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ENTRANCE TO THE CHINESE COLLECTION,

HYDE PARK CORNER.

' n

" TEN THOUSAND CHINESE THINGS.

A -

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

OF THE

CHINESE COLLECTION,

NOW EXHIBITING AT

ST. GEORGE'S PLACE, HYDE PARK CORNER,.,
LONDON,

CONDENSED ACCOUNTS OF THE GENIUS, GOVERNMENT, HI9T0BT,

LITERATURE, AGRICULTURE, ARTS, TRADE, MANNERS,

CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL LIFE OF THE PEOPLE

OF THE CELESTIAL EMPIRE. *

By Wm. B. LANGDON,

Curator of the Collection.

l^tnti) i£nslt{({) iEUttun.

LONDON ; ! •

]^Printed for the Proprietor, and to be obtained only at the Chinese Colleellr>^,

1842.

■ ,'^^° Upwards of 50,000 Copies of the Catalogue of the Chinese Collection,
■wevfc sold in Philadelphia.

Thd present volume, of which 10,000 have already been sold at the Collec-
tiOL, is nearly double the size of the original ; in consequence, not only of the
ii'Creased number of specimens, but also of the additional information it contains.

X)5

CONTENTS.

Page
Introduction 5

Genereil view of the Interior of the Saloon 11

Superb Chinese Screen 12

Chinese Temple and Colossal Idols ib.

Case I. — Mandarin of the first class with his Secretary. Mandarin of the second
class. Mandarin of the sixth class. Two massive arm-chairs, covered
with crimson drapery, richly embroidered. Square table, handsomely
carved, with marble top. Specimens of crimson drapery, elegantly em-
broidered, hanging in front of the table. Cap stands and various orna-
mental articles. Chinese maxims on the wall , 15

Case II. — Priest of Fuh or Buddha, in full Canonicals. Priest of the Taou sect,
in full dress. Gentleman in full mourning apparel. Servant of the above,
also in moui-ning dress. Chinese soldier with matchlock. Archer of the
Imperial Army of the Tartar Tribe. Circular Chinese shield, made of
rattan. Various military weapons on the wall 18

Case III. — Literary gentleman in summer costume. Ditto ditto. Ditto ditto
Servant handing a book. Mandarin of the fourth class. Servant. A pair
of Chinese book-cases. Silk scrolls on the wall 2."*

Case IV. — Chinese lady of rank, with fan. Ditto preparing to smoke. Ditto
with guitar. Two female domestics. Mother and boy of the middle class.
Daughter of the above. Chinese table handsomely carved, gilt, and
painted. Specimen of citron, or finger fruit. (Citrus Sacodactylus.)
Superbly embroidered siUc screen. Lanterns suspended feom the ceiling. . 27

Case V. — Tragedian in splendid costume. Two juvenile actors, to perform the
part of female characters. Chinese juggler. Parasol used on state occa-
sions. Magnificent specimen of embroidered tapestry and numerous spe-
cimens of theatrical caps on the wall ;<o

Case VI. — Itinerant barber at his avocation, with his whole apparatus. Itinerant
shoemaker, at his work, with work-bench, basket, tools, lamp, &c. Tra-
velling blacksmith, with anvil, furnace, bellows, &c. Chinese boatwoman,
carrying a child on her back in the usual mode. Another boatwoman,

IV CONTKNTS.

\ Page

Feast of lanterns ilescribeil 1 1 S

Taou-Kwiing, emperor of China 119

Houqn;i, portrait of il/.

Whampoa Rcaeli and Village,' View of 121

Rice grounds, inundation of 1 22

Description of the Chinese deluge 123

Funeral procession, four views, with the rites described ; and 'a Chinese sacrificial

prayer. 124,125

Ficus Religiosa. A series of drawings upon the leaves of this tree 126

Chinese floriculture (1140) ib.

Trial scene in Consoo House described 127

Temple of Honan, description of 128

Cultivation of the tea plant (I2l4) I3l

Viceroy of Canton in state chair, and bearers 135

Marriage procession 136

Bocca Tigris 139

Chinese furniture (1 27 1 ) il>.

Great wall of China described 141

View of Honan 142

Fa-tee Gardens, view of 143

Taou Kwang, late consort of, portrait ib.

Tingqua Ponkeiqua, portrait of ib.

Pekin, entrance to the city of, on the West 113

Macao, view of ib.

Portrait of a celebrated Chinese beauty 144

Portrait of a well-known money-broker in Canton ib.

Hall of Audience at Pekin 145

Annual military review '"•

Chinese windows 146

Chinese topographical liistory of the city of Canton ib.

General remarks on the Government and People of China 1 50

Foreign intercourse with China , 1 59

INTRODUCTION.

At no period in the history of the world, has the attention of civihzed
nations been so fully directed towards China, its early history, and
modem position, as at the present moment.

The single fact, that that nation comprises within its limits, a popu-
lation of three hundred and sixhj millions of human beings, and that a
struggle has for some time past been in progress between Great Britain
and the Celestial Empire ; a struggle too, which may involve the mightiest
results, both as regards commerce and Christianity, is of itself sufficient
to awaken the deepest degree of interest in the mind, as well of the
philanthropist, as the philosopher. These " latter days," as they are
sometimes called, are in the prophetic view of many, destined to be
marked bv events of most momentous importance : events calculated no
little to facihtate the onward and upward march of civilization, to penetrate
with the hght of knowledge and science, the darkest portions of the earth,
to soften the roughness of the savage, and subdue, into something hke
Christianit}-, the millions and tens of miUions of human beings, who
have yet to experience the beneficent influences of a religion, that has for
its handmaidens. Faith, Hope, and Charity. With these views, and the
long train of eagle imaginings that are hkely to be kindled in the san-
guine and far-seeing mind, by anticipations of what may be, prompted in
some sense by what has already taken place, the aspect and destinies of
China are calculated to excite the most attentive and profoimd con-
sideration. It is a wonder, indeed, that a people so multitudinous, and
an empire so vast, should for many ages, and amid the numerous vicissi-

VI INTRODUCTION.

tudes and conflicts that have prostrated thrones, revolutionized nations,
and trodden, as it were, kingdoms into the dust ; have experienced but
little change, comparatively speaking, and existed from century to
centuiy, with scarcely a phases observable upon its general and national
characteristics and surface.

But, we think we hear some devoted missionary to the great cause of
religious liberty and human happiness, exclaim, that the doors of a new
empire are about to be opened ! A hving light is about to flash among
the benighted millions, and the symbols and banners of the only true
God, are about to be planted in a soil and among a people, who are, in
many respects, prepared for the reception of the sublime truths of the
gospel. A new morning seems to break upon the rehgious world — a new
triumph is about to be hymned among the cherubs and seraphs in the
brighter region above us — another victory is to be atchieved by the cross
of Calvary — an empire, vast and wonderful, and hitherto barred from the
general diffusion of missionary knowledge, is about to be thrown open to
aU who are vdUing to take the bible in their hands, and engage in the
delightful work of winning their fellow-creatures to the true source of
both temporal and eternal happiness. These to some may appear
wild expectations. But all, aye, all, may be fully and speedily realized.
In any event, however, the people of China, their Government, morals,
manners, habits, customs, tastes and characteristics, are, at the present
moment, worthy of especial study. Hitherto, these have been measurably
covered as with a veil; the inner ti'aits of the nation, the minute
pecuharities, the fashionable boudoir, the Hterary cuterie, and the do-
mestic temples of this numerous people, have been hidden from the eyes
of European and American curiosity and scrutiny. Time, we haA-e had
valuable books from such pens as the Abbe du Halde, Lord Macartney,
the editor of Lord Amherst's Embassy, Davis, MoiTison, Bridgman,
Gutzlaff, and many other writers. To these, the literary and enquiring
world are much indebted. But the authors referred to, have for the most
part given the grand features of the empire, the lofty objects, the leading
traits ; while it remained for an American gentleman, Mr. Nathan Dimn,

INTRODUCTION. Vll

of Philadelphia, to enter more minutely into the costume, the manners,
habits, science, arts, trades, agriculture, and genius, of this wonderful
people. The author of this hasty introduction, speaks from many years
personal knowledge of Mr. Dunn, in China, and in the United States.
He was intimately acquainted with him in both countries, as an extensive
and successful merchant, and knew that while he resided in China, for a
period of twelve years, his opportunities for collecting every information
were indeed extraordinary, and that thev were abundantly improved by
patient research, indefatigable industry, tact, courtesy, and a degree of
popularity amongst the Chinese, never surpassed in the history of any
foreigner. He was assisted moreover, in his commendable labors, by
Houqua, Tingqua, and other Hong merchants of considerable note ;
and who in this particular, seemed to rise above the prejucUces of their
countr\'men, and to take delight in imparting coiTect information. The
design at first, was merely to collect a few rare specimens for his own
gratification ; but the appetite grew with what it fed upon, and thus we
may, without exaggeration, describe the result as the " Chinese World in
Miniature." We feel satisfied that the expectations of those who may
feel a desire to examine this collection, to investigate its wonders, and
thus in some sense, analyze the mental and moral qualities of the Chinese,
to gather some knowledge of their idols, their temples, their pagodas,
their bridges, their arts, their sciences, their manufactiu-es, their
tastes, their fancies, their parlours, their drawing rooms, their
clothes, their finery, their ornaments, their weapons of war, their vessels,
their dwellings, and the thousand et ce/er«5, which make up their moying
and living world, will not be disappointed. One, indeed, is astonished
at the vast materials, the thousands of objects, which bv years of patient
labor and unwearied effort, the enterprizing proprietor of this exhibition
has collected. The mere catalogue, as will be seen by the extent of
this volume, forms quite a study of itself. And yet, to those who
really love to ponder on the results of ages of ingenuity and habit,
especially among an exclusive people like the Chinese, this brief
outline will afford but an imperfect idea of the mass of materials.

INTRODUCTION.

the variety of specimens, the beauty, rarity, novelty, and extreme sin-
gularity, that are combined in this vast magazine of curiosities and
wonders. A single article will illustrate, whole pages of written descrip-
tion. The visitor appears to have the living Chinese in the images
before him, and with a httle imagination, to be moving and hving
among them. An hour passed with such curiosities, will afford even to
the youthful and careless of enquiiy, a more definite and permanent idea
of these Tartar governed millions, than volumes of ordinaiy details. The
eye and the mind are both enhghtened at one and the same moment ;
and thus, as it frequently happens, an individual to whom it would be im-
possible to convey a notion of a certain machine or piece of fancy work, by
a written description, has a full and perfect impression of the entire object
at a single glance. As a means of education, this enterprize is invaluable.
It teaches by things rather than words. Tlie images are visible and
tangible, and, therefore, cannot be easUy misunderstood. What immense
labor for example, and what intricate details would be necessaiy to give
an individual who had never seen such an invention, a coiTect idea of a
ship in full sail. Yet, present the object to the eye, and a look would at
once suffice to ehcit admiration, and impart a more complete general
knowledge, than page upon page of the most minute and elaborate com-
position. So with tliis collection. Here, we have not one object, but
thousands ; not a single production, but an empire with all its variety' of
light and shade, its experience, its mind, and the results of both, for
four thousand vears. Writers of the highest character have been con-
sulted, in pi-eparing this volume. It is designed as a sort of mute guide ;
and as the obsei-ver passes from scene to scene, the interest may be
vai"ied from the eve to the mind, bv turning from the object before him,
to the history or description of that object. A studious effort has been
made to narrate nothing hvA facts, and thus to impart correct information.
All fiction and romance have been cai-efully avoided ; and what is stated,
has in no instance been committed to these pages, unless on competent
authoritv. At Philadelphia, the collection was visited by hundreds of
thousand!?, and in everv instance, it is believed, with entire satisfaction.

INTRODUCTIOX,

Many persons passed hours, nay, whole days in the room, and those who
visited the collection most frequently, seemed more delighted with every
new return. The proprietor has been induced to transport it to Eng-
land, at the suggestion of many of the most influential, scientific, and
learned persons of the British metropolis and kingdom. He naturally
feels a deep anxiety for the favorable verdict of the intelligent and dis-
cerning upon his labors. And although by no means sohcitous for
notoriety, or that noisy fame which so frequently accompanies mere
excitement and clamour, he would be false to himself and to human
nature, should he prove indifferent to the kindly expressions of that
valuable portion of society, who seek to make their fellow-creatures
better, wiser, and happier. He has devoted the flower of his life to this
collection, and has never hesitated at expense. His effort in England
has been, to render, not only the collection, but the saloon in which it is
exhibited, worthy of the visits of the respectable of all classes. For this
purpose, he has built a spacious edifice, and endeavored to make it as
suitable and commodious as possible. But we must draw our ha.sty
preface to a close. The details which follow, enumerate and furnish out-
lines of the leading objects of curiositv, taste and skill in the Chinese
world. As we remarked at the commencement, this wonderful people
have latterly excited more attention, especially among European nations,
than at any other period of their national existence. It may be, that a new
and a nobler destiny awaits them ; that light, knowledge, and christian
civilization, and a more hberal communion with the families of man in
other portions of the earth, are about to form an epoch in their career.
If so, who may foretel the result ? \\lio may predict what another
century will accomplish ? The imagination pauses at the thought and
while we contemplate the wonders of steam, and the many other im-
provements, discoveries, and apphances of modem science, we are almost
tempted to doubt the impossibility of any change in the progress of
nations. But to the details of the collection. We conclude this intro-
duction with a few remarks on Chinese histoiy, as an appropriate preli-
minary to a study of " matters and things " in the Celestial Empire.

X INTRODUCTION.

The Chinese claim a national existence, coeval with the most remote
antiquity. Much that is recorded in their annals, however, is admitted
even by their own historians, to be doubtful ; while the authors of every
other nation who have written upon the subject, pronounce the earhest
so-called history of China, as absolutely fabulous. Good authorities
name Fuh-he, who flourished about 2247 years before Christ, as the
first Emperor. Ya-o, a virtuous sovereign, some centuries after, reigned
102 years. The empire then floated down the stream of time without
any extraordinary event or national convulsion, while the morals of the
people were greatly improved, by the precepts and writings of their great
philosopher, Confucius, who was born 550 years B.C. In the twelfth
century of the christian era, the Chinese used a paper currency, founded
on Government security, being the earhest record we have of paper
money. It has, however, been long discontinued, and its place supphed
by the present metal coin, previously to which however, the shell of the
trotoise and pearl oyster were used as a circulating medium in exchange
for commodities, till about 200 years B.C., when the tseen above alluded
to, was introduced, a description of which ^vilI be found in the following
pages. A.D. 1 246, Marco Polo, a Portuguese, visited China, and shortly
after, his brother joinedhim. They were received with favor by the Imperial
Sovereigns. Cathohc, and particularly Jesuit missionaries, were after-
wards permitted to reside in China for several ages ; but were at length
expelled, on the pretext, real or assumed, that they interfered with the
Government. In the thirteenth century, China was invaded by Ghengis
Khan, who put millions to the sword ; and the nation finally submitted
to the Mongul Tartar sovereigns, A.D. 1280. In 1368, however, the
Tartars were driven out, and a native dynasty continued until 1 644 .
In that year, the Manchoo Tartars invaded the empire, and placed their
chief upon the throne, and the present monarch, Taou Kwang, is de-
scended from that successful warrior. The Portuguese were the first
European traders to China ; and they were soon followed by the British,
French, American and other nations.

DESCRIPTIVE

CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE INTERIOR OF THE SALOON.

The Chinese Collection is situated in St. George's Place, Hyde Park
Comer. The exterior of the entrance to the building is in the style of
Chinese Architecture, taken from a model of a summer house now
in the collection.

The apartment occupied by the collection is 225 feet in length by 50
in width, with lofty ceilings, supported by numerous piUars. On passing
through the vestibule, the visitor finds himself, as it were, transported
to a new world. It is China in miniature. The view is imposing in the
highest degree. The rich screen- work, elaborately carved and gilt, at
either end of the saloon, the many-shaped and varied-colored lanterns
suspended throughout the entire ceihng ; the native paintings which
cover the walls ; the Cliinese maxims adorning the columns and entabla-
tures ; the embroidered silks, gay with a hundred colours, and tastefullv
displaj^ed above the cases containing the figures, and the multitude of
smaller cases crowded with rare and uiteresting objects, form a tout
ensemble, possessing a beauty entirely its own, and which must be seen
before it can be realised.

Note. — The visitor is requested to commence with the screen at the entrance, and
then take the large wall cases on the right hand in the order in which they are num-
bered, commencing with the temple. The paintings will be subsequently noticed by
themselves.

SUPERB CHINESE SCREEN AT THE UPPER END OF THE

SALOON.

This part of the saloon is almost entirely occupied with a rare and admi-
rable specimen of Chinese screen-work. It is of ample dimensions, and is
richly and tastefully gUded ; the portion of the wood-work not covered with
gold is painted of delicate green ; and the silk inserted in the panels is as
gay as it can be rendered by a profusion of exquisitely executed paintings
of the most dehcate and magnificent of eastern flowers. The whole view is
redolent of the spirit and beauty of spring. The drawings and colouring
of the flowers are admirable, and show the perfection which has been
attained in these branches of their art by Chinese painters. Besides the
floral delineation, there is also a row of silk panels, if we may be allowed
the expression, exhibiting views of naval architecture, both curious and
instructive. The whole is surmounted by a richly carved and gilt fret-
work of exquisite beauty and design.

CHINESE TEMPLE AND IDOLS.

The three colossal figures in this section of a religious temple are the
triad of Buddha — San, Paou, Fiih, — "The three precious Buddlias," —
"past, present, and to come." At the right hand is seated, JSle-lih
Pufi — the first of the triad, whose reign is akeady past. In the centre is
Heen-tsae-Fuh — that person of Buddha, who now reigns over the world ;
and at the left hand, We-lae-Fuh, whose reign is not yet come.

These figures are eleven feet in height, and are representations of the
divinities in the celebrated Honan "Jos-house."*

The attributes of Buddha are infinite, and he is worshipped in many
persons ; being sometimes male and sometimes female.

The principal religion of China is Buddhism or Boodhism, which also
prevails over Birmah, Siam, Ceylon, Japan, and Cochin-China. It is
stated by Ward that Boodh, the founder of this rehgion, is described in
Burmese books to have been a son of the king of Benares, that he
flourished about 600 years B. C, and that he had, in various ages,
ten inccU'nations. The Boodliists do not beheve in a Fu'st Cause ; they

* Jos is a Chinese corruption of the Portuguese word "Z>eos,'' and is by many
persons supposed to be a Chinese word for " God or Spirit."

CHINESE TEMPLE AND IDOLS.

think matter eternal ; that every portion of animated existence has its own
rise, tendency, and destiny, in itself; that the condition of creatures on
earth is regulated by works of merit and demerit ; that works of merit
raise us to happiness and the world to prosperity ; while those of \ace and
demerit degenerate the world, until the universe itself is dissolved. They
suppose a superior deity, raised to that rank by his merit ; but he is not
Governor of the World. To the present period they assign five deities,
four of whom have aheady appeared, the last being Gandama or Boodh,
whose pre-eminence continues 5000 years, 2384 of which are gone by.
At the end of his 5000 years, another saint will obtain the supremacy.
Six hundi'ed mUhons of human souls are said to be canonized with each
Deity, but Boodh took only 24,000 of his company to heaven with him.
The lowest estate is hell — -the next, souls in the forms of brutes ; and
both these are states of punishment. The state above is probationary —
that of MAN ; and still above degrees of honour and happiness, up to
deities, and demi-gods to which man, if found worthy, ascends ; or, on
the contrai-y, goes into the lower states of punishment. The Boodhists
believe there are four superior heavens ; below these, twelve other
heavens, with six other inferior heavens. After these comes the Earth ;
then the world of snakes ; then thirty-two chief hells, and one hundred
and twenty hells of lesser torment. Tlie Buddhists believe that persons
who obtain a knowledge of things past, present, and to come, have the
power of rendering themselves invisible, and are absorbed into the Deity.
Those who perform works of merit become great among men, and are
received into some of the heavens, in all of which the enjoyments are
sensual. But, those who do evU, go into a hell proportioned to their
crimes. They beheve that at the end of a " Kulpu," — a length of time
too great for hmnan calculation — tbe universe will be destroyed. Five
commands are deUvered to common Buddhists, — not to destroy animal
hfe ; to avoid theft, adultery, falsehood, and the use of spirituous
liquors. Other commands, restraining dress, luxury, &c., are given to
the higher classes. They all consider their adoration as paid to a being
or beings of exalted merit — not to a Creator. Priests worship daily in
the temples, and are forbidden to marr^^ Many of the Chinese consider
the Grand Lama, as the highest priest on earth. This pontifex maximns
resides in Thibet, and the Tartar population of China pay him homage.

Buddhism, though sometimes patronised by the Emperor of China,
and supported by large and numerous monasteries, is nevertheless but
little esteemed by men of letters.

The God •' Fuh," so much revered in China, as the fovmder of a
religion introduced from India into the empire, in the first century of the
Christian era, was miraculouslv born in Cashmere, 1027 B.C. He was

deified at thirty years of age, and his priests are called lamas; seng,
ialapoins, or bonzes. He died at the age of 79, declaring to his disciples,
•' Know then, that there is no other principle of all things, but nothing.
From nothing all things have sprung, and to nothing all must return.
There all our hopes must end." Such is the atheistical philosophy and
belief of Fuh, whose followers recognise " the three precious ones," as
the object of their supreme worship ; the past, the present, and the future ;
but the doctrines taught in his name are divided into exoteric and esoteric —
the former distinguishing actions into good and evil, with rewards and
punishments after death, and recognising the five precepts or commands
of Boodh, already noticed ; while the latter teach the behef that all things
sprang from nothing, and to nothing all things will return ; but in so re-
turning will be absorbed into a pure essence, and become a part of the
Deity.

The next principal divinity to the triad before alluded to is Chin-te,
a goddess represented with numerous arms, indicative of her power to
save.

The third, Kwan-yin, a merciful goddess, much spoken of, and fre-
quently represented.

The fourth, T'heen-hwa Shin-mooj the sacred mother who superintends
children afflicted with the small pox.

The fifth, Hwiiy-fiih Foo-jin, the patroness of childless women, and
worshipped by them. Always represented with a child in her arms.

The sixth, Tae-shin, the god of wealth, together with other feigned
deities, presiding over individual, local, and national interests to the
number of many thousands. The priests live in monasteries connected
with the temples of Fiih, practise celibacy, fast, pray for the souls of
the dead, use holy water, worship rehcs, and pray in a strange tongue.
In saying their prayers, or repeating passages from sacred books, they
count the " Soo choo," which is the name of the beads worn by these
priests, and of which they have 108.* They consider also that the
good and bad actions of men are placed to their accounts as in mer-
cantile book-keeping — the good on the credit, and the bad on the debtor
side of the page, which is finally balanced, and the persons whose names
are inscribed, admitted to happiness or consigned to punishment, accord-
ing to the merits of their respective accounts current.

* These beads are also an ornament, us.d by the reigning family, and by the highest
mandarins. They seem to have a reference to the 108 ceremonies mentioned in
Ward's Hindoo Mythology. Vol. ii. page "^00.

CASE I.

No. 1. Manuarin of the first class and his Secretary.
No. 2. Mandarin of the second class.
No. 3. Mandarin of the sixth class.

Two massive arm-chairs, covered with crimson drapery,

RICHLY embroidered.

SauARE table, handsomely carved, with marble top.
Specimens of crimson drapery, elegantly embroidered, hang-
ing IN FRONT OF THE TABLE.
Cap STANDS and various ORNAMENTAL ARTICLES.

Chinese maxims on the wall.

The principal figures in this case are three civil Mandarins,* of the
first, second and sixth grades, bearing the title " Ta jin," (" great and
distinguished men,") appUcable to persons of the above class. The one
highest in rank is seated, with his head uncovered ; the others, with their
caps stiU on, are paying the customary respect to their superior, pre-
viously to the occupancy of an adjoining chair. The former is upon the
left, this being the post of honour among the Chinese. A secretary
is in waiting behind the principal, with official documents in his hand.
The two dignitaries are attired in their state robes, which are literally
stiff with embroidery, a liberal proportion of which is wrought with gold
thread. The greater part of the splendour of their under dresses is hidden
from the eye of the visitor by the loose outward garment of dark purple
satin, called by the Chinese " Pow-kwa," to divest these figures of which,
would give the visitor an incorrect representation of these personages as
they invariably appear upon state occasions. Each has an enormous bead
necklace, extending below the waist in front, with a siring of " chaou-
choo," or " court beads" attached to it at the hinder part of the neck,
which reaches down to the middle of the back. The caps are dome-shaped,
with the lower portion turned up, and forming a broad rim, which is faced
with black velvet. The top of the cap is surmounted by a globular but-
ton, or ball,f from which there depends a sufficient quantity of crimson
silk to cover the whole of the upper portion. The material and colour
of the crowning sphere indicates the rank of the wearer, lire cap is
the most ceremonial appendage among the Chinese, wilh the ball on

* The word " Maiidaiin," from the Portuguese, is significant «ith the Cliinese term
" Kwan," i. e. an officer of the Government, whether civil or military,
t Called " Maou-teiiir."

its conical top, as elsewhere remarked, it is a distinctive mark of titular
rank. As on most other occasions, their cus\ ims as to covering the
head are the very reverse of our own. We consider it a mark of respect
to uncover the head ; with them it would be a great violation of decorum,
unless among intimates, and with leave previously asked. In hot weather,
when friends interchange visits, and it is more agreeable to be uncovered,
the host says to liis guest, " Shing Kwdn !" — raise, or put off the cap, —
after which the scruple no longer exists. Besides this cUstinctive button,
the removal of which by the emperor, would be to degrade the person
from all rank in the state, each grade of mandarins has a characteristic
badge, worn both upon the breast and the back. This is a square piece
of purple silk, covered with various embroidery. Its centre is occupied
with the figure of a bird, a dragon, or a tiger. The rank of the officer is
designated by the kind and colour of the central figure. In the badges
of the two mandarins (Nos. I and 2) for example, the figure in each is
a bird ; but in one it is white, and in the other blue. The dress of a
military officer is adorned with the figure of a tiger. It may be as weU
here to remark, that at the imperial court, and on all state occasions of
pomp and ceremony, the figure of a dragon denotes the emperor, and
that of a tiger, his ministers. The articles of furniture in this case
are such as are usually seen in the houses of the higher classes. The wood
of which the chairs and table are made, is of a hard grain resembhng rose-
wood. It is called by the Chinese " Midi-wang," or " King of woods,"
and is esteemed beyond all other trees.

It is deserving of remark that with the exception of the Chinese, chairs
are not used by eastern nations.

On the wall are suspended a pair of silk scrolls, bearing the following
appropriate maxims : — "A nation depends on faithful Ministers for its tran-
quillity." " Mens' sons should rest on filial jnety as their particular duty."

The nobihty of China are of two kinds, hereditary and official. The
former class is not numerous, nor greatly influential. It consists chiefly
of the relations of the emperor, who are styled princes, and are boimd to
live within the precincts of the imperial palace. The real nobility, or
aristocracy of the country, are the mandarins. Of these there are esti- .
mated to be, on the civil list of the empire, riot less than fourteen thousand.
The mandarins are divided into nine ranks, or pin, each of which is indi-
cated by a double badge — the colour of the globe on the apex of the cap,
and the embroideiy on the front and back of their official robes. The
colours employed are red, blue, ciystal, w-hite, and gold ; and these, with
certain modifications of shade, sers'e to distinguish what ai"e denominated
" Kew pin," i. e. " the nine ranks," into which all persons possessing any
rank in China nre divided. The nominal rank, and of course the distinc-

tive costume, of any of the official grades, may be purchased of the
emperor. The sum demanded for the distinction, is, however, propor-
tionately large. How qua, for instance, the richest of the Hong merchants,
whose hkeness we have in the collection, purchased his nominal rank at
the enormous price of 100,000 dollars.

Honours obtained by purchase, as in this instance, form a considerable
source of revenue to the government during the reign of some emperors.

Persons are selected for civil office in China, with an almost exclusive
reference to their talents and education. Strange as it may seem, there
is probably no other country on the globe where cultivated talent, exer-
cises its legitimate sway to an equal extent. Wealth, titular nobUit\',
and purchased rank, have their influence, no doubt ; but, unless accom-
panied by personal merit, and, above all, by education, then" power is
comparatively hmited and feeble. The emperor chooses for his officers
none but men of the highest attainments and most commanding abiUties.

It is well-known that the civil institutions of China claim to be framed
and fashioned upon the exact model of a wise family government. The
emperor is invariably spoken of as the " father of the nation ;" the
viceroy of a pro\'ince arrogates the same title in reference to his satrapy ;
a mandarin is regarded as holding a similar relation to the city which he
governs ; and even a militaiy commander is the " father" of his soldiers.
This idea, with its corresponding sentiments, is sedulously instilled into
every subject of the empire, from the earUest dawn of intellect, till its
powers are extinguished by death. The Book of Sacred Instructions,
whose sixteen discourses are read to the people t^Nace eveiy moon, incul-
cates the doctrine again and again. " In our general conduct," it says,
" not to be orderly is to fail in fihal duty ; in serving our sovereign, not
to be faitliful, is to fail in filial duty ; in acting as a magistrate, not to be
careful, is to fail in fihal duty ; in the intercourse of fi-iends, not to be
sincere, is to fail in filial duty ; in anns and in war, not to be brave, is to
fail in filial dut\'."

In fact, obedience to parents, fihal piety, and duty to superiors, are
placed at the head of all moral excellence.

Mr. Davis observes, that fathers have virtually the power of life and
death over their children ; for, even if they kill them designedly, they are
subject only to the chastisement of the bamboo, and a year's banish-
ment ; if struck by them, to no punishment at all. Tlie penalty for
striking parents, or for cursing them, is death, as among the Hebrews,
(Exod. xxi.) It does not appear that this absolute power bestowed on
fathers, is productive of evil ; the natural feehng being, on the whole,
a sufficient security against its abuse.

CASE II.

No. 4. Priest of FiXu, or Buddha, in pull canonicals.

5. Priest of the Taou sect, in full dress.

6. Gentlemen in complete mourning apparel.

7. Servant of the above, also in mourning dress.

8. Chinese soldier with matchlock.

9. Archer of the imperial army of the tartar tribe.
Circular Chinese shield, made of rattan.
Various military weapons on the wall.

The two sects whose ministers are here represented, are, properly
speaking, the only religious sects in China. There is, indeed, a third —
the Confucian — but its doctrines constitute a system rather of philosophy
than of theology. It has no priesthood but the emperor and his civil
mandarins, no modern temples, and no regular worship.

Having previously noticed the religion of Buddha, we subjoin the fol-
lowing account of the Taou sect, together with the philosophy of Con-
fucius. Tlie Taou, or Rational religion, is indigenous in China.

This rehgio-philosophic sect is numerous, and consists of the followers
of the doctrines of Laou-Keun-tsze, who lived 569 B.C. The founder
of this system has been called the Epicurus of China ; and, in some points,
there would seem to be a resemblance between the doctrines of the
Chinese sage and the Grecian philosopher.

He inculcated a contempt for riches and honours, and all worldly
distinctions, and aimed, like Epicurus, at subduing every passion
that could interfere with personal tranquillity and self- enjoyment. Ac-
cording to Mr. Davis, however, they could not even pretend to despise
death, and, therefore, studied magic and alchymy, in the hope of dis-
covering some ehxir or other means of prolonging life. In this they
failed, of course. Some of the leaders of his sect are called " Doctors of
Reason," and many of their tenets and traditions are of an extremely
fanciful and absurd character.

Many of the Chinese beheve in fatalism ; while ghosts, spells, charms,
omens, tahsmans, and divination, are quite common among them, besides
many other branches of the occult sciences are practised, as geomancy,
chu-omancy, fortune-telling, &c., by persons who exercise great influ-
ence over their credulous counti^vmen.

Meanwhile the Confucians, or followers of Confucius, (Kung-foo-tsze,J
the Chinese philosopher, who flourished about 500 B.C., teach the prac-
tice of every moral virtue, and a deep veneration for God, or the King of

M!' w^n .

*"''!I"Vmi«'

^ 'fJisWWftlH

<f';i/B,V,..

Heaven. The worship, and the philosophy rather than the rehgion of
Confucius, is greatly patronised by persons of rank in China. There are
1,560 temples dedicated to him, and 62,000 pigs and rabbits annually
sacrificed to his memory ; though his worship is also practised without
temples or priests, or indeed any form of external worship — every one
adoring the Supreme Being in the way he hkes best. The system of
Confucius is the state rehgion. The emperor is Pontifex Maximus ; the
mandarins form the only priesthood, and the whole body of literati are
its adherents.

The doctrines of the Confucians are embodied in nine classical or
sacred books, called "The Four Books," and "The Five Canonical
Works." Tliese contain a complete body of niles, first, for the govern-
ment of one's self, and the regulation of social intercom*se ; secondly, for
the government of a family, and the education of a community ; and,
thirdly, for the government of an empire and the management of its
complex machinery. The sententious brevity of style that characterises
these celebrated productions, renders the meaning often obscure, and has
induced a mass of commentaries of formidable bulk ; but it cannot be
doubted that they contain many maxims just in sentiment, wise in pohcy,
and achnirably suited to the genius of the people, — maxims which have
conferred merited immortahty upon the memoiy of their author, and
tlone more for the stability of the empire than all other causes combined.
Confucius, however, avoided, almost entirely, strictly religious subjects.
Dr. Morrison says, that he admitted he did not understand much con-
cerning the gods ; and he adds, that his most celebrated commentator,
Choo-footze, affirmed that sufficient knowledge was not possessed to
say positively that they existed.

Thus, it wiU be seen, that the three rehgions of China are by no
means uniform ; and are much blended one with the other — that a
species of Epicurean philosophy prevails, that atheistical doctrines are
derived from Fuh, and that their idolatiy is accompanied by the most
debasmg, absurd, and superstitious bigotry, both in precept and practice,
notwithstanding the wholesome restraints and sound ethics inculcated in
the writings of Confucius.

And yet, on the other hand, it is but justice to admit that the Chinese,
with all the faults, metaphysical difficulties, contradictions and absurdi-
ties of their rehgions, have entirely divested their worship of the cruelties
and other abominations that deform the rites of the gods of Hindostan,
and add a still deeper dye to the crimes of idolatry. Their mvthology is
perhaps quite as ridiculous as those of the Greeks and Romans, though
certainly not so offensive to good morals as some parts of those systems.

No Sabbath is obsers^ed by the Chinese, nor is it intimated in their

R 9

divisions of time. It will, however, be interesting to the Christian world
to learn that by some of the Chinese our Saviour, Ya Soo, is ranked
among the number of the gods ; w^hile all the better informed classes,
consider Him as a just and perfect man. The Virgin Mar\' (Ma Le Ya,
or Maria) being placed by them in the same class.

The figure in this case, representing a mourner, is habited in coarse
sackcloth, the universal mourning apparel in China. The shoes are
white ; the hair and beard are permitted to grow unshaven ; and an odd
species of head-gear surmounts the cranium. He is attended by a ser-
vant, or " heel attendant ;" the word being derived from Kan, " the heel
of the foot, which they call the root of the foot. In this person's hand
is can'ied a mourning lantern, and of which the Chinese exhibit an abun-
dance in their fimeral processions ; and they are distinguished from all
others by the presence of the emblematic white. The full period of
mourning for a parent is three years, but this is commonly reduced in
practice to twenty-seven months ; a shorter period is allotted for other
relations. Three years must elapse after the death of a parent before a
child is permitted to marry ; and a similar period is allowed as a cessa-
tion from holding office.

On the death of an emperor, his hundi-eds of mUHons of subjects
mourn for him as children do for their parent. All officers of govern-
ment take the ball and crimson sUk from their caps.

Tlie active principle of fihal dut\' and affection before spoken of, is
aptly illustrated in the followng idea — " to sleep upon straw, with a
sod for the pillowy" as the Chinese are taught to do when mourning for
their parents.

The soldier has on a huge pair of coarse blue nankeen ti'ousers, and
a red tunic of the same, w^th white facings. The cap is of quilted nan-
keen, with the edge turaed up, and a red knot at the top. More com-
monly, it is either of rattan or bamboo painted, being in a conical shape,
and well suited to ward off a blow. He is amied with a rude matchlock,
the only kind of hand fire-arms known among the Cliinese. These they
consider inferior weapons to the bow and an-ow. They may, perhaps,
be so, considering their appearance and make. We occasionally, says
Mr. Davis, saw specimens of the military who had the word " yoong" — •
valour, inscribed on the breast. This might be all veiy well, — but
when the same indi^-iduals turned round and displayed the identical word
inscribed on their backs, the position seemed particularly unsuitable.
There is hung up on the wall a shield, constructed of rattan turned
spirally round a centre, very similar in shape and appearance to our
circular basket hds. Besides the matchlock and shield, a variety of
weapons, offensive and defensive, are in use in China ; such as helmets.

bows and aiTows, cross-bows, speai's, javelins, pikes, halberds, double
and single sword.-, daggers, maces, a species of quilted armour of cloth
studded with metal buttons, &c.

The standing army of the Celestial Empire numbers about 700,000
men, of whom 80,000 are Tartars, the rest native Chinese, with about
1 8,000 military mandarins of all grades. The principal officers of con-
fidence and trust are Tartars, of whom a proportion constitute the
cavalry. They receive a higher rate of pay for their sei"V'ices than their
Chinese fellow sokUers. In the selection of both, none are chosen but
the healthy and robust, and a preference is given to the most sightly.
Tlie pay and allowance of the soldiery exceed the usual earnings of
common people ; hence it is, that to enhst into the " Arnii/ of Heaven,"
insures to the recruit more of the comforts of hfe than he would other-
wise enjoy. The arms, accoutrements, and the upper garment, are
furnished by the emperor to each soldier. The pay of a Chinese horse-
man is about three ounces and a third (heavier than European ounces,)
of silver (three taels) with an allowance of fifteen measures or rations of
rice every lunar month. A Tartar horseman receives seven oimces of silver,
and twenty measures of rice for the same period. A Chinese foot soldier
has one ounce and 6-10 of silver, and ten measures of rice; and a
Tartar of the same rank receives two omices of silver, and ten measures
of rice every moon. In addition to the regular pay and allowance thus
quoted, they receive donations from the emperor, on particular occa-
sions ; viz., when they marry, and also at the birth of male children.
At the death of their parents, they obtain " a gift of consolation;" as
do their famihes when the soldiers themselves die.

A singular feature in regard to the military officers of China must
not be omitted. They are all subject to corporal pimishment, and
very often experience it, together with the punishment of the cangue, or
moveable pilloiy, consisting of a heavy frame of wood, sometimes of a
hunch'ed pounds in weight, according to the heinousness of the crime,
with holes for the head and hands. This parental allotment of a certain
quantum of flagellation and personal exposure, is occasionally the fate
of the highest officers, and must certainly be regarded as a very odd way
of improving then* military character.

Tlie archer represents a Tartar in the imperial army. Tlie bow
and arrow appear to have been in use from the earliest period, and
ai"e still used as weapons " in the grand army." The bow is made of
elastic wood and horn combined, with a string of silk strongly twisted
and w-rought. The strength of Chinese bows is estimated bv the weight
required to bend them, varying from about eighty to a hunlred pounds.
The string in shooting, is held behind an agate or stone ring on the right

thumb, the first joint of whi(;h is bent forward, and confined by the
middle joint of the forefinger being pressed upon it. The head of the
arrow is of a spear-like shape ; but others at the soldier's side are of a
different construction, having a horn tube at the point, perforated
with holes, which, when discharged from the bow, produce a whistling
sound as they pass through the air — these are for amusement only. The
visitor wiU observe at his feet, a cross-bow of ancient make, but simple
construction. The arrows used in this are short, and are dropped into
the small aperture to receive them, and cUscharged successively with the
greatest rapidity.

