the information and guidance of the persons concerned. Electrolytic me- ters in use may be continued unless objected to by the purchaser, but all renewals of meters must be made by the substitution of direct-reading types. No meter is passed which, when working at its full rating, varies more than 3 per cent from the legal standard unit of electricity, in favor of either the electric-light company or the consumer. Whenever a reading of a meter is taken by the electric-light company, the company must give a duplicate of such reading to the consumer. In every case the owner must keep the meter in good repair and is responsible for the due inspection thereof. Legishitjon in this general direction has been made effective in the control over meters given to such new "public-service commissions" as those in Wis- consin and New York, and .steps have been taken by these commissions for the full examination of all meters and meter complaints. A report made public in 1909 by the New York commission of the first dis- trict of tests conducted in New York City showed a remarkably satisfactory state of affairs as to the general accuracy of meters in the district. Under the public-service laws of New York an electric meter is allowed a variation of 4 per cent either wa}-, while a gas meter is allowed only 2 per cent. The latest rules of the public-service commission for the city of New York relative to testing electric meters are embodied in printed" forms. Forms are included for reports on complaint, periodic, and office tests of meters. The complaint test is defined as a test made by an electrical corporation, upon the prem- ises where the meter is installed, as the result of a complaint of the customer. A periodic meter test is a test made by an electrical corporation in the regular course of its business, upon the premises where the meter is installed, but not at the time of installation, which test is not made as the result of a complaint from the consumer nor by special direction of the cor- poration or one of its officers or employees. An office meter test is a test made by an electrical corporation, upon the premises where the meter is installed, by special direction of the/ corporation itself or of an officer or employee. The rules require that every electrical corporation operating within the first district shall file with the public-service commission a monthly report, in the form prescribed, stating the results of all tests of elec- tric meters tested for accuracy during the month. Such reports must be made for each calendar month and be filed not later than the 15th day of the follow- ing month. All tests are required to be made with the meter in its permanent position on the consumer's premises, and under actual operating conditions as regards volt- age, frequenc}', temperature, stray fields, and vibra- tion. Where shunts, series transformers, or shunt transformers are used in connection with a meter, the meter must be tested from the line side of such appa- ratus when the voltage does not exceed 600. In peri- odic tests, where the line voltage exceeds 600 volts, the meter may be testcil as a self-contained meter, TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 119 and the ratio certificates of the transformers may be used in calciUating the true line watts, provided the certificates are dated within the five years preceding the time the meter is tested. In complaint and office tests the commission will accept the ratio certificates of the transformers, provided they are dated within the year preceding the time the meter is tested. When rotating standard meters are used the coimections must be so arranged as to give the meter tester full control of the starting and stopping of the standard aaid at the same time allow him to count the revolu- tions of the meter under test. Each meter must be tested independently, and no meter can be tested while connected in series with one or more other meters unless the potential circuit of each meter is so arranged as not to be fed through the field of any meter under test or rotating standard. All indicating and integrating instruments used as standard instruments in testing meters must be equipped with scales properly proportioned to the loads measured. All meters must be adjusted so as to register with an error of not more than 1 per cent at light load and at full load, and both of these adjustments must be maintained in this condition as nearly as possible. All meters, whenever possible, are to be tested at three loads: One-tenth of the full rated capacity of the meter, normal load, and full rated capacity of the meter. The average of these tests obtained by mul- tiplying the result of the test at normal load by three, adding the result of the tests at one-tenth capacity and full capacity, and dividing the total by five is deemed the condition of the meter, and such final average must be reported to the commission on the form prescribed by it. In an installation where it is impossible to obtain a load of 10 per cent of the rated capacity, or of 100 per cent of the rated capacity of the meter, tests are to be made at the nearest obtain- able loads to 10 per cent and 1 00 per cent, respectively, of the rated capacity of the meter, and the values are to be given in the ratios. The following classification, in percentage of instal- lation, is used in determining normal test load : A. Residence and apartment lighting 25 per cent B. Elevator service 40 per cent C. Factories (individual drive), churches, and offices. 45 per cent D. Factories (shaft drive), theaters, clubs, entrances, hallways, and general store lighting 60 per cent E. Saloons, restaurants, pumps, air compressors, ice machines, and moving-picture theaters 70 per cent F. Sign and window lighting and blowers 100 per cent When a meter is found to be connected to an instal- lation consisting of two or more of the above classes of loads, the normal load used must be obtained by tak- ing the average of the percentages for the classes so connected. Three tests are made at each load at which the meter is tested, but should any two fail to agree by 1 per cent, additional tests must be made until three results are obtained which do not vary one from another more than 1 per cent. At Hartford, Conn., an interesting variation in meter practice has been worked out by the Hartford Electric Light Company, in connection with the intro- duction of the tungsten lamp in smaller sizes, designed for operation at 30 and 60 volts. Tests have shown that these low-voltage, extra high-efficiency lamps can be counted on for a life of at least two thousand hours. The filaments are tough and thick and will stand rough handling admirably. During the past two years sev- eral installations of these lamj)s have been made in residence service, and as a result the company is satis- fied that it is advantageous to introduce tiaem gen- erally on its circuits. In order to handle the situation profitably, hov/ever, the company has worked out a plan of charging the customer for light used rather than billing on the usual basis of a price per kilowatt hour. The plan consists in the substitution of a meter dial reading candlepower hours for the ordinary watt-hour dial of the ordinary induction meter and in charging the customer a rate of 0.02.5 cent per candlepower hour of service supplied. The customer pays the initial cost of installing the lamps, which is 20 cents apiece for either the 10, 20, or 30 candlepower, 30 or 60 volt lamps. Free renewals are given on all these lamps. The company installs an "economy coil," or compensator, in each residence to reduce the potential from that of the mains to 30 or 60 volts, as the case may be. This compensator has the advantage of ab- sorbing the effect of voltage fluctuations on the liigh- tension lines back of the subway transformers from which secondary groups of loads are fed, and it is pro- vided with multi-voltage taps for convenience. Mr. Dunham, president of the company, states: The whole system of meter measurement has gradually adjusted itself to a certain ratio between watts, or the power used in creating light, and the other costs entering into the production of the candle- power. This has been particularly the case with house lighting. The general average price of house lighting in the larger cities and in the older stations has become about 10 cents per kilowatt hour — that is, the whole cost of light is placed upon the kilowatt measure- ment, whereas more than one-half the cost consists of distribution management and "overhead" expenses. This is clearly shown by the fact that the same meter measurement of watts has an altogether different price when it is used simply as power. The price of power in the more modem stations and in the larger cities ranges from 2 to 6 cents per kilowatt hour, while the cost of light ranges from 4 to 12 cents, or about double the price of power, which would not be the fact if the customer paid for the same thing in both instances. For the power used the customer pays for the actual kilowatts, but for the light delivered the customer pays for the actual kilowatts used plus the various other expenses which have been attached by cus- tom and necessity. This has placed all the stations in a peculiar relation to the old-fashioned watt-hour meters in regard to the new lamps, and they find themselves reduced in income, if they use the new lamps, to one-half of their old revenue. This can not be avoided except by changing the measuring instrument or by raising the price of the kilowatt hours used to double that charged for the old lamps, because the watt-hour meter measures a little less than half the actual cost of the candlepower. 120 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Regulation and rates. — Various references have al- ready been made in this chapter to the subjects of rates and regulation. It is well understood that in their dealings with the communities served, central- station companies have always been governed by the local-franchise ordinances imder which they operated. But these franchises have dealt more with questions of public-street lighting than with such a feature as serv- ice to the private consumer; and it is in the latter re- spect that most change is noticeable of recent years. The change has been carried furthest in those states where public-service commissions exist, whose author- ity and control over public-utility corporations have been generously amplified by the respective legislative bodies delegating such powers. These states are not- ably Massachusetts, Wisconsin, and New York, but it is significant that, as a matter of record, in almost every instance where the commissions have been ap- pealed to, the actions or methods of the corporations have been sustained; or if modified, the underlying principle has been adhered to as based on reason and equity. One of the most interesting recent cases is that in which the Wisconsin commission dealt with the ap- plication of the La Crosse Gas and Electric Company for the power to charge higher rates for electrical en- ergy than had prevailed. The testimony and facts presented by the petitioner related mostly to the his- tory of electric lighting in La Crosse, to the rates which the company was asking permission to establish, and to the various systems of fixed rates that were al- ready in use. From the facts relating to the value of the plant and to its earnings and operating expenses, the commission said it was quite clear that the plant had not been a success as a producer of net earnings. This was especially true when some allowance was made for depreciation at 3 per cent. During the pre- ceding two years the net earnings were not enough to pay any interest upon the investment nor even to meet ordinary depreciation charges, and so long as the rates charged for energy remained so low there was but little hope that the net earnings would increase. The decision included a discussion of one of the most im- portant features of the problem — the cost to the com- pany of serving each class of customers. It is not necessary to cite here the rates fixed, but the language of the decision is as follows : It further appears that the proposed rates are somewhat lower than those charged in other cities, both inside and outside of this state. The comparisons we have made upon this point are quite extensive. They embrace at least 20 cities in Wisconsin and fully as many in other states. These facts are of considerable importance, not only to the petitioner but the people who are served by this company. The petitioner has duties as well as rights in this matter. While it is entitled to reasonable rates for service it renders, it has not the right to exact more than this. It must also see to it that the services it renders are adequate and that they meet all reasonable requirements in this respect. It is as important that the interests of the public it serves should be as fully protected as those of its own. The best rates are those that are based upon the cost. Each customer should, under ordinary conditions, contribute his just proportion of all the expenses, as well as of the interest upon the investment. From the foregoing examination of the facts involved in this case it appears to us that the rates submitted by the peti- tioner fairly meet the situation, and that they are just and reason- able. It has been determined, therefore, that these rates shall be put into effect, subject, however, to such revision as may be found necessary when the plants in question have been appraised, or for other reasons. At Minneapolis the city officials held that the rates of the Minneapolis General Electric Company were too high, and that the same rate per kilowatt hour, except for quantity discounts, should be made for all con- sumers without regard to conditions of load. The company had put in force a system of rates under which customers having the best load-factors — that is, those using current the largest number of hours per day — were given much the lowest rates. It appears from the reports of the early stages of the Minneapolis controversy that the city officials were chiefly concerned with lowering the maximum rates charged by the company for short-hour business. Several expert investigations were made into the com- pany's affairs, with the result that the correctness of the company's theory of readiness-to-serve charges in connection with electric light and power business was upheld. The experts all agreed that the rates given to any individual customer should be dependent upon the fixed charges on the investment necessary to serve him, plus his share of the operating expenses necessary to serve customers in his class, rather than on the average expense of serving all classes of cus- tomers. However, as a concession to the smaller customers, it seems to have been generally agreed, both by the company and by the experts, that the maximum rates should be a little lower than those to which the smaller short-hour customers would be strictly and scientifically entitled. This reduction from the maximum rates to small short-hour customers was advocated only on the ground that the many small consumers, by the consent of whom the com- pany had the use of the streets and public alleys for the distribution of its current, were entitled to receive compensation in this way for the franchise, and that larger consumers were not entitled to receive such compensation in the same proportion. The Minneapolis General Electric Company and the committee of the city council came to an agreement on electric light and power rates as a groundwork for an ordinance giving the company a thirty-year fran- cliise and fixing the rates for electric light and power for the first year of the franchise. The city council originally passed an ordinance requiring a uniform rate of 8 cents per kilowatt hour, with discounts purely according to quantity. The company refused to recognize this ordinance, on the ground that it was imjust, inequitable, and confiscatory. The point of interest in the controversy is that a company was able to convince a council committee and citizens of TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 121 the fairness of a rate based on load-factor, and of the unfairness of a uniform rate per kilowatt hour for all classes of business. The residence-lighting rate which was agreed upon is 9 cents per kilowatt hour for the first fifty-two hours' use per month of 40 per cent of the connected load, and 6.66 cents for all over that. Commercial lighting is at the same rate, except that the maximum demand as measured by maximum-demand meters is substituted for 40 per cent of the connected load. Maximum bills are 100 per cent of the connected load. Minimum bills are $1 per month per lighting customer. Retail motor service pays 7.5 cents per kilowatt hour for the first fifty-two hours per month of the customer's maximum demand, and 2.5 cents for all over that. The minimum bill is $1 per month per horsepower connected. The chief differences between these rates and the old rates of the company are that the maxi- mum rate has been reduced on lighting from 12.6 cents for iifty-two hours' use of 60 per cent of the connected lamps to 9 cents for 40 per cent, and the minimum bill on motors reduced from $2 to $1 per horsepower. Free incandescent-lamp renewals and free arc-lamp maintenance have been abolished under the new rates. Quantity discounts from 5 to 25 per cent are to be allowed on accounts of from ?50 to S250 per month. Professor Cooley, one of the experts employed in the investigations, pointed out that light and power furnished under a limited-term franchise ought to cost the consumer more than that furnished under a perpetual franchise, because the company must figure upon paying off its bondholders and stockholders completely at the end of the limited-franchise period. A company could certainly float 4 per cent bonds on a perpetual franchise where with a limited franchise it would pay 5 per cent. Rates were changed in one or two of the leading cities during 1907. The ordinance fixing the maxi- mum rates to be charged by the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, until 1912 was passed by the Chicago city council on March 23 of the former year. This company pays 3 per cent of its gross re- ceipts to the city, in accordance with the franchise previously owned by the Commonwealth Electric Company. The rates are as follows: Up to July 31, 1908, 15 cents per kilowatt hour as a primary rate for energy used up to the equivalent of thirty hours' use of the consumers' maximum demand, and 9 cents per kilowatt hour as a secondary rate for all energy in excess of the foregoing amount. From August 1, 1908, to July 31, 1909, the maximum rate is 13 cents and the secondary rate 9 cents. From August 1, 1909, to July 31, 1912, the primary rate is 13 cents and the secondary rate 7 cents. A discount of 1 cent per kilowatt hour from the foregoing rates is to be allowed on all bills paid within ten days. The Union Electric Light and Power Company, of St. Louis, has put in force a new system of rates, which differs considerably from the typical systems in use. It is founded on the belief that the value of the service rendered to any individual should, so far as practicable, be based on the cost of serving him, and not on the average cost of serving the entire body of consumers; and that as the cost of supplying current per kilowatt hour varies greatly with the different classes of service, so the price per kilowatt hour, in justice to the several users, should vary greatly to different customers. The company felt compelled to recognize the force of the argument of the customer who maintained that he was entitled to a lower average rate if he guaranteed $5 per horsepower per month than his neighbor who would guarantee only $1 per horsepower per month. At first a system of " special " contracts was adopted to meet this condition; but complaints of unequal discriminations led later to the su bstitution of a graduated schedule of rates. Under it the service is divided into a very much larger number of classes than was ever before attempted, and every consumer in the same class gets the same rate. Each customer's rate is based on the minimum monthly guarantee he is willing to make per horse- power or per 50-watt lamp connected, and the rate is inversely proportional to the amount of the con- nected load. For example, the customer having fewer than 100 lamps pays 12 cents per kilowatt hour if he guarantees only 10 cents per month per lamp. By guaranteeing 45 cents per month per lamp he gets a rate of 10 cents per kilowatt hour, and by guaranteeing 65 cents per month per lamp, a rate of only 8 cents per kilowatt hour. Of the customers furnishing the 1 0-cent guarantee there are 15 subclasses, each with its own modified rate. The rate also declines as the number of connected lamps increases. For example, a customer guaranteeing 10 cents per month per lamp and having less than 100 lamps pays 12 cents per kilowatt hour. This rate is reduced by gradations until for 3,000 lamps or over, with a lO-cent-per-lamp guarantee, the rate is 6 cents per kilowatt hour. For the 45-cent-per-lamp guarantee the customer with fewer than 100 lamps pays 10 cents per kilowatt hour, while the customer with 3,000 lamps pays 5.2 cents per kUowatt hour. All these rates are subject to discounts based on hours' use and quantity. The discount made accord- ing to the equivalent daily hours' use of the entire connected load starts with a 6 per cent discount for a kilowatt-hour consumption equivalent to one hour's use per day of the connected load, and rises by grada- tions to 25 per cent discount for a kilowatt-hour con- sumption equivalent to eighteen hours per day of the connected load. There is, also, in addition to this, a discount based on the amount of the bill, which is from 5 per cent on bills of under $10 to 56 per cent on bills of over $9,000 per month. 122 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. The motor rates are graded on the same plan. For a 1 -horsepower motor customer they vary from 10 cents per kilowatt hour on a guarantee of $1 per month per horsepower to 5 cents per kilowatt hour on a guar- antee of $7.50 per month per horsepower. The rate also depends on horsepower connected. Under the guarantee of $1 per month per horsepower the cus- tomer with over 500 horsepower gets a 5.5-cent rate. Under a guarantee of $2 per month per horsepower the rate is 4.5 cents. The rates for heating and cook- ing circuits in residences are 12 cents per kilowatt hour on a minimum monthly guarantee of $2, 11 cents on a $3 guarantee, 10 cents on a $4 guarantee, 9 cents on a $5 guarantee, 8 cents on a $7.50 guarantee, 7.5 cents on a $10 guarantee, and 7 cents on a $15 guarantee. On these cooking rates a discount is given according to the quantity of current consumed; on bills of $5 or under 5 per cent is deducted, and this per cent in- creases by 1 for each $1 of increase in the bills up to $15, at which point the discount is. 15 per cent. For bills of over $25 the discount is 20 per cent. In its annual report' for 1908 the Wisconsin com- mission said that it found the rates filed by the larger companies to be generally based on scientific considera- tions, but that those of the smaller companies partook of "every conceivable form and method of determina- tion." Out of 119 companies reporting, 50 had no discriminatory rates, and 3 out of every 100 cus- tomers paid less than the schedule rates. The report went on to say: "Because a certain utility has more discriminations in effect than another does not mean in itself that it is following a vicious practice or is using unlawful methods. Most of the discrimina- tions cited are remnants of a former period of unre- stricted competition; others are the outgrowth of cir- cumstances over which the utilities themselves have no control." In a recent address President Meyer of the commission said that the ' ' sliding-scale arrange- ment is full of promise for the future," because "when the individual manager feels that with greater and keener application, with increased efliciency and economy, the rate of return on his investment will be increased, he is much more likely to aim toward effi- ciency and economy than he would if no such induce- ments were held out to him." Both the Wisconsin and the New York commis- sions have sought to introduce a uniform classifica- tion of accounts for electric companies. Two sets of accounts are required in Wisconsin. In general, elec- tric plants operating in cities of 10,000 inhabitants or over must keep at least the list of accounts prescribed in Class A, and all plants in cities of under 10,000 population must keep the accounts prescribed in Class B. Any changes or additions proposed by a company must be filed with the commission before the accounts ' Second Annual Report of the Railroad Commission of Wiacon- ein, 1908. in question are opened. At a meeting of the North- western Electrical Association the classification was spoken of in terms of approval by Mr. C. M. Duffy, comptroller of the Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company and chairman of the accounting com- mittee of the association, who said that he did not understand how anyone engaged in the electric-light- ing business would be willing to conduct it and know less about its finances than would be required by the commission. The fundamental principle of the ac- counting system is that all the costs of generating cur- rent shall be kept distinct from the other expenses. In New York state, also, both the commissions have put into force rules and systems for uniform accounting. In New York City one of the features of the rate work of the public-service commission of the first dis- trict has been to make a more general provision for "breakdown" service. It has placed the price of this service at $30 per kilowatt of maximum demand, against which the real consumption is an offset at regu- lar rates. In other words, the commission has recog- nized the inherent propriety of a stand-by readiness- to-serve charge. The commission of the first district made an exhaustive investigation of the contracts made by the companies, revealing a negligible number of special contracts — one or two hundred in scores of thousands — and many of these, as in other businesses, left over from a former management or other control. One of the acts of the commission has been to prohibit specifically any "undue or unreasonable preference" or advantage "to anybody, while no charge shall be made that is not in a filed schedule, nor shall any elec- trical corporation refund or remit in any manner or by any device any portion of the rates or charges so speci- fied." It is obvious that the immediate effect of such a general policy is to compel companies to classify their customers more closely, so that all in any given group shall be treated alike. The fundamental fact is that very few cases are alike in all particulars. Even where like conditions exist, sometimes the parties in question can not be persuaded of it, and the companies have insisted on the impossibility of meeting the rules of the commission either as to publishing everj' little concession to a customer's wishes or as to strict con- formity with all the terms prescribed for contracts. A brief on this point filed with the commission by the New York Edison Company pointed out that one of its most important forms of contracts was for supply- ing energy to large buildings by wholesale or in bulk. These contracts were largely the result of personal can- vass and individual negotiation, and it was claimed that if the company was not permitted to modify the phrasing or minor details of such contracts to suit peculiar conditions its business would be seriously interfered with. The company stated that it did not seek to make special terms or give unusual privileges to particular customers, but simply to be permitted to TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE PERIOD. 123 modify the contracts to suit different conditions. It desired only to extend to every customer any conven- ience or facility that the special conditions surround- ing the service made practicable, provided that the peculiar features introduced into the contract did not modif}' the cost to the consumer, and provided that the compan\^ was prepared to extend the same privileges to all others who presented the same conditions. The company expressed itself as quite willing to accept and obey the order of the commission in so far as it pro- hibited any variation in charge, preference in rates, re- funds, or special privileges, but it believed that special riders to the contracts witii customers siiould be per- mitted to meet special conditions that did not affect the actual cost of furnishing the current, and it did not mean to discriminate in any way in favor of one cus- tomer as against another. A valuable study of the whole subject of rates for electric energy is found in the decision of the Board of Gas and Electric Light Commissioners of Massachu- setts in the matter of the complaint of the Public Fran- chise League against the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Boston, filed May 29, 1908. In the opinion many of the points already discussed in this report, and others raised in the controversy, are given careful consideration. The Edison Electric Illumina- ting Company of Boston, like many other companies, has had a system of rates based upon "fixed costs" and "running costs," so as to charge each customer sub- stantially the cost to it of supplying him, inclusive of a reasonable return on the investment — the basic method being known as the "maximum-demand" sys- tem. One of the various modifications of this system in use in America is the Doherty system, in operation in Denver and other cities. It is based fundamentally on the readiness-to-serve principle and aims at a more or less exact adjustment of the price to the consumer to the cost of producing that for which he contracts, and diverges widely from tlie idea of a uniform rate for all customers. GENERAL TABLES (125) 126 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 117.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS- 27 30 37 60 STATE OR TERRITORY. United States., Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware' Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Num- ber of sta- tions. 4,714 3,620 1907 1902 129 115 383 346 200 180 192 169 111 61 120 114 234 201 171 138 162 123 Cost of con- struction and equipment. $1,096,913,622 504,740,362 314 256 7,293,876 908,895 1,672,589 810,341 1,922,658 1,082,505 111,780,551 36,647,474 23,126,179 8,665,826 13,416,011 6,583,477 12, 735, 909 4,667,770 1,630,061 974,425 7,354,286 1,252,578 3,251,460 785,030 88,142,233 38,329,275 25,680,710 6,706,510 9,986,666 8,554,234 6,589,805 2,023,886 10,3,56,088 3,670,152 11,614,121 6,056,603 12,629,101 4,824,850 21,274,959 7,157,986 43,279,226 29, 562, 267 37,001,060 11,559,169 24,138,081 9,236,505 2,220,662 899,477 33,865,760 15,679,872 17,950,677 4,740,807 7,372,081 3,305,840 4,299,631 301,785 8,695,6,52 6,447,560 65, 219, 445 56, 432, 502 989,317 369,877 252,731,789 112,998,778 Gross income. 1175,642,338 85,700,605 1,012,743 385,263 669,850 293,066 675, 718 425,317 14,416,529 5,066,417 3,410,240 1,652,505 2,469,543 1,319,549 1,464,644 749,841 654, 251 324, 770 1,110,510 357,565 719,395 192,206 15,465,993 6,757,015 4,438,332 2, 105, 146 2,479,969 1,545,663 1,514,867 650,833 1,660,700 860,086 1,852,383 971,631 1,453,016 692,350 1,883,084 962,207 10, 749, 240 6,340,944 6,072,010 2,613,812 3,478,009 1,858,789 686.700 366,934 5,805,828 2,392,149 2, 469, 131 1,025,971 1,562,669 601,777 372, 108 44,549 1,422,345 832,3-22 5,952,378 3,421,304 292,682 135,307 34,869,170 16,854,839 Electric service. Total. $169,614,691 '84, 186, 606 997,506 374, 138 644,192 288,019 664,916 413, 775 13,922,028 4,946,090 3,317,844 1,628,953 2,452,3.59 1,317,512 1,442,388 742,080 630,632 323,414 1,086,601 348, 763 692,489 191, 126 14,666,772 6,692,248 4,222,610 2, 038, 121 2,317,880 1,477,348 1,419,091 611,966 1,610,475 848,399 1,829,128 967,027 1,324,648 668,675 1,856,359 951,316 10,602,498 6,244,882 5,750,447 2,516,800 3,333,469 1,838,806 667, 543 341,546 5,683,795 2,360,150 2,376,472 1,017,805 1,474,426 697,304 352,959 44,549 1,321,296 826, 176 5,910,745 3,366,599 289,962 133,747 34; 067, 383 16,742,239 Lighting. $125,755,114 70,138,147 827,094 330,756 446, 962 243,239 620.306 383,113 8,111,012 3,305,318 2,181,310 1,209,760 1,872,933 1,113,754 1,185,0-13 662, 729 607,492 308, 476 731,8.52 311,603 546.309 185, 535 10,278,668 6,849,351 3,457,753 1,916,135 2,016,394 1,389,644 1,092,163 563,403 1,371,667 740,878 1,573,879 850,471 970, 243 574,718 854,798 8,643,327 5, 263, 113 3,848,797 2,285,995 2,700,969 1,615,766 621,959 319,393 4,116,409 1,954,562 1,150,342 697,488 1,232,411 542,317 194,526 44,399 825,315 609,385 6,123,926 2,799,961 228, 161 127, 747 24, 296, 438 12,920,807 Stationary motors. $28,511,550 9,910,217 84,805 30, 175 71,808 44, 780 18,248 23,214 3,826,462 1,228,099 951.836 343,559 407,577 155, 732 191.609 79, 133 16,220 7,378 132, 964 35,360 100,291 6,591 2,445,280 763, 764 568,199 120,435 261,202 78, 180 224,224 48,658 220,061 92, 401 228,680 116,656 284,627 92,032 349,059 91,437 1,619,708 744,879 873,081 173,881 536,622 191,432 26, 133 18,741 985,596 402,937 963,669 32,881 168, 402 54,812 148,660 150 190,764 82,257 682,028 258,065 24,033 6,000 5,688,401 2,396,046 Ail other. $15,348,027 4,138,241 85,607 13,207 25,422 26,362 7,448 1,984,564 412,673 184,698 76,634 171,849 48,026 65,736 100,218 6,920 7,560 221,786 1,800 45,889 1,842,824 79,133 196,658 1,551 41,284 9,524 102,714 6 18,847 15,120 26,569 69,778 1,825 9,014 5,081 639,463 236,890 1,028,569 66,924 96,888 31,608 19, 451 3,412 681,790 2,651 262,461 287,436 73,613 175 9,874 305,217 134, 534 104,791 298,583 37,778 4,082,544 1,425,386 ' Exclusive of 7.082 arc and 267,997 incandescent lamps used by the establishments reporting to light their own 2 Includes estimated income of municipal stations from public lighting. All other sources. $6,027,647 1,514,000 15,237 11,125 25,658 5,047 10,802 11,&42 494,601 120,327 92,396 23,552 17,184 2,037 22, 256 7,761 23,619 1,366 23,909 8,812 26,906 1,080 899,221 64,767 215, 722 67,025 162,089 68,316 95,776 38,867 50,225 1,687 23,255 4,604 128,368 23,776 26,726 10,891 146, 742 96,062 321,563 97,012" 144,540 19,983 19, 157 26,388 122,033 31,999 92,659 8,166 88,243 4,473 Total. $106,205,149 55,457,830 101,049 6,146 41,633 64,706 2,720 1,560 791,787 112,600 electric properties. 650,231 243,059 414,347 222,053 443,735 266,177 8,357,184 3, 219, 422 2,160,135 1,282,246 1,422,717 840,755 874,901 670,772 433,2)0 207,807 612, 975 235,038 415,579 127,510 8,252,762 4,204,046 2,895,729 1,442,116 1,701,173 1,091,943 1,031,312 455,236 1,010,338 636,854 1,189,726 632, 776 866,807 479,850 1,517,770 604,376 6,809,793 4,428,981 3,754,215 1,743,218 2,259,919 1,230,928 441,281 263,459 3,754,747 1,695,316 1,102,955 547,686 968,713 376,418 198,491 31,887 704,964 436,027 3,702,064 2,209,227 208,614 96, 471 Salaries and wages. 