Archery has always, from very remote times, been held in high esti-
mation, and much cultivated by the Chinese. It is now, however,
looked upon rather as an elegant accomplishment for gentlemen and
mihtary men, like fencing among some Europeans, than as a measure of
defence or offence in actual warfare, when recourse is had to fire arms
and swords. The bow is used in the army, on board ship, and in gym-
nastic exercises. Practising archery on horseback is regarded as a high
attainment, and is described with care in Chinese books treating of
tactics.

If numbers were the evidence of strength, China, in a mihtaiy point of
view, would be most formidable. Her exclusive system for so many cen-
turies, though it has no doubt saved her much blood and ti-easm-e, has
been the principal cause of her want of disciphne and science in modern
tactics. Courage and personal bravery are seldom foimd when these are
wanting. Industiy and cheerfulness are their characteristics ; good ma-
terials for a government. Of artillery they know next to nothing. They
have no gun-carriages, their cannon being fixed immoveably in one posi-
tion. When the Sylph and Amherst, sailed up the coast, the Chinese
soldiers threw up numerous mounds of earth, which they white-washed,
to give them the appearance of tents !

The costume of the Chinese, as displayed in the figures of this Col-
lection, form an interesting subject of observation. The dress of every
grade of society in China is fixed by usage. Persons in the lower
classes wear coarse and dark-colom-ed fabrics ; while those who have
been more favoured in the accidents of birth and fortune, seek the grati-
fication of their taste in rich and costly silks, satins, furs, broadcloths,
and embroidery. There is a great variety in the dresses ; yet, the
general model is not departed from, the usual articles being a shirt,
drawers, a long gowTi or pelisse buttoning in front, stockings and
shoes. The shoes are singulai- ; generally of embroidered cloth,
sometimes the uppers being of one colour, sometimes another. The
lower portion of the soles is leather made of hogs" skins, while the

ji'|,)i|l'V'i'(t^M

intermediate space, commonly about an inch in thickness, is filled
up with bamboo paper, with the edge painted white. They are quite
light, notwithstanding their clumsy appearance. The Chinese have no
covering for the hands hke gloves ; the hands being protected by the
length of the sleeves, which terminate in a form well adapted for this
purpose. The Chinese seem to have a great pai-tiahty for blue in their
costume. Frequently the whole garment is of this colour ; and even
when such is not the case, the collar, cuffs, and lower edges of the
drawers are, for the most part, of the favourite hue.

The wealthier Chinese are extravagantly fond of showy dresses, and
a well-provided wardrobe is an object of great pride. Handsome gar-
ments often descend, as an heirloom, from generation to generation, and
constitute the chief riches of a family. A deficiency of clean body-hnen
is not regarded as a calamity by a Chinaman. A fair outside is what he
mainly covets, being httle heedful of either the quahty or condition of
what is underneath. The change from a summer to a winter costume,
and vice versa, is made simultaneously throughout an entire province,
the viceroy setting the example by assmning the cap appropriate to the
season.

There is, therefore, one great fault in Chinese costume, namely, a
want of Unen or white cotton — httle of which is worn. Though their
garments of hght silk will bear washing, they are not so cleanly as
linen. No sheets are used in their beds, and no cloths are spread upon
their tables. The skins of animals are used for winter apparel, par-
ticularly lamb skins from Tartary, some of which are of a very extrava-
gant price, and many of the Chinese furs are extremely handsome.

CASE III.

No. 10. Literary <;entlem.\n in summer costumk.

11. DO. DO.

12. DO. DO. '

13. Servant handing a book.

14. Mandarin of the iourth class.

15. Servant.

A pair of Chinese book-cases.
Silk scrolls on the wall.

This case contains a group of three literati in summer costume. Their
dresses, which are hght and free, contrast advantageously with those tight

and high-collared garments with which fashion obhges us to encumber
ourselves. The dress of the figure on the right hand exposes an
embroidered pad or covering for the knee. These appear to have been
formerly worn on special occasions only, when having to kneel much at the
rites of sacrifice. Similar coverings are now commonly worn by Chinese
gentlemen being always compelled to kneel in the presence of the officers
of government. This figure is represented as reading aloud a transla-
tion of ^sop's Fables. The visitor will observe, in the hand of this
philosopher, what he would naturally take for a smelling-bottle, but what
is really a receptacle for snufF. Tobacco in all the forms of its prepara-
tion is extensively used ; transmuted into snuff, it is carried, not in boxes,
but in small bottles with stoppers, to which there is attached a Httle spoon
or shovel . With this they take out the pungent dust, and place it upon
the back of the left hand, near the lower joint of the thumb, whence it is
snuffed up to the olfactories, there to perform its titillating office. To-
bacco is said to have been introduced with the Yuen dynasty, A. D. 1300.

A part of the furniture of this case consists of a paia* of Chinese
book-cases made of ebony, the panels and other parts of which are beauti-
fully cai-ved and highly pohshed. The books are kept in the lower section,
where they are protected from dust by doors in front ; the upper section
is an open cabinet, divided into five unequal compartments, set off by
divers ornamental articles. The books are placed in a horizontal position,
and the titles are put on the end instead of the back, each work of several
volumes being preserved in an envelope or case of blue nankeen or silk.

Between the book cases are suspended on the wall, a pair of silk scrolls
bearing the following maxims ; — "The Sages taught from things; letters,
morality , fidelity , truth." — and — " The highest pleasure is not equal to
the study of letters."

The education and hterature of the " Celestial Empire," form, beyond
comparison, the most interesting and instructive point of view in which
the Chinese can be contemplated. We cannot, indeed, praise the kitid of
education practised in China. The studies are confined to one unvaried
routine, and to deviate in the smallest degree from the prescribed track,
would be regarded as something w'orse than mere eccentricity. Science,
])roperly speaking, is not cultivated at all. There is no advancement, no
thirsting after fresh achievements of knowledge, no bold and prjing
investigations into the mysteries of nature. ChjTnistn,-, physiology,
astronomy, and natm'al philosophy, are therefore at a low ebb. The
instruction given in their schools is almost wholly of a moral and pohtical
complexion, being designed solely to teach the subjects of the empire
their duties. Within the allotted circle all are educated, all must be
educated. According to Mr. Davis, a statute was in existence two thou-

sand years ago, which required that every town and village, down even
to a few families, should have a common school ; and one work, of a date
anterior to the Christian era, speaks of the " ancient system of instruc-
tion." There are annual examinations in the provinces, and triennial
examinations at Pekin which are resorted to by throngs of ambitious
students. At these examinations, all who choose, excepthig menial
servants, their children, or grand-children ; inferior police officers called
Ya-Yiih ; and theatricals may attend. These persons are also excluded
from obtaining any of the above ranks. The prohibition, including
menial servants, excludes a large number of persons. If such a person,
however, becomes wealthy, the law is often evaded. To superintend
the examinations, two persons called Choo-kaou, are deputed from
Pekin.

The present dynasty, which takes great pains in training a standing
army, has introduced a similar examination, and similar titles amongst
the mihtary. The whole empire is a university, a mighty laboratory of
scholars. The happy men who pass successfully through the several
necessary ordeals are honored with distinctions. They are feasted
at the expense of the nation ; their names and -\-ictories are pub-
lished throughout the empire ; they are courted and caressed ; and
they become, ipso facto, ehgible to all the offices within the gift of the
sovereign. The most learned are appointed to the highest degree of
literary rank, the " Han-hn,"* or membership of the national College.
All this means that the emperor may " pluck out the true talent" of the
land, and employ it in the administration of his government. The
fourteen thousand civil mandarins are, almost without exception, the
beaux esprits — the best scholars of the realm.

The highest hteraiy graduate is entitled to wear a white stone brought
from India, called " Chay hew," on the cap, as a distinguishing mark.
The success of a literary examination is by them tenned " plucking a
branch of the fragrant ohve," denoting the attainment of the rank of
"Keu-jin;" because that flower is in blossom in Autumn, when the
examination occurs. Educated talent here enjoys its just consideration.
All other titles to respect, all other quahfications for office, are held as
naught compared with this. This, vmdoubtedly, in connexion with the
rigid enforcement of the doctrine of responsibihty, is the true secret of
the greatness and prosperity, the stabihty and repose of the Celestial
Empire. For, as Dr. Milne truly remarks, they are the ambitious who
generally overtm-n governments ; but in China there is a road open to the

* The term " Han-lin-yuen"' (a College instituted iu the time of Tacig,) signifies
" the forest of Pencils."

ambitious, without the dreadful alternative of revolutionizing the country.
It is merely required of a man that he should give some proof of the
possession of superior abilities ; not an unreasonable requisition cer-
tainly.

The Chinese are a reading people, and the number of their pubhshed
works is very considerable. In the departments of morals, history,
biography, the drama, poetry, and romance, there is no lack of writings,
" such as they are." The Chinese Materia Medica of Li Shichan, com-
prises forty octavo volumes. Of statistical works the number is also very
large. Their novels are said to be, many of them, excellent pictures of the
national manners. The plot is often complex, the incidents natural and
the characters well sustained. China has had, too, her Augustan age of
poetry. It is remarkable that this brilliant epoch in Chinese letters was
during the eighth centiuy of our era, when almost the whole of Exirope
was sunk in gross ignorance and barbarism. We subjoin a single
specimen of Chinese poetry, in a touching little piece, pubhshed in the
second volume of the Royal Asiatic Transactions, and written 3000 years
ago. Besides the pleasure its intrinsic beauty will afford, it offers a
convincing proof of the substantial identity of human feehngs in all
times and countries. The piece bemoans the fate of a maiden, betrothed
to an humbler rival, but compelled to become the bride of a rich and
powerful suitor : —

The nest yon winged artist builds,
Some robber bird siiall tear away ;

So yields her hopes the affianced maid,
Some wealthy lord's reluctant prey.

The fluttering bird prepares a home,

In which the spoiler soon shall dwell ;
Forth goes the weeping bride, constrained,

A hundred cars the triumph swell.

Mourn for the tiny architect,

A stronger bird hath ta'en its nest ;
Mourn for the hapless, stolen bride.

How vain the pomp to soothe her breast I

In education, the Chinese glory is the inculcation of social and
pohtical duties. Their teaching is chiefly by authority. Hence the

great use made of maxims. These are suspended upon the walls of every
apartment, where they are constantly seen and read from early childhood
to decrepit age. They say, " Good sayings are hke pearls strung to-
gether : inscribe them on the walls of your dwelUng, and regard them
night and day as wholesome admonitions."

The fourth principal figure in this case, is a mandarin of the fourth
class, seated on a portable chair, called by the natives " Ma chap." The
costume of this mandarin is far inferior to those of the two principal
figures in Case No. I, his long silk petticoat is fastened round the waist
by means of a belt, which is united in fi'ont by a clasp. The visitor
will notice a variety of accoutrements attached to this belt, rather military
in their appearance, but not at all so in reahty. In fact, a Chinese never
goes armed, as the jealousy of the government has denied the privilege
of wearing arms to all except the soldiers on parade. The appendages
referred to are, therefore, altogether peaceful, such as a sUk fan-sheath,
embroidered tobacco-pouches, &c, Tlie cap is cone-shaped, but not
turned . up at the edge ; having crimson silk, pendant from the crown-
ing ball. Tliis is a summer cap.

This officer is attentively listening to the fable, and is apparently in
the fuU enjoyment of that calm and tranquil state of mind, which the
almost universal custom of smoking tobacco is thought to produce. Tlie
serv'ant is standing behind his superior, and presenting to him a red-
covered official document. He is attired in a gown and spencer of dark
nankeen, the common material of the dresses of the lower orders.

CASE IV.
No. 16. Chinese lady of rank, with fan.

17, DO. PREPARtNG TO SMOKE.

18. DO. WITH GUITAR.
19 & 20. Two FEMALE DOMESTICS.

21 & 22. Mother and Boy of the middle class.
23. Daughter of the above.

Chinese table, handsomely carved, gilt, and painted.

Specimen of citron, or finger fruit. (Citrus Sacodactylus.)

Superbly embroidered silk screen to door.

Lanterns suspended from the ceiling.

The fourth case introduces us to a group of Chinese beauties. We
have here three ladies of rank, in full costume. Their hair, which

is turned up on the back of the head in bunches, and fastened with two
bodkins crosswise, is gaily adorned with wreaths of flowers. There
is considerable variety in their dresses, but they are all of the richest
materials, and magnificently embroidered. They are exceedingly modest
and becoming, conceahng entirely the contour of the pei'son. The expo-
sure which fashion allows to European and American ladies, would be
regarded by the Chinese women as a flagrant offence against true
modesty. The " Golden water lilies," — " Kum-leen" as the small feet
are called, figure, we cannot say " largely," but interestingly, in these fair
ones. Their hands are very deUcate ; their eyebrows gracefully arched ;
their features regular and oval ; their noses too flat for beauty ; but the
whole countenance, though rather pretty, and certainly not imamiable, is
deficient in strength of expression. Their occupations are characteristic,
one of them is fingermg a guitar, another is smoking, while the third
is amusing herself with a fan. From the waist depends the never absent
tobacco-pouch, elegant in material, form, and workmanship. Each has
three plain rings in either ear. The footstools upon which their " golden
lihes" rest, are covered with embroidered silk.

This case also contains two female domestics, Nos. 19 & 20, with feet
of the natural size. One of them is bringing tea to her mistress, in a
cup with a saucer-hke cover, ha\dng just entered through a door- way,
fi-om the lintel of which hangs a superbly embroidered silk screen reach-
ing down to the threshold, which is common in China. The usual
mode of making tea in China, is to place a few leaves in each cup, and
pour boiling water upon them. The cups are always provided with tops,
to preserve the delicate aroma of the tea, and the infusion is drank
without admixture of any kind.

The lanterns suspended from the ceiling of this and the adjoining
case (No. 5) are of a dififerent character from those displayed in any
other part of the saloon. They are constructed of a hght frame-work
of wii-e, and are covered with a thin gauze, glazed with the tenacious
jelly or glue, made from the Gigartina tenax, a marine fucus, brought to
China fi'om the Indian Archipelago. These whimsical devices are gaily
painted, and represent fishes, birds, &c.

The women of Cliina, as in all other countries not blessed with Chris-
tianity, occupy a rank in society far inferior to that of the men. Never-
theless, their place on the social scale is higher, their influence greater,
and their treatment, better than can be predicated of the sex in any other
Asiatic nation. Of school education the mass receive none, though there
are occasionally shining exceptions ; but GutzlafF ascribes to them, the
possession of a large share of common sense, and says that they make
devoted wives and tender mothers.

In the education of females, the first object of attention is their virtue ;
the second is their language ; the third is their deportment ; and the
fourth, their appropriate employment.

The generahty of Chinese ladies cannot boast of great beauty. They
make a free use of rouge, and this article is always among the presents to
a bride on the occasion of her nuptials. The distinguishing marks of
personal attractions among the Chinese, in a gentleman are, a large
person, inclining to corpulency, a fidl glossy face, and large pendant ears ;
the latter inchcating high breeding and fortune. In females it is nearly
the reverse, deUcate forms are in them highly esteemed, having slender
" willow waists." The eves are termed " silver seas ;" the eye-brows are
frequently removed, and in their stead a delicately curved pencil line is
drawn, resembling the leaf of the willow " Lew shoo," which is considered
beautiftd, and used metaphorically for " Pleasure." Hence the saying —
" deceived and stupified by willows and flowers ;" i. e. by dissolute
pleasures. In what circumstances the " golden hlies," the highest of
personal attractions, originated, is not known. It is said, that it arose
in the time of the Woo-tae, or five dynasties that Le-how-choo ordered
his concubine, Yaou, to bind her foot with silk and cause it to appear
small, and in the shape of the new moon. The distortion is pro-
duced by turning the toes under the soles of the feet at birth, and
confining them in that position by tight bandages, till their growth is
effectually checked. The bandaging is continued for several years, during
which the poor child suffers the most excruciating tortures. Tliis is, no
doubt, an absurd, cruel, and wicked practice ; but those who dwell in
glass houses should not throw stones. It is not a whit worse, nay, we
maintain that it is less irrational and injurious, than the abomination of
tight lacing. No vital part is here attacked, no vital fmictions disor-
dered ; and on the score of taste, if the errors of Nature are to be
rectified, and her graceful hnes and proportions improved, we see not why
the process of amendment may not be as reasonably applied to the feet as
to the waist. Almost every family in China, however poor, has one
daughter with the small feet, else she could not become a first wife.

Head-dresses of natural and artificial flowers are alwavs worn. No
woman is so poor as to neglect, or so aged as to give up adorning herself
in this manner. The culture of flowers for this purpose is a regular
occupation throughout the country.

The Chinese ladies in dressing their hair, make use of shavings cut
from resinous wood, which being dipped in warm water the gum is
drawn out and diluted, and then by applying them to the hair, the for-
mation required is eflfected, as in the figures here represented.

Wives are distinguished from unmarried females, bv the latter allowing

the hair near the forehead to hang down towards the eye-brows, as in the
figure of the young girls in this case, while the former have theirs bound
together upon the crown of the head.

Among the accomphshments of the Chinese ladies, music, painting on
silk, and embroidery, hold the chief places. The musical instruments are
various in kind and material, and a supply of them is held to be an indis-
pensable part of the furniture of a lady's boudoir. Painting on silk
is a veiy common recreation ; and embroidery is an almost universal
accomplishment .

CASE V.

No. 24. Tragedian in splendid costume.

25 & 26. two juvenile actors, to perform the part ol' female

characters.
27. Chinese juggler.

Parasol used on state occasions.

Magnificent specimen of embroidered tapestry.

And numerous specimens of theatrical caps on the wall.

In the fifth case we have a specimen of Chinese theatricals. Tliere are
three figures of actors, an adidt and two children, a Chinese Juggler, a
gorgeous state parasol, a number of theatrical caps, and a sample of
•embroidered tapestry. The costume of the Chinese stage is sufficiently
appropriate to the characters represented, and on most occasions ex-
tremely splendid. Gay silks and embroidery are lavished on the dresses
of the actors, and as most of the serious plays are historical, and for
obvious reasons do not touch on events that have occurred since the
Tartar conquest, the costume, as in the case of the tragedian here
represented, shows the ancient di'ess of China, which in females, is nearly
the same now as ever ; but, as regards men, veiy different. The splen-
dour of Chinese theatrical wardrobes was remarked by Ysbrandt Ides,
the Russian ambassador, as long ago as 1692. The dresses and adorn-
ments of the actors here represented, are of rich materials and elegantly
wrought with gold thread.

Theatrical exhibitions are favourite amusements of the Chinese, and
as among the ancient Greeks and Romans, they are chiefly, in China,
connected with religion. Tlie estimation in which they are held may be
inferred from a single fact. Tlie money expended upon them in one

year at Macao, a place where there are but few wealthy Chinese,
amounted to nearly seven thousand dollars.

It is remarkable that there are no regular theatres. The actors are
literally vagabonds, strolhng about from city to city, and from province
to province. In Canton, for example, the inhabitants of a certain quarter
club together and make up a purse, ^vith which a company is engaged.
A temporary theatre is erected, and the whole neighbourhood at liberty to
attend. When the quid pro quo has been rendered by the actors, thev
move oif to another quarter, and the same thing is repeated. It is
customary to employ actors at private entertainments, which are never
considered complete without a theatrical exhibition. Upon such occasions
a list of plays is handed to the most distinguished guest, who selects
whichever most accords with his fancy. The principal inns and all large
private estabhshments have a room expressly for this purpose. Females
are not allowed to appear upon the stage.

Visitors will perceive in the figure of the Juggler, one of a large class
of persons, who obtain a precarious livehhood by an exhibition of feats of
dexterity and legerdemain. Jugglers are numerous in the streets of
Canton, and are as varied in caste as the difierent feats they perform. The
person here represented ranks high in his profession. On his head is
placed a porcelain jar, having a narrow mouth. Tliis jar is so nicely
poised in an angular position, that the shghtest movement of the Jug-
gler's head, or even the relaxation of a muscle, would cause a fall of the
fragile burthen. In the right hand of the artiste are several pieces of
bamboo, each about two feet in length. The main object to be achieved
by the juggler, is, while he is standing perfectly still, to throw these
pieces of bamboo to a great height with his left hand, in such a direc-
tion that they all fall into the jar. This manoeuvre requires immense
practice and steadiness, both of the eye and hand.

The amusements of a people have ever been regarded as indications,
to a certain extent, of national character, denoting their boldness,
simpHcity, or frivolity. Thus, the bull-fights of Spain, the boxing
matches and prize fights of England, and the jugghng and sports of
China, are all in harmony with the chief, but widely different traits of
those nations where they are adopted as recreations. With this view,
we proceed to mention a few other exploits of the most adroit Chinese
exhibiters to the wondering crowd. A man produces from a basket the
stuffed skin of a rat ; this he exhibits to the multitude, and convinces them
that it is exactly what he represents it to be. By placing the throat of
the supposed animal between his finger and thumb, and pinching it, the
jaws of the rat are forced open, and so exactly will the juggler imitate
the squeak of a choking rat, that an observer, particularly if he be a

foreigner, will at once suspect that he had been deceived as to the want
of vitaHt}' in the apparently tortured animal before him. With a sin-
gxdarity and quickness of motion altogether admirable, the exhibiter
tosses it about his person, giving it the exact semblance of a rat
endeavouring to escape from the fangs of the destroyer ; and at the
same time uttering such piercing and natural cries of distress, that the
beholder is at last only convinced of the man's skill in ventriloquism,
by an examination of the inanimate skin.

Tlie foUovdng scene occurred in the drawing room of a foreign
resident in Canton. Two jugglers were introduced before the company
assembled ; after going through a number of surprising feats of skill and
agility, one of these men handed to the other a large china basin.
This basin, after a few flomishes above his head, and being turned
upside down to convince the spectators that it was empty, the exhibiter
suddenly allowed it to fall, but caught it before it reached the floor.
This movement brought him into a position resting upon his heels,
the basin being now hidden from view by the folds of his garments. In
that attitude he remained for a few seconds, vdth hands extended, but in
no way touching the basin. With a sudden spring he stood upright, and
displayed to the astonished spectators the basin fiUed to the brim vdth
•pwre clear water, and two gold fishes swimmmg in their native element.

Another feat worthy of record, is one of a more exciting and thrilling
nature. To be impressed on the mind with full effect, it should be seen
under circumstances similar to those which attended the exhibition of it
to the relater. Passing a motley crowd of persons in a pubhc square
near the foreign factories, the writer had his attention directed to a man
apparently haranguing the bye-standers. Prompted by curiosity, he
soon found the performer to be a mean-looking person, who divested
himself of his outer clothing as far as the waist. He spread a small mat
upon the pavement, and taking a boy from the crowd, who was after-
wards discovered to be his confederate ; he placed him in the centre of
the nish mat. He then took from his basket a large butcher's knife,
which he flourished over the head of the frightened boy, and with
dreadful threats sprang upon his victim. The boy was thrown down,
and the man knelt on him in such a manner as to secure his hands.
While in this position, he forced back the head of the poor child, and
with the knife inflicted a severe gash upon his throat, from which the
blood instantly gushed in a toiTent, flowing down the breast of the
murderer, and sprinkhng the nearest spectators. The death-throes of
the poor sufi'erer were painful to behold ; frightful and convulsive in
their commencement, but diminishing with the loss of blood. The eve-
balls start — the muscles are seen to work — there are twitches of the

fingers — desperate efforts to free the confined anus — a change of color
in the face to an ashy paleness — a fixed and glassy stare of the eyes —
then, a long, last spasmodic heaving and contortion, and all is over ;
the body falls a corpse !

On witnessing such a strange and revolting scene, the first impulse of
the stranger, despite the suiTounding crowd, was to seize the murderous
culprit, but fi'om this he was prevented by the deafening shouts of the
applauding mvdtitude, testifying their approbation of the dexterity of the
performer, by a shower of " cash." It is almost superfluous to add,
that the deception consisted in the construction of the blade and handle
of the knife ; so contrived, that by making a sawing motion on the
throat of the boy, to produce a stream of coloured liquid resembling
blood, pumped out of the knife and handle. These and many other rare
sights of the kind are daUy practised for the amusement of the idle crowd
in the streets of Canton.

But, however, ingenious the deception of some of these persons may
appear, the Jugglers from Nankin have a still higher reputation among
their own countiymen. Several of their feats of skill and daring are,
to the miinitiated, traly astonisliing, for instance : — ^Two men from
Nankin appear in the streets of Canton, the one places his back against
a stone wall, or wooden fence ; the upper part of his person is divested
of clothing. His associate, armed with a large knife, retires to a dis-
tance, say from 100 to 200 feet. At a given signal, the knife is thrown
with an unerring aim in the dh-ection of the person opposite, to within
a hairs breadth of his neck, immediately below his ear. With such
certainty of success is the blow aimed, and so great is the confidence
reposed by the one in the skill of the other, that not the shghtest
uneasiness is discernible m the features of him, whose life is a forfeit to
the least deviation on the part of the practitioner. Tliis feat is again and
again performed, and with similar success, only varying the direction of
the knife to the opposite side of the neck of the exposed person, or to
any other point of proximity to the living target, as the spectators may
desu'e.

Another, and the last feat to be mentioned, is equally exciting.
A man is armed with an instrument, resembUng a trident, or what is
tenned by sailors, " grains;" to which formid-able weapon is attached a
long handle of hard wood. The Juggler, with surprising strength of
arm, throws this weapon perpendicularly into the air to a gi'eat height,
as it gains the greatest elevation, he measures with a practised eye and
wonderful precision the exact spot on which it will fall. To this point
he advances step by step ; in an iiistant tlie weapon descends with fear-
ful velocity, scraping the edges of some protruding i)art of his person ;

tliuR giving proof of a singular daring, and successful eftbrt, which
surpasses in skill, even the most celebrated rifle sliots of the hunters of
Kentucky.

The large parasol in this case, beautifully enriched with embroidery
and gold thread, is one of those carried on state occasions by the attend-
ants of the officers of government. Parasols and umbrellas were first
mentioned in books published about A. D. 300. It is said, that they
took their rise from standards and banners waving loosely in the
air.

Some notice of the other national amusements will not be out of place
here. The Chinese have fewer holidays than perhaps any other people ;
yet they have a number of festivals, which are enjoyed with a keen relish.
The chief of these is the Feast of the New Year, which occurs on the first
day of the first moon (about the middle of February), a species of Satur-
nalia, when the whole empire abandons itself to a frenzy of merriment.
All labour is intermitted for several days ; public business is suspended for
forty days, that the prescribed ceremonials may be duly observed with ap-
propriate solemnity and etiquette ; sei-vants are dressed out in all the finery
at their command ; visits of ceremony and presents are interchanged
among friends ; the rites of religion are conducted with unusual pomp ;
and, in short, gaiety and pleasure are the reigning divinities.

On this day persons proceed from the temple with a lighted candle,
with the superstitious impression that if they succeed in reaching their
homes \vithout extinguishing the hght, that they will be prosperous during
the year. They are, however, apparently regardless of any inauspicious
omen, and will return to the temple, again and again, to rehglit their
candles, and, as it were, to compel the fates to terminate their labours by
a more successful attempt.

The Feast of Lanterns, which occurs soon after this, is a general illu-
mination throughout the empire. The object seems to be to afford an
occasion for the display of ingenuity and taste in the construction and
mechanism of an infinite variety of lanterns. It is computed that, upon
this occasion, there are not less than 200,000,000 blazing at the same
time in different parts of the empire. The brilliancy of this beautiful
festival cannot be adequately conveyed to the mind or fancy of a reader,
even by the most glowing powers of description.

There are several agricultm-al festivals ; an annual trial of skill in boat-
racing ; a festival in honour of the dead ; and a sort of general thanks-
giving, a holiday higlily enjoyed, which takes place in September, at the
commencement of the business year.

Gaming prevails among the lower orders, but so much infamy attaches
to gamblers, that government officers and the more respectable of the

people are free from this taint. They have a saying, that " gambUng is
aUied to robbery." Dominoes, cards, dice, and chess, are favourite
games. Tlie vendors of fruit often gamble with purchasers in the fol-
lowing manner :— A boy wishes a half dozen oranges. The finiit and
hah" the price demanded for it are laid down together. Recourse is then
had to the dice-box. If the urchin throws the highest number, he
pockets his money again, and gets the fniit for nothing ; if the seller, he
in like manner sweeps the stakes, and the disappointed gamester may
whistle for oranges, or try his fortune elsewhere. Quails are trained for
fighting, and also a species of cricket. Two of these insects are placed
in a bowl together, and irritated by a straw, when they attack each with
great violence, though the combat does not usually end in the death of
either, but in the retreat of one. Hundreds of dollars are staked on
the result of these miniature conflicts, and large sums are often paid for
victorious warriors. The gamesters fight them for cakes, but in their
slang dialect, each cake is understood to mean a certain sum of money.
Fire-works, and the tricks of jugglers, tumblers, rope-dancers, &c., are
greatly relished.

Of out-door games, the most popular is kite-flying. In this the
Chinese excel. They show their superiority as well in the curious con-
struction of their kites, as in the height to which they make them mount.
By means of round holes, supplied with vibrating cords, their kites are
•made to produce a loud humming noise, hke that of a top. The ninth
day of the ninth moon is a holiday especially devoted to this national
pastime, on which day numbers may be seen repairing to the hills for the
pui-pose of kite-flying, which after amusing themselves with, they let
fly wherever the wind may cany them, and give their kites and cares
at once to the wind.

It is said, that in ancient times, a kind of foot-ball was introduced into
•' the army of Heaven," as an exercise for the soldiers. A game at shut-
tlecock, in which the feet sen^e as battledores, is also a favourite " field
sport." In Pekin, during the winter, skating, and other amusements
on the ice, in which the emperor takes a part, are among the national
exercises.

c 2

CASE VI.

No. 27. Itinerant barber at his avocation, with his avhole apparatus,

y 28. Itinerant shoemaker, at his work, with work-bench, basket,

' tools, lamp, &c.

y 29. Travelling blacksmith, with anvil, furnace, bellows, &c.

30. Chinese boatwoman, carrying a child on her back in the usual

mode.

31. Another boatwoman, with pipe, mother of the above.

On the wall several sjiecimens of bamboo hats and rush coats, worn
by the lower classes in rainy weather.

Specimens of ploughs, harrows, axes, hoes, rakes, forks, shotwls,

spades, flails, mattocks, Sfc. 8fc. These implements are, for the

most jjart, simple and rude. They are made chiefly of wood, and

merely shod with iron. On the wall are also displayed ttvo fishing

' nets, made of a peculiar kind of hemp, also fishing scoops.

This case pi'eseiits to the visitor's obsen'ation some singular specimens
of Chinese hfc. We have in it an itinerant barber, shoemaker, and black-
smith, and two boatwomen, one of whom is cari-ying an infant on her
back. The barbers in China are a numerous class. Eveiy town is
thronged with them. According to their records, the number of the
fraternity in Canton in 1834, was no less than 7,300. The reason of.
this large number is, that, as the head, as well as the face, is shaven,
no Chinaman ever shaves himself. The barbers are all ambulatoiy ; and
no one is allowed to discharge the duties of tonsor until he has obtained
a license ; each carries his shop on his back, and performs his opera-
tions tonsorial in the open street. The usual implements are a stool,
provided with a case of drawers, and a Idnd of tub, with a small char-
coal furnace and a basin. We have the apparatus here complete. The
operation is generally performed in perfect silence, a fact meriting the
attention of our own practitioners in this line. The razor is a clumsy-
looking affair, but is said to shave sufficiently well. It is shai-pened on
iron. No soap is used, the beard being softened by the appHcation of
hot water alone. Tlie compensation is left entirely to the employer's
generosity ; it is commonly from five to ten cash. In passing through
the streets of Canton the barbers employ a pecuhar call to gain the
attention of the passing throng. The instrument used resembles a pair
of lonp- iron tweezers, having the connecting part made thin and broad,
so that when twanged the tines will prolong the vibration. All trades
in China are licensed, and none but a licensed and acknowledged work-
man can be employed.

No. 28. Case vi.

No. '29.

The ambulatory shoemaker, with his rude tools, and his encjrmous spec-
tacles, is a study fur a ])ainter. lie caiTies with him, in a basket,
wherever he goes, all his implements, together with his whole stock in
trade. A fan and a pipe, without which, it would almost seem, a
Chinaman could not exist — complete his equipment.

The visitor will notice the novel matmer in which our sliocmakers'
spectacles are kept in their place. Tliis is effected by no greater expen-
diture of ingenuity than is involved in passing a loop fastened to the
ends of the spectacles round each ear. They are sometimes retained in
their position by silver cords slung over the ears, to which small weights
arc attached, to preserve the equilibrium. Tlie glasses, or rather crystals,
(for rock crystal, ground with the powder of corundum, supplies the
i)lace of glass,) are perfectly circular in shape, and of enormous dimen-
sions, which gives the wearer a very sapient appearance.

By the side of the honest cobbler, we have an itinerant blacksmith, —
par nobile fraii'um. He also, when inclined to try his fortune in a new
place, stows forge, bellows, anvil, tools, &c., into a basket, which he
sUngs over his shoulder, and thus takes up his line of march. This figure,
with the implements and appliances that surround it, will attract special
notice. Tlie anvil, instead of having a flat surface, is slightly rounded
on the top, which causes the iron to extend more readily mider the
hammer. The bellows is a hollow cyUnder, with a piston so contrived,
that the blast produced by it is continuous ; with these simple means
he will repair cast iron vessels when cracked, — an art, so far as we
knows not possessed by any other nation.

The female figures in this case represent a large class in China, viz.,
the boatwomen. One of them has an infant on her back, who finds a
convenient handle to hold by in her long plaited cue. She carries idso
a painted block of wood, resembling a gourd, which it is usu.d to
attach to the backs of young children who live in the boats, to prevent
them from sinlcing in case of falling overboard, tiU help can be
afforded.

The huge bamboo hats suspended on the wall of this case, deserve
to be noticed. Tlie bamboo is as useful to the Chinese as the rein-
deer is to the Laplander. Of this gigantic grass, or reed, there
are numerous varieties, and the uses to which it is apphcd are quite
as various. Hats, baskets, shields, umbrellas, ornamental furniture,
measures, ropes, paper, poles for scaftolding, temporary theatres, &c.,
are constructed of bamboo, llie young shoots are used for food, being
boiled, and sweatmeats are sometimes made of them. The small
branches serve as pipe-stems ; and for every purpose wherein strength,
combined with lightness is required, they are admuably suited, bging

■i •! c^ i\ a A

formed upon the isame principle a:^ tlic bones of birds. Farmers make
great use of the l)aml)oo, many of their im})lements being formed of it ;
and a sihcious concretion, (Tabasheer,) found in the joints, is an item in
the Cliinese materia medica.

Tlae rush cloak upon the wall is made of the leaves of the bamboo, to keep
off the rain ; called by the natives " So e," " a garment of leaves."
Tlie poor w^ear a coarse kind ; government com"iers use a finer sort, which
are compressed into a small compass when not worn. Umbrellas also,
made of reeds and bamboo leaves, are used in rainy weather, and as a
protection from the sun, by the keepers of stalls for the sale of articles in
the open air.

Tlie most cursoiy account of the Celestial Empire, should include
some notice of its agriculture. Of all classes who labour with their
hands, the husbandman is there the most honoured, being accounted
second only to the literati of the realm. Nothing appears so strongly to
have roused the wonder of the early missionaries to China, as the agri-
cultural skill of the natives ; and in nothing, perhaps, did they so much
indulge in exaggeration, as in their accounts of it. But whatever abate-
ments tnith may require to be made from their glowing descriptions,
there can hardly be a doubt that the Chinese manage to get more out of
an acre of ground than any other nation, the English alone excepted.

It is stated on the authority of Amiot, that the cultivated lands of the
country amount to about 596,172,500 Enghsh acres. This immense
territory is divided into patches of a few acres each, generally owned by
the occupants. A rigid economy of soil is practised. With the excep-
tion of the royal gardens at Pekin, no land in the empire is taken up with
parks and pleasure-grounds. Of meadows there are none ; of pasture-
grounds, scarcely any. The few niminating animals, scattered thinly over
the coimtry, gather a scanty subsistance, as best they may, on moimtains
and marshes, unfit for cultivation. As wheel carriages are seldom used but
in the north, the highways are but a few feet wide, and nothing is thrown
away there. No fences are allowed to encumber the soil, no hedges to
prey upon its strength. Sepulchres are always on lulls too barren for culti-
vation. A narrow foot-path separates neighbom'ing farms, and porcelain
landmarks define more pennanently their respective limits. Even the
sterile mountains are terraced into fertility', and glow with ripening
han-ests, intermingled with the brilliant foliage of clustering fi-uit
trees.

But their economizing of the soil is not more rigid than the methods
by which they seek to preserve or renovate its strength are new and
various. Necessity may here truly be said to have been the mother of
invention. Every conceivable substance, possessing any enriching

:>9

quiilities, is here converted into a manure. Not only lime, ashes?, dung
of animals, &c., but hair of all kinds, barber's sha^-ings, horns and bones
reduced to powder, soot, night soil, the cakes that remain after the
expression of their vegetable oil ; plaster of old kitchens and all
kinds of vegetable and animal refuse, are among the substances
used as manures. These are all carefully collected and husbanded,
being frequently kept in cisterns constructed for the purpose, or in
earthen vessels sunk in the ground, where, covered with straw to prevent
evaporation, and diluted with a sufficient quantit}^ of water, thev are left
to undergo the putrefactive fermentation, after which they are applied to
the land.

The Chinese understand well the enriching effect of frequent plough-
ings.* Horses or oxen are rarely attached to their ploughs ; more
commonly a small species of buffalo ; and oftcner still, men and women.
Frequently the plough is not used at all, the spade and hoe supplying its
place. In the imgation of their lands, they display great ingenuity and
diligence. Their numerous rivers are here of essential utilitv.

In no country in the world is agriculture more encouraged, or deemed
more honorable than in China. Not only does the emperor himself
plough a piece of land once a vear, in public, in imitation of Shin-nung,
" the divine husbandman" — but he is looked up to as pecuharly the
patron and father of those who cultivate the soil, and upon him
devolves a pecuhar responsibihtv in invoking the gods, as will be seen by
the following praver offered up bv the present emperor, Taou-Kwang,
during the dearth of 1832.

" I, the minister of Heaven, am placed over mankind, and made
" responsible for keeping the world in order and tranquilising the people.
" Unable as I am to sleep or eat with composure, scorched with grief,
" and trembhng with anxiety, stiU no genial and copious showers have
" descended. I ask mvself whether, in sacrificial sen'ices, I have been
" remiss; whether pride and prodigality have had a place in my heart,
" springing up there unobserved ; whether from length of time I have
"become careless in the affairs of government; whether I have
" uttered irreverent words and deserved reprehension ; whether perfect
" equity has been attained in conferring rewards and inflicting punish-
" ments; whether, in raismg mausoleums and laying out gardens, I
" have distressed the people and wasted property; whether, in the ap-
" pointment of officers, I have failed to obtain fit persons, and thereby
'' rendered government vexatious to the people ; whether the oppressed

* Sir Joseph Banks expresses his surprise that this principle is tiot turned to greater
account by the Europeans. Repeated ploughing? are almost the only firtilizing process
known among the Hindoos.

" have found no means of appeal ; whether the largesses conferred on
" the afflicted Southern Provinces were properly applied, or the people
" left to die in the ditches. Prostrate I beg imperial Heaven to pardon
" my ignorance and dulness, and to grant me self renovation; for
" myriads of innocent people are involved by me, a single man. My
" sins are so numerous, that it is hopeless to escape their consequences."

" Summer is past, and Autumn arrived — to wait longer is impossible.
" — Prostrate, I implore imperial Heaven to grant a gracious deli-
" verance."

Rice is their staple grain. They always obtain two crops a year out
of their land ; sometimes three. When a third is not raised, the soil is
nevertheless, again taxed in the production of pulse, greens, potatoes,
and other vegetables. Millet is extensively cultivated. Women laboui'
on the farms equally with the men. A stout and healthy wife is there-
fore a great desideratum with a Chinaman, and the " working wives of
Kiang-see" are said to be held in high estimation throughout the pro-
vinces.

For further remarks on the culture of rice, we are indebted to
J. F. Davis, Esq., from whose able work on China and the Chinese, we
extract the following ; —

" The rice grown by the Chinese is of a much larger grain than that
which is common in India, and consists principally of two sorts, the
white or fine, and the red, or coarser kinds. They have a great
prejudice in favor of their own native produce ; but, when it is scarce,
are ready enough to purchase what comes from abroad. The Canton
government encourages the importation of foreign rice by exempting the
ships which bring it, from port charges ; but this advantage is in a great
measure rendered nugatory by the dishonesty and exactions of the lower
mandarins, who have sometimes caused ships to proceed no further than
Lmtin, where the rice has been sold to coasting junks. At other times,
however, this mode of avoiding a portion of the heavy expences of the
Canton river has occasioned an importation of from 15,000 to "20,000
tons in ships of various nations — a small quantity, after all, for the
demands of an enormous population. A considerable quantity of grain
is used for fermented liquors and for distillation. Tlie mandarins are
such bad political economists as frequently to prohibit, when there are
fears of scarcity, the appropriation of grain to these purposes ; being
ignorant that, if really required for food, the price would prevent its
conversion to the other purpose ; and, above all, that such a use of it
alwavs maintains a suqjlus supply, which may be resorted to in anv case of
extremity. The plough used in rice cultivation is of the simplest
construction. A sharp coidter, or blade, in front of the bhare, is found

needless, as the ground is of a light loamy description, and they never
have to cut through turf. The plough is in some parts of the country,
drawn through the soil hy human strength ; in others by oxen, asses
and mules, yoked together indiscriminately. The ploughshare terminates
at the back in a cun-e, which serves as a mould board to turn aside the
earth. In the Canton province the soil of the rice fields is ploughed
by means of a small buffalo, of a dark grey or slate color, called by the
Chinese shwiiy-new, "water ox," from its propensity for muddy shallows,
where it wallows in the mire, with habits more allied to some of the
pachydermatous than the ruminating tribes. When sufficient rains have
fallen in spring to allow the rice fields to be laid under water, they are
subjected to the plough in that condition, the buffalo and his driver
wading through the wet and slime up to their knees — an operation to
which the " water ox" is admirably fitted by nature. After this, a rake
or harrow with a single row of teeth, and frequently a man standing on
it, is dragged through the soil in order to break the lumps and clear the
groimd.

The rice is first of all sown in a small patch duly prepared and flooded
with water, and subsequently transplanted to the fields where it is to grow.
A short time previously to being sown the seed is immersed in Uquid
manure, which promotes its future growth, and renders it less liable
to worms or insects. In two or three days after being committed to the
ground, the young shoots appear, of a beautiful hght green color, and
when they have reached a proper height, they are removed to the fields
which had been prepared for their reception. The process of transplant-
ing, exhibits a division of labor that is perfect, one person takes up the
shoots about six inches in length, and hands them to another, who conveys
them to their destination. They are there received by another party of
laborers, standing ankle deep in mud and water, some of whom dibble
holes, into which they drop the plants by sixes, while others follow to
settle the earth about the roots ; the distances between these tufts beins:
six or eight inches every way. The field is then kept flooded according
to its wants, or to the circmnstances of the season ; and any imusual
deficiency of water is of course fattd to a grain which, from its nature,
the planters of South Carolina call " swamp seed."

The fields are weeded and otherwise attended to between seed time and
harshest ; and when the rice, by turning yellow, is kno^vn to be nearlv ripe,
the water is gradually dra\vn off so that by the end of June or begin-
ning of July, when it is time to reap, the fields are nearly dry.

The tufts of grain are cut singly near the ground, by mcant^ of a
species of sickle or crooked knife, and then carried off in l)uiidles or
sheaves to be thrashed. The floor employed for this purpose is of

hardened earth, cither with or without an admixture of hme. The
grain has been said to be trodden out by cattle sometimes, but the most
usual implement for thrashing is the common European flail. They have
a winnowing machine precisely like ours, and this seems to be the best
evidence for the fact*, that we borrowed this useful invention from them.
To get rid of the tenacious husk of the rice, it is pounded in stone
mortars, of which the cone-shaped pestles are worked by horizontal
levers attached to them. A wheel moved by water turns a cyhnder, to
whose circumference are attached cogs which, meeting the extremities
of the levers, strike them down alternately, and thus rise the pestles at
the other end ; a similar process is also effected by the feet.

For the 2nd crop of rice the ground is immediately cleared of the old
stubble and roots, and laid again under water, fresh plants are inserted
as before, and the harvest is gathered in November. When other grains
are sown, it is not by broad cast, but by the drill method, with a \-iew to
economising the seed. One drill plough was observed by Mr. Barrow,
different from the rest. " It consisted of two parallel poles of wood,
shod at the lower extremities with iron to open the furrows ; these poles
were placed upon wheels ; a small hopper was attached to each pole, to
drop the seed into the furrows, which were covered with earth by a
transverse piece of wood fixed behind, that first swept the surface of the
o-round." The third annual crop obtained from the land consists of
pidse, greens, and other vegetables, obtained during the dry and cold
winter months. At this period the rice fields near Macao produce an
abundance of potatoes, peas, and cabbages, for which the Chinese summer
in that latitude would be too hot and rainy. In heu of a spade, they use
a laro"e heavy iron hoe, which is a more expeditious but far less efficient
instrument, as it barely turns the earth to half the depth of the other.
This hoe serves them instead of every variety of tool, for weeding,
trenching, digging, or whatever may be the operation required." The
Chinese name for rice is " Me," when out of the husk, when boiled
" Fan." With them it is the " staff' of life."

Notwithstanding the immensity of labour bestowed on the cultivation of
the earth — and the Chinese agriculturists are like ants or bees in respect
to both their number and industry — it seems incapable of sustaining the
swarming population of the empire. Hence every harbour, lake, river,
and stream of whatever description, are literally thronged and darkened
by fisherman, who resort to the most ingenious and novel methods of
alluring and entrapping their victims. Nor do they forget or omit to take

* A model was cairied from China to Holland ; and from Holland the first specimen
reached Lcith.

care that the waters be not, as it were, depopulated, by these ceaseless
ravages. Tliey take the utmost pains to collect the spa^vns of fishes, and
to deposit them in convenient places for breeding.

" Such is their toil, and such their busy pains,
As exercise the bees in flowery plains,
When wnter past, and summer scarce begun.
Invites them forth to labour in the sun."

On each side of this recess is suspended a tablet, the one bearing the inscription
" If you would be rich, rear the five domestic animals, viz. — pigs, cows,
sheep, fowls, dogs." The other reads thus, — " Labour induces reflection,
and reflection virtue."

CASE VII.

This case, in depth, is about the average ^vidth of the streets in
Canton and is nearly fiUed by a sedan, in which the owner is com-
fortably seated, while he is borne gently along by a couple of coolies. A
body sei-vant is in attendance, who walks by the side of the lordly chair,
having in his right hand a lantern, (Tang-lung,) such as is used when
walking out, without which no person can appear in the streets after
dark ; on it are inscribed the name and rank of the owner. The
interior of the sedan is just large enough for the convenient reception of a
single occupant. Instead of panels, the sides are covered with a colored
silk for lightness, and there is an additional covering of oil- cloth, to be
used in case of rain. Two bearers place the light elastic poles upon their
shoulders, and move, sometimes at considerable speed, with measured
tread, and a very steady motion. Tlie sedan looks like the very
home of comfort and repose. The illustrious Falstaff never took " mine
ease in mine inn" more luxuriously than the rich Chinaman in his
vaunted sedan. This vehicle is much used by the wealthy, and affords
almost the only mode of land-travelling known, the horse being rarely,
though sometimes employed. Wheel carriages are but little used in
China, especially in the southern and eastern parts, and in the vicinity
of large rivers, where boats are made to serve in their stead. Private
gentlemen are allowed only two bearers ; the host of civil officers,
four ; viceroys, eight ; while the emperor's dignity requires sixteen.
Mandarins are preceded by men bearing pendant banners, with the
inscription — " Tseng tow ke," t\ e. " Clear the road ;" (See No. 1216,)
others carry a hanging tablet, (Tew pai,) setting forth the name and

dignity of the mandarin. Gongs arc frequently sounded by the servants
in attendance, to give notice of the ajjproach of civil officers and others,
who arc distinguished by the number of strokes given at certain in-
tervals.

The sedan chair (Kew), has often been a bone of contention between
the foreign merchants and the native authorities. The former have,
again and again, demanded earnestly the privilege of using it ; the latter
have as vigorously resisted the demand, and hitherto with success.

CHINESE COMPLIMENTARY CARD.

Upon the wall at the back of this case is suspended a complimentary
or valedictory card, or ticket addressed to the owner of this collection
upon his leaving China. It was presented by the Tae Ho-shang, (abbot
or superior) of the temple Hae-chwang-sze, at Honan. The centre of
the card is a bright crimson, and the border is embelhshed with numerous
figixres and devices. Its dimensions (13 feet in length by 8 feet in
width) is indicative of the esteem and respect which it is intended to
convey.

CASE VIII.

The Pavilion.

This is a large apartment, forming the termination of the saloon,
from which it is separated by what may be called a species of carved
net-work. The carving penetrates entirely through the wood, (Laurus
Camphora, camphor wood, called by the Chinese " cheong muh,")*
and represents figures of animals, birds, flowers, fruits, &c. The colours
of this open work are as gay, rich, and even gorgeous, as gilding and
paint can make them ; yet so sldlfully are they disposed, so well do they
blend and harmonize, that their effect is altogether agreeable. The room
thus enclosed is a perfect fac- simile of an apartment in a weiUthy China-
man's dwelling.

In either opposite corner of the apartment are placed a lai-ge square
carved table of hard wood, with marble tops, and hangings of embroidered
velvet, on which a servant has placed some fruit for the refreshment of the
guests. On the right of these, stands a long high table similar to our
sideboards, for the reception of ornaments, upon which rests ornamental

* Tilt camphor tree grows to a large si^e in the proviucc of " Keaiig se."

stands and fruit. On each side of the ajiartmcnt arc chairs of a correspond-
ing style and make, alternately arranged with small tea stands, with a foot-
stool for each chair, besides flower-pots, cuspadors, jjorcclain stools, em-
broidered silk lanterns, &c. &c. while at the extreme end of the apartment
is an aperture in the wall of an oval form surrounded with a carved and gilt
fretwork, corresponding with the exterior ; through this doorway is seen
a perspective view of Chinese scenery. Doorways of this description are
common in China — and are of different devices, some being circular,
others oval, while some are in the form of a mulberry leaf, with the
stem resting upon the ground. On each side of this entrance is a superb
china vase, about seven feet high, including the stand, which is also of
hard wood, and richly car\-ed. These are of a size and beauty such as
we rarely meet with in this country. They are covered with a profusion
of characteristic figures, among w-hich the imperial dragon holds a
distinguished place. In them are placed a variety of their favorite flowers
and a large fan of peacocks feathers.

The walls are hung with a variety of decorations, chiefly long silken
scrolls, with maxims ; and the tables are covered with a profusion of
ornamental articles.

Tliere are six figures in the pavilion, intended to represent the mode
of pa^^ng and receiving visits. Visiting is conducted by the Chinese
with great formalitv blended with much urbanity. Tea and pipes are
always served on these occasions, and frequently sweetmeats or dried
fi-uits. The common mode of salutation is to join the closed hands,
and lift them twice or thrice towards the head, saying, Haou — tsing,
tsing ; that is, " Ai-e you well ? — Hail, hail!" and at other times, the
words " Soo yang fang ming," or, " / have heretofore thought with
veneration on your fragrant name;" the latter, said to persons of whom
they have before heard, on first meeting them.

The ceremony attending an invitation to dinner is somewhat formal,
and may be interesting to many readers. The invitation is conveyeil
some days before, by a crimson- coloured ticket, on which is inscribed
the time appointed, and the guest is entreated to bestow " the illumina-
tion of his presence." At other times, the phrase, " / have prepared
pure tea andivaitfor your company to converse."

The following description of a Chinese dinner, from the pen of Captain
Laplace, of the French Navy, although rather a long extract, is given
with so much of the characteristic vivacity of his countrymen, and so
well conveys Xhc first impression of a scene not often witnessed by Euro-
peans, that it is introduced without further apology : — " Tlie first course
was laid out in a great munber of saucers of painted porcelain, and con-
sisted of various relishes in a cold state, as salted earth-worms, jjrcparcd

and dried, but so cut up, that I fortunately did not know what they
were until I swallowed them ; salted or smoked fish, and ham, both of
them cut into extremely small slices ; besides which, there was what
they called Japan Icatlier, a sort of darkish skin, hard and tough, with
a strong, and far from agreeable taste, which seemed to have been
macerated in water for some time. All these et cceteras, including
among the number, a nquor which I recognised to be soy, made from a
Japan bean, and long since adopted by the wine-drinkers of Europe,
to revive their faded appetites or tastes, were used as seasoning to a
great number of stews which were contained in bowls, and succeeded
each other uninterruptedly. All the dishes, without exception, swam
in soup ; on one side figured pigeons' eggs, cooked in gravy, together
with ducks and fowls cut veiy small, and immersed in a dark-coloured
sauce ; on the other, little balls made of sharks' fins, eggs prepared by
heat (of which both the smell and taste seemed to us equally repul-
sive,) immense grubs, a peculiar kind of sea-fish, crabs, and pounded
shrimps."

" Seated at the right of our excellent Amphitryon, I was the object
of his whole attention ; but, nevertheless, found myself considerably at
a loss how to use the two little ivory sticks, tipped with silver, which,
together with a knife that had a long, narrow, and thin blade, formed
the whole of my eating apparatus. I had great difficulty in seizing my
prey in the midst of these several bowls filled with gra\'y ; in vain I
tried to hold, in imitation of my host, this substitute for a fork, between
the thumb and the two first fingers of the right hand ; for the chop-
sticks slipped aside every moment, leaving behind them the imhappy
little morsel which I coveted. It is true, that the master of the house
came to the rehef of my inexperience (by which he was much enter-
tained) with his two instruments, the extremities of which, a few
moments before had touched a mouth, whence age, and the use of snuff
and tobacco, had cruelly chased its good looks. However, I contrived
to eat, with tolerable propriety, a soup prepared with the famous birds'
nests, in which the Chinese are such epicures. The substance thus
served up is reduced into very thin filaments, transparent as isinglass,
and resembling vermicelli, with little or no taste. At first I was much
puzzled to find out how, with our chop-sticks, we should be able to
taste of the various soups which composed the greater part of the dinner,
and had already called to mind the fable of the fox and the stork, when
our two Chinese entertainers, dipping at once into the bowls with the
little saucer placed at the side of each guest, showed us how to get
rid of the difficulty." (We confess we were never witness to this
slovenly manoeuvre, as the Chinese tables are generally supplied vdth

a species of spoon, of silver or porcelain, sufficiently convenient iu
shape.)

" To the younger guests, naturally lively, such a crowd of novelties
presented an inexhaustible fund of i)leasantry ; and, though unintelligible
to the worthy Hong merchant and his brother, the jokes seemed to
dehght them not at all the less. The wine, in the mean time, circulated
freely, and the toasts followed each other in rapid succes.sion. This
liquor, which to my taste was by no means agreeable, is always taken
hot ; and in this state it approaches pretty nearly to Madeira in colour,
as well as a httle in taste ; but it is not easy to get tipsy with it, for, in
spite of the necessity of frequently attending to the invitations of ray
host, this wine did not in the least affect my head. We drank it in
little gilt cups, having the shape of an antique vase, with two handles
of perfect workmanship, and kept constantly filled by attendants holding
large silver vessels hke coffee-pots."

" After all these good things served one upon the other, of which it
gave me pleasure to see the last, succeeded the second course, which
was preceded by a httle ceremony, of which the object seemed to be a
trial of the guests' appetites. Upon the edges of four bowls, arranged
in a square, three others were placed filled with stews, and surmounted
by an eighth, which thus fonned the summit of a pyramid ; and the
custom is to touch none of these, although invited by the host. On the
refusal of the party, the whole cUsappeared, and the table was covered
with articles in pastry and sugar ; in the midst of wliich was a salad
composed of the tender shoots of the bamboo, and some watery prepa-
rations, that exhaled a most disagreeable odour."

" Up to this point, the rehshes, of which I first spoke, had been the
sole accompaniment of all the successive ragouts ; they still served to
season the bowls of plain rice, which the attendants now, for the first
time, placed before each of the guests." (It must be remembered that
this was a formal dinner ; rice forms a much more integral part of an
every- day meal.)

" I reffarded with an air of considerable embarrassment, the two
little sticks, with which, notwithstanding the experience acquired since
the commencement of the repast, it seemed ven,' doubtful whether 1
should be able to eat my rice, grain by grain, according to the behef of
Europeans regarding the Chinese custom. I therefore waited until my
host should begin, to follow his example, foreseeing that, on this new-
occasion, some firesh discovery would serve to reheve us from the tiuly
ludicrous embarrassment which we all dis])laycd ; in a word, our two
Chinese, cleverly joining the ends of their chop-sticks, plunged them
into the howls of rice, held up lo the mouth, which was opened to its

full extent, and thus easily shovelled in the rice, not by grains, but by
handsfidl. Tluis instructed, I might have followed their example ; but I
preferred making up with the other dehcacies for the few attractions,
which, to my taste, had been displayed by the first course. The second
lasted a much shorter time ; the attendants cleared away eveiy thing.
Presently the table was strewed with flowers, which vied with each other
in brilliancy; pretty baskets, filled with the same, were mixed with
plates which contained a vast variety of delicious sweatmeats as well as
cakes, of which the forms were as ingenious as they were varied. Nap-
kins steeped in wai-m water, and flavoured with otto of roses, are
frequently handed to each guest by the servants in attendance. This
display of the productions of nature and of art, was equally agreeable to
the eyes and the tastes of the guests. By the side of the yellow plain-
tain was seen the licM, of which the strong, rough, and bright crimson
skin defends a stone enveloped in a whitish pulp, which, for its fine
aromatic taste, is superior to most of the tropical fruits ; when dried, it
forms an excellent provision for the winter. With these fruits of the
wai-m chmates were mingled those of the temperate zone, brought at
some expence from the northern provinces ; as walnuts, chesnuts, apples,
grapes, and Pekin pears, which last, though their lively colour and
pleasant smell attracted the attention, proved to be tasteless, and even
retained all the harshness of wild fruit."

" At length we adjourned to the next room to take tea, —the indis-
pensable commencement and close of all visits and ceremonies among
the Chinese. According to custom, the servants presented it in porce-
lain cups, each of which was covered with a saucer-like top, which
confines and prevents the aroma from evaporating. The boihng water
had been poured over a few of the leaves, collected at the bottom of the
cup ; and the infusion, to which no sugar or cream is ever added in
China, exhaled a dehcious fragrant odour, of which the best teas can-ied
to Europe, can scarcely give an idea."

Other visits of ceremony are conducted with much pomp and formality.
When a gentleman proceeds in his sedan to pay a visit, his attendants
present his ticket at the gate, consisting of his name and titles written
down the middle of a folded sheet of vermillion coloured paper, orna-
mented with leaf gold ; and sometimes there is enough paper in one of
these to extend across a room. According to the rank of the parties,
the visitors and his host begin bov/ing at stated distances ; though
among equals, the ordinaiy mode of salutation is to join closed hands.
Only mandarins or official persons, can be carried by four bearers, or
accompanied by a train of attendants. Soon after visitors are seated,
an attendant brings in porcelain cuj)? with covers, with a small quantity

of fine tea leaves in each, on which boihng water has been poured, and
the infusion is thus drank without any other addition ; fruits are
also brought on beautifully japanned trays. In some Chinese apart-
ments there are broad couches, called " kangs," as large as a bed. In
the centre of these, small tables are placed, about a foot in height
intended to rest the arm upon, or place tea-cups. On the conclusion of
a visit the host conducts his guest to his sedan.

Here terminate the cases that contain representations of men and
women, except those at the silk mercer's shop at the commencement of
the saloon. The figures are modelled out of a peculiar species of clay,
admirably adapted for the purpose. They are highly creditable to the
taste and ingenuity of the Chinese, who, though not good sculptors, ai"e
excellent modellers, and they aiford specimens of a style of art altogether
novel to Europeans. The attentive observer will have noticed a re-
markable sameness of feature and expression running through the whole
collection, though all are accurate likenesses of originals, most of whom
are now living. High cheek bones, flat noses, smEill black eyes, a
yellowish complexion, and a rather dull, heavy expression of countenance,
are the general characteristics. Chinese physical nature is said to be
cast, as it were, m the same mould, throughout the whole empire, not-
withstanding its various provinces differ so widely in soil and cUmate.
And this characteristic sameness extends to the mind as well as the body.
The phenomenon has been ingeniously explained by the author of " Egypt
and Mahommed Ali," who traces it to despotism as its primaiy cause ;
for he reasons, that the multitude, all reduced to the same level, urged
by the same wants, engaged in the same pursuits, actuated by the same
passions, through a long succession of ages, necessarily assimilate, both
mentally and physically.

Coq)ulency in men, and small, deUcate, taper fingers in women, are
much esteemed as indications of gentility. There is a goodly rotundity
of person in most of the figures in this collection, but the attentive visitor
will be particularly struck with the characteristic smallness and delicacy
of the hands. The carefully cultivated and well braided cues, so long
in some instances as almost to trail upon the ground, and affording
admirable handles to an antagonist in a passion, form a curious sub-
ject of observation. The history of this singular appendage affords
a remarkable illustration of those revolutions which sometimes occur
in national taste and manners. Previously to the conquest of their
country by the Tartars, the Chinese permitted the hair to grow over
the whole head. Shun Che, the first of the Tartar emperors, issued
an imperial edict, requiring the conquered people to conform in this
particular to the custom of their victors. So stoutly was this decree

at first resisted, that many of the nobles preferred death to obedience,
and actually perished by command of the conqueror. At the present
day, however, the loss of this very badge of servitude is considered
one of the greatest calamities, scarcely less dreaded than death
itself. To be deprived of it, is one of the most opprobrious brands
put upon convicts and criminals. Those to whom nature has been
sparing in respect to the natural covering of the head, supply her de-
ficiencies by the artificial introduction and interminghng of other hair
with their own, thus seeking to " increase it to a reputably fashioned
size."

The Chinese put faith in the external developments of the skull, and are
therefore, to a certain extent, phrenologists. Tliey look for the principal
characteristics of a man in his forehead, and of a woman on the back of
the cranium.

CASE IX.

Lacquered Ware.

32 & 33. A pair of small folding screens with numerous marble
panels, on some of which are paintings of different subjects,
the remainder being adorned with wiitten sentences.
34. Curiously shaped root of a tree, on stand.
35 & 36. Carved sections of bamboo, used for holding pens.
37 & 38. Carved sections of bamboo.

39. Small steel-yard for domestic purposes. All articles in common

use in China are sold by weight, not excepting liquids, timber,

fruit, live stock, &c.

40 & 41. A full tea-service of lacquered ware, of great beauty, and

of extreme lightness, forming part of the equipment of a

mandarin's outfit when on an expedition.

The lacquered, or japanned ware of China is well known. All

substances that are dry and rigid, as woods, metals, and prepared paper,

admit of being japanned. The fine varnish used for this purpose is

obtained from a shrub, called Tseih-shoo, (r/ius vernixj from which it

distils hke gum. It is poisonous in a Hquid state, and hence great

caution is used both by those who gather and those who work in it, to

shield themselves from its noxious qualities. It is capable of receiA^ng

all colours, though black is the most common. More than fifty coats of
varnish are sometimes put on.

42. Lacquered case of singular form, to contain the above tea-

service.

43. Beautiful painting on glass, in a stand of carved wood, highly

polished.

44. Ancient metallic mirror, used in China prior to the introduction

of glass. The back is here presented to the visitor, being
ornamented with numerous hieroglyphical figures. The oppo-
site side is highly polished.
In many mirrors of this description is a property that has puzzled
the wise, and which is here worthy of notice. Holding the mirror hi
the hand by a knob in the centre of the back, and reflecting the rays of
the sun fi"om the polished surface, the exact representation of the raised
figures on the back of the mirror are distinctly reflected on a wall, or
other level surface. The probable solution to this difficulty is, that the
figures seen at the back being of a harder metal than the other plain
parts, are inserted into the softer metal ; and hence, from the impercep-
tible union of the two metals to the naked eye, the figures are produced
in the rays of light. In this way the union of iron and steel, as in
Sheffield cutlery, vnll explain the enigma familiarly.

45. Another stand of hard wood, supporting a beautiful specimen of

painted glass of singular execution.

46. Porcelain incense vessel, on carved stand, with cover and orna-

mented handle.
47 & 48. Lacquered boxes with several compartments.

49. Mariner's compass, called " Tine needle pointing to the South."

50. Two lacquered boxes to contain dried fruits.

5 1 . Four lacquered boxes for similar purposes.

52. Long lacquered case, in which rolls of silks are sent to friends and

newly married acquaintances.

CASE X.

Lacquered Ware and Articles of vertu.

53. Two embroidered cloth pillows for winter use.
54 & 55. Two lacquered boxes of different forms, having separate com-
partments for travelling purposes,
D 2

56 & 57. Two Lacquered boxes used for carrying presents, &c.
They are hung in a red net, composed of the fibres of a
thistle, and carried suspended from a bamboo thrown across
the shoulder.

58 & 59. A pair of lacquered cases, made from tlie section of bamboo
with painting of the parent tree in gold, &c.

60. Superb Cabinet, from Soo-chow in the province of Fokien,.
famous for its manufactures of lacquered ware. So large a
specimen of this beautiful production of art is rarely to be
found in Canton, and is highly esteemed by the Chinese, as
approaching nearest to the lacquered wares of Japan.

61 & 62. Two lacquered cases, as Nos. 56 & 57.

63. A gentleman's travelling wardrobe, of lacquered ware.

64. Embroidered winter pillow, as No. 53.

65. A pillow formed of the shavings of bamboo, covered with em-

bossed leather.

66. A travelling case formed of pigs hide, to contain a mandaarin's

summer cap.

67. Metallic cap stand, in form of a tripod.

68. Bronzed copper hand-furnace, for keeping the fingers warm when

walkuig in the streets in cold weather, no gloves being ever
worn. The people of the north of China as well as those of
Canton make use of baskets containing embers, called " Ho-
lung," for a similar pui-pose.

69. Antique bronze tripod, with a monkey, in comehan,. for the

handle.

70. Lamp in general use of white copper, commonly attached to the waH.

7 1 . Ancient bronze vase.

72. Pewter vessel for holding the tsew-hing or hot wine at dinners and

marriage entertainments.

73. Compass and sun-dial combined. Tlie silk cord that supports the

lid of the box containing the compass, sei^ves for the hand

or gnomon of the dial.
The Chinese have no clocks or watches of their own manufacture,,
although both are in use among them ; and they exhibit great ingenuit}^
in imitating the European watches that are imported into China in
great numbers. Among the Chinese, the day is divided as by the
ancient Egyptians, into twelve parts only, consisting each, of two Eu-
ropean hours ; the first beginning at eleven at night.

Those portions of time are measiu'ed with tolerable accuracy by means
of a lighted taper made from the pith of a particular tree, of which the
(Consumption by ignition is so regular, that divided into twelve equal

parts, each continues burning during the twelfth part of the twenty-four
hours.

The gradual motion of sand, and the descent of liquids have been
likewise appUed to the same purpose.

The Chinese often employ very awkward and laborious means for
effecting the several purposes desirable in society. To announce the
horn-, even in Pekin, they have no better method than that of striking
with a mallet upon a large bell, a number of blows corresponding to
that of the hour, by a person who must wait and watch the progress of
time, as indicated by some of the methods just described.

A Chinese gentleman invariably wears a pair of watches of European
manufacture, one on each side his girdle, in an embroidered pocket ; if
questioned as to the meaning of this seeming extravagance, his reply
is, " Suppose one make sick, the other walkee."

74. Curious root of a tree, resembhng birds.

75. A grotesque figure carved from a section of the bamboo.

76. China incense vessel, in imitation of bronze.

77. Antique porcelain incense vessel.

78. Lacquered box for various uses.

79. Porcelain vessel, of singular device, to contain flowers.

80. Lacquered box to contain sweetmeats.

81. A root having the form of a dog's head, and the feet and tail of a

bird.
82 & 83. Two porcelain plates, on polished stands of hard wood.

84. A lacquered box, used in gaming.

85. Lacquered box, as No. SO.

86. Curious sun-dial and compass.

87. Box for holding writing pencils. The panels are of white

marble, bearing moral maxims.

88. Hand furnace of white copper, described in No. 68.
89 & 90. Two grotesque images in clay.

91. Carved section of bamboo, used as pencil-holder.
92 & 93. Two porcelain figures.
94. Lacquered box, containing sevend cakes of ink.
95 & 96. Two porcelain figures.

97. Another in clay.

98. Curious sun-dial and compass, as No. 86.

99. Lacquered case, inlaid with pearl shell, to contain cakes of ink.

100. China plate and stand.

101. Rack for jhos-stick, which is generally burned in every house day

and night, the drawers are to hold tobacco and tinder for pipes.

102. A red lacquered vessel, for culinary purposes.

103 & 104. A small pair of painted marble tablets, on a polished stand
of hard wood.

105. Model of a Chinese coffin.

The slabs of wood are sometimes of enormous sizes, being frequently
of some domestic or foreign odoriferous wood, &c. In these huge coffins,
the dead are frequently kept many years above ground, from superstitious
motives, such as the selection of a fortunate spot for burial, a particular
season, &c. Cedar is the usual material ; the thickness of the slabs
according with the means of the purchaser. These planks are selected
with great care, and are brought home with music, and feasting during
a person's life time. The emperor prepares his coffin on the day of
his ascending the throne. The Chinese have an idea that to do so
prolongs life. The garments for a cor[ise are also prepared in the life-
time of the person for whom they are intended. In former days,
garments were presented to the friends of a deceased person, intended
to clothe the corpse ; in more modern usage, money is given instead of
clothing. From this practice arises the phrase " Respectful contribution
to the coffining," which is \\Titten on the envelope of a small present
sent to the person who presides at the funeral ; a universal practice.
Ages ago, it was the custom to secure the lid of the coffin by binding
it with cords, when not nailed. The grave is termed " The eternal
mansion." The present law provides that the hmits of a grave shall
extend seven cubits within which space no other person has a right to
buiy.

106. Swan-pan or reckoning board, in universal use among the Chinese.
It consists of an oblong frame of wood, with a bar running lengthwise,

forming two compartments ; through this bar, at right angles, are
usually placed seventeen (but sometimes more) small pins, ha\ang on
each seven balls ; five on one side, and two on the other side of the bar.
Any ball in the larger compartment, being placed against the bar, is
called unity ; and on the left of this they increase, and on the right they
decrease by tens, hundredths, &c. ; the corresponding balls, in the
smaller compailment, increase or decrease by fifths, fiftieths, &c.
By these means, all numbers in the common transactions of business,
integral or decimal, are computed with much ease and rapidity.

107. 108 & 109. Three small boxes, beautifully ornamented and

lacquered, having several compartments in each. Tliey are
each of a different shape, one being in the form of a butterflv,
another representing an open fan, and the third, that of a
mulberrv leaf.
110. Lady's writing-case, containing rouge, dice, swan-pan, snuff,
writing materials, looking-glass, &c. &c.

111. Cauieo, in a stand of polished hardwood.

112. Lacquered tea-caddy, with white copper, do. inside.

113. Four small marble idols.

114. Swan-pan, as No. 106.

115. Lacquered tub, for various uses.

116. Two walking sticks, cut from the Chinese vine. The handle of

one of these is carved in the form of a bat with outstretched
wings. The bat is the Chinese emblem of happiness.

117. A square red lacquered box, for various uses.

118. Lacquered stand for fruit.

119. A red lacquered box, in the form of a melon.

120. A richly veined marble tablet, on a stand of polished ebony.

121. Small case of drawers of iron wood, used by lapidaries.

122. Gentlemen's di-essing case containing every requisite.

123. Another small lacquered box, in the form of a Chinese gentle-

man's purse, having several smaller boxes in the interior.

124. Chinese compass and sun-dial, described in No. 73.

125. Ancient bronze incense vessel, with carved stand and cover of

polished wood, and handle of red coral.

126. Another of difl'erent form.

127. A lacquered box containing Chinese water colors.

128. Corresponding with No. 120.

129. A square lacquered box for various purposes.

130. Lacquered ciixular box with handle, used in carrying fruit emd

vegetables.

131. A box to contain trinkets, of singular form.

132. A richly ornamented box, to contain dried fruits.

133. Red lacquered fan case.

134. A Chinese merchant's sign — suspended at the door post, or the

interior of his shop.

135. Another of different form.

136. A fan case, as No. 133.

137. A richly ornamented lacquered case of singular form, containing

smaller boxes for the reception of trinkets.

138. A gentleman's di'essing case, and glass.

139. A pair of scales, very accurately adjusted, with a complete set of

weights. These are used in weighing specie.

140. Model of a bridge at Fo Shan, near Canton, built of granite, and

of excellent workmanship.
Bridges in the vicinity of the city, are constructed as footways, though
horses are sometimes taken over. Fo Shan is a village situated a few

miles to the S. W. of Canton, where most of the manufactories arc
carried on, and said to be as populous as Canton itself.

141. A pair of cuspadors of wliite metal.

142. Lacquered fan case of circular form.

CASE XI.

143 to 148. Six specimens of carv-ed bamboo roots.

This is a kind of ornament highly esteemed by the Chinese. The more
distorted the roots, and the more hideous the figures wrought upon them,
the greater is the pleasure they afford.

" Gorgons, hydras, and chimeras dire — ''

the ^^^ldest forms that natm*e has revealed, or imagination invented, please
best the superstitious fancy of this mangel-loving people.

149. Metallic vessel called, " Heang-loo," to contain the ashes of jhos-

stick, (composed of powdered sandal- wood, &c.) and consumed
before idols. On the face of this vessel is inscribed the cha-
racters Fiih Show, " happiness and long life."

150. A pair of candlesticks to accompany the above.

151. Small clay model of Lob creek pagoda, on the Canton river.

152. A pair of cuspadors, or spittoons, formed of white metal.

153 to 155. Tliree specimens of carved bamboo roots, as described in
Nos. 143 and 148.

156. Vessel of a pecuhar ware, resembling cast iron in its appearance,

on stand of same material.

157. The head of an official staff or crozier, called Seih chang, carried

in the hand by the head of the Buddha sect.

158. Ancient and beautiful yellow vase, on stand, ornamented with a

raised green dragon ; a mythological emblem of the great
di-agon attempting to swallow the moon ; beheved, by the
Cliinese, to be the cause of the echpse of that nocturnal
luminary. From this superstitious notion, whenever an eclipse
occurs, a tumult is raised by the natives with gongs, drums,
and other noisy instruments, to frighten away the imaginaiy
monster.

159. Porcelain pencil-holder.

160. Image of a beggar in clay.

No. JS3.

161. Bronzed clay tigiire.

1G2. Two grotesque lions, on stands.

163. Specimen of china ware, on stand, resembling Wedgwood.

11)4. Ancient metallic miiTor, on carved stand of hard wood.

165. Lamp, as 70.

166. A distorted root of the bamboo, resembling a man, &c. These

curious specimens arc highly valued in China, and afibrd a
good example of the peculiar national tastes.

167. Two pillows of leather (pig's skin) embossed.

168. Three idols of Buddha or Fuh.

169. Ancient bronze vase.

170. Coloured marble Buddha Idol.

171. Specimen of sculpture in marble, with ebony stand.

172. Ancient bronze vase, as No. 169.

173 & 174. Two figures in papier mache, representing priests of Fiih.

175. China plate and stand.

176. An instrument used by Chinese watchmen, for the purpose of

giving alarm. It is an excavated block of wood, and when
struck by a piece of bamboo, produces a loud noise. On this
the night patrols repeat the hours. Tlie whole night is divi-
ded into five watches, commencing at seven o'clock p. m. and
are sometimes announced by the gong, or a drum, or else as
above described.

177. Specimen of painted marble in stand, placed on tables, as orna-

ments.

178. Metallic mirror, as No. 164.

179. Cameo in stand.

ISO. China vessel, with stand and cover, for incense.

181. Jhos-bell and stand, used in temples, and accompanies No. 183.

182. Splendid cameo, presented to Mr. Dunn by Houqua, the Hong

merchant. This cameo is of extraordinaiy size. It repre-
sents an extended landscape, including earth and sky, and
embracing various rural scenes and objects.

183. Bronzed incense vessel and stand, used in temples.

184. Ancient porcelain incense vessel, with wooden stand and top.

185. Singular specimen of sculpture, in coloured marble.

186. Specimen of painted marble on stand, placed on tables as orna-

ments, as No. 177.

187. Common pillow of rattan.

188. Pillows used in summer, called " Chin-tow" the bamboo slats

on the top are clastic, and generally hard.
1 89. Model of a bridge of one arch, netu' Canton.

190, Elastic pillow made of bamboo, and covered with glazed leather.

191. Wooden bellows, worked with a piston, and so constructed as

to produce a continuous blast.

In this horizontal box is placed a moveable door, so nicely fitted,
that when it is drawn back, a vacuum is created in the interior, into
which, the air rushing through an opening protected by a valve, pro-
duces a blast through an opposite aperture.

The same is produced when a door is pushed in an opposite direction :
the space within it being diminished, and the air compressed, a part of
it is forced out through the same aperture.

CASE XII.

China-ware.

192 & 193. Flower-pots of a peculiar ware, resembling cast iron.
194 & 195. A pair of porcelain flower-pots.
196 & 197. Pair of beautiful flower jars.

198. Square porcelain vase.

199. Sweetmeat vessel.

200. Porcelain drums for supporting the arms on couches.

201. Vases of various forms.

202. Porcelain flower vase on stand, with sentences of blue and gold

characters.

203. Very ancient square jar.

204 & 205. Two flower jars of different forms. They are of ancient
make, and their surface is apparently cracked. This art is
produced in the burning, and is beUeved by the Chinese to be
extinct.

206 & 207. Two porcelain flower jars.

208. A pair of yellow figured vases.

209. Porcelain bottle, for travelling purposes.

210. A beautifully enamelled yellow vase.

211 to 213. Tliree ancient porcelain figures, emblematical of the three
principal fehcities so much esteemed by the Chinese, viz. : —
happiness, (official employment or promotion,) longevity, and
male children.

214. Vase from the interior, more than five hundi'ed years old. As
the Chinese attach great veneration to antiques, its cost was
in proportion.

&iC#

No. 229.

There is a prevalent idea among the Chinese, that antique vases have
the property of preserving flowers which are placed in them, fresh and
blooming, for a long time.

215&216. A pair of beautifully painted porcelain jars.
217 & 218. Flower- vases of recent make.

219. Large ornamental vase, from Nankin.

220. Bottle-shaped jar, cracked in the burning.

221. An ornamented vase on stand.

222. Ancient vase on stand.

223 & 224. Pair of porcelain pipe-stands from Nankin : these are
used in the houses of the wealthy, and are placed near the
doors, from which guests are supplied with pipes.