19,528,187 10,494,276 $35,420,324 20,646,692 208,533 87,049 130,663 82,644 157,814 90,759 3,094,193 1,176,741 775,045 482,588 529,652 329,763 262,698 121,711 156,700 73,315 232,711 92, 173 171,125 66,719 3,032,721 1,603,904 %9,263 549.428 547,177 406,819 . 374. 496 167,762 301,794 216, 438 382,982 226,060 308,006 202, 726 496,810 204,888 2,236,647 1,688,836 1,126,813 728,952 755, 778 433,266 161.433 95,300 1,306,640 684, 197 360,768 218,302 313, 427 149, 190 77, 264 14,776 286,749 187,933 1,370,606 821,739 66,981 34, 740 5,819,617 3,904,706 GENERAL TABLES. 127 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907 AND 1902. EXPENSE.s— continued. Cost of sup- plies ana materials. Cost of fuel. Horsepower of engines „ and water Rents, taxes, wheels (in- insuranee, eluding and other , auxiliary miscellaneous engines) expenses. $21,400,823 11,280,423 $23,057,745 11.635.509 87.032 50,731 52,989 ! 30,324 58.799 ■ ■ 63,592 1,940,030 803,390 333,516 280.822 I 247,029 209,125 i 196,534 165,897 54.036 24,983 106, 757 62,073 137,625 22,745 1,376,655 742, 277 509,059 318,804 367,081 175,236 175, 798 131,330 201.944 90,985 196,193 102,356 220,159 96,595 222,156 106,422 1,438,911 621,057 1,090,659 346,616 580,410 251,484 47,173 56.528 717,251 305, 558 300,818 110,459 168, 144 78,331 50,600 11,460 112.927 71,341 691,810 449,766 48,399 22,363 4,028,067 2,433,526 216,013 62,243 178.232 86,465 169.967 66,294 1,122,639 502, 742 486,033 227, 201 334,733 178,099 155,299 116,079 187,324 92,393 160.641 58,803 39.461 14,906 2,006.053 989, 076 863,435 353,346 533, 438 349, 399 301,410 78,723 298, 270 146,296 289.579 115, 762 116.689 77,932 325. 158 176,101 1,376.830 909,420 852,734 407,568 540.935 337,201 167,733 81,226 767, 710 427, 166 122,551 95,241 307,992 15,867 2,260 142, 251 80,627 1,002.471 504,076 52.798 24.359 3,002,261 1,494,043 •Includes 2 25142—10- $26,326,257 | 4,098,188 11,895,206 i 1,845,048 138,653 '! 43,036 52,463 ' 22,620 .1 57,155 i 35,532 2, 200, 322 070, 549 ,552.541 291,635 311,303 123.768 2(i0.370 167,085 35.170 17.110 10().866 21,929 67,368 23,140 1,837,333 868,789 553,972 220,537 253, 477 100.489 179.608 77.420 208.330 183.135 320,972 88,608 221.953 102, 597 473,646 116,965 1,758,405 1,309,668 684.009 260,082 3S2, 796 208,987 64.942 30,405 903. 146 278,395 318,818 123,684 179. 150 60.299 54.760 3,391 103,037 96, 126 637. 277 433.646 40.436 14.009 6,678,242 2.662,001 26.404 7,620 7,746 2,540 13,953 8,433 384, 073 134,788 82, 427 38,2t« 56,243 28,389 33.805 10, 123 14,370 6,114 54,704 12,630 13,694 5,454 299.246 126,806 116,828 54,237 46. 739 39,504 48.374 13,283 41.984 21,415 23,292 13, 767 57,880 24,889 51,541 19. 740 188,335 124,213 184. 207 64.883 121.825 34,823 15,522 7,660 111,416 45,318 68,817 31,887 30,020 12,308 6.980 1,720 46.784 28,090 93, 602 68,761 4,548 1,780 722,653 323, 413 Kilowatt capacity of dynamos. 2,709,225 1.212,235 17.124 4,473 4,939 1,811 9,678 6,024 238, 480 83,8Hi 53. 130 21,808 39.303 15,516 20,733 8,432 7,804 4,699 35,440 7,020 7,082 2,774 209,226 100,320 81,576 38, 144 32,056 24, 886 30. 307 8,596 29,140 15.012 15,175 7,781 39,290 15,291 30. 223 13,207 135,924 90,624 101,714 44, 176 78,516 20.999 9,884 5,106 68.407 32,100 39,602 22,055 20,041 8,412 6,690 704 31.917 17,777 70,566 46, 120 3,789 986 482,031 187, 252 Output of sta- tions, kilowatt hours. KUHBER OF L.4.MPS.1 5,802,276.737 2,507,051,115 30,846.764 11,016,707 9.392,302 3,662,045 11.519.316 9.905,997 001.606,309 152,728,042 123, 275. 212 60,177,084 67,406,232 26, 738, 121 30,543,522 17,871,872 11,765,994 8,066,078 59,311.202 9,911,243 9,577,588 5,018,149 407.657.328 161,543.646 130,263,693 75,585,493 37,729,072 30,506,425 59,740,179 13,326,518 37.232.623 27,835.614 26.421,316 17,474,261 66.136,651 21,987,700 47.868,675 22, 128, 125 219,426.607 125,813,392 208, 154. 199 80,564.630 87,579,431 40,258,632 16.701,624 9,825,926 147.328.446 57,450,731 137,379,261 36.435,766 31,958,739 12.315,775 29.621,730 1,508,910 55,258,921 27,377,793 140,627,522 78, 739, 456 4,614,349 2, 637, 810 1,462,222.471 701,769.716 Arc. 655,713 385,698 Incandes- cent. I All other ' (includ- ing Nernst, vacuum, yapor, etc.). 41,445,997 18.194,044 4,926 2,033 754 295 1.609 1,664 19.691 16.764 5,391 4,770 7,639 6,399 4,473 3,144 1,408 1,106 3.173 1,462 960 567 55,309 38,215 22,105 15,326 7,352 5,929 6,685 3,498 6,884 4,698 8,687 4,278 3,187 2,254 9,292 5,761 33,869 28,790 23,514 17,712 13,398 8,543 1,694 1,035 17,576 13,144 3,132 1,648 4,262 2,608 327 78 3,510 2,879 21,973 15,685 332 272 97,529 59, 1,30 232,577 61,373 72.001 36,560 142.446 82,234 3,067,383 1,006.875 648.446 295,605 576.661 271,806 412.948 167,671 141,258 61,144 179,913 60. 139 122, 460 33,262 3.582,178 1,567,665 1,326,182 656.461 808,451 420,847 471,876 128,857 483, 401 142,662 376,990 135, 693 442,940 204,632 634, 706 125,087 2,650,724 1,420,963 1,711,689 805,127 900,119 384,705 141,027 85,111 1,698,935 593, 798 230.837 101,868 488.932 151, 162 63,904 8,213 301,300 170,541 1,673,082 646, 762 55,229 22, 507 6.991.406 3,706,525 162,338 27 831 1,048 10,226 3,282 26 424 31 9,131 5,478 935 875 395 23S 252 4,844 4,579 5,650 2,904 52 6,461 364 1,169 35 434 1,939 150 25,655 EMPLOYEES. Salaried officials and clerks. Number. Salaries. 12,990 $11,733,787 6,996 ! 5,663,580 109 41 58 28 75 36 927 351 220 166 170 101 96 45 71 30 132 56 72 23 1,034 580 448 243 278 196 182 78 124 75 113 78 100 83 665 459 5M 313 292 175 103 44 482 219 122 53 119 55 109 77 258 27 12 [ 1,879 897 I 82,498 31,637 55,596 30,545 52,670 27,354 1,141,902 395,587 220,340 141,885 166,759 106,807 84, 244 34,729 47,064 18,044 102,862 32, 467 82.755 19,790 982,854 480,947 310, 136 166,360 188,899 117,589 136, 160 44,606 100,691 60,563 97.053 67,099 98, 761 50.396 157.825 53,444 471,250 381.337 203,694 261.578 123.663 71.213 29,422 447,578 186, 715 175,087 73,308 104,250 42,801 27.071 5,400 83,568 46,580 419,954 265,566 21,505 11,320 1,775.526 814,600 Wage-earners. Average number. 34,642 23,330 $23,686, 14,983, 234 121 90 58 169 113 2,201 1,009 575 395 258 163 194 106 252 147 116 66 2,868 1,759 1,170 098 577 536 385 214 461 292 428 258 345 252 610 268 2,017 1,565 1,226 942 770 474 185 138 1,318 778 197 149 285 182 55 11 313 217 1,,360 816 56 33 5,837 4,524 Wages. 537 112 126, 55, 035 412 52,099 106, 63, 1,962, 781, 554, 340, 362. 222, 178. 86, 109, 56, 129, 59, 144 405 291 154 706 703 956 454 2,049, 1,122, 669 393; 368, 289, 238, 123 201 155 285, 158, 209 152 338 151 1,646 1,117; 745, 625, 494, 309, 90, 65, 869, 185, 144, 209, 106, 203. 141, 950. 556, 636 271 849 706 1,370 i,929 867 957 ,127 068 278 230 336 ,156 ,103 875 929 951 .245 ,330 ,985 444 151 ,586 476 268 200 603 220 878 062 482 681 994 177 389 193 376 181 353 552 173 476 ; 59 420 ; 60 4.044. 3,090, 091 106 61 63 stations In 1902 and 1 In 1907 9 In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 128 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 117.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— 6S 70 85 87 S4 100 101 102 STATE OR TERRITORY. North Carolioa. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Penosylvanla.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota. . Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto nico. Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 19022 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902" 1907 < 1902' Num- ber of sta- tions. 272 233 327 279 218 137 206 152 Cost ot con- struction and equipment. »2, 241, 791 803,936 1,619,997 416,843 42,557,000 26,381,397 7,130,864 597,516 14,403,278 5,157,651 73,907,749 41,579,338 7,327,862 5, 428, 796 8,803,382 2,442,989 2,806,363 623,504 7,514,333 3,603,088 11,313.529 5,510,491 5,148,596 7,521,780 7,234,498 2,691,170 1,790,271 1,039,347 20,789,849 3,537,022 2,682,935 1,123,449 10,478,355 4,678,316 942,326 467,463 626,837 822,523 Gross income. S543,322 250,133 533,383 197,689 7,643,997 4,431,038 1,106,316 281,452 1,965,245 691,582 16,015,392 9,486,867 1,724,659 1,026,407 901,537 387,010 513,682 207,868 1,299,983 912, 482 3,792,203 2,074,558 665,241 714,353 841,701 485,605 390,628 210,632 3,410,542 783,651 724,253 322,015 2,278,637 1,288,020 317,580 159,216 Electric service. 416,103 336,005 321,592 Total. $527,672 241,903 480,042 197,375 7,474,980 4,347,506 1,097,134 267,453 1,840,155 638,671 15,400,800 9,311,416 1,627,190 985, 595 865,708 356,066 492,767 204,292 1,266,610 911,555 3,668,722 2,049,225 627,332 664,240 795,391 461,898 380, 779 210, 176 3,219,814 739,743 689,919 320,443 2,127,080 1,270,669 303,683 159,016 397,332 207,600 Lighting. $425,856 226,376 421,711 182,525 6,282,861 3,873,339 920, 737 264,627 1,280,949 497,629 12,081,602 8,321,766 1,257,521 816,773 409,665 180, 973 379,963 199,254 1,063.323 716,417 3,066,994 1,753,681 249,472 435,426 603,381 372,408 319,902 202, 135 2,078,156 586,274 567,027 307, 166 1,783,357 1,178,349 291,822 158,416 287,347 183,595 269,455 Stationary motors. 176,431 15,627 40, 794 8,850 1,054,076 407,901 10), 920 12,826 375,306 89,942 2,101,320 640,948 302,513 120,935 432,384 169,353 110,651 5,038 1.30,798 134,023 376,897 203,859 173,439 156,331 162,376 67,771 40,746 8,041 531,818 66,866 43,084 7,509 253,087 75,992 11,761 60 109,985 24,005 32,295 'Mother. $26,385 17,537 6,000 138,043 66,266 72, 477 183,900 51,000 1,217,878 348,702 67, 1.56 47,887 23,659 5,740 2,153 72,489 61,116 224,831 91,685 204,421 72,483 29,634 21,719 .\ 11 other sources. 609,840 86,603 79,808 5,768 ! 90,636 16,328 100 541 $15,650 8,230 53,341 314 169,017 83,532 9,182 13,999 125,090 53,011 614,692 176,451 97, 469 40,812 35.829 30,944 20,915 3,576 33,373 927 123,481 25,333 37,909 50,113 46,310 23,607 9,849 456 190,728 43,908 34,334 1,572 151,557 17,351 13,897 200 6,024 18,771 128, 405 13,818 EXPENSES. Total. $370,375 163,639 368,604 162,005 5,3.36,848 2,944,706 791,687 166,039 918,760 338, 142 9,884,187 5,779,371 990,846 763,414 511,486 213,439 359,086 151,471 736,964 480,171 2,900.888 1,436,016 353,108 452,814 621,143 293,966 238,205 160,440 1,911,691 666,667 479,011 225,860 1,641,894 861, 194 215,773 104,549 Salaries and wages. 322,810 261,984 208,401 $131,013 67,996 113,383 47,260 1,543,925 1,0.53,991 264,604 61,929 416,424 167,756 3,241,421 2,095,415 3.tO,605 238,724 145,357 75,642 127, 143 58,116 247, 764 165, 041 789,219 509,181 169,686 177,391 188,780 132,645 99,060 68,249 800, 441 218,177 168,633 95,343 541,049 324,308 77.811 46.125 131,371 89,154 85,509 ' Exclusive of 7,082 arc and 267.997 incandescent lamps used by the establishments reporting to light their own electric properties. •Includes Indian Territory in 1902. • Includes 2 stations in Hawaii, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907 AND 1902— Continued. 129 EXPENSES — continued. Cost of sup- plies and materials. 162.948 36,3,10 33, ISd 18,507 869,760 564,844 71,885 23.559 130.883 36, 176 2.334,458 1,092,274 165. 642 100,311 94,301 65,530 58,844 37,645 108.251 99,097 361,1,35 325,305 113,974 103,839 118,071 65,221 54,188 30,947 575. 6,37 194.938 129.417 43. 748 a34,984 132,964 24, 698 12,952 Cost of fuel. Rents, taxes, I insurance, and other miscellaneous expenses, $134,064 43. 275 182. 404 60.505 1,307,873 704, 104 288. 253 63,958 173, 588 63,158 1,975 553 I 1,261.144 I 245. .386 145. ti07 104.043 44,922 140,739 37,611 225,985 123,655 1,178,812 337,730 7,616 52,883 59,895 42,251 51,370 38. ,329 101,085 55,974 113, 146 57,909 484, 109 271,642 78, 257 27,147 $42,350 16,038 39,(i31 19, 673 1,615,290 621,767 166,945 10. 593 197. 8t« 71.053 2,332.765 1,330,538 229,212 218. 772 167. 785 27,345 32.360 18.099 154.964 92.378 571.722 262.800 71.832 118,701 154.397 53,848 33,587 22,915 374,528 97,578 Horsepower of engines and water wheels (in- cluding auxiliary engines). 67.815 28,860 281,692 132,280 35,007 18,325 20,683 6,506 10,277 3,930 179.111 103, 745 22. 623 4, 407 126,815 17,798 302,5.37 175,510 27,986 17,600 84,1'5 21,205 12,984 5,057 28,730 19,003 71,914 34,887 35,950 20,460 38,566 23,857 14, 619 5,443 67.224 22,894 21.428 10,820 58,889 35,715 5,125 3,229 Kilowatt capacity of dynamos. 13,911 4,141 5,819 . 2,042 126,533 69,811 15,499 3,019 32, 587 11.165 212, 543 121,388 21,040 12, 139 51,271 13,390 10, 046 2,910 20,911 14,736 48. 558 26,108 33,593 13,923 21,854 11,442 9,195 3.827 66.308 13, 679 14,726 6,985 40,711 23,118 3,208 1.831 Output of sta- tions, kilowatt hours. 13,171,681 8,a51,.346 8,229.765 5,850,115 217.311.924 127,437.383 24,985.903 3,825,7(3 92.807,992 17,531,6t« 416,654,167 241, 09-!, 328 35, 651,. 323 23. 436, 435 68. 696. 424 18,426,763 13,615,015 4,256,007 34,847,956 24, 472, 632 75.829,108 48,888,450 61,672,661 32,457,063 29,923,3,33 22,374,060 10.208,360 6,879,243 257,785,236 19,722,262 24,871,317 11.355,905 .52.546,210 29,966,758 5, 499, 084 3.883,285 NUMBER OF LAMPS.' Arc. 1,936 1,178 1,163 502 43,849 31,839 3,451 914 3,927 2,023 66,777 47,722 5,970 5,161 2,521 1.366 1.278 798 4.407 3,662 8,176 5,146 440 1.866 1,534 1. 415 1.278 6.771 2,977 2.885 1.898 8,697 7,416 517 259 Incandes- cent. 144, 159 45,181 118,87? 41,916 2.254.467 934,213 218.884 37,443 370.092 95,045 3,861,171 l,78;s,683 384.597 196, 188 149,907 46,068 129. 486 63,248 306,818 174,291 794.972 303,591 67,663 ; 92,165 305,593 161, 106 93,035 I 37,645 I 1 618,809 ! 108, 443 159,800 78,066 779,354 428,930 59,315 22,082 All other (includ- ing Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc). 97 653 2,752 36, 491 732 HI 157 9,351 652 600 6,056 479 2,327 359 EMPLOYEES. Salaried officials and clerks. Number. 660 465 126 21 118 46 713 73 121 65 378 173 61 221 75 290 131 Salaries. $50,937 27,934 43,205 16, 470 517.401 263,190 92,329 19,280 130, 792 01.340 1,054.939 535. 721 102.077 71,494 67,958 26,479 55,710 18,068 93,858 48,987 278,797 127,747 55,356 57,543 69,006 39, 595 38,207 22,071 247,647 68,365 49,785 19,030 190,129 85, 158 28,722 11,950 Wage-earners. Average numljer. 176 96 101 50 1,497 1,301 288 71 349 141 3,313 2,467 377 236 168 120 113 63 295 241 137 171 188 153 112 107 664 199 179 134 577 434 Wages. $80,076 40, 062 70. 178 30,790 1,026.524 790,801 172,275 42,649 285,632 106, 415 2, 186. 482 1,5,59,{)94 248. 528 167, 230 77,399 49,163 71, 433 40,048 154,206 116,054 510,422 381,434 104,330 119,848 119,774 93,050 60,853 46, 178 552,794 149,812 118,848 76,313 350,920 239, 150 49,089 34, 175 77 87 99 100 101 102 47,251 61,247 22,992 114,996 66,971 29,192 44, 612 41, 182 4,741 3,583 4,416 2,449 2, 192 2,562 3,390,401 3, 430, 600 5,049,047 67 152 19,818 33,877 20 52,350 25,387 80 79,021 63,767 * Includes 2 stations ' Uiiwail included w in Hawaii and 4 in Porto Rico, in order tliat the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed, ith Alaska, and Torto Rico not reported. 130 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 118.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY STATE OB TEBSITOBT Num- ber of sta- tions. PEIMARY POWEB. Aggregate. Steam engines. Total. 500 H. P. and under. Over600H.P.but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. 2,000 H. P. but under 5,000 H. P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- lier. Horse- power. Num- Ijer. Horse- power. Num- lier. Horse- power. Num- l;er. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. 1 United States... 4,714 10,998 4,098,188 6,829 1,810,040 6,183 1,018,566 375 250,478 182 230,216 70 188,280 19 115,600 ? 55 15 63 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 98 9 56 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 100 39 100 384 192 183 55 75 142 56 832 479 339 222 158 89 215 116 393 583 343 107 380 93 171 19 166 257 32 958 113 61 589 115 144 953 66 104 74 142 415 55 146 85 114 95 409 40 26,404 7,746 13,953 384,673 82,427 66,243 33,805 14,370 54,704 13,694 299,246 116,828 46, 739 48,374 41,984 23,292 57,880 51,541 188,335 184,207 121,825 15,522 111,416 68,817 30,020 6,980 46,784 93,602 4,548 722,653 20,683 10,277 179,111 22,623 126,815 302,537 27,986 84,115 12,984 28,730 71,914 35,950 38,566 14,619 67,224 21,428 68,889 8,125 76 25 89 143 97 99 29 57 102 19 654 324 266 146 144 69 74 81 285 280 220 95 226 28 111 3 38 184 26 468 73 55 460 109 57 666 22 48 40 110 287 10 33 38 49 65 220 29 16,835 4,286 12,091 98,299 32,835 24,357 8,515 10,004 16,129 2,202 148,248 68,311 40,406 35,589 32,539 20,542 16,293 39, 035 118,287 56,893 39,895 14,072 63, 162 5,805 16,496 210 14,870 76,095 4,035 206,412 10,241 9,820 125,335 21,599 20,077 209,082 12,480 8,475 5,952 21,150 49,216 1,279 7,981 4,868 9,514 13,811 32,327 4,085 69 25 89 107 76 94 24 56 101 19 599 305 258 138 127 59 73 71 222 264 207 95 205 26 109 3 33 131 25 397 72 54 416 105 44 588 11 47 40 103 268 10 30 38 46 61 215 29 10,505 4,286 12,091 23,469 11,952 20,557 4,315 9,254 14,879 2,202 85,898 63,561 34,301 22,169 19,439 8,667 15,693 12,885 46,881 44,060 27,545 14,072 30,972 3,805 14,546 210 7,170 28,267 3,185 71,212 9,641 9,170 67,276 18, 169 7,877 123,557 3,020 5,975 5,952 13,850 32,916 1,279 6,131 4,868 6,864 11,011 29,087 4,085 4 2,430 3 3,900 3 Arizona 4 Arkansas California fi 15 13 5 5 1 10,405 9,883 3,800 4,200 750 5 7 6,025 7,000 11 2 23,900 4,000 6 34,500 (1 Colorado 7 Connecticut 8 Delaware ^ 9 Florida in 1 1,260 11 Idaho n Illinois 30 16 6 4 13 4 1 4 40 13 8 21,950 10,250 3,407 3,000 8,300 2,875 600 2,650 28,756 9,100 5,200 21 3 2 1 4 4 26,400 4,500 2,698 1,420 4,800 5,000 3 9,000 1 5,000 13 14 Iowa 15 3 9,000 16 Kentucky 17 Louisiana 2 4,000 18 Maine 19 1 12 3 4 1,000 15,400 3,733 5,150 4 11 15,000 27,250 1 7,600 ?n Massachusetts 21 2? 1 2,000 ?1 Mississippi ?4 8 5,430 6 2 1 6,630 2,000 1,200 7 20,130 ?'i Montana ?6 1 750 V 28 New Hampshire New Jersey 1 31 1 33 1 1 22 3 6 45 9 700 21,050 850 23,400 600 650 13,977 1,940 3,800 30,925 6,460 3 22 4,000 26,778 1 3,000 ?<» 30 31 New York 17 22,000 10 29,300 11 60,500 32 North Carolina North Dakota 33 34 Ohio 12 1 7 29 2 16,882 1,500 8,400 38,600 3,000 10 27,200 Ti 36 Oregon.. 37 Pennsylvania 3 8,000 1 8,000 38 Rhode Island 39 South Carolina South Dakota 1 2,500 40 3 15 2,100 11,050 3 4 3,400 6,250 1 2,000 47 43 Utah.. 44 Vermont 3 1,850 Virginia 2 3 5 1,350 1,800 3,240 1 1 1,300 1,000 17 West Virginia. . . . Alaska 9 6 26 22 4,741 4,416 14 13 2,231 3,190 14 13 2,231 3,190 51 Hawailand Porto Rico 1 1 Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 131 PEIMAHY POWER— continued. steam turbines. Water wheels. Total. 500 H. P. and under. Over 500 H. P. but under 1,000 n. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. 2,000 H. P. but under 5,000 H. P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Total. 500 H. P. and under. Over 600 H. P. but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- Horse- ber. power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. 377 817,410 65 17,017 123 [ 85,680 67 86,372 78 221,415 44 406,926 2,481 1,349.087 1,910 320,636 244 161,051 161 196,620 1 4 5 2 13 13 12 8 11 1 2,392 2,550 1,225 35.000 22,16« 12,886 23,800 4.200 2,000 1 225 3 1,000 3 2 2 2 3 3 1 2,167 1,550 1,225 1,500 2,041 2,036 800 15 4 1 172 47 54 5 7,007 750 300 208,444 25,580 18, 0« 285 11 4 1 80 32 48 5 1,007 750 300 17,519 5,480 8,045 285 4 6,000 •J ^ 4 1 ■ 390 1 225 3 sua 2 4 6 1 3 2,500 5,500 9,900 1,000 3,000 6 5 16,610 14,400 2 14,000 18 6 14,225 3,900 35 6 6 41,400. 6,600 10,000 S is,' 666' 7 2 8 1,000 1,200 2 6,000 2 8 <> 1 2,000 37 37 80 83 44 36 36,335 11,492 10,478 19.606 3,833 8,661 16 34 80 83 44 36 2,336 8,742 10,478 19,606 3,833 8,661 4 1 3,000 750 'i 14.200 2,000 10 11 27 25 138,710 2.1. Sfil 10 13 2 2 6,710 9,324 1.500 1,500 4 4 5,300 4,650 3 5 10,200 11,700 10 116,500 1? 3 187 13 2 1.500 2 1,500 3 9, 125 2 1.S2.'; 14 15 1 125 2 9,000 16 1 1 1 7 5 525 750 666 4,930 3,540 1 1,300 17 1 7 22 17 750 10,8fi6 51,330 40.215 : 132 13 58 249 71 39,766 1,347 16,781 86,738 71,666 103 13 49 174 57 15, 442 1,347 8,562 24,038 8,656 25 19,104 4 6,220 18 2 2 2 4 700 550 875 1,500 1 7 2 2 1.500 8,800 3,300 2,700 3 3 8 2 8,000 7,050 32,500 4,000 19 3 30,666 7 70 2 5.519 38,500 1,400 5 2,700 1,200 6,800 20 ?1 8 8.200 n 1 10 3 4 750 38,882 6,025 8,750 1 2 1 1 750 1.342 625 750 91 4 2 3 10,720 5,400 8,000 4 26,820 5 62 19 9 101 22 6 362 32 1 21 2,002 56,987 2,954 6,260 26,404 1,794 613 305,950 9,962 100 2,037 2 34 18 3 90 22 6 256 20 1 21 202 6,432 2,154 310 14,504 1,794 513 44, 468 3,012 100 2,037 3 5 1 5 3 1,800 4.125 800 3,750 2,400 ?4 16 17,150 ?5 ?« ?7 6 10 4,390 12,850 6 2 4,390 1,500 8 8,500 'H 7 7,350 1 4,000 ?9 10 47 203,595 6 1,270 8 5,072 4 5,160 12 30,093 17 162,000 32 12 20,782 6,950 25 31,400 31 31 20 1 2 39 6 44,916 750 4,000 49,081 12,020 4 1,250 6 1 4,500 750 4 6,166 3 11,500 3 22,500 34 31 2 3 4 4,000 6,522 9,720 72 119 16 62 12 14 23 45 101 44 48 U 140 6 102,052 30,863 2,263 75,430 2,205 1,240 2,762 34,671 28,472 9,551 56,118 3,627 19,001 765 38 110 16 21 10 14 23 27 87 40 28 9 139 6 6,286 23,083 2,263 8,705 1,005 1,240 2,762 4,671 17,222 5,726 6.018 1,927 18,451 765 6 4 4,266 2,780 3 6 3,000 5,000 36 7 1,675 21 14,345 5 2 6.433 2,300 3 20,106 37 38 7 2 4, .500 1,200 16 20,625 39 6 6 11 4,100 5,360 15,136 3 1,100 2 2 3 3,000 2,680 3,500 40 4 1 2,680 536 41 3 1,100 4 10,000 4? 7 13 1 2 1 4,700 9,060 600 4,700 1,700 660 8 10,600 43 2 1,783 1 450 1 1,333 44 3 1 3.22.n 4'i 3 5 10 1 1,160 2,680 4,856 225 2 2 3 1 410 410 200 225 1 3 7 750 2,270 4,656 2 2,000 46 47 48 49 10 8 2,490 1,186 10 8 2,490 1,186 50 M 132 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 118.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY , psiHART POWER— continued. GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT. Water wheels— Continued. Oas engines. Auxiliary engines. Dynamos. 2,000 H. P. but under 5,000 H. P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Aggregate. Total. Under 200 K. W. 200 K. W. but under 600 K.W. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Kilowatts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 1 United States Ill 330,980 55 339,800 463 55,828 848 65,823 12, 173 2,709,225 9,491 664,440 1,547 434,586 ■> 1 3 1 11 4 6 20 70 12 16,585 300 706 4 2 7 45 31 12 13 6 1 150 90 325 26,345 1,546 249 1,205 126 100 104 53 105 336 181 220 82 74 157 46 947 640 374 230 175 86 210 155 614 544 381 102 295 94 171 14 140 345 38 1,072 125 64 756 122 113 1,285 110 87 70 127 451 62 118 83 128 115 432 40 17,124 4,939 9,078 238,480 53, 130 39,363 26,733 7,804 35,446 7,082 209,226 81,576 32,056 30,307 29,140 15, 175 39,290 36,223 135,924 101,714 78,516 9,884 68,467 39,602 20,041 5,690 31,917 70,566 3,789 482,031 13,911 6,819 126, 533 15,499 32,587 212,543 21,040 51,271 10,046 20,911 48,5,58 33,592 21,864 9,195 66,308 14, 726 40, 711 3,208 78 44 96 131 121 175 57 67 122 34 819 435 343 192 140 65 142 120 463 430 322 88 254 51 156 9 82 224 36 746 108 58 633 94 59 1,028 88 49 62 101 391 36 73 73 83 91 385 38 6,309 2,114 6,803 10,232 7,605 13,568 3,917 6,059 9,601 2,632 56,026 31,010 21,342 12,972 9,355 4,275 9,420 7,393 33, 440 28,813 19,786 6,609 17, 142 3, 442 9,461 490 7,297 18,056 2,764 57,609 7,836 4,349 44,003 7,349 3,837 76,741 6,396 3,621 4,801 7,001 21,863 2,192 5,481 5,295 6,678 6,681 24, 136 2,733 18 7 8 88 26 25 14 7 13 7 70 71 25 25 23 12 44 21 87 74 35 13 18 20 9 4,490 1,826 2,375 26, 035 7,025 6,405 4,216 1,745 2,795 1,960 21,750 19,310 6,864 6,835 5,985 3,700 12,750 4,930 26,509 21,901 9,690 2,775 5,175 5,710 2,130 •^ 4 5 California Colorado 32 3 89,600 9,600 7 45,700 7 ^ q Florida 1 1 40 140 10 7 16,800 11 •|9 Illinois . .... 19 15 11 19 1 3 870 1,295 564 1,678 15 420 52 32 16 19 10 15 8 10 16 26 22 10 126 940 1,755 436 946 305 605 1,071 163 840 758 646 675 6,407 n 14 T) 16 17 IS 19 5 12 11 22 1 13 130 1,097 603 1,428 25 963 ""n ''1 Michigan i 3 22,000 39,000 7> 4 16,800 •Kf '4 8 29,280 ''fi 17 6 8 11 845 485 1,115 1,328 20 1 13 30 975 25 1,005 1,535 07 ' 1 2,200 OR 35 82 2 160 13 6 78 25 35 158 5 5 3 12 42 8 37 7 20 18 34 2 8,370 21,285 625 48,661 3,575 1,470 21,630 6,150 10,995 45,2()7 1,295 1,350 745 3,050 10,745 2,100 10,023 1,650 5,930 4,845 9,576 476 *^0 31 24 62,800 25 146,500 26 3,315 55 8 3 35 3 7 63 18 3 7 12 41 3,381 480 152 1,195 74 504 6,042 223 60 199 980 1,742 T? ?3 North Dakota 2 53 2 6 66 4 1 10 205 5,628 200 182 7,469 1,000 150 528 ?4 Ohio . . . ■fi 36 22 73,500 3 15,000 17 Pennsylvania 3S S9 8 41,600 40 41 4'' Texas 53 3,058 4? Utah 3 1 14,800 2,200 44 4 1 2 9 22 205 60 90 925 2,079 6 2 12 5 17 4 125 140 342 385 626 50 45 Virginia . .. 46 Washington 6 13,400 5 30,000 47 West Virginia 48 Wisconsin 49 Wyoming ■iO Alaska 2 1 20 40 25 24 2,449 2,562 22 21 1,574 1,662 3 3 875 900 51 Hawaii and Porto Rico 1 » Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order tliat the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued. 133 GENERATING AND OTHEB MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued. Dynamos — Continued. Aggregate- Continued. Direct-current, constant- voltage. 50O K. W, but under 1,000 K. W. 1,000 K.W. but under 2,000 K. W. 2,000 K.W. but under 5,000 K. W. 6,000 K. W. and over. Total. Under 200 K.W. 200K.W.but under 500 K.W. 600 K. W. but under 1,000 K.W. 1,000 K.W. but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K. W. but under 6,000 K.W. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Nmn- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 624 390,149 281 351,700 163 438,350 67 430,000 3,680 406,460 3,128 183,865 417 115,156 102 63,890 30 1 36,560 1,000 3 7,000 1 6 2 1 50 20 7 6 4,125 1,000 500 36,213 12,550 3,890 3,600 2 2,200 1 29 27 36 68 57 70 36 10 23 9 283 126 168 76 57 33 56 33 166 127 185 22 102 25 74 3 26 91 17 291 32 46 230 32 24 388 35 5 23 30 209 13 11 22 30 31 172 18 4,300 737 2,331 8,960 4,852 7,097 5,280 1,070 1,469 147 34,374 13,528 11,866 6,836 5,509 5,724 5,714 2,674 26,633 11,662 13,009 1,061 10,215 2,166 4,005 60 3,682 21,114 925 48,768 1,966 3,609 34,298 3,120 3,877 48,682 8,374 191 1,456 2,176 12,070 622 863 1,252 5,484 2,255 9,804 923 21 27 33 46 46 64 25 8 20 9 237 108 158 68 50 32 48 28 134 110 171 22 91 22 71 3 19 37 17 224 30 42 196 27 15 315 23 5 23 27 194 13 9 22 24 30 167 18 1,550 737 1,531 2,125 2,102 5,847 1,730 570 819 147 13,764 6,778 8,016 3,876 2,709 1,774 2,849 1,574 9,808 5,687 8,484 1,051 4,105 1,466 3,230 60 1,232 2,564 925 17,998 1,566 2,989 11,998 1,770 352 22,867 2,079 191 1,466 1,176 7,345 622 463 1,262 1,184 2,056 8,679 923 7 1,760 ? 1 3 20 11 6 10 2 3 800 5,105 2,750 1,260 2,960 500 650 4 31 7 12 1 43,000 8,700 13,500 1,000 22 7 1 2 51,500 17,250 2,000 4,000 14 72,500 1 720 1 1,000 H n 7 2 10,000 1 600 8 q 9 5 31 21 5 10 8 6 23 6 40 14 7 1 9 15 2 4 18 31 1 59 4 5,760 2,600 19,160 12,660 2,850 6,600 4,650 4,100 16,120 3,400 24,126 7,600 4,540 500 4,660 10,250 1,250 3,000 10,050 21,225 500 39,111 2,600 13 17,400 10 1 11 13 12 1 2 1 3 1 1 20 18 10 14,300 16,600 1,000 3,000 1,000 3,100 1,000 1,600 27,100 20,500 12,000 4 1 11,000 2,000 10 87,000 38 14 8 6 6 2 4 5 17 16 13 13,310 3,260 2,060 1,460 2,000 800 865 1,000 4,450 4,475 3,525 6 3 1 3 1 3 4 3,800 2,000 800 1,600 800 2,100 2,000 1 1 1 1,000 1,500 1,000 1 2,500 12 11 11 1 3 2,000 8,250 n 16 1 1,050 17 ■■■ ■ ! IS 7 1 8 4 14,000 2,260 23,000 10,000 1 3 6.000 22,500 14 10 1 6,975 500 4 1 1 6,400 1,000 1,000 20 ?l 3 22,500 2? ■n 3 4,600 7 8 2 1 1 1 17,000 20,200 4,600 2,200 2,000 3,000 4 20,000 3 3 3 960 700 775 7 3,650 1 1,500 24 fa 2 2,700 ?fi 'T 4 7 4,200 7,000 4 41 960 9,460 3 12 1,600 8,100 ?H 1 1,000 ?<» 1 ■ 10 39 47,800 49 166,360 19 133,500 44 2 3 23 5 7 61 5 13,060 400 620 8,000 1,350 2,100 17,165 1,295 18 12,720 5 6,000 31 1? 1? 23 2 14 70 13 16 3 10 11 10 6 3 4 6 13 13,700 1,000 8,265 42,636 7,100 11,500 1,500 5,860 6,960 6,700 3,360 2,260 2,500 3,200 7,000 13 1 5 24 2 9 2 3 7 2 1 16,700 1,000 9,600 26.900 3,000 10,800 3,000 3,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 6 15,500 3 15,000 6 3,600 6 8,200 1 2,500 34 15 2 9 1,426 5,150 3,000 16 1 2 8 2,000 4,250 24,000 4 20,000 3 3,600 17 1 2,000 IS 19 40 1 2,000 2 12 500 2,775 1 3 600 1,950 41 40 4 1 9,600 2,000 2 11,000 41 2 400 44 4'i 9 12,700 10 27,500 2 11,000 2 1 S 400 200 1,125 2 1,600 2 2,400 46 A7 4S 1 10 11 419 797 10 10 419 597 1 200 fii i 134 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 118.-<)0MMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY STATE OB TEBBITORY. GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-.STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued. Dynamos— Continued. Direct-current, constant-amperage. Alternating single-phase and poly- phase current. Total. Under 200 K.W. 200 K.W. but under 600 K. W. 600K. W. but 1,000 K.W. but under 1,000 K.W. under 2,000 K.W. Total. Under 200 K. W. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 1 United States 1,685 80.992 1,664 71,649 16 4,833 3 2,010 2 2,500 6,808 2,221,773 4,699 408,926 Alabama . . ? 1 1 4 S 19 51 10 4 8 42 40 268 169 1,177 1,650 712 404 233 1 1 4 5 19 51 16 4 8 42 40 268 169 1,177 1,650 712 404 233 74 25 65 263 105 99 30 60 126 37 471 293 188 143 105 47 128 67 .288 322 158 80 172 60 96 U 112 179 21 636 87 15 383 90 89 590 30 82 45 95 234 49 95 53 98 71 220 21 12,782 4,162 7,079 229,361 47,101 30,616 20,741 6,330 33,744 6,936 164,976 62,286 19,759 23,007 23,196 9,413 32,285 31,315 102,032 86,625 64,162 8,833 57,629 37,192 15,961 6,030 28,135 45,582 2,864 422,117 11,764 2,030 86,412 12,379 28,710 147,242 10,859 51,080 8,568 18,646 36, 213 .13,070 20,453 7,709 60,824 11,962 29,907 2,205 66 16 59 80 56 60 16 55 94 25 391 208 167 113 77 32 70 37 168 226 113 60 142 20 84 6 61 112 18 385 72 12 295 67 44 412 20 44 37 72 189 23 53 43 69 48 178 19 4,717 1,337 6,004 7,938 4,326 6,071 1,475 6,085 8,449 2,485 32,886 19,244 12,895 8,632 6,211 2,463 5,845 3,485 16,373 19,699 9,957 5,568 12,314 1,732 6,156 430 5,965 11,622 1,839 33,615 6,089 1,180 26,182 6,579 3,485 38,315 1,509 3,430 3,313 5,736 14,243 1,670 4,780 3,809 5,494 4,117 14,457 1,730 3 Arizona Arkansas California. . 4 S fi 7 R Delaware*. Q Florida . rn 11 Idaho 1? Illinois.. 193 121 18 11 13 1 26 55 161 95 38 9,876 5,762 431 464 435 38 1,291 2,334 7,259 3,527 1,345 191 119 18 11 13 1 24 55 161 95 38 9,376 4,994 431 464 435 38 720 2,334 7,259 3,527 1,345 2 2 600 768 13 14 Iowa. . . . 1R Kansas in Kentucky 17 Louisiana IS Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 2 665 w m ?i n Minnesota ra ?4 Missouri 21 9 1 723 244 75 21 9 1 723 244 75 ?5 Montana Nebraska. ?fi 97 ?R New Hampshire. .1 100 3,870 2 75 100 3,870 W in New Mexico 11 New York. 145 6 4 143 11,146 191 180 5,823 137 6 4 143 5,996 191 180 5,823 4 1,400 2 1,250 2 2,500 1? North Carolina . . 33 North Dakota 14 Ohio IS klahonia 3f> 37 307 46 16,619 1,807 301 45 14,559 1,807 5 1,300 1 760 IS Rhode Island 31 40 2 2 8 32 89 275 2 2 8 32 89 275 41 Tennessee Texas. . 4? 41 Utah . 44 12 8 538 234 11 8 238 234 1 300 4') Virginia 4fi Washington 47 West Virginia 13 40 1 509 1,000 80 13 40 1 509 1,000 80 4S 41 1 Alaska .. Vl 1 . . . 15 10 2,030 1,675 12 8 1,155 1 975 j SI Hawaii and Porto Rico 3 90 3 90 1 1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. POWER AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Con tiaued. 185 GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued. Dynanio.s- -Coiitirnied. Transformers. Boosters. Rotaries. Storage- battery ceils in main stations. Kilowatt capacity of miscel- laneous appa- ratus. Alternating single-ph ase and polyphase current — Continued. 200 K. W. but under SOOK.W. SOOK.W.but under 1,000 K.W. 1,000 K. W. but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K. W. but under 5,000 K.W. 5,000 K. W. and over. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 1,114 314,598 519 324,249 249 312,650 160 431,360 67 430,000 1,577 592,708 127 4,810 180 52.416 9,751 43,209 1 11 7 5 68 IS 19 4 5 10 7 30 55 17 20 17 10 38 16 70 59 22 13 15 17 6 2,740 1,825 1,575 20.930 4,275 5,155 1,266 1,245 2,145 1,950 7,940 15,292 4,814 5,375 3,985 2,900 11,320 3,930 22,059 17,426 6,165 2,775 4,215 5,010 1,355 6 2 1 49 20 7 5 4,125 1,000 500 34,493 12,660 3.890 3,000 1 1,200 ] 12 2 3,801 266 2 2 2 6 1 2 1 1 600 300 680 2,000 350 300 600 275 15 16 45 70 470 60 2,670 12 25 19 1,898 80 420 1.043 115 t j 3 85 g 4 30 7 12 1 42.000 8,700 13,500 1.000 22 7 1 2 51.600 17,250 2,000 4,000 14 72,500 268 73 10 3 21 17 22 S3 43 12 42 9 131,575 21,251 6,885 130 290 15,900 2,690 4,656 3,749 486 6,517 504 4 7 2 4 136 414 250 266 118 268 5 A 7 2 10,000 204 8 9 5 25 18 4 7 7 3 19 5 30 13 7 1 2 16 2 4 15 19 1 39 4 5.750 2.500 15.350 10,650 2,050 4,000 3,750 2.000 14. 120 3,400 18.150 7,000 4,640 600 1,000 10,250 1,250 3,000 8.550 13. 125 500 25,141 2,500 13 17,400 1 1 13 22 40 324 10 ) 11 12 11 13.300 15,100 3 1 8.600 2,000 10 87,000 13 9 4 3,695 2,338 866 1,285 12 11 2 1 5 1 1 3 4 9 6 2 2 3 1 1 25 30 22 10 60 26 202 272 104 16 16 46 2 8 572 280 14 2 1 2 I 1 16 17 9 3.000 1.000 2.050 1,0(X) 1.500 20.700 19.500 11,000 1 3 2,000 8,250 IS 16 3 650 36 17 23 4 46 55 48 4 12 40 4 12 6 10 3 263 9 10,648 160 2,871 20,484 40,172 102 377 34,175 152 4,200 300 132 22 92,538 1,664 18 7 4 14,000 2,250 23,000 10,000 1 3 6,000 22,500 1 7 21 300 2.000 6,100 228 67 646 376 200 860 1,178 1,353 20 95 796 19 20 3 22,600 VI 2 1 1 3 1 600 200 200 • 1,300 600 ?1 2 3,000 7 8 2 1 1 1 17,000 20,200 4,500 2,200 2,000 3,000 4 20,000 203 24 ?S 2 2,700 60 64 236 974 76 ■"Z 31 41 2 112 11 3 55 20 28 92 7.420 11,835 625 34,211 3,175 850 13,630 4,800 8,895 26,802 4 6 4,200 6,000 584 2 18.988 ?8 7 566 U 3,835 "X} If) 32 40,300 49 155,350 19 133,600 22 1 670 30 27 7,914 1,199 31 3? 2 8 108 2,975 289 4,063 350 626 4,354 It 18 2 12 60 7 16 3 9 8 10 6 3 2 6 13 10,100 1.000 6.830 36,725 4,100 11,500 1,500 5.360 5,000 6,700 3,350. 2,250 1,000 3,200 7,000 7 1 5 21 2 9 2 3 7 2 1 8.500 1,000 9,500 23.400 3.000 10.800 3.000 3.000 9.000 2.000 1,000 6 13,000 3 15,000 42 8 42 74 34 43 5 12 8 66 36 11,820 231 13,397 21,666 3,225 29,788 1,250 2,605 429 35.762 4,408 5 1 150 7 610 34 I"! 36 1 1 8 2,000 2,260 24,000 4 ;!0,000 3 6 238 462 20 5 4,470 2,100 991 648 37 38 5 3 10 30 8 34 7 18 17 29 2 1,350 745 2,560 7,970 2,100 9,323 1,650 5.630 4.645 8,450 475 55 3") 1 7 7 150 2,300 1,700 266 40 1 2,000 1 2 4 240 885 535 41 4? 4 1 9,600 2,000 2 11,000 4t 189 44 37 208 433 320 15 I*) 7 10,300 10 27,600 2 11,000 62 13 16 56,643 1.584 3,203 ' 151 6 1,510 56 46 47 2 19 4 1,600 276 It 4*) 3 2 875 700 6 900 m 1 250 ■ii 1 I 136 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 119.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS, STATE OK TEREITOBY. Numl)er of stations. SUBSTATION PLANTS. Total kilowatt capacity. Transformers. Rotarles. Number of celUiD storage batteries. Kilowatt capacity of miscel- laneous ap- paratus. Number Kilowatts. Numljer. Kilowatts. 1 United states 4,714 1,511,102 4,211 1,100,824 490 311,003 20,187 99,276 ? 55 15 63 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 98 9 66 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 61 71 48 206 18 4,500 1,490 9 9 3,400 1,190 266 1,100 1 2 .inn 4 >; California 296,306 19,594 16,520 24,795 1,068 90 44 21 283,428 18,910 11,470 11,900 8 2,130 1 , 400 11 6.050 1,168 10,748 284 A 7 1,040 1,178 8 18 10,700 2,195 9 Florida in 15,583 4,226 92,651 23,611 1,443 5,850 1,200 6,117 12,108 16,525 24,093 88,858 63,292 60 35,272 17,742 890 7,700 10,805 9,070 39 61 168 62 28 28 14,483 3,925 21,351 19,930 1,411 5,850 4 600 500 300 1,900 2,066 32 11 Idalio .. 