225. Flower- vase, with three orifices for one flower each.

226. Ancient and beautiful vase, ornamented with a Hzard.

227. Beautiful yellow vase, elegantly ornamented with raised figures.

228. Vase cracked in the burning, of great beauty.

229. A large and richly ornamented vase, from Nankin.

230 & 231. A pair of rare and curious vases from Nankin. This style
of decoration is peculiarly esteemed by the Chinese.

232 & 233. A pair of ditto, of modem make.

234 k 235. Pair of porcelain sugar jars, richly ornamented in blue
and gold.

236 & 237. A pair of vases, as Nos. 232-233.

238. Ancient porcelain jar, discoloured by time. Its age is above three

hundred years.

239. Very elegant porcelain bowl of enormous dimensions.

240. Four flower pots of a peculiar ware resembling cast iron.

241 & 242. A pair of octagon flower pots, elegantly painted and gilt.

243 to 246. Four vases of different forms.

247. Porcelain vessel to contain rice.

248 & 249. A pair of china fluted garden pots and stands.

250 & 251. A pair of flower pots and stands superbly painted.

252 & 253. Ditto of modern style.

254 & 255. Porcelain flower jars in form of a cabbage, called by the

Chinese petsae, or " white greens," from the stalks of the leaf

being blanched.
256 & 257. Two beautiful china bowls, richly painted and gilt.
258 259, & 260. Three ditto of different devices.

261. A porcelain figure of a female deity.

262. Elegant porcelain candlestick.

263. Ancient porcelain vessel, used to contain funs, feather brushes,

&c. ike.

264 & 265. Porcelain garden scats, richly painted ; called by the

Chinese, " Shek-koo," or stone drum.
266 & 267. Ditto of different form and style.

CASE XIII.

268. White porcelain vase.

269. Porcelain vase on stand.

270. Ditto to imitate bronze.

271. Antique porcelain bottle on stand.

272. A green flower vase.

273 to 275. Three vases of different forms,

276. Three ancient idols in white porcelain.

277. Ancient and beautifully formed vase, ornamented with lizards.

278. Ancient white porcelain jar, exquisitely figured.

279. Porcelain jar of a beautiful colour.

280 & 281. Two Porcelain landmarks, to designate the bovmdaries of

adjoining estates, upon which the owner's name and the four

cardinal points (as enumerated by them, east, west, south and

north) are inscribed upon the sides.

The lands of separate owners in China, are not divided as with us, by

hedges, walls, or fences, but by a narrow pathway and sometimes by a

ditch or draui ; and so great is their economy of cultivated soil, that this

custom appears to be universal in every part of China.

Upon the authority of Mr. Dunn, whose long residence in that country
afforded him eveiy opportunity of gaining correct information ; the clan-
destine, or violent removal of these landmarks, ensures to the pei-petrator
the most signal punishment.

It is here especially worthy of remark, that this ancient usage, sanc-
tioned and protected by the laws of a heathen nation, should be so fully
confirmed and strengthened by holy writ. We have a corroboration of
this custom in Deuteronomy, 19 ch. 14 ver. "Thou shall not remove
thy neighbour's landmark, which they of old time have set in thine inherit-
ance," 8;c., and again ui Proverbs, 22 ch. 28 ver. "Remove not the ancient
landmarks, lohich thy fathers have set."
282 & 283. A pair of beautifully pamted and gilt jars.
284. Very ancient and beautiful square jai", on stand, from the in-
terior.
285 & 286. Garden seats.

287. A section of ornamental porcelain, intended as a coping to walls
and houses.

288 & 289. A pair of beautifully painted flower pots,

290 & 291. A pair of blue flower vases.

292 & 293. Do. vases, very beautiful, on account of the color and

glazing.
294 & 295. Two white and figured porcelain vases.

296. A variegated green porcelain flower vase.

297. Ancient pofcelain bottle, ornamented with lizards.

298. Beautifully painted vase in stand.

299 & 300. A pair of richly ornamented vases.
301. A poi"celain cuspador.

302 & 303. A pair of extremely rich flower vases, ornamented with
Hzards.

304. Model of the famous porcelain pagoda at Nankin, formerly the

capital of the empire, as it originally appeared, being now
partially dilapidated by age.
The original is merely roofed with porcelain, and not, as might be
imagined from the name, constructed of that material. Tliis stately
stnicture is nearly 200 feetm height. At the angles of the eaves of each
stoiy are suspended brass bells, diminishing in size as they approach the
top, and put in motion by the wind. This custom appeal's to have had
some religious sanction, which time has long effaced. Pagodas are
generally supposed to have had a religious character. Sir George
Staunton, on the contrary, says, they are dedicated to several uses in
China, without specifying what ; but none to religious worship.

305. Specimen of painting on porcelain, on stand.
306 & 307. Pair of very large rich vases from Nankin.

308. Smaller ditto.

309. Ornamental ancient vase from Nankin.

310 & 311. A pair of exquisitely painted and gilt sugar jars.

312&213. A pair of richly painted and gilt vases of beautiful form.

314. Antique bottle-shaped vase from the northern provinces. The
style and painting of this vase is greatly esteemed by the
Chinese. Its age is over three hundred years.

315 & 316. A pair of blue porcelain hexagon garden seats.

317 & 318. A pair of colored ditto.

319 & 320. A pair of porcelain garden seats, beautifully painted and gilt.

321 & 322. A pair of hexagon do. do.

323. A blue and white poi-celain vase.

324. A blue and white square do., from Nankin.

325. Ancient painted circular flower vase.

326 & 327. A pair of superb octagon flower stands.
328 & 329. A pair of square do. beautifully painted.

330 & 331. A pair of higlJy painted porcelain cuspadors.

332. Blue and green flower vase, a beautiful specimen of porcelain from

Nankin.

333. Ancient bottle-shaped vase from Nankin, age unknown.
334 & 335- A pair of beautifully painted vases of modern make.
336. Curious flower-pot, with figures, &c. representing a besieged

castle, in the interstices of which flowers are planted.
337 to 339. Three porcelain garden seats of various forms.

The porcelain manufacture undoubtedly had its origin in China, and
we must, therefore, hold ourselves indebted to the Chinese for all that
rich variety of useful and ornamental porcelain articles, which load our
tables, and adorn our parlours and cabinets. It was introduced to the
knowledge of Europeans by the famous Venetian traveller, Marco Polo.
The first furnace on record was in Keang-se, which dates as far back as
the commencement of the seventh centui-y of our era. King-tih-chin,
a place near the Poyang lake, is now the most celebrated for this manu-
facture. Tlie factories were commenced there about a. d. 1000, and have
increased to the number of several hundred. Sir G. Staunton says that the
flames which issue from them cause the place to appear at night like a
vast city enveloped in a general conflagration. Tlie spectacle is terrific
and subhme. Tlie furnaces give employment to the male working por-
tion of a population said to amount to a million. The division of labour
is carried to its acme. A tea-cup, from the time when it lies embedded
in its native quarries, till it comes forth in perfection from the furnace,
passes through more than fifty different hands. The painting alone is
divided among a half dozen persons, one of whom sketches the outUne
of a bird, another of a plant, a third of some other figure, wliile a fourth
fills in the colours. The brilliancy of their colouring has never been sur-
passed ; but the designing can hardly be commended or admired. Tlie
reason probably is, that no higher wages are paid to those who labour in
this department of the manufacture, than to those who perform the
coarser operations.

It is perfectly obvious from an inspection of the articles embraced in
this collection, that the excellence of the porcelain manufacture has been
on the decline for the last three centuries. The present deterioration, as
well as the high degree of perfection it had once attained, are easily
explained. The emperors who flourished about that period encouraged
the manufacture by munificent premiums on the most beautifid specimens,
and by large annual orders for the finer wares. A premium of 15,000
taels.or more than 20,000 dollars, was bestowed on the manufacturer of the
best specimen; 10,000 taels on him who pi'oduced the second-best;
while third-rate excellence received a reward of 5,000. The emperors

Case XIV

63 »

no longer bestow any special encouragement, and hence the decline of
competition, and consequently of excellence.

The origm of the word porcelain, or porcellana, may not be generally
known. Marsden, as quoted by Davis, shows that it was applied by the
Europeans to the ware of China, from the resemblance of its finely
polished surface to that of the univalve shell so named ; while the shell
itself derived its appellation from the curved shape of its upper surface,
which was thought to resemble the raised back of a porcclla, or
httle hog.

CASE XIV.

CHINESH BOATS.

All the models of boats in this collection have been made by reducing
the dimensions to the proper scale ; and in ever\' particular, even to the
employment of the same descriptions of wood, the oars, scidls, rudders,
setting poles, cordage, &c., are fac-similes of those actually in use.

340. Canal boat of the smaller size.

341. Do., of the largest class, capable of carn^ing several hundred

tons. These boats are employed in transporting teas and
other merchandise on the canals and rivers.

342. Sanpan, a small famUy boat.

Of this description there are estimated to be upwards of 40,000 on
the Canton river near the city, containing a population of more than
200,000 souls. These boats are regularly Hcensed by government.
The husband finds employment on shore, while the wife has charge of
the floating domicile. Tliese women seek a maintenance in carrying
passengers to the neighbouring places. The cleanliness of their boats is
remarkable. The late Dr. Morrison, speaking of this tribe of jjcople
(Tan-hoo), who, at Canton, live entirely in boats, says — " They were
originally fishermen who came from the south to Canton, and are con-
sidered a distinct race, whose origin cannot be traced. They seem
to have been named from the figure of their boats resembhng an e^^."
These boats are from twelve to fifteen feet in length. Some of the old
accounts of Canton say, that " on the river live many thousand souls,
who were never permitted to come on shore," and these " are descendants
of Tartars." The people who live in boats originally came from the
south, and being a foreign race, were not permitted to dwell on shore : but
most of the distinctions between them and the rest of the people were

removed by the Emperor Keen-Lung, under the influence of general
principles of equity.

343. Chop-botit, employed as a lighter in transporting cargoes up and

down the river, to and from foreign vessels at Whampoa.

344. A private gentleman's family boat. In China, these floating

domiciles on the rivers, and the sedan chair on land, form their
principle means of conveyance.

345. Mandarin boat, or revenue cutter, for the prevention of smug-

gling.

The immense variety of boats that literally crowd the waters of China,
may be divided into two classes ; those that have eyes and those without
them. To the former class belong the military and trading junks, that
navigate the " great sea." Tliere is an exact representation of one
of these in a painting on one of the panels of the screen-work, before
noticed. They are nearly in the shape of a new moon, and as clumsy
a craft as could well be contrived, having stems at least thirty feet
above the water, and bows the thu-d of that height. The emperor not
only affords no encouragement to improvement, but actually discourages
it, in the exaction of foreign port-duties from junks constructed on
improved principles. These vessels have always a great eye ])ainted on
each side of the bows. This usage had its origin probably in some
superstition. If a Chinese is questioned as to its cause, his reply is, —
" Have eye, can see ; can see, can savez : no have eye, no can see ;
no can see, no savez."

The variety of craft used upon the inland waters of China is very
great. Of most of the different kinds we have models in the case
before us. These all appear well contrived for the purposes to which
they are apphed, and are by no means destitute of beauty. They are
provided with bamboo sails, used only occasionally, and as in almost
every other custom contraiy to our own, they reef their sails by reduc-
ing the lower part of the sail, instead of the upper as with us. Tliey are
generally propelled by sculling, a method which is made absolutely
necessary by the number of boats always in motion. Tlie skill ^vith
which the Chinese perform this operation, confirms the old proverb,
that "practice makes perfect;" for the boat is made to dart forwai-d
at a rapid rate, and in a line as direct as any well managed sailing vessel
could pursue. The foreign sailors sometimes try their skill, but make
a sorrj' busmess of it.

The rudder of a junk is very large, compared vdth that of a ship ;
it takes the place in great measure of a keel in keeping the vessel to the
wind, and is managed by a tUler proportionably large ; it is hoisted by a
wheel in shallow water. Tlie rudder itself has numerous rhomboidal

holes cut in it, from a notion that tiie eddying of the water through
them causes more resistance than a plain board.

A Hvely scene presents itself on their rivers, in the trial of strength
and skill in boat racing. It occurs annually on the fifth day of the fifth
moon. The candidates for victory' are numerous, and happv is he who
outstrips his competitors. On this day also, an ancient rite is performed
upon the smface of the river. A quantity of rice is bound up in a
certain leaf with sUk cords of various colours, then boiled and thrown
into the water as a sacrifice to the manes of Keth-jiien, a minister of
state, beloved by the people, who, having been falsely accused, drowned
himself about 300 years B.C. The same obser\'ance continues to this
day, and is annually perfonned, accompanied by the amusement of
dragon-boats, and beating of drums, intended to strike awe into the
evil spirits that may lurk about the river.

346. Model of a boat used on the canals near Pekin, for the con-

veyance of grain, forming a part of the government revenue
derived from a tax on land.

It is especially appropriated for this purpose ; the Chinese name is
" Tsaou-chuen." Of these there are said to be no less than 10,000
belonging to the government.

Their average burthen, Mr. Davis remarks, is about 2,000 peculs, or
above a hundred tons ; but being flat-bottomed, and very high out of the
water, they have the appearance of a much greater capacitv. Tlie total
number annually unladen is above 10,000 ; they cliiefly sail up from the
southern provmces during the fomiih moon, or about June, when the
monsoon is favourable, and return empty in the ninth moon, or No-
vember.

347. Chinese port clearance, called " Hung pae," "the red declaration,"

locally called " The Grand Chop."
It is an official passport from the Viceroy and Hoppo.* It states the
captain's name, the tonnage and cargo of the vessel, and the compli-
ance, on the part of the former, with the customary port requisitions.
It requires the commander of the fort to allow the ship to pass unmo-
lested, and, in case of any accident befalling her anywhere on Chinese
waters, it enjoins upon the mandarins to render every aid in their
powder, free of all charges. This must certainly be regarded as a liberal
policy. Before a chop can be obtained, the Hong merchant to whom
the vessel has been consigned, must certify to the proper officers that
all the necessary conditions have been complied with on the part of her
officers, and that no debts remain.

* The hoppo is the chief custom-liouse officer, or collector of the port.

The following is the law with respect to shipwrecked foreigners,
given in the form of an imperial edict, dated the second year of Keen-
lung, A. D. 1737:—

" Along the whole extent of our coast, it continually happens that
foreign ships and people are driven on shore hy gales of wind. It is
hereby ordered, that the Governors and Lieutenant-governors of pro-
vinces take the lead, and cause officers to be particularly attentive in
affording compassion ; that they employ the pubhc money to bestow
food and raiment on the sufferers, and to refit their ships : after which,
that they cause their goods to be returned, and see that they are sent
home to their own countr\-. This is done to manifest the extremely
tender feelings of my imperial mind towards men from remote regions.
Take this order and command it to be an everlasting law. — Respect
this."

348. Model of a pagoda near Whampoa, of nine stories, and about
170 feet high.

The " Ta," or pagodas, are very common in the interior of Cliina ;
they consist of three, five, seven, nine, and even thirteen stories. They
are generally placed on some eminence, and often on the tops of high
hills. Within they are hollow, have windows in each stoiy, and often
a winding staircase leading to the top, contained in the w-all of the
building. The name of the pagoda represented in this model is " Chili
Kang ta." The second-bar pagoda (well known to all who have visited
Canton) is called " Sze Tsze yang ta." " Pa chow ta" is a famous
pagoda, in the province of Canton, built about A.D. 1600 ; but that at
Nankin is at the head of these lasting monuments of ancient architec-
ture. They are of a rehgious chai'acter, and several still remain that
are connected with religious establishments. The dimensions of the
latter at Nankin are nearly 200 feet in height, with an octagonal ground
plan. In niches at the sides of the spiral stair- case are placed Buddha
images.

CASE XV.

Models of Chinese Summer Houses.

349 & 350. Two models of summer-houses, of two stories each, usual
in the gardens of the wealthy, in the southern provinces of
China.
It is somewhat singular that the dwelhngs of the Chinese bear a resem-
blance, in their plan and arrangements, to the remains of Roman habitation*

discovered at Pompeii. They consist usually of a ground floor,* dividea
into several apartments within the dead wall that fronts the street, and
lighted only by windows looking into the internal court yard. The
principal room next the entrance senses to receive ^^sitors as well as for
eating ; and wdthin are the more private apartments, the doorways of
which are screened by pendant curtains of embroidered velvet, silk or
cotton. All houses of consequence are entered by a triple gateway,
consisting of one large door in the centre, with a smaller one on each side.
The central one is only opened for such guests as arrive in sedans,
those who come on foot enter the side doors right and left. Just
within the gates is the covered court, in which the sedan chairs are
placed. Some of the courts are surrounded with verandahs, balconies
and colonnades displaying hundreds of pillars. On the grounds attached
to the mansions of the wealthy, are artificial ponds or lakes, in which are
cultivated their favourite lotus or water lily. In the centre of the sheet
of water, is a temporaiy building, of elegant design and workmanship,
supported on piers, and occupied occasionally as a place of refreshment,
and these are frequently made use of for the exhibition of private theatrical
perfomiances, for the entertainment of the guests.

351. Model of a one-story ditto.

352. Model of a two story summer-house, in the northern provinces,

of exquisite workmanship, and completely furnished. This
affords a good specimen of mother-of-pearl windows. The
summer-houses often stand in the midst of a sheet of water,
and are approached by bridges.

353. Bridge at Honan, near Canton, built of granite.

354. A domestic shrine, with three golden images, candlesticks, and

an incense burner. These are found in every house and boat in
China, and are of various sizes and devices, according to the
means of the occupants.

355. Two storied summer-house cai-ved in gypsum.

On the wall are a pair of tablets, on which are maxims, very ingeni-
ously wrought in bamboo ; al.*o birds, flowers, fruit, &c.

* When the Emperor Keen-lung saw a perspective view of a street in Paris or
London, he observed that the territory must lie very small whose inhabitants were
obliged to pile their houses to the clouds.

In the poem on London, by a Chinese visitor, it is stated —

" The houses are so lofty that you may pluck the stars."

].:2

No. XVI.
A China-ware Shop.

A two story house as seen in the streets of Canton. The lower part
is fitted up as a retail China shop, and affords a very correct representa-
tion of a similar establishment in China.

In the front of the counter is a small niche, within which is a shrine
to Plutus, and by offering incense to it the tradesman hopes to get
rich ; very often the names of other divinities are inscribed in the niche
along with that of the god of wealth. On the door post, hangs a small
tablet, on which is inscribed, Tang ne, meen tsin, " Priests and beggars
are not allowed to enter here :" this is frequently placed in a similar
position, to prevent the intrusion of persons soliciting charity.

For a general description of the streets of Canton, the visitor is re-
ferred to the remarks under the view of the city of Canton, No. 1042.

No. XVII.

A SILK MERCER'S ESTABLISHMENT.

The proprietor behind the counter making calculations on

his counting-board.
Clerk entering goods, (on the left.)

A PURCHASER in FRONT OF THE COUNTER.

do. examining a piece of black silk.

a chinese gentleman smoking.

a servant preparing breakfast.

Another servant looking through the screen or summer door.

Circular table, with breakfast furniture.

A blind beggar at the door asking alms.

We have here a representation of a silk mercer's shop as seen in
the streets of Canton, completely furnished. This house and shop
is the same size as the one pre\-iously noticed and has been ar-
ranged so as to afford an exact idea of a Chinese retail establish-
ment. The scene which it offers to our view, is more life-like than
any thing else in the collection. Two purchasers have been placed
at the counter, one of whom is scrutinizing a piece of silk that lies
"before him. The owner, behind the counter, is carelessly leaning

forward, and intent on casting an account on the " calculating
dish," while his clerk is busy making entries in the book, in doing
which he shows the Chinese mode of holding a pencil, which is
placed perpendicularly between the thumb and all the fingers. It is
customary with the Chinese shopkeepers to eat their daily meals in their
places of business ; in the present instance, a sei'vant is preparing
breakfast. The Chinese are early risers ; they have a saying, " who-
ever would effect any affair must employ the morning." In the
present Viceroy of Canton, may be found a striking instance of this
habit ; he may be frequently seen transacting business at four o'clock
in the morning. The Emperor also affords a similar example to the
court. A circular eight-legged table, very similar to those used by our
great-grandfathers, is spread at the end of the shop. Among its
furniture the ivory chop-sticks are the most novel. On the visitor's
left hand sits a gentleman with a pipe, apparently a chance comer,
"just dropped in" about meal-time ; at the door, a blind beggar stands
beating two bamboo sticks against each other, an operation with which
he continues to annoy all whom he visits, till he is relieved by some
trifling gratuity, usually a single cash. A small covered tub filled with
tea, with a few cups near by, stands on the counter, from which cus-
tomers are always invited to help themselves. On a small tablet
placed upon the sliding door in front of the shelves, are inscribed the
characters, " Tih Kae ta Kefh," " Whenever opened, great success."

The merchants and shopkeepers of Canton, are prompt, active,
obliging, and able. They can do an immense deal of business in a
short time, and all without noise, bustle, or disorder. Their goods are
arranged in the most perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of its
place. These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising of the
western nations, and place them in prominent contrast with the rest of
the Asiatics. It is confidently asserted, by those who have had the best
opportunities of judging, that, as business men, they are in advance of
Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese merchants.

It may not be amiss to remark, in connection with commerce, and
business generally in China, that both pawnbroking and banking are
common in the large cities. The usual pawnbroking estabhshments are
similar to those of Eiirope, but governed by very strict laws, to prevent
the extortion of illegal and exorlntant interest. The banks are called
" Money shops," and resemble, in some measm-e, the private banks of
England, each " Money shop" being owned by an individual or firm ;
for there are no chartered or privileged banking companies allowed in
China. Both pawnbrokers and the proprietors of " money shops" must
be licensed, and they are not permitted to receive a higher interest than

two per cent, on clothing, and three per cent, a month on other goods,
or thirty per cent, a year ; and three years are allowed for the redemption
of goods, at the expiration of which period, unredeemed pledges are
sold. Collectors of revenue deposit their receipts in the " Money
shops," the owners of which pay them to government, after deducting a
liberal allowance for waste, (as authorised by law,) in reducing the silver
to the quahty of Government Sycee* (standard.) Private individuals
deposit sums in the " Money shops," and draw on them, interest being
sometimes agreed upon on either side ; but the Chinese banks issue no
notes or money on their own responsibihty.

There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the scrolls hung up in
the interior of some of the shops, which serv^e at the same time to mark
the thrifty habits of the traders. A few specimens are subjoined: —
" Gossiping and long sitting injiu'e business." " Former customers have
inspired caution — no credit given." " A small stream alwavs flowing."
" Goods genuine, prices true." " Trade circhng like awheel," &c.

The sight of the breakfast table induces naturally a few observations
on the articles of food and drink used by this people. The wealthier
Chinese are much addicted to gastronomic pleasures, and are as dehcate
in their tastes as any other epicures ; but pinching poverty makes the
mass as little fastidious as can well be conceived. They make httle use
of beef or mutton, owing to the scarcity of pasturage. Of animal food,
the most universal is pork. Their maxim is, " The scholar forsakes not
his books, nor the poor man his pig." Immense quantities of fish are
consumed. Ducks are reared in large numbers, and wild fowl, of various
species, are abundant. The flesh of dogs, cats, rats, and mice, enters
into the bill of fare of the Chinese poor. The larvae of the sphinx-moth,
and a grub bred in the sugar-cane, are much rehshed, as also sharks'
fins, the flesh of wild horses, the sea- slug, and a soup made of a species
of birds'-nests. At an imperial feast, given to the last Bintish embassy,
a soup concocted of mares' milk and blood was among the dishes. The
horse flesh and mares milk ai"e confined to the Tartars ; the birds'-nests
used only at ceremonies, and the sea-slug but seldom.

Of vegetables they have a lai'ge variety, the most common is the pe
tsae or " white cabbage," so called from the leaf-stalks being blanched.
Immense quantities of this vegetable are seen daily in their markets. It
is prepared and sold in a salted state. Rice is the most esteemed and
the most abundant. This is the cliief thing for which they wish and
work. Certain sailors once asked Gutzlaff whether the western barbarians

* The term saisz or " Jloss nil A-,''' is applied to the standard silver, as denoting its
finrncss and pnrity, from wlicnrr romes the word ai/crr.

used rice, and, as he was rather slow m replying, they exclaimed, " O,
the sterile regions of barbarians, which produce not the necessaries of
life ; strange that the inhabitants have not long ago died of hunger !"

The Chinese ai"e not at all addicted to water-di-inking, and drink
nothing cold. They distil from rice certain liquors resembUng our beer,
wines, and whiskey. The grape, though abundant, is not used for
any such purpose. The luiiversal national beverage is tea. This is drank
in unstinted quantities by all classes of the people, from the self-styled
" Son of Heaven," to the occupant of the meanest hovel or sanpan.
Though the Chinese sometimes take three meals in a dav ; yet tea, which
they drink at all hours, is never served up for them with the formalities
of the European tea table. So enormous is the consumption of tea
by the natives, that M'Cartney is of opinion that, if the whole foreign
demand should, by some accident, suddenly cease, the price of the
article would not be materially affected. Many of the wealthier natives
are exceedingly fastidious in their taste, which they gratify by the use
of teas obtained at prices that would startle us by their enormity, and
seldom using any but what has been kept a long time. It is, however,
only the very rich and the very luxiu'ious who indulge in such extrava-
gance.

CASE XVIII.

356. Model of a boat of the largest size, appropriated to pleasure par-

ties, called " Hwa-chow," i. e. a flower-boat, and frequently
occupied by the wealthy classes in summer evenings.

357. Pair of swords, to be used by both hands, but having one sheath.

The object in using this weapon is to hamstring the enemy.

358. Numerous specimens of tobacco pipes of singular forms and

devices.

359. Opium pipes.

The mode of using opium in China is by smoking. In preparing the
drug for use, it is made into a decoction resembling molasses, and is
vended clandestinely by the retailers by weight, in small cliina vessels.
The pipes used are generaUy of this form, the principle of construction
being the same in all. In smoking, the end of a fine wire is dipped into
the preparation; it is then held over a small lamp, and, lastly, in-
serted into the small aperture of the bowl of the pipe, which is held
in an inverted position. The smoke is inhaled, and retained as long as
posf'ible by the person, in a reclining pos^ture. The baneful efTectt of

this deleterious drug are set forth in a late memorial to the emperor from
one of the censors, laying open the evil in all its enormity, and showing
its prevalence among certain classes.

" I have learned," says he, " that those who smoke opium, and even-
tually become its victims, have a periodical longing for it, which can only
be assuaged by the application of the drug at the regular time. If they
cannot obtain it when that daily period arrives, their limbs become de-
bilitated, a discharge of rheum takes place from the eyes and nose, and
they are altogether unequal to any exertion ; but, with a few whiffs,
their spirits and strength are immediately restored in a surprising man-
ner. This opium becomes, to opium smokers, their very life ; and when
they are seized and brought before magistrates, they will sooner suffer a
severe chastisement than inform against those who sell it."

" I had the curiosity to visit the opium-smoker in his heaven ; and
certainly it is a most fearful sight, although, perhaps, not so degrading
to the eye as the drunkard from spirits, lowered to the level of the brute,
and wallowing in his filth. Tlie idiotic beastiality smile and death-Uke
stupor however, of the opium debauchee, has something far more awful to
the gaze than the beastiality^ of the latter. * * * 'j^g rooms
where they sit and smoke are suiTounded by wooden couches, vnth places
for the head to rest upon, and generally a side room is devoted to
gambling. The pipe is a reed of about an inch in diameter, and the
aperture in the bowl for the admission of the opium is not larger than a
pin's head. The drag is prepared by boiling and evaporation to the
consistence of treacle, and a very small portion is sufficient to charge it,*
one or two whiffs being the utmost that can be inhaled from a single
pipe, and the smoke is taken into the lungs as from the hookah in India.
On a beginner, one or two pipes will have an effect, but an old stager
•»vill continue smoking for hours. At the head of each couch is placed
a small lamp, as fire must be held to the drug during the process of
inhaling ; and from the difficulty of filling and properly hghting the pipe,
there is generally a person who waits upon the smoker to perform the
office. A few days of this fearful luxury, when taken to excess, wiU
give a pallid and haggard look to the face ; and a few months, or even
weeks, will change the strong and healthy man into little better than an
-idiot skeleton. The pain they suffer when deprived of the di-ug, after long
habit, no language can explain ; and it is only when, to a certain degree,
under its influence, that their faculties are alive. In the houses devoted
to their ruin, these infatuated people may be seen, at nine o'clock in the
evening, at all the different stage? ; some entering half distracted to feed
the craving appetite they had been obliged to subdue during the day ;
others laughing and talking wildly under the effects of a first pipe, whilst

the couches around are filled with their different occupants, who he
languid, with an idiotic smile upon their countenance, too much under the
influence of the drug' to care for passing events, and fast merging to the
\vished-for consummation. The last scene in this tragic play is generally
a room in the rear of the building, a species of dead-house, where he
stretched those who have passed into the state of bliss the opium-smoker
madly seeks — an emblem of the long sleep to which he is bhndly hurry-
ing."*

360. An ivory ball, containing seven concentric spheres, cut from a

solid block.

361 . Bridge of five arches, at Fa-Fee, built of granite.

The sohd and substantial manner in which the stone bridges are
built, can hardly fail to interest the visitor to this collection ; while the
style, buttresses, breakwaters, &c., will remind him of the modem
structures of London and of Europe generally. It is remarkable, that
the Chinese construct arches without key-stones, as will be seen on
reference to these models. The blocks of stone, or rather slabs,
which form the level of their bridges, are frequently fourteen feet long
by four or five in breadth ; how they manage to place them in their
proper positions seems extraordinary, as no machineiy for the purpose
has been found, and the Chinese assert it is accomphshed merely by
manual labour.

362. Long duck gim with matchlock.

363. Air-gun, (wooden bari'el.)

364. Leaden balls for air-gun.

365. Small iron shot, used by sportsmen as a matter of economy.

366. Match rope.

367. Cliinese gunpowder, called Ho-yo, " Jire drug."

Although the proportions of the mgredients in the composition of this
article by the Chinese are nearly the same as those used by us, yet it is
ascertained that the quahty of the former is far inferior to our own ;
probably on account of the imperfect admixture and impm'ities of the
ingredients. Nitre is the natural and daily produce of China, and being
one of the chief ingredients in its manufacture, as Sir George Staunton
observes, " accordingly, the knowledge of gunpowder seems to be
coeval with that of the most distant historic events."

368. Powder (buffalo) horns.

369. SmaU priming honi.

370. Specimens of brick, one of which was taken from the ancient

pagoda on Lob creek.
3/1. Specimens of stones of which the above bridge is built.
* Davis, vol. i. p. 409.

CHINESE WATER WHEEL.

On the top of this case (No. XVIII.) is placed a model of a Chinese
water-wheel, worked by men in a similar way to a treadmill, called
Shwuy chay. The following extract from Sir George Staunton's embassy
will be found interesting : —

" Most eastern nations seem to have been acquainted at an early period
with the machine for raising water, which was however, unknown in
Europe till the Saracens introduced it into Spain, in an imperfect state,
and under a very awkward form, being little more than wisps of hay
tied to a rope, which turned upon a wheel ; one part of which being
immersed in the water, each wisp imbibed a portion of that fluid, and
discharged it at the upper surface of the wheel ; but the Chinese pump
consists of a hollow wooden trunk, divided in the inside along the
middle by a board, into two compartments. Flat and square pieces of
wood, corresponding exactly to the dimensions of the cavity of the
tnmk, are fixed to a chain which turns over a roller or small wheel,
placed at each extremity of the trunk. The square pieces of wood
fixed to the chain, move with it round the rollers, and lift up a volume
of water equal to the dimensions of the hollow ti-unk, and are therefore
called the lifters. The power used in working this machine is applicable
in three different ways. If the machine be intended to lift a great
quantity of water, several sets of large wooden arms are made to project
from various parts of the lengthened axis of the rollers, over which the
chains and hfters turn. Those arms are shaped like the letter T, and
made round and smooth for the foot to rest upon. The axis turns upon
two upright pieces of wood, kept steady by a pole stretched across them.
The machine being fixed, men treading upon the projecting arms of the
axis, and supporting themselves upon a beam across the uprights,
communicate a rotary notion to the chain, the lifters attached to which
draw up a constant and copious stream of water. This manner of
working the chain-pump is apphed to the purpose of draining grounds,
transfering water from one pond or cistern to another, or raising it to
small heights out of rivers or canals. Another method of working this
machine is by yoking a buffalo or other animal to a large horizontal
wheel, connected by cogs with the axis of the rollers, over which the
lifters turn. This mode was observed by the present travellers only at
Chusan.

A small machine of this kind is worked merely by the hand, with the
assistance of a trundle and simple crank, such as are applied to a com-
mon grindstone, and fixed to one end of the axis of the chain-pump

No. 372.

This last method is general throughout the empire. Every labourer is
in possession of such a portable machine ; an implement to him not
less useful than a spade to an European peasant.

The making of those machines gives employment to a great number
of artificers."

CASE XVI 1 1. A.

Contains a model of a Chinese war junk, elaborately carved in ivory .
This unique specimen affords an admirable illustration of an art, in which
the Chinese excel.

372. Chair of state with footstool, elaborately carved and gilt, corres-
ponding with the one on the opposite side.

The visitor's especial attention is directed to a pair of magnificent
lanterns suspended from the ceiling, immediately above the chairs.
These lanterns are of exquisite workmanship and beauty, and from their
expensive character in China, are seen only in the halls of the most
wealthy ; it is believed these are the only pair of the same magnitude
and richness ever brought from China.

CASE XIX.
Ornithology.

374. Phasianus Pictus Penciled Pheasant.

375. PoUqjlectron Hardwickii . . Diamond Pheasant.

376. Do. female.

377. Euplocomus Nycthemerus, Golden Pheasant.

378. Do. female. do.

379. Paradisea Sanguinea .... Sanguine Bird of Paradise.

380. Paradisea Apoda' Greater Bird of Paradise.

38 1 . Do. Regia King do.

382. Do. Apoda Greater do.

383. Cereopsis.

CASE XX.

This case, with the one on the opposite side of the room correspond-
ing with it, is about fifteen feet high, and is covered with an exact fac-
simile of a Chinese roof, each corner of which terminates in a golden
dragon, from whose fiery mouth depends a bell, such as we see in draw-
ings and models of pagodas. The dragon is an imperial emblem in
China, and this fact explains the frequency with which we see the figure
in their various works of art. It is the badge or coat of arms affixed to
the books and standard of the emperor. This case contains, and is nearly
filled by a superb lantern, used only upon occasions of state. This lantern
is about ten feet in height, and four feet in diameter at the two extremities.
The frame is richly carved and gilt, and is covered with crimson and white
silk, adorned with the most costly and beautiful embroidery. The tassels
and bead work which depend from the bottom, and from a projecting
portion of each comer of the upper part, are in keeping with the rest.
There are no less than two hundred and fifty-eight crimson silk tassels,
pendant from various parts. In short, this national lantern is as magni-
ficent as carving, gilding, silks, embroidery, and bead-work can make it.

The bottom of the case is covei'ed with numerous specimens of fans,
articles in universal use. Gentlemen as well as ladies cairy fans, not
laying them aside even in cold weather. The constraction of this ap-
pendage to the dress of every Chinese, differs according to the sex by
whom it is used, those of the former being made to fold up as with us,
whilst those of the latter are invariably flat and of fanciful shapes.

CHINESE CANNON.

In the recess at the back of the case XX, is placed a Chinese cannon,
taken by the British during the present war, at the capture of Chusan.
The literal translation of the inscription on the face, is as foUows : —

Kea-king.

14th year,
" Cannon Architects,"

(Founders.)

Kwei Ming Ching , • , ,

Meih Wan Tseu placed.

Le Yew Shing ..^^ «

, „, „°. 500 Catties.

Lang Wan bhmg. (j. e. cast.)

Heavy " 8th moon.

CASE XXL
Ornithology.

385. Phasianus Torquatus Ring-neck Pheasant.

386. Do. do. female.

387. Aix Galericulata Chinese Teal or " Mandarin Duck."

This bird deserves especial notice, from the brUhancy of its plumage

and the singularity of its wings. Its disposition, too, is as remarkable
as its beauty. The female never mates a second time. An interesting
anecdote, illusti'ative of this fact, is related by Mr. Davis : — " From a
pair of these birds in Mr. Beale's aviary at ]\Iacao, the drake happened
one night to be stolen. The duck was perfectly inconsolable, Uke
Calypso after the departure of Ulysses. She retired into a corner,
neglected her food and person, refused all society, and rejected with
disdain the proffer of a second love. In a few days, the purloined duck
was recovered and brought back. The mutual demonstrations of joy
were excessive ; and, what is more singular, the true husband, as if in-
formed by his partner of what had happened in his absence, pounced upon
the would-be lover, tore out his eyes, and injured him so much that he
soon after died of his wounds."

388. Oriolus Chinensis Golden Tlniish.

389. Francohnus longirostris . . Long-billed Partridge.

390. Pastor tristis Starling.

391. Lanius Greater Butcher Bird.

392. Cuculus Senagalensis .... Senegal Cuckoo.

393. Alcedo veridis Pied Kingfisher.

394. Gallinula Large Gallinule.

395. Coturnix communis Common Quail.

396. Anas fuhgula Tufted Duck.

397. Python bivittatus. Chinese Boa Constrictor and a wild Cat.

CASE XXII.

398. Ciyptonix cristatus Crowned Cryptonix.

399. Ditto Female.

400. Gallus Bankiva Javanese cock.

401 . Callus Bankiva Javanese cock.

402. Turnix Meiffren White Spotted Turnix.

403. Pastor Cineraceus White faced Pastor.

404. Psittacus Bengalensis .... Blossom-headed Parrakeet.

405. Pastor AlbicoUis White-headed Starling.

406. Merops Honey Eater.

407. Merops Orientalis Eastern Bee Eater.

408. Psitticus Alexandri Ring Neck Parrakeet.

409. Fringilla Nisoria Finch.

410. Fringilla Javanicus Java Sparrow.

411. Ditto Ditto female.

412. Fringilla Cruciger Finch.

413. Merops Minor Small Indian Bee Eater.

414. Pastor Sericea Silky Starling.

415. Psittacus Green Parrakeet.

416. Fringilla Maia Cuba Finch.

417. Parra Chinensis Jackana.

418. Grand Parrot.

419. Anser Ludicus White Fronted Goose.

420. Pelicanus Carbo Cormorant.

421. Manis Javanica Javanese Manis.

422. Ditto Ditto.

423. Larus Kissa Kittiwake Gull.

424. Anas Clypeata Shoveler.

CASES XXIII.— IV.

CONCHOLOGY.

In these cases are numerous specimens of shells from the China seas,
which are labelled.

CASE XXV.

429 & 430. A pair of elegantly chased silver tankards to contain hot
wine.
These afford a good specimen of native skill in this particular art.

Wine is said to have been introduced in the time of Yu, (the Chinese
Noah) who, after partaking of the luxury, banished the maker, and
prohibited its use, remarking, that '' in future ages, nations would be
ruined by it."
431. A basket beautifully wrought and enamelled, in silver wire, to

contain flowers.
432 & 433. A pair of pearl oyster-shells richly carved, on one of which

there is a bee, ingeniously wrought out of gold wire, a novel

and brilliant imitation of that useful insect.

434. A small antique porcelain vessel, a specimen of this art in its

earliest age.

435. Grotesque bronze "Lion-unicorn' on a carved stand, used as an

incense holder — an ancient specimen.
The figures given of this animal, by the Chinese, differ very much.
It appears to be a mere creature of imagination. One drawing of it
partly resembles the fabled griffon of the Greeks ; a spinous fin upon
the back, a large horn upon the forehead, the claws and teeth of a lion,
with the skin of a tiger, ai-e its usual outhnes.