1? Illinois 93 12 69,400 1,615 3,018 420 11 14 11 16 1,200 1,000 17 10 65 26 163 143 77 2 116 54 17 34 68 60 2,117 12,108 5,726 23,181 61,040 44,440 60 6,347 16,602 840 7,700 9,856 4,746 4 3,000 \^ 9 3 28 16 7,400 900 9,290 6,100 3,400 12 18,528 3,752 ?n 1,388 299 528 ?i ?^ ^ '"t 16 2 7,950 600 936 20,975 540 50 ■"> ?fi TT ■>« 3 14 750 4,200 278 200 125 •X) 'tn V 487,973 2,250 865 24 316,937 2,260 196 161,628 7,761 9,408 1? ti 14 18,795 63 13,425 4 1,000 470 4,370 15 16 40,829 63,747 1,823 47,813 1,390 324 1,140 8,840 8,728 2,055 38,507 1,805 4,733 50 139 186 26 168 9 12 29,629 36,107 1,823 47,813 1,390 324 15 10.200 1,000 12,200 17 23 5,440 1,108 296 1R 19 in South Dakota - - ^'' Texas - 1,140 41 Utah.. 48 66 12 114 19 38 1 8,840 8,528 2,055 35,357 1,805 2,483 50 1 44 1 1 200 45 Virginia. . 46 Washington 7 3,150 55 47 48 2,250 49 'in 9 6 900 6 900 1 ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 137 TRANSFORMERS, METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATIONARY MOTORS. TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS FOR CUSTOMERS. Number of meters Number of custom- OUTPUT OF STATIONS , KILOWATT HOURS. ou consumption ers fumislied elec- circuits. tric current. Number. Horsepower. Number. Kilowatts. Total for year. Average per day. 107, 184 1,649.021! 299,489 2,058,567 1,683,917 1,946,979 5,862,276,737 16,295,709 1 541 5,660 2,037 8,890 11,430 16,261 30,840,764 85,766 2 339 2,220 605 3,083 5,025 6,854 9,392,302 25,731 3 198 1,177 1,917 7,, 396 6,503 12,071 11,619,310 31,791 4 ll,5(iO 200,067 21,625 213,633 143,384 173,029 661,606,309 1,816,169 5 3,232 41, 161 4,046 45,633 41,050 46,911 123,275,212 339,288 6 2,741 21,146 3,657 24,262 20,072 21,614 07,406,232 184,720 7 1,630 13,053 1,546 8,078 11,700 11,165 30,543,622 83,681 8 189 1,584 2,004 8,183 7,970 10,640 11,706,994 32,600 9 410 11,078 3,225 14,385 10,075 15,452 59,311,202 163,262 10 406 4,054 2,011 10,402 7,160 12,656 9, 577, .588 27,963 11 21,675 137,661 20,331 99,067 146,208 167,645 467,057,328 1,284.805 12 5,132 33,716 12,296 63,799 72,483 86,237 130,263,093 362, 484 13 2,643 14,547 4,907 23,422 39, 492 48,516 37,729,072 103.743 14 1,425 12,033 3,111 15,606 21,364 29,292 59,740.179 164, 756 15 1,124 9,962 4,582 20,175 18,350 24,282 37, 232, 623 103,293 16 1,713 16,110 3,372 8,862 15,116 15,972 26,421,316 72,841 17 1,304 19,372 4,858 24,210 16,230 19,614 66,136.651 190. .339 18 4.893 19,803 3,824 22,355 20,854 22, 168 47.8(i8.675 131,140 19 15,877 81,246 16,165 94,324 87,824 80,713 219.425.607 601,777 20 7,089 53,245 10,222 72,t»3 78,950 87,500 208, 154, 199 571,182 21 3,711 41,095 6,249 35.860 46,701 54,214 87,579,431 370, 445 22 181 1,520 1,958 9.791 9,234 13,829 15,704,624 43,246 23 8,923 54,111 9.531 46,185 50.070 61,575 147,328,446 406,919 24 971 33,240 1,823 33,691 15. 105 17, 630 137,379,261 392,207 25 1,719 10,776 2,433 17,146 22,710 27,086 31,958,739 87,804 26 411 6,850 836 4,319 2,305 3,958 29,621,730 81,820 27 1.061 10,231 4.030 18.836 11,764 14,082 55,258,921 153,562 28 5,994 27,604 13.830 56, 770 55,296 57,179 140,527,522 385,86(j 29 195 1,231 303 1,949 2,701 4,494 4,614,349 12,680 30 18,051 393, 955 32,406 496,040 217,462 201,701 1,452,222,471 3,988,701 31 249 4,345 1,526 6.395 6,068 9,719 13, 171, 681 37,443 32 327 1,816 343 1,752 6,493 7,999 8,229,705 22,041 33 13,083 04,941 18,991 91,064 92,964 100,071 217,311,924 699,779 34 1.08B 6,586 2,259 12,052 13,937 20,565 24,985.903 69, 428 35 2,072 20,452 3,439 25,227 21,312 33,475 92,807,992 256,8.33 36 10,063 122.461 37,578 195,742 142. 186 160,957 410,554,167 1,101,309 37 2,082 12,947 2,477 10,304 13,212 11,591 36,051,323 97,676 38 969 37,388 2,456 11.195 6,6.32 8,054 68, 696, 424 175,540 39 279 3,649 823 7,096 6,500 7,940 13,616.015 40, ,322 40 1,193 4,524 3,009 12,527 11,397 16,426 34,847,956 101,203 41 4,223 18,634 8,893 31,744 47.625 68,447 75,829,108 210.588 42 406 5,519 943 8,233 2,197 11,212 61, 072, (.61 109,550 43 776 9.778 3,498 20,790 12,698 15,361 29,923.333 82,149 44 268 3,690 1,295 7,764 2,835 6,969 10,208,300 29,347 45 1,933 29,686 3,843 63,657 38,699 46,462 257,785,236 708,034 46 340 4.432 2,052 10,327 5,936 9,404 24.871.317 71,043 47 2,366 17,995 5,993 25,710 34,773 44,081 52,546,210 147,502 48 131 685 271 1,901 3,199 5,116 5,499,084 16,080 49 65 587 53S 1,614 734 1.879 3.390,401 9,306 50 162 1.082 420 2.002 2,490 5,059 5,049,047 13.833 51 138 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 120.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATE OB TEKBIIORY. Number of stations. ARC UOnTQIO— NUMBES OF LAMPS WIRED FOE SEB^^CE. Total. Direct-current. Altemating-curren t . Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Puhlic. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. 1 United States Alabama 4,714 555,713 1 12,007 254,315 66,879 222,512 10,050 126,251 64,416 68,500 1,957 128,064 2,463 154,012 V 66 16 63 121 56 41 14 37- 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 98 9 56 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 . 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 4,928 754 1,669 19,691 6,391 7,639 4,473 1,408 3,173 966 55,309 22,165 7,352 5,685 6,884 8,587 3,187 9,292 33,869 23,514 13,398 1,694 17,576 3,132 4,262 327 3,510 21,973 332 97,529 1,936 1,163 43,849 3,451 3,927 66,777 . 5,970 2,521 1,278 4,407 8,176 440 1,866 1,415 6,771 2,885 8,697 517 265 78 3 195 88 241 37 144 683 149 75 3 is' 383 155 195 9 14 16 13 21 i' 8 4 399 "3,'3i7' 12 2 4,929 1 is' 10 44 63' i2 405 2,483 409 583 9,239 2,230 3,410 2,601 128 561 379 26,411 8,894 3,394 2,514 1,556 4,440 1,096 5,544 15,991 9,335 8,138 361 11,489 1,986 2,061 195 1,564 8,814 162 57,028 249 621 15, 161 1,563 1,557 23,681 2,631 680 479 1,396 4,713 349 461 346 3,768 1,017 2,385 262 68 27 9 903 1,692 1,371 363 220 310 24 9,225 4,644 979 269 318 ■■ "326' 1,146 2,741 2,826 1,648 31 976 177 110 19' 2,644 3 4,347 54 36 4,625 44 1,597 18,520 2,399 54' ■ 639 4 243 184 " "6i2' 480 72 2,110 240 1,074 9,354 1,381 2,617 1,472 916 2,302 563 18,990 8,578 2,904 2,899 5,010 4,147 1,750 2,219 14,982 11,158 3,603 1,288 5,095 956 2,070 132 1,923 10,507 163 35,755 1,633 506 20,746 1,832 771 19,647 939 1,841 784 2,947 2,780 87 1,099 885 3,003 1,244 5,427 183 e' 3 66 88 229 37 144 1,780 106 21 984 75 1,849 1,989 12 33 2 9 9 652 1,692 1,371 363 200 183 6 9,107 4,491 908 269 318 " "326' 1,146 2,634 2,511 1,661 '893" 164 105 119 27 445 411 67 589 1,373 24 78 3 5,238 2,400 988 791 2,666 246 550 1,837 6,674 2,361 1,086 82 3,177 77 183 265 72 "i29' 12 53 46 2 1 32' i4' 16 3 13 703 303 562 8,255 2,156 1,561 612 116 628 379 11,949 5,465 1,664 1,626 1,420 1,325 806 2,406 7,294 5,100 2,872 329 4,796 1,462 1,983 195 1,532 8,372 103 14,850 232 91 6,160 1,478 1,548 15,592 824 680 363 1,370 3,865 349 461 341 2,176 954 1,686 182 66 18 "25i" 26" 127 19 118 53 71 "m 316 87 31 83 13 6 ' "m 3 109 """"359' 44 115 is' 8 4 5" 23' 45 1,991 213 629 8,943 1,314 2,028 90 892 2,224 560 13,752 6,178 1,916 2,108 2,344 3,901 1,200 382 8,308 8,797 2,517 1,206 1,918 879 1,887 132 1,822 7,938 137 19,647 1,287 228 15,470 1,639 768 10,304 776 1,754 707 2,805 2,646 87 1,035 663 2,982 1,066 3,982 162 3 Arisona 4 S CalUomia . . .. A 7 R Delaware ' . 9 Florida in 11 Idaho '. 1? Illinois 630 103 73 2 is' 383 155 163 9 io' 8 14,462 3,429 1,730 889 136 3,11s 290 3,138 8,697 4,235 6,266 32 6,693 524 78 13 14 Iowa 15 16 Kentiiclcy 17 Louisiana 18 19 Maryland W ?1 Michigan r> Minnesota ?3 ?4 Missouri. vi w 27 ?S New Hampshire 4 8 "392 "2,' 286' 2 4,801 1 32 442 59 42, 178 17 530 10,001 85 9 8,089 1,807 19 2,295 "4,' 238' 54 36 4,266 '"i,'597' 18,405 2,399 101 2,569 26 16,108 346 278 6,276 193 3 9,343 164 87 77 142 234 4' 7 "i,'63i' 10 2 128 is' 10 9 29 30 New Jersey New Mexico. 31 New Yorls 3? North Carolina 33 North Dakota. . . 34 Ohio 35 36 Oregon 37 Pennsylvania 38 .39 40 South Dakota 35 126 26 848 39' 631 41 4? Texas 43 Utah 44 3 "394' 243 179 "589' 435 72 64 322 21 178 1,445 31 60 i2" 11 45 Virginia . . . 6 1,592 63 699 80 46 Washington 47 West Virginia 48 44 Alaska .V) 9 6 67 539 1 63 139 ""isi 3 269 1 11 39 "isi' 3 112 52 100 61 Hawaii and Porto Bico. . . . ■ 157 > Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order tbat the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 139 INCANDESCENT UQHTINQ— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE. Aggregate. 41,445,997 Total. Commercial. 40,637,304 Public. 16-candiepower. Commercial. 35,048,537 232, 577 72, 001 I42,44fi 3,0ti7,38:) 648, 448 376, 661 412, 948 141,258 179,913 122, 460 3,582,178 1,325,182 808, 451 471,876 483, 401 376,990 442,940 634,705 2,650,724 1,711,689 900,119 141,027 1,698,935 230,837 488,932 63,904 301,300 1,673,082 55,229 6,991,406 144, 139 118,875 2,254,467 218,884 370,092 3,861,171 384,597 149,907 129,486 306,818 794,972 67, 663 305,593 93,035 618,809 159,800 779,354 59, 315 19,818 58,492 2.30,434 71,480 1 140,115 I 3,031,750 640,409 569,614 407,942 138,678 I 175,838 i 121,334 3,507,351 1,308,452 792,996 468, 263 477, 244 367,835 i 433,982 1 616,105 2,602,316 ! 1,661,290 I 882,459 1.38, 972 1,689,649 229, 277 482, 619 63,684 292,458 1,648,762 54, 537 6,753,211 141,490 117,019 2, 207, 283 216,869 3*14,640 3,815,617 375, 148 147,547 127, 455 300,351 787, 701 64, 632 293,391 91,381 607,594 15<),604 765,063 58,463 19, .WO 57,136 2,143 521 2,a31 35,633 8,037 7,047 5,006 2,580 4,075 1,126 74,827 t 16,730 * 15,455 ] 3,613 I 6,157 9,155 8,958 18,600 48,408 50,399 17,660 2,055 9,286 1,560 6,313 220 8,842 24,320 692 ' 238,195 2,669 1,856 47, 184 2,015 5,452 45,554 9,449 2,360 2,031 6,467 7,271 3,031 12,202 1,654 11,215 3, 196 14,291 852 318 1,356 202,708 59,295 123,973 2,482,026 603,804 469.283 392; 2.53 130, 120 146,039 94, 428 2,713,110 1,171,285 670,359 356, 797 393, 796 342,300 359,375 611,591 2, 479, 540 1,386,798 782, 260 119,299 1, 136, 748 208, 402 384,072 60,175 262,183 1,317,787 37, 177 6,443,667 116,704 82,934 1,870,192 204,942 288,853 3,329,414 272,317 132,632 117,622 274,254 764,091 51,832 265, 334 79,303 381,188 1,39, 498 686,869 49,918 14,8.50 47,457 Public. 592,075 1,837 449 702 28, .563 7,115 2,932 3,777 1,065 2,899 374 59,627 12,930 4,616 2,350 4,330 7,972 3, 779 16, 492 21,460 45,234 11,155 734 3,414 1,451 4,175 215 4,794 3,723 625 218, 638 1,028 1,077 40, 416 1,434 2,945 32,560 3,210 1,742 1,311 3,261 4,748 873 2,091 567 5, 171 1,620 9,909 685 216 910 32K;andlepower. Commercial. I Public. 1,293,229 115,381 11,945 4,9.35 9,366 97,146 15,704 8,373 10,226 6,838 15,690 7,953 99,415 66,327 37,853 22, 878 12, 521 6,868 27, 470 1,789 51,560 59,121 30,088 9,791 42, 757 11,280 16,288 1,330 6,059 201,719 6,817 59,399 6,445 10, 125 63, .329 7,616 37,204 83,830 11,862 9,971 3,864 6,577 10,955 4,785 4,284 6,519 37,436 7,428 18,090 3,205 1,3.55 3,083 214 72 1,158 4,658 574 671 228 861 399 662 9,652 2,513 8,375 831 1,193 773 2,761 1,156 5,506 2,867 4,156 906 4,013 104 1,845 5 1,925 8,135 66 3,620 876 497 4,361 487 2,201 8, 265 5,927 419 675 1,542 1,387 1,838 8,614 846 2,950 1,162 3,288 187 353 All ottier candiepower. Commercial. 4,295,538 15,781 7,250 6,776 452,578 20,901 91,958 5,463 1,720 14,109 18,953 694, 826 70,840 84,784 88,588 70,927 18,667 47, 137 2,725 71,216 215,371 70, 111 9,882 510, 144 9,595 82,259 2,179 24,216 129,256 10,543 249,945 18,341 23,960 273, 762 4,311 38,583 402, 373 90,969 4,944 5,969 19,520 12,655 8,015 23, 773 5,559 188,970 9,680 60,114 5, ,340 Public. 101,237 3,295 C,59.' 471 2,412 348 3,444 1,001 654 777 90 5,548 1,287 2,464 432 ! 634 410 2,418 952 21,442 2,298 2,349 415 1,859 5 293 2,123 12,462 1 15,937 765 282 2,407 94 306 4,729 312 199 45 1,664 1,156 320 1,497 241 3,094 414 1,094 OTHER VARIETIES OF LAMPS— NERNST, VAC- UUM, VAPOR, ETC. Commercial. 1.56,622 Public. STATIONARY MOTORS. Number. Horsepower. 69 27 79 769 768 9,941 3,282 26 424 31 8,735 3,078 1 839 722 395 235 252 4,844 4,469 5,293 2,856 52 6,457 364 1,169 20 434 1,927 150 25,438 46 358 13,166 653 2,752 36,248 632 110 157 85 9,183 7 432 600 5,968 479 2,281 32C 62 280 285 396 2,400 no 357 15 "i2' '21?' 51 '325" 243 100 1 168 "226 167, 184 I 541 339 198 11,560 3,232 2,741 1,630 189 410 406 21,675 5,132 2,643 1,425 1,124 1,713 1,304 4,893 15,877 7,089 3,711 181 8,923 971 1,719 411 1,061 6,994 195 18,051 249 327 13,083 1,086 2,072 10,063 2,082 969 279 1,193 4,223 406 776 268 1,933 340 2,366 131 65 162 1,649,026 5,650 2,220 1,177 200,067 41,161 21,146 13,053 1,584 11,078 4,054 137, 661 33,716 14,547 12,033 9,962 16,110 19,372 19,803 81,246 53,245 41,095 1,520 54,111 33,240 10, 776 6,850 10,231 27,604 1,231 393,955 4,345 1,816 64,941 6,586 20,452 122,461 12,947 37,388 3,649 4,524 18,634 5,519 9,778 3,690 29,686 4,432 17,995 685 587 1,082 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 4« 47 48 49 SO SI 140 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 121.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF STATE OR TEBEITOBY. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware ' Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky , Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey , New Mexico New York North Carolina , North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island , South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico Num- ber oJ sta- tions. 4,714 55 15 03 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 30 120 234 171 08 102 33 56 64 IS 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 Aggregate cost. SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS. $44,458,568 303,045 231,221 228, 766 3,062.069 822,549 581,762 351,833 241,360 273,398 177,086 3,382,708 1,372,494 900,519 477,208 500,214 485, 772 336,848 547,314 2,815,741 1,943,393 1,121,345 214,906 1,484,901 423,369 476, 136 66,407 255, 178 1,694,281 101,197 7,030,328 197,012 215,590 2,177,633 360,138 304,471 4.310,011 411,028 198,344 199,583 334,236 1,539,947 121,590 177,966 105,558 736. 722 242,563 819, 153 102,955 162,247 81,710 Total cost. $21,400,823 87,032 62,989 58,799 1,940,0.30 333, 516 247,029 196, 534 54,036 106,767 137,625 1,376,655 509,059 367,081 175,798 201,944 196, 193 220, 1,59 222, 156 1,438,911 1,090,659 580,410 47, 173 717,251 300,818 168, 144 50,600 112,927 691,810 48,399 4,028,067 62, 948 33,186 869,760 71,885 130,883 2,334,458 165,642 94,301 58,844 108,251 361,135 113,974 118,071 54,188 575,637 129,417 334,984 24,698 47,251 22,992 Meters. Num- ber. 31,900 302 52 152 2,241 497 138 93 44 72 249 2,122 3,627 804 344 153 68 135 92 4,056 685 746 127 900 491 291 1 474 4,617 6 1,012 173 1,406 119 212 1,580 244 283 620 146 967 67 121 161 507 15 599 20 254 Cost. J426,625 3,960 882 1,884 43,352 5,936 2,479 1,149 661 783 4,139 26,403 41,944 11,167 5,802 2,043 731 1,678 1,653 54,880 7,371 ■ 9, 527 1,688 22,774 5,552 3,983 20 6,682 48,307 84 17,291 80 2.796 19,054 1,487 3,461 18,225 3,555 3,479 6,564 1,996 11,472 794 2.409 1,978 6,083 235 7,155 949 260 3,595 Motors. Transformers. Num- ber. 4.646 13 78 6 258 54 4 25 35 10 22 6 19 75 3 2,722 246 7 31 22 10 261 6 15 Cost. Num- ber. $278,410 48,049 1,025 419 216 800 5,798 7,963 1,934 5,318 2,844 15,100 750 37, 485 4,552 314 2,062 3,320 2.193 1,387 1,765 2.349 1,427 375 77,609 290 305 26,670 1,137 2,910 1,545 690 10,393 607 1,882 370 2,998 180 6,762 67 29 77 460 62 35 69 40 38 64 629 567 185 60 92 64 45 101 414 193 141 41 270 32 25 30 87 16 6 424 89 46 538 70 61 20 87 365 106 73 111 45 24 93 12 24 Cost. $337,706 2,911 1,950 3,271 26,637 4,046 2,924 2,345 1,719 1,319 6,096 25,112 35,137 7,426 2,200 3,287 1,910 3,037 2,896 30,812 6,865 1,456 10,347 837 1,772 3,805 3,608 18,726 275 12,805 827 303 17,751 3,703 3,273 19,941 8,026 2,207 4,499 3,112 12,605 13,402 4,150 3,568 4,399 1,144 3,430 446 Incandescent lamps. Number. 19,807,728 Cost. Nemst lamps, vacuum and vapor lamps, etc. (cost). $3,118,066 37,055 29,966 25,118 753,301 259,209 300, 789 2.37,352 33,286 60,686 41,415 2,187,088 397,792 182, 685 159, 137 144,517 228.314 100,178 416, 432 1,952,204 757,175 415,642 29,880 447,542 101,496 243,291 10,101 72,504 1,021,106 7,402 4,515,759 36,968 16,844 764,552 36,384 124,998 2,081.458 229,793 54, 429 40.622 148, 624 280,546 21,594 104,822 31,679 248, 954 58,877 285, 048 13,114 1,262 I 20,063 10,697 6,655 5,165 4,531 127, 164 44,384 53,534 41,680 6,208 10,213 9,433 329,205 67,239 35,677 27,326 23,251 33,988 29,481 80,298 318,372 142,222 70,304 5,215 69. 524 17,633 41,544 2,258 14.227 165,089 1,252 695,938 7,019 2,991 112,971 6,604 18,672 334,192 39,439 9,803 6,595 28,881 45,268 4,143 17,149 5,919 36,539 10,655 49,520 2,696 6,040 1,809 $73, 186 62 328 819 200 25 173 175 875 722 554 573 93 129 714 1,430 2,135 4,517 414 8,403 50 1,652 234 419 16,323 55 62 1,106 150 3 13,714 120 44 61 11,017 1,510 52 2,284 1,461 632 Lamp fittings, etc., except for arc lamps (cost). $762,593 3,855 4,386 1,868 84,373 20,392 1,834 471 7,249 6,597 6,804 91,089 17,529 18.158 18.397 10,119 4,498 38,781 3,131 6,451 29.378 35.073 5.041 23.217 1,497 17,066 205 4.525 3,031 2,110 07. 156 3,098 797 25.397 884 2,187 48,526 4,221 12,996 6, 601 8,822 18,190 4,436 21,906 1,967 35. 352 1,908 31,261 1,163 3,203 455 1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stat ions may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 141 SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS — Continued. Carbons, globes, hoods, and other sup- plies for arc lamps, and repairs (cost). SI, 698, 203 9,589 3. WW 3.414 80.704 25,303 24,306 13,911 6,728 8,252 3, 774 183,769 77,777 20,223 9,403 24,428 15,889 16,413 70,234 76, 167 60,151 35,918 4,044 49, 429 11,312 10,138 173 8,627 96,314 808 220, 505 5,048 2,783 102, 400 10,016 8,794 258, 196 24,567 6,055 2,616 18,956 23,541 1,305 5,371 3,813 18,087 11,760 21,049 1,875 Poles and other supports (cost). $757,379 506 1,104 5,448 2, 044 4,164 112,749 7,993 16, 480 14,703 2,145 7.982 3,919 23,907 23,738 10,7r« 4,395 3,343 5,654 4,531 2,922 61,268 15,562 44, 248 1.408 37,820 1,108 2,632 8,327 4,294 41,256 711 95,531 1.922 1,919 28,023 2,954 9,241 69.839 8,918 6,371 3,822 5,181 18,341 5,219 4,142 1,335 13,357 1,767 12,038 1,340 Wire and cable (cost). SI. 769, 109 1,395 1,009 All other supplies ana mate- rials, in- cluding water for boilers, mill sup- plies, etc. (cost). S4, 436, 728 12,424 6,359 6,385 158, 273 27,600 25, 760 36, 106 5,309 13. 293 6,896 168.542 I 79,287 33,010 9.512 19,160 1 19,582 I 15,972 7,753 237,745 50,730 30, 472 I 3,758 32.994 13,689 15,522 7,075 10,352 101,082 1,378 I 189,572 2.726 4,961 102,355 3,01)5 16, 898 102,183 I 16,093 i 7,911 6,162 5,008 50,332 7,361 14, 166 6,679 33,161 2,469 37.803 3,258 4,0 883 38,753 16, 678 21, 129 518,536 63,590 57,103 11,781 19,094 24,40ti 15,546 209,287 106. 935 77,709 45,269 75,038 37,386 30,055 44.554 237,765 104,604 87,801 15.242 103. 499 34,865 53,483 10. 972 25,922 167,749 10, 267 608,975 18, 197 12,052 412,287 24.813 44,720 647,407 42, 646 18,303 8,820 26, 455 97,658 26,528 14,742 11,721 50,912 24, 846 69,194 10,766 Power purchased. Electric (cost). »6. 417, 237 10,863 3,258 7,148 2,580 689, 170 116,330 38. 678 71,969 954 26,974 80,579 200,057 12,684 108,li53 31,538 36,297 70,427 32, 762 6,035 282,715 613, 402 177,381 2,849 336, 239 195. 185 5,579 15,000 13,913 24,417 28,919 2,040,875 12,018 14,645 16,707 15,220 720,039 16, 122 24, 121 8.215 1,495 27,792 48,916 12,785 10,097 109, 252 09,266 40,014 1,218 All other (cost). $657, 235 8.870 4,783 6,650 63, 791 14,725 19, 707 10,928 4,700 7,006 12,727 17,130 24, 126 3,270 1,620 11,489 2,349 6.492 15,546 65,069 10, 152 6,360 1,080 1,100 24,339 5,245 6,241 Rent of water privileges for water wheels or turbines (cost). Freight not in- cluded in cost of mate- rials. $386,552 $281,792 11,070 2,400 255,839 '34,'4ii 900 2,500 46, 158 11, 150 15,518 4,'536 27,360 2,765 1.980 1,200 1,258 22,340 78,697 18,239 6.250 6,172 1,000 9,580 2,285 2,220 12, 582 250 3,010 ' 3,' 835 25,273 400 3,220 300 5.900 2,160 9,887 1,650 18,256 750 579 1,977 703 1,020 5,428 1,938 2,159 3,325 2,953 375 21,460 20,614 20,115 3,877 1,441 41 2,287 494 1,602 15,936 18,700 540 18,065 158 5,965 2,222 6,162 7,836 356 4,233 23,496 422 3,479 35,914 798 99 3,364 1,350 26,066 963 889 2,509 96 3.717 6,395 175 18,359 10, .300 COST Of FtJKL. Total. $23, 057, 746 210,013 178, 232 169. 967 1. 122. (89 489, 0.33 334,733 155,299 187,324 166,641 39.461 2, 006. 033 863, 435 533,4.38 301,410 298, 270 289,579 116,689 325, 158 1,376,830 852,734 540,935 167,733 767,710 122,551 307,992 15. 867 142,251 1,002,471 52, 798 3,002,261 134, 004 182, 404 1,307,873 288,253 173,588 1,975,553 245,386 104,043 140, 739 226,985 1,178.812 7,616 59,895 51,370 161,085 113, 146 484, 169 78,257 114,996 58,718 Coal. $19,081,212 200,915 6,310 155, 961 486, 613 322,601 156, 299 97,993 118,427 27,734 1,997,418 848, 624 531, 169 228, 761 296,908 175,060 109,333 320, 263 1,344.334 826,949 484,336 131,801 685,117 111,761 301,412 8,192 130,328 994, 119 51,154 2,980,946 117,374 179, 498 1,215,778 257,777 7,470 1,899,829 240,799 82, 420 131,277 223,879 407,216 7,606 57,884 49,968 84,968 83,745 405,610 78, 257 13,000 32,652 Crude petro- leum. $2,171,547 167,922 945,251 3,382 3,300 2,921 336 18,500 96,464 636 62,099 4, 496 1,610 Natural gas. $299, 648 Manufac- tured gas. 1,982 3,607 4,600 4,118 728,343 14,770 26,066 1,800 10, 489 150,407 15,220 7,006 83,979 29,557 67,923 60 7,648 23,783 All other fuel. S710,622 15.098 4,000 14,006 26,981 2,420 8,750 89,331 48,214 11,727 3,636 1.401 1,933 1,726 1,362 17,341 6,801 4,895 28,112 25,573 43,909 16,932 6,274 10,790 6,580 7,075 7.427 6,682 1,644 4,679 16,690 2,906 4,623 919 83,338 4,179 87 17,605 8,327 2,100 43,263 10 2,011 1,402 44,993 87,226 142 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. TABr.R 122. -COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF INCOME, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OB TEBKITOBY. United States. Alabama. . Arizona... Arkansas.. California. Colorado., Connecticut. Delaware i . . Florida Ceorgia... Idaho Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky . Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota.. Mississippi . Missouri . . . Montana... Nebraska.. Nevada .• New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota . . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington... West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico. Num- ber ol sta- tions. 4,714 55 15 03 129 50 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 56 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 Gross Income. 1175,042.338 1,012,743 569,850 675, 718 14,416,529 3,410,240 2,469,543 1,464,044 654,261 1,110,510 719,395 15,405,993 4,438,332 2,479,909 1,514,807 1,660,700 1,852,383 1,453,016 1,883.084 10, 749, 240 6,072,010 3,478,009 080,700 5,805,828 2,469,131 1,562,669 372, 108 1,422,345 5,952,378 292,082 34,859,170 543, 322 533,383 7,643,997 1,106,316 1,905,245 10,015,392 1,724,659 901,537 513,082 1,299,983 3,792,203 605,241 841,701 390,628 3,410,542 724,253 2,278,637 317,580 416,103 321,592 Electric service. Total. S169, 614, 691 997,506 544, 192 604,916 13,922,028 3,317,844 2,452,359 1,442,388 630,632 1.080,001 692,489 14, 566, 772 4, 222, 610 2,317,880 1,419,091 1,610,475 1,829,128 1,324,048 1,856,359 10,(i02,498 5, 750, 447 3,333,409 067,543 5,083,795 2,370,472 1,474,426 352,959 1,321,296 5,910,745 289,962 34,067,383 527,672 480,042 7,474,980 1,097,134 1,840,155 15,400,800 1,027,190 865,708 492, 767 1,266,610 3,668,722 627,332 795,391 380, 779 3,219,814 689,919 2,127,080 303,683 Lighting. Commercial. Public »100,337,434 $25,417,680 397,332 307,774 687,509 415, 8W 510, 280 7,220,210 1,921,459 1,465.952 992,824 500,650 514,211 486, 781 8,078,661 2,572,206 1,572,784 865,072 955, 555 1,242,420 739,226 1,193.470 6,315,999 2,958,391 2,193,540 501,394 3,578,819 1,041,909 1,019,573 184, 736 599,763 3,700,803 208,587 20,430,108 290,893 360,589 4,577,068 763,024 1,093,924 8, 790, 425 833,091 285,620 310,843 800,907 2,745,418 222,067 472,908 235,937 1,838,208 425,612 1,350,876 258,480 276, 514 219,319 139, 525 31,102 110,020 890,802 259,851 406,981 192,219 100,842 217,641 59,528 2,200,007 885,547 442, 610 227,081 416,012 331,459 231,017 304,810 2,227,328 890,406 507,419 120,505 537,590 108,433 212,838 225, 552 1,423,003 19,504 3,806,270 128,963 55,122 1,705,193 157,713 187, 025 3,291,177 424, 430 124,045 69,120 262,416 321,576 27,405 130, 473 83,905 239,948 141,415 432,481 33,342 10,833 50,130 Stationary motors. Electric- railway service. 128,511,550 17,841,497 $5,519,746 Current sold to other elec- tric com- panies. 84,805 71,808 18, 248 3,826,462 951,830 407, 577 191, (i09 16,220 132,964 100,291 2,445,280 568,199 261,202 224.224 220,061 228,680 284, 027 349,059 1,519,708 873, 081 536,622 26, 133 985,596 963,669 168,402 148,560 190, 704 082,028 24,033 5,088,401 70, 431 40, 794 1,054,070 103.920 375, 306 2,101,320 302, 513 432,384 110,651 130, 798 376.897 173, 439 162,376 40, 740 531,818 43,084 2,53,087 11,701 109,985 32,295 60,583 17,818 17,075 1,396.735 29,071 46,323 31,971 4,383 13.263 12,000 1,004,328 114,078 28,890 41,079 10,627 7,871 29,454 7,114 288,038 277,115 22, 628 477,784 57,112 18,067 8,340 217,301 95.991 5,924 1,168,700 10.362 47,477 60,977 167, 072 901,564 62,982 1,100 69,964 187,276 13.281 1,825 143, 183 4,714 52, 191 7,104 550,159 154,412 122,973 204,654 32,504 148,605 41,703 577 44,753 421 37,301 100 244,054 681,638 41,629 2,849 95, 694 188,529 40,584 73,610 4,166 28,919 1,579,357 25,235 4,000 48,476 12,446 273,315 3,000 22,557 1,255 203,587 9,570 16,980 404,797 72,434 35,799 1,979 Electric heating. 1271,591 1,215 18 10,081 954 3,627 786 77,407 34,346 5,151 3,267 60 336 3,021 2,455 44,526 7,942 2,782 8,455 1,444 105 2,575 940 4,210 70 200 3,725 4,000 2,530 30,637 500 907 300 2,055 834 162 115 663 1,865 100 Charging automo- biles. 1154,747 $1,560,440 663 78 1,279 26,600 8,547 1,676 2,786 927 150 All other. 23,809 500 9,209 20,316 183 048 3,038 2,537 3,808 3,937 4,855 3.874 12,088 2,010 17,941 1,109 794 3,353 3,739 30 2,707 90 86 1,173 25 91,911 56 290 1,000 3,496 674 1,629 1,800 3,207 24,496 20,336 13,820 4.573 10,790 3,800 14,055 886 1,970 1,238,366 80 2,920 38,075 6,500 1,852 8,866 196 1,053 970 33,971 6,621 1,211 1,166 2,660 744 $6,027,647 All other sources. 16,237 26,668 10,802 494,601 92,396 17,184 22,266 23,619 23,909 26,906 899,221 215,722 162,089 95, 776 60,225 23,265 128,368 26, 725 146,742 321,563 144,540 19, 157 122,033 92.659 88,243 19, 149 101,049 41,633 2,720 791,787 15,650 53,341 169,017 9,182 126,090 614,692 97,469 36,829 20,915 33,373 123,481 37,909 46,310 9,849 190,728 34,334 151,667 13,897 18,771 13,818 > Includes 1 station In District o{ Columbia, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 143 Table 123.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAX ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OP. TERRITORY. United States.... Alabama Arizona Arkansas California 7 Colorado Connecticut Delaware' Florida Georgia Idalio Illinois Indiana Iowa Kan.sas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New IIanip.shire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Uico Number of stations. 4,714 55 15 63 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 2(X) 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 ,33 9 56 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 Number. 12.990 109 68 75 927 220 170 96 71 132 72 1,034 448 278 182 124 113 157 160 655 554 292 103 482 122 119 23 109 399 27 1,879 72 49 660 126 118 73 93 121 378 61 109 66 221 83 290 35 Salaries. SI 1,733, 787 82, 498 55. 596 52, 070 1,141.902 220,340 160,759 84,244 47,064 102,862 82,755 982,854 310, 136 188.899 136,160 100, 091 97.053 98,761 157,823 689,496 381,337 261,578 71,213 447,678 175.087 104,250 27,071 83,568 419.9.54 21,505 1,776,526 60,937 43,205 617,401 92, 329 130, 792 1,054.939 102,077 67,958 55,710 93,558 278,797 65,356 69,006 38.207 247, 647 49,785 190, 129 28.722 GENERAl OFnCERS OP COEPOBATION. Number. Salaries. 1,761 52.350 32,091 11 15 7 72 34 54 11 6 10 11 109 72 58 23 14 18 37 27 122 47 45 23 18 1 38 63 6 191 204 6 18 9 11 $2,202,028 13.119 13,311 3,089 144,098 50,162 57,134 23,516 2,410 10,690 20,955 133,774 65,686 39,741 19,905 23,3,50 24,652 23,283 47,122 174,925 49,496 37,613 9,082 74,144 38,385 20,986 250 24.619 111,866 2,799 336,488 3,520 5,918 119,074 13,666 16,950 195,516 25,801 15,466 12,305 19,240 61,184 1.230 8,680 5,030 45,245 7,245 44,073 5,440 GENER.1L MANAGEKS, StJPERINTENDENTS, ETC. Number. Salaries. 10,680 621 53 21 42 222 73 44 25 34 90 29 293 187 115 93 54 39 09 34 155 229 140 60 161 41 69 12 34 84 15 401 25 263 65 46 347 18 42 35 68 132 38 47 30 79 39 128 14 »5, 058, 236 46,305 29,854 37,161 403,821 95,582 60,900 24, 164 27,4.59 78,013 41,174 383,803 164,848 104,785 86,754 54,030 39,697 52,408 48,473 254,260 214,480 157,483 48,040 204,767 78,019 61,614 16, 970 38,772 118,289 14,230 593,236 41,917 27,732 206,709 50,363 61,277 437.924 34,745 39,161 34,883 56,614 124,942 46, 123 40,265 26,2.32 103.832 33, 130 106,316 17,140 32,500 20,001 CLERKS AND BOOK- KEEPERS. Number. Salaries. 45 22 26 633 113 72 60 31 32 32 632 189 105 66 56 56 61 99 378 278 124 34 276 58 42 10 37 262 6 1,287 17 16 322 56 66 638 49 33 12 42 178 18 43 19 116 20 107 10 $4,473,623 23.074 12,431 12,420 593,983 74,596 48,725 36,564 17.195 14,169 20,626 405,217 89,002 44, .373 30,501 23,305 32, 704 23,070 02,230 200,. 321 117,361 66,482 13,491 168,667 58,683 21 , 661 9, 851 20. 177 189,799 4,476 815,802 5,600 9,. 565 191,618 28,310 ,52,665 421,499 41,731 13,331 8,522 17,804 92,671 8.003 20,071 6,945 98,570 9,410 39,740 0.142 9,170 11.569 ' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. 25142—10 10 144 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 124.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AND TOTAL WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 8TATE OR TEBRITOBT. Nnmljer of stations. TOTAL. FOREMEN. INSPECTORS. ENGINEERS. ALL OTHER EMPLOY- EES (INCLUDINQ FIREMEN, DYNAMO AND SWITCHBOARD MEN, LINEMEN, ME- CHANICS, AND LAMP TRIMMERS). Average number. Wages. Average number. 1,434 Wages. Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. United States 4,714 34.642 $23,686,537 $1,527,494 894 1697,097 5.857 $4,453,378 26,457 $17,008,568 55 15 63 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 98 9 56 64 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 78 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 234 90 169 2,201 698 575 258 194 252 116 2.868 1,170 577 385 481 428 345 510 2.017 1,226 770 185 1,318 197 285 55 313 1,360 56 5,837 176 101 1,497 288 349 3,313 377 168 113 295 897 137 188 112 664 179 577 61 126,035 75,067 105,144 1,952,291 554,705 362,893 178,454 109,636 129,849 88.370 2.049.867 659,127 358,278 238,336 201,103 285,929 209,245 338,985 1,546,151 745,476 494,200 90,220 859,062 185,681 209,177 50.193 203,181 950,552 45,476 4,044,091 80.076 70,178 1.026.524 172.275 285.632 2,186,482 248,528 77,399 71,433 154,206 510,422 104,330 119,774 60,853 552,794 118,848 350,920 49,089 9 6 3 117 41 29 7 4 11 11 87 32 26 13 13 7 17 23 83 63 28 7 55 17 7 5 13 30 3 252 5 4 65 13 26 134 12 11 5 6 35 3 17 3 60 7 26 3 6,970 6,190 2,470 157,649 52,914 31.112 7.368 3.782 10.140 10,530 84.919 26.214 21.516 11.224 10,405 8.400 14.561 21.969 87.674 56.634 21.030 7.380 58,086 25,740 6,720 6,750 12,186 28,369 3,480 306,089 3,750 4,400 55,000 10,695 27,610 145,263 13,360 6,588 2,576 4,900 30,940 2,460 14,289 1,715 62,890 5,240 24,207 3,240 4 1 1 37 6 12 9 6 2,989 900 480 39,580 6,360 8,876 6,690 4,387 62 21 54 139 88 79 31 47 66 22 560 279 231 146 108 68 45 62 255 291 191 69 180 31 82 7 31 153 17 438 45 41 405 107 56 498 13 35 41 79 276 16 28 43 70 64 190 18 34,840 24,573 38,849 149,500 77,389 72,511 25,206 31,014 38,057 16,526 427, 412 186,620 154.722 99.573 72,027 45,772 30,421 49,706 248.474 181,283 140,879 39. 762 127,234 31,657 58,425 6,055 28.327 138.518 17,028 376,198 24,372 32,013 304,875 76,256 49,558 389, 427 13,414 21,055 27,371 49.530 177.864 12,178 20,803 26,090 65,783 48,552 128.088 17,592 159 62 HI 1,908 663 455 211 137 175 79 2,070 839 316 220 338 353 81,236 43,404 63,345 1,605,562 418,042 Connecticut 250,394 Delaware ^ 139, 190 Florida 70,453 81,652 Idaho 4 161 20 4 6 2 10 6 19 71 29 17 2,600 104,307 15,248 2.915 4.296 1.200 9.240 3.857 18.240 60.216 19,991 15,842 58,814 Illinois 1,433,229 Indiana 431.045 179. 125 123,243 117,471 222.517 277 1 160.406 406 1.608 843 534 109 1.030 144 189 43 267 1,144 36 4,987 126 55 983 166 261 2,588 341 119 67 203 578 117 138 64 640 108 350 40 249,070 1,149,787 Mieliigan 487,568 316,449 Mississippi . ... 43, 078 53 5 7 39,903 4,390 5,400 633.839 123,894 Nebraslta 138,632 37,388 2 33 1,560 21,477 161,108 New Jersey 762, 188 24,968 160 132,662 3,229,252 51,954 1 64 2 7 93 11 3 720 42,790 1,166 6,487 73,049 9,614 1,690 33,045 Otiio 623,859 Oklahoma 84, 159 202,077 1,578,743 Rhode Island 212,140 48,166 South Dakota . 41,486 Tennessee 7 8 1 5 2 4 5.750 5,227 960 3,419 1,540 4,080 94,026 296,391 Utah 88,732 Vermont 81,263 Virginia 31,508 420,041 West Virginia 65,056 11 7,309 191,316 28,257 9 6 49 80 79,021 53,418 4 3 9.120 3,600 1 4 1,800 3,380 16 6 25,085 8,770 28 67 43,016 Hawaii and Porto Rico 37,668 > Includes 1 station In District ol Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 145 Table 125.— COMMERCIAL AND MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR TERRITORY. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connectieut Delawarei Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico Number of stations. 4,714 56 15 63 129 56 41 14 37 93 42 383 200 192 111 83 42 81 36 120 234 171 68 162 33 56 ■04 15 314 71 29 272 72 61 327 7 40 37 218 31 60 51 71 48 206 18 Total expenses. J2a,326,257 138,653 52, 463 57,155 2,200,322 552, 541 311,303 260,370 35, 170 106,866 67,368 1,837,333 553,972 253,477 179, 608 208,330 320,972 221,953 473,046 1,758,405 684,009 382,796 64,942 963,146 318,818 179, 150 54,760 103, 037 037,277 40, 4.36 6,678,243 42,350 39,631 1,615,290 166. 945 197,865 2,332,755 229, 212 167,785 32,300 154,964 571,722 71,832 154, 397 33,587 374, 528 67,815 281,692 35,007 29, 192 41,182 Rent of sta- tions, line- I Rent of wire supports,; offices. conduits, etc. S2, 322, 753 151 840 2,060 2,890 5,893 719 4,000 5,928 48,400 1,427 909 817 630 104 93,317 32,712 09,860 2,654 120 16,525 1,354 240 12,620 309 4,951 1,212,567 300 492 617,723 1,470 120 142,654 154 17,012 1,420 700 3,000 2,053 257 3,701 960 8,740 235 $577, 193 Taxes. Injuries and $6,351,020 $634,991 8,873 3,185 1,634 68,477 25, 361 6,553 2,910 1,606 4,622 5,636 57,079 20, 994 12,604 8,498 4,190 4,266 4,314 11,036 26, 590 13,641 13,592 1,175 22,500 10,667 7,266 4,130 5,994 21,542 1,004 75, 822 1,573 1,436 21,959 6,429 6,305 37, 910 5,700 2,411 1,764 3,683 12,308 3,522 4,635 3,629 6,355 2,253 7,992 1.669 34, 704 13, 749 7,195 491,455 120,656 44, 177 69, 176 6,248 19,038 11,042 645, 268 111,996 49,744 33,150 81,982 105, 969 46, 673 73, 338 677,. 385 168,044 136,595 8,941 246,371 78,076 56,217 11,558 39,117 207,413 0,682 1,580,259 6,665 9,589 276, 431 15. 893 62,804 421,572 100,028 21,016 6,902 29,886 98,895 22, 780 17,936 5,708 108,224 11,814 57, 168 7,372 480 3,300 3,583 11,433 1,648 1,623 3,050 26,399 10,363 5,528 0,946 600 834 588 87,743 11,609 9,629 3,232 5,994 11,745 8,318 21,153 13, 176 10,397 11,866 14,913 27,096 7,109 2,847 56 2,505 20,934 409 179, 944 1,210 952 37,548 2,018 1,007 29,093 1,241 713 230 3,943 31,465 2,100 33 1,448 4,836 4,400 4,236 464 Insurance. $1,578,205 14,418 4,022 9,034 83,735 38,420 18,112 8,196 8,176 7,266 2,821 136,228 43,606 28,212 15,656 18,888 13, 462 15, 924 25,038 146.045 33,906 28,953 9,459 57, 693 7.390 15,417 6,493 20, 920 47,330 2,356 322,333 6,664 3,699 42, 362 14, 301 10, 419 146,751 27,880 5,998 3,671 11,223 37,253 276 12,850 4,732 19, 779 7.979 31,432 3,023 720 1,965 Ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery. $4,300,684 24,852 11,439 16,188 470,093 81,399 80,063 65, 781 7,934 15,732 6,084 353,001 183, 763 52,998 36, 126 41,060 36, 269 29,180 53,361 291,739 144, 758 78, 736 15,509 157, 553 20,568 41,069 6,142 34,663 111,666 6,760 807,796 9,587 13, 163 204, 127 34,866 50,632 327,271 15,455 21,938 6,324 45,812 102,055 8,917 35,756 4,066 66, 110 19, 416 62,611 10,718 5,671 6,866 All other expenses. $10,561,411 54,007 17,615 17,994 1,066,673 270, 449 156,552 117,362 10,606 55, 374 35, 369 609, 614 180,777 99,481 82,129 55,586 150,261 117,440 195,803 670,758 243,404 110,400 14,825 435, 409 193,664 56, 495 13, 761 69,529 223, 541 23, 225 2,499,521 18,451 10,300 415, 140 101,969 66,018 1,228,504 78,748 98,«697 13,409 58,997 289,046 31,237 81,134 13, 747 166, 523 20,993 119,613 11,761 18,738 17,38S 1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 146 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 126,— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER STATE OR TEKEITOEY. Num- ber of sta- tions. PEIMABY POWE8. Aggregate. Steam engines. Total. 500 H. P. and under. Over 500 H. P. but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. ^•Zd?r^6i.nnn 2 4,000 Maine ' Maryland i 1,666 12 i 15,400 3 i 3,733 4 6,160 4 11 15,000 27,250 1 I 7,500 1 2,000 1 6 4,030 6 1 6,630 2 ; 2,000 1 : 1,200 7 20,130 1 750 _ 1 31 1 33 1 1 20 3 6 43 9 700 21,050 860 23,400 600 650 12,937 1,940 3,800 29,425 6,460 3 , 4,000 22 28.778 1 3,000 1 New York 17 22,000 10 29,300 11 60,600 i Ohio 12 1 7 1 16,882 1,500 8,400 38,600 3,000 10 27,200 1 V Pennsylvania .. 3 8,000 1 8,000 ^s Vi 1 2,600 40 South Dakota 1 14 600 10,300 3 4 . 3,400 6,250 1 2,000 4? Texas 41 Utah _ 44 3 1,850 4'i Virginia 46 2 3 5 1,350 1,800 3,240 1 1 1,300 1,000 47 West Virginia 48 1 49 Wyoming no Alaska 9 26 22 4,741 4,416 14 13 2,231 3,190 14 13 2,231 3,190 ( 61 Hawaii and Porto Rico' 1 1 ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that tlie operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 147 PRiMAHY POWER— continued. steam turbines. Water wheels. Total. 500 H. P. and under. Over 500 H.P but under 1,000 H. P. l,000H.P.but under 2,000 H.P. 2,000 H.P. but under 5,000 H.P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Total. 600 H. P. and under. Over 600 H. P. but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H.P. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horee- I>ower. Num- ber. Horse- power, Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. 348 798.025 49 12.532 118 82,180 61 80,272 76 216,115 44 406.926 2,328 1,318,740 1,761 296,689 243 160,251 160 195,420 1 4 5 2 12 13 12 8 2 1 2,392 2,550 1,225 34.250 22,166 12,886 23,800 210 2,000 1 3 225 1,000 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 2,167 1,550 1,225 750 2,041 2,036 800 1 13 4 1 171 47 52 5 6,675 750 300 208,244 25,580 17,955 285 9 4 1 79 32 46 5 675 750 300 17,319 5,480 7,955 285 4 6,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1 3 2 2 390 225 950 1,000 210 2 4 6 1 2,500 5,500 9,900 1,000 6 5 i6,6i6 14,400 2 14,000 18 14,225 3,900 35 6 6 41,400 6,600 10,000 2 6,000 2 15,000 R n 1 2,000 35 36 80 77 41 35 36,155 11,292 10,478 19,075 3,478 8,461 13 33 80 77 41 35 2,155 8,542 10,478 19,075 3,478 8,461 4 1 3,000 750 11 2 27 22 2 2 3 2 1 7 19 14 7 1 10 3 4 138,710 23,861 1,500 1,500 9,125 1,825 750 10,866 46,930 36,340 7,900 750 38.882 6.025 8,750 10 10 2 2 6,710 7,324 1,500 1,500 4 4 5,300 4,650 3 5 10,200 11,700 10 116,600 1? 3 187 11 j 15 1 125 2 9,000 16 5 525 750 666 4,930 3,540 1 1,300 124 13 52 220 61 38,021 1,347 15,596 81,509 70,160 95 13 43 146 47 13,697 1,347 7,377 21,009 7,100 25 19,104 4 5,220 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 2 700 550 1 5 2 2 1,500 6,700 3,300 2,700 3 2 7 2 8,000 4,750 29,500 4,000 3 30,000 7 70 2 5,619 38,500 1,400 2 2,700 3 1,200 5 5,800 1 2 1 1 750 1,342 625 750 I 4 2 3 10,720 5.400 8,000 4 28,820 5 62 19 9 97 21 6 349 30 1 18 2,002 56,987 2,954 6,260 24,799 1,682 513 303,905 9,676 100 1,682 2 34 18 3 86 21 6 243 18 1 18 202 6, 432 2,154 310 13,899 1,682 513 42,423 2,726 100 1,682 3 5 1 5 3 1.800 4.126 800 3.750 2,400 15 17,150 1 -n 6 10 4,390 12,850 6 2 4,390 1,500 8 8,500 28 7 7,350 1 4.000 ?n 45 202,345 5 770 7 4,322 4 5,160 12 30,093 17 162,000 32 12 20,782 6,960 25 31,400 31 1? 16 1 2 39 6 42,710 750 4,000 49,081 12,020 1 50 6 1 4.500 750 3 4,166 3 11.500 3 22,500 34 2 3 4 4,000 6,522 9,720 70 117 16 52 12 11 23 36 86 35 44 11 125 6 101,877 30,578 2.263 75,430 2,205 1,060 2,762 32,161 24,484 7,098 51,078 3,627 17,431 765 36 108 16 21 10 11 23 19 72 31 26 9 124 6 6,111 22,798 2,2(8 8,705 1,005 1,060 2,762 2,861 13,234 3,273 5,378 1,927 16,881 765 6 4 4,266 2,780 3 5 3,000 5,000 36 .37 18 ' 1,675 21 14,345 5 2 6,433 2,300 3 20,106 7 2 4,500 1,200 16 20,625 39 5 6 11 4,100 5,360 15,136 3 1,100 2 2 3 3,000 2,680 3,600 4 1 2,680 536 41 3 1,100 4 10,000 4? 6 13 1 7 2 1 3.900 9.060 600 4,700 1,700 550 8 10,600 43 44 1 1,333 1 1,333 i. . 1 3 2 3,225 2,000 45 46 3 5 8 1 1,160 2,680 4,686 225 2 2 1 1 410 410 30 225 1 3 7 750 2.270 4,656 47 48 49 1 10 8 2,490 1,186 10 8 2,490 1,186 no 1 01 1 'Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. 148 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 126.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER STATE OB TEBEITOEY. PRIHARY POWER — Continued. OENEBATINO AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT. Water wheels— Continued. Gas engines. Auxiliary engines. Dynamos. 2,000 H. P. but under 5,000 U. P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Aggregate. Total. Under 200 K. W. 200 K. W. but under600K. W. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. 1 United States 109 326,580 55 339,800 385 49,746 776 64,319 9,778 2,500,209 7,283 513,427 1,375 389,833 2 1 3 1 11 4 1 20 70 12 16,585 300 21 4 2 7 44 31 12 13 1 1 150 90 325 26,315 1,546 249 1,205 3 100 68 63 82 313 169 201 65 41 78 44 683 392 279 174 145 44 202 135 534 339 220 43 201 90 131 14 135 333 38 979 67 49 521 105 102 1,167 107 64 55 78 430 52 96 60 122 101 337 40 13,872 4,939 7,634 235,612 52,465 36,653 25,763 4,116 28,331 6,922 190,295 66,224 25,696 25,393 26,331 12,270 38,428 34,911 126,102 82,062 67,307 4,620 60,840 39,247 17,030 5,090 31,372 69,349 3,789 473,664 9,002 4,809 105,878 14,114 32,096 203,682 20,896 49,295 9,020 15,770 46,225 32,132 19,057 7,063 62,498 14,009 34,462 3,208 45 44 74 116 109 161 40 37 49 32 561 309 250 141 114 25 136 101 396 240 169 34 164 47 118 9 77 213 35 661 52 44 ' 420 78 48 916 85 27 47 58 377 29 57 53 79 77 291 38 3,697 2,114 4,959 9,194 6,940 12,363 2,947 3,051 3,626 2,472 40,245 22,072 15,482 9,188 7,796 1,870 9,058 6,411 28,793 15,467 10,577 2,420 10,890 3,087 6,850 490 6,752 17,089 2,764 51,342 3,387 3,539 29,408 6,104 3,346 68,732 5,251 1,895 3,781 4,110 21,230 1,582 4,106 3,863 6,168 6,964 18,112 2,733 15 7 7 80 26 20 14 4 7 7 67 80 23 20 20 10 42 20 75 60 27 8 14 20 7 3,850 1,825 2,175 24,205 7,025 4,900 4,216 1,065 1,055 1,950 20,850 13,402 6,364 6,705 5,235 3,200 12,250 4,600 22,834 17,608 7,690 1,700 3,800 5,710 1,730 3 Arizona 4 a 32 3 89,600 9,600 7 45,700 fi Colorado 7 nonnivlipiit K q Florida 10 7 16,800 1 140 11 1? Illinois 8 11 9 14 1 3 568 955 398 1,301 15 420 48 27 11 18 10 15 8 4 15 21 21 3 122 922 1,635 384 911 305 505 1,071 53 790 680 643 465 6,226 18 14 Iowa 1ft Ifi 17 18 Maine... . . .. 19 3 8 8 16 1 12 95 769 334 1,067 25 893 W Massaciiusetts. . . ?1 Micliigan 4 3 22,000 39,000 m 4 16,800 ?.f ?4 Missouri. ?ft Montana 8 29,280 ai 11 6 8 9 459 485 1,115 1,275 17 " 1 13 30 922 25 1,005 1,535 i!7 1 2,200 ?8 New Hampshire. 35 81 2 153 11 5 67 24 35 154 5 4 3 8 35 5 31 4 20 18 33 2 8,370 21,035 525 47,061 3,175 1,270 16,070 5,950 10,995 44,415 1,295 1,100 745 2,000 9,045 1,250 8,541 960 6,930 4,845 9,350 475 W .W .^1 New Yoric. . . 24 62,800 25 146,500 24 3.085 54 4 3 30 3 7 63 18 3 6 10 40 3,375 325 152 1,126 74 504 6,042 223 60 173 920 1,667 3? North Carolina . . Xt North Dakota 2 45 2 3 57 4 1 7 205 4,303 200 100 6,743 1,000 150 296 M Ohio . Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued. 149 GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— continued. Dynamos— Continued. Aggregate- -Continued. Direct-current, constant-voltage. 600 K. \V. but under 1,000 K. W. 1,000 K.W. but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K.W. but under 5,000 K.W. e.OOOK.W.and over. Total. Under 200 K.W. 200 K. W. but under 500 K.W. 500 K.W. but under 1,000 K.W. l.OOOK.W.but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K.W. but under 5,000 K.W Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. 613 383,699 278 346,900 162 436,350 67 430,000 3,169 379,706 2,622 158,311 412 113,955 102 63,890 30 36,650 3 7,000 1 6 2 1 60 20 7 6 4,125 1,000 600 35,213 12,660 3,890 3,600 2 2,200 24 27 31 66 67 63 1 17 9 241 105 123 63 50 21 56 27 157 104 94 11 81 24 57 3 26 90 17 276 23 36 188 29 19 376 35 2 17 17 206 13 11 19 30 31 150 18 4,003 737 2,145 8,900 4,862 6,372 4,870 470 1,271 147 32,606 12,001 9,142 6,121 5,168 4,966 5,714 2,302 26,411 10,180 8,267 566 9,257 2,091 3,057 60 3,682 21,072 925 48, 151 1,447 3,134 31,765 2,970 3,766 48,126 8,374 160 1,151 1,490 11,977 622 863 1,144 6,484 2,255 8,641 923 16 27 28 43 46 57 15 3 14 9 195 87 114 56 43 16 48 22 126 87 82 11 70 21 54 3 19 36 17 209 21 34 163 24 10 303 23 1? 14 191 13 9 19 24 30 145 i 18 1,253 737 1,345 2,075 2,102 6,122 1,320 170 621 147 11,996 5,251 5,592 3,161 2,368 1,015 2,849 1,302 9,616 4,205 4,242 566 3,147 1,391 2,282 60 1,232 2,522 926 17,381 1,047 2,714 9,465 1,620 231 22,310 2,079 160 1,151 490 7,262 522 463 1,144 1,184 2,055 7,516 923 7 1,760 1 1,000 2 3 3 20 11 6 10 1 3 800 5,105 2,750 1,250 2,960 300 660 4 31 7 12 1 43,000 8,700 13,600 1,000 22 7 1 2 51,600 17,260 2,000 4,000 14 72,500 1 720 1 1,000 fi 6 7 2 10,000 1 600 R 9 9 5 28 20 5 10 7 6 23 5 40 14 7 1 9 15 2 4 18 31 1 58 4 '"5,756 2,600 16,900 12,160 2,850 6,600 4,060 4,100 16,120 3,400 24,125 7,500 4,540 600 4,660 10,250 1,250 3,000 10,050 21,225 500 38,611 2,500 13 17,400 10 11 13 12 1 2 1 3 1 1 19 18 10 14,300 16,600 1,000 3,000 1,000 3,100 1,000 1,500 25,600 20,500 12,000 4 1 11,000 2,000 10 87,000 38 14 7 6 6 2 4 5 17 15 11 13,310 3,250 1,750 1,460 2,000 800 865 1,000 4,450 4,475 3,025 6 3 1 3 1 3 4 3,800 2,000 800 1,500 800 2,100 2,000 1 1 1 1,000 1,500 1,000 1 2,500 12 18 14 1 3 2,000 8,250 15 16 1 1,050 17 18 7 1 7 4 14,000 2,250 21,000 10,000 1 3 6,000 22,500 19 10 1 5,976 600 4 1 1 6,400 1,000 1,000 91} 21 3 22,500 n 23 3 4,500 7 8 2 1 1 1 17,000 20,200 4,600 2,200 2,000 3,000 4 20,000 3 3 3^ 960 700 776 7 3,660 1 1,500 ?4 Z-i 2 2,700 26 27 4 7 4,200 7,000 4 41 960 9,460 3 12 1,600 8,100 ?8 1 1,000 29 .30 39 47,800 49 165,360 19 133,600 44 2 2 23 5 7 61 5 13,050 400 420 8,000 1,350 2,100 17,166 1,295 18 12,720 5 6,000 11 32 .33 22 2 14 68 13 16 3 8 11 10 6 3 4 6 13 13,200 1,000 8,255 41,635 7,100 11,500 1,500 4,660 6,950 6,700 3,350 2,260 2,500 3,200 7,000 13 1 5 24 2 9 2 3 7 2 1 16,700 1,000 9,600 26,900 3,000 10,800 3,000 3,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 6 IS, SOD 3 16,000 5 3,600 6 8,200 1 2,600 34 35 2 9 6 1,425 5,150 3,000 36 1 2 8 2,000 4,260 24,000 4 20,000 3 3,500 17 1 2,000 38 39 40 1 2,000 2 12 500 2,775 1 3 500 1,960 41 42 4 1 9,600 2,000 2 11,000 43 2 400 44 4.') 7 9,400 10 27,600 2 11,000 2 1 5 400 200 1,125 2 1,600 2 2,400 46 47 48 49 10 11 419 797 10 10 419 597 M) 1 200 61 > Includes 1 municipal station in Forto Bico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 150 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 126 — COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER STATE OB TERRITORY. OENERATINQ A.ND OTHER MAI.N-STATIO.N EQUIPME.NT— continued. — 1 Dynamos— Con tUiued. Direct-current, constant-amperage. Alternating single-phase and poly- phase current. Total. Under 200 K. V.'. 200K:. W. but under 500 K. W. 500K. W.but 1 1,000 K.W. but underl,O0OK.W. 1 under 2,000K. W. i Total. Under 200 K. W. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- walts. 1 United States 1,246 61,753 1,229 53,678 12 3,665 3 2,010 2 2,500 5.363 3,432 301,438 Alabama 2 1 1 42 40 1 1 42 43 25 51 245 94 88 23 36 55 35 366 202 143 102 89 23 124 62 236 195 97 32 lU 57 74 11 107 168 21 570 43 11 237 76 83 528 28 62 37 60 223 39 76 40 92 67 155 21 9,827 4,162 5,489 226,588 46,458 28,691 20,181 3,617 26,877 6,775 154,220 50,414 16,302 18,883 20,986 7,305 31,535 30,545 92,872 70,596 57,943 4,054 51,305 36,912 13,973 5,630 27,590 44,407 2,864 415,236 7,585 1,625 69,861 11,144 28,340 140,693 10,759 49,145 7,853 14,230 34,213 31,610 17,716 5,894 57,014 11,662 24,964 2,205 28 16 46 70 45 54 9 33 29 23 292 137 123 77 65 10 68 33 129 113 58 23 85 17 64 6 56 102 18 325 30 8 171 54 38 356 18 25 29 43 185 16 40 33 55 44 114 19 2,402 1,337 3,614 6,995 3,683 5,651 915 2,852 2,822 2,325 25,280 13,012 9,638 5,6£8 6,251 855 6,595 3,045 12,288 9,966 5,238 1,854 7,465 1,452 4,568 430 5,420 10,697 1,839 28,334 2,310 775 15,691 4,544 3,115 33,618 1,409 1,746 2,6C8 3,570 13,943 1,060 3,525 2,604 4,984 3,817 9,739 1,730 3 40 4 Arkansas f> California 3 18 50 16 1 6 124 1,155 1,590 712 29 183 3 18 50 16 1 6 124 1,155 1,590 712 29 183 A Colorado 1 7 Connecticut 8 » Florida ] , 10 Georf^ia 1 11 Idaho j n Illinois 76 85 13 9 6 3,469 3,809 252 389 177 74 85 13 9 6 2,969 3,809 252 389 177 2 500 1.1 Indiana 14 1 15 Kansas ( Ifi 17 18 Maine 22 46 141 40 29 1,179 2,064 6,789 1,286 1,097 20 46 141 40 29 614 2,064 6,789 1,286 1,097 2 565 19 20 Massachusetts ?A r>. Minnesota 28 24 Missouri .'. . . 9 9 278 244 9 9 278 244 2.5 If, Nebraska 71 Nevada 28 2 75 100 3,870 , 2 75 100 3,870 29 30 New Mexico 31 New York 133 1 2 96 10,277 30 50 4,252 127 1 2 96 5,627 30 50 4,252 2 900 2 1,250 2 2,500 32 33 North Dakota 34 Ohio 35 Oklahoma.. . . ■ .3fi Oregon . . 37 Pennsylvania 263 44 14,864 1,763 257 44 12,804 1,763 6 1,300 ' 760 38 Rhode Island 39 40 South Dakota 1 1 1 22 50 35 1 1 1 22 50 35 41 4? Texas 43 Utah 44 9 1 478 25 8 1 178 25 1 300 45 Virginia 46 Washington 47 West Virginia 3 32 1 92 8^7 80 -3 32 1 92 857 80 48 49 Wyoming Alaska .. . .■in 1 15 10 2,030 1,675 12 8 1,155 975 .51 HawaU and Porto Rico > 3 90 3 CJ ■ Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. AND GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued. 151 GENEEATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued. Dynamos— Continued. Transformers. Boosters. Rotarles. Storage- battery cells in main stations. Kilowatt capacity of miscel- laneous apparatus. Aiternatlng single-phase and polj-pliase current— Continued. 200K. W. but under 500 K. W. 500K. W. Imt under 1, 000 K.W. 1,000 K.W. but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K. W. but under 5,000K.W. 5,000 K. W. and over. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- I)er. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- Ijer. Kilo- watts. Num-^ Kilo- ber. watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 951 272,313 508 317, 799 246 307,850 159 429,350 67 430,000 1,432 587,421 106 4,474 176 61,703 9,255 42,266 1 8 7 4 60 15 14 I 3 4 7 27 36 16 15 14 8 36 15 58 45 16 8 11 17 4 2,100 1,825 1,375 19,100 4,275 3,650 1,266 765 905 1,950 7,040 10, 152 4,614 4,245 3,235 2,400 10,820 3,600 18,384 13,130 4,665 1,700 2,840 5,010 955 6 2 1 49 20 7 5 4,125 1,000 500 34,493 12,560 3,890 3,000 1 1,200 12 2 3,801 266 2 2 2 6 1 1 1 600 300 680 2,000 350 200 500 ? * 85 16 35 70 470 3 . 4 30 7 12 1 42,000 8,700 13,500 1,000 22 7 1 2 51,400 17,250 2,000 4,000 14 72,500 263 73 10 3 4 17 • 20 46 20 12 39 9 131,354 21,251 6,885 130 47 15,900 2,675 4,167 1,630 486 6,446 504 2 4 136 414 250 266 118 268 5 ft 7 2 10,000 204 2,670 8 9 9 5 22 17 4 7 6 3 19 5 30 13 7 1 2 16 2 4 15 19 1 38 4 6,750 2,600 13,100 10,160 2,050 4,000 3,250 2,000 14,120 3,400 18,150 7,000 4,540 500 1,000 10,250 1,250 3,000 8,550 13,125 500 24,641 2,500 13 17,400 10 1 11 40 315 19 1,898 80 385 1,029 115 It 12 11 13,300 15,100 3 1 8,500 2,000 10 87,000 13 7 4 3,695 2,200 866 1,286 12 13 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 3 1 1 12 30 19 10 60 2 202 127 68 15 15 45 2 8 432 280 14 2 1 2 1 1 IS 17 9 3,000 1,000 2,050 1,000 1,500 19,200 19,500 11,000 1 3 ' 2,000 8,250 15 16 3 660 _ 17 1 23 4 46 43 45 3 4 40 4 12 6 10 3 254 5 10,648 160 2,871 20,197 40,096 82 90 34,175 152 4,200 300 132 22 92,324 1,571 18 7 1 7 4 14,000 2,250 21,000 1 3 5,000 22,500 1 7 21 300 2,000 6,100 168 67 646 248 200 860 740 1,303 19 20 ?1 10,000 3 22,500 TfH 2 600 iB 2 3,000 7 8 2 1 1 1 17,000 20,200 4,500 2,200 2,000 3,000 4 20,000 203 ?4 1 3 1 200 1,300 600 796 ?* 2 2,700 60 64 236 974 Tfi W 31 40 2 107 9 3 34 19 28 88 7,420 11,585 625 33,111 2,775 850 8,070 4,600 8,895 25,950 4 6 4,200 6,000 7 584 2 18,988 2H 7 666 11 3,835 29 30 32 40,300 49 155,350 19 133,500 22 570 27 7,914 1,199 31 2 8 108 2,975 275 3,898 360 625 4,364 sa 17 2 12 58 7 16 3 T 8 10 6 3 2 6 13 9,600 1,000 6,830 35,725 4,100 11,500 1,500 4,160 5,000 6,700 3,360 2,250 1,000 3,200 7,000 7 1 5 21 2 9 I 7 2 1 8,500 1,000 9,500 23,400 3,000 10,800 3,000 3,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 5 43,000 3 15,000 22 8 41 70 34 30 5 10 8 66 30 11,349 231 13,380 21,654 3,225 29,518 1,250 2,570 429 35,762 4,168 1 1 100 7 610 34 35 36 1 1 8 2,000 2,250 •24,000 4 20,000 3 5 238 462 20 6 4,470 2,100 991 548 37 38 4 3 6 23 S 28 4 18 17 28 2 i,i66 745 1,500 6,270 1,250 7,841 950 5,530 4,645 8,225 475 56 !l» 1 7 7 150 2,300 1,700 134 40 1 2,000 1 2 4 240 885 535 41 4?, 4 1 9,600 2,000 2 11,000 43 189 44 37 208 433 320 15 45 6 7,000 10 27,500 2 11,000 61 12 13 66,641 1,682 3,100 2 151 6 1,610 55 46 47 1 15 4 1,600 276 48 49 3 2 875 700 6 900 m 1 260 M ' Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. 152 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 127.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS, TRANS- STATE OE TERRITORY. Number ol stations. SUBSTATION PLANTS. Total kilowatt capacity. Transformers. Rotaries. Number of cells in storage batteries. Kilowatt capacity of miscellaneous apparatus. Number. Kilowatts. Number. Kilowatts. 1 United States 3,462 1,499,381 4,047 1,090,261 490 311.003 20,187 98,117 ? 27 IS 50 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 69 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 9 S2 67 15 267 35 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 60 209 22 47 , 37 65 43 142 18 4,500 1,490 9 9 3,400 1,190 1. 266 1,100 3 2 300 4 5 California ... 295,933 19,594 16,520 24,796 1,0U1 90 44 21 283,055 18,910 11,470 11,900 8 1 11 18 2,130 400 5,050 10,700 1,156 10,748 284 6 7 1,040 1,178 8 Delaware ^ . . 2,195 r) Florida in 15,399 4,225 89,060 23,611 1,443 5,860 1,200 6,117 11,611 16,526 23,831 86,693 53,292 60 35,272 17,742 890 7,700 10,730 9,070 35 61 88 52 28 28 14,299 3,925 17,760 19,930 1,411 6,850 4 600 600 300 1,900 2,066 32 11 1? Illinois 93 12 69,400 1,615 3,018 420 n 14 I"! If) • 1,200 1,000 17 10 55 26 154 128 77 2 116 64 17 34 57 60 2,117 11,611 5,725 22,919 60.008 44,440 60 6,347 16,602 840 7,700 9,780 4,745 4 3,000 19 9 3 28 16 7,400 900 9,290 5,100 3,400 12 17,395 3,752 ?n 1,388 299 628 ''1 oo ''1 24 Missouri 16 2 7,950 600 936 20,975 540 60 *>fi *>? ?S New Hampshire 3 14 750 4,200 278 200 125 -X) 10 31 New York 487,673 2,070 860 20 316,637 2,070 196 161,628 7,761 9,408 T* S* Ohio 18,706 59 13,335 4 1,000 470 4,370 Ifi 40,579 53,602 1,823 47,667 1,250 249 1,140 8,540 8,510 2,065 36, 107 1,805 4,503 50 138 183 20 151 5 6 29,379 35,987 1.823 47,507 1,250 249 15 23 10,200 5,440 1,000 12, 175 17 1,108 296 IS Rhode Island 40 South Dakota ■f Texas 1,140 Utah 45 03 12 no 19 33 1 8,540 8,310 2,055 32,957 1,805 2,253 50 44 1 200 VirEinia 4n 7 3,150 55 47 48 2,250 49 9 6 900 6 900 51 Hawaii and Porto Rico* ' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, in order that tlie operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. FORMERS, METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 153 STATIONARY MOTORS. TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCUITS FOB CUSTOMERS. Number of meters on consumption circuits. Number of customers furnisiied electric current. OUTPUT OF STATIONS, KILOWATT HOURS. Number. Horsepower. Number. Kilowatts. Total for year. Average per day. 162,677 1,617,337 255,337 1,897,170 1,468,763 1,663,354 5,572,813,949 16,484,889 1 499 339 192 11,265 3,217 5,412 2,220 1,107 197,861 41,028 1,388 605 1,547 20,297 3,795 6,944 3,083 6,388 208,686 44,863 9,266 6,026 5,649 136,933 40,047 12,176 5,854 9,311 166,013 45,519 27,908,886 9,392,302 9,240,827 657,765,890 122,766,944 77,289 26,731 25,549 1,805,187 336,905 2 3 4 5 6 2,586 1,629 68 323 385 20,014 13,049 669 10 601 4,002 3,472 1,482 1,070 1,231 1,936 22,611 7,838 3,769 9,508 10,017 17,926 11,371 2,729 3,182 6,710 19,147 10,094 4,596 5,599 12,143 64,199,442 29,368,587 4,358,7t3 51,152,893 9,030,453 175,934 80,402 12,107 140,784 26,404 7 8 9 10 11 21,608 4,725 2,441 1,214 1,048 137,405 30,374 13,936 10,957 9,396 17,399 8,63ti 4,052 2,215 3,620 91,216 48,215 20,576 12,342 17,480 137,336 52,644 30,640 16,949 15,587 151,886 60,8(i6 37,347 22,839 20,820 439,685,766 106,317,599 30,387,174 63,069,247 33,113,858 1,207,860 295,138 83,489 145,644 92,000 12 13 14 15 16 1,696 1,296 4,848 15,370 6,761 16,065 19,345 19,391 76,858 51,236 2,783 4,622 3,662 13,983 6,174 6,978 23,720 21,596 83,743 57,049 12,685 15,905 20,422 78,603 54,931 12,244 19,279 21,462 71,727 60,096 22,433,161 64,200,146 45,568,955 206,383,440 178,698,930 61,843 184,702 124,818 566,043 492,573 17 18 19 20 21 3,411 154 8,837 961 1,664 39,452 1,213 62,596 33,236 10,681 4,368 889 7,674 1,695 1,884 29,013 6,162 40,1.53 33,411 14,472 29,645 5,235 44,339 14,800 18,273 34,303 7,466 50,771 17,265 21,837 75,441,141 8,568,823 135,838,680 137,066,091 28,269,376 336,217 23,338 374,769 391,349 77,510 22 23 24 26 26 411 1,061 6,974 195 17,938 6,850 10,231 27,523 1,231 393,004 836 3,798 13,548 303' 30,539 4,319 18,098 65,616 1,949 . 489,982 2,305 11,302 . 63,949 2,701 211,062 3,958 13,425 55,756 4,494 194,351 29,621,730 64,453,809 139,357,377 4,614,349 1,441,317,340 81,820 151,353 382,572 12,080 3,952,327 27 28 29 30 31 168 312 12,745 1,078 2,070 3,416 1,770 63,260 6,561 20,444 623 232 14,714 1,965 3,314 3,036 1,356 77,514 11,094 24,713 1,533 6,182 73,690 13,019 20,626 3,240 6,460 76,122 18,505 31,735 8,086,074 7,210,255 188,017,835 23,057,560 92,035,297 22,420 19,846 517,054 64,028 253,477 32 33 34 36 36 9,955 2,080 898 270 1,175 121,671 12,946 36,937 3,610 4,244 36,125 2,397 1,597 724 2,253 190,454 16,304 9,441 6,616 10,347 136,854 13,017 4,465 4,899 9,665 152,921 11,392 6,403 6,287 11,647 402,666,869 35,605,323 66,664,585 12,584,691 27,493,009 1,123,143 97,275 168,962 37,377 80,945 37 38 39 40 41 4,133 325 710 170 18,068 4,979 9,056 2,826 8,093 666 2,982 831 29,662 6,831 18,239 6,048 45,699 1,001 10, .548 1,861 66,683 7,292 12,171 4,665 71,215,508 67,824,411 26,160,843 7,799,819 197,948 , 42 158,898 I 43 71,840 1 44 22,749 • 45 1,718 338 2,285 131 27,952 4,392 17,617 685 2,639 1,984 4,625 271 52,639 10,092 20,586 1,901 22,407 5,890 20,767 3,199 29,146 9,034 34,012 5,116 250,685,581 23,157,102 47,588,119 5,499,084 688,581 66,902 133,899 15,080 46 47 48 49 65 102 587 1,082 638 420 1,614 2,002 734 2,490 1,879 5,059 3,390,401 5,049,047 9,30 Alabama 27 15 50 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 09 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 5? 57 15 267 35 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 50 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 4,200 754 1,060 18,826 5,286 6,928 4,417 388 1,160 889 39,032 16,667 6,341 4,180 5,578 7,979 2,565 8,577 30,914 12,973 11,012 857 15,227 3,043 3,320 327 3,501 21,798 332 94,240 417 907 34,332 3.130 3,875 62,627 5,905 1,737 967 2,679 7,123 293 1,522 721 4,550 2,157 6,963 617 262 78 ■""'175' 88 241 37 678 109 72 2 is' 383 155 83 7 14 16 5 13 4 8 4 397 "3,' 264' 2 2 4,929 1 is' 44 ei' i2' 405 2,429 409 SSI 9,199 2,179 3,131 2,599 78 439 359 26,258 7,532 3,131 2,311 1,355 4,368 1.091 5,381 15,138 7,950 7,445 306 11, 187 1,965 1,898 195 1,555 8,806 162 56,794 81 582 14,486 1,503 1.557 23.524 2.630 634 466 1,338 4.522 259 447 319 2,948 1,017 2,107 262 24 27 ""807' 1,677 1,371 361 43 172 24 1,765 3,284 939 46 36 " "iii' 1.072 2,329 833 1.422 31 264 162 11 i9' 2,642 3 3,849 26' 3,236 29 1,597 17.182 2,399 9" 375 " "iss' 37 54' 340 72 1,485 240 509 8,645 1,322 2,185 1,420 267 549 506 10,331 5.742 2,199 1,821 4,187 3.611 1,.145 1,741 13,292 4,107 2,138 506 3,760 911 1,398 132 1,923 10,342 163 33,200 336 305 13,346 1,596 719 16,992 875 1,103 486 1,332 2,182 34 816 365 1,602 1.074 4,111 183 6' 66' 88 229 37 1,775 106 20 982 75 1,766 1,989 12 ,30 2 9 "■'634' 1,677 1,371 361 23 103 5 1,757 3,251 898 46 36 " "iii' 1,072 2,222 719 1,343 '"'225' 149 6 85 27 109 335 67 474 1,373 18 52 3 2,215 1,630 425 601 2,404 106 550 1,523 6,403 790 401 27 2,878 32 58 262 ""m 12 53 46 2 ii' i4' 16 3 13 654 303 531 8,217 2,104 1,365 610 66 409 359 11,817 4,179 1,564 1,428 1,219 1,256 801 2,243 6.475 3,856 2,476 275 4,514 1,460 1,822 195 1,523 8,364 103 14,616 76 77 4,550 1,427 1,548 15,466 823 634 3S2 1,324 3,684 259 447 314 1,356 954 1.456 182 22 18 '" m 26" 69 19 8 33 41 ""'io?' 114 79 31 39 13 5 "347" 3 14 "287' 29 115 i 8 5 23 45 1,400 213 400 8.310 1,255 1,711 47 249 497 503 8,116 4,112 1,774 1,220 1,783 3,505 795 218 6.889 3,317 1,737 479 882 879 1,340 132 1.822 7,773 137 17,892 282 189 9,745 1,452 719 9,302 775 1,016 420 1,295 2,073 34 752 255 1,581 1,026 2,913 152 1 4 ', 6 7 8 Q Florida in Georgia Idaho I' Illinois 625 63 70 2 is' 383 155 72 7 2" 14,441 3,353 1,567 883 136 3,112 290 3,138 8,663 4,094 4,969 31 6,673 505 76 11 14 ll 16 17 IS Maine 14 ■>o ?1 Michigan r> ■>? ?4 Missouri ?•) ?6 Nebraska 77 W 4 S "392' ' '2,'236' 2 4,801 1 32 442 59 42,178 5 505 9,936 76 9 8,058 1,807 19 2,295 "3,' 835' 26' 2,949 "i,'597' 17,067 2,399 101 2,569 26 15,308 54 116 3,601 144 4' 5 ' 'i,'628' 2' 128 is' 9 ?« W New Mexico 11 New York 1? 11 North Dakota... 14 Ohio m 16 17 Pennsylvania 7,690 100 87 66 37 109 18 10 40 35 114 14 838 8' 367 41 4? 41 Utah 44 3 ""394' 198 32 3i' 295 72 64 110 21 48 1,198 31 58 12" 11 4*) Virginia.. 5 1,592 63 651 80 46 Washington 47 West Virginia 48 49 Wyoming , . 9 6 67 .539 1 1 63 139 ' 'isi' 3 269 1 11 39 " "isi" 3 112 1 52 1 100 51 Hawaii and Porto Rico ' 157 ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia. In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. ANALYSIS OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 155 INCANDESCENT UGHTING— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE. Aggregate. 37, 393.349 Total. Commercial, i Public. 36,76o,093 J 038,456 190.354 72,001 115,134 2,950.174 032, 470 523, 484 403.023 53.089 05, 459 114,386 3,378.519 1,027,022 667,283 392,456 428,975 332,894 434,1,34 623,073 2.427,431 1,293,431 629,239 53.019 1,565.757 226.073 407,705 63,904 287,728 1,644,928 6,5.229 6,807.077 45, 456 95,271 1,893.288 201.271 359,947 3,733,412 382, 589 103. 283 93,476 253,662 768, 160 i 44,993 242,437 i 62,697 403,567 156,692 621,962 59,315 19,818 58,492 189,912 71,480 113,430 2,924,367 624,005 517,038 398,837 51,982 04,224 113,519 3,321,320 1,015,016 65<), 356 390, 021 424,450 325,642 427. 703 608.308 2,390,402 1,275,642 617,851 52, 347 1,559.918 224,527 404,161 63.684 279,359 1,622,022 54,537 6, 576, 105 44,613 93.754 1,860.084 199,784 354,864 3,701,041 373.148 102.348 92,359 251,355 763,109 43,401 231,708 61,556 397,433 153,756 612.954 58, 41*3 19.500 57. 130 442 521 1,704 31,807 7,865 6,446 4.186 1,107 1,235 867 57,199 12,006 10,927 1,835 4,525 7,252 6,431 14, 7tS 37.029 17, 789 11,388 672 5,841 1,546 3,544 220 I 8,369 i^ 22,906 692 231, 572 S43 1,517 33,204 1,487 I 5,083 32,371 9,441 935 1,117 2,307 5,051 1,592 10, 749 1,141 6,134 2,936 9.008 852 lO-candlepower. Commercial. 318 1,356 31,679.031 Public. 163, 232 59,295 100.538 2,390,419 589,363 416, 957 383,898 47, 998 55, 140 88,528 2,555,685 912,332 551 , 696 289,519 345,234 302.426 353.896 604.180 2,273.972 1,057,735 552.306 43.480 1,015,413 205.002 311,787 60,175 254.154 1,291.047 37,177 6,329,122 36.829 63,923 l,5(i2,084 190,597 281.993 3,226,477 270,317 93,154 86,644 229,864 739,631 33,506 215,273 50,832 214,199 137,450 551.518 49,918 14,850 47,4:7 474,209 32K:andlepowcr. Commercial. 1,156.203 Public. 86, 212 358 449 579 26, 086 7,072 2,932 3,277 03 929 209 46.619 9,174 3.428 1,021 3.010 6.867 1,929 12,901 15.644 15.482 7,763 156 2,731 1.447 1.964 215 4,794 3,323 625 212,893 46 892 29,027 1.066 2,822 20.752 3,210 681 611 1,308 3,468 237 1,986 332 4,299 1.572 6,654 685 216 910 11.125 81 4,935 72 8,016 836 94,032 3,640 14,771 481 8.123 270 10.226 88 3,398 610 6.233 170 6,438 382 94,565 0,744 56,780 1,761 30,660 5,575 17,469 503 10,628 1.061 5,663 229 27,170 2,629 1.739 968 50,647 3,574 48,339 1,071 16.639 3,137 40. 148 11.103 12,048 1,330 5,339 201.519 6,817 S(i,058 1,803 8,719 53,933 5.951 37,073 80,952 ll,8(i2 6,607 3,652 4.371 10.823 3.173 2.410 5.926 28,206 7,303 13,001 3,205 1,355 3,083 1,708 382 2,826 94 1,480 5 1,835 7,422 66 3,303 338 423 2,925 387 2.018 6, 909 6,927 194 404 505 1,201 1,315 7,962 661 1,512 954 1,942 167 AH other candlepower. Commercial. 3,919,859 Public. 78,035 15,555 7,250 4,876 439,916 20,471 91,958 4,713 586 2,845 18.553 671,070 45,904 74,000 83, 6,33 68,588 17,553 46,637 2,383 65,783 169,548 48,906 3.730 504.353 8.420 80,326 2,179 19,8()6 128,856 10,543 190,925 5.981 21,110 243. 467 3.236 35,798 393,612 90,969 2,587 2,163 17,120 12,655 4,722 13,907 4,798 155,028 8,943 48,435 5,340 3,295 0.596 269 1,482 312 3,244 821 432 136 76 3,836 1,071 1,924 311 454 156 1,873 896 17,811 1,236 1,917 134 284 5 100 OTHER VARIETIES OF LAMP S—N ERNST, VACUUM, VAPOR, ETC. Commercial. 1,740 12, 161 1 15,374 259 202 1,252 34 243 4,650 304 60 42 434 382 20 801 148 323 410 412 148,884 67 27 79 669 735 9,920 3,282 26 421 31 8,533 2,823 831 687 245 227 252 4,824 4.074 4,210 2,230 30 6,399 324 1,000 20 434 1,827 150 25, 413 12 258 12,955 648 2,752 36, 121 606 104 147 65 9,183 195 600 2,436 479 2,187 320 Public. 4.584 280 285 111 2,400 66 20 15 "ii' "77' 51 '363' 243 100 1 STATIONARY MOTORS. Number. Horsepower. 162,677 168 '226' 43 499 339 192 11,205 3,217 2,580 1,629 68 323 385 21,608 4,725 2,441 1,214 1,048 1,696 1,296 4,848 15, 370 6,761 3,411 154 8,837 901 1,664 411 1,061 5,974 195 17,938 168 312 12,745 1,078 2,070 9,955 2,080 898 270 1,175 4,133 325 710 170 1,718 338 2,285 131 20 12 65 162 1,617,337 5,412 2,220 1,167 197,801 41,028 20,014 13,049 669 10,601 4,002 137, 405 30,374 13,936 10,957 9,396 16,005 19,345 19,391 76,858 51,236 39,452 1,213 52,596 33,236 10,581 6,850 10,231 27,523 1,231 393,004 3,416 1,770 63,200 6,561 20, 444 121,671 12,940 36, 937 3,010 4,244 18,068 4,979 9,050 2,820 27,952 4,392 17,617 685 587 1,082 2 Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 156 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 129.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CHARACTER OF OWNERSHIP, SERVICE, ' Includes " Other forms of ownership," in order that the operations of individual stations may not l>e disclosed. ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. CAPITALIZATION, AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 157 CAPITAL STOCK— continued. Common. Par value. Authorized. I Outstanding. $798, 873, 386 $060,003,772 Dividends. $10, 883, 812 4, 096, 400 2, 225, 000 1,350,200 101,016,500 11,605,500 13, 400, 300 6, 655, 000 1,391,000 11,785,350 6, 053, 500 64, 295, 100 14,773,000 8, 479, 250 0,092.800 7, 002, 200 2,043,500 8,264,140 14, 358, 509 40, 127, 300 21,080,000 15, 299, 700 1,345,000 33,303,911 13, 900, 000 6, 898, 450 4. 4.50, IKK) 6, 5(0,0(10 33, 000, 800 1,040,000 146,751,203 2, 325, 5(X) 1, 480, OOO 32, 530, IWO 5,916,000 6,258,000 59, 942, 873 9,100,000 8, 074, 500 2,761,500 3, 985, 500 10, 783, 400 3, 772, 000 5, 034, 000 839,500 17,098,400 3, 889, 000 8,033,000 1,294,000 860,000 1,38.8,100 3,788, 1, 697 1,074, 86,422, 11,341 7, 693, 6, 408 1,295; 4,967, 6, 52i; 58, 298, 12, 433, 7,639, *,' 5,315; 1,814 7,063, 10,000, 43, 628, 19, 080, 11,644, 1,064, 19, 693, 11,364, 6, 114, 4, 333, 6, 25ti, 19, 070, 752, 126, 563, 1,202, 1, 170, 30,117, 4,39i: 5, 734; 57,292, 5, 510; 6,999, 2,506; 3,927 8,277 2, 495, 4, 702, 786, 11,347, 2,485, 705, 845, 2,414 7,200 8,000 685, 438 137,340 377,304 380,000 64, 727 40,300 1, 808, 490 147, 174 104, 860 44,025 143,965 29,300 114,838 1,200 3, 690, 428 364, 185 182, 491 18,003 838, 240 187, 570 35, 928 39,000 301,204 400, 236 9,000 3, 750, 569 17,800 43,680 475, 547 29.420 72,335 1,497,191 298,500 7,844 3,666 1,125 192, 691 36,469 38,381 7,201 192, 293 62,160 83,508 4,600 800 940 13,600 71,749 Preferred. Par value. Authorized, $101,218,774 550,000 725,000 15,()00,000 2,700,000 215,000 500,000 60,000 1,645,000 2, .550, .500 1,305,000 1,303,000 100,000 1,661,900 12,906,774 27,500 7,370,000 2,200,000 3,050,000 1,300,000 1,002,500 270,000 355,000 100,000 15,840,000 100,000 13, 936, 000 970,000 1,212,500 2, 103, 100 500,000 5, 425, 000 562,500 762, 500 200,000 60,000 27,000 1,600,000 10,000 453, 0(X) 60,000 Dividends. Outstanding., $75, 313, 725 650,000 600,000 14, 857, 700 2,447,500 215,000 500,000 50,000 395,000 2,500,600 724, 700 1,087,000 1, 277, 600 8, 160, 054 27,500 3, 020, 760 2,138,000 3,060,000 1,254,000 484,300 230,000 325,000 100,000 8,294,600 568,000 1,212,500 1,180,150 400,000 3,931,500 562,500 750,000 110,833 32,000 7,000 1, 412, 500 10,000 453,000 ,S2, 416, 760 30,000 20,000 224, 076 14,000 20,000 "2,' 766 105, 610 11,672 28,500 29,102 450,085 1,807 153,211 120,000 125,000 06,780 24, 165 9,000 16,500 291,000 6,000 418,078 16, 440 60,626 37,296 14,000 6,260 200 37,500 l,6. Number of stations. 3,462 27 15 50 115 4g 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 52 57 15 267 35 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 50 200 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 tl6l,630,339 Gross income. 827,167 669,850 853,247 14,125,542 3,358,063 2,305,778 1,422,478 274,022 657,015 687,522 13,960,932 3,580,833 2,063,180 1,282,639 1,480,713 1,609,836 1,383,022 1,790,939 9,999,531 4,838,924 2,706,790 357,818 5,301,950 2,439,922 1,344,080 372, 108 1,400,058 5,882,309 292,682 34,410,708 229,882 456,641 6,508,718 1,019,945 1,923,302 15,355,241 1,710,432 754,011 439,767 1,012,443 3,584,969 608, 107 732,283 253,055 2,874,880 669, 518 1,899,907 317,680 416,103 321,592 »156,000,257 Electric service. Total. 