436. A small Buddha idol, on stand.

437. Grotesque hon and whelps, in colored marble, on stand.

438. An ancient " Cup of AJHance," used by the bride and bridegroom

at the " excellent ceremonv" (of maniage) in mutually pledg-
ing each other in a cup of wine.
439 & 440. A pair of beautifully carved figures from the root of the
bamboo, and stands.

441. A beautiful specimen of sculpture of the lotus (Nymphsea ne-

lumbo.)

442. A snuff bottle in lacquered ware, a beautiful specimen from

Soo-chow.
443 & 444. A pair of veiy beautiful ornamental stands, with marble
tops, on which are two flower baskets ingeniously wrought in
silver wire.

445. Antique enamelled vessel to contain hot wine, at feasts, of which

the Chinese are remarkably fond.

446. Enamelled bottle shape flower vase.

447 to 449. Three ancient metallic idols of Buddha or Fiih.
450 & 451. Two marble idols.

452. A very ancient metallic figure on tortoise, used as an incense

holder.

453. A superb set of ivory chess-men, exquisitely carved on a lacquer-

ed board, the ball at the bottom of each has in it several
concentric spheres.

454. Elegantly lacquered box lu contain paper, &c.

455 & 456. Three lacquered boxes beautifully inlaid with mother-o'-i)earl.

457. An ivory ball, containing seventeen concentric spheres each one
being can-ed with a different pattern. The average time
consumed in carving each ball is one month.

CASE XXVI.

458. A gentleman's pocket mirror, the back of which is of ivory,

with beautifully carved figures.

459. Do., with back of sandal wood caned in a similar manner.

460. Richly carved ivory case, to contain a gentleman's snuff bottle.
461 & 462. Odoriferous beads covered with silk, usually suspended

at the neck of the outer coat or jacket of Chinese women when
fully di'essed.

463. A pair of embroidered tobacco pouches.

464. Ornamental stand, with imitations of finiit in silver wire, beauti-

fully executed.

465. An ornamental stand, in which is an apparatus in silver, consisting

of a tongue-scraper, tooth-pick, and ear-pick : these are
generally appended to the girdle of the dress, attached by a
chain of the same metal.

466. Beads of odoriferous wood, from the seed vessel of a plant, some-

times used as buttons.

467. A bronze buffalo, used as an incense vessel.

468. Small ornamental stand, wdth porcelain vessel.

469. A pair of beautifully painted porcelain jars.

470 & 471. Ornamental stands, with specimens of can-ing in ivor}-,

of men, cattle, birds, &c.
472. Pan- of chop- sticks and knife in a case of sandal wood.
473 to 475. Cups of pressed glass, in imitation of those cut out of valuable
stones.
These are used at entertainments for wine, which is always di-ank
w^arm. The wealthy Chinese use small golden cups, having the shape
of an antique vase, with two handles, some being square, and at dinner
they are kept constantly filled by attendants holding large silver vessels
like coffee pots (see Case XXV. No. 445.) The Chinese mode of pledg-
ing is singular, but has at the same time some resemblance to our
own. The person who xNashes to do this courtesv to one or more
guests, gives them notice by an attendant ; then, taking the full cup
with both hands, he lifts it to the level of his mouth, and after making

a particular motion with his head, he drinks off the contents ; he waits
until the other partv has done the same, and finally repeats the first
nod of the head, holding the cup downward before him, to show that it
is quite empty. It is a compUment in China to tell a man that his
abihty to drink wine is great.

476. Rosary, composed of beads, from the stones of the Pimela of

Louriero or Chinese Ohve, carved in imitation of the Shup
Paat Lo Han or 18 disciples of Buddha.

477. A porcelain snuff bottle.

478. Ancient marble figure on stand.
479- Small metallic candlestick.

480. A beautiful white porcelain vessel on stand.

481. Carved mother-of-pearl ornament, attached to the neck of the

outer garment.

482. A signet or hand seal placed upon official documents, on the top of

which is a representation of a lion and whelp.
The national seal is called " Se," and is made of some precious stone ;
bearing the words " the gem of the imperial pencil of ten thousand springs;"
others are made of gold, silver, or copper ; some are square, luid others
oblong, which varieties are intended to mark the difference of rank.
The box containing the official seal, is generally covered with yellow
cloth. Dr. Morrison says, the Chinese phrase " Fung j/in," i. e.,
"to shut up the seal," implies, to desist from the ordinary bu-^iness
of the pubhc courts, in the last month of the year ; and " to open out the
seal," impUes a re-commencement of pubhc business, after ending the
new vear's holidays, which continue from about the twentieth of the
twelfth moon, to the twentieth of the first moon.

483. Glass-box for containing the red pigment used with seals.

484. Model of a mandarin's couch, called " Kang," which occasionallv

answers for a bed ; it is made of the wood " Muh wang," and

is richly carved.
In the north of China, during the cold weather, these couches are
wanned by fire underneath. Tliey were introduced by the Tartars. In
the centre of the seat is placed a small table, " Kang cho tsze," to
receive tea, and other refreshments, whilst two persons sit one on each
side of it ; stools for the feet are placed in front.

485. Metallic incense vessel.

486 to 488. Three ornamental stands, in which arc variegated marbles,
covered with sculptured hieroglyphics, and which are held by
the Chinese in religious veneration.

489. Small ornamental stand, with porcelain vessel.

490. Copper cast of Buddha, worshipped by the reUgious s-ect in China.

on a stand of hard wood.

491 . Beautiful specimen of variegated mai'ble, with rude natural resem-

blances of birds and animals, in a richly-carved frame.

492. Specimen of painting on glass, with an astrological device, in richly

carved frame.

CASE XXVII.

493. Three tea-pots and sundry cups. The inside is of porcelain,

the outside of white copper.
These afford a good specimen of a singular application of this metal,
being formed in a very puzzling manner over a porcelain vessel of the
same shape, which appears as an interior lining. The handles and
spouts are of the stone called Jaf/e, to which the Chinese give the name
of yu. The outsides of these tea-pots are covered with sentences
expressive of the excellencies of good tea.

494. Porcelain dish in form of a leaf with imitation finiit.

495. Porcelain snufF bottle, of great beauty, with stopper of red

cornelian, attached to which is a tortoise-shell spoon.

496. Perforated porcelain vessel, for sweet-scented flowers.

497. Brown porcelain tea-pot of singular form.

498. Another ditto, with maxims.

499. Very curious porcelaui box, in form of a crab, with moveable eyes

and feet.

500. Singular and ancient tea-pot, having no lid. The tea is put in

at the bottom, and the orifice is then stopped, the object of
which is to prevent the escape of the aroma of the tea.

501. Very small tea-pot of brown ware and porcelain cup of very

small dimensions.
These are not toys, as they are sometimes supposed to be ; but are
used in making the finest and most expensive kinds of tea ; teas in
China being sold at prices varying from a few cents to several dollars
per catty.* The most costly kinds are never exported, as they would
not bear the exposures of a distant voyage. A small canister of pe-
culiarly fine tea accompanies the above.

502. Vessel to contain tsew king, hot wine, at dinners.

503. Perforated porcelain vessel, resembling an orange.

* A catty is one pound and one-third.

504. Very ancient tea-pot, but similar to the more modern, except in

the handle ; the outer sm-face being cracked in the burning.
505 & 506. Two porcelain bowls of great beaut}'.

507. A small portable furnace, made of a species of fire clay.

508. A vessel of clay in common use for the purpose of cooking

rice.

509. A figured tile, used for paving court-yards.

510. A kettle made of clay, for boiling water. This vessel is in gene-

ral use in China, and is of the least expensive kind, the retail
price is about -Jd. each.

CASE XXVIII.

511. Lady's silk embroidered tobacco pouch.

512. Gentleman's do. do.

513. Ornamental stand, with grotesque sculptured human figure.

514. Mariner's compass called by the Chinese, " The needle pointing

to the south."

515. Gentlemen's embroidered pockets.

516 & 517. Buttons worn on mandarins' caps to denote their rank.

518. Ancient Chinese coins of different reigns. The inscriptions on

them are in the antique seal character, which is a species of
black letter in China. There are few persons, even Chinese,
who are well versed in it. There are also the coins of the
Ta-Tsing, or present Tartar dynasty.

519. Pair of washed metallic rings, put on the arms of females when

young, and never taken off ; also, a washed metallic pin for
the hair.

520. Pair of spectacles of pecuhar construction.

521. Model of a couch, the panels and seat of which are of marble.

522. Rings of the jade stone, as 519.

523. Do. hair pins.

524. Ladies' ear-rings of coloured glass.

525. Pair of spectacles with tortoise-shell frame and embroidered case.

526. Swan-pan or calculating board.

527. Ornamental stand, with marble top, on which is a plate of wax

fruit, and several coloured glass snuff bottles.

528. Specimen of beautifully embossed lacquered ware from Soochow,

in which are a pair of ear-rings.

529. Stand with grotesque figure, and antique copper vessel in fomi

of a duck, used to contain water for diluting the China ink.

530. I'allet and cover, for mixing India ink.

531. Lady's work-basket, ingeniously wrought from bamboo.

532. Stone medallions, with hieroglyphics, used as amulets or charms.

533. Pen-holder, made of the bark of a tree.
534 & 535. Rosaries of colored beads.

536. Mandarin's girdle and clasp.

537. Porcelain plate and wax fruit.

538. Winnowing machine, used in sifting tea, having two spouts, to

ascertain the proportion of dust, called " fung-kivei," or " wind
devil."
539 & 540. Gentleman's girdle. The ends are very ingeniously wrought
in braid, representing a basket of flowers.

541. A feather fan of the Chinese goose.

542. A do. of the argus pheasant.

CASE XXIX.

543. Beautifully enamelled vessel, (on copper,) to hold flowers.

544 & 545. Porcelain rice dishes.

546 & 547. A pair of rich porcelain vases, with figures inlaid with gold.

548, Veiy ancient porcelain vessel, to hold soy made from the Dolichos

Soja. Tliere are large manufactories of soy at Honan.

549. Curious small porcelain tea-pot.

550 & 551. Two finely painted porcelain tea-cups and covers, with
WTitten sentences on each. These are of a superior kind, and
are designated " egg-shell porcelain."

552. Porcelain vessel of beautiful texture, for holdmg rice or soup.

553. Enamelled tea-cup, cover and stand ; curious, but rarely used.

554. Beautifully painted porcelain pencil-holder, on carved stand.

555. Eight richly painted porcelain cups forming a set.

556 & 557. A pair of white porcelain jars, on which are paintings of

some of the highest mandarin's in their state robes.
558. Small porcelain vessel for liqueurs.
559 to 561. Three large dishes, being beautiful specimens of enamel

on copper. The;e are used at marriage entertainments of the

wealthy.
562 & 563. Two large China ware tea-buckets, used by labourers, &c.

while ensracred at their work.

CASE XXX.

Silk Manufactures.

The different specimens of silk and other manufactures exliibited
in this case, and also in No. 31, are made expressly for native use, the
style and quaUty being peculiarly their own, and are not exported as
merchandise.

564. Coloured figured crapes, for spring and autumn wear.

565. Specimens of coloured satins, made near Canton.
5G6. Figured satin, used for lining, &c.

567. Reels of raw silk.

5G8. Light coloured silks, for summer wear.

569. Beautiful specimen of silk manufacture — a piece of coloured satui,

having two faces, the one crimson, and the other green.

570. Coloured silks, for linings.

571. Figured silk, for winter wear,

572. Figured sUk, for edgings of garments.

573. Damask silk, for winter wear.

574. Figured summer silks.

575. Coloured do. do.

CASE XXXI.
Silk and Cotton Manufactures.

576. Specimens of silks, used principally for linings of winter dresses,

and sometimes forming part of the summer costume of the
wealthy.

577. Specimens of grass-cloth, made of a species of hemp, much used

in China ; the coarser kind for the poorer orders, the finer for
the rich. Tlais is a cooler article than the French cambric.

578. Cotton check, in extensive use in China, which, it will be seen,

bears a strong resemblance to our own manufacture.

579. Specimens of linen and cotton goods, used for bed covers.

580. Crimson cotton for lining.

581. Black silk velvet, used for facing winter felt caps.
582 & 583. Silks as 576.

584. Dyed grass-cloths.

585. Common brown cotton, resembling American nianufiicturc — ■

about sixteen niches wide, and costs from four to five cents
per yard.

58G. Cotton musquito netting.

587. Coarsest kind of grass-cloth, used by the poorest classes, and

sometimes by the rich for mourning.

588. Striped baglapoore, used for gentlemen's summer dresses in

China.

589. Dyed cottons for linings.

590. Damasked striped silk, for edges of gentlemen's dresses.
590A, Silk wadding, each sheet being the produce of one cocoon.

CASE XXXII.

Musical Instruments.

591. Chinese flute, called seaou.

592. Guitar, called san-heen.

593. Musical instrument, called heen-kin, strongly resembling the

hai-monicon ; the tones beuig remarkably clear and melodious.
The small slips of bamboo are used to strike the strings.

594. Guitar of ebony ; the ball is covered with part of a snake's skin:

the name in Chinese is woo-pa.

595. A wind instrument, called sling. The tones emitted by this

instrument are veiy similar to the music of the Scotch bag-
pipes.

596. Guitar, called yue-kin, or " moon-lyre," in allusion to its circ\ilar

form.

597. A kind of musical pipe.

598. Musical cups, a part of every Chinese band of music.

599. Musical instrument, cut out of a sohd block and hollow, giving a

peculiar sound when beaten vsith a stick. It is struck to
mark the intervals of the reHgious sendees in temples, &c.,
and to beat time in music.

600. Violin denominated ye-yin.

601. Guitar, called yeih-pa, an instrument in very common use.

602. A species of harp, called tchnng.

603. Small gong, called to-tseik.

604. Plates of hard wood on which time is beaten. They are also

used by beggars to produce a loud noise at shop doors, and
thus compel the inmates to bestow a small sum of money on
them in charit}'. The Chinese name is tcha-pan.

605 & 606. Brass trumpets.

607. Trumpets.

608. A framework of metallic plates, each producing a different sound

and struck with the small bamboo sticks.

609. Small cymbals.

610. Musical pipe, as 597.

611. Brass horns that draw out as a telescope.

612. Kind of drum, called kwuy-koo.

The Chinese do not emploj"^ catgut in stringing their instruments, but
substitute silk and wire. Sounding-boards are not used. According to
Mr. Huttner, one of the attaches of Lord Macartney's embassy, the gamut
of the Chinese is very imperfect. They have no knowledge of semi-
tones, countei'point, or parts in music. Harmonies are never attempted.
Whatever the number of performers, there is always one melody.

In the manufacture of musical mstruments, they make use of a wood
called woo-tung. This tree is very remarkable. It is said to be so ex-
ceedingly regular in casting its leaves, that the natural fall of one is a
certain indication of autumn.

CASE XXXIII.

Musical Instruments, &c.

The two upper sections of this case contain many mineralogical
specimens, which are labelled.

613. Chinese Gong, a musical instrument used in temples, and before

the mandarins, and at the private theatrical entertainments,
&c. &c., called " Tung-lo." The highly sonorous nature of
this instrument is attributed to a large proportion of tin in
combination with copper.

614. Another gong, smaller than the above, but of louder sound.

615. Cymhah, cdMed seaou-po.

616. A kind of kettle drum, made of pig's hide, on a stand.

617. Musical instrument used in temples, having the sound of a bell

CASE XXXIV.
Joiner's Tools, &c.

618. Specimens of wrought iron nails, spikes, &c.

619. Tliree padlocks of curious construction.

(i"20. A carpenter's marking line, called " Muh-tow-seen," in the use

of which a black line is made instead of white, as with us.
G21. A complete set of tools for working in ivory.
622. Small hand saw, in the use of which a contrary motion is made
to our own, the teeth being reversed the saw is drawn to-
wards the workman, and is always set at an angle from the
back.
The compasses in use among the Chinese are without legs ; the
instrument consists of a straight stick, having a pin in each end ; one of
which serves as a pivot, while the other, set at any given distance,
describes the circle.

In the middle and lower sections of this case is a complete set of car-
penters' and joiners' tools, from the rough jack-plane to the smallest tools
for the execution of the finest carving. In China the building of a house
and the beautiful embellishments are both executed by the same work-
man.

CASES XXXV & XXXVI.
Natural History.

These cases contain numerous specimens in natural history ; ser-
pents, lizards, toads, and fishes, some of which are exceedingly small.

CASES XXXVII & XXXVIII.
Natural History.

These cases also contain numerous specimens in natural historv
from the Chinese waters.

CASE XXXIX.
Cutlery, Castings, &c.

623. Implements used in splitting wood.

624. Cleavers used by butchers.

625 & 626. Tailor's scissors the blades of which are hollowed on the
inside.

627. A set of caponizing instruments.

628. Portable anvil carried bv itinerant blacksmiths.

629. Sickles for rice, in which are teeth like a saw.

630. Knives for cutting leather.

631. Iron skew^ers for stringing fish.
632 & 634. Meat knives.

633. Reaping hook.

635. A wood chopper.

636. Sickles for rice.

637 & 638. Wire baskets to which are attached handles. These are

used to contain live charcoal to dr>- any particular article.
639 & 640. Large fish knives.

641. Steel rat trap, similar to the European.

642. Pestle and mortar.
64!3. Bricklayer's trowel.

644. An iron shoe attached to hoes.

645 . Cast iron vessels, very thin, for cooking rice, and frying meat, &c.

646. Vessel of cast iron, for various uses.

647. Rat trap of common but rude constraction.

648. Stonecutter's hammer.

CASE XL.
Chinese Books.

649. Specimens of Chinese books, with the titles on the ends, showing

the mode of binding with the envelope.

650. Printing block of wood, resembling in its use oiu- stcreot}i)e

plates.
All printing in China is executed from blocks of this kind, in the
following manner ; — Tlie printer holds in his hand what may be tomied
a double brush, having one handle, that below his hand is charged with
ink, with which he supplies the face of the engraved characters on the
block before him ; the paper, which is very thin, and somewhat resem-
bles what is termed by us silver paper, is next placed on the block, and
the dry brush is run over the surface, thereby completing the impression.
The operation is very quick, and from 2,000 to 3,000 may be taken off
in a day by a single workman. From the paper being so thin and
transparent, it is printed on one side only, and each printed sheet,
consisting of two pages, is folded back at a cUviding line, given in the
printing, bringing the unprinted or blank pages together. The fold is
therefore on the outer edge of the volume, contrary to our mode, being

stitched at the opposite margin. Under the dynasty Sung, moveable
characters made of clay, baked hard, were used, but the printing by no
means equalled the present mode. Many of the books in this case have
covers of Miih-wang wood.

651. Very small book, used as an amulet. Another of the same kind

is exhibited below, open. Books of this kind are sometimes
smuggled by the students at their examination, as likely to
escape detection from their small size, and are secreted in the
sleeve of their garment.

652. Buddhist book, filled with plates, representing their future

punishments. Drawings of their punishments are frequently
seen in this and other countries, and are erroneously supposed
to represent those actually inflicted upon criminals by the
Chinese laws.

653. Book of manuscripts.

654 & 655. The book of ceremonies.

656. Imperial temple dictionary.

657. Book of ancient seal characters.

658. Representations of the religious ceremonies of the Buddhists.

659. Book of architectural drawings, with silk margin, and wooden

covers.

CASE XLI.

1. A specimen of a dwarf tree, for which the Chinese are so ce-
lebrated.

The practice of dwarfing forest trees is common among the Chinese,
and is considered as a test of the gardener's skill, bamboos, cj^resses,
oranges, and a species of elm tree are thus treated; and when well
stunted and distorted, these victims of fashion often bear extravagant
prices. The following is the mode as practied by the Chinese. The
thick branch of a fruit tree is deprived of a ring of bark, and the place
covered round with a lump of rich loam. This is kept moist, and when
the radicles have pushed into the loam, the whole is taken off and placed
in a shallow pot. The branches most loaded with blossoms are selected,
and the abscission taking place when the fruit is nearly ripe, they are in
that state sold in flower pots. When the dwarfing process is intended
to be in imitation of old forest trees, the branch which has pushed
radicles into the surroimded loam is separated from the tree, and planted
in a shallow earthenware flower-pot, of an oblong shape. The pot is

then filled with small lumps of alluvial clay, sufficient to supply a scanty
nourishment to the plant, and water is added in a regulated quantity.
The branches are repressed by cutting and burning, and bent into shapes
resembling those of an old forest tree in miniature. Roughness is
produced in the bark by smearing it with sweet substances that attract
ants ; and the plant in time acquires the desired smallness of leaf, and
general stunted appearance. The elm is most frequently used for this
purpose : nor do the dwarfs require any further attention, when once
fashioned, than to have the young shoots kept down bv cUpping.

Trees of this description hve to a considerable age, this specimen was
brought from China while in full health, having been kept in the Scune
flower pot upwards of fifty years.

II. Another tree of the same description, showing the msmner in which
the root is twisted, so as to afford as httle nourishment to the tree as
possible, in order to obtain the required smallness of leaf.

III. Birds nest of a species of swallow peculiar to the Indian Islands,
Hirundo esculentn, well known as an important article of the commerce
of the Chinese, arising from their indulgence in this very whimsical luxury.
This specimen is in its natural state, as taken from the rocks.

IV. A part of the birds nest, as above, in an edible state. In this
state it is made into soup, and sold at a price that would startle some of
our own countiymen that are addicted to gastronomic pleasures.

The natural history of the swallow from which these nests are taken
is not very accurately understood.

The esculent nest here seen is always the produce of the swallow that
builds in the caves of rocks, at a distance from the habitation of man.
The caves where these nests are found are frequently, but not always, on
the sea side. In Java, very productive caves are found at least fifty
miles from the sea. The quality, and consequently the price of the nests
mainly depend upon the time they are taken from the caves. The finest
kind being those that are taken from deep damp caves, and such as are
procured before the birds have laid their eggs. The coarsest are those
obtained after the young are fledged.

Tlie most remarkable and productive caves in Java, are those of
Karang-bolang, in the province of Bagleri, on the south coast of the
island. Here the caves are only to be approached by a perpcjulicular
descent of many hundred feet, by ladders of bamboo and rattan, over a
sea rolling violently against the rocks. When the mouth of the cavern is
attained, the perilous office of taking the nests must often be performed by
torch light, by penetrating into recesses of the rock, where tlie slighti^t
slip, would be instantly fatal to the adventurers, who see nothing below
them but the turbulent surf dashing among the chasms of the rock.

V. Chinese fruit called l>ech6 (Dmio carpus,) from the province of
Fokien. Of this fruit there are many varieties, arising chiefly from
situation, and the care bestowed on its cultivation. It is not found in
the northern provinces, but has been introduced into the Archipelago
from China.

VI and VII. Two other varieties of Lech^.

VIII. Longans, or Lung yen (Dragon's eye) so called from its resem-
blance to the eye-ball, when divested of its shell. This is another variety
of the above fruit.

IX. Chinese Olive fCannarium) . This fi-uit has been so called, merely
from the color and shape somewhat resembhng that from the Levant ;
it is a very ordinary fruit, and is usually pickled.

A considerable portion of the food of the Chinese consists of fruits,
which is, at least in the southern parts of the empire, both cheap and
abundant. Fruit- stalls line the sides of the streets, and baskets full
fiU the doorways of shops. The variety is not so great as in western
countries, where exotic fruits are added to the indigenous, nor is the
flavor of Chinese fruits as a whole, equal to that of other lands where
skill and science have combined to improve the production of nature.

The Chinese have no general name for the orange, each variety (of
which there are several) bearing a different name. This fruit is very
abundant in the winter season, and species of the genus, especially the
citron and kum kwat, are raised in pots as ornamental shrubs.

Tlie peach is cultivated in China, though it is not usually allowed to
attain its full maturity on the tree. This practice of picking fruits,
before they are fully ripe, is very common in China, and is often the chief
reason of their insipidity. The peach tree is a great favorite with the
Chinese, and its budding leaves, opening flowers, and general beauty,
furnish abundant metaphors to their poets. The pears of China often
grow to a large size, but their flavor as well as that of the apple, is far
inferior to the same fruits in England and elsewhere.

The quince and the papaw are both called " t7'ee melon" the former
bears another name, " the fruit of ten thousand ages,^' given to it from its
unwithering nature.

X. Chinese gas-light toys. These are a preparation of sandal wood, &c.
one end being ignited, the gas is forced out through an aperture in the
opposite direction.

XI. Chinese Tobacco, in very general use among all classes, and is
smoked by ladies as well as gentlemen. Cigars are made of the tobacco
leaf rolled in paper and so made use of, but in making cigars for
foreigners the leaf forms the wrapper as with us.

' 93

XII. Anomia Placenta, — or pearl shell, used by the Chinese as a sub-
stitute for glass in windows (see No. 1341).

XIII. Very superior isinglass used by the Chinese in soups and made
dishes, similar to om' vermicelli.

XIV. Another kind but inferior in quality.

XV. A packet of pounded rice in an envelope of parchment ; imported
into China from Japan, and used by the Chinese medicinally.

XVI. Specimen of fine black tea, locally called " wheat-sheaves" from
its form being similar to a sheaf of wheat.

The parcels of tea in this section of the case are of a very fine quality
and such as are never exported as merchandise, but are sent as presents
by the Chinese merchants to their friends.

XVII. Specimen of the " Tea brick." According to Timkowski
the usual medium of exchange in Tartaiy is Tea, made up into the shape
of bricks, as here seen ; it is pressed into flat cakes while green, from
which it takes it name.

XVIII. Part of a similar brick as already described, though of a
different quality.

XIX. Specimen of fine black teas (as in XVI.) locally termed "tea
faggots" the quaUty is very fine and is altogether used as expressed above.

XX. Ball of black tea.

XXI. Another variety of black tea packed in small globular parcels
and esteemed for its quality.

XXII. Another tea brick as before described.

XXIII. A different variety of black tea, packed in a singular form
and enveloped in a dried leaf.

XXIV. Specimen of Chinese writing paper, with Chinese or " Indian"
ink, a small slab and writing pencil.

The materials used in the manufacture of paper in China are various.
The coarse yellow paper used for wrapping parcels, is made from rice
straw. The finer kinds are composed of the inner bark of a species of
moms, as well as of silk and cotton, but generally of bamboo, as in the
specimen here exhibited. The sheets are usually three feet and a half in
length, and two in breadth. The fine paper used for letters is polished
after sizing, by rubbing it with smooth stones.

The writing apparatus of a Chinese scholar, consists of a square or
cake of ink, a small black slab of schistus or slate, pohshed smooth, with
a slight ca\aty at one end to hold water, a finely pointed hair pencil, and
a supply of paper. These four articles, the ink, the slab, the ix-ncil. and
the paper, are called " the four precious implements ;" a plu-asc indicative
of their high respect for letters.

XXV. A card of invitation to an entertainment given by Houqua, on
attaining his sixtieth year, addressed to the owner of this Collection.
The preparations for this banquet were of the most extensive character,
and the sumptuous entertainment lasted two weeks. The expense
incurred upon this occasion was nearly 200,000 dollars, or £40,000
sterling.

The literfJ translation is as follows : — " On the seventeenth day, the
" spring tea waits for the splendour of your presence. (I) most respect-
" fully announce the felicitous season, and worshipfully invite you at six
" o'clock."

XXVI. A Chinese congratulatory letter and envelope.

XXVII. Chinese drugs, consisting chiefly of herbs and other simples,
together with a native physician's prescription.

The shop of an apothecary in Canton is said to contain usually, not
less than three hundred medicines, yet the most intelligent Chinese
affirm, that forty or fifty only are absolutely necessary in medical practice.
No licence is required for engaging in the practice of medicine in China ;
but the physician must beware, lest his nostrums fail to have the desired
efiect.

The penal code of China pro^^des against the attempts of mere pre-
tenders, to the healing art, by the punishment of those who depart from
the established forms — in cases of mere ignorance, the empiric is
punished as a thief, for the property he has thus obtained : but where
death ensues from wilful mismanagement of the physician, the punish-
ment is death by decapitation.

CASE XLII.

660. Black satin cap, worn by the Buddhist priests.
661 & 662. Summer caps, worn by private gentlemen.

663. Gentleman's satin winter cap.

664. Embroidered canonical head dress.

665. Winter caps, made of crape.

666. A gentleman's cap, made of a sort of felt, and worn in winter,

called " Maou-chen."
667 & 668. Children's embroidered caps.
669. A gentleman's winter cap, made of crape and velvet.
670 & 671. A pair of gentleman's long leather boots, for wet weather.
6/2 & 673. Ladies' small leather boots for wet weather.

674. Ladies' small leather shoes, with wooden soles.

675. Lady's leather boots of a small size.

676. Women's leather shoes with wooden soles.

CASE XLin.

677. Shoes for ladies having large feet, of which a great variety is

exhibited in this case. The lower part of the soles is formed
of dressed pig's skin, the rest of compressed paper.

678. Shoes for ladies having small feet, called by the Chinese " kura-

leen" " Golden lilies."

679. Shoes for ladies, same as No. 677.
680 & 681. Childrens' summer shoes.
682. Do. do. the upper parts made of grass.

683 & 684. Pair of lady's small shoes, the upper parts made of grass.

685. Gentlemen's shoes of various patterns.

686. Gentlemen's shoes for wet weather, the upper part being of satin,

the lower of wood.

CASE XLIV.

687. A porcelain night lamp.

688. Do. medicinal vessel,

689. A small porcelain flower pot.

690 & 691. Two porcelain lamps in common use.

692. An ancient porcelain tea-pot.

693 to 695. Porcelain spoons and stands in general use.

696. A small porcelain medicinal vessel.

697. A porcelain tea-pot for boat use, suspended by wires from eyes

in the upper part.

698. Several brown porcelain tea-pots, to which the Chinese are very

partial.

699. A porcelain medicinal vessel.

700 & 701 . Two porcelain dishes divided into compartments for sweet-
meats.

702. Beautifully painted rice dish.

703 & 704. Two small white porcelain sweetmeat dishes.

705. A porcelain rice jar.

706 & 707. Two very richly painted hand basins.

708. A large flower-pot with raised figures of a peculiar ware resem-
bling bronze.

CASE XLV.

709 & 710. Two veiy beautiful porcelain plates, on the former of

of which are written sentences, with various painted figures.
711. A small porcelain vessel, on which is painted a grotesque figure

of a " kwei."
712 & 713. Two beautifully painted cups with covers and stands of

egg shell china.
714 & 715. Two do. do. of a different pattern.
716 & 717. Two small porcelain tea-pots, on which are painted several

figmxs and different maxims.
718 & 719. Two elegantly painted plates, and various cups of the

finest porcelain.
720. A small and very ancient porcelain tea pot.
721 & 722. Two small porcelain plates exquisitely painted.
723 & 724. A pair of beautifidly painted flower jars.
725 & 726. A pair of flower pots painted and gilt.
727 & 728. A pan- of smaller ditto.

729 & 730. A pair of porcelain tea cups with stands and covers, the
workmanship of which is of the most gorgeous des-
cription.

731. A porcelain flower jar.

732. Do. vase, a style of ware highly esteemed by the Chinese.
The lower section of this case is entirely filled with porcelain ware of

the richest description.

CASE XLVI.

733 & 734. Two silk girdles to confine the dress, which every gentle-
man in China wears.

735. A porcelain bowl with a painting of the jungle fowl,

736. Very singular root of the bamboo, representing an old man

wrapt in his mantle.
737 & 738. Two small incense vessels in glass.

739. Singular carving of a horse with a scroll on his back.

740. Carved ivory stamp or seal, having several concentric spheres in

the handle.

74 1 . Singular stone, having the appearance of a Chinese apple

{)7

742. Wine cups of pressed glass in imitation of stone. These are

formed of various shapes, frequently square, and are used at
feasts and marriage entertainments.

743. Ornamental stand with bronze Buddha idol.

744. Ancient porcelain incense vessel on stand.

745. Small ebony boxes, inlaid with pearl shell, and containing flint,

steel, and punk.

746. Curious stone in form of a mango.

747. Several pairs of ivory " chop sticks," gafai, made use of bv the

Chinese in the place of a knife and fork as with us.

748. A bro\vTi figm-ed porcelain pen-holder,

749. A vessel to contain water used with Indian ink, cut out of a stone

in form of fruit.

750. Ornamental stand and vessel.

751. A small metallic mirror, on carved stand.

752. Curious "porcelain vessel.

753. A beautifid small incense vessel, on stand.

754. Metalhc mirror, as 751.

755. Antique porcelain vessel or cage, on stand, for containing sweet

scented flowers, emitting an agreeable perfume.
75 G. A beautiful sculptured marble veise, having for its handle a

representation of a lion drinking from the vessel.
757. Gentleman's embroidered watch pocket.
758 & 759. Gentlemen's embroidered knee-pans, for protecting the

knee when kneehng before the mandarins.
760. Miniature painting of a Chinese ladv on ivory.
761 & 762. A pair of beautifully painted jars.

763. Ornamental rose-wood stand, with amulets on the top.

Here will also be noticed several " Charm-books," very small in size,
and containing virtuous sentences, which ai"e supposed to keep ofl' evil
spirits. These are carried about the person. Tlie Chinese inscribe
words and sentences on their girdles, and paste them on the lintels and
posts of their doors, not only as moral sayings worthy to be remembered
and practically obsened, but from the impression that they shall thereby
be protected from noxious diseases and calamities often inflicted by
invisible beings.

764. Beautiful fan for ladies' use, made in part of peacocks* feathers'

and in part of elegantly embroidered work.
765 & 766. A pair of gentleman's tobacco pouches.
767 to 769. Specimens of carvnng from the bamboo tree.
770. A lady's fan, elegantly painted on silk, with ivory handle.

771 & 772. Gentleman's shirts, worn next the skin in warm weather,
made of the twig of the bamboo tree.

773. Gentlemen's embroidered sash, with a pair of purses carried at the

girdle of the wearer, for holding areca nuts, &c.
Purses, says Sir Geo. Staunton, " are the ribands of the Chinese
monarch, which he distributes as rewards of merit among his subjects ;
but his own purse, (alluding to a similar present made to the page of the
British Ambassador) was deemed a mark of personal favour, according to
the ideas of eastern nations, among whom anything worn by the person
of the sovereign, is prized beyond all other gifts." The Imperial purse
is of plain yellow silk, with the figure of the five -clawed dragon, and
some Tartar characters worked in it.

774. A gentleman's fan, with embroidered case, and two crimson silk

sashes, as 773
775 & 776. A pair of sandals, worn by coolies, the soles are made of
strips of loose leather, placed crossways.

777. A pair of sandals, being a piece of flat leather, with a loop for the

great toe, and strings for the heel.

778. A pair of sandals, made fi-om rice straw.

CASE XLVII.

Miscellaneous Articles.

779. Ornamental stand with gilt Buddha.

780. Small metallic vase, inlaid with silver.

781. Small copper box, of peculiar shape, to contain the hme which is

used for chewing with the nut of the areca palm, areca catechu,
and the betel leaf, piper betel, used as a masticatory so uni-
versally throughout the East.
The habit of chewing this preparation has extended from the islands,
where the plant is found, to the continent of Asia, and is now used from
the Red Sea to the Pacific Ocean. Most of that imported into China
comes from Java, Malacca, and Penang. The areca nut is the fruit of a
slender palm, not over six inches in diameter, and thirty feet high. The
nut resembles a nutmeg in shape, colour, and internal structure, but is a
little harder and larger. The betel pepper is the A-ine from which the
leaf is obtained, and for which alone it is cultivated. The flavour of
the leaf is very pecidiar, having an aromatic taste and is a little
pimgent. Tliis vine requires a rich soil, and an abundance of water.
The tree on which it is supported, it is affirmed, affects the quality'

and quantity of the produce. The preparation of the hetcl nut A)r
use is very simple. Tlie nut is cut into slices, and wrapped in the
raw leaves, together with a quantity of quick-lime, composed of the
shells of small molluscae carefully calcined for this purpose, enough to
give it a flavoiu- ; to the latter is added a mixture of a red colour. All
classes of people, male and female, are in the hahit of chewing it. " It
sweetens the breath," so say those who use it, " it rectifies and strengthens
the stomach, and preser\-es the teeth;" it gives the teeth, lips, and
gums, a dark red colour, which is esteemed a mark of beauty in propor-
tion to its deeper shade. Persons of rank carry it prepared for use in
splendid cases, suspended from their girdles. A present of one of thcs^c
cases is esteemed a mark of high favour and friendship, and is valued
accordingly. Poor people are contented with cases of simple construc-
tion, provided they contain the substance itself. In the streets and
thorouglifares of Canton, temporary stalls are erected for the sale of this
lux\ny, and the wayfarer may be refreshed, in the outlay of a single cash,
by a modicum of this preparation.

782. A grotesque lion (on a stand) of white porcelain. This kind of

porcelain is held in higher esteem by the Chinese than any
other. As a proof of this, it may be stated that the value of
this small lion in China was about four pounds sterling.

783. Vessel of white porcelain, for holding sweet scented flowers,

representing a grotesque animal, the head of which is so formed
that it can be taken ofl^. The flowers are placed in the body,
and the odour is exhaled through the mouth.

784. Figure of a camel, in white porcelain, with a dog on his back.

785. Paper weight, of hard stone, sculptured.

786. Metallic pipe, from the province of Keang Nan ; the lower i)art of

which is fiUed with water, and smoked on the princii)le of the
hookah of Bengal, &c. ; tobacco being used cut into very line
shreds, and the pipe filled at every inh;iUiti(Mi by a servant, who
stands behind the smoker.
787 & 788. Two curiously carved roots.

789. Specimen of beautifully embossed lacquered ware, from Soochow.

790. A grotesque porcelain dog.

791. Broad rings of jade stone (yu) worn upon the thuml) by arcliers

in using the bow, to prevent chafing. The value of thc.«e stone
rings depends upon their color ; as much as five hundred dollars
has been given by a Chinese for one of a peculiar shade.

792. Combs with maxims.

793. Small cases of coloured horse-hair, intended to hold sweet scented

flowers, and carried in the hand.

100

794. Brush used by printers to apply the ink to the wooden blocks, on

which is a smaller brush, made of vegetable fibres, and used
for various purposes.

795. Small boxes of stained wood, opening with a spring, and covered

with coloured straw, made at Fuh-ckow, the capital of Fuh-keen
province.

796. Brushes used by house painters, with the hair inserted deep into

the handles. When worn down, the wood is cut away to
expose the bristles, and the operation is repeated until the
brush is worn out.

797. Small pillows, used by the Chinese when reclining on any hard

substance.

798. Pair of spectacles, of curious construction.

799. Tobacco-pipe, as described in 786.

800. Writing pencils. The better kinds are protected bv a brass case,

it being essential to have a fine point in writing.

801. A grotesque porcelain unicom.

802 . Elaborate piece of carving from the root of the bamboo, of ver\'

extravagant device.

803. Small marble vase, formed fi-omthecup of the flower of the lotus.

804. Embroidered pocket, worn by gentlemen.

805. Silk bags, having a maxim embroidered on the side ; for tobacco,

and attached to the pipe.

806. A tea serdce of novel construction used by government officers,

and forming part of their travelling apparatus. The cups and
saucers are of hard wood, hned and edged wth white copper.

807. Chinese ivory puzzle.

808. Chinese gaming cards. They are of various sorts ; the most

ancient and elegant are called " Teen-tsze-pae," dotted cards.
The dots have a reference to the stars. They were intro-
duced by the Emperor Seuen-ho ; and were originally called
" Ya pae," " Bone or ivory tickets."