815,290 544,192 543,086 13,637,803 3,266,527 2,288,674 1,400,512 260,290 644,775 660,616 13,068,516 3,384,723 1,937,006 1,199,163 1,432,688 1,587,491 1,255,847 1,766,137 9,870,337 4,574,513 2,614,904 348,844 5,189,372 2,347,663 1,259,929 352, 1,299, 5,841, 289, 33,628, 219, 410, 6,368, 1,012, 1,799, 14,747,144 1,613,068 733,041 420, 785 991,782 3,461,488 570,306 691,475 246, 161 2,691,626 635,224 1,773,563 303,683 397,332 307,774 Lighting. $112,714,851 127,995,177 648, 420 446,962 500,051 7,881,923 2,131,673 1,728,036 1, 144, 224 248,828 295,746 515, 176 8, 787, 325 2,658,004 1,648,543 880,519 1,207,769 1,344,652 901,767 1,412,184 7,907,106 2,708,581 2,015,020 313,791 3,642,998 1,121,493 1,025,414 194,525 803,663 5,057,810 228, 151 23,869,100 129,843 353,139 5, 199, 494 837,175 1,240,630 11,445,777 1,243,419 281,430 308,761 808,961 2,875,221 199, 145 508,980 200,265 1,573,671 512,732 1,434,932 291,822 287, 347 269,455 Stationary motors. $15,290,229 81,513 71,808 17,856 3,773,587 950,156 389,156 191,584 5,342 127,744 99,611 2,439,673 532,260 247,639 216,868 206,072 226,576 284,302 344,939 1,425,625 842,845 506,196 20,744 970,985 963,609 160,902 148,560 190,764 680,971 24,033 5,677,498 64,797 39,410 1,034,606 103,140 375,273 2,083,559 302,493 428,599 109,871 111,032 362,053 166,920 155,160 26,396 509,774 42,684 248,231 11,761 All other. 109,985 32,295 85,357 26,422 25, 179 1,982,293 184,698 171,482 64,704 6,120 221,285 45,829 1,841,518 194,459 40,824 101,776 18,847 16, 263 69, 778 9,014 537,606 1,023,087 93,688 14,309 575,389 262,461 73,613 9,874 305,217 102,291 37,778 4,081,945 25,235 17, 519 133,965 72,018 183,689 1,217,808 67,156 23,012 2,1.53 71,789 224,214 204,241 27,335 19,500 608, 181 79,808 90,400 100 6,024 All other sources. $5,630,082 11,877 25,658 10,161 487,739 91,536 17,104 21,966 13, 732 12,240 26,906 892,416 196,110 126. 174 83,476 48,025 22,345 127. 175 24,802 129, 194 264,411 91,886 8,974 112,578 92,359 84, 151 19, 149 100,414 41,237 2,720 782, 165 10,007 46,573 140,653 7,612 123,710 608,097 97,364 20,970 18,982 20,661 123,481 37,801 40,808 6,894 183,254 34,294 126,344 13,897 $97,037,961 18,771 13,818 EXPENSES. Total. $31,935,309 528,317 414,347 355,807 8,188,387 2,118,644 1,334,099 841,098 214,647 340,430 397,611 7,185,497 2,311,436 1,398,440 873,851 905,091 1,006,710 834,066 1,444,125 6,340,137 2,964,020 1,707,166 223,256 3,411,378 1,084,484 846,697 198,491 693,051 3,664,470 208,614 19,228,083 156,884 300,081 4,594,430 727,276 890,308 I 9,495,470 982,260 394,361 301,907 567,354 2,780,970 320,837 452,250 161,857 1,642,823 432,949 1,357,715 ! 215,773 Salaries and wages. 165,563 130,663 126,464 3,030,781 762,665 496,549 249,883 78, 131 121,643 162,911 2,586,872 772,042 447,894 306,631 261,964 328,955 288,456 468,884 2,066,254 807,680 575, 364 80,656 1,190,072 353,928 268,552 77,264 281,089 1,354,660 66,981 5,692,784 58,959 90,642 1,248,964 237,658 405,421 3,087,148 347,947 109,305 108,603 180,251 746,331 140,159 163,190 70,393 667,978 148,083 444,231 77,811 Cost of supplies, materials, and fuel. $39,490,881 322,810 208,401 131,371 85,509 230,833 231,221 177,869 2,966,408 805,3-28 538,214 335,329 109,660 127,212 169,277 2,806,088 1,031,592 725, 178 399,956 443,644 375,274 329,058 507,409 2,571,926 1,537,492 792,642 99,228 1,294,164 413,661 406,780 66,467 250,362 1,676,232 101,197 6,879,997 70,290 176,438 1,795,938 327, 510 288,928 4, 103, 464 407,480 121,651 166,530 248,663 1,475,057 113,586 ! 150,613 ' 62,114 612,057 217,945 , 650,064 102,965 Rents, taxes, in- surance, and other miscella- neous ex- penses. $25,611,771 162,247 81,710 131,921 52,463 51,474 2,191,198 550,651 299,330 255,886 26,956 91,575 65,423 1,792,537 507,802 225,368 167,264 199,483 302,481 216,552 467,832 1,701,957 618,848 339, 160 43,372 927,142 316,895 171,365 54,760 161,600 033,584 40,436 6,655,302 27,635 33,001 1,549,528 162,108 195,959 2,304,858 226,833 163,405 26,774 138,440 559,582 67,092 138,447 29,350 362,788 66,921 263,420 35,007 29,192 41,183 * Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. ' Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 159 Table 131.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF TERRITORIES: 1907. INCOME, BY STATES AND STATE OR TERRITORY. United States. Alabama.. Arizona... Arkansas. . California . Colorado.. Connecticut. Delaware i . . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota.. Mississippi. Missouri Montana . . . Nebraska., Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsvlvania.. Rhode Island . . South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia.. Washington West V'irginia. . Wisconsin Wyoming Number of stations. 3,462 Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico 2 27 15 60 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 69 21 77' 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 9 52 57 15 267 35 21 167 58 60 282 6 23 29 50 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 Gross income. {161,630,339 827,167 569,850 553,247 14, 126, 542 3,358,003 2,305,778 1,422,478 274,022 657,015 687,522 13,960,932 3,580,833 2,063.180 1,282,639 1,480,713 1,609,836 1.383,022 1,790,939 9,999,531 4,838,924 2,706,790 357,818 5.301,950 2,439,922 1,344,080 372,108 1,400,058 5,882,309 292.682 34,410,708 229,882 456,641 6,508,718 1,019,945 1,923,302 15,355,241 1,710,432 754,011 439,767 1,012,443 3,584,909 608,107 732,283 253,055 2,874,880 669,518 1,899,907 317,580 Electric service. 416.103 321,592 Total. $156,000,257 $92,942,447 Lighting. Commer- cial. $19,772,404 $27,995,177 397,332 307,774 558,597 415,860 437,605 7,064,389 1,879,278 1,362,122 965,063 208,011 233,862 461,543 7,727,753 2,040,624 1,304,038 736,855 868,578 1,078,890 731,822 1,164,953 5,942,486 2,372,164 1.674,902 263,281 3.290,3,39 1,019,008 887.429 184,7.30 ,')84,595 3,660.638 208,587 20.204.998 95,230 315.929 4,025,919 706,374 1,061,886 8,588,268 828, 189 207,713 263.132 090,963 2,033,728 181,408 408,813 166,121 1,446,819 418,774 1,111,195 258,480 276,514 219,319 Public. Stationary motors. 89,823 31,102 62,446 817,634 252,395 365,914 ' 179,161 40,817 61,884 53,633 1,059,672 617,480 344,505 143,664 339, 191 266.762 169,945 247.231 1,964,620 336,417 340,118 50,510 352,659 101.885 137,986 9.789 219,0()8 1,397,172 19,564 3,6(H,102 34,613 37,210 1,173,, 575 130,801 178,744 2,857.609 416,230 73,717 45,629 117,998 241,493 17,737 100, 167 34, 144 126,852 93,958 323,737 33,342 10,833 50,136 81,513 71,808 17,866 3,773,687 950,156 389,156 191,684 5,342 127,744 99,611 2.439,673 532,260 ! 247,639 216,868 1 206,072 I Electric- railway service. $7,829,275 226,576 284,302 I 344,939 1,42.5,625 842,845 506,196 20,744 970,985 963.609 160,902 148,660 190,764 680,971 24,033 5,677,498 64,797 39,410 1,034,606 103,140 375,273 5,08.'?, 559 302,493 428,599 109,871 111,032 362,063 166,920 155,160 26,396 509,774 42,684 248,231 11,761 109,986 32,295 00,683 17,818 17,075 1,396,735 29,071 46,323 30,939 3,683 13,203 12,600 1,604,328 112.578 28,896 41,379 16,627 7,871 29,454 7,114 288,638 277, 115 22,628 Current sold to other electric companies. $5,513,302 471,694 57.112 18,067 8,340 217.361 93,491 5,924 1,168,700 10,362 47,477 60,977 167,072 901,564 62,982 1,100 69,964 187,276 13,281 1,825 143,183 4,714 52, 191 7,104 550,159 154,412 122,973 204,654 32,504 147,435 41,703 677 44,753 421 37,301 100 243,946 679,961 41,629 2,849 96,694 188, ,529 40,684 73,610 4,166 28.919 1,579,357 25,235 4.000 48,476 12,446 273,315 3.000 22,557 555 203,407 8,620 16,980 463,138 72,434 35,799 1,979 Electric beating. $265,241 1,075 18 16,601 954 626 3,627 725 77,307 34,005 5,131 3,237 60 Charging automo- biles. $153,459 $1,528,962 3,021 2,116 44,306 6,801 2,734 8,465 1,444 105 2,676 940 4,1.53 200 2,360 4,000 2,384 30,627 .500 260 300 2,065 834 162 15 663 1,776 100 764 616 78 1,204 26,600 8,547 1,393 2,626 921 150 796 615 3,298 3,739 30 2,707 90 86 1,173 25 91,819 All other. 23,699 500 8,086 19, 182 183 356 3,638 2,537 3,368 3,901 4,780 3,594 11,486 2,010 7,971 1,800 2,111 21,090 19,332 8,726 4,262 16,790 3,800 14,065 886 1,970 1,237,916 37 290 1,000 3,436 674 1,529 195 1,053 970 33,354 All other sources. 2,920 35.372 6,041 1,787 8,866 5,272 680 1,156 2,660 597 $5,630,082 3,106 11,877 25,658 10,161 487,739 91,536 17,104 21,966 13,732 12,240 26,906 892,416 196,110 126, 174 83,476 48,025 22,34S 127,175 24,802 129,194 264,411 91,886 8,974 112,578 92,369 84,151 19,149 100,414 41,237 2,720 782, 165 10,007 46, 673 140,653 7,612 123,710 608,097 97,364 20,970 18,982 20,661 123,481 37,801 40,808 6,894 183,254 34,294 126,344 13,897 18,771 13,818 ' Includes 1 station In District of Columbia, In order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. 2 Includes 1 municipal station In Porto Rico, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 25142—10 11 160 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 132.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF STATE OR TEHBITORY. Number of stations. Aggregate cost. SUPPLIES AND HATEKIALS. Total cost. Meters. Motors. Transformers. Incandescent lamps. Nernst lamps, vacuum and vapor lamps, etc. (cost). Lamp fittings, etc., ex- cept for arc lamps (cost). Num- ber. Cost. Num- ber. Cost. Num- ber. Cost. Number. Cost. 1 United States Alabama 3,462 $39,490,881 119,665,919 28,024 1378,432 4,522 $270,661 5,468 $288,586 19,036,086 $2,973,508 $69,230 $676,339 ? 27 15 60 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 69 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 9 52 57 15 267 35 21 167 68 60 282 6 23 29 50 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 230,833 231,221 177,869 2,966,408 805,328 538,214 335,329 109,560 127,212 169,277 2,806,088 1,031,592 726, 178 399,966 443,644 375,274 329,058 507,409 2,571,926 1,537,492 792,642 99,228 1,294,164 413,661 406,780 66,467 250,362 1,676,232 101,197 6,879,997 70,290 176,438 1,795,938 327,510 288,928 4,103,464 407, 480 121,651 166,630 248,663 1,476,057 113,686 150,613 62,114 612,057 217,945 660,064 102,956 72,709 52,989 46,717 1,884,062 324,559 238,619 191,452 29,643 61,418 133,630 1,166,610 392,107 304,085 148,596 177,394 177,884 212,970 214,124 1,318,930 963,067 489, 237 22,389 668,214 297,758 153,037 50,600 108,559 687,084 48,399 3,975,968 23,033 23,399 748,677 66,944 124,903 2,249,871 163,915 68,491 44,921 82,896 350,807 108,163 102,603 31,964 454,172 115,013 268,659 24,698 262 52 132 2,234 497 137 93 36 68 231 1,986 3,031 570 284 133 23 135 92 3,972 419 614 44 698 491 264 1 474 4,560 6 986 2 80 749 113 212 1,409 232 145 610 130 965 65 119 37 207 15 436 83 3,518 882 1,622 43,264 5,935 2,4?7 1,149 564 736 3,930 24,906 36,262 8,099 5,120 1,736 336 1,678 1,653 53,738 4,529 6,606 579 18,400 5,662 3,696 20 6,682 47,636 84 16,994 34 1,158 11,129 1,414 3,461 16,287 3,393 1,843 6,414 1,804 11,447 629 2,367 482 2,933 235 6,182 949 4 10 250 2,809 30 29 65 458 62 33 59 38 10 61 529 354 155 34 73 23 45 99 394 134 87 23 157 18 14 30 86 375 2 269 6 6 255 64 42 498 69 59 20 59 356 85 55 19 45 23 49 12 1,160 1,950 2,778 25,498 4,046 2,889 2,346 1,605 422 5,664 21,542 28,886 6,225 1,461 2,774 540 3,037 2,840 29 245 4,488 5,066 931 6,121 537 1,215 3,805 3,481 18,282 275 12,093 450 303 9,466 2,815 3,093 18,159 7,951 2,131 4,499 2,142 12,389 12,276 3,421 962 4,399 1,114 1,370 446 29,796 29,966 16,269 740,765 266,714 288,616 233,562 26,785 30,860 41,315 2,166,847 362,600 146, 185 131,286 126,407 220,690 167,214 406,652 1,892,107 666,775 373,762 23,715 421,447 97,996 216,318 10, 101 69,150 1,019,660 7,402 4,495,742 12,480 13,959 707,661 35,694 122,398 2,047,319 229,293 45,358 37,532 129,105 273,378 14,659 99,297 22,499 235,024 58,667 247,066 13,114 5,381 5,166 2,957 125,091 43,691 51,416 40,982 4,994 5,096 9,413 322,401 60,786 27,858 22,289 19, 743 32,171 28,954 78,945 306,452 125,206 62,249 4,051 64,770 16, 927 36,320 2,258 13,253 164,659 1,252 592,143 2,484 2,423 102,708 6,488 18,209 328,571 39,339 8,124 6,053 26,380 44,000 2,786 15,882 4,047 34,386 10,684 42,475 2,696 3,352 4,386 1,783 82,396 20,219 1,834 453 6,228 2,020 5,779 89,613 15,317 14,053 12,888 8,565 4,096 37,871 3,051 4,668 18,428 30,295 1,288 19,486 1,306 16,415 205 4,525 2,976 2,110 64,515 2,924 694 20,647 884 2,05S 45,014 4,221 5,970 5,947 5,873 17,890 4,233 19,928 1,862 30,666 1,898 26,491 1,163 1 4 5 California 302 13 48,049 1,025 62 328 819 200 25 6 Colorado 7 Connecticut 8 9 Florida 3 4 24 76 61 22 82 32 419 216 800 5,798 7,646 1,754 5,318 2,844 10 11 175 725 492 419 667 93 129 714. 1,436 2,136 4,377 326 1? lUlnois n Indiana . . . ... 14 !<; 16 17 18 78 6 256 48 3 15,100 750 37,461 4,049 229 19 Maryland ?n ?1 Michigan ?? ?1 ?4 35 10 22 6 19 72 3 2,722 3,320 2,193 1,387 1,765 2,349 1,217 376 77,609 7,652 50 1,562 ?«i ?fi Nebraska. . ?7 78 234 406 W f^O 11 16,174 56 62 877 160 3 13,689 120 I' 1? North Dakota 6 4 275 305 14 Ohio... 1*1 16 37 244 7 7 22 1 261 6 15 26,512 1,137 600 1,546 90 10,393 607 1,882 18 Rhode Island . ... 19 40 South Dakota 6 41 4? 11,017 41 Utah 44 1,050 52 1,096 41 Virginia 46 1 70 47 West Virrfnia 48 32 3 2,344 180 1,342 632 49 Alaska fin 9 6 162,247 81,710 47,251 22,992 20 254 260 3,695 3 514 24 1,262 20,063 10,697 6,040 1,809 3,203 455 61 Hawaii and Porto Rico «. . . 1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order tliat tbe operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 161 SXn*PLIES AND MATERIALS—eOIltillUCd. COST OF FUEL. Carbons, gloljes, hoods, and other sup- plies for arc lamps, and repairs (cost). I'olcs and other supports (cost). $1,456,927 8,047 3,068 1,797 77, 164 25,028 22,671 13, 574 1,622 3,403 3,680 125,007 61,303 17,369 7,141 19,151 14, 413 12, 224 67,897 70,569 30, 755 29,677 2, 439 43,114 11,121 8,385 173 8,627 95,9()0 808 213,944 1,591 2,217 81,482 9,279 8,573 241,304 24, 481 3,953 1,856 14,166 21,553 1,015 4,672 1,144 13,706 6,288 17,641 1,875 506 ,104 J701,081 3,961 2,044 2,797 111,428 7,916 15,485 14,658 1,002 5,180 3,709 18,533 20,797 8,410 4,048 3,003 5,270 4,231 2,812 56,678 8,408 41,760 582 36, 126 1,063 2,200 8,327 4,276 40,921 711 94,608 1,187 1,346 25, 231 2,446 8,940 57,783 8,488 5,454 3,126 4,336 17,193 4,542 4,028 616 12,541 1,451 10,090 1,340 Wire and cable (cost). $1,623,078 10,896 6,359 4,970 153,588 27,522 25,067 36, 141 3,388 8,302 6,789 157,327 69,070 24,053 8,276 18,226 18,062 15,921 7,493 221,682 39,064 22,046 1,990 27, 546 13,552 14,456 7,075 10, 187 100, 732 1,378 185,260 1,958 4,021 92, 074 2,906 16,350 97,783 16,073 5,037 5,543 4,237 48,331 6,101 13,234 3,454 25,816 2,459 28,025 3,258 1,395 1,009 ' 4,099 883 All other supplies and mate- rials, in- cluding wa- ter for boil- ers, mill supplies, etc. (cost). $3,993,181 33,867 16,678 18,260 514,022 62,637 54, 187 10, 494 6,652 13,844 15,148 1,53,824 80,868 56,882 37, 730 64,360 27,464 29,148 40,968 219,261 71,733 56,602 7,264 90,175 33,375 50,409 10,972 25,538 165,886 10,267 597,282 8,715 8,427 372, 236 22,353 44,064 618,889 42,246 15,359 6,578 20,405 94, 276 2,5,883 12,589 7, .588 34, 158 16,386 56,466 10,766 10,863 3,258 Power purchased. Electric (cost). $6,080,905 7,148 2,580 651,530 109,634 38,678 71,391 954 17,664 78,079 146, 478 1,440 108, B53 31,538 36,297 70,427 32, 762 6,035 243,546 606,345 170,606 336, 239 195, 185 5,579 15,000 12,613 24,417 28,919 2,024,008 2,330 12,446 16, 707 11,920 708,143 16,122 19,921 240 27, 792 48,916 6,975 8,097 28,560 69, 266 28,507 1,218 All other (cost). $615,283 6,870 4,783 5,650 69,691 3,125 17, 767 9,219 3,716 7,006 12, 727 14,330 24, 126 3, 270 1,620 11,489 2,349 4,992 15, .546 65,069 950 6,360 1,080 1,100 22,603 3,166 5,241 11,070 2,400 255,859 "32,'ii6 Rent of water priv- ileges for water wheels or turbines (cost). Freight, not in- cluded in cost of materials. $351, 443 $187,265 900 2,500 46,158 11,150 15,518 27, 360 2,690 1,258 22,340 59,153 17,614 36,043 5,260 5,172 1,000 9,580 2,285 2,220 12,581 250 1,295 "3," 655 22,514 400 3,220 300 4,900 1,100 9,887 1,660 14,595 750 579 1,377 303 1,020 5,428 1,938 65 3,192 375 13,505 4,426 10,563 2,713 612 •1,984 244 1,6.35 13,731 3,607 15 13,646 158 5,002 2,222 6,162 105 2,473 12, 421 422 3,479 32,620 344 99 3,354 668 26,065 876 605 160 3,682 2,021 175 18,359 10,300 Total. $19,824,962 168, 124 178, 232 131,152 1,082,356 480,769 299,596 143,877 79,917 65, 794 35,647 1,639,478 639, 485 421,093 251,360 266,250 197,390 116,088 293, 285 1,252,996 574, 435 303,405 76,839 625,950 115,903 253,743 16,867 141,803 989,148 52, 798 2,904,029 47, 257 163,039 1,047,261 260,566 164,026 1,853,693 243,565 53,160 121,609 165, 767 1,124,250 5,423 48,010 30,150 157,885 102,932 381,405 78,257 114,996 58,718 Crude petroleum. $16,780,874 ; $2,043,000 151,427 6,310 119,261 478,349 295,498 143,877 12,048 42,344 23,920 1,637,373 627,3.57 418,984 186,796 264,888 138,810 108, 732 289, 751 1,226,917 566,846 269,295 64, 198 562,078 105,113 247,492 8,192 129,902 980,868 51,154 2,886,567 40,114 151,944 973. 140 232, 190 6,060 1,787,007 239,066 36,657 113,622 164. 141 378,867 5,413 45,999 28, 760 84,568 76,061 316,682 78,257 13,000 32,652 167,922 911,668 Natural Hanufoc- turedgas. $269,181 I $194,816 1,500 2,921 336 18,500 43, 896 555 2,301 4,496 1,610 50 '82,' 780' 1,302 4,500 4,118 31,124 14, 770 26,066 150,407 7,850 44,839 714 59,392 I 11,086 6,732 69,451 27,457 64,171 12,691 23,783 All other fuel. $547,091 6,697 4,000 11,901 20,381 2,420 4,097 67,8f)9 23,450 11,727 605 1,367 1,773 1,225 1,362 13,971 6,801 3,534 23, 778 17,377 21,419 12,641 3,394 10, 790 6,251 7,675 7,405 6,610 1,644 3,082 7,143 1,095 4,620 919 75,185 1,098 13,385 7,987 1,626 41,253 10 2,011 1,390 42, 193 * Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed 162 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 133.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR TEKKITOBY. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware' Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode" Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico ' Number o[ stations. 3,462 27 15 SO 115 49 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 52 67 15 267 35 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 50 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 Number. Salaries. 11,375 82 68 60 900 211 160 84 45 54 961 355 225 . 139 1U8 81 161 154 595 378 195* 47 423 119 96 23 104 392 27 1,821 32 39 454 107 112 1,144 71 72 49 361 62 190 79 236 35 SlO, 738,955 64,583 55,596 41,070 1,120,694 214,710 157,749 79,315 25,514 52,087 78,955 930,231 254,827 158,729 113,995 89,391 73,409 96,679 164,856 649,248 280,514 186,673 36,335 410,215 172,111 90,696 27,071 80,918 415,904 21,505 1,745,757 20,760 32,898 442,096 83,217 127,797 1,026,502 100,927 62,958 48,170 71,775 265,755 48,183 69,946 31,072 213, 192 48,065 158,595 28,722 52.350 32,091 GENERAL OFFICERS OF CORPORATION. Number. Salaries. 1,761 11 16 7 72 34 64 11 6 10 11 109 72 68 23 14 18 37 27 122 47 28 9 46 23 18 1 38 53 6 191 85 16 7 204 6 18 $2,202,028 13,119 13, 3U 3,089 144,098 50,162 57,134 23, 516 2,410 10,690 20,955 133,774 65,686 39, 741 19,905 23,366 24,662 23,283 47,122 174,925 49,496 37,613 9,082 74,144 38,385 20,985 250 24,619 111,866 2,799 336,488 3,520 5,918 119,074 13,666 16,960 195,516 25,601 15,466 12,306 19,240 61,184 1,230 8,680 5,030 45,245 7,245 44,073 5,440 10,680 521 OENEKAL MANAGERS, SUPERINTENDENTS, ETC. Number Salaries 3.268 28 21 31 209 68 39 16 22 26 27 239 119 82 64 43 18 63 31 119 125 73 20 120 39 44 12 32 81 15 15 17 119 42 41 316 16 25 28 124 31 31 25 68 37 $4,243,307 28,600 29,854 27,631 389,166 91,332 54,630 20,015 15,839 31,238 38,174 338,383 108, 107 79,057 65,928 44,050 19,117 49,326 45,893 224,813 132,746 93,942 19,311 171,617 75,619 49,684 16,970 36,472 116,749 14,230 569,594 14, 170 18,460 150,103 42,443 58,482 414,610 33,595 25,881 27,343 35,663 118,402 40,090 31,927 19,762 89,067 31,770 77,313 17,140 32,500 20,001 CLERKS AND BOOK- KEEPERS. Number. Salaries. 6,346 43 22 22 619 109 67 58 17 18 30 613 164 85 52 51 45 61 96 364 206 94 18 268 67 34 10 34 258 6 1,261 9 14 250 49 64 626 49 29 12 37 169 16 $4,293,620 22,864 12,431 10,350 687,430 73,210 45,985 35,784 7,265 10.159 19,826 458,074 81.034 39.931 28,162 21,985 29,640 23,070 61,840 249,510 98,273 65,118 7,942 164,454 58, 107 20,027 9,851 19,827 188,289 4.476 839,675 3.060 8,520 172.919 27,118 52,305 416,376 41,731 11,611 8,522 16,872 86, 169 6,863 19,338 6,280 78,880 9,050 37.209 0,142 9,170 11,569 1 Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 'Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations -of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 163 Table 134.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AND TOTAL WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR lEEBlTOHY. United States. Alabama.. Arizona . . . Arkansas. California. Colorado.. C-onnecticut . Delaware ' . . . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana. .. Iowa Kansas Kentucky . Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan Minnesota.. Mississippi . Missouri Montana . . . Nebraska.. . Nevada New Hampshire. New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania... Rhode" Island... South Carolina. South Dakota. . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont . Virginia.. Washington . . . West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico'. Number of stations. 3,462 27 15 60 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 9 52 57 15 267 33 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 50 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 Average number. Wages. 30,691 i $21,196,354 167 90 138 2,143 688 643 243 90 115 110 2,393 931 464 296 413 363 322 473 1,853 592 80 1,191 190 235 56 308 1,338 56 5,679 85 85 1,160 257 334 3,146 375 119 95 211 852 119 160 554 150 463 61 49 100,980 75.067 85,394 1,910,087 547, 955 338,800 170,568 52,617 69,556 83,956 1,656,641 517,215 289. 165 192,636 172, 573 255,546 192. 777 314,029 1,417,006 527. 166 388,691 44, 321 779,857 181,817 177,856 50,193 200,171 938,756 45, 476 3,947,027 38.209 57,744 806,868 154,441 277, 624 2,060,646 247, 020 56,347 60,433 108, 476 480,576 91,976 103,245 39,321 454,786 100,018 285,636 49,089 79,021 53,418 FOREMEN. Average number. 1,344 114 41 28 7 3 ' 7 U 73 29 24 11 12 7 Hi 23 77 55 26 4 50 17 7 5 13 29 3 248 4 47 13 26 129 12 11 4 6 34 3 17 3 42 6 25 3 Wages. 11,446,048 6.970 6,190 1,470 154,213 52,914 30,228 7,368 2,582 7,760 10,530 70,864 23,584 20,006 10, 144 9,505 8,400 14, 261 21,969 81.432 51,997 19, ,590 5,040 53,466 25,740 6,720 6,750 12, 186 27,537 3,480 302, 620 1,500 4,400 47.385 10,695 27,510 139, 747 13,360 6,588 2.246 4,900 29,740 2,460 14,289 1,715 63,110 4,520 23,127 3,240 9,120 3,600 INSPECTORS. .\verage number. 860 159 17 4 6 2 10 6 19 68 27 160 Wages. t668,466 39,580 6,360 8,148 6,690 1,600 102,027 13,088 2,915 4,296 1,200 9,240 3,857 18,240 57,609 17,741 15,842 38,943 4,390 5,400 1,560 20,853 132,562 720 40,555 1,166 6,487 69,908 9,614 1,590 5,750 4,327 960 3,419 840 "7,'369' 1,800 3.380 ENOmEERS. Average number. 35 21 40 120 82 69 23 27 23 21 413 190 170 102 90 33 42 61 204 153 96 27 129 28 60 7 31 146 17 383 17 32 445 12 19 33 50 261 13 26 30 67 57 134 18 Wages. $3,484,231 23, 715 24, 573 29,209 132,953 73,649 63,313 20,266 17,832 14,876 15,446 315, 451 128,988 113,527 73. 437 59,737 30,083 27,805 40,823 201,867 99,340 77,040 18, 740 90,721 29,397 43,411 6,056 28,327 134, 366 17,028 340,363 9,681 24,247 198,659 64,621 44. 343 347. 178 12,634 11,415 21.651 31,825 167, 298 9,609 18,966 16,340 63,503 43,268 89,363 17,592 25,085 8,770 ALL OTHER EMPLOYEES (INCLUDING FIREMEN, DYNAMO AND SWITCH- BOARD MEN, LINEMEN, MECHANICS, AND LAMP TRIMMERS). Average number. 24,041 119 62 96 1,872 559 435 204 60 85 75 695 266 177 309 313 258 380 1,504 593 454 49 960 140 161 43 262 1,131 36 4,888 66 48 798 153 254 2,483 340 86 58 148 560 102 112 46 444 87 293 40 Wages. $15,597,610 67,306 43,404 54,715 1,583,341 415,132 237,111 136,244 32,203 46,920 66,480 1, 168, 299 351,555 162,717 104,759 102, 131 207, 823 146,854 232,997 1,076.198 358,088 276, 219 20, 641 696,727 122,290 122,325 37,388 158,098 756.000 24,968 3,171,492 27,028 28,377 520,369 78,059 199,284 1,503.813 211,412 36.764 36, 536 6(),001 279,211 78, 947 66,571 21,266 337,333 62,230 166,837 28,257 43.016 37,668 ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 2 Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. 164 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 136.— COMMERCIAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OB TEREITORT. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware ' Florida Oeorgia Idaho IlUnois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska Hawaii and Porto Rico ' Number of stations. 3,462 27 15 50 115 49 36 8 24 34 40 271 132 141 79 69 21 77 28 96 130 79 29 104 31 73 62 67 15 267 35 21 167 58 50 282 6 23 29 SO 209 22 47 37 65 43 142 18 Total expenses. $25,611,771 131,921 52,463 51,474 2, 191, 198 560,661 299,336 256,886 26,956 91,576 65,423 1,792,537 507,802 225, 368 167,2(i4 199,483 302, 481 216, 552 467,832 1,701,957 618, 848 339, 160 43, .372 927, 142 316, 895 171,365 64,760 161,600 633,584 40,436 6,656,302 27,635 33,001 1,549,528 162, 108 195,959 2,304,868 226,833 163,406 26,774 138,440 569,682 67,092 138,447 29,360 362, 788 66,921 263,420 35,007 29,192 41,182 Rent of stations, line-wire supports, conduits, etc. $2,317,099 151 840 2,060 2,890 6,797 719 4,000 5,928 47,525 1,427 909 817 297 104 93,317 32,326 69,685 2.465 16,626 1,364 240 12,620 309 4,951 1,212,641 300 492 617,660 1,470 120 142,327 164 17,012 100 700 3,000 1,441 137 2,701 960 8,728 236 Rent of offices. $666,472 8,706 3,185 1,504 58, 477 26,361 6,623 2,766 1,660 4,379 6,366 66,946 19, 753 12,436 8,228 3,998 4,266 4,314 10,916 25,962 12,966 13,190 1,110 21,960 10, 6(i7 7,009 4,130 6,898 21,002 1,004 75,616 874 1,211 21,289 6,267 6,305 37,892 5,700 2,228 1,764 3,513 11,708 3,222 4,224 3,349 5,855 2,253 7,974 1,669 480 3,300 Taxes. Injuries and damages. $6,345,796 $602,623 34,704 ; 13,749 7,046 491,465 120,656 44,177 59,016 6,131 19,038 11,042 646,268 111,488 49, 744 33,150 81, %2 105,919 46,673 73,338 677, 379 167,917 136,425 8,941 246,671 78,076 65,057 11,558 . 39,117 207,360 6,682 1,679,845 6,666 9,389 276,431 16,893 62,864 421,169 99,853 20,986 6,946 29,836 98, 895 22,780 17,286 4,788 108,224 11,814 57,122 7,372 1,648 1,623 3,060 26,399 10,363 5,528 6,946 600 172 238 86,043 11,484 7,699 3,232 6,994 11,720 8,318 20,528 13,176 7,405 10, 181 3,813 23,796 7,109 2,847 66 2,506 20,934 409 179,944 952 34,233 1,978 1,007 29,078 1,241 427 230 1,943 31,157 2,100 33 1,448 4,836 4,400 4,156 464 3,683 11,433 Insurance. $1,467,936 13,533 4,022 7,965 82, 157 38,106 16, 164 7,870 3,430 3,631 2,790 129,969 36,769 23,620 13,761 17, 161 11,687 15,441 25,062 136,243 26,259 20,294 6,456 61,984 7,020 14,677 6,493 20,669 46,468 2,356 317,854 3,245 2,643 34,359 13,696 10, 178 142,790 27,621 4,916 3,260 9,351 34,661 171 10,685 3,687 19,373 7,877 27,631 3,023 720 1,965 Ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery. $3,986,586 22,333 11,429 13,627 468,241 81, 149 74,135 63,459 5,696 10,731 4,939 330,857 164, 134 43,506 30,181 37,937 20,488 26,678 49,856 267,984 110,976 54,549 11,413 143, 223 19,476 37,996 6,142 34,420 110,714 6,760 797,964 6,071 9,445 172, 737 22,857 49,867 312,045 14,825 20,350 4,808 39,247 96,691 6,645 31,738 2,808 64,290 18,949 44,806 10,718 6,671 6,866 Another expenses. $10,326,359 60,847 17,616 16,223 1,061,579 269,219 152, 100 115,830 9,539 49,624 35,130 596,929 163,747 87,455 77,895 62,144 148,401 115,124 194,816 548,887 223,642 102,066 11,039 423,983 193, 194 53,639 13,761 58,682 222,165 23,225 2,491,638 12,500 8,869 392,819 99,958 66,618 1,219,657 77,439 97,487 9,776 64,460 286,870 30,274 73,040 13,133 157,509 20,668 113,003 11,761 18,738 17,383 ' Includes 1 station in District of Columbia, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. • Includes 1 municipal station in Porto Rico, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. GENERAL TABLES. 165 Table 136.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— SUBSTATION EQUIPMENT, MOTORS, TRANSFORMERS, METERS, CUSTOMERS, AND OUTPUT OF STATIONS, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR TERMTOHY. United states. Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Micliigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New llanipstiire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states ' SUBSTATION PLANTS. Number of I stations. , Total kilowatt capacity. 13 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 9 9 13 14 184 3,591 497 ! 262 2.165 300 180 '96' Transformers. Number. 250 145 246 140 75 300 218 2,400 230 164 10 Kilo- watts. 184 3.591 Kilowatt capacity of miscel- laneous appa- ratus. 497 282 1,032 75 366' 180 ■96' 256" 120 246 140 75 300 218 2,400 "236" 1,158 STATIONARY MOTORS. Number. 1.133 25 4,507 295 15 155 1 121 87 67 407 202 211 76 17 8 45 507 328 300 27 86 55 20 113 81 15 338 8 2 108 71 215 2 81 33 Horse- power. 31,689 238 10 2,206 133 1,132 4 915 477 256 3.342 611 1,076 566 45 27 412 4.388 2.009 1.643 307 1,515 195 81 951 46 I 1,681 25 I 790 451 39 280 566 540 722 864 1,734 40 378 57 TRANSFORMERS IN CIRCiriTS FOR CUSTOMERS. Number. 44. 152 649 370 1,328 251 185 64 934 1,994 2,932 3,660 855 896 962 589 236 162 2.182 4.048 1,881 1,069 1.857 549 232 282 1.927 903 HI 4,277 294 125 1.453 859 99 756 800 278 516 464 1,304 283 Kilo- watts. 1,946 1,008 4,947 770 1,651 240 4.414 4.877 7.851 15.584 2,846 3.264 2,695 1.884 490 759 10.581 15.614 6.247 3,629 6.032 2,674 738 1.154 6.064 3.359 396 13.550 958 514 5.288 1.754 580 2.180 2.082 1,402 2.557 1,716 11,018 235 5.124 725 Numljer of meters on con- sumption circuits. Number of custom-! ersfur- I nished i electric current. I 2,180 954 6,451 1,003 2,146 389 5,241 6.893 8,872 19,839 8,952 4.415 2.763 2.431 325 432 9,221 24,019 17,056 3.999 6,331 4,437 462 1.347 6,400 4,535 1.311 19,274 918 6.332 2,167 1.601 1,832 1,926 696 2,150 974 16,292 46 8.006 950 283,625 4,085 2,760 7,016 1,392 2,367 1,071 5,944 9,853 15, 760 25,371 11,169 6,453 3.462 3.728 335 706 8,986 27,404 19,911 6.373 10.804 5.249 657 1.423 7.350 6,479 1,539 23,949 2,060 1,740 8,036 2,651 1.653 4,879 2,764 3.920 3.190 2,314 17,306 370 10.069 1.077 OUTPUT OF STATIONS, KILOWATT HOURS. Total for year. 289,462,788 2,937,878 2,278,489 3,840.413 508.268 3,206,790 1.174,935 7,407,231 8,158,309 27,971,563 23,946.094 7,341.898 6,670,932 4,118.765 3,988,155 1.936.505 2,309,720 13,042.167 29, 455. 289 12.138.290 7,145,801 11,489,766 3,889,363 805,112 1.170,145 10.905,131 5,085,607 1,019,510 29,294.089 1.928.343 772,695 13,887,298 2.041.839 1.030,324 7,354.947 4,613.600 3.848.250 3,762,490 2,408,541 7,099,655 1,714,215 4,958.091 1.006,305 Average per day. 810,820 8,477 6,242 10,982 2,383 8,786 3,219 20,499 22,468 76.939 67,346 20,254 19,112 11,287 10,998 5,637 6.328 35.734 78.609 34.228 19,908 32.150 10,294 2.209 3.294 36,374 15,017 2,795 82, 725 5,400 2,356 38,166 6,588 2,945 20,258 12,640 10,852 10,309 6,598 19,453 4,741 13,663 2. 757 1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; 166 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 137.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER STATE OE TEKHI- TOET. Num- ber of ! sta- tions. PEIMABY POWEE. Aggregate. Steam engines. steam turbines. Total. 600 H. P. and under. Over500H.P. but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. Total. 600 H. P. and under. Over500H.?. but under 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. but under 2,000 H. P. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. 1,648 Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- Horse- ber. power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num- ber. Horse- power. Num-; Horse- ber. power. Num- ber. Horse- power. 1 United States.. 1,252 2,017 321,351 1,685 264,033 236,893 33 22,840 4 4,300 29 19,385 16 4,485 5 3,500 6 6,100 2 28 13 14 7 5 6 13 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 8 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 9 9 13 14 6 5 64 5 33 18 22 9 20 12 35 71 183 112 80 50 23 35 9 21 60 179 140 63 77 39 7 12 77 51 13 188 17 10 88 21 15 49 14 U 22 18 7 7 94 5 4,538 2,909 5, -230 970 4,590 1,340 7,969 9,964 30,847 20,446 9,811 7,521 4,584 4,287 2,245 2,455 15,805 31,504 17,325 8,167 12,046 4,231 915 1,697 12,739 6,775 1,425 29,427 2,195 604 13,541 2,605 1,768 6,820 2,940 2,720 4,948 3,859 5,409 1,575 9,870 735 31 18 19 9 13 12 20 69 168 94 70 43 23 35 1 13 40 139 122 56 72 30 3 9 59 45 13 168 17 5 77 21- 10 44 13 2 3 9 2 7 71 4 4,206 2,909 4,250 970 3,815 1,340 3,816 9,784 30,527 17,455 9,238 6,909 4,584 4,287 500 2,310 9,842 23,053 15,165 7,957 11,795 3,792 310 1,532 9,208 6,334 1,425 25,478 2,195 347 12,530 2,605 1,510 6,580 2,865 210 490 1,406 365 1,575 8,029 535 31 18 19 9 n 12 19 69 154 92 69 43 21 35 1 13 44 135 122 56 70 30 3 9 59 45 13 166 17 5 75 21 10 42 12 2 3 9 2 7 71 4 4,206 2,909 4,250 970 2,465 1,340 3,066 9,784 19,027 16,205 8,688 6,909 3,084 4,287 500 2,310 8,542 20,303 15,165 7,957 10,395 3,792 310 1,532 9,208 6,334 1,425 24,438 2,195 347 11,030 2,605 1,510 5,080 2,115 210 490 1,406 365 1,575 8,029 535 3 Arkansas 4 California 1 760 1 750 s Colorado fi 2 1,350 7 8 Florida 1 750 9 3,990 6 990 3 3,000 R 10 Illinois U 2 1 8,200 1,250 550 3 3,300 11 3 2,000 3 2,000 12 1.1 Kansas.. 14 Kentucky 1 . 500 1 1,000 1.1 Ifi Maine... 17 Maryland 18 Massachusetts 2 4 1,300 2,750 3 3 1 4,400 3,875 300 2 2,100 19 2 1 875 300 20 21 2? 2 1,400 2.f Nebraska.. 24 New Hampshire 2.') 2fi New York. 2 1,250 1 500 1 750 27 North Carolina North Dakota Ohio 28 W 2 1,040 4 2,200 3 1,200 1 1.000 ,<10 Oklahoma. . 81 Oregon . .. . 1 32 Pennsylvania '.. South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee 2 1,500 .13 34 31 2 1 1,500 750 36 Texas 37 Utah ■* 38 Vermont . . 1 450 1 450 3 1 1 200 1 200 1 30 2 90 2 90 5 685 5 1,505 i 1 40 6 123 3 6 3 21 2 5 3 2 2 1 12 14 8 6 4 2 680 1,240 900 5,908 500 1,130 750 500 500 330 3,676 4,296 2,000 1,075 1,375 400 1 2' 180 2 180 1 11 4 2 5 302 340 166 377 4 5 5 1 18 120 52 36 10 6 3 1 531 355 200 6 3 1 531 355 200 P I? 1 ]«> 8 1,745 8 1,745 1 ) 2 4 3 6 35 328 269 361 6 1 5 1 7 4 3 110 50 78 3 210 181 63 17 1 2,300 1 3,000 6 29 10 1,185 4,229 1,496 6 28 10 1,185 3,029 1,496 1 1,200 19 . j.. O] I 70 386 oo 1 'n 4 1 13 2 605 112 2,045 286 4 1 13 2 605 112 2,045 286 '>t 2 2 63 230 1 7 2 21 250 1,600 400 200 5,560 200 1 4 6 165 9fi 1 07 1 Off 3 355 3 355 S 1,325 6 69 '^ 2 2 175 285 2 2 176 285 3 9 82 726 ?1 852 250 ?*> 1 1 1 3 232 2 2 1 26 60 75 M 3 180 3 180 7 3 6 3 1,060 1,700 850 1,482 700 16 9 15 9 4 2,510 3,988 2,453 5,040 8 IS 9 2 1,710 3,988 2,453 640 1 800 V 3 20 IS 19 2 4,400 1 4 40 41 15 1 1,570 200 15 1 1,570 200 1 75 S 28 1 225 i"* 43 1 1 168 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 137.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— PRIMARY POWER AND STATE OR TEEBITORY. OENEHATINO AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EQUIPMENT— Continued. Dynamos— Continued. Aggregate— Continued . Direct-current, constant-voltage. Direct-current, constant-amperage. 500 K.W. but under 1,000 K. W. 1,000 K.W. but imder 2,000 K. W. 2,000 K.W. but under 6,000 K. W. 1 Total. Under 200 K.W. 200 K. W. but under 500 K. W. Total. Under 200 K.W. 200 K.W. but under 600 K. W. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 1 tTnited States 11 6,450 3 4.!inn 1 2,000 511 26,754 606 25,554 5 1,200 439 19,239 435 17,971 4 1,268 Alabama 7 5 5 3 297 186 50 5 5 3 297 186 50 » Arkansas 4 2 1 1 268 45 22 60 4 2 1 1 268 45 22 60 4 California 5 Colorado 6 ConnfiptiOMt^ 7 10 6 6 42 21 45 13 7 17 725 410 600 198 1,768 1,527 2,724 715 341 759 7 10 5 6 42 21 44 13 7 17 725 410 400 198 1,768 1,527 2,424 715 341 759 7 Delaware S Florida 1 200 3 2 117 36 5 2 7 . 1 4 9 20 55 9 375 60 6,407 1,953 179 75 258 38 112 270 470 2,241 248 3 2 117 34 5 2 7 1 4 9 20 55 9 375 SO 6,407 1,185 179 75 258 38 112 270 470 2,241 248 A Georgia in Illinois 3 1 2,250 500 11 Indiana 2 768 1? 1 300 n Kansas "' 11 1 500 T> Louisiana 10 Maine 17 Marvland 6 S 23 91 11 21 17 272 192 1,382 4,742 485 958 948 6 8 23 89 11 21 17 272 192 1,382 4,242 485 958 948 W Massachusetts 1 1,500 1") 1 2,000 •>fl Minnesota 2 600 ■"l Mississippi w Missouri 12 1 445 75 12 1 445 75 ?T •Jj New Hampshire ■'i 1 15 9 9 42 3 5 12 3 6 13 3 42 617 509 475 2,533 150 121 557 41 305 686 93 i 15 9 8 42 3 6 12 3 6 13 3 42 617 509 275 2,533 150 121 557 41 305 686 93 'fi New Yorlc 1 500 12 5 2 47 869 161 130 1,571 10 5 2 47 369 161 130 1,571 2 SOO v ■US North Dakota. . 1 1 200 ■") Ohio 1 1 500 in 11 T 2 i.noo 44 1,755 44 1,755 11 South Carolina 14 South Dakota 1 1 7 10 39 240 1 1 7 10 39 240 I') 2 1,200 16 1 17 Utah.. 1 18 1 3 7 60 209 3 7 60 209 1Q Virginia . i 3 108 3 108 1 4n "■■ 1 2 3,300 1 41 West Virginia . . 1 10 8 1 4i7 143 44 10 8 1 417 143 44 4? ■ 22 1 1,163 75 22 1 1,163 75 41 All other states 1 1 1 i > Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. GENERAL TABLES. GENERATING EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907— Continued. 169 GENERATING AND OTHER MAIN-STATION EOmPHENT—COntlnued. Dynamos— Continued. Transformers. * Boosters. Rotaries. Storage- battery cells in main stations. Kilowatt capacity of miscel- laneous apparatus. Alternating single-phase and polyphase current. Total. "••"• ■ 500 K.W. 500 K.W. but under 1,000 K.W. 1,000 K.W. but under 2,000 K.W. 2,000 K.W. but under 5,000 K.W. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. KUo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. Num- ber. Kilo- watts. 1,445 163,023 1,267 107,488 163 42,285 11 6,450 3 4,800 1 2,000 145 5,287 21 338 5 n3 496 953 1 31 14 18 11 11 7 24 71 105 91 45 41 16 24 4 5 52 127 61 48 61 22 5 11 66 44 4 146 14 6 62 20 8 35 11 10 19 13 6 4 85 7 2,955 1,590 2,773 643 1,925 560 2,713 6,867 10,756 11,872 3,457 4,124 2,210 2,108 750 770 9,160 16,029 6,219 4.779 6,224 1.988 545 1.175 6,881 4,179 405 16.551 1.235 370 6,549 1,935 705 4,416 2,000 1,460 2.737 1.815 3.810 300 4.943 540 28 13 10 11 6 7 22 65 99 71 44 36 12 22 2 4 39 112 55 43 57 20 5 10 60 42 4 124 13 6 56 19 8 29 4 7 13 10 4 4 64 7 2,315 1,390 943 643 420 560 2,233 5,627 7,606 6.232 3.257 2,994 960 i,i;o8 250 3 I 8 640 200 1,830 15 10 H 3 6 221 \ .S 5 1,505 1 ioo 60 6 7 2 6 3 19 1 5 3 2 2 480 1,240 900 5,140 200 1,130 750 500 500 330 3,675 4,296 1,500 1,075 1,375 400 17 243 1 275 12 25 R 1 2 22 9 ff 3 1 2.250 500 7 23 489 2,119 10 2 138 11 1 13 140 35 14 12 3 71 13 1 500 1 3 14 36 1S 16 t 440 1 2 24 60 17 3,985 9,733 4.719 3.704 4,849 12 14 6 5 4 1 1,500 1R 1 2,000 12 3 1 8 287 76 20 287 5 3 145 36 438 50 20 95 19 128 ?0 ?l 1 200 n 1.588 ' 2 - V, 545 ?4 925 5.281 3,779 405 10.491 1.035 370 4 697 1 s 2 250 1,100 400 ?"i 1 500 9 4 214 93 26 1 30 27 14 165 ?8 21 1 5,580 200 1 500 20 471 4 50 W " '■■ 30 1 4 13 17 12 270 31 i 852 250 2 1,000 3? 1.685 1 33 705 2.166 132 34 1,050 1,700 850 1,482 700 2 1,200 2 35 3[> 300 1 7 610 3 1,255 , 6 1,115 3 36 37 6 240 38 39 510 300 4.718 540 2 3,300 1 1 3 2 2 2 103 15 40 41 1 225 1 4 42 43 170 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 138 MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS STATE OB TEBRITOBY. Num- ber of sta- tions. ABC UOHTDtO— NDMBEB Or LAMPS WIRED FOB SEEVICE. Aggre- gate. Total. Direct-current. Alternating-current. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Conunercial. Public. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. Open. Inclosed. 1 United States 1,252 82,940 426 9,432 18,004 55,078 354 1,101 17,209 14,434 72 8,331 796 40,644 Alabama ... ? 28 13 14 7 5 . 6 13 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 8 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 9 9 13 14 6 5 64 5 ' 726 609 865 125 711 56 1,020 2,013 16.277 5,498 1,011 1,505 1,306 608 622 715 2,955 10,541 2,386 837 2,349 942 9 175 3,289 1,519 256 9,517 321 52 4,150 784 311 1,728 1,053 147 344 604 2,221 728 1,734 231 3 3 20 "iu s' 40 3 1 ■■■■ii2' 2 8' 2" 53' 10 54 32 40 51 279 2 50 122 153 1,362 263 203 201 72 5 163 853 1,385 693 55 302 163 9 8 234 168 39 675 60 44 9 96 15 2 177 138 7,460 1.260 40 223 282 " "2i2' 74 412 1,993 226 712 99 625 565 709 59 432 52 649 1,753 8,659 2,836 705 1,078 823 536 405 478 1,690 7,051 1,465 782 1,335 672 3' 5 1 2 9' 18 15 2 177 80 7,350 1,240 10 223 282 "2i2' 74 412 1,792 218 668 99 34 336 76 3 26' 49 31 38 51 196 2 50 119 132 1,286 100 197 201 69 5 163 819 1,244 396 54 282 44 78' 58' 110 20 3«. ""■mi 8 44 591 229 633 S9 317 . S2 643 1,727 5,636 2,066 142 888 561 396 405 164 1,419 5.480 780 727 1,036 547 » 4 California. . 5 fi 83 115 7 Delaware S Florida 144 5" 40 3 6 26 3,023 770 563 190 262 140 ...I. q 3 21 76 163 6 10 Illinois . . . 11 1? 11 14 i-i 3 Ifi Maine 17 314 271 1.571 685 56 299 125 2i' 18 9i" 2 s' 34 141 297 1 20 2 1<) ?n ?i ?? Missouri ?3 161 ?4 New Hampsliire... 9 8 234 156 14 610 M 2 498 54 16 1,389 15 2,555 1,297 201 7,400 236 52 2,655 738 298 1,615 598 53 283 520 1,401 170 1,316 166 2 95 72' 13 165 1.755 1,005 39 5,725 187 49 1,002 738 287 1,510 473 53 283 308 1,401 40 1,069 57 w 403 54 16 1,317 800 292 162 1,675 49 3 1,653 2 3 ■n 56" 12 25 65 9 w North Dakota w Ohio so Oklahoma 10 51 11 3? Pennsylvania io' 2 157 46 13 58 191 90 14 27 820 1,338 45' 264 4 45 147 " "S58" 140 15 31 1,338 126 46 1 46 181 90 14 27 820 U 4 11 South Carolina ?I4 South Dakota 12 12 10 31' 264 11 105 125 io' an RA Texas 17 Utah 88 45 147 2 It Virginia 212 40 Washington West Virginia 41 558 140 15 130 247 109 4? s' 278 42 8' 48 19 230 23 43 All other states ' 1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as fallows: Idaho, 2; Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. GENERAL TABLES. OF SERVICE, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 171 INCANDESCENT UGHTING— NUMBER OF LAMPS WIKED FOR SERVICE. OTHER VARIETIES OF STATIONARY MOTORS. Aggregate. Total. 16-candlepower. 32-candIepower. All other candiepower. UUM, VAPOR, ETC. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Nimiber. Horse- power. 4,052,448 3,882,211 170,237 3,369,606 117,866 137,026 29,169 375,679 23,202 7,738 1,132 4,507 31,689 1 42,223 27,312 111,209 15,976 53,177 9,925 88,169 114,454 203,659 298,160 141,168 79, 420 54, 426 44,096 8,806 11,632 223,293 418,258 270.880 88,008 133. 178 81.227 13. 572 28. 164 183, 729 98,703 23,604 361,179 17,613 10,145 127,759 46.624 36,010 53,156 26,812 22,670 63,136 30,338 215,242 3,108 157,392 14,846 40,622 26. 685 107,383 15,804 62,576 9,106 86,696 111,614 186,031 293, 436 136.640 77,642 52,794 42,193 6,279 7,797 211,914 385,648 264,608 86,626 129,733 78,458 13,099 26,740 177,106 96,877 23,266 347,199 17,086 9,776 114, .576 46,199 36,096 48,996 24,692 21,231 61,683 29,825 210,161 2,848 152, 109 14,565 1,701 627 3,826 172 601 820 1,473 2,840 17,628 4,724 4,628 1,778 1,632 1,903 2,527 3,836 11,379 32,610 6,272 1,383 3,445 2,769 473 1,414 6,623 1,826 339 13,980 528 369 13,183 1,425 914 4,160 2,220 1,439 1,453 513 5,081 260 5,283 281 39,476 23, 436 91,607 14, 441 52,326 8,355 82, 122 90,893 157,426 258, 953 118,663 67,278 48,662 39,874 6,479 7,405 206,668 329, 063 229,954 75,819 121,335 72,285 8,029 26,140 114,546 79,875 19,009 307,608 14,346 6,860 102,937 39, 478 31,078 44,390 24, 460 16,326 50,069 28,471 166,989 2,048 136,341 11,300 1,479 123 1,878 43 820 1,360 3,114 933 250 133 302 1,018 93 401 140 251 229 2,908 752 2,800 328 132 644 132 188 1,932 1,796 2,448 524 1,187 366 90 713 316 338 74 1,436 100 183 1,296 226 211 977 166 523 652 185 1,438 208 1,346 90 226 1.900 12,662 430 89 202 930 36 200 180 222 641 1,712 216 540 121 180 264 545 56 3,631 1,062 432 281 1,575 193 383 301 563 506 80 1,155 60 63 79 139 3 1,230 774 300 696 93 2,771 4 682 22 2 42 6 295 15 156 1 121 87 67 407 202 211 76 17 8 45 607 328 300 27 86 55 238 10 2,206 133 1,132 4 915 477 266 3,342 611 1,076 666 4S 27 412 4,388 2,009 1,643 307 1,515 195 •) ^ 100 33 15 62 4 5 6 7 500 1,000 1,970 13,008 3,766 1,188 1,329 1,320 1,105 1,860 3,591 5,816 29,762 3,392 578 683 2,211 760 1.134 11,264 23,766 24,936 10,784 4,955 2,339 1,114 500 342 5,433 46,823 21,206 6,152 5,789 1,933 4,350 400 69,020 12,360 2,850 30,295 1.075 2,785 8,761 2,357 3,806 2,400 3,440 9,457 4,850 9,547 7,193 5,409 1,893 1,205 300 60 913 10,762 13,449 4,664 2,609 4,240 720 200 3,641 4,642 1,406 9,396 1,665 131 2,878 3,364 212 2,206 132 1,612 1,818 593 9,230 63 5,089 1,690 3 202 265 8 35 160 8 f) 285 10 11 30 133 12 13 11 16 20 395 1,083 626 2 58 169 17 84 285 18 19 0] 22 0^ 400 5,745 982 186 11,389 368 123 11,808 1,061 700 1,953 1,280 616 105 235 872 48 3,265 169 100 25 34 100 211 5 20 113 81 15 338 8 2 108 71 9 18 90 81 66 98 215 2 81 33 81 951 929 46 1,681 25 8 790 451 39 280 566 640 722 864 1,734 40 378 57 ""> 140 26 97 '8 22 29 in 31 127 6 10 20 T> 33 34 •<5 ?fi 3,293 9,806 761 33,942 737 11,679 1,575 7 237 37 38 3,532 88 40 41 94 6« 3 42 43 172 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 139.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CHARACTER OF SERVICE, BONDS, AND COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OB TEEEITORY. United SUUs Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states ' NUMBEE OF STATIONS. Total. 1,252 28 13 U 7 S 6 13 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 8 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 Class. Purely elec- tric. 521 Com- posite. 731 Character of service. Lighting. Arc. Com- mercial, 541 10 Public. 41 29 12 17 3 4 19 100 86 30 49 19 5 42 33 8 103 14 5 41 17 8 21 Incandescent. Com mercial. 1,153 Public. 1,018 Station- ary motors. 350 AU other electric service. $29,031,638 (25,343,654 $1,149,432 Par value. Author- ized. Outstand- ing. Interest. 538,500 231,600 493,000 25,700 737,500 126,000 367,500 1,045,500 791,990 1,013,228 428,800 472,000 74,000 535.500 54,320 135,000 2,042,870 2,770,375 1,230,050 1,395,200 1,338,550 298,100 200,000 178.520 1,054,090 990,900 108,040 3, 425, 725 480,000 274,500 1,245,300 305,500 41,500 766,200 106,000 197,880 476,000 245,000 1,868,000 41,500 789,700 103,000 508,500 195, 100 406,400 22,700 737,500 117,500 350,600 971,400 427,140 726,551 338.830 426,000 65,600 314,650 54,320 127,000 1,814,312 2,429,601 1,096,050 1,370,600 1,081,200 290,100 200,000 178,520 889,200 923, 400 108,040 2,873,260 480,000 235, 100 1,168,200 305,600 41,500 739,700 96,000 191,880 388,200 240,000 1,697,600 31,200 682.600 102.500 26,225 10, 736 19,433 1,257 33,150 5,256 17,790 48. 517 20,344 37,668 17,212 18,639 3,246 18. 518 2,616 5,250 68,760 107.597 54.071 72,038 60,189 10,739 7,000 6,976 34,463 48, 132 6,902 130,268 22,560 10,638 47,654 16,165 2,156 35,345 4,950 9,085 15,100 10,390 54,825 1,469 31.237 5,889 $42, 879, 447 COST OF CONSTRUC- TION AND EQUIP- MENT. Total. $5,166,366 489, 817 417,066 908,974 120,643 719, 708 109,611 818, 866 1,127.594 5, 946, 525 2,263,178 1,032,677 747,197 624, 644 476, 860 185,303 238,280 2,756,981 4,344,825 1.946,328 899,108 1,311,189 508,986 76,849 258,433 1,632,127 816,279 145,012 3, 424, 494 202,350 121,646 1,697,084 412,626 198,695 841,434 407,852 335, 166 581,591 462,014 2,168,305 100,872 1,097.057 127,322 During the year. 86,420 17, 767 394,315 10,971 66,664 1,395 120,856 103,852 779, 486 296,075 87,537 101,596 18,558 53,017 8,591 19,184 357,737 450,238 241,760 57,368 136,801 74,560 2,469 26, 671 166,609 97, 101 28,993 380, 677 39, 194 14.342 87,668 46,908 20,649 64,428 71,937 21,611 66,676 31,342 432, 465 990 114.743 18,254 'Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. GENERAL TABLES. 173 Table 140.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— CONDENSED STATEMENT: STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. INCOME AND EXPENSES, BY STATE OR TERRITORY. United states Alabama Arkansas CalUornia Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucliy Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York. North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South 'Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states' Number of stations. 28 13 14 7 5 6 -13 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 105 14 11 45 17 Gross Income. $14,011,999 185,576 122,471 290,987 52, 177 163,765 42, 166 380, 229 453,495 1,605,061 857,499 416,789 232, 228 179,987 242, 547 69,994 92, 145 749, 709 1,233,086 771,219 328, 882 503, 878 218, 689 22,287 70,069 448, 462 313,440 76, 742 1,135,279 86,371 41,943 660,161 147,526 73,915 287,540 207,234 57, 134 109,418 137,573 535,662 54,735 378, 730 75,309 Electric service. Total. J13, 014, 434 182,216 121,830 284, 225 51,317 163,685 41,876 370,342 441,826 1,498,256 837,887 380,874 219,928 177,787 241,637 68,801 90,222 732, 161 1,175,934 718,565 318, 699 494, 423 214, 497 21,652 69, 673 438, 840 307, 797 69, 974 1,106,915 84,801 40,563 653,656 132,667 71,982 274,828 207,234 57,026 103,916 134,618 528, 188 54,695 353,517 74,904 Lighting. »13,040,263 178, 674 120, 255 229,089 49,637 144,897 40,819 358,664 436, 106 1,491,343 799, 749 366,851 211,634 163, 798 229, 227 68, 476 86, 102 636,221 1,140,216 685,939 308, 168 473,411 206,997 21,652 66,116 427, 338 296,013 68,572 1,083,367 83,662 40,319 635, 825 128, 235 71,202 254, 362 191,773 50,327 94, 401 119,637 504, 485 54,295 348,426 74,084 Stationary motors. $510,373 3,292 392 52,875 1,680 18,421 25 10,878 5,220 5,607 35,939 13,563 7,356 13,989 2,104 325 4,120 94,083 30,236 30,426 5,389 14,611 7,500 1,057 10,903 11,634 1,384 19, 470 780 33 17, 761 3,785 780 19, 760 14,844 6,519 7,216 14,350 22,044 400 4,856 760 $57, 798 250 1,183 2,261 367 1,032 800 500 1,306 2,199 460 938 10,306 1,857 5,482 2,200 5,142 6,401 2,500 599 150 18 4,078 459 211 70 647 700 617 180 2,299 631 1,659 236 60 All other sources. Total. $397,565 '' $9,167,188 3,360 641 6,762 860 80 290 9,887 11,669 6,806 19,612 35,915 12,300 2,200 910 1,193 1,923 17,548 57, 152 52, 654 10,183 9,455 4,092 635 396 9,622 5,643 6,768 28, 364 1,570 1,380 6,495 14,859 1,933 12,712 108 5,502 2,955 7,474 40 25,213 405 Salaries and wages. $3,485,015 121,914 87,928 168, 797 31,491 88, 618 33,803 218,583 272,545 1,067,265 584, 293 302, 733 157, 461 105,247 183, 016 32, 741 73,645 469,656 790, 195 552, 753 218,026 343, 369 122,016 11,913 37,688 300, 104 213, 491 68,523 742,418 64,411 28,452 388, 717 117,125 57, 179 169,610 119,918 32, 271 68,893 76, 348 46,062 i 284, 179 45,024 42, 970 31,350 63,412 12,380 33, 103 12,815 78,669 111,068 445, 849 197, 221 99,283 67,865 39,830 54,027 19,550 27,926 169,393 319, 133 180,414 80,777 116,568 44,875 6,660 15,846 126,833 72,.054 22,741 294,961 26,946 11,003 154,273 36,052 18,540 67,513 42,888 19,527 26,690 28,667 132, 463 20,660 96, 818 17, 712 Cost of supplies, materials, and fuel. $4, 967, 687 72,212 60, 897 96, 261 17, 221 43,618 16,504 131,800 146, 186 576, 620 340,902 175, 341 77,252 56,570 110,498 7,790 39,905 243,815 405,901 328, 703 115,678 190, 797 69,356 4,816 18,049 150,331 126, 722 39, 162 381,695 32,628 16,643 206,547 76,693 33,053 85,573 64,890 8,004 27,363 43,444 124,665 24,618 169,089 21,065 Rents, taxes, In- surance, and other miscella- neous expenses. $714,486 6,732 5,681 9,124 1,890 11,967 4,484 8,214 16,291 44,796 46, 170 28,109 12,344 8,847 18, 491 5,401 5,814 66, 448 65,161 43, 636 21,570 36,004 7,785 1,437 3,693 22,940 14, 715 6,630 65,762 4,837 1,906 27, 897 4,380 6,586 16,524 12,140 4,740 15,960 4,237 11,740 894 18,272 6,247 1 Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. 174 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 141 MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF STATE OB TEBBITOKT. United States Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states » Num- ber ol sta- tions. 1,252 28 13 14 7 5 6 13 S9 112 24 104 92 39 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 Aggregate cost. (4,967,687 72, 212 50,897 96,261 17,221 43,548 16,504 131,800 146,186 576,620 340,902 175, 341 77,252 56,570 110,498 7,790 39,905 243,815 405,901 328, 703 115,678 190, 797 69,356 4,816 18,049 150, 331 126,722 39, 152 381,695 32,628 15,543 206,547 76,693 33,053 85,573 64,890 8,004 27,353 43,444 124,665 24,618 169,089 21,065 SUPPLIES AND MATEBIALS. Total cost. $1,734,904 14,323 12,082 55,978 8,957 8,410 5,082 24,393 45,339 210,045 116,952 62,996 27,202 24,550 18,309 7,189 8,032 119,981 127,602 91, 173 24,784 49,037 15, 107 4,368 4,726 52,099 39,915 9,787 121,083 4,941 5,980 84,587 25,810 13,923 25,355 10,328 5,811 15,468 22,224 121,465 14,404 66,325 8,782 Meters. Number. 3,876 4 136 506 234 60 20 45 84 266 232 83 202 27 57 26 4 93 657 6 171 138 10 16 2 12 2 124 300 163 30 Cost. $48,193 432 262 12 97 48 1,497 6,682 3,068 742 307 395 1,142 2,842 2,922 1,109 4,374 387 671 297 46 1,637 7,925 73 1,938 1,636 150 192 25 165 42 1,496 3,150 1,973 371 Motors. Number. Cost 36 $7,749 318 ISO 34 503 85 2,062 210 158 2,310 300 Transformers. Number. 100 213 2 20 59 54 18 113 11 1 14 19 169 25 4 40 2 Cost. $49,120 1,751 493 139 114 897 3,570 6,251 1,201 739 513 1,370 56 1,567 2,377 1,423 525 4,226 557 27 444 712 377 8,285 888 180 1,782 76 970 216 1,127 729 2,606 30 2,060 807 Incandescent lamps. Niunber. 771,643 7,259 8,849 12,536 3,495 12, 174 3,790 6,501 29,836 31,241 35,192 37,500 27,852 18, 110 7,624 2,964 9,780 60,097 91,400 41.880 6,165 26,095 27,973 3,354 1.446 20,017 24,488 2,885 56,891 690 2,000 34, 139 9,071 3,090 19,819 7,168 6,935 5,525 9,180 13,930 310 37,992 4.100 Cost. $144,558 1,274 1,574 2,073 693 2,118 1,214 5,117 6,804 6,453 7,819 5,037 3,508 1,817 527 1,353 11,920 17,016 8,055 1,164 4,754 5,224 974 430 3,795 4,535 568 10,263 116 463 5,621 1,679 542 3,501 1,268 1,357 1,267 1,872 2,153 71 7,045 1 Includes states having leas than 3 stations, in order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; GENERAL TABLES. SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, AND FUEL, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. 175 SUPPLIES AKD MATERIALS — Continued. ■ COST or ruEL. Nernst lamps, vacuum and vapor lamps, etc. (cost). Lamp nttings, etc. (ex- cept for arc lamps) (cost). Carbons, globes, hoods, and other sup- plies for arc lamps and repairs (cost). Poles and other supports (cost). Wire and cable (cost). Another supplies and materials, including water for boilers, mill supplies, etc. (cost). Power purchased. Rent of water privileges for water wheels or turbines (cost). Freight not included in cost of ma- terials. Total. Coal. Crude petro- leum. Natural gas. All other iuel. Electric (cost). All other (cost).- $3,956 $86,254 $241,278 $56,298 $146,031 $443,547 $336,332 $41,952 $35,109 $94,527 $3,232,783 $2,900,338 $128,547 $40,407 $103,431 1 503 85 1,978 173 1,542 1,617 3,540 275 1,(J35 337 5,106 4.849 58.762 16, 474 2,854 2.262 5,277 1.476 4,191 2,337 5,598 29, 396 6.241 2,205 6,315 1,753 1,487 1,367 1,321 77 995 45 1, 143 2,802 5.374 2,941 2.358 347 340 384 300 110 4,590 7,154 2,488 826 1,695 432 18 335 923 735 573 3,392 508 301 2,0.56 917 696 845 1,148 677 114 719 816 316 1,948 685 1.528 1,415 4,685 84 693 25 2, 121 4,991 11.215 10,217 8.957 1.230 934 1.520 61 260 16.063 11,666 8,426 1,768 5.448 1,066 165 350 4,312 768 940 10,281 159 548 4.400 2,874 619 1,431 2,001 1,260 932 3.225 7,345 10 9,778 264 4,886 2.809 4,514 953 2,922 1,287 12,442 10, 622 55,463 26,067 20,827 7.539 11.278 9,922 907 3,586 18,504 32,871 31,199 7,978 13.324 3.074 384 1.863 11,693 9,482 3,625 40,051 2.460 28,518 2,946 2,242 6,050 3,382 645 2,153 4.133 16. 754 8,460 12. 728 2.288 600 400 57,889 38,815 40,283 8, 264 35. 138 11,422 107,407 100,847 366,575 223,950 112,343 50,050 32,020 92, 189 001 31,873 1 123,834 278.299 237.530 90,894 141,760 54,249 448 13.323 98,232 86,807 29,365 260.612 27.687 1 9.563 i 121.960 50.883 19,130 60,218 i 54,502 1 2, 193 11,885 21,220 3,200 10,214 102,764 12.283 49,488 36,710 8,401 2,105 6,600 2 2,000 3 37,640 6,702 33,683 4 8,264 27, 103 11,422 85,945 76,083 360,045 221,267 112, 185 41,965 32,020 36, 250 Wl 30,512 117,437 270, 103 215,040 87,603 j 133,039 53.920 426 13.251 94,379 77.260 27,654 242, 638 25.687 1,410 112.822 46.763 17.655 59.738 28.349 2.193 11.885 21.208 400 7.094 89. 928 12. 196 1 5 3,382 4,653 fi 18 2,023 3,577 1,576 2,212 4,105 5.511 1,564 400 910 80 1.793 10, 950 4.778 3,773 3.731 1,651 578 2,094 133 2,953 7,955 16,188 9,552 1.164 839 41 303 250 57 2.205 15.093 625 4.419 963 7 21,462 24,764 2.930 44 160 500 ""'3,' 376' 8 173 150 2.30 135 16 9.310 63.679 11,244 9 4.100 11,600 1,940 1,709 1,800 1.800 2,639 10 75 II 12 900 7, 585 13 "52,'569' 14 984 15 16 1,361 4,334 8,196 22,490 3,291 1,880 329 22 72 1,597 9,547 1,811 3 17 39, 169 7,067 6,775 2,849 19.544 625 3. BOO 2,063 18 140 88 2,800 1<) W 21 751 2,707 4,134 W, 1 ' 23 1,300 1.500 24 14 149 55 2,641 774 103 4,750 354 6,561 4,057 566 20,918 737 221 16,892 2,102 7l« 4,790 1.988 290 699 2,669 4,381 5. 472 3.408 371 25 16, 867 9.688 9,202 1 4.148 251 1,760 11.075 1,982 274 26 27 28 229 2.199 j 1.715 3,443 14,528 2,100 29 .30 131 3.512 7.026 654 2, 949 .300 203 1,978 105 4.686 10 4,770 216 3.300 11.896 4,200 8,215 1,255 180 2,759 8,153 3,081 4,120 340 480 2,000 31 25 44 4.i 1.736 3,294 2,305 3,752 32 :« 1,135 34 2.080 692 :m 24,213 ,3fi 87 284 2.349 37 460 5,810 2.000 80,692 1,000 1.050 38 1 12 2,800 ,39 1,188 40 35 4,374 «4 2,520 41 119 11,507 2,500 2,301 3,66.0 400 12. 436 87 4' 43 25142—10- -12 176 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 142.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF INCOME, BY STATES AND TERRI- TORIES: 1907. STATE OB TEBUTOBT. Number of stations. United States Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia. nilnols Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states ^ .. . 1,252 28 13 14 7 5 6 13 S9 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 8 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 8 28 Gross Income. 114,011,999 186,576 122,471 290.987 52, 177 163,765 42,166 380.229 453,495 1,505,061 857,499 416,789 232,228 179,987 242.547 69,994 92,J4S 749,709 1,233,086 771,219 328,882 503,878 218,589 22,287 70,069 448,462 313,440 76, 742 1,135.279 86,371 41.943 660, 151 147.526 73.915 287,540 207, 234 57, 134 109,418 137,573 535,662 54,735 378,730 75,309 113,614,434 Electric service. Total. 182, 216 121,830 284,225 51,317 163,685 41,876 370,342 441,820 1.498.256 837,887 380,874 219,928 177,787 241.637 68.801 90,222 732, 161 1,175,934 718,565 318,699 494,423 214,497 21,652 69,673 438.840 307,797 69,974 1,106,915 84,801 40,563 653,656 132, 667 71,982 274,828 207,234 57,026 103,916 134, 618 528.188 54,695 353,517 74,904 Lighting. Commer- cial. $7,394,987 128,972 72,881 155,831 42,181 103,830 27,761 292, 639 280,349 350.908 531,682 268,746 128.217 86.977 163.530 7,404 28,523 373,513 586,227 518,638 2)8, 113 28S, 480 132, 144 15,168 40.225 225,170 201,663 50,660 551,749 56.650 32,038 202,157 77,907 47,711 109,944 111,690 40,659 64,095 69,816 391,389 6,838 239,681 52,441 Public. »5, 645, 276 4«,7D3 47,574 73,268 7,456 ' 41,067 13,058 66,025 155,757 1,140,435 268,067 98,105 83,417 76,821 65,697 61,072 57.579 262, 708 553,989 167,301 70,055 184,931 74.853 6,484 25.891 202, 168 94,350 17,912 531.618 26.912 8,281 433,668 50.328 23,491 144,418 80,083 9,668 30,306 49, 821 113,096 47,457 108,744 21,643 Station- ary 1516,373 Electric- railway service. Current sold to other electric compa- nies. tI2,2B «,M4 3,292 392 52,875 1,680 18,421 25 10,878 5,220 5,607 35,939 j 1.3,563 I. 7,356 I 13.989 t. 2.104 i. 325 .. 4,120 94,083 30,236 30,426 5,389 14,611 7,500 1,057 10,903 11,634 1..384 19.470 780 33 17,761 3,785 780 19,766 14,844 6,519 7,216 14,350 22,044 400 4,856 760 1,032 800 1,500 300 6,090 2,500 1,170 108 1,677 180 950 1,659 Electric heating. M,350 140 100 341 336 340 220 1,141 48 57 1,375 "iie 10 647 100 Charging auto- mobiles. 47 75 160 6 313 179 55 92 All other. (1,288 131,494 110 1,183 1,134 292 500 36 75 280 602 9,970 1,096 3,406 1,004 5,094 311 2,703 459 65 617 I 1,349 531 I All other sources. *397,565 3,360 641 6,762 860 80 290 9,887 11.669 6,805 19,612 .35,915 12,300 2.200 910 1.193 1,923 17,548 57, 152 52,654 10,183 9,455 4,092 635 396 9,622 5,643 6,768 28,364 1.570 1,380 6,495 14,859 1,933 12,712 108 5,502 2,956 7,474 40 25,213 405 > Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. Idaho, 2; GENERAL TABLES. 177 Table 143.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— NUMBER OF SALARIED EMPLOYEES AND TOTAL SALARIES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR TERRITOEY. Number of stations. United States. Alabama Arkansas California. . . Colorado Connecticut . Delaware. Florida. . . Georgia . . . Illinois . . . Indiana.. Iowa Kansas Kentucky . Louisiana. Maine Maryland Massachusetts. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi-. . . Ittissouri Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. North Dakota . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania. . South Carolina. South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia.. Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin All other states ' 1,252 28 13 1* , 7 ! S I 6 13 i sg 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 24 104 92 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 105 14 11 46 17 8 28 Number. Salaries. 1,615 73 60 176 97 56 59 23 5 7 58 40 10 206 19 S994,832 17,915 11,600 21,208 5,630 9,010 4,929 21,550 50,775 52,623 55,309 30,170 22,165 11,300 23,644 3,082 2,970 40,248 100,823 74,905 34,878 37,363 13,554 2,650 4,050 29,769 30,187 10,307 75,305 9,112 2,995 28,437 15,000 7,540 21,783 13,042 7,173 9,061 7,135 34,455 1,720 31,534 7,926 OENEHAL MANA- GERS, SUPERIN- TENDENTS, ETC. CLERKS AND BOOK- KEEPERS. Number. 104 67 40 41 15 2 3 32 32 8 134 13 5 32 17 7 30 Salaries. Number. $814,929 I 17,705 9,530 14,655 4,250 6,270 4,149 11,620 46,775 45,480 46,741 25,728 19,826 9,980 20,580 3,082 2,580 29,437 81,735 63,541 29,329 33,150 11,930 2,300 2,540 23,642 27,747 9,272 56,606 7.920 2,795 23,314 13,280 7,540 20,851 6,540 6,033 8,328 6,470 14,765 1,360 29,003 6,550 Salaries. 1179,903 210 2,070 6,553 1,380 2,740 780 9,930 4,000 7,143 8,568 4,442 2,339 1,320 3,064 390 10,811 19,088 11,364 5,549 4,213 1,624 350 1,510 6,127 2,440 1,035 18,699 1,192 200 5,123 1,720 932 6,502 1,140 733 665 19,690 360 2,531 1,376 ■ Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; Montana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. 178 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 144.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE-EARNERS AND TOTAL WAGES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OB TERRITOBY. Number of sUtions. TOTAL. t FOREMEN. INSPECTOES. ENGINEERS. ALL OTHER EMPLOY- EES (I NCLUDIN G FIREMEN, DYNAMO AND SWITCHBOARD MEN, LINEMEN, ME- CHANICS, AND LAMP TRIMMERS). Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. Average number. Wages. United States 1,252 3,951 12.490.183 1 90 181,446 34 128.6.32 1,411 $969, 147 2,416 1 SI, 410, 968 28 13 14 7 5 il 59 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 8 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 7 47 36 8 106 14 11 45 17 8 28 9 9 13 14 6 6 67 31 58 10 32 IS 104 137 476 239 113 89 48 65 23 37 164 398 178 105 127. 50 5 22 158 91 16 337 31 15 167 49 18 84 45 18 28 34 110 29 114 15 25,055 19,750 42,204 6,750 24.093 7,886 57,019 60,293 393,226 141,912 69,113 45,700 28,530 30,383 16,468 24,956 129,145 218.310 105.509 45,899 79,205 31,321 3,010 11,796 97,064 41,867 12,434 219,656 17,834 8,008 125,836 21,052 11,000 46,730 29.846 12.354 16.529 21,532 98,008 18,830 65,284 9,786 1 27 14 19 6 10 8 20 43 137 89 61 44 18 25 3 11 51 138 96 42 61 22 11.125 9.640 16. 547 3.840 9.198 4.940 13. 182 23.181 111,961 57,632 41, 195 26, 136 12,290 15,689 2,616 8,883 46,607 81.943 63.839 21.022 30.513 15,014 40 1 13,930 Arkansas I 1,000 3,436 1 480 15 8,630 California .36 ' 22,221 Colorado 4 1 2,910 1 884 1 728 20 ' 13,283 7 2,946 Florida 1 4 14 3 2 i 2 1 1 1,200 2,380 14,055 2.630 1,510 1.080 900 6 4,387 77 ! 38,250 Georeia 90 34. 732 Illinois 2 3 2,280 2,160 322 264.930 144 79.490 50 ' 26,408 43 18.484 TfftnsM 1 29 1 15.340 liOiilifianA 40 14 694 H>Mrf«*.. . ! 1 300 19 13.552 26 ! 16,073 Massachusetts 1 6 ' '8 2 3 6,242 4,637 1,440 2.340 4,620 3 2 2,707 2,250 104 1 73,580 Michigan 260 1 129,480 80 I 40,230 60 22,537 70 1 -O 112 Minn^'-'u^t^ Mississippi " " '1 Missouri 1 1 ■ 960 Nebraska 28 5 13 99 60 7 185 105 33 9 56 28 16 26 19 96 9 16, 307 Npw Hftmpshirp 1 3,010 1 4 3 832 3,469 2.250 1 1 624 7 55 28 9 141 18 8 53 16 8 29 15 3 2 13 3 7 56 5 4.i52 35.835 14,691 7.766 106,316 11.734 5,215 42, 249 3,640 5,720 17,705 10,566 2,569 1,837 9,750 2,280 6.284 38.726 4.120 6,188 57,760 New York 24. 926 North Dakota 4 6(i8 Ohio 8 7,615 3 2,236 103.490 Oklahoma 6,100 i i 2,793 74.930 5 5,516 4 3, 141 11,412 4,950 South Dakota , 1 330 I 1 28,025 Texas 1 1,200 1 900 17,180 Utah 9.785 14,692 Virginia 2 [ 1.540 3 ' 3 240 10, 242 8 I 9,780 82,708 West Virginia 720 1,080 12, 820 26,479 1 1 nnn 4,666 > Includes states having less than 3 stations, In order that the operations of individual stations may not be disclosed. Uontana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; GENERAL TABLES. 179 Table 145.— MUNICIPAL CENTRAL ELECTRIC STATIONS— ANALYSIS OF MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES, BY STATES AND TERRITORIES: 1907. STATE OR TERKITORV. United States. .\labama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut. Delaware. Florida... Georgia. .. Illinois Indiana... Iowa Kansas Kentucky. Louisiana.. Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire. New Jersey New York North Carolina. . North Dakota... Ohio Oklahoma , Oregon Pennsylvania. . South Carolina. South Dakota. . Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. Virginia. . Washington West Virginia Wisconsin All other states ' . Number of stations. 28 13 14 7 5 6 13 5S 112 68 51 32 14 21 4 24 104 92 39 58 25 4 36 8 105 14 11 45 17 Total expenses. 1714,486 6,732 6,681 9,124 1,890 11,967 4,484 8,214 15,291 44,7% 46, 170 28,109 12,344 8,847 18,491 5,401 5,814 56,448 65,161 43,636 21,570 36,004 7,785 1,437 3,693 22,940 14.715 6,630 65.762 4,837 1,906 27,897 4,380 5,586 16,524 12.140 4,740 15,950 4,237 11.740 894 18, 272 6,247 Rent of stations, line-wire supports, conduits, etc. 15,654 386 175 120 26 1,320 612 120 Rent of offices. JIO, 721 168 130 30 145 46 243 133 1,241 168 270 192 120 628 676 402 65 540 256 96 540 206 225 670 172 18 183 600 300 411 280 18 180 Taxes. 15,224 150 159 117 6 127 170 700 160 53 414 100 200 403 650 920 46 175 Injuries and 132,468 662 2,700 25 25 625 2,992 1,685 11,100 3,300 1,130 3,315 40 15 286 2,000 308 80 350 Insurance. JUO, 269 885 1,069 1,578 314 1,958 326 4,746 3,635 6,259 7,737 4,592 1,895 1,737 1,775 483 576 9,802 7,646 8,659 3,003 5,708 840 251 872 4,479 2,319 1,066 8,003 606 241 2,961 1,083 421 1,872 2,592 105 2,166 1,045 406 102 3,801 666 Ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery. $314,098 2,519 2,561 2,452 250 6,527 2,322 2,238 5,001 22, 144 19,629 9,493 6,946 3,123 14,781 2,602 3,606 23,756 33,783 24,187 4,096 14,330 3,673 243 852 9,832 4,516 3,718 31,390 2,008 665 15,226 1,588 1,516 6,565 6,464 3,372 4,018 1,258 820 467 7,805 2,858 All other expenses. $236,052 3,160 1,771 5,094 1,230 3,452 1,532 1,067 6,750 12,685 17,030 12,026 4,234 3,442 1,860 2,316 987 21,871 19, 762 8,344 3,186 11,426 2,856 847 1,376 7,983 5,961 1,431 22,321 2, on 1,000 8,947 1,210 3,633 4,547 2,176 963 8,094 614 9,014 325 6,510 2,018 ■ Includes states having less than 3 stations, in order that the operations of Individual stations may not be disclosed. These stations are distributed as follows: Idaho, 2; Uontana, 2; Rhode Island, 1. 180 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 146.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES- ANALYSIS OF ARC-LIGHTING SERVICE, BY STATES: 1907' AND 1902. [Separate reports for these stations could not be secured, hence the statistics for them have been Included with those for electric rallways-l Census. Kum- berof com- panies. ABC UOHTraO— NUMBER 07 LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE. Aggre- gate.. Total. Direct-current. Alternating-current. - Ali other.' STATE OB TEREITOEY. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public. Commercial. Public (open). " Open. In- closed. Open. In- Closed. Open. In- closed. Open. In- closed. Open. In- closed. Open. In- closed. Open. In- closed. Total 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 177 118 80,102 33,863 4,491 2,582 46,183 13,603 4,644 10,868 24,784 6,810 882 2,413 11,013 6,459 4,504 10,495 6,220 1,072 3,609 1 35,170 7,069 140 8 18,564 5,738 168 75 365 6 4 5 5 3 7 7 12 4 7 11 8 3 3 3 7 6 6 3 4 3 11 10 8 5 20 U 7 3 3 3 4 10 7 6 4 7 3 7 9 16 25 2,633 1,291 1,527 745 222 6,172 4,347 4,099 817 2,133 2,886 1,603 483 658 431 1,308 869 899 477 1,079 203 2,566 2,594 1,821 613 7,152 2,933 619 1,114 693 3,914 £40 5,956 2,983 3,340 1,854 1,259 572 5,391 4,715 21,808 6,646 ■'449' 109 103 164 238 103 235 38 133 39 "'25' ""'so' ""'37' 759 56 ""u '""■ii 2,765 7 42 219 "■'iie' 420 387 45 518 1,759 442 1,368 287 55 3,308 2,092 2,447 328 1,196 1,219 388 53 454 230 590 286 254 112 890 5 306 1,070 837 174 2,659 518 3,38 432 236 809 299 3,305 1,710 2,932 1,416 325 70 1,773 1,778 18,343 2,693 ""325" 727 761 278 74 234 812 93 104 115 89 352 " "i32' "iii" 163 964 194 325 359 1,838 14 483 757 ig' 75' 1,348 1,871 484 2,411 874 75 159 349 64 1,973 1,256 1,271 254 863 1,395 270 298 100 61 629 201 645 233 189 50 1,338 504 790 102 4,134 553 267 682 457 340 234 2,126 297 408 303 934 427 1,850 679 2,936 1,024 ""449' 109 103 161 238 "235' 1,015 388 350 744 54 1,018 287 55 1,653 798 1,306 33 1,196 1,079 304 48 353 115 590 250 254 112 890 5 275 1,005 837 174 1,361 353 326 432 199 809 287 1,392 777 1,458 153 325 70 716 501 17.534 2. in 20 874 75 159 349 64 1,734 1,018 631 325 Florida 1,655 1,294 1,141 295 707 761 278 74 234 812 93 104 115 89 352 239 238 640 254 661 51 40 3 103 8 Illinois 110 10 8 202 1,344 230 298 48 31 629 201 645 233 189 50 938 504 790 102 1,579 553 267 407 259 340 234 1,856 197 408 182 900 427 1,835 588 1,908 1,024 30 133 39 "'25' 140 84 5 101 115 52 30 30 36 132 37 "'55' 31 65 111 163 964 194 325 249 l,-838 14 400 759 1 12 "■■24' 1,298 90 12 Ohio 2,555 75 Pennsylvania * South Carolina 275 198 2,703 7 62 42 219 '"'iiu" 37 12 1,913 933 1,474 1,263 Virginia 483 757 270 100 19 121 34 WestVh-ginla 75 1,348 1,871 474 2,038 420 387 19 350 1,057 1,277 809 582 15 91 1,028 26 All other states 5 168 365 ' Two companies in one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table. « Not reported in 1907. • Included in "All other states" in 1902. ■•No report for 1902. Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2. GENERAL TABLES. 181 Table 147.