809. A Chinese printed book of maxims.

810. Beautiful beads, turned from fragments of the 7nalachite, or

green copper ore, found near Nankin ; they ai"e used in neck-
laces for mandarins.

811. Rosaiy made of the seed vessels of a plant.

812. An article made of copper, and used for the same purpose as our

flat-irons. The smooth surface is here exhibited ; the body is
hollow, and receives the ignited coals.

813. Gentlemen's embroidered memorandum case.

814. do. do. pockets.

lUl

815. Embroidered spectacle case.

816. Leather purses used by the lower cla.'^scs.

817. Leather (dog's skin) tobacco pouch.

818. Painting brush, composed of dved hor.'<c-luur.

819. A basket ingeniously worked in bamboo.

820. Ornamental stand with odoriferous matches, which are burned in

the houses of the Chinese day and night, and in sacrificing to
their divinities.

821. A brown porcelain incense vessel.

822. Model of a machine for pounding rice, sugar, &c. It is put in

operation by a coohe standing on the frame, and moving the
lever w'ith one foot.
823 & 824. Earthern vessel in frame work of bamboo, used as hand-
furnaces at Canton, and in the northern part of China, during
cold weather, called " Ho-lurig."

825. Model of a hand mill for grinding rice, &c.

826. A porcelain drum, used as a rest for the arm.

827. Musquito brushes.

CASE XLVIII.

828. Coral bead necklace, worn by mandarins and gentlemen of rank.

829. Beautiful carved ornamental stand of hard wood, with a marble

image of Buddha in the centre, inlaid metaUic tripod on the
right, and a dormant lion on the left.

830. Curiously distorted root, which, by the assistance of a httlc art,

has the appearance of a bird.

831. Curious piece of sculpture, representing a bird attacked by a

monster of the lizard species.

832. Marble figure and stand.

833. Marble pencil rests.

834 & 835. A pair of ornamental barrel-shaped stands, the left liand
one supporting a metallic censer ; that on the right a vessel
'wath shovel, &c., for arranging the ashes of the odoriferous
matches.

836. An ornamental stand, on which is a superb carving, from tlu- root

of a bamboo tree, representing a grotcsjjuc figure feeding a frog.

837. A small root of a tree on a stand, rcsembhng a deer.

102

838. A travelling apparatus, containing a knife, and pair of chopsticks,

with wliich every gentleman is provided.

839. Carved wooden figure and stand.

840. A very ancient white porcelain bottle-shaped vase, ornamented

with a lizard, water liUies, and fohage, on a small stand of
cai-ved polished wood.

841. Ancient metalhc idol.

842. Curiously sculptured stone pen rests.

843. An ornamental stand, with bronze idols.

This specimen is supposed to be a thousand years old. It has been
elsewhere remarked that Buddhism was introduced into China from India,
about the first century of the Christian era; and the idols here exhibited
are thought to have been of a very early importation into that country.

844. Joo-ee, a sort of staft' or sceptre.

It is thus described by Mr. Davis : — this ornament, which has some-
times, for want of better name, been called a sceptre, is, in fact, an
emblem of amity and good will^ of a shape less bent than the letter S,
about eighteen inches in length, and cut from the jade or yu stone. It
is caUed^oo-ee, " as you wish," or as the phrase is, " Sze Sze, joo-ee," i. e.
" Every thing according to (your) wish," an expression of good feeling
towards a person, and is simply exchanged as a costly mark of friend-
ship ; but that it had a religious origin seems indicated by the sacred
flower of the lotus (Nymphsea nelumbo) being generally carved on the
superior end. Dr. Morrison also remarks that joo-ees were carried in
the hands by ancient governors or princes of state, as the signal of
authority ; the emperor gave them as the badge or seal of his ap-
pointment. They are frequently of great value.

845 & 846. Ornamental stands, on which are carvings fi'om the root of
the bamboo.

847. Ornamental stand, with ancient bronze hon.

848. Curious root on stand, exhibiting a bird.

849. Verj^ ancient sculptm'ed dog.

850. Pohshed comehan in carved frame, intended to support a cake of

ink.
851 to 855. Five beautiful carvings on stands.
856 & 857. Two cai-ved and pohshed ban-el-shaped stands, on which

are very ancient and grotesque bronze hons.
858. Metallic figm-e, representing a female divinity on a recumbent

elephant.
859 & 860. A pair of veiy beautiful ornamental stands, with marble

tops, on which are grotesque sculptured figures, and elegantly

wrought baskets of bamboo.

103

861. Ornamental stand, with variegated marble top, on which is])laccd
a stone in a frame formed from tlie root of a tree. This i^
covered with sculptured hieroglyphics, and is held bv tlie
Chinese in religious veneration.

CASES XLIX & L.

These cases, vdth the opposite, (23 and 24), are filled with numerous
specimens of conchology, which are labelled.

CASE LI.

ORNITHOLOGY, &C.

862. Perdix Picta Painted Partridge.

863. Ditto Ditto.

864. Querquedula Falcaria Falcated duck.

865. Manis Javanica Manis.

866. Cotuniix Chinensis Chinese Quail.

867. Lanius Shrike.

868. Turdus Thrush.

869. Loxia Sinensis Chinese Grossbeak.

870. Fringilla Rutilans Redbacked Sparrow.

871. Ditto Ditto female.

872. Psittacus Blue CrownedTarrot.

873. Ditto Ditto female.

874. Emberiza Bunting.

875. Loxia Sinensis Chinese Grossbeak, female.

876. Sturnus Unicolor One coloured Starhng.

877. Fuhca Chloropus Common Gallinule.

878. Gallinula Phonicura White bellied Galhnule.

879. Anas Acuta Pintail Duck.

880. Red-breasted Pigeon.

881. Hystrix Cristata Porcupine.

882. Paradoxuras Larvatus Masked Paradoxure.

883. Viverra Indica Pallida Indian Civette or Rasse.

This animal vields the Dedes, a scent much esteemed by the Malays.

104

CASE LII.

Ornithology, &c.

884. Anas Baikal Chinese Duck.

885. Coturnix Common Quail.

886. Anthus Lark.

887. Herodius Garzetta Little Egret.

888. Oriolus Chinensis Golden Thrush.

889. Strix Brachiotus Short-eared Owl.

890. Alcedo Saera Kingfisher.

891. Cossiphus Gularis Pied Thrush.

892. Fringilla Kawarahiba Finch.

893. Emberiza Lathami Latham's Bunting.

894. Gallinula Phoenicura Gallinule.

895. Leiothorx Furcatus Chinese Robin.

896. Yunx Torquilla Wryneck.

897. Anas Penelope Wigeon,

898. Querquedula Crecca Common Teal.

899. Viverra Zibetha Chinese Zibeth.

This animal yields the scent called Zibeth.

900. Helictes Mos Chata Musk Martin.

901. Paradoxuras Larvatus Masked Paradoxure.

CASE LIIL

902 & 903. Artificial candles, decorated with flowers made from the
pith of a plant, known in this country, by the term " rice-
paper."
These candles are used in temples in front of their idols, in the houses
of the wealthy, and in the celebration of the new year, a moveable feast,
which occurs on the second new moon after the winter solstice. The
body or stem of the candle is of wood, and at the top, instead of wick, is
inserted a small brass receptacle for oil, as being more economical.
904. A militar}'^ officer's saddle, bridle, &c. It is one of the most
expensive kind, and such as are but seldom seen. Those used
by inferior officers are generally of leather and nankeen.
90 r>. A large porcelain dish on a stand, containing two specimens of
enamel, in imitation of the Pekin peaches.

105

906. Lamp carried on the shoulders of a bearer in marriage proces-

sions.

907. Lamp pole for the above.

908 & 909. Splendid specimens of embroider^', worked by men, as is

often the case in China. The Chinese excel all other nations

in the art of embroidery.
910 & 911. Two ornamental stands, and plates of fruit, modelled in

clay.
912 & 913. Candles, as described in Nos. 902 & 903.
914 & 915. Ingeniously worked silk tassels, attached to bed hangings.
916. On the bottom of this case is spread a Chinese carpet, being a

specimen of their few w^oollen manufactures. The pattern is

printed similar to our di'uggets.
From the ceiling of this case is suspended a state lantern, richly em-
broidered and decorated.

CASE LIV.

917. Argus Pavoninus Argus Pheasant.

918. Columba Turtur Spotted-necked Turtle Dove.

919. Pastor Starling.

920. Columba Turtur Spotted-necked Turtle Dove.

921. Argus Pavoninus Argus Pheasant . female.

922. Paloor Malaccensis Malacca Ring Parrakeet.

State chair, as described in No. 372.

CASE LVI.
Chinese Pagoda.

Contains a model of a pagoda, seven stories high, beautifully carved
from gv'psum. On the floor of each stor\- is placed a gilt Buddliu idol.

CASE Lvn.

Contains numerous specimens of insects.

106

CASES LVIII & LIX.

Butterflies.

CASE LX.

Various specimens of fish from the waters of China, so prepared and
preserved as to need only their natural element to give them the ap-
pearance of life.

CHINESE LANTERNS.

These depend from the ceihng in all parts of the saloon, and are of
almost every imaginable form and size. In scarcely any thing do the
taste and ingenuity of the Chinese appear to better advantage than in
the manufacture of these curious and characteristic articles. They are
made of horn, silk, glass, paper, and sometimes of a netting of fine
thread overspread with a thick coating of varnish. Tlie frame work is
often carved in the richest manner ; the silk which covers it is elegantly
embroidered or painted with landscapes representing nature in her gayest
moods, and the various decorations lavished upon them are in a corres-
ponding style. As a national ornament peculiar to the Chinese, the
lantern does not give place to any similar display, found in any other
country.

The fondness of the Chinese for lamps and lanterns, and the universal
use of them, constitutes one of the marked peculiarities in the customs
of the race. A late writer remarks, that a Chinaman and his lantern
seem wedded together, and the former is rarely found wthout the latter.
They are placed in the streets, temples, boats, &c., and ai-e always to
be seen in the hands of pedestrians after dark. The same -writer relates
the foIlo^ving amusing anecdote, as affording a striking and original
exemplification of both the power and habit of the national peculiarity
above referred to : — When Captain Maxwell passed the Bogue in the
Alceste frigate, as he came up with the battery of the A-nung-hoy, the fort
appeared well lighted, and a brisk cannonade was commenced upon the
ship. However, after the first broadside had been fired upon the for-
tress, and when the vessel was scarcely a half musket-shot from it, the
whole place was deserted, and the embrasures were quickly dark-
ened. The Chinese were thorouglily frightened, and ran off with a
most edifving precipitation. At the same time, instead of concealing
their flight in the darkness of the night, each man seized his lantern, as

CHINESK I.ANTKRN.

107

he had done a hundred times before, and clambered with it up the steep
side of the hill immediately behind the fort. The sight of so manv bald-
pated soldiers, with their long cues dangling at their back, each with
a great painted balloon in his hand, was extremely ludicrous, and took
away any sHght inclination the marines might have had to get a shot
with their muskets at such excellent marks.

Tlie lamp oil in common use is extracted from the ground-nut, Arachis
Hypogen, which grows luxuriantly in China. The same kind is used for
culinary purposes, and supphes almost entirely the place of butter. It
is said to be of a very good quality, burning freely, and with but little
smoke.

MAXIMS ON THE ENTABLATURE AND OTHER PARTS OF THE SALOON.

" Inscribe them on the walls of your dwelling, and regard them night and
day as wholesome admonitions." — (Chinese maxim.)

The " excellent sayings" of the Chinese philosophers are held in the
highest veneration. In allusion to the precepts of Confucius, they speak
of them as " The glory of ancient and modern times." — He is termed,
" The instructor of ten thousand ages," and is styled by his followers,
" The pe} feet Sage," — " Most Holy."

Mencius, a disciple of Confucius, who figures largely in Chinese his-
tory, was the wTiter of that portion of " The Four Books," which goes
by his name, B.C. 350, contemporary with Xenophon, Herodotus, and
Socrates.

These maxims (Tuy-leen) are -written on silk or paper, or caned on
wood, and are hung in pairs, on the walls or pillars of dwellings and
temples as ornaments. In ancient times, before the invention of paper,
documents were written on slips of bamboo, on which characters were
inscribed with a pointed instrument ; a practice in use prior to the
invention of pencils and ink.

The visitor will observe that over the capital of each pillar is a piece
of carving of circular form, gilt and painted vermillion and green alter-
nately. There are ten of these on each i^ide of the saloon. Each has
a Chinese character carved in the centre. The characters on the right
to a person entering, form the following maxim : — Loo yaou che ma
leih : jin kew keen jin sin. The interpretation of which is, " By a long
journey we know a horse's strength ; so length of days shows a man's
heart.*"

The characters on the opposite side of the room, commencing from
the lower end, form the following maxim : — Kwa teen puh na Ic :

* The Chinese call the heart, the " (/•(•// /// //ic centre"

108

le hia pxrh cbtng kwan. The interpretation of which is, " In a field of
melons, do not pull up your shoe : under a plum tree, do not adjust your
cap : i. e., be careful of your actions under circumstances of suspicion."

Between these circular carvings are maxims placed horizontally, and
extending around the whole entablature. As is customary in China,
the maxims here placed opposite each other, are embellished exactly
alike, though the maxims themselves are not the same. It is unneces-
sary to give the interpretation of all these, as there are so many. A
few are subjoined as specimens . —

" As the scream of the eagle is heard when she has passed over,
so a man's name remains after his death."

" Though a tree be a thousand chang* in height, its leaves must fall
down, and return to its root."

" Following virtue is like ascending an eminence, pursuing vice is like
rushing down a precipice."

" Man perishes in the pursuit of wealth, as a bird meets with destruc-
tion in search of its food."

" The cure of ignorance is study, as meat is that of hunger."

" Unsullied poverty is always happy ; while impure wealth brings with
it many sorrows."

" Petty distinctions are injurious to rectitude; quibbling words violate
right reason."

"Those who respect themselves will be honourable; but he who
thinks lightly of himself, will be held cheap by the world."

" It is equally criminal in the governor and the governed to violate
the laws."

" In learning, age and youth go for nothing ; the best inforaied takes
the precedence."

" Time flies hke an arrow ; days and months like a weaver's shuttle."

" In making a candle we seek for light, in reading a book we seek
for reason ; light to illuminate a dark chamber ; reason to enlighten
man's heart."

" Let every man sweep the snow from before his own doors, and not
trouble himself about the frost on his neighbour's tiles."

" In security do not forget danger ; in times of public tranquillity do
not forget anarchy."

" By learning, the sons of the common people become public ministers;
without learning, the sons of public ministers become mingled with the
mass of the people."

" A man by the cultivation of virtue, consults his own interest ; hi;^
stores of wisdom and reflection are every day fiUing up."

* A chang is ten Chinese cubits, ench fouitcen and a half inches.

109

Confucius says, " the capacity for knowledge of the inferior man is
small and easily filled up ; the inteUigence of the superior man i*^ deep
and not easily satisfied."

" Would you understand the character of the Prince, examine his
ministers; would you know the disposition of any man, look at his
companions ; would you know that of, father, look at his son."

" Those who have discharged their duties as children, will in their
turn have dutiful children of their own ; the obstinate and untoward will
again produce offspring of the same character : to convince you, only
observe the rain from the thatched roof, where drop follows drop
without the least variation,"

"Virtue is the surest road to longevity; but vice meets with an
early doom."

The brief, sententious sayings of gifted men in all ages and nations,
have excited a powerful influence over the pul)lic mind ; and it must
be admitted, that in general, they contribute largely to promote social
comfort, propriety, morality, and correct judgment. Such are the inspired
proverbs of Solomon, which will endure through all time. Such too, the
fine old proverbs of England, Spain, and France, as well as thousands of
maxims of the people of Asia. — Indeed, the aphorisms of a country
may be quoted, as indicating, in some measure, the genius, sen^e, and
mental characteristics of its inhabitants ; and we know of no nobler
monuments of ancient literature, than the proverbs which have been
transmitted to us. How common — how almost necessary, both in
speaking and writing — is the introduction of some maxim by way of
enforcing an argument or promoting a principle ! And many of the best
passages in the essays and other compositions of modern authors,
will often be found, on a careful investigation, to contain the e.xact
sentiments of an old proverb, though, perhaps, somewhat elaborated,
and clothed in the costume of novel phraseology. The Chinese arc
celebrated, even more than the Persians, Arabs, and Hindoos, for their
aphorisms and maxims.

We have elsewhere noticed the striking similarity that exists between
many ancient maxims of the Chinese, and the precepts found in Holy
Writ, We subjoin a few of the moral aphorisms tliat adorn tlicir tem-
ples and dwellings; and which will be found to harmonize witli many
passages of Scripture : —

CHINESE MAXIMS. IMIOVKRHS OF SOLOMON.

"Virtue is the surest road to . "The fear of the Lord prolongeth
longevity ; but vice meets witli an days ; but the years of the wicked
earlv doom." shallbesliortencd." — Chap.\.\.27 .

110

" Unsullied poverty is always
happy; while impure wealth hrings
with it many sorrows."

" The heart is the fountain of
life."

" Wine and good dinners make
abundance of friends : but, in the
time of adversity, not one is to be
found."

" Honours come by diligence :
riches spring from economy."

" If a man be not enlightened
from within, what lamp shall he
light ? — If his intentions are not
upright, what prayers shall he re-
peat }

" If vou love your son, give him
plenty of the cudgel : if you hate
your son, cram him with dain-
ties."

" The slow horse is fated to re-
ceive the lash : the worthless man
will ultimately get his deserts."

" A virtuous woman is a source
of honour to her husband : a vi-
cious one causes him disgrace !"

" When mandarins are pure, the
people are happy."

" Every blade of grass has its
share of the dews of heaven ; and
though the birds of the forest have
no garners, the wide world is all
before them."

" Treasures of wickedness profit
nothing ; but righteousness deli-
vereth from death." — Chap. x. v. 2.

" Out of the heart are the is-
sues of life." — Chap. iv. 23.

" Many will entreat the favour
of the Prince ; and every man is a
friend to him that giveth gifts." —
Chap. xix. V. 6.

" The hand of the diligent shall
bear rule : but the slothful shall be
under tribute." — Chap. xii. v. 24.

" The sacrifice of the wicked is
abomination : how much more
when he bringeth it with a wicked
mind." — Chap.xxi. v. 27.

" He that spareth his rodhateth
his son : but he that loveth him
chasteneth him betimes." — Chap.
xiii. v. 24.

" A whip for the horse, a bridle
for the ass, and a rod for the fool's
back." — Chap. xxvi. v. 3.

" A virtuous woman is a crown
to her husband : but she that
maketh ashamed is as rottenness
in his bones." — Chap. xii. v. 4.

" \^^len the righteous are in
authority, the people rejoice : but
when the wicked beareth ride, the
people mourn." — Chap. xxix. 2.

" Behold the fowls of the air ;
for they sow not, neither do they
reap, nor gather into barns ; yet
your heavenly Father feedeth
them!" (Clirist's sermon on the
mount.) — Matt. vi. v. 26.

Ill

" Wisdom, and virtue, and be- " But the fruit of the Spirit is
nevolence, and rectitude, without love, joy, peace, long-suffering,
politeness, are imperfect." . .gentleness, goodness, faith," &c. —

Paul to the Gal. chap. v. v. 22.
" That which touches vermilhon " Evil communications corrupt
is reddened." good manners."— Pa?// to the Cor.

chap. XV. V. 33.

PAINTINGS.

[The enumeration of pictures in the collection commences with No . lUOO.
which the visitor will find on the left hand of the screen fronting the en-
trance to the saloon.

It may be proper here to remark, that all paintings and drawings in this
collection are by Chinese artists exclusively.']

The fine arts in China are undoubtedly far from having reached the
perfection that belongs to them in the enhghtened nations of Christen-
dom ; yet an examination of the paintings in this collection, will satisfy
every candid mind that gi-eat injustice has been done to Chinese artists,
in the notions hitherto entertained respecting their want of abilitv' and
skill. They paint insects, birds, fishes, fruits, flowers, and portraits, with
great correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy and variety of their
colours cannot be sm-passed. Tliey group with considerable taste and
effect ; and their perspective, a department of the art in which they have
been thought totally deficient, is often ver\- good. Light and shade they
do not weU understand, and they positively object to the introduction of
shadows in pictures. But in paintings for foreigners, they endeavour to
meet the ideas of their employers, by the introduction of light and shadow.
Barrow, as quoted by Davis, says, that "when several portraits by the
best European artists, intended as presents for the emperor, were
exposed to view, the mandarins, observing the variety of tints occasioned
by the light and shade, asked whether the originals had the two sides of
different colours. They considered the shadow of the nose as a great
imperfection in the figure, and some supposed it to have been placed
there by accident."

lOOC to 1023. A series of coloured drawings, (twenty-four in num-
ber,) representing the several stages of the black tea prucess,
from the picking of the leaves to its final tniiiportation,
as practiced in Fokien, lying between the 27 and 28 degs.
nortli latitude on the south east declivities of a range of hills,
dividing that province from Keang-se.

112

1024 to 1027 Four interior views of Ponkeiqua's grounds at Honan.

1028 to 1030, These three drawings, with those on the opposite pillar
(Nos. 1333, 4 & 5) represent the rearing of the silk worm as
conducted at Nankin, from the hatching of the silk worm egg
to the final weaving of the silk, together with the culture of
the mulberry tree.

Mr. Barrow, who observed the management of the trees and silk
worms in Che-Keang, confirms the usual Chinese accounts, by saying,
that " the houses in wliich they are reared are placed generally in the
centre of each plantation, in order that they may be removed as far
as possible from every kind of noise : experience having taught them
that a sudden shout, or bark of a dog, is destructive of the young
worms. A whole brood has sometimes perished by a thunder stonn."
The chambers are so contrived as to admit the use of artificial heat when
necessary. Great care is taken of the sheets of paper on wliich the
multitudes of eggs have been laid by the silk- worm moths ; and the
hatching of their eggs is either retarded or advanced, by the application of
cold or heat, according to circumstances, so as to time the simultaneous
exit of the young worms, exactly to the period when the tender spring
leaves of the mulljerry are most fit for their nourishment.

They proportion the food very exactly to the young worms, by weigh-
ing the leaves, which, in the first instance, are cut into small pieces, but
afterwards, as the insects become larger, are given to them whole.
The greatest precautions are observed in regulating the temperature of
the apartments, and in keeping them clean, quiet, and free from smells.
The worms are fed upon a species of small hurdles of basket work,
strewed with leaves, which are frequently shifted for the sake of clean-
liness, the insects readily moving ofi^to a fresh hurdle, with new leaves,
as the scent attracts them. In proportion to their growth, room is
afforded them by increasing the number of these hurdles, the worms of
one being shifted to three, then to six, and so on, until they reach the
greatest size.

When the worms have cast their several skins, reached their greatest
size, and assumed a transparent vellowish colour, they are removed
into places divided into compartments, preparatory to their spin-
ning.

In the course of a week after the commencement of spinning, the
silken cocoons are complete, and it now becomes necessary to take
them in hand, before the pupae turn into moths, which would imme-
diately bore their way out, and spoil the cocoons. When a certain
number, therefore, have been laid aside for the sake of future eggs, the

113

pupae in the bulk of the cocoons are killed, by being placed in jars,
under layers of salt and leaves, with a complete exclusion of air.
They are sulisequently placed in moderately warm water, which dis-
solves the glutinous substance that binds the silk together, and the
filament is wound off upon reels. This is put up in bundles of a certain
size and weight, and either becomes an article of merchandise, under
the name of "raw silk," or is subjected to the loom, and manufac-
tured into various stuffs, for home or foreign consumption. Notwith-
standing the apparent simplicity of their looms, they will imitate exactly
the newest and most delicate pattern from England or France. The
Chinese particularly excel in the production of damasks and flow-
ered satins. Their crape has never yet been perfectly imitated ; and
they make a species of washing silk, called at Canton pongee, which
becomes more soft as it is longer used.

The two pursuits or professions, namely, husbandry and the silk
manufacture, the chief sources of food and clothing, form the subject of
the sixteen discourses to the people, which are elsewhere noticed. It is
there observed, that "from ancient times the Son of Heaven himself
directed the plough ; the Empress planted the mulberry tree. Thus
have these exalted personages, not above the practice of labour and
exertion, set an example to all under heaven, with a view to leading
millions of their subjects to attend to their essential interests."

In the work, published by imperial authority, called " Illustrations of
Husbandry and Weaving," under the latter head is detailed all the opera-
tions connected with planting the mulberry, and gathering the leaves,
up to the final weaving of the silk. Besides the common mulberry of
China, which difi^ers somewhat from that of Europe, they occa-ionally.
in feeding the worms, have i^ecourse to a wild specimen of the mon/s
tribe, as well as to the leaves of another tree, supposed to be a variety
of ash. The principal object, in the cultivation of the mulberry for
feeding silkworms, is to produce the greatest quantity of young and
healthy leaves, without fruit. For this reason, the trce.> are not allowed
to exceed a certain age and height. They are planted at a convenient
distance from each other, on the plan of a quincunx, and are said to be
in perfection in about three years. The mulberry tree for silk-worm-*
is chiefly cultivated in Che-keung, which province, together with the
only three others that produce fine silk, namely, Keang-nun, Hoo-pih,
and Sze-chuen, is crossed by the thirtieth parallel of latitude. Che-
keang is a fine alluvial country, intersected by numerous river.-; and
canals, with a climate that corresponds j)retty nearly to the same
latitude in the United States of America. The soil is manured witli
mud, which is dug from the rivers, assisted with ashes or dung ; and t lu-
ll

114

spaces between the trees are generally planted with millet, pulse, or other
articles of food. The time for pruning the young trees, so as to
produce fine leafy shoots, is at the commencement of the year. About
four eyes are left on every shoot, and care is taken that the branches
are properly thinned, with a view to giving plenty of light and air to
the leaves. In gathering these, they make use of steps, or a ladder,
with a prop, as the young trees cannot support a ladder, and would,
besides be injured in their branches by the use of one. The trees, with
their fohage, are carefully watched, and the mischiefs of insects pre-
vented by the use of various applications, among which are some
essential oils.

Tlie young trees, of course, suffer by being stripped of their leaves,
which are the lungs of the plants, and this is an additional reason for
renewing them, after a certain time. They endeavour, in part, to coun-
teract the evil effect, by pruning and lopping the tree, so as to diminish
the wood when the leaves have been stripped, and, it is probable, that a
few leaves are left on. It is surprising, however, to observe how soon a
tree in those climates will recover its leaves in the summer or autumn,
after having been entirely stripped of them by a typhoon or hurricane.
Fresh plants are procured by cuttings or layers, or, sometimes, from
seed. Wlien the trees grov/ too old for the production of the finest
leaves, and show a greater tendency to fruiting, they are either removed
altogether, or cut and managed so as to produce fresh and young
branches. They generally contrive to obtain three crops of young leaves
during the season.

1032. Portrait of the Tae Ho-shang, (" harmony and elevation,") the

abbot or superior of the temple Hae-chwang sze, at Honan.

The rank of this distinguished Buddhist is indicated by the presence of
the Seih chang, a kind of official staff or crozier carried in the hand bv
the head of the priests of this sect.

This truly amiable prelate was the personal friend of Mr. Dunn, and
contributed to the formation of this collection by his influence and exer-
tion in procuring various specimens of vertu from the interior of the
empire, into which, it is well kno^vn, the pecuhar policy of the govern-
ment of China forbids all foreigners to enter.

1033. View of the Grand Canal, where it is divided by an embankment

from the lake Po-yang.
The imperial canal was principally constructed by Koblai-khan and
his immediate successors of the Yuen race, and extends fi^om Tien-tsin,
near Pekin, to Hangchow-foo in Chekeang, being about 600 geogra-
phical miles, and is called by the Chinese, " Yun-ho," " The river for
the transportation of grain."

115

1034. Stands, with fruit, flowers, &c., on rice paper.

1035. Six drawings of native boats on rice paper.

In the lower right hand section of this frame is represented, a " duck
boat," locally so called. Immense quantities of domesticated ducks are
reared by the Chinese, particularly those who Uve on the rivers. It
holds the same rank in the winged race, that the pig occupies among
quadrupeds. The particular kind of boat appropriated to duck rearing
in China, has a broad platform projecting over the water for the use
of the birds, who are also honored with the most roomy apartments
within the boat itself. During the day they are allowed to have their
freedom on shore, seeking their food ; but they are trained to obey
the caU of a whistle, and when at evening the signal is sounded, they
instantly hasten back fi-om their wanderings.
10S6. Landscape vnth summer-houses.
1037 & 1038. Two drawings of the interior of gentlemen's summer

residences in China.
1039. Twelve varieties in Chinese ornithology, beautifully painted on
rice paper. The pithy substance known in England by the term rice
paper, having the appearance of white velvet, is obtained from a mal-
vaceous plant. In the preparation for use, the stem of the plant is cut
into small pieces in a circular manner, and the cylinder rolled out and
flattened into squares. The chief use to which it is applied, is in
making artificial flowers ; pillows are made of it, and of the cuttings,
soles of shoes on account of its lightness.
1040 & 1044. Furniture and stands, &c.

1041. Native map of China.

The Chinese, unassisted by foreigners, have done very little in the
study of geography, or, as they term it, " the records of the earth's prin-
ciples.^' Nor have they made much use of the knowledge brought
from abroad upon this subject. Geography is not with them regarded
as a branch of education ; and only a few, even of their literati, understand
the first principles of the science.

1042. View of the city of Canton.

A glance at this production will correct a prevalent error respecting
the inability of Chinese painters to produce perspective. Though hglit
and shade are certainly a good deal neglected here, and the perspective
is not perfect, yet the picture is by no means deficient in this respect ;
and the di'awings of individual objects are extremely accurate. The
point from which the view has been taken is the bank of the river
opposite Canton, directly in front of the foreign factories, which occupy
about one-half the canvass. The scene, particularly upon the surface of
the intervening river, is altogether novel, <md highly characteristic. The

116

national boats, of whidi there is a very great variety, have all their
representatives here, from the gaudy flower barge, in which large parties
are borne gaily over the waters, to the tiny sanpan, whose contracted
dimensions will admit only a single navigator. This part of the view is
peculiarly animated and interesting, The foreign factories occupy the
centre of the picture, and the English, French, and American ensigns
float above them. On each side of these is a view of a small portion
of Canton bordering upon the river ; but as the city is built upon low
and flat ground, almost the whole of it is invisible from our present
point of observation.

Canton stands upon the north bank of the Chookeang or Pearl
river, about sixty miles inland from the " great sea." It is one of the
oldest cities in the southern provinces, and second in importance to no
other in the empire, except Pekin, where the emperor holds his court.
It is the great commercial emporium of China, and the only port where
foreign trade is permitted. It is not very large in extent, the whole
circuit of the walls not exceeding probably six miles ; but it is densely
peopled, and the suburbs, including the river population, contain as
many inhabitants as the city proper.

The streets of Canton are very numerous, being more than six hundred.
Their names sound oddly to us, and have rather an ambitious air.
" Dragon-street," Flying-dragon-street," "Martial-dragon-street,"
" Flower-street," " Golden- street," " Golden-flower-street," &c., are
high-sounding enough ; but some of them, it is said, have names which
would hardly bear to be translated for " ears polite." The Rev. Mr.
Bridgman states that they vary in width from two to sixteen feet, and
gives it as his opinion that the general average is from six to eight feet.
Mr. Dunn thinks this an over estimate by one or two feet. They are
all paved with large flag stones, chiefly granite. Wheel can-iages are
seldom used. Those who can afibrd to ride are borne in sedan chairs on
the shoulders of coolies, and all heavy burdens are carried by porters.
The streets are generally crowded, and present a busy, bustling,
animated appearance. They all have gates at each end, which are
closed at night, and guarded by a sentinel.

The houses are but one story high. A few of them are of wood or
stone ; many, belonging to the pooi-er classes, of mud, and with but a
single apartment; but the largest portion of bricks. The dwellings of
those in easy circumstances contain various well-furnished apartments,
the walls of which are generally ornamented with can-ing, pictures, and
various scrolls, inscribed with moral maxims from Confucius and other
sages. The houses of the wealthy are often furnished in a stjde
of great magnificence, and the occupants indulge in the most luxurious

117

habits. Official personages, however, for the most part sot a com-
mendable example of simplicity and economv in their manner of
living. The doors have no plates to tell who the occupant of the man-
sion is, but cylindrical lanterns are hung up by the sides of the gates of
all houses of consequence, with the names and titles of the owners
inscribed, so as to be read either by day or at night, when the lanterns
are lighted.

Canton is a large manufacturing as well as commercial town. Mr.
Bridgman informs us that there are no less than 1 7,000 persons
engaged in weaving silk, and 50,000 in manufacturing cloth of
all kinds ; that there are 4,200 shoemakers ; and what will startle and
astound every one, that there is an army of barbers amounting to
7,300 ! The important office of tonsor can be held only by license of
government. Why the number is so great, has already been e.xplained.
The manufacture of books is extensively carried on in this city, but we
are not in possession of the exact statistics. " Those likewise," says
Bridgman, " who work in wood, brass, iron, stone, and various other
materials, are numerous ; and they who engage in each of these
respective occupations, fonn, to a certain degree, a separate community,
and have each their own laws and rules for the regulation of their
business."

But operatives and tradesmen are very much in the habit of herding
together. Entire streets are devoted to the same kind of business.
There is even a street occupied almost exclusively by Druggists,
and is thence called by the Fan-kweis, " Doctor-street." Tlie
signs, gaily painted and lettei"ed on each side, and hung out like
tarern signs among us, give the business streets a lively and brilliant
appearance.

The population of Canton is a difficult subject. No certain data exists
for an accurate estimate. The author above (juoted enters into con-
jectures and calculations, which give him a result of nearly a million and
a quarter, including the suburbs and river. It seems probable that this
estimate is considerably beyond the mark. Tlie river population is au
interesting subject, to which we have already alluded. Besides Ciuiton,
there are two other large cities in China, namely, Pekin tlic capital, and
Nankin (the ancient capital.) Tlie jjopulation of the former, including
the village of Fo-shan, where the chief manufactures are carried on, and
which may be termed the Manchester of China, is variously estimated,
at from 1 ,000,000 to 2,000,000 ; and the latter is no where stated to
contain less than 1,000,000 of inhabitants.

The police of ('anion is vigilant and verv eiruienf. lUsides
those who act in the capacity of constables, thief-takeis, atid jailers,

118

and constitute the regular police, there are many neighbourhoods, as
well as private individuals, that make arrangements for a constant
nocturnal watch. During the night, almost all the streets of the city are
shut up by gates at each end ; near one of which there is usually
a gxiard-house. The night-watches are distinguished by bells, or some
similar instruments, kept by the watchmen. In the winter months,
when there is great danger from fire as w^ell as thieves, watch-towers are
built on bamboo poles, high above the roofs of the houses — thus con-
stituting a double watch. When thieves are discovered, or when a fire
breaks out in any part of the city, the alarm, by means of the watchmen,
spreads quickly from one extremity of the city to the other. When
riotous assemblies collect in the streets, they are, in most cases, speedily
dissolved by a \ngorous apphcation of the bamboo or whip. Many,
doubtless, " shove by justice," and to the day of their death go un-
pxmished ; yet the number who are arrested and brought to trial,
annually, is very great. So summar}^ is the mode in which the objects
of the pohce are effected, that it is no hght matter to be once in their
hands. Tlie Chinese emphatically express their sense of this unfortunate
condition, by the popular phrase, " Tlie meat is on the chopping block."
Not unfrequently, in minor cases, a man receives the punishment and again
goes free, the same hour in which he commits the crime. The forms of
trial are simple. There is no jury, no pleading. The criminal kneels
before the magistrate . who hears the witnesses and passes sentence ; he
is then remanded to prison, or sent to the place of execution. Seldom
is he acquitted. Wnen ■natnesses are wanting, he is sometimes tortured
until he gives in evidence against himself. There are four jails in
Canton, which together contain several hundred prisoners. The jail is
commonly called te-yo, hell, or literallv, " earth's prison." AU capital
offenders suffer -without the southern gates, near the river. Hundi-eds
die there annually. When brought to the fatal spot, thev kneel with
their faces towards to the emperor's court, and bending forward in the
attitude of submission and reverence, suddenly expire beneath the bloody
sword of the executioner.
1043. Flowers, on rice paper,
1045. Representation of the Feast of Lanterns, by moonlight.

This truly brilliant spectacle is annually observed on the 15th day
of the first moon, throughout the whole extent of " The Great and
Pure Empire," and is intended to propitiate the auspicious opening
of the New Year. It is a grand display of an infinite variety of lanterns
of every conceivable shape and construction ; they are made of silk,
paper, mica, horn, glass, and pearl shell ; some with very curious
moving figures revolving round the faint light that burns within them.

119

Upon this occasion, the liouscs, rout's, and boats, atv illumiiiatcd, and
many tliousands of singukr devices are seen flouting upon the surface
of the water, giving the appearance of a river on fire. High poles
are erected, from the tops of wliich are suspended strings of lanterns of
variegated colours. Each person has a lantern in his hand, and the
whole scene is accompanied with the sounding of gongs, and the discharge
of crackers and other fireworks, for the manufacture of which the
Chinese are so famous.

1046. Flowers.

1047. Six paintings of boats, on rice paper.

1048. Portrait of Taou-Kwang, the reigning emperor of Chin;i. in
state costume ; on the opposite side is a corresponding portrait of his late
consort. The emperor Taou-Kwang, is a son of the late enjperor
Kea-King: horn on the 10th of the 8th moon, 1781 ; and sLicccdcd his
father on the 2-Jth August, 1821, in the 39th year of his age.

Taou-Kwang (" Reason's Glory,'") is the Kwohaou, or title of the
reigning emperor, assumed by him on ascending the throne of China, in
compliance with an ancient custom of selecting an imperial title corres-
ponding with the prominent sentiments of his mind, and characteristic
of his future reign ; hence the above designation intimates that during his
government the principles of reason and rectitude should be pre-eminently
illustrious.

In figure Taou-Kwang is said to he tall, thin, and of a tlark com-
plexion. He is of a generous disposition, diligent, attentive to gover-
ment, and economical in his expenditure. He has also avoided, through
life, the vices to which his father and younger brothers were ad-
dicted.

1049. Portrait of Houqua, principal of the Co- Hong.

The word Hong (mandarin dialect, Huny) in Chinese, denotes a large
factory or mercantile building ; and Hong merchant, in common use in
the interior, means much the same as " tcholesale mrrchdnt," in contra-
distinction from those "merchants," as the Scotch cidl them, who keep
shops only. But the Hong merchants here referred to, are a licensed
company of wholesale mercliants, authorised to deal exclusively with the
foreigners of Europe and America, and from the ports of Asia; or the
foreigners who come from " beyond seas" to the ])()rt of Canton ; anil
hence the proper appellation, Yang-hang-shang : i.e. "sea or ocean
wholesale merchants."

1050. Mandarin on horseback, bearing despatches from the cmi)cror.

The tardy movement of the officer here rcjircsented, contrasts
stronglv with the ])oni])ous title of the imperial edicts. whi<li
arc said to be " luminous and swiff a:- llir vii\> of light."

120

The ordinary rute of dcjrputches is 300 le* per day ; in cases of great
moment they are called "fire despatches," and are carried 500 le per
day, arriving in Canton fi'ora the capital in twelve or thirteen days.

The "express office" is supphed with a large number of couriers,
ready at all times for dispatch.

There is no public post in China except for the use of the government,
but there are numbers of well known and trastworthy persons who are
employed as letter carriers between towns and villages, and who thus
supply the absence of a regular post. There are sometimes places
appointed where letters can be left for the postman, and he is not
unfi-equently seen with a letter bag on his back marked with the place of
his destination, passing through the street and calling for letters. The
charge for postage is light ; between Canton and Macao, a distance of
about 70 miles, it will average for single letters about thirty cash, (or
three half-pence.

The envelope containing the official document, as here represented,
is of the imperial yellow.
lOol & 1352. Flowers.
1053 & 1054. Baskets of flowers beautifully painted.

1055. Portrait of Shonshing, an eminent merchant of Canton.

1056. View of Golden Island in the Yang-tsze Keang. This is the

largest river in China, and runs a course of 3,290 miles. Its
name denotes the " Son of the Sea." It bears about the same
proportion to the Thames, that the territory of China bears to
that of England and Scotland. The next great Chinese river
in magnitude, is the " Hwang-ho," which is 3040 miles in
length.

1057. Lady of rank, with small feet.

1058. Lady in \A'alking dress, with small feet.

1059. Lady's boudoir and bedroom.
lOoO. Ladies at plav.

1061 to 1064. Beautiful specimens of painting on glass.

1065 & 1066. Two river views.

1067 & 1068. Mandarins and ladies superbly dressed, painted on rice

paper.
1069 & 1070. Two drawings of the interior of gentlemen's residences

in China.
10/1. Variety of birds, &c. on rice paper.
1 7 2 8k 1 7 3 . Baskets of flowers .
1074. Imperial chair of state, with screen, &c. The emperor's throne

* In statistical accounts of the Enipu'c, the riUitivc distance of places is calculated
in Le, 250 of which make a geographicid degree.

121

is called "Me dragoris seat,' and on state ocnisious in the
hall of audience is always placed facing the South.

1075. Two mandarins and ladies.

1076. Mandarin of the first class, and wife, in full costume.

1077. Interior of temple.

1078. Outbuilding of Buddha temple at Honan, in which domestic

animals are kept ; as pigs, fowls, ducks, and geese, agreeably
to the leading doctrines of the sect, — that no animiU should
be deprived of life. The devout send these animals to the
temple, where they make or pay vows, to ol)tain favours from
superior beings, or return thanks for those received.

i079. Furniture.

1080 & 1081. Flowers.

1082. Furniture.

1083. Four drawings on rice paper, representing mandarins and their

ladies.

1084. Tartar warrior and lady, richly dressed in winter costume. In

the latter person will be obsenxd the aljsence of small feet,
which, in a Chinese lady of the same high rank, would have
been an indispensable accompaniment. The sharp pointed
boots of the officer denote liim to be a military man ; the
luxury of square toes, as elsewhere remarked, are denied to
the soldier.
1085 & 1086. Stands with ornaments, flowers, fruits, &c.

1087. A river scene and bridge.

1088. River view, with fort in the distance.

1089. Mandarins and ladies.

1090. View of Whampoa Reach and Village.

Tlie point from which tliis view is taken, is French islund, a small
portion of which appears in the foreground. Supposing the visitor
to occupy tliis position, immediately before him is Whampoa Reach, in
which several foreign vessels arc riding at anchor, and Whampoa
island, vdth its walled town, plantations of rice, sugar-canes, c^c, its
orange groves, and picturesque and lofty ])agoda crowning a di-stimt
eminence. Beyond appear the winding channel called Junk River, the
level coast, and the far-off mountains, that swell out, in undulating out-
line, to the northward of Canton. The view rci)rc'sontfd in this jiicture
is extensive and beautiful, and the execution of tlie painting is creditable
to the skill of the artist. In the small town before us. the visitor will
])erceive one or more square ])uildings, higher than the surrounding
dwellings. These are government storehouses for the reception t)f their
staple commodity, rice. The government of China, witli a Hberal policy

122

and benevolent feeling' for its millions of subjects, ])rovides for any
sudden or accidental failing of the crops, by the establishment of
pubUc granaries in each province, under the controul of certain officers,
whose duty it is, during a time of plenty, to purchase at the government
cost, large supplies of rice, to be distributed to the poor at such prices as
circmnstances mav require. If the grain of the following year should
amoimt to an average crop, the stock on hand is sold at a price a little
lower than the first cost ; if the supply should be considerably short of
the demand, it is then sold to the poor at reduced prices ; but if the
famine should be severe, it is then supplied to the sufferers gratuitously.
All persons are strictly prohibited bv the government fi'om hoarding
grain. Pubhc granaries seem to have existed in China from time im-
memorial, and they have assumed a variety of forms. Among the Chinese,
the practice of storing grain in the earth has long since ceased.
Whampoa Reach, the southern channel, is the anchorage of all foreign
shipping. It is twelve miles from Canton. The cargoes imported
are here unladen, and taken up to the factories in a kind of lighter,
called " chops ;" and whatever is to be exported is brought down in the
same way.

1091. River view, with "chop-house," for the examination of pass-

ports and official documents.

1092. Water view, vrith bridge.

1093. Furniture and maxims.

1094 & 1095. Ornamental stands, flowers, &c.

1096. Couch, fruit stand, &c.

1097. Two mandarins, with ladies.

1098. Tartar bearing the joo-ee. Mandarin and lady in state chairs with

beautiful screens.
1099 & 1100. Two interior views of temples.
1101. Furniture.
] 1 02 & 1 1 03. Baskets of flowers.

1104. Furniture.

1105. Mandarins and their wives in splendid costumes.

1106. Tartar warrior, fully equipped, \\-ith a lady richly dressed. The

latter is sitting on a rock-hke stool, cross-legged, a customary
mode with the Tartars.

1107. Stands with ornaments.

1 108. Stands with ornaments and fruits.
1109 & 1110. Two river scenes.

1111 & 1113. Two winter views in the north of China.

1112. View on Lob creek, near Whampoa.

1114. Representation of an inundation of rice grounds.

123

The frequent inundations that occur in the low grounds^ of China
may be attributed in part to the imperfect mode in which the banks
of many of their canals are constructed ; being nothing more sub-
stantial than an embankment of soft mud, intermixed with layers of
rushes.

The following interesting account of the Chinese deluge, which oc-
curred in the reign of the ancient Emperor Yaou, is translated from the
Shoo-king, and is here introduced from Professor Kidd's late work
on China. According to the Chinese system of chronology, it happened
in the vear of the world seventeen hundred and thirteen, which is only
fifty-seven years later than the generally received date of the deluge of
Moses.

" The Emperor Yaou said — ' Vast and destructive arc the accumulat-
ing waters, which have overflowed their banks, rise so high as to cover
the hills and overtop the loftiest mountains, while they are co-exten-
sive with the spacious concave of heaven. Alas ! for the mass of the
people ; who shall relieve them from their calamities ?

"All replied, ' Behold, Kwan !' ' Ah, no ; it cannot be;' answered
his majesty ; 'he opposes the commands of his superiors, and subverts
the nine classes of kindred.' It was remarked by the ministers, ' That
is doubtful, try him ; perhaps he may succeed.' The emperor said,
' Let him go then ; but be cautious !' He was engaged nine years with-
out accomplishing his task, and eventually atoned for the failure by his
death. Yu, his son, was next employed, who perfected the great work
of removing the flood, and restoring order to the empire.

The following dialogue on the subject of his labours, occurred between
Yu and his sovereign. The Emperor says, ' Approach the imperial
presence, you have abundant communications to make.' Yu worshij)pc(l,
and said, ' May it please your majesty, how can I speak ?' My thoughts
were unweariedly and incessantly employed day by day. Tlie deluge
rose high, and spread wide as the spacious vault of heaven ; buried the
hills and covered the mountains with its waters, into which the common
people, astonished to stupefaction, sunk. I travelled on dry land in a
chariot, on water in a boat, in miry places on a sledge, and chmbed
the sides of hills bv means of spikes in my shoes. I went from moun-
tain to mountain felling trees ; fed the peoi)lc with raw food ; formed
a passage for the waters to the sea on every part of the empire, by
cutting nine distinct beds and preparing cliannels to conduct the ni to the
rivers. The waters having subsided, I taaglit the people to plough and
sow, who, while the devastating efl^ects of the flood continued, were con-
strained to eat uncooked food. I urged them to barter such things n»
they could spare, for others, of which they stood in need. In this way

124

the people were fed, and ten thousand provinces restored to order and
prosperity."

1115. Chinese pleasure grounds.

1116 to 1119. Four views, representing a funeral procession. The
visitor will observe that the bier is carried in the rear, con-
trary to the practice with us. The cemetery, which will be
found in the distance, is invariably on the south side of a hill,
too barren for cultivation.
Mr. Davis remarks — " When a parent or elder relation among the
Chinese dies, the event is formally announced to all the branches of
the family; each side of the doors is distinguished by labels, in
white, which is the mourning colour. Wealthy families place a board
at the door, on which is written, the title, age, &c. of the deceased.
The lineal descendants of the deceased, clothed in coarse white cloth,
with bandages of the same round their heads, sit weeping round
the corpse on the ground, the women keeping up a dismal howl,
after the manner of the Irish. In the meantime the friends of
the deceased appear with white coverlets of linen or silk, which
are placed on the body ; the eldest son, or next lineal male descend-
ant, supported on each side by relations, and bearing in his hands
a porcelain bowl, containing two copper coins, now proceeds to
the river, or the nearest well, or the wet ditch of the city, to " buy
water," as it is termed. The ceremony must be performed by the
eldest son's son, in preference to the second son, and entitles him to a
double share of the property, which, in other respects, is divided
equally amongst the sons. Tlie form of washing the face and body with
this water being completed, the deceased is dressed as in life, and laid
in a coffin, of which the planks are from four to six inches in thickness,
and the bottom strewed with quick- lime. On being closed, it is made
air-tight by cement, being, besides, varnished on the inside and outside.
A tablet is then placed on it, bearing the name and titles of the de-
ceased, as they are afterwards to be cut on the tomb.

" On the expiration of " thrice seven," or twenty-one days, the funeral
procession takes place, the tablet being conveyed in a gilded sedan or
pavihon, with incense and offerings before it. It is accompanied by
music, closely resembling the Scottish bagpipe, with the continual
repetition of three successive strokes on the drum. The children and
relations of both sexes follow in white, without much order or regu-
larity, and, upon reaching the grave, the ceremonies and oblations com-
mence. It being a part of their superstition, that money and garments
must be burnt, for the use of the deceased in the world of spirits, these
arc, with a wi^e economy, represented by paper. Presents are made

125

by the friends of the family, to defray the expenses incurred in tlie
burial. On the envelope is written these words — ' Respectful contri-
bution to the coffining :' which are sent to the person who presides at
the funeral. This appears to be an universal practice.

" The form of the tombs, whether large or small, is exactly that of a
Greek n, which, if taken in the sense of "the end," is an odd acci-
dental coincidence. Tliose of the rich and great are sometimes very
large, and contain a considerable quantity of masonry, with figures of
animals, in ttone. The whole detail of sepulchral rites, with the sen-
timents of the Chinese concerning the dead, is contained in the drama
of ' An Heir in Old Age.'

" After the interment, the tablet of the deceased is brought back in
procession, and, if the family be rich, it is placed in the * Hall of
ancestors ;' if poor, in some part of the house, with incense before it.
Two periods in every year (the spring and autumn), are fixed for per-
forming the rites to the dead, but the first is the principal period, and
the only one commonly attended to. Unlike the generality of Chinese
festivals, which are regidated by the moon, (and, therefore, moveable,)
this is determined by the sun, and occurs annually 1 05 days after the
solstice, i. e. the 5th of April. About that time, (for a day or two,
before or after, does not signify to them,) the whole population of the
town is seen trooping out, in parties, to the hills, to repair and sweep
the tombs, and make offerings, leaving behind them, on their return
home, long streamers of red and white paper, to mark the fulfilment of
their rites. Whole ranges of hiUs, sprinkled with tombs, may, at that
season, be seen, covered with these testimonials of attention to the
departed, fluttering in the wind and sunshine. Small mounds of earth
may be observed behind a grave, with a tablet having " How-too-shin,"
inscribed upon it. Tliis means a divinity, who is considered :is a guardian
of the tomb."

PRAYER,

OFFERED AT AN ANCESTOR'S TOMn.

The foil oicing is the translation of a Sacrificial Prayer or TSE-M'AN,
read at the Tomb of an Ancestor.

" This thirteenth year of the reign of Taou-kwang, (I8:i3,) the year
being Kwei-sze, (the 30th year of the cycle,) in the 2nd month of the
spring, after the new moon, the IGth day, at the happy Tsing-ming-
term — propriety requires that the spring sacrifice should be offered, the
2;rass mowed down, and the braml)lcs cut away.

126

" Reverently have we prepared pigs, yheep, fowls, and fresh hams,
seasonable vegetables, fruits, mcense, rich wines, gold, silver, and
precious things ; (i. e. tinsel papers ;) and venture to announce the same
to the soul of our great Progenitor, the venerated Prince.

" Behold ! man has Progenitors and Parents, as water has springs, and
trees have roots. When the roots strike deep, the branches are abun-
dant ; the fohage rich, and forests are formed. When springs of water
are large, and flow far, they enrich the soil, and diffuse fragrance. We
look wishfully, and pray the souls in Hades to shelter and assist us, their
descendants ; that we may be prosperous ; may age after age be decked
with badges of honour ; may long enjoy riches and rank ; may, hke the
melon creeper and the cotton fibre, be continually happy, and never
extinct ; may, for myriads of ages, be illustrious spirits. Prostrate, we
pray you to come to enjoy and view these sacrifices. With sincerity
these prayers are offered up."

1120 to 1130. A series of drawings, in water colours, upon the leaves
of the Ficus Religiosa. In the preparations of the leaf for the
artist, every part is carefully removed but the fibre, which has
the appearance of gauze. In this state figures are painted on
them resembling some of their demi-gods. The leaves are
called poo-te-sha.
1131 & 1132. Stands, fruits, &c.

1133. Furniture, &c.

1134. Two mandarins and ladies superbly dressed.

1 135. Mandarin of the highest class, and lady, splendidly attired. These,

with the couple, (1084 & 1098) are Tartars also. From the
neck of the female is suspended a long kind of scarf or hand-
kerchief, customary with the Tartar ladies. Gentlemen have
a similar appendage at their girdle.

1136. Painting on glass.

1137 & 1 138. Exterior views of temples.

1139. Furniture, maxims, &c.

1140. Basket of flowers, the most prominent being the Moictan,

called by the Chinese Hiva-wang, *' King of Jlcive/s ."

1141. Basket of flowers.

1142. Chinese furniture.

1143. Mandarins and ladies on rice paper.

1 144. Mandarin bearing the imperial dispatches, and ladv.

1145. Paintings on glass.

1146 & 1147. Ornamental stands, vases, fruits. &c.
1148 & 1149. Two river scenes.

127

1150. The Ficus Religiosa, or Uaiiiaii Tree, which sends down roots

from its branches, called by the Chinese " Puh sze muh." or
*' The immortal tree."

1151. Winter piece.

1152. Chinese landscape.

1 153. Gentlemen's summer retreat.
1154 to 1157. Female j)astimes.

1158 to 1161. Specimens of Chinese fish, beautifully painted.
1162. View of the interior of the Consoo House, with the court in
session, for the final decision of the charge of piracy committed
by the crew of a Chinese junk, on a French captain and sailors,
at a short distance fi-om Macao.
The French ship Navigateur, put into Cochin-China in distress. Having
disposed of her to the government, the captain, with his crew, took
passage for Macao, in a Chinese junk, belonging to the province of
Fokien. Part of their viduables consisted of about 100,000 dollars in
specie. Four Chinese passengers boimd for Macao, and one for Fiih-kecn,
were also on board. This last apprised the Frenchman, in the best way
he could, that the crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take
their hves, and seize their treasure. He urged that an armed watcli
should be kept. On making the Ladronc islands, the four Macao pa.s-
sengers left the junk. Here the Frenchmen believed themselves out of
danger, and, exhausted by sickness and long watching, yielded to a fatal
repose. They were aU massacred but one, a youth of about nineteen
years of age, who escaped by leaping into the sea, after receiving ^veral
wounds. A fishing boat picked him up, and landed him at Macao,
where information was given to the officers of government ; and the
crew of the junk, with their ill-gotten gains, were seized on arriving at
their port of destination at Fi'ili-keen. Having been found guilty l>y the
court in their own district, they were sent down to Canton by order t>f
the emperor, to the gun cha sze, (criminal judge,) to be confronted with
the young French sailor. This trial is represented in the painting. The
prisoners were taken out of their cages, as .«een in the foreground. The
Frenchman recognised seventeen out of the twenty-four, but when the
passenger who had been his friend was brought in, the two eagerly cm-
braced each other, which scene is also portrayed in the painting. An
explanation of this extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the man
forthwith set at liberty. A purse was made up for him by the Chinese
and foreigners, and he was soon on his way homeward. The seventeen
were decapitated in a few days, in the jiresence of the foreigners ; tlie
captain was put to a " lingering death." the punishment of traitors ; and
the stolen treasures were restored.
1163 & 1 164. Ornamental stands, vases, flowers, t^c.

128

1165. Couch, fruit stand, &c.

1166. Fruit, flowers, &c. (tea plant.)

1 167. Military officer and lady. A Chinese soldier wears his sword on

the left side, but he draws it with the right hand turned be-
hind him.

11 68. Portrait of a Chinese lady on glass.

1169 & 1170. Views of various buildings, in one of which are dwarf
trees, for which the Chinese are so celebrated.
Almost every garden in China abounds in flower-pots containing
stunted stems with fuU grown fruit.
1171 & 1172. Baskets of flowers, exquisitely coloured.

1173. Furniture and stands, &c.

1 174. Drawings of fruit and flowers.

1 1 75. Nobleman and his wife in winter costume, the latter with a

hand furnace used in the north of China.

1176. Flowers and insects, on white velvet.

1177 & 11 78. Views of the exteriors of Buddha temples.
1179 & 11 80. Paintings on " rice paper" representing the twelve stages
of the silk process, from the egg to the weaving of the silk.

1181. View of an apartment in Mouqua's country seat.

1182. Flowers.

1183. Table, Chinese candles, screen, &c.

1184. Exterior views of temples.

1185. An outbuilding attached to the temple at Ilonan.

1 186. View of an apartment in Mouqua's country seat, at Honan.

1187. Flowers.

1188. Lady of rank in a sedan, carried by bearers.

1189. Mandarin in splendid costume.

1 190. Lady of rank in rich dress.

1191. Interior of the temple at Honan, with Buddha priests at worship.
A description of this celebrated temple may prove interesting to the

reader. The exterior of this temple, as much venerated by the Chinese,
as that of Minerva was by the Athenians, or the edifice dedicated to
Jupiter Tonans by the people of Rome — is by no means remarkable in
appearance. It is spacious and lofty, and constructed after the manner
of other large Chinese buildings, with outer and inner courts, porticos
and passages, which conduct the followers of Buddha into the sacred pre-
sence of their gods, " San Paou Fiih," " the three precmis Buddhas," —
the "past, present, and to come." These are represented by colossal
gilt statues, in a sitting posture, nearly twenty feet in height, formed of
clay and entirely covered with burnished gold.

Tlie principal hall in which these arc placed, is \erw large, jind sup-

129

ported by vermilion-coloured pillars, between which arc suspended
numerous lanterns — and on the shafts of two columns are inscriptions —
one denoting " the golden-coloured region ;" the other, " the three pre-
cious Buddhas."

This temple is guarded from the intrusion of strangers, in the same
exclusive spirit that prompts the followers of the Prophet to deny
Christians admission into the mosques of St. Sophia and Omar. It is
with difficulty that foreigners can enter within these hallowed walls.
The privileged few who have succeeded in so doing, have described the
sudden impression made upon then" minds by the giant idols, as partaking
of the sentiment of awe — until the eye becoming accustomed to their
presence, they are very properly reduced by mental operation to their
true character — mere clay, false god^, and the absurd senseless of an
absurd pagan worship. This is by no means a long process of the mind,
as the countenance of each idol is inexpressive of any particular emotion,
there is nothing to excite either terror or disgust. On looking round the
hall, the appearance of great numbers of Chinese priests standing at
equal distances from each other, attired in pontifical robes, and with
their hands clasped, in silent prayer and adoration, or chaunting
evening service, together with the soft and tender — or rather the " dim,
religious light" of repose which fills the temple — are at once striking
and impressive.

Of this "Jos-house," or Temple of the Buddha sect, the following is
the legend : —

" The Uae-Chung-sze," or Honan Jos-house, was originally a garden,
belonging to Kok-ka, the family of K6. A priest, named Che- \ int, com-
menced a small temple to Buddha, some say about bOO years ago, under
the appellation Tseen-Tsew-Sze, " The temple of a thousand autumns."

It remained an obscure place till the close of the late dynasty, about
the year A. D. 1600, when a pripst of eminent devotion raised its
character ; and his pupil, or disciple Oh-tsze, by his superior talents and
sanctity, together with a concurrence of extraordinary circumstances,
raised the temple to its present magnificence and extent.

During the reign of Kang-he, the second of the reigning Tartar
dynasty, A. D. 1700, Canton pi-ovince was not fully subjugated ; and n
son-in-law of the emperor's, entitled Ping -nan -want/, " king subjugator
of the Soutii," reduced the whole to his father's sway, and took up his
head quarters, in the lionan tample, according to Tartar and Cliincse
usage. There were thirteen villages on the island which he had orders
to exterminale for their opposition to the imperial forces.

Just before carrying into eft'ect this command, tlie king, a blooil-
thirsty man, cast his eyes on Oh-tsze, a fat happy priest, and remarked.

130

tliat if he lived on vegetable diet, lie could not l)c so fat — he must be a
hypocrite, and should be punit^hed with death. He drew his sword to
execute, with his own arm, the sentence, but liis arm suddenly stiffened,
and he was stopped from his purpose. That night a divine person ap-
peared to him in a dream, and assured him that Oh-tsze was a holy man,
adding, " you must not unjustly kill him."

Next morning the king presented himself before Oh-tsze, confessed
his crime, and his ann was immcdiatelv restored. He then did obeisance
to the priest, and took him for his preceptor and guide, and morning
and evening the king waited on the priest as his servant.

The thirteen villages now heard of this miracle, and solicited the
priest to intercede in their behalf, that they might be rescued from the
sentence of extermination. The priest interceded, and the king listened
to him, answering thus — " I have received an imperial order to exter-
minate these rebels ; but since you, my master, say they now submit,
be it so ; however, I must send the troops round the country before I
can write to the emperor. I will do so, and then beg that they may be
spared." This proceeding took place, and Honan villages were saved.
Their gratitude to the priest was unbounded ; and estates, and in-
cense, and money, were poured in upon him. The king also persuaded
his officers to make donations to the temple, and it became affluent from
that day.

At that time there was no " Hall of the celestial Kings ;" and at the
outer gate was a pond belonging to a rich man who refused to sell it,
although Oh-tsze ofiered him a large compensation. One day the king
was conversing with the priest, and said, " this temple still is deficient,
in having no hall for the celestial kings." The priest said, " A terrestial
king, please your majesty, is the proper person to rear a pavihon to the
celestial kings." The king took the hint, and immediately seized upon
the rich man's pond, who was now veiy glad to present it without any
compensation at all. The king commanded that the pavilion should be
finished in fifteen days : however, at the priest's intercession, the work-
men were allowed one month to complete it ; and by working night and
day finished it in that time.

The queen, being the emperor's daughter, hoped she would be allowed
to build a palace, covered with green tiles ; however, her father w^ould
not permit her, and the tiles she had prepared were given to the Jos-
house, to cover one of its pavihons ; and hence it is sometimes called
" the green -tiled temple."

It was in this temple or monastery, that Lord Amherst's embassy
lodged dming his lordship's stay at Canton ; and as Honan faces
Canton, on the opposite bank of the river, many Chinese gentlemen and

131

merchants retire tliither to their country villas, after the business of the

day is over.

1192. Various sea shells, found on the coast of China, showing their

molluscous inhabitants.
1 193 & 1 194. Interior of temples.

1195. Fui-niture and maxims.

1 196. Flowers and fruit. In the left hand lower division of this frame

is a drawing of a species of citron, called bvtheChinese, Fo-shoic,
the hand (of the god) Fuh. Tlie formation of this fruit is a cu-
rious result of horticultural ingenuity practised by the Chinese.
Mr. Davis remarks, that " so entirely is this strange produc-
tion the result of art operating on nature, that it docs not
appear a second time after the plant has been purchased."

1197. Mandarin in a chair, with eight bearers and other attendants.

1198. Warrior in full dress, with bow, quiver, &c.

1199. Mandarin of the imperial household.

1 200. Exterior of a Buddha temple at Honan.

1201. Painting on glass.

1202 & 1203. Exterior views of temples.

1204. Furniture, lamps, &c.

1205. Flowers and finiit.

1206. Lady of rank in palanquin, and bearers. &c.

1207. Mandarin of the first class in fur dress.

1208. Lady in walking habit.

1209. Second gate to the temple at Honan.

1210. Portrait of a lady on glass.

1211 & 1212. Exterior views of various buildings, showing the plans
and arrangements of the outer or fore court.

1213. Cabinet, table, &c.

1214. The first of a series of twelve coloured drawings, representing the
tea culture in the district of Keang-nan, situated at the north-west
extremity of a range of hills dividing that i)roviiice fi"om Che-keang.
between the 30th and 31st parallel of north latitude. This is a view of
the preparation of the ground for planting. For the information of the
reader upon the subject of tea, we cannot give a better description than
that contained in a work by John F. Davis, Esq., F.ll.S., &c., late Chief
of the British Factory at Canton, upon China autl the Chinese, tlie moat
comprehensive and accurate account that has appeared in modern dnvs.
— " The fineness and deamess of tea are determined by the tcndenicss
and smallncss of the leaf when picked, llic various (leserii)tions of tlie
black diminish in ([ualitv and value as tliev arc gathered later in the
season, until tliev reach the lowest kind, called hv us Hohea, and l>\ tin.

I 2

132

Chinese (Ta-cha) " large tea," on account of the maturity and size of
the leaves. The early leaf buds in spring, being covered with a white
silkv down, are gathered to make Pekoe, which is a corruption of the
Canton name, " Pak-hoo," " white down." A few days' longer growth
produce what is here styled, "black-leaved Pekoe." Tlie more fleshy
and matured leaves constitute Souchong ; as they grow larger and
coarser they form Congou ; and the last and latest picking is Bohea.
The tea farmers, who are small proprietors or cultivators, give the tea a
rough preparation, and then take it to the contractors, whose business it
is to adapt its further preparation to the existing nature of the demand.
Tlie different kinds of tea may be considered in the ascending scale of
their value.

1st. Bohea, which in England is the name of a quality, has been
already stated to be, in China, the name of a district where various
kinds of black tea are produced. The coarse leaf brought under that
name to this country, is distinguished by containing a larger proportion
of the woody fibre than any other teas ; its infusion is of a darker colour,
and, as it has been more subjected to the action of fire, it keeps a longer
time without becoming musty, than the finer sorts. Two kinds of Bohea
are brought from China : the lowest of these is manufactured on the
spot, and therefore called '• Canton Bohea," being a mixture of refuse
Congou with a coarse tea called Woping, the growth of the province.
The better kind of Bohea comes from the district of that name in Fokien;
and, having been of late esteemed equally with the lower Congou teas,
has been packed in the same square chests, while the old Bohea package
is of an oblong shape.

2nd. Congou, the next higher kind, is named from a corruption of
the Chinese Kung-foo, " labour or assiduity." It formed for many
years the bulk of the East India Company's cargoes ; but the quality
gradually fell off, in consequence of the partial abandonment of the old
system of annual contracts, bv which the Chinese merchants were assured
of a remunerating price for the better sorts. The consumption of Bohea
in this comitry has of late years increased, to the diminution of Congou,
and the standard of the latter has been considerablv lowered. A parti-
cular variety, called Ccmipoi, is so stjled from a corruption of the original
name, Keen-peiy, " selection — choice ;" but it has ceased to be prized
in this country, from the absence of strength — a characteristic which is
stated to be generally esteemed beyond dehcacy or flavour.

3rd. Souchong (Seaou-chung), " small or scarce sort," is of the
finest of the sti'onger black teas, with a leaf that is generally entire and
curly, but yoimger than in the coarser kinds. Wliat is called " Paou-
chung," or Padra Tea, is packed in separate paper bundles, of about

153

half a pound each, and is so fine as to be used almost ixclii:»ivelv for
presents. It takes its name of Paou (or parcel) from the packages in
which it is contained, and its other name of Padra, as havini^ bLtn
formerly grown by the priests at their small locations on the hills, and
given to the parties coramg to worship, llie finest kinds of Souchong
are sometimes scented with the flowers of the Cloranthus inconspintus
and Gardenia flor'ida ; and thev cannot be ol)tained even among tbe
Chinese, except at dear prices. A highly crisped and curled leaf, called
Sonchi, has lately grown into disrepute, and been much disused, in
consequence of being often found to contain a ferruginous dust, which
was probably not intended as a fraud, but arose from the nature of the
ground where the tea had been carelessly and dirtily packed.

4th. Pekoe being composed mainlv of the voung spring buds, the
gathering of these must, of course, be injurious in some degree to the
future produce of the sh™b ; and this description of tea is accord-
ingly both dear and smaU in quantity. With a view to preserve the
fineness of flavour, the application of heat is very limited in drying the
leaves ; and hence it is, that Pekoe is more liable to injury from keep-
ing than any other sort of tea. There is a species of Pekoe made in
the green tea country from the young buds, in like manner with the
black kind ; but it is so little fired that the least damp spoils it ; and for
this reason, as well as on account of its scarcity and high price, the
Hyson-pekoe, as some call it, has never been brought to England. The
mandarins send it in very small canisters to each other, or to their
friends, as presents.

Green teas may generally be divided into five denominations, which
are, 1, Twankay ; 2, Hyson-skin; 3, Hyson; 4, Gunpowder; 5,
Young Hyson. Twankay tea has always formed the bulk of the green
teas imported into this country, being used by the retailers to mi.x with
the fine kinds. Tlie leaf is older, and not so nmch twisted or rolled as
in the dearer descriptions : there is altogether less care and trouble
bestowed on its preparation. It is, in fact, the 7?«/((»« of green teas ;
and the quantity of it brought to England has fully etpialled three-fourtlis
of the whole importation of green. Hyson-skin is so named from the
original Chinese term, in which connection the skin means the refuse, or
inferior portion of any thing ; in allusion, perhaps, to the liidc of an
animal, or the rind of fruit. In preparing the fine tea called Hyson, all
those leaves that are of a coarser, yellower, and less twisted or rolled
appearance, are set apart and sold as the refuse or " skin tea," at a
much inferior price. The whole quantity, therefore, depends on, and
bears a proportion to, the whole quantity of Hyson manufactured, but
seldom exceeds two or three thousand chests in all. The word Hyson

134

is corrupted from the Chinese name, which signifies " flourishing
spring : this fine sort of tea being of course gathered in the early part
of the season. Every separate leaf is twisted and rolled by hand, and it
is on account of the extreme care and labour required in its preparation,
that the best Hyson tea is so difficult to procure, and so expensive.
By way of keeping up its quality, the East India Company used to give
a premium for the two best lots annually presented to them for selec-
tion ; and the tea merchants were stimulated to exertion, as much by
the credit of the thing, as by the actual gain in price. Gunpowder,
as it is called, consists of the best rolled and roundest leaves, which give
it that granular appearance whence it derives its name. For a similar
reason the Chinese call it Choo-cha, "pearl tea." Young Hyson,
until it was spoiled by the large demands of late years, was a genuine,
delicate, young leaf, called in the original language Yu-tseen, " before
the rains." As it could not be fairly produced in any large quantities,
the call for a further supply was answered by cutting up and sifting
other green tea through sieves of a certain size ; and, as the Company's
inspectors detected the imposture, it formed no part of their London
importations. But the above became still worse of late, for the coarsest
black tea leaves have been cut up, and then coloured with a preparation
resembling the hue of green teas.

Nothing coidd be more ill-founded than the vulgar notion, once
prevalent in this country, that the colour of green tea was derived from
its being dried on plates of copper. No Chinese is allowed to have
a copper vessel except as ornamental. Admitting that copper was the
metal on which they were placed, it does not at all follow that they
should assume such an appearance from the operation ; but the pans
really used on these occasions are of cast-iron, of a round or spherical
shape. Each of these pans is bricked in, over a small furnace. A
quantity of fresh leaves are placed in the pan, after it has been suffi-
ciently heated, and stirred rapidly round by the hand, to expose them
equally to the action of the heat, and, at the same time, prevent their
burning. After being a little curled by this drying operation, they are
taken out and twisted or rolled by hand to assist the natural tendency ;
and the process of curling is continued for a longer or shorter time,
according to the nature and quality of the tea. The hand seems to
have most to do in the case of green teas, and the fire in that of the
black. In the preparation of the finer teas, much care and attention is
bestowed on the selection of the best leaves subsequent to drying ;
as in the separation of the Hyson from its skin, or refuse — a business
which faUs to the lot of women and children. The tea, when prepared,
is packed while warm by the contractors in cheats and canisters. The

135

black teas are trodden down with the feet, to make them park closer :
hut the green tea leaves would be crushed and broken l»y so rude a
process ; they are accordingly only shaken into chests."

1215. Second view of the above tea process, representing labourers

sowing the seed.

1216. The Tsung-tuh, or Viceroy of Canton, in a sedan, with eight

bearers and retinue.
As before observed, the number of bearers to each sedan is restricted
to the rank of the person. Only mandarins, or officiid persons, can
be carried by four bearers, or accompanied by a train of attendants.
These are marshalled in two files before the chair. One pair of these
myi^midons, carry gongs, on which thev strike at regular interxals ;
another pair utter, likewise, at intervtds, a long-drawn shout, or rather
yeU, to denote the approach of the great man ; a third pair carry
chains, (as in No. 1206,) which they jingle in concert, being, in fact,
jailers or executioners, with high caps of iron wire, in which is stuck
a grey feather. Then come two fellows with the usual Bamboo, or
bastinado ; and the cortege is made up by the servants and other
followers, some of whom carrv red umbrellas of dignity, others large
red boards, on which are inscribed, in gUt characters, the officer's
titles ; and, generally, the motto addressed to the multitude, ' Bb
STILL AND RETIRE BACK.' Tlic populacc, who meet such a procession,
are not to denote their respect in any other way tluui by standing
aside, with their arms hanging close to their sides, and their eyes on
the ground. It is only when called or taken before a tribunal that
they are obliged to kneel ; and these are occasions which most Chinese
are not very willing to seek.

1217. Furniture and maxims.

1218. Mandarin in splendid costume.

1219. Lady in splendid costume, with large feet.

1220. First gateway to the temple at llonan.

1221. Painting on glass.

1222. View of a small Buddha temple.

1223. Exterior of a gentlenum's private dwelling.

1224. Furniture, &c.

1225. Third view of the Keang-nan tea jjroccss, representing the irri-

gation of the trees.

1226. Fomth view : women picking the caves.

1227. Lady of rank in sedan, and bearers.

1228. Mandarin saluting.

1229. A tartar lady in summer drc>>.

1230. Vessel in a typhoon, " la fuiirj." o\ "girat wind.'

136

Violent storms are of frequent occun-ence during a particular season,
of the year, on the southern coast of China, and occasion a dreadful
loss of Hfe, besides injury to the boats of the many thousand families
who reside upon the neighbouring waters of Canton. Chinese writers
particularly mention a sea storm that blows from every point of the
compass on the coast of Canton. It occurs during the fifth and sixth
moons of the year, and is preceded by a coloured ring- like appearance,
at first small, but gradually increasing. This whirlwind is said to
be entirely unknown in the north of China. During the continuance
of these devastating storms, thunder is considered a symptom of the
mitigation of their fuiy. In the significant phraseology of the Chinese,
lightning is called "the thmderer' s whip ." The superstitious notions of
the Chinese have been elsewhere spoken of. If a person in China has
been killed by lightning, he is denied the rites of burial, which he
would otherwise have received. They consider it as a marked dis-
pleasure of God. Confucius always rose and dressed himself when
severe thunder stonns occurred at night, in order to pay respect to
Teen-noo, " the wrath of heaven."

1231. River view.

1232. Ditto with official building for the examination of passports.
1233 to 1238. Six frames, contairung numerous drawings of Chinese

fishes, taken from nature.
1239. Painting of a marriage procession.

In the gay scene here represented, the bride is carried in a richly
carved and gilded sedan appropriated to such occasions, and called
" Hwa-Keaou," i. e. " flowered chair." The supporters, in this case,
(four in number,) are regidated according to the rank of the parties.
Tlie common people have only two allowed them. The bride is preceded
by a lengthened train of attendants, clad in gannents of various colours.
There are not less than a dozen sedan chairs in the procession filled with
presents to the bride. These constitute her whole marriage dowTy. The
persons composing the train are hired for the occasion. There are large
establishments in China, provided with men, chairs, and dresses, to be
hired out for escorts of this kind. The dresses and sedans range through
all the degrees of costliness and elegance. Articles of this kind, more or
less expensive, and a more, or less numerous train of attendants, ai'e em-
ployed, according to the rank and wealth of the parties to be united.
Houqua, the rich Hong merchant, expended above 50,000 dollars on a
daughter's wedding, including the bridal presents. Live geese ai'e always
among the presents, and they are carried in the procession, being consi-
dered, apparently without any good foundation, patterns of concord and
fidelitv in the married state. The beautiful mandarin duck, alreadv

137

described, would be a fitter emblem. When the bride reaches tlie resi-
dence of her lord, she is lifted bv matrons over a pan of chai-foal. — a
usage, the exact import of which is not understood. , Various ceremo-
nies follow, which end in the husband unveiling his bride, whom he
now sees for the first time, and drinking with her the cup of alliance.
Marriage is termed " the excellent ceremony," and is promoted by ever\-
consideration that can act upon the human mind. The national maxim
is, that " there are three great acts of disregard to parents, and to die
without progeny is the chief." The barrenness of a wife is therefore
regarded as a great calamity, and is one of the seven grounds of a divorce
allowed to a Chinese husband, notwithstanding there would seem to be
an all-sufficient remedy in legal concubinage. The other causes of
separation are, disobedience to her parents, adulter)-, talkativenkss.
thieving, ill-temper, and inveterate infirmities.

A lucky day for the marriage rites is considered important. On this
point, recourse is had to astrology, and the horoscopes of the piirties are
diligently compared. Sometimes the ceremony is postponed for months,
because the stars are not propitious. Thev have a saying, that " mar-
riages are made (fixed) in a previous state of existence."

Such superstitious notions and obsen-ances belong exclusively to no
particular age or country^ In the Iphigenia of Euripides, Clytemnestra
asks Agamemnon when their daughter shall wed ? He replies, " When
the orb of a fortunate moon shall arrive." The spring in China is gene-
rally preferred for wedding, when the peach-tree is in blossom. This
circumstance is alluded to in a little poem in the " Book of Odes," thus
elegantly paraphrased by the accoraphshed Sir William Jones : —

Sweet child of spring, thi- pardon's queen,

Yon peach-tree charms the roving sight ;
Its fragrant leaves how riclily green,

Its blossoms how divinely bright I

So softly shines the beauteous bride,

By love and conscious virtue led,
O'er her new mansion to preside,

And placid joys around her shed.

The presents already noticed, are sent to the bride in the evening, at
which time the ceremony takes place ; hence a bride is compju-ed to the
moon; "When the sun sets, the moon appears." Another ]»hnisc. in
confirmation of this custom, is, " When the pale moon gws forth, how
fine the appearance of a beautiful woman ! (bride.)" The desire for
male children is esteemed a virtue, and is incorporated in many of their
daily salutations ; thus, " May you have an union, and abundance of the
three blessings," ?. e. " Happiness, long life, and malr children." To oh-

138

tain the latter, and to promote lineal descent, concubinage is often resorted
to, but Chinese moralists do not allow a concubine to be taken till after
the age of forty, and when there is no hope of having male issue by the
wife. The former is less esteemed than the latter, and in the Anglo-
Chinese of the natives, is considered as " number two wife," that is,
inferior. At the man-iage of a son, the ceremony of capping is observed.
{Kea-Kwan.) In ancient times a bonnet made of cloth was first placed
upon his head ; next one of leather, and lastly a nobleman's cap. The
chief parts of this ceremony are yet continued, together with a benedic-
tion pronounced over him.

Dr. Morrison says, in some provinces in China a public notice is
issued by wealthy parents, to obtain a husband for their daughter ; this
is done by the affluent, who are unwiUing to part with their chUd, and
who, therefore, bring the son-in-law into their own family, instead of
the usual practice of sending the daughter from home.

When women prove childless, they pay adoration to the goddess
Kwan-yin, a principal image in Buddhist temples, whose name means
" heedful of prayers," (ter vocata audit, J and whose functions seem com-
pounded of those of Venus genetrix and Lucina. There is, however,
the widest difference in their estimation, between male and female
offspring ; the former are as eagerly desired as the latter are, generally,
deprecated. Sons are considered in this country, where the power over
them is so absolute through hfe, as a sure support, as well as a probable
source of wealth or dignities, should they succeed in learning ; but
the grand object is the perpetuation of the race, to continue the
sacrifices at the family tombs. Without sons, a man lives without honour
or satisfaction, and dies unhappy ; and, as the only remedy, he is per-
mitted to adopt the sons of the younger brothers. Sometimes, how-
ever, the extreme desire of male offspring leads parents to suborn the
midwives to purchase a boy of some poor person, and substitute it for a
girl just bom. This is termed tow lung hwan foong, — " stealing a
dragon in exchange for a phoenix."

In the event of the death of a young woman, under nineteen years of
age, a paper effigy is made by the parents, and the intended husband
receives the effigy home to his house, with the bridal rites ; he then
burns the effigy, and erects a tablet to her memory. This appears to
be the object of the parents of the deceased.

1240. View of Honan from the river.

1241. Rural scenery on the Canton river.

1242. View of the exterior of a temple.

1243. A gentleman's residence.

1244. Furniture.

139

1245. Fifth view of the Keang-nan tea process: females twisting the

leaves, preparatory to firing.

1246. Sixth view as above. Females sorting leaves.

1247. Government officer in a chair, carried by eight bearers.

1248. Furniture, maxims, &c.

1249. Mandarin in summer dress.

1250. Lady with small feet, in summer dress.

1251. View of Pinkoo, near Canton.
1252 & 1253. Exterior views of temples.

1254. Furniture.

1255. Seventh view of the Keang-nan tea process : coohes bringing in

the leaves from the trees.

1256. Eighth view, as above : sifting and sorting the leaves.

1257. Mandarin in winter dress, with bearers, &c.

1258. Mandarin bearing imperial despatches in a yellow silk envelope,

at his back.

1259. Lady of rank, with small feet.

1260. Bridge at Honan, near Canton.

1261 . A musical part}'.

1262. Flowers from nature.

1263. Bu-ds from life.

1264. Picture of the Bocca Tigris.

The Bocca Tigris, called by the Chinese " The Tiger's Gate," or
Tiger's Mouth," is the entrance of the Canton river, and is so
called from the appearance of one of the islands in front of it. It
is, as described by Weddel, the first Englishman who api)roachcd
it, " a goodly inlet," flanked on each side by mountains and fortresses.
The latter appear formidable, but owing to an entire want, on the part
of the Chinese, of a knowledge of gunnery, and to other causes,
they are without any real efficiency. Tliey have been repeatedly
passed, without difficulty, by English men-of-war. Vessels must
show their permits here, before entering ; and are, therefore, rccjuired
to anchor outside, if they reach the Bogue during the night.

1265. Flowers and fruit.

1 266. Variety' of birds on rice paper.

1267. Revenue cutters in pursuit of smugglers.

1268. View of an engagement by moonhght, between revenue officers

and smugglers.

1269. Mandarin and lady.

1270. Mandarin and lady superbly dressed.

1271. Chinese bedstead, furniture, tSic.

Specimens of Chinese furniture are abundantly displayed in this r«l-

140

lection ; the beds of the Chinese, in general, are composed of mats,
placed on two or three boards, laid on forms or benches, and covered
with a canopy, supported by bamboo sticks, of silk gauze or cotton cur-
tains, and a musquito net in the summer. Various kinds of bamboo
piUows are also exhibited.

1272. Ninth view of the Keang-nan tea process : — preparation of

samples.

1273. Tenth view as above : — drying the leaves on plates of iron, and

not of copper, as is erroneously supposed.

1274. A lady of rank in sedan, with bearers, &c.

1275. Furniture.

12 76. Mandarin of the first class, splendidly attired, wearing the feather
with " three eyes."
The lordly appearance of this figure is expressed by the Chinese in the
phrase " Walks like a dragon, and paces like a tiger," indicative of a
stately manner and bearing.

1277. Lady superbly dressed.

1278. Scene near the second bar on the Canton river, with pagoda in

the distance.

1279. Warrior, with quiver, &c., and lady, seated on portable chairs.

1280. Mandarin and wife in summer dresses,

1281. Imperial chair of state, with screen, &c. The Empress's chair,

it will be observed, is equally splendid as that described in
No. 1074j but is ornamented with carved peacocks, while
the former representing the Emperor's throne, has the im-
perial dragon.

1282. Eleventh \new of the Keang-nan tea process : arrival of the " Cha

Kih' ' (tea merchant) in the hill country for the purchase of teas
for foreign markets.

1283. Twelfth view as above : interior of a Hong merchant's establish-

ment at Canton, with coolies packing, weighing, and despatch-
ing teas by lighters, for the foreign shipping at Whampoa.

1284. The lady of the *' Tseang-keun," a Tartar general, (described in

No. 1306,) with niihtary attendants, &c.

1285. Warrior in winter dress, with despatches or chop in his hand.

1286. Lady in summer costume, smoking.

1287. River view, with fort in the distance.

1288. River scenery with fishing boats, &c.

1289 to 1292. Four frames containing numerous drawings of Chinese
lanterns, of various patterns and devices.

1293. River view, with a boat in a brisk gale.

1294. Rural scenery.

141

1295 & 1'296. Two frames with drawings on rice paper of Mandarins
and their ladies, superbly attired.

1297 & 1298. Two views in water-colours, representing the interior of
gentlemen's country seats, in one of which (1298) is represented
a specimen of their private theatrical entertainments.

1299. Beautiful specimen of embroidery, on satin. The art of em-
broidery, in which the Chinese excel, perhaps, all others, is
performed principally by men.

1300 & 1301. Two Indian-ink drawings, representing a mihtarv review
by the emperor.

1302. Imperial mandarin.

1303. Lady superbly dressed.

1304. Portrait of Tingqua, merchant of Canton.

1305. Section of the Great Wall of China.

This vast barrier, separating China from Tartan,-, was built bv 7*//),
the first universal monarch of China, about 200 years B.C., or rather
more than 2,000 from the present time. It is called by the Chinese.
" the City Wall, a thousand h in length." It bounds the whole north
of China, along the frontiers of three provinces, extending from the
shore of the gulf of Pechele, 3| deg, east of Pekin, to Sening, 15 deg.
west of that capital. The emperors of the Ming dynasty built an
additional inner wall, near to Pekin, on the west, which may be perceived
on the map, enclosing a portion of the province between itself and the
old wall. From the eastern extremity of the Great Wall there is an
extensive stockade of wooden pUes, enclosing the country of Mongden ,
and this has, in some European maps, been erroneously re])resented a-s
a continuation of the solid barrier. (See native maj) of China, in this
collection, No. 1041.) A particular examination of its structure wa-s
made bv the gentlemen of Lord Macartnev's embassv, who had the good
fortune to pass into Tartary by one of the most entire portions of the wall.
On its first approach, it is described as resembling a prominent vein or
ridge of quartz, standing out from mountains of gneiss or gmnite. The
continuance of this line over the mountain-tops arrested the attention,
and the form of a wall with battlements was soon distinctly discenied.
It was carried over the ridges of the highest hills, descended into the
deepest valleys, crossed upon arches over rivers, and was doubled in
important passes, being moreover supplied with massy towers or biistions
at distances of about one hundred yards. One of the most elevated
ridges crossed by the wall was 5,000 feet above the level of the sea. It
far surpasses, in short, the sum total of all other works of the kind, and
proved a useful barrier until the power of Giienghis Klian overthrew the
empire of the Chinese.

142

1 306. A Tartar general, " Tseung-keun" and suite, having the command
of the garrison of a city ; its defence being his particular depart-
ment. He is independent of generals outside the walls of the city
which he defends.
He has two adjutants attached to his command, as seen in the drawing,
called "Tuo-tung," who are distinguished by right and left, from their
taking the command of the left and right wings of the army. The
high official standing of the Ts'eang-keiin is denoted by the figure of a
tiger's head embroidered on the breast of his outward dress, and the
presence of the peacock's feather with three eyes. He has eight bearers
to his sedan, when used, and the same nvunber of attendants foUow in his
train when on duty, as here represented.

1307 & 1308. Tartar noble and wife, in full costume. In the cap of the
former is placed a peacock's feather.
This badge of dignity is granted by the Emperor, as a mark of
distinction ; it hangs pendant from the cap over the shoulders. The
rank of the wearer is known by having one, two, or three eyes on
the feather, and by a difference of colour ; the usage was never known
in China till the present dynasty.

1309. View of Honan, a village on the south side of Pearl river, over

against Canton.
This village is chiefly celebrated for its extensive and magnificent
temple of Buddha, the richest religious estabhshment in this part of the
empire. No part of the splendid structure is visible in the painting,
which is mainly interesting as affording the best view of river life in the
collection. Tliis is a mode of existence peculiar to the Chinese. The
people of other nations resort to the water for purposes of gain, warfare,
health, or pleasure, for a season, but they never cease to regard the
land as their natural and permanent dwelling-place. They would be
miserable if they beHeved themselves confined for fife to floating habita-
tions, whatever temporary attractions these might possess. But millions
on millions of people in China are bom, vegetate, and die, upon the
bosom of its numerous streams. Tliey occasionally make a " cniise on
shore," but they return to the water as their natural home and element.
It is computed that there are not less than 40,000 dweUing boats within
the immediate neighbourhood of Canton. Tliese are arranged in regular
streets, which are lighted up at night. Besides the boats used as habi-
tations, the river is covered with innumerable craft in perpetual
motion ; yet such is the skill with which they are managed, and the
peaceableness of the boatmen, that jostlings rarely occur, and quarrels
are almost unknown.

1310. Drawin gs of birds .

14:j

1311. V^iew of the landing and entrance to the Fa-lee flower ir;irdens,

situated a short distance above Canton, on the bank i>f the
river.
They are principall)' owned by the Hong merchants of Canton, and
foreigners are allowed to visit them on certain days in each niunth.
These gardens are beautifully laid out, and afford much gr.itification and
relief to persons confined to the narrow limits to which all foreigners are
restricted at Canton. From these gardens the greater number of those
beautiful dwarf shrubs are procured, so much esteemed by us.

1312. Portrait of the late consort of Taou Kwang, Emperor of China.
1313.. Portrait of Tingqua Ponkeiqua, a Hong merchant.

1314. Entrance to the city of Pekin on the West.

Pekin has been the capital of the empire since the reign of Yung-16,
A. D. 1423, in the centre of which stands the imperial cit)', five miles in
circumference, enclosing within it the sacred city, which occupies a third
of its dimensions. The capital has nine gates, the number to correspond
perhaps to the nine divisions of the Chinese territory after the Deluge,
as before alluded to.

1315. Empress of China in a car, drawn by two horses, and attended

by female musicians.

1316. Flowers.

1317. Six boats, &c., on rice paper.

1318. View of the great wall dividing China from Tartar)-. See 1 3< »."• .
1319 to 1322. Four views of Chinese sumnur-houses, grounds, iScc.

Tlie Chinese have a great partiality to fish ponds and artificial lakes
attached to their country houses and grounds. These are rendered agree-
able to the eye by the cultivation and growth of the water-lily.
1 32 3 . Picture of Macao .

This is by the same artist, and of the same dimensions as the picture
of Canton, already described. It is a view of Macao, as it ajjpears froin
the harbour. The name of this port signifies " The entrance to the
bay." It is situated in 22 deg. 11^ sec. No. lat. and 13l deg. 13 sec.
E. long. The town is handsomely situated on a steep declivity, and
protected, as it were, in the rear by the mountain widl. One of the
neighbouring summits is crowned with a Portuguese church, which
shows like a fortress in the distance. The effect is impo-ning in
approaching by sea, as nearly the whole city is visible, and of a pre-
possessing appearance. Macao is a place of some imp<.rtiu.ce :^ .uul
interesting on several accounts. It belongs nominally to the Portu-
guese, to" whom the privilege of building a town there wa* granted
about two hundred and fifty years ago. in ci.iisideration of scr^•lcci.
rendered in clearing the Chinese waters of a desperate pang of pmUes ;

144

but the government is really in the hands of the viceroy at Canton, and
there are regular Chinese officers of justice, government, and the customs.
The Portuguese, however, are governed by their o\vn laws, to enforce
which, they are allowed to employ their own officers. Here all foreign
merchantmen, bound to Canton, have to procure a chop, or permit to
pass the forts, and take on board an inside pilot. This is the utmost
limit to which European or American ladies are ever permitted to intrude
into the Celestial Empire. Most of the foreign merchants resident at
Canton, rusticate at Macao during the summer months. — Lintin, that
paradise of smugglers, lies to the right of the view contained m this
picture.

1324. View of a gentleman's summer residence and gardens.
1325 & 1326. Two drawingsofthe interior of gentlemens' summer resi-
dences in China.

1327. Stands with fruit, flowers, &c., on rice paper.

1328. Six boats, on rice paper.

1329. Portrait of a celebrated Chinese beauty.

1330. Portrait of a well known money broker in Canton.

This description of men are exceedingly numerous, and are of
various standing in their line of business. The smaller dealers
confine themselves principally to the purchase and sale of their
copper coin, called by Europeans cash, by natives tseen, which is the
only coin of the Chinese. They are thin and circular, and nearly an
inch in diameter, having a square hole in the centre for the convenience
of tying them together, with a raised edge both around the outside
and the hole. Those now in use have the name of the emperor in
whose reign they were cast, stamped upon them, with the words
tung paou, " precious cii'culatiiig medium." Notwithstanding their
trifling value, they are much adidterated with spelter ; yet, on ac-
count of their convenience in paying small sums and for common use,
they generally bear a premium, and are the thousandth part of a tael.*
The use of the silver coin, however, appears to be increasing among
the Chinese, as by recent accounts we learn that silver dollars
have been made in Fuh-keen and other places, contrary to the
laws of the empire. In his journal, Mr. Lindsay says, "At Fuh-
chow, dollars are not defaced by stamping as at Canton. The
ingots are of quite a ditferent description from those in use in
Canton, but of excellent quality." When the dollar first comes
into the possession of a Chinese, he gives it a stamp, or chop,
thus extracting a small portion of the metal ; receiving the same

* A tacl is about a dollar ami a third.

145

xisage from each hand it passes through, it is reduced from its coiiiaire'
value to that of merely its weight. The possessor of this clipped
money, finding the bulk inconvenient, melts it down into the fomi of
Sycee silver, a species more easy to stow than if it was in the former
coin, in which 1,000 drilled dollars might not exceed the value of
200. The Sycee silver is more valuable than any other, on
accoimt of its containing portions of gold dust. It is generally in
the form of a canoe, with a stamp iy the centre. In ancient
times the shells of the tortoise and pearl oyster, were used as a
circulating medium in the exchange for commodities, till about "JOO
3'ears B.C., when the " cash" noticed above was introduced. Under
the Sung dynasty, in the reign of Shaou-hing (A.D. 1170.) a kind
of paper money or bank note was issued of various amounts.
Offices were appointed by the government every where to receive and
issue them. They were to be renewed Within seven vcars, and
about one and a half per cent, was deducted by the government for
the espences of their issue. A scarcity of copper coin is assigned as
one reason ; and another is, the want of money to pay the army, which
led to this scheme to entice the merchant with the convenience of it.
The terms, " Flower edged monev," " Foreign faced money," and
" Devil's head money," all express the Spanish dollar.

1331. The exterior view of the Imperial Hall of Audience, at I'ekin.

Yellow tUes are an imperial emblem, and are used only on tlie
emperor's palaces, and the temples of Confucius.

1332. Emperor of China borne by sixteen officers.

1333 to 1335. These drawings are the continuation of the rearing of
the silk worm and culture of the nmlbcry tree, as i)racti.«ed at
Nankin, and correspond with the Nos. 1028-9-30 placed on
the face of the opposite pillar.
1 336 to 1339. Four paintings in oil, rei)re.scnting the annual military re-
view which takes place about the new year, near tlie " Tt^en-how
shan," or Queen of Heaven's Hill," in the vicinit\- of Canton.
In tlie almost total absence of actual warfare, says Mr. Davis,
the Chinese sokUers are periodically exercised by their cominanderf.
Their field-davs consist in tumultuous and disorderly marche.>« in the train
of their mandarins, or in sham fights, which are conducted (like their
theatrical performances) with the din of gongs and other noisy instru-
ments. To this is joined some practice in drawing the Ik)w. and in the
use of the sword, 'llieir reviews consist partly in the examination of
their matchlocks, their swords, and arrows ; and, when they have any,
of their helmets or padded armour. As fiu- as our experience went in
the embassy, their oHensive arms were alway.s in a wretched condition.

146

The greater number of soldiers are at liberty to follow some trade or
occupation, as they are, in fact, a mere militia periodically called out.
Exceptions occur only among the Tartar troops, and those Chinese
who are employed as a standing police or guard. So far from there being
any necessity to enrol soldiers by compulsion, or by boimty money,
the profession is eagarly sought after as a favor, and as an addition
to the person's means of livehhood. The only occupation of the
Chinese army, with very fe-\y exceptions, since the Tartar conquest,
has been to over-awe popular revolts, and keep the people in order.
The board at Pekin, called the Ping-poo, or " mihtary tribunal," has
controul chiefly over the armed police of the empire ; that is, the
Chinese, as distinguished from the Tartar troops. It has couriers
always ready to be dispatched to the provinces, and to convey its secret
orders. Banditti and malefactors of every kind are traced out with
almost unerring certitude, and all experience bears testimony to the
extreme efficacy of the pohce of the country."

In these paintings will be observed numerous shields, in the hands of
the soldiery, of hideous devices, similarly to those lately taken from
the Chinese, and now placed in the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich. The
design is evidently to strike their opponents with terror and aflPright.

1340. A theatiical representation by moonlight. For information on

this subject the visitor is referred to the remarks made in p. 30.

1341 . Specimens of Chinese windows.

The substance used for transmitting the hght is Anomia Placenta.
A variety of other materials are employed for the same purpose, as mica,
horn, paper, silk gauze, &c. Glass windows are seldom seen. There
is a frame-work in front of the translucent substance, dividing it into
small panes of vaiious shapes. This is the general style of Chinese
windows, but the passion of the people for variety, leads them to adopt
an endless diversity of patterns.

CHINESE TOPOGRAPHICAL HISTORY

OF THE

CITY OF CANTON.

The Chinese Topographical annalists, say, that 2230 years antecedent
to the Christian era, the region now called Kwang-tung, (Canton) was
noticed in ancient records, under the names Kaou-che ; Nan-kaou ;
Nan-ee ; Paa-yue ; and Yue.

147

Tsin-che, the first universal Chinese monarch, about two centuries
before our era, pushed liis conquests to the south of the Mei-ling
mountain, that bounds Canton on the north, through which a pass wsig
subsequently cut in the eighth century.

This military conqueror (Tdn-che-hwang) i.e. Tsin, the first emperor,
put Pill, "Shining white, or Resplendent,'^ on the top of the character
Wong, " a king," in order to make a new title for himself, meaning the
glorious king, and which, in the ])overty of Euroj)ean phrase, is translated
Emperor ; and who, to prove his title to the designation Che, " the first''
— the " Beginning," burnt all the ancient records he could find, and
buried alive the readers of books. This conqueror called Canton, Nan-
hae, " the Southern Sea," a name which is yet retained for the jjrincipid
Ueen, or district, in the province. From that period tiU the Sung dy-
nasty, about A.D. 1000, Canton undei-went many revolutions, and was
variously designated.

Tsin-che-hwang's successor, Urh-hwangteshe, sent to it 15.000 unmarried
women ; and nearly four hundred years afterwards it was called Kwei-
lum-tseong-kwan, "the region of cassia forests, tmd elephants." At the
time above mentioned, (A.D. 1000,) whilst the court resided at Nan-
king, (or in the provincial dialect Nam-king) Canton, or Ling-nan, (jis it
was then called) was considered one of the worst places of banishment
for refractory statesmen. To go " South of the mountain," as Ling-
nan signified, was deemed certain death.

The present name of Canton, viz., Kwang-tung, was not adopted till
the Mwan-choiv, or Tartar dpiasty, founded by the grandson of Genghis-
Khan. Even till the Ming-chaow, which expelled the Tartars, and was in
its turn expelled by those Tartars who now fill the throne of China.
Canton was not called a Sang, or province, but a Tow or Loo, a " way
or road." And then, first, about A. D. 1397, the metropolis was cidled
by its present name, Kioang-choiv-foo : previously to that time it was
called Kwang-chow-loo. Under the emperor Kow-tei, of tlie Ilnan
dvnasty, a self-made king, who held his court at Poon-i/ii, the modern
Whampoa district, called Canton region l)y a name he thouglit ai)plical)le
to himself— iVa«-wiOW, " The southern warrior."

The emperor Kow-tei confirmed his title, and the king Yap-kvng
" oflfered tribute" to his hege lord. Under the same dj-nasty, n king of
Man-yuet, as Fokien was then called, made war upon Canton, and lost
his life. By the interference of the Emperor, peace was reston-d ; l)ut
he soon afterwards sent his own troops to subject Nan-man, •'Tiie
southern barbarians," as the people of Canton were called by liiin.

A.D. 415, the pirate Loo-sunc attacked and took possession t)f Can-
ton after a hundred davs fighting.

K Z

148

In 419, the people of Canton sent, as tribute to Woo-te, "The
Martial Monarch," a piece oi fine cloth. But the hardy wanior was so
displeased at its luxurious softness, that he rejected it, and issued a
mandate, forbidding the people of the south ever to make any more
such fine cloth.

In 654, King-chow (or the Island of Hainan,) was first occupied by
the order of the second Emperor of the Tang dynasty.

About 703, She-pak, " trading vessels," began to introduce " rare
commodities," extraordinary or curious manufactures.

The ensuing year was remarkable for the governor, Sung-Ying, "first
teaching the people to bum earthenware."

And in 705, a statesman, called Chung -kow -ling, cut the famous pass
through the Move-ling mountain, to facilitate intercourse between
Canton and the northern parts of the empire.

It is further remarked, to the credit of this statesman, that when, on
the emperor Yuen Tsung's Tseen Tsew, " thousand autumns," i.e. his birth
day, all the courtiers were presenting "ornamented mirrors ;" Chung -
kow-ling offered a book, in five volumes, which he had composed to show
" the causes of the rise and fall of former dynasties ;" and this work he
called, "a golden birth-day miiTor."

In 795 , a general, who commanded in Canton, wrote to court, stating that
the trading vessels had all deserted Canton and repaired to A7i-nam,Qoc\m\-
China; and he added, that he wished to send a sort of consul
thither.

Some of the ministers were in favour of the measure, but the imperial
will was determined in opposition to it, by the opinion of one who
argued to this effect: — "Multitudes of trading vessels have hereto-
fore flocked to Canton ; if they have all at once deserted it, and repaired
to Cochin- China, it must have either been from extortions being insup-
portable, or from some failm-e in affording proper inducements. When
a gem spoils in its case, who is to blame but the keeper of it ? If the
pearl be fled to other regions, how is it to be propelled back again ?" The
Shoo-king classic says, " Do not prize too much strange commodities,
and persons will come from I'emote parts."

Tlie spirit engendered by this sentiment is in unison with the general
temper of the Chinese, inclining to the idea of aflecting indifference in
obtainingwhat they most desire. I'he Chinese studiously repress curiosity.

This same year those in power were forbidden, by imperial autho-
rity, to take, by force, the sons and daughters of peaceable subjects, to
make slaves of them ; which prohibition implies the pre\-ious existence
of the unjust and cruel slave trade.

In 897, the Cochin -Chinese made war upon Canton by land ; and a

140

public spirited man obtained great credit fur building large vessels to
bring grain from Fuh-kcen province.

After the fall of the Tang dynasty, (in allusion to which the Chinese
of the pre;^ent day call themselves Tniiy Yhi, " a man of Tong,") there
were five short dynasties of from ten to twenty years' duration each ;
in Chinese history called the Wuo-tue, " live generations." To the
first of these, in 904, Canton sent tribute of gold, silver, rhinoceros"
horns, ivory, and other valuable commodities, to the amount of five
millions of taels. The principal person concerned, viz. Lowhicu, \\a<, in
consequence, created King of Canton, under the title XatiJuic-watit/,
" King of the southern sea."

The Court of Canton is represented, at this time, as cruel and extra-
vagant in an extreme degree; — criminals were boiled, roasted, imd
flayed, and thrown on spikes, and forced to fight with tigers and ele-
phants ! The liomd tale shocked the founder of the most learned Chi-
nese dynasty, viz. that of Stincf, (A.D. 964) and he exclaimed, " It is
my duty to dehver the people of this region." A prodigy was seen by
the people of Canton, " all the slars flowed to the north," iuid the
ensuing year they obtained peace and tranquility.

At this period Canton appears to have been in a very barbarous state;
and, in the estimation of the governnient, was e.xcessivelv addicted to
sorcery and superstition. Hence (A.D, 9S0) government " prohibited
the superstitious practises on the south of the mountain," and threw down
their " superstitious temples." Yin (superstitious) usually denotes
" lewd," — whether lewdness formed a \Ydrt of their rites is not certain.

Another prohibition was,— not to " kill men to sacrifice to demons."
Thus it appears, that not more than 800 years ago, human sacrifices
were ofiered in China ; and report says, that even to tlie pre:«cnt day.
the makers of porcelain purchase a child which they devote to be burnt
in a new made furnace. At the period now referred to, witches luul
wizards were prohibited ; and dispensaries of medicine were cstablit^hed
to relieve the sufferers from the noxious damp diseiu=es, nmch spoken of
in the history of that period. The Sung dynasty, at its commencement,
appears to have studied nmch the welfare of Canton. It forbade ex|H;-
ditions against Cochin-China, reprobating the idea of distre.>«.«ing the
people from a mere covetous desiic o( useless territory. It caused tiic
city of Canton to be walled in ; and when the Cochin-Chinese pillaj^'d
the western side of the province, they did not venture to hiy siege to
Canton.

It was subsequently harassed by internal rebellion-, and by attacks
from contending dynasties. In the first Tartar conciuest it sullered much ;
and their historians dare not vet tell what it suffered in the conc|ue^t made

150

by the reigning family. Tradition says, that two-thirds of the inha-
bitants perished.

About 1397, Ho-tsoug, "burning funeral rites" were prohibited ;
i. e. burning the corpse instead of interring it. This is, however, the
present practice of the Buddha priests in China. The same authority
also forbade the use of the terms created by the preceding Tartar
dynasty, viz. " Gods of the west, east, and north seas" — ^retaining
only the " God of the southern sea."

About A, D. 1500, the pirates of Canton joined with the Japanese
pirates, and committed depredations on the coast ; and frequent insur-
rections are recorded, some of which lasted for ten years at a time,
which, together with banditti of robbers, must have greatly distressed
the peaceable inhabitants. It was in these troublesome times, during
the reign of Kea-tsing, who ascended the throne in 1520, that Europeans
first visited China by sea.

Chinese annalists close by saying, that during the last years of the
Ming dynasty, when anarchy generally prevailed, the suffeiings of the
people were inexpressible ; but the temporary blaze of an expiiing flame
naturally precedes its eternal extinction ; and the flame of discord blazed
awhile, till the rising Tartar family that now reigns, extinguished it for
ever, and introduced a never-ending tranquillity !

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GOVERNMENT AND
PEOPLE OF CHINA.

The Chinese government is, nominally at least, patriarchal. The
authority of a parent over his children is the type of the imperial rule.
The emperor claims to be the father of his subjects, exercising an influ-
ence over the minds of his people in the promotion of virtue and
the encouragement of talent. The Chinese have a saying, — " A prince
is like a vessel, the people like water ; the water is moulded by the shape of
the vessel."

As such, the Emperor exercises supreme, absolute, unchecked power over
more than one-thii'd of the human race. He has but to sign the decree, and
any one of three hundred and fifty millions of human beings is instantly
deprived of rank, possessions, liberty, or life itself. This is a stupendous
system, a phenomenon unmatched in the annals of time, and worthy to
engage the profound attention of statesmen and philosophers. The
subjects of the Macedonian were but as a handfid compared AAath the
teeming millions of Eastern Asia ; the Roman Eni])ire when at its widest

151

extent, numbered wot more than one tliird of the present jjopuhition of
China ; and the throne of the Caesars was, in tlie power it conferred upon
its occupant, but as a child's elevation in compari«on with that on which
the Tartar sits. Even the British empire, va.><t as it is, and extending; into
all regions of the globe, does not contain more thiui 181,000.000. of
souls. We can but glance at a few of the dutuils of this system, and the
causes which have given it stabihty.

At the head of the system stands, of course, the Emperor. Ilis titles
are, the "Son of Heaven," and the " Ten Thousand Years." In an
official document received by the governor general of Hengal fronj the
general of the Chinese forces, the emperor is styled, " The plowkr ok thf.

IMPERIAL RACE, THE SUN OF THE FIRMAMENT OF HONOR, THK RKSt'LKN-
DENT GEM IN THE CROWN AND THRONE OF THE ChiNKSE TkRRITOKIBS."

Of this august personage it was said, by a Tartar, over-powered by the
glories of the emperor; — (A. D. 1060.) "Thb sovereign op China is a

MANIFESTATION OF THE SUN IN THE HeAVENS."

Ubiquity is considered as among his attributes ; temples arc erected to
him in every part of the empire : and he is worshipped as a god. Yet
he sometimes styles liimself " the imperfect man," and his ordinary dres.s
is far from splendid. While the grand mandarins that compose his court,
glitter in gold and diamonds, he ap])ears in a j)lain and simple garb.
Nevertheless, no means are omitted to keep up the presliye of his majcstv.
The outer gate of the imperial palace cannot be |)asscd by ;u»v person
whatsoever, in a carriage or on horseback. Tliere is a road between
Pekin and the emperor's summer residence in Tartiu-y, wide, smooth,
level, and always cleanly swept, on which no one but himself is permitted
to travel. At the palace, a paved walk leads to the principjd hall of
audience, which is never pressed but by imperiid feet. Despatches from
the emperor are received in the provinces with j)rostrations and the burn-
ing of incense. Sir George Staunton records an instance of the
august dread with which the Chinese regard their sovereign in the
following anecdote ; — " In the beginning of this journey," says he
" one of the ambassador's guards died of a surfeit, as was supposed, of
fruit. His death happened in one of the emperor's palaces; but such
is the extraordinary delicacy of the people in everything relating to
their dread Sovereign, that it was contrary to rule to have allowed
any person to breathe his last within the imperial precincts. The
conductors, therefore, of the ambassador, directed the corpse, of this
European to be carried from thence in a palanquin, as if still alive ; and
his death was announced at some distance upon the road." The suc-
cession is at the absolute disposal of the emperor. Instance.* have
occurred, though they are rare, in wliicji per^unt- imt connected with llir

152

imperial family have been named. Tiie immediate assistants of the
emperor are —

J. The Nuy-kii. This is the great council of state. The chief
counsellors are four, two Tartars and two Chinese. Besides these,
there are several others, of inferior rank, who in conjunction with them,
constitute the council. Almost all the members of the Nuy-ko are
selected from the imperial college of the Hanlin.

II. The Keun-ke-ta-chin. This is a body of privy councillors.

III. The Luh-poo, or six boards for conducting the details of public
business. They are, —

1 . The Board of Appointments, having cognizance of the conduct
of all civU officers. —

2. The Board of Revenue, whose duties extend to all fiscal matters.

3. Tlie Board of Rites and Ceremonies, which keeps watch and
ward over the public morals, and has conti'oul over the fashions
in China.

4. The Military Board, charged with the affairs of the army and

navy.

5. The supreme Court of Criminal Jurisdiction.

6. The board of Public Works.

IV. The Lefan-yuen, or Office for foreign affairs. Its duties embrace
all the external relations of the empire. The members of the Lefan-
yuen are always Mongol or Manchow Tartars.

V. The Too-cha-yuen. This is a body of censors, forty or fifty ia
number. Tliey are sent into different parts of the empire as imperial
inspectors, which means spies. By an ancient custom, they are at
hberty to give any advice to their master without the hazard of losing
their life ; but blunt honesty is not often relished by the great from any
quarter, and unpalatable remonstrances have sometimes cost their authors
the favour in which they had before basked.

The provinces are governed each by a chief magistrate, entitled foo-
yuen, or two together are under the government of a tsung-tuh, who
has foo-yuens under him. Canton and Kwang-se are subject to a
tsung-tuh, called by Europeans, the \ncerov of Canton. The governors of
the pro^^nces have, subordinate to them, an army of civd magistrates
amounting to fourteen thousand. No individual is permitted to hold
office in the province where he was bom ; and pubhc fmictionaries
interchange places periodically, to prevent the formation of too intimate
connexion with the people under their government. A quarterly pub-
lication is made, by authorit\% of the name, birth-place, kc, of even-
official person in the empire ; and once in three \ears, a report is sent up
to the board of official appointments, by the foo-vuen of each province.

153

containing the names of all the officers in his povcmment. and a full
statement concerning their conduct and chanictcr. received fn-i •
immediate superiors of each. Ever)' officer is held to a i^trict ri-*|>..
lity for the good behaviour and fidelity of all who are under him. Letters
are held in higher esteem than arms, and the civil officcP' of ct)un«c
outrank the militan-. This may be set down to their Credit. a» it i»
certainly a mark of social advancement.

No man in China inherits office, nor does hereditary nuik cnjov much
consideration or influence. This fact is placed in a strong light bv the
following anecdote, related by Sir George Staunton, .-ecretan- to Ivortl
Macartney's embassy. Among the presents for the emjKTor wil« u volume
of portraits of the British nobility. Tliat the inspection of them might
be more satisfactory to his majesty, a niiindarin wiL-* emploved to nrnrk.
in Chinese characters, on the margin, the names and nink of the pt-rxms
represented. When he came to the jjrint of an English duke, from a
porti'ait taken in childhood, and was told that the original wai« a (n.jim.
or " great man," of very high rank, he had so little concepticui of a child's
being qualified, by hereditary right, to be possessed of such a dignitv, that
he gave a look of surprise, and laying down his pencil, exclaimed, that he
could not venture to describe him in that manner, for the emjH-ror knew
very well how to distinguish a great man' from a boy.

Tlie penal code of China is im interesting subject. If we go up«in the
principle of judging the tree by its fruits, and look at this code in con-
nexion with its results, we sh;dl be compelled to idlow that it '\* wisely
framed and efficiently administered. It is lucidly amuiged under nix
principal divisions, corresponding to the six boards al)<)ve «les<-rilHHl. It
it. not needful to enumerate the sevend heads of chapters embnuxtl in
these divisions. Tlie principal defects of the code, in the opinion of Mr.
Davis, are, —

' 1. A constant meddling with those relative dutie.« which had In-tter
be left to other sanctions than jn^sitive laws-

2. A minute attention to trifles, contrary to the EurojKran maxun.

dp minimis non rurul Irx ;

3. An occasional indulgence in those x-ague generalities, by which

the benefits of a written code are in a great nHTU«ure annullrtt.

A prominent feature of the Chinese criminal laws is the markt «l and unre-
lenting severity with which it punishes treiUMm, not t>nly in the jH-rMm nf the
traitor, but in those of his unofTending offspring, even the ruckling at the
breast. The whole are cut ofT at one fell blow ! It i» im|>oiii.iblc to rend
the recital of some of these punishments, ^o abhorrent t«» humanity and
iusticc, without a sentiment of indignation iu" well a.-^ of i.ym|mthy.

Tlie most common instrument of punishment is the bamlnio. the dinirn-

154

sionsof which are exactly defined. The number of blows, attached gradatim
with such precision to every individual offence, answers the purpose of a
scale or measurement of the degrees of crime ; and this punishment
being often commutable for fine or otherwise, the apparent quantity of
flagellation is of course greater than the real. The next punishment is
the kea, or cangue, which has been called the wooden collar, being a
species of walking pillory, in which the prisoner is paraded, with his
offence inscribed. It is sometimes worn for a month together, and as the
hand cannot be put to the mouth, the wearer must be fed by others."
After this comes banishment to some place in China, and then exile beyond
the Chinese frontier, either for a teiTn of years or for life. There are
three kinds of capital punishment, — strangulation, decollation, and for
treason, ling che, " a disgraceful and lingering death," styled by Euro-
peans, cutting into ten thousand pieces. The punishment of this latter
ofi'ence against the state is extended to the whole members of the traitors
family, hence arises the phrase, — " To grub up the roots of trees," said
in reference and in defence of the custom of executing the whole of the
family of the traitor, so that none are left.

A debtor who does not discharge the claims of his creditors, after the
expiration of a certain specified period, becomes hable to the bamboo.
A man may sell himself in China, says Sir George Staunton, in certain
cases, such as to discharge a debt to the crown, or to assist a father in
distress, or if a father be dead to bury him in due form.

If his conduct in servitude should be unimpeachable, he is entitled to
his liberty at the end of twenty years. If otherwise, he continues a
slave for life, as do his childi-en, if he had included them in the original
agreement. The emperor's debtors, if fraudulently such, are strangled ;
if merely by misfortunes, their wives and children and property of eveiy
kind, are sold ; and they are sent themselves to the new settlement in
Tartary. The interests of the emperor are always made the first object.
No property can be secure against his claims.

We wiU close this very brief notice of the Chinese criminal law,
with the following testimony of an able writer in the Edinburgh Review.
He says : — " Tlie most remarkable thing in this code is its great rea-
sonableness, clearness, and consistency ; the business-like bre\-it}^ and
directness of the various provisions, and the plainness and moderation of
the language in which they are expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct
series of enactments, savouiing thi-oughout of practical judgment and
European good sense. WTien we turn from the ravings of the Zendavesta,
or the Puranas, to the tone of sense and of business of this Chinese
code, we seem to be passing from darkness to hght — from the dri-
vellings of dotage, to the exercise of an improved understanding : and,

155

redundant and minute as these laws are in many particulurii, wc scarcely
know any European code that is at once po copious and »o con»i»tfnt,
or that is nearly so free from intricacy, bigotn,-, and tictiou."

It is generally supposed that the Chinese claim t«) have authentic
annals extending back to a date anterior to the period umually aMigucil to
the creation of the world. This however, is an errone<iu}» tiup|)ot»ition.
It is tnxe that they have a fabulous histnrv which pretends to relate t-vrnt*
occuring we know not how many thousiuid ages ago ; but intillige lit
Chinese scholars consider and admit this to be a pure invention. They
claim, indeed, a high antiquity, luid there can be no doubt that the claim
is well founded.

In speaking of their national institutions, they allude to their antiquity,
as of " ages numerous as the small particles of dust of which the world
is made."

It is probable, that Alexander might have spared his tears, and Nivwi
himself the