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES- ANALYSIS OF INCANDESCENT AND OTHER VARIETIES OF LIGHTING SERVICE AS WELL AS MOTOR SERVICE AND NUMBER OF METERS, BY STATES: 1907' AND 1902. [Separate reports (or these stations could not be secured, hence the statistics for them have been included with those for electric railways.) STATE OR TERRI- TOHV. Total Alabama Arkansas' Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana > Iowa Kansas' Maine Michigan Mississippi Missouri New York North Carolina. Ohio Pennsylvania <.. South Carolina. Tennessee' Texas" Virginia Washington West Virginia.. Wisconsin AH other states^ Cen- sus. Num- ber of com- panies. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1S07 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 177 118 11 ! 8 ! INCANDESCENT LIGHTING— NUMBER OP LAMPS WIRED POR SERVICE. Aggre- gate. 545,839 442,685 151,108 50,704 88,897 83,066 19,872 322,843 136,978 270,367 42,426 150,693 62,284 36,000 82,363 39, 443 103, 462 43,389 66,240 12,887 88,930 66,130 134,363 100,561 126, 131 31,742 522,022 189,708 31,331 115,767 24,225 191,491 82,656 373,928 65,148 293,672 93,247 88,967 23,294 382,724 180,073 667,514 260,574 4,487,681 1,423,659 Total. Com- mercial. 151,003 50,045 88,404 81,790 19,541 320,761 1.35,604 270. 193 42,426 150,289 61,924 29,000 82,036 39, 379 100,902 41,169 65,620 11,890 88.820 66,075 124,273 98,812 124,681 31,498 516,469 188,065 31,057 110,370 24,117 191,491 80,811 372,713 64,815 292,068 90,483 78. 571 23,294 382.278 179,611 662,903 254,911 Public. 58,158 19,026 105 659 1,276 331 2,082 1,374 404 360 7,000 327 64 2,560 2,220 620 997 110 55 10,090 1,749 1,450 244 5,553 1,643 274 5,397 108 l(><;andlepower. 32^;andlepower. Com- mercial. 3,871,786 1,313,303 1,845 1,215 1,604 2,764 446 462 4,611 5,663 150,648 47,705 78,219 81,165 19,408 313,261 132, 630 238,140 37,883 114,592 57,610 60,974 38,079 92,740 36,577 58,920 11,290 65,999 45,000 119,697 86,950 102,882 28,132 386,692 186,683 25,988 101,370 23, 517 177,439 80,811 284,321 52,595 276,618 70,667 (■)8,6fi2 20.984 381,278 170,305 533,281 247,288 PubUc. 48,451 13,065 105 659 1,235 1,536 900 245 60 6,500 238 2,371 2,130 405 997 60 50 5,051 691 1,450 204 5,198 1,613 150 5,391 100 1,845 849 328 1,564 20S 10,005 396 337 3,651 4,468 Com- mercial. 217,228 31,597 355 2,203 1,362 250 127 7,500 1,470 7,837 226 6,620 1,830 22,300 7,854 300 2,550 1,134 5,000 100 22,578 75 1,451 2,257 3,697 423 32,705 682 564 6,000 600 7,030 2,224 1,635 10,828 4,459 1,647 3,646 67,249 1,825 Public. 2,264 1,119 131 159 50 150 215 150 20 116 6 230 5 391 50 125 391 625 All other. Com- mercial. 398,667 78,759 137 8,823 375 6 24,216 4,317 29,077 2,484 1,500 13,208 1,000 5,612 3,458 1,700 500 243 21,000 3,125 9,605 18, 102 2,943 97,072 700 4,505 3,000 81,362 9,9% 13,915 5,450 663 1,000 5,660 62,373 5,798 Public. 7,443 4,842 362 41 546 444 250 350 5,018 1,011 205 10 2,524 569 S70 OTHER ELECTRIC LIGHT- ING 2 (NERN.ST, VAC- UUM, VAPOR, ETC.)— NUMBER OP LAMPS WIRED FOR SERVICE. Total. 28,641 167 391 80 2,838 65 204 22 169 31 9,251 22 566 187 11,108 1,551 Com- mercial. 28,267 167 114 80 2,832 65 202 148 22 380 1,300 169 31 9,251 22 566 187 11,108 1,551 PubUc. 374 277 56 STATIONARY- MOTOR SERVICE. Num- ber of motors. 20,468 10,049 158,923 35,688 648 580 137 1,853 2,066 1,490 202 947 549 164 283 129 527 136 151 295 392 87 482 336 556 105 2,275 513 70 339 689 801 275 894 1,960 1,614 587 153 28 1,914 87 2,348 1,495 Total capac- ity In horse- power. 2,420 2,624 714 14,377 4,844 5,952 611 2,123 5,408 1,479 1,491 2,279 1,011 3,277 700 1,065 198 2,621 119 5,446 2,662 5,043 1,544 17,613 3,589 451 618 10,083 3,349 15, 416 1,467 12,861 3,720 857 121 13,121 3,711 18,525 7,644 Num- ber of meters on con- sump- tion cir- cuits. 213,886 56,601 9,331 2,606 6,305 5,404 880 12,572 5,121 10,862 1,475 4,842 7,356 3,338 1,787 2,353 1,139 S,360 1,857 4,160 714 3,966 1,553 6,434 6,217 6,562 1,273 19,211 5,813 1,251 3,629 1,270 6,729 15,553 3,100 22,181 4,838 4,171 770 12,708 5,403 33,871 9,234 ' Two companies In one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table. ' Not reported in 1902. ' Included in " All other states" in 1902. < No report for 1902. ^ Includes states having less than 3 companies, in order that theoperationsof individual companies may not be disclosed. These companies are distributed as follows: In 1907- California, 1; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 1; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 2; Maryland, I: Mas-sachusctts, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Mexico, 1; Utah, 1; in 1902— Arkansas, 2; California, 2; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 2; Delaware, 1; Indiana, 2; Kansas, 1; Kentucky, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2. 182 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. Table 148.— CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS OPERATED BY STREET-RAILWAY COMPANIES- INCOME, BY STATES: 1907 ' AND 1902. [Separate reports for tbese stations could not he secured, hence the statistics for them have Ijeen included with those for electric railways.] Total. Alabama Arliansas'. Florida.... Georgia. Illinois.. Indiana'. Iowa Kansas ' Maine... Michigan Mississippi Missouri New York North Carolina.. Ohio Pennsylvania'. South Carolina. Tennessee'.. Texas= Virginia Washington West Virginia. . . . Wisconsin All other states <. STATE OB TERRITORY. Census. 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1907 1902 1907 1907 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 1907 1902 Number of com- panies. 177 118 Gross income. tl7,291,824 6,469,726 671,425 318,660 383,631 380,022 110,209 1,498,822 722,728 943,859 161,070 594,884 291,142 146,669 188,456 101,892 345,813 162,549 274,929 163, 406 621,856 413,782 491,081 155, 770 1,597,195 687,967 104,703 438,911 171,561 700,100 484,860 1,444,593 359,158 1,295,428 618,385 326,752 105, 102 1,024,621 689,572 2,684,017 1,237,935 From sale of current. Total. $16,576,555 6,271,815 671,425 317,011 383,225 375,691 110,209 1,484,966 713,700 829,687 151,867 315,220 540,986 270,423 187,237 94,736 321,768 157,920 308,053 98,838 240,967 161,004 612,683 412,403 473,651 155,770 1,461,559 574,929 102,878 437, 483 156,248 700,100 484,128 1,434,429 355,600 1,135,051 562,332 323,434 105, 102 962,315 662,983 2,657,695 1,221,740 Lighting. $13,273,295 5,492,669 586,629 290,166 340,624 326,207 96,557 1,169,744 594,207 686,299 125,078 270,610 428,788 230,380 104,850 165,637 79,695 256,329 148,680 292,363 89,779 195, 105 148,764 532,373 384,231 389,632 119,405 1,184,656 621,547 93,446 272,293 133,121 534,804 391,070 1,122,482 327,200 898,397 483,902 282,923 103,434 766,039 585,817 1,993,306 1,030,906 Stationary motors. $2,686,013 768,040 84,796 26,345 I 39,529 49,427 13,652 ] 284,938 ! 119,260 106,664 ! 23,038 I 103,091 40,043 27,074 29,618 15,141 30,778 9,340 15,400 8,982 45,852 2,240 74,058 28,172 81,282 36,365 210, 712 63,382 9,422 164,156 22,127 146, 798 93,058 172,207 28,400 221,086 76,636 9,102 1,668 194,135 77,166 448,121 186,064 All other electric service. 1618,247 11,106 500 3,172 57 30,284 233 37,704 3,751 1,000 9,107 30 1,982 34,661 300 77 6,252 66,292 10 1,034 18,498 139,740 15,669 1,795 31,40C 2,141 216,288 4,750 From all other sources. $715,269 197,911 1,649 406 4,331 13,856 9,028 114,192 16,122 53,898 20,719 14,715 1,219 7,158 24,045 4,629 9,802 33,972 12,402 9,173 1,379 17,430 135,636 13,038 1,825 1,428 16,313 732 10,164 3,558 160,377 56,063 3,318 62,306 26,689 26,322 16, 195 ' Two companies in one of the outlying districts (Porto Rico) reported light plants, which have been excluded from this table. ' Included in "All other states" in 1902. ■ No report for 1902. < Includes states having less than 3 companies, in order that the operations of individual companies may not lie disclosed. These companies are distributed as follows: In 1907— California, 1; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 1; Kentuclty, 2; Louisiana, 2; Maryland, 1; Massachusetts, 1; Minnesota, 1; Montana, 1; Nebraslta, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Mexico, 1; Utah, 1; in 1902 — Arlcansas, 2; California, 2; Colorado, 2; Connecticut, 2; Delaware, 1; Indiana, 2; Kansas, 1; Kentuciiy, 2; Louisiana, 1; Maryland, 1; Minnesota, I; Montana, 1; Nebraslta, 1; New Hampshire, 1; New Jersey, 2; Oregon, 1; Tennessee, 2. APPENDICES Appendix A— SCHEDULE Appendix B.— INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS (183) APPENDIX A. SCHEDULE. Name of company or plant ■ T .1 » 1 t (State County Location of plant. |city or town Street and No. General Office (give state, city, street, and number) Washington, D. C, December SI, 1907. The act of Congress of June 7, 1906, directs the Director of the Census to take a census of electric light and power stations every Ave years, and this schedule has been formulated for that purpose. The infonnation returned on this schedule should cover the business year of the company most nearly conforming to the year ending December 31, 1907. All ques- tions that require a fixed time, such as cash on hand, number of lamps, etc., should be of the date of the last day of the year covered by the report. The answers to inquiries in regard to fmancial matters will be held absolutely confidential; the separate reports will i>e combined so as to show totals for all com- panies in the different states. No publication will be made in the census reports disclosing the operations of individual companies. The information will be used only for the statistical purposes for which it is given. The canvass is to be made under the supervision of Mr. W. M. Steuart, Chief Statistician for Manufactures. , „ „ S. N. D. North, Director of the Census. Extract from act of Congress, March 3, 1899: Section 22. * » * " And every president, treasurer, secretary, director, agent, or other ofTicer of every corporation , and every establishment of productive industry, whether conducted as a corporate body, limited liatiility company, or l\v private Individuals, from which answers to any of the schedules, inquiries, or statistical interrogatories provided for bv this act are herein required, who shall, if thereto requested l)y the Director, supervisor, enumerator, or special agent, willfully neglect or refuse to give true and complete answers to any Inquiries authorized by this act, or shall willfully give false information, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding ten thousand dollars, to which may be added iinprisonment for a period not exceeding one year." CERTIFICATE. This is to certify that the information contained in this schedule is complete and correct to the best otmy knowledge and belief , and it covers the iieriod from , 190 , to , 190 . (Signature and offi- cial designation of the person fur- nishing the infor- mation.) (Signature of spe- cial agent.) (Address of person furnishing the In- formation.) 1. Character of ownership: State the form of ownership as It existed on the last day of the year covered by the report, whether Individual, Ann or partnership. Incorporated company, municipal, or other form 2. If a consolidated company, give names and location of constituent companies Included in this report, or wTite same on last page 3. If a reorganized company, give name of original company 4. If a subsidiary or leased company, give name and address of operating company or lessee 5. If the corporation or firm Is engaged In any business or industry other than that of central-station work for electric light and power, state the character of such business or Industrj', and whether conducted In the same or separate plants. . Number of lamps: Account for all lamps wired for service on last day of year covered by report, Irrespective of ownership. If actual numljer Is not known give careful estimate. Class. Arc lamps: Direct current. Alternating current. Total. Incandescent lamps: Sixteen candlepower Thirty-two candlepower.. Another Total Type of lamp. Public. i (Number.) Open Inclosed.. Open Inclosed. Open Inclosed. Other varieties (Nernst, vacuum, vapor, etc. [state kind]) Commer- ' cial or other private. (Niunber.) Lamps used by company to light its own properties, and not reported above: (For municipal plants Include only lamps In power houses.) Arc. Incandescent Other varieties (state kind) . Total. (Number.) 7. Miscellaneous statistics. Stationary motors served (do not Include small fan motors) . Total capacity In horsepower Give estimate of number of small fan motors served Railway motor cars served Meters on consumption circuits (Include all kinds, mechanical, chem- ical, etc.) Transformers in circuits for customers Total capacity in kilowatts Total number of ciwtomers furnished electric current Number of customers furnished electric current for heating or cooking apparatus ■ Miles of street occupied by underground conduits for mains and feed- (If underground conduits are rented from a mimicipality or commer- cial company, give particulars of agreement and annual rental paid, on last page of schedule.) Number. (185) 186 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. 8. Power-plant equipment. Oeneratlng power plant. Steam engines, number. Total rapacity in horse- power Steam turbines, number. Total capacity in liorse- power , ,,,. Gas engines, number. . Total capacity in horse- power Water wheels, number. . Total capacity in horse- power 500 H. P. or under. Over 500 H. P. and un- der 1,000 H. P. 1,000 H. P. and under 2,000 H. P. 2,000 H. P. and under 5,000 H. P. 5,000 H. P. and over. Auxiliary engines for use within plant as accessories, etc.: Number , total capacity in horsepower. ' Length to be stated in miles and decimals of a mile carried to two places. 9. Electrical generators: The kilowatt rapacity, Voltage, and amperage reported should represent a single machine. If more than one machine of the same class, give separate information for each. Number. Total ca- pacity in kilowatts of each machine. Indicated voltage of each machine. Indicated amperage of each machine. Dynamos: Directrcurrent, constant-volt- age Directcurrent, constant-am- perage Alternating and polyphase current Boosters notaries Storage-batterv ceils in main power plants Miscellaneous apparatus (state Und) r. 10. Output of station: The output should be calculated from the voltage and amper- age of the generators, or obtained from the actual watt or kilowatt readings of dynamo meters. Kilowatt hours, average per day Kilowatt hours, total for year State the number of hours of operation, per day, if day circuits are not operated .". II. Substation equipment: The kilowatt capacity, voltage, and amperage reported should represent a single machine. If more than one machine of the same class, give separate information for each. Class. Storage battery, cells. Transformers Rotary converters Miscellaneous apparatus (state kind) Number. Total rapacity in kilowatts of each ma- chine. Indicated voltage of each ma- chine. Indlrated amperage of each ma- chine. 12. Cost of plant: The answer must show the total cost of land— buildings— machin- ery, tools, and implements within stations and shops — overhead and under- ground electric-service construction— lamps, motors, meters, and transformers wired for use— supplies of every description on hand not enumerated else- where. If land was donated, so state and give estimated value at time of donation, but do not include the amount in the total. For municipal plants include the preliminary cost of experts' reports, engineering plans, holding special elections, etc. Cost during the year $ Cost to date $ Is value of franchise included? (Answer Yes or No) 13. Supplies and materials used during the year for ordinary repairs and replace- ments: This inquiry is not intended to cover mercantile transactions, but il the company incidentally sells electric supplies and fixtures to its customers the quantity and cost of such supplies disposed of during the year should be Included. If the company pays freight on any of the supplies and materials used, and the amount is not included in their cost, report the amount of this freight under "Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above." (Do not include expenditures for additions or extensions.) Kind. Supplies: Meters Motors Transformers Incandescent lamps Nernst lamps, vacuum and vapor lamps, etc. Number. Cost. Incandescent and other lamp fittings, sockets, etc. (Do not in- clude arc-lamp supplies) Carbons, globes, hoods, and other suppUes for arc lamps, including arc-lamp repairs Poles or other supports. Wire and cable Fuel: Coal All other fuel (state kind) Electric current purchased for distribution ' Power purchased (state kind) Rent of water privileges for water wheels or turbines All other supplies and materials, including water for boilers, mill sup- plies, etc Total cost . Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above(not included in the "Cost"), t 1 Give name and address of company from whom purchased. 14. Miscellaneous expenses. Rent of stations, and line-wire supports, conduits, or underground privileges Rent of offices Amount. Taxes (state Idnd) Injuries and damages . Insurance .... Ordinary repairs of buildings, machinery, etc. (Do not include amounts reported in Inquiry 13, " Supplies and materials ") Amount paid for interest, advertising, office supplies, law expenses, telegraph and telephone service, and all other expense incident to operation and mamtenance not elsewhere reported. (Do not in- clude Interest on bonds or dividends on stock) Total. 15. Employees, salaries, and wages: The average number employed during the year is the number that would be requued, at continuous employment, for the twelve months. If any of the persons enumerated were employed only a portion of the time, give only the wages paid in connection with the electric service. Account for all regular officers and employees wtether engaged on maintenance, canvassing, collecting, operation, or otherwise. (Do not include employees engaged exclusively on additions or extensions.) APPENDIX A. 187 Salaried employees: Salaried officers of corporation. Other oflicers (general managers, superintendents, electricians, and experts) Clerks and iiookkeepers : Total. Wage-earners (do not include salaried employees reported above): Foremen Inspectors Engineers Average number employed during the year. Total amount paid in salaries and wages during the year. All other employees (including firemen, dynamo and switchiward men, linemen, mechanics, and lamp trimmers) Total. 16. Income: Give the total amount of income for the year as indicated by the books of the company. If accounts do not show the income from each class of service enumerated, give a carefully estimated segregation. Commercial companies shouid include not only income from current actually sold, but also the estimated value of current supplied municipaiity or other gov- ernment free of charge, the estimate to be based on the prevailing commercial rates. (Estimated value of current consumed by lamps and motors on the company's own propertiesshouldno/be included.) Municipal plants must include in answer to the inquiry the estimated value of current consumed in public buildings and in lighting streets, parks, etc., the estimate to be based on the prevailing commercial rates. ( Estimated value of current con- sumed by lamps and motors in municipal-power houses should not be included. Source. Lighting: Commercial or other private- Arc lamps Incandescent lamps Other iamps Public, furnished municipality or other government for buildings and streets- Arc lamps Incandescent lamps , Other lamps Amount. Source. Motor service, stationary (not including small fan motors). Electric-railway service Sale of current to other electric companies Electric heating, cooking, welding, etc Charging automobiles All other electric serv^ice (specify items) Gross income from sale of supplies and fixtures Income from all other sources (specify Items) Total. Amount. If a commercial company, give amount of estimated income for free service, which is included above $. If a municipal plant, give amount of estimated income represented by current consumed in public buildings and in lighting streets, parks, etc., which is included al>ove $. 17. Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and interest: If the company operates a gas or water plant or other industry in connection with the electric light and power plant, and it Is impossible to segregate the capitalization, report the entire capital and give an estimate of the proportion chargeable to the electric light and power plant department. Number of shares or bonds. Total par value. Dividends declared and interest paid or due for the year. Rate. Amount. Authorized capitalization by char- ter: s X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Capital stock and bonds outstand- ing: $ 1 1 Estimated proportion of above outstanding capitalization chargeable to the elec, trie light and power plant department 18. Poles purchased during 1907. Cedar. Chestnut. Juniper. Other species. (Specify.) length, feet. Number. Average cost per pole at point of purchase. Number. Average cost per pole at point of purchase. Number. Average cost per pole at point of purchase. Number. Average cost per pole at point of purchase. Under 20 How many treated poles were purchased during 1907? What preservative was used? How many poles wore treated during 1907? What preservative was used? APPENDIX B. INSTRUCTIONS TO SPECIAL AGENTS. Period covered. — The act of Congress, approved June 7, 190C, pro- vides that every five years this office shall collect statistics relating to electric light and power stations. The census of this industry will relate to the year ending December 31, 1907, and all plants that were in existence during any portion of the year must be reported. Special agents, daihj reports, and correspondence . — The canvass will be made by the regular employees of the Census Office working under the supervision of the chief statistician for manufactures. The employees detailed for field work must make daily reports on Form 8-185b for every day on which they are actually employed. The daily reports, together with all schedules taken daily, must be forwarded by registered mail at the close of each day, in the return penalty envelope addressed to the Director of the Census. The office number and the running number of the report should be placed on the daily report for all schedules sent in. Inquiries concerning sched- ules or further instructions must be made by letter and not on the daily reports. Each inquiry or requisition .should be made in a separate letter. Employees must give sufficient notice of the date they will complete the district to which they are assigned, so that, if necessary, they may bo assigned to other territory without loss of time. In all correspondence, make reference to office letters by date, and to schedules and memoranda containing criticism, by referring to the office number on the list and the full name and address of the company in question. Day's u'ork.-~The relative efficiency of each emjiloyee engaged in field work will be determined by the number and completeness of the reports secured. Each daily report must account for the work of the day. Schedules must not be retained for a number of days and daily reports made out so as to show a fair average for each day. Districts and lists.- The entire country has been divided into districts and one or more special agents will be assigned to each district. The agents will be held accountable for a thorough canvass of their respective districts. To a-^sist in locating the plants to be enumerated, each agent will be furnished with a list giving the names, locations, and addresses of all electric properties covered by the census in the territory assigned him. These lists are based on information obtained from directories, postmasters, and other sources. The agents must not accept them as complete, but must be constantly on the alert to discover other plants or systems, especially municipal electric fire-alarm and police-patrol sy,stems in towns of less than 2,500 inhabitants. The different cities must be visited in the order named on the list, unless the agent finds that railroad connections and local con- ditions make a change advisable. In such cases the character and necessity for the change must be given on the agent's daily report. An agent should not return to a city already canvassed to secure information for a report returned to him for correction unless especially advised to do so. It is believed that the agent will be able in most cases to supply the information from his knowledge of the conditions. If he can not do so, he should return the schedule to the office with such explanation for his error or neglect as he may be able to make. To obviate the necessity of returning schedules for additional information, the agent must be careful to secure complete reports for all plants before leaving a city. Reports secured by mail. — Schedules were mailed to all companies, and if a complete report has been thus secured, the name on the agent's list will be marked "schedule received." If the mail report is unsatisfactory, the name will be stamped "incomplete schedule received," and the original schedule furnished the agent to complete. These schedules must be completed or corrected, signed, and returned by the agent. If it is found advisable to prepare a new report in place of the original, such report must be marked "corrected report" on the title page. Otherwise the agent will still be charged with the original schedule. If the agent has not been advised that the office is in receipt of the report, he must secure the same, although the company may claim that the schedule has been furnished. Proposed plants. — Some of the names on the list are for plants or systems that were contemplated or projected, or supposed to be under construction, but not necessarily building or in operation; when possible, such plants have been designated as "proposed," or as "under construction." These plants should not be visited when it requires a special trip unless the agent can obtain informa- tion that they were actually in operation. If for other purposes the agent visits a place where such a plant or system is supposed to be located, he must account for the name on his daily report and give information which will enable the office to dispose of the name on the office list. Idle plants. — The instructions in the preceding paragraph in regard to " proposed " plants are applicable also to idle plants. While the census is to cover all plants that were in existence during 1907, the agent should not make a special trip to secure the report of a plant that was not in operation during any part of the year. New plants. — If a report is secured for a listed company under a name other than that given on the agent's list, a memorandum must be made on the schedule giving the name of the company as it appears on the list. If this is not done, the name will remain on the list as charged to the agent. If schedules are secured for plants not on the li.st, the words "not on list" must be written in the upper left-hand corner of the title page. Central offices. — A large number of properties are controlled from offices located elsewhere than at the plants. When known, central offices of this character are indicated on the lists with the names of the plants for which reports will be prepared at the central office. Agents canvassing the districts in which central offices are located must in every instance secure reports from these offices before can- vassing the other plants. A large number of controlling companies have advised the office that reports for certain properties will be prepared at their office. The names of these controlled companies will appear on the agent's list without a number, but with a notation ' ' see central office, "or " report will be secured at ." Agents must not secure reports for these controlled companies unle.ss espe- cially directed to do so. If in the city, the agent should call at such plants and explain that a census of electrical industries is being taken; also that it is understood the report is being prepared at the central office of the company. He should also leave blank .sched- ules, explaining the requirements of the census, so that the local officials will know just what information is required if the central office requests them to furnish data for the reports. If a plant is owned by a company whose business office is in (189) 190 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. another locality outside the territory assigned the agent and a por- tion of the information must be obtained from such office, the agent should complete the schedule so far as possible from the data obtain- able at the plant and forward it to the Census Office with a full statement of the facts, giving also the names and addresses of the persons from whom further information can be obtained. The agent must, however, exhaust every reasonable means to complete the report before sending it in to the Census Office. Annual reports. — In all cases where an annual reportof the com- pany is printed, a copy of the latest report should be secured and forwarded with the schedule. Copies should also be returned of the latest report of the directors or officers of the company, or other printed matter that would add to the information contained in the schedule. The schedule. — An exact answer to each question enumerated in the several inquiries is what is required, and is what should be given if it can be secured with a reasonable amount of labor. It is antici- pated, however, that in a number of cases the accounts are not kept under just such a series of items as is enumerated in the schedule. If the accounts cover two or more of the items enumerated for any of the inquiries, the total should be equitably apportioned for the reply to each subinquiry. In all cases where the answers are estimated the amounts must be preceded by the word "estimate." All answers must be made clearly and neatly in ink. Amounts and values must be obtained from book accounts, if such accounts are available. Each question is to be answered. If any question is found not applicable and no amounts are reported, write the word "none." The following instructions, in addition to those on the schedule, should be followed by the agents in preparing all reports: The title-page. — Page 1 must contain the name and location of the company, the address of the general office, and the signature, address, and official designation of the person furnishing the infor- mation. Place the office number and the running number of the report in the upper right-hand comer. If the address of the general or busi- ness office is at a different place from that of the plant, care must be taken to give both. The reports for plants that were in operation only a portion of the census year will be tabulated separately; therefore it is essential to give on the title-page the exact period covered by each report. Reports must be secured for all electric plants doing a public-serv. ice business; that is, for all plants, whether owned or operated by individuals, companies, corporations, or municipalities, estab- lished for the purpose of generating electric current for sale, that were in existence during any portion of the year ending December 31, 1907. No report is required for isolated electric light or power plants operated primarily for the benefit of the owner in lighting and fur- nishing power for his factory, hotel, or other enterprise, even though some current may be sold. The instructions on the title-page of the schedule provide that "isolated plants which incidentally sell cur- rent must be reported." This was intended for the guidance of persons who would receive the blank schedule through the mail, and to avoid the possibility of omitting any central stations. Such plants can not be considered as central stations, and agents must not secure reports for them. Electric plants owned by the United States Government and operated primarily for supplying light or power to public buildings, military posts, naval stations, Indian reservations, etc., should be considered isolated plants and no report secured; also electric plants owned by and operated primarily for the benefit of state institutions. Combined reports. — If the electric plant is operated in connec- tion with an electric railway, separate reports should, if possible, be prepared. If this can not be done, a combined report should be prepared on the railway schedule. If the electric plant is operated in connection with any business other than a street railway and the system of accounts will not permit of the preparation of a separate return, careful estimates must be prepared for answer to all the questions contained in the schedule; these estimates must be prepared by, or submitted to and approved by, the person furnishing the information. The items of cost of plant; supplies and materials; miscellaneous ex- penses; employees, salaries, and wages, and income, must pertain only to the electric light or power station. Where two or more plants arc owned by one individual, com- pany, or corporation, and located in the same city or town, one combined report may be secured. In such cases the number of separate plants included in the report should be stated in answer to inquiry 2. Light and power plants operated by the same cor- poration, firm, or individual, and located in different states, counties, cities, or towns should be reported separately. Inquiries 1 to 5, i.vclusive. These are intended to obtain information concerning the char- acter of the organization under which the company i.s operated, the character of the changes in such organization, and whether or not conducted in connection with some other industry. The answers given to each of these questions must be consistent. I.s'QuiRY G. — Number op lamps. The answers to this inquiry must show the total number of the different varieties of lamps connected or wired ready to render service, and not the number actually performing service at any one time. The total must include all lamps in position to earn an income, irrespective of their ownership. Therefore it may include many lamps that are not owned by the company. If there is no record of the actual number of lamps, secure a careful estimate. The distinction between "public" and "commercial or private" lighting must be carefully preserved. This public service is the lighting of streets, parks, public buildings, and all other public places for the illumination of which the municipality or other form of government is responsible. Open arc electric lamps are usually employed in street lighting, and are those having either one or two pairs of carbons inclosed in a single large globe. They are designed to burn a small number of hours (ten to fifteen) before having the carbon renewed. An inclosed arc lamp has two globes, a large or outer one inclosing a small one in which a single pair of carbons is incased, and is de- signed to burn a large number of hours (one hundred to one hundred and fifty) before having the carbons renewed. Both kinds may be either of the direct-current or of the alternating-current type. Inquiry 7. — Miscellaneous statistics. Stationary motors. — This term is applied by central station men to electric motors that are permanently located in one place, as distinguished from electric railway motors on cars. Such stationary motors will cover an infinite variety of work, and in many cases the companies will have difficulty in reporting the number of motors on their circuits, or in giving the separate income from motors (inquiry IG), especially where current is furnished through meters. But the inquiry must be pushed, and where exact figures can not be given from records it is desirable that a close estimate be secured. The field covered by these stationary motors will include every class of industrial work and many other methods of application, such as in running large ventilating fans, elevators, etc. It is a custom of many companies to make special rates for what they call "power" business, as distinct from that done in supplying current for lamps; and where this is the case, their rec- ords should show the data as to motor service and income. The actual or the estimated number of small fan motors and railway motor cars served with current should be reported for every plant. Meters on consumption circuits. — This inquiry applies solely to meters installed on the consumers' premises, just as gas meters are, and does not relate to meters installed at the central station. Transformers in circuits for customers. — The number and total capacity in kilowatts of all transformers in circuits for customers should be reported here. APPENDIX B. 191 A great deal of electrical work in scattered communities is done with the aid of transformers, which are also to be found in some of the larger cities at the customers' end of the line, although as a general thing in large city plants it is the practice to furnish direct current to the consumer, in which case transformers are not needed outside the station or substation. Where the lamps in a customer's house or store are fed with alternating current, the transformers are placed on an adjacent pole or in a cellar or other room where they are not generally accessible, as the primary voltage is dangerous to life. The current is sent out at a high pressure from the central station and is received by the primary coil in the trans- former at perhaps 1,000 to 2,000 volts. The secondary coil takes the small-quantity high-pressure current from the primary coil and transforms it into large-quantity low-pressure current for use in the lamps, motors, etc. The coils and the iron core they surround are inclosed in water-tight metal boxes, which present a rough resemblance to mail boxes and fire-alarm boxes. Inquiries 8 and 9. — Power-plant equipment and electrical generator.s. The capacity of the engines and water wheels and of the dynamos is closely related. The engines and water wheels, as a rule, have an excess capacity over that of the dynamos. "Auxiliary engines" will sometimes be found in small stations, but in the larger plants electric motors are in common use to drive pumps, etc., and the superintendent or manager can readily enumerate them. There will be no difficulty in ascertaining the facts as to the different classes of dynamos. The voltage of machines for lighting purposes varies greatly. In all cases the kilowatt capacity, voltage, and amperage reported must represent a single machine. If there is more than one machine of the same class, give separate informa- tion for each. Storage batteries are used, either in the main power plants or in the substations, to help maintain a steady supply of current at the right pressure, and "boosters" are dynamos assisting to the same end. The substation is particularly a feature of long-distance work, but competent engineers are generally to be found who can give the substation equipment should it not be in possession of the management. Inquiry 10. — Output of Station. The kilowatt hours may be tested by the earnings. The average earnings per kilowatt hour for all plants at the census of 1902 was about 3J cents. The average varies considerably for individual plants, but if the average is less than 1 cent or more than 15 cents per kilowatt hour, the figures should be questioned and if found correct, explanation made. A standard arc lamp consumes from 450 to 550 watts per hour; ordinary standard incandescent lamps of 16 candlepower have an average consumption per hour of about 3.1 watts per candlepower. Many incande.scent lamps now in use, like the tantalum, take less. In all calculations of average earnings per kilowatt hour and consumption of current per lamp, etc., the loss of current in trans- mission must be considered. Inquiry 11. — Substation equipment. The feature of substation equipment is that it does not generate current, but receives it, manipulates it, stores it, and lowers the pressure or changes the form for local consumption. All the gen- erating plants will usually be found in the generating stations, but sometimes substation apparatus will be found under the same roof as the main generating plant apparatus. Inquiry 12. — Cost of plant. The answer to this inquiry must show the total cost of the plant and equipment up to the end of the year for which the report is made, with a separate statement of the cost of additions and ex- tensions during the year. The cost of plant must include all ex- 25142—10 13 penses incident to the organization of the company and the estab- lishment of the plant. If the land wa-i donated, that fact should be stated and the estimated value at the time of the donation given separately, but not included in the total. Inquiry 13. — Supplies and materials used during the year FOR ordinary repairs AND REPLACEMENTS. The actual cost of all materials and supplies used during the year must be reported. In answering this inquiry report only the ma- terials and supplies that were used for ordinary repairs or replace- ment during the year reported. Expenditures for additions to the plant, such as new machinery, or additional lines on which new meters, motors or transformers, or lamps are installed, should be included in answer to inquiry 12, cost of plant. As a rule all equipment that adds to the capacity of the plant should be regarded as "extension" and whatever merely sustains existing efficiency as "repairs." Incandescent lamps are often paid for by the central-station customers. If this is the case, only those used in renewing street lamps or such others as the company is responsible for should be reported. The quantity (number) and cost should be given for the first five articles listed under supplies. If large quantities of supplies or fuel were purchased with a view of taking advantage of low prices, that fact must be stated in a foot- note, but in such cases the answer to the inquiry should show only the quantity and cost of such as were consumed during the year. The cost of water hired or rented to run water wheels or turbines should be reported in answer to the question "rent of water privi- leges for water wheels or turbines." The amount paid annually for land used for obtaining a water supply should not be reported in answer to this question, but should be included under the first question of inquiry 14 — miscellaneous expenses. Amount of freight, if any, paid on the above (not included in the "cost"). — If the company reporting pays freight on any of the sup- plies and materials used, and the amount is not included in their cost, the amount of the freight should be reported in answer to this question . Inquiry 14. — Miscellaneous expenses. All items of expense incident to the business for the year and not included in answer to inquiries 13 and 15 must be reported here. Do not include any portion of the freight reported under inquiry 13 as paid on supplies and materials. Expenses incident to additions or extensions of the plant or line should not be included in answer to inquiries 13, 14, or 15. The cost of such additions must be re- ported as cost of plant — inquiry 12. Inquiry 15. — Employees, salaries, and wages. Account for all regular employees of the company who were re- quired to supervise and keep up the usual work of the plant. Do not include those employed exclusively on extension work. Give the number of officers who receive salaries (not the number of stockholders) and the gross amount of their salaries. Report separately the number and wages of foremen, inspectors, and en- gineers. In a few cases the company may rent houses to, or possi- bly board, its employees at a reduced rate; in such cases the salaries and wages reported should include the allowance for board or rent furnished as part compensation. The average number employed during the year is the number that would be required, at con- tinuous employment, for the twelve months. There should be no difficulty in securing this information for the plant of ordinary size, but it may be that the large companies keep an itemized pay roll, the total only being carried forward each week or month. In such cases it will be necessary either to add the pay roll of each week or month, for each class of employees, or to compute the aggregate for each class, using a pay roll for a representative week or month as the base. Results obtained by the latter method will be accepted. Inquiry 16. — Income. The total amount of income indicated by the books of the com- pany for the entire year should be reported. Give separate amounts 192 CENTRAL ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS. for the different sources enumerated. Electric companies fre- quently furnish free service to the municipality in which they are located, such as the illumination of some or all of the public build- ings, the supply of a certain number of lamps, or the granting of a special discount on the lamps used, or in other ways make a return for the ordinance or franchise by which the company was granted the use of the streets. The value of this free service must be esti- mated and included as indicated by the inquiry, and must also be stated separately in answer to the subquestion, "If a commercial company, give amount of estimated income for free service, which is included above." It is essential to show separately the income from commercial or private service and public service. If incandescent and arc lamps are connected on the same meter, and it is found impossible to separate the income, the total income for both classes of service should be ascertained and a careful estimate made for the two classes. Public-lighting contracts are usually made for a term of years. The customary contract is based on what is known as a lighting schedule. Two principal schedules which show the ex- tremes are, respectively, designated by business men as the "all- nigh t-and-€very-night schedule," estimated at 4,000 hours per year, and the "dark-of-moon, every-night, one-hour-after-sunset-until-12- o'clock-midnight schedule," estimated at 1,200 hours per year. Between these extremes are numberless variations. The income received from public service, therefore, can be very easily ascer- tained. If this income is not shown separately for arc lighting and incandescent lighting, the separation should be estimated in the same manner as above indicated for arc lighting and incandescent lighting in general. Electrical signs have become quite an important feature of central station work. These signs are usually lighted by in- candescent lamps, and the income from this service should be accounted for under the proper item of inquiry 16, and the number of lamps wired for service included under inquiry 6. Under normal conditions the net income — i. e., the total income for the year as reported in inquiry 16, less the total expenses of operation and maintenance (the sum of the totals of inquiries 13, 14, and 15) — should be sufficient to pay the dividends on stock and the interest on bonds reported in inquiry 17. If the net income is not sufficient to pay the dividends and interest for the year, or if a net deficit is indicated for the year's operations, attention should be called to this fact, and if found correct, explanation made under "remarks." Inquiry 17. — CAprrAL stock, bonds, dividends, and interest. Account for the entire amount of stock and bonds authorized by charter and the amount outstanding on the last day of the year covered by the report. Give full amount of dividends de- clared and interest paid or due for the year. The rate of interest should always be stated, even though no interest may have been paid or due for the year. If some other industry is carried on in connection with and by the use of the same capitalization, the estimated proportion charge- able to the electric light and power plant department may be based upon the ratio between the income of the lighting plant and the total income from all departments represented by the entire capital liability. Inquiry 18. — Poles purchased during 1907. This inquiry is separate and distinct and bears no direct relation to the other inquiries of the schedule. The instructions on the schedule should be applied, and the questions answered for all companies or plants. MUNICIPAL PLANTS. Schedule B2-231 is prepared primarily for plants owned by individuals, companies, or corporations. In applying this sched- ule to plants owned and operated by municipalities certain changes will be necessary. These changes should be made by the agent, and additional information, when required, must be given under "remarks" on the last page of the schedule. It will often occur that the administration of a municipal plant is assigned to a public officer or officers performing other duties, or that a part or all of the labor of collecting and accounting is done in the office of some other department — waterworks, for example. If, in these cases, a general account is kept for two or more depart- ments, such as water, streets, etc., the expenses for the electric plant should be apportioned equitably. The following plan is suggested to aid in arriving at an equita,ble apportionment of the salaries, wages, miscellaneous expenses, etc.: For officers, clerks, and all employees, charge to each service the same proportion of the total amount paid in salaries or wages as the time devoted to that service constitutes of the whole time worked; for rent and all sundry office expenses, charge in proportion to the income of each service; for insurance, taxes, law expenses, interest, and all con- tingent expenses, in proportion to the amount of investment; for fuel, water, and all other power expenses, in proportion to the horse- power utilized by each service. Inquiry 12 — Cost of plant. — The installation of municipal plants is frequently attended by a preliminary cost for experts' reports, engineering plans, specifications, printing, advertising, holding a special election, traveling inspection by a special committee, etc., which would not, under ordinary circumstances, be included in the cost of the plant. Care must be taken in all cases of this character to include such expenses in answer to this inquiry. Inquiry 16 — Income. — As shown by the instructions on the sched- ule, the income for municipal plants must include not only the actual cash received for service to private interests, but also the value of the service to the city if paid for at prevailing commercial rates, because the industry must be charged with all expenditures incident to it for the year and therefore should be credited with an income for all service rendered and which was made possible by the expenditure. As called for by the last subquestion of the inquiry, an estimate of the income of the municipality's own free service is required separately. Inquiry 11 — Capital stock, bonds, dividends, and interest. — The portion of the inquiry relative to capital stock and dividends is not applicable to municipal plants. As a rule there is a special bond issue to cover the installation of the electric plant. The amount of such bonds authorized by the special act and the amount outstanding at the end of the year, together with the interest paid or due for the year, should be reported. If, however, there was no special Issue of bonds, the cost of the electric plant being met by proceeds of a general bond issue or special tax fund, a full explana- tion of the arrangement and a description of the general bond issue or special tax should be given under "remarks." INDEX Alabama, increase in total cost of construc- tion, 71. See also States and territories. American Institute of Eleetrical Engineers, description of illumination at twenty-fifth anniversary of, 112. Apparatus, miscellaneous, kilowatt capacity • of, for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 135, 136; for commercial sta- tions, 151, 152; for municipal stations, 169. Appleton, Joseph, extract from paper Con- cerning batteries, 106. Arc lamps, number of, for commercial sta- tions, 53, 54; for municipal stations, 53, 54; for commercial and municipal sta- tions (combined), 127; average per station, 60; supplies and repairs, cost of, for com- mercial stations, 93, 161; for municipal stations, 93, 175; for commercial and mu- nicipal stations (combined), 141; rapid development of new types, 106. flaming, types of, 106. hmiinous magnetite, description of, 107. wired for service, number of, for cen- tral stations operated by street-railway companies, 17, 180; for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 138; for commercial stations, 154; for municipal stations, 170. See also Lamps, arc and incandescent. Arc lighting, number of stations selling cur- rent, 59. 5e« aZso Arc lamps. Arch lighting, varieties of. 111. Arizona, decrease in total cost of new con- struction, 73. See also States and terri- tories. Arkansas, increase in total cost of new con- struction, 73. See also States and terri- tories. Aurora, 111., installation of arch lighting. 111. Automobiles, supply of current for, by cen- tral station, 115; income from charging, for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 142; for commercial stations, 159; for municipal stations, 176. Ballard, R. H., on transmission of current, 102. Baltimore, Md., number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42. Bath, 111., primary power and dynamo capacity, for municipal station, 26. Bell, Dr. Louis, on power transmission, 102; decision as to candlepower of mercury vapor lamps, 113. Big Horn, Wyo., utilization of water pres- sure for dams, 99. Big Rapids, Mich., description of arch light- ing, 111. Board of Gas and Electric Light Commis- sioners (Mass.), meters examined and tested by, 118; decision regarding rates, 123. Bonds, authorized and outstanding, par value, for commercial stations, 157; for municipal stations, 172. Bookkeepers. See Clerks and bookkeepers. Boosters, number and kilowatt capacity of, for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 135; for commercial stations, 151; for municipal stations, 169. Boston, Mass., number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42. Boston Edison Company, increase in area of system, 96. "Breakdown" service. See Service, "breakdown." Brooklyn Edison Company, amount re- ceived per month for service, 114. Buffalo, N. Y., number of fans for refrigerat- ing purposes, 115. Buildmgs and machinery, repairs of. See Repairs of buildings and machinery. Cable. See Wire and cable. California, number of plants for generation of electricity, 22; horsepower of steam power, 39; number and horsepower of steam engines, 41; of stationary motors, 59; horsepower of gas engines, 42; in- crease in water power, 43; kilowatt ca- pacity of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc and in- candescent, 56; meters on consumption circuits, 57; number and kilowatt capac- ity of transformers in circuits, 58; increase in total cost of construction, 71; rank, in expenditure for new construction, 73; cost of construction, for commercial sta- tions, 74; gross income, 82; from com- mercial and public lighting, 86; from sta- tionary-motor service, 87; from current sold to electric railways and to other elec- tric companies, 88; method of holding up wires, 102; length of circuits, 102. See also States and territories. California Gas and Electric Corporation, horsepower and dimension of engines, 98. Callahan, E. I., on advantages of electric- heating load, 116. Canada, rates for testing meters, 118. Canadian Niagara Power Company, capac- ity of turbines, 100. Canvass, basis of, 15. Capital, difBcultyattendingsegregation of, 13. Capital stock, amount of, for companies re- porting capitalization, 65, 67, 68; au- thorized and outstanding, par value, for commercial stations, 156. See also Capi- talization. Capitalization, increase in, 61; number of companies reporting, 61, 63-65; amount of, for purely electric and composite com- panies, 62, 63; for commercial companies, (57; for incorporated companies, 74, 75; distribution between electric light and power industry and allied industries, 63; per cent distribution and average per company, 68. Cells, storage battery. See Storage-battery cells. Cells in storage batteries, number of, for commercial and municipal stations (com- bined), 136; for commercial stations, 152. Central stations, number of, 16; relation of leading items to population, 22, 24; gener- ating equipment, for selected cities, 24, 25; dynamo capacity, 27; comparison with gas plants, 28; with electric railways, 36, 52; primary-power machines, 35; primary power, by states, diagram, 37; steam and water power, by states, diagram, 40; steam turbines, for selected cities, 42; dynamos, 44-48; output of generating sta- tions, 50, 51; lamp equipment, 56; meters on consumption circuits, for selected states, 57; transformers in circuits, 58; stationary motors, 59; gross income, maps, 77; for selected states, 82, 86; changes in use of steam power, 97. Central stations and gas plants, comparative summary, 28. Central stations operated by street-railway companies, summary of statistics, 17. Chicago, 111., number and horsepower of steam turbines, 25, 42; primary power and dynamo capacity, for municipal station, 26. Chicago City Railway, cost of contract for electrical energy, 114. Cincinnati, Ohio, number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42. Clerks and bookkeepers, number and sala- ries of, for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 143; for commercial stations, 162; for municipal stations, 177. Cleveland, Ohio, number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42. Coal. See Fuel. Colorado, kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; increase in total cost of construction, 71; cost of construction, for commercial sta- tions, 74; gross income, from commercial and public lighting, 86; from stationary- motor service, 87. See also States and territories. Commercial and municipal stations (com- bined), number of, 72; cost of plants and equipment, 72; of construction, 73; gross income, 79; by kind of power used, 83; for stations with and without meters on consumption circuits, 84; from stationary- motor service, for selected states, 87; from current sold to electric railways and to other electric companies, 88; expenses, 91, 145; summary, 126; primary power and generating equipment,130. Commercial companies, capitalization of, 61; classified according to dynamo capacity of stations, 67. Commercial stations, comparison with mu- nicipal stations, 13; number of, 16; by character of ownership, 17; by dynamo capacity, 26; kind of associated enter- pnses, 27; changed to municipal, 29; pri- mary-power machines, 36, 38; number and horsepower of steam engines and steam turbines (combined), 38; of steam engines, 39; of steam turbines, 41; of water wheels, 43; average horsepower per station and per machine, 43; kinds of primary power, 44; dynamos, 46, 47; miscellaneous main-sta- tion equipment, 49; sub.station equip- ment, 49; output of generating stations, 50; lamps, meters, transformers in circuits, and stationary motors, 53, 60; arc lamps, 53, 54 ; incandescent lamps, 53, 55; dynamo capacity, 67; total cost of plants and equip- ment, 70, 72; of construction, 70, 74; gross income, 76, 80, 158, 159; for stations with and without meters on consumption cir- cuits, 84; from commercial and public lighting, 85; from current sold to electric railways, 87, 88; from miscellaneous elec- tric service, 88; expenses, 89, 95, 164; em- ployees, salaries, and wages, 92, 162, 163; cost of supplies, materials, and fuel, 93, 94, 160, 161; primary power and generating equipment, 146; substation equipment, motors, transformers, meters, customers, and output of stations, 152; analysis of service, 154; character of ownership, serv- ice, capitalization, and cost of construction and equipment, 156. (193) 194 INDEX. Common stock, classification of, 65. See also Capital stock. Commonwealth Edison Company (Chicago), development of stations by, 97; capacity of vertical-shaft machine, 101; sale of elec- trical energy for power purposes, 114; rates charged, 121. Companies, number of, reporting capitaliza- tion, 64, 65; funded debt, 66, 67; paying and not paying dividends on preferred stock, 66; dynamo capacity, 68. incorporated, average rate of return on capitalization of, 62. without generating equipment, number of, 67, 68. "Composite," use of term, 13. Composite central stations, number of, 27; gross income, 78; expenses, 90. Composite commercial stations, number and gross income of, 81. Composite companies, number and capital- ization of, 63. Composite municipal stations, funded debt and interest of, 69; number and gross in- come, 81. Conduits, rent of. See Rent of stations, line- wire supports, and conduits. Connecticut, number and horsepower of internal-combustion oil engines, 42; kilo- watt capacity of dynamos, 49; gross in- come from stationary-motor service, 87. See also States and territories. Conservation conference, subject of study, 97. Construction, cost of, 70, 73, 74; increase in, 71. Se« ato Construction and equipment. Construction and equipment, cost of, for commercial stations, 16, 18, 157; for mu- nicipal stations, 16, 30, 172; for purely electric and composite stations, 19, 20; for central electric stations and gas plants, 28; for stations under construction, 74, 75; for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 126. Cooking, electric, data concerning, 115, 116. Cooley, Professor, on perpetual and limited franchise, 121. Current sold to other electric companies, in- come from, tor commercial and municipal stations (combined), 142; for commercial stations, 159; for municipal stations, 176; for central stations operated by street- railway companies, 182. Custer Reservoir (Colo.), height of dam, 99. Customers furnished electric current, num- ber of, for commercial and municipal sta- tions (combined), 137; for commercial sta- tions, 153; for municipal stations, 165. Damages. See Injuries and damages. Delaware, deorease in total cost of new con- struction, 73. See also States and terri- tories. Delta, Pa., utilization of water power for dam, 99. Denver, Colo., number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42; number of fans for refrigerating purposes, 115; rate system, 123. Denver Gas and Electric Company, change from direct to alternating current, 104. Detroit, Mich., establishment of new plant, -104. Distribution, methods of, 103. Dividends and interest, amount of, 63, 156, 157; analysis of, 64, per cent distribution, 68. See also Capitalization. Doherty system, basis of, 123. Duffy, C. M., uniform accounting approved by, 122. Dunham, , data regarding meter measurement, 119. Dynamocapacity, of commercial and munici- pal stations, 26; of purely electric and com- posite stations, 27; of central stations, 27. Dynamos, number and kilowatt capacity of, for commercial stations, 16, 18, 44, 46, 148; for municipal stations, 16, 44, 46, 167; for purely electric and composite stations, 19; for central stations, 44, 47, 48; for electric railways, 44 ; relation to popula- tion, 22, 31; average kilowatt capacity per station and per machine, 46; for selected states, 49; cost per kilowatt capacity, 70. Edison Electric Illuminating Company (Bos- ton), system of rates, 123. Electric light and power industry, bonds outstanding and interest, 69. Electric power, development in, 113. Electrical Development Company (Niagara Falls, Ont.), capacity of turbines, 100. Electrical energy, development and use of, 22. Ellicott City, Md., utilization of water power for dam, 99. Employees, miscellaneous, number and wages of, for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 144; for commercial stations, 163; for municipal stations, 178. salaried. See Salariecl employees. Engineers, number and wages of, for com- mercial and municipal stations (com- bined'), 144; for commercial stations, 163; for municipal stations, 178. Engines, auxiliary, number and horsepower of, for commercial stations, 18, 36, 148; for purely electric and composite stations, 19; for central stations and electric rail- ways, 35; for municipal stations, 36, 167; for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 132; average horsepower per station and per machine, 43. gas, number of, for commercial stations, 16, 18, 36, 148; for municipal stations, 16, 36, 167 ; for purely electric and compos- ite stations, 19; for central stations and electric railways, 35; for commercial and municipalstations(combined),132; classes of, 42; average horsepower per station and per machine, 43; description of, 98. internal-combustion oil, number and horsepower of, 42; description of, 98. reciprocating, installation of, 97. steam, number of, for commercial sta- tions, 18, 36, 146; for purely electric and composite stations, 19; for central stations and electric railways, 35; for municipal stations, 36, 166; for commercial and mu- nicipal stations (combined), 130. Engines and water wheels, horsepower of, 22, 127 ; average cost per horsepower capacity, 70. Equipment, number and kilowatt capacity of substation, 49; generating and other main-station, 132, 148, 167. miscellaneous main-station, number and kilowatt capacity of, 49. See also Construction and equipment. Establishments, number of, for central elec- tric stations and gas plants, 28. Expenses, for commercial stations, 16, 18, 89, 158, 164; tor municipal stations, 16, 31, 89, 173, 179; for purely electric and com- posite stations, 19, 20, 90; for commer- cial and municipal stations (combined), 91, 126, 145. miscellaneous, for commercial stations, 89, 95, 164; for municipal stations, 89, 95, 179; for purely electric and composite stations, 90; for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 91, 145. Fans, for refrigerating purposes, number of, in specified cities, 115. Flatirons, electric, introduction and use of, 116. Florida, increase in total cost of new con- struction, 73. See also States and terri- tories. Foremen, average number and wages of, for commercial and municipal stations (com- bined), 144; tor commercial stations, 163; for municipal stations, 178. Freight, cost of, for commercial stations, 93, 161; for municipal stations, 93, 175; for commercial and municipal stations (com- bined), 141. Fuel, cost of, for commercial stations, 89, 94, 161; for municipal stations, 89, 94, 175; tor purely electric and composite stations, 90; tor commercial and municipal stations (combined), 91, 127, 141. See also Sup- plies, materials, and fuel. Funded debt, companies reporting, 66, 67; per cent distribution, according to dynamo capacity, 68; amount of, for municipal sta- tions, 69 ; tor purely electric and composite' stations, 69. See also Capitalization. Ganz, Prof. Albert F., on popularity of metallic-filament lamps, 108. Gas, manufactured and natural. See Fuel. Gas engines. See Engines, gas. Gas plants. See Central stations and gas plants. "Gem" lamps, number of, 57; power con- sumption, 108; carbon lamps replaced by, 109. Generating equipment, number and kilo- watt capacity of dynamos, for commercial stations, 16, 18, 148; for municipal stations, 16, 167; for purely electric and composite stations, 19, 20; for commercial and munici- pal stations (combined), 132. See also Equipment. Generators, data concerning, 100. Georgia, increase in water power, 43; in total cost of construction, 71; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49. See also States and terri- tories. "Glower" lamps. See Nemst or "glower" lamps. Gossler system, adoption of, 113. Grand Rapids, Mich., description of arch lighting. 111. Great Northern Company (Duluth, Minn.), capacity of transformers, 105. Great Western Power Comf)any (Cal.), capac- ity of transformers, 105. Hartford, Conn., number and horsepower of steam turbines, 42. Hartford Electric Light Company, variation in meter practice, by introduction of tung- sten lamps, 119. Hawaii. See States and territories. Heating, electric, income from, for com- mercial and municipal stations (com- bined), 142; for commercial stations, 159; for municipal stations, 176. Heating and cooking, electric, cost of, com- pared with other methods, 115. See also Cooking, electric. Hewitt, Dr. Peter Cooper, introduction of mercury vapor lamps by, 113. Idaho. See States and territories. Illinois, horsepower of steam power, 39; number and horsepower of steam engines, 41 ; of internal-combustion oil engines, 42; of stationary motors, 59; kilowatt capacity of dynamos, 49; lamps, arc and incan- descent, 56; meters on consumption cir- cuits, 57; number and kilowatt capac- ity of transformers in circuits, 58; increase in total cost of construction, 71; rank, in expenditure for new construction, 73; cost of construction, for commercial sta- tions, 74; gross income, 82; from commer- cial and public lighting, 86; from sta- tionary-motor service, 87; from current sold to electric railways and to other electric companies, 88. See also States and territories. INDEX. 195 Incandescent lamps, number of, for commer- cial st»tions, 55, 160; for municipal stations, 55, 174; for commercial and municipal sta- tions (combined), 127, 140; average per station, 60; cost of, for commercial stations, 93, 160; for municipal stations, 93, 174; for commercial and municipal stations (com- bined), 140; change from carbon-filament to metallic-filament, 108. having filament of tungsten, consump- tion of, 109. wired for service, number of, for cen- tral stations operated by street-railway companies, 17, 181; for commercial and municipal stations (combined), 1:50; for commercial stations, 155; for municipal stations, 171. See also Lamps, arc and in- candescent. Incandescent lighting, number of stations selling current, 59. Income, amount of, for central stations op- erated by street-railway companies, 17, 182: for commercial stations, 16, 18, 76, 80, 84, 158; for municipal stations, 16, 30, 76, 80, 84, 173, 176; for purely electric and composite stations, 19, 20, 78, 80, 81; for central stations, 77, 82; for central sta- tions and gas plants, 28; for c JUN 2 7 1999 SENT ON ILL ^v^uB 2 awo U: C. BERKELEY 4 30m-6,'14 lelectric 1 s tation s. m t and power Q^ ^ : 6 JOO ; o3: M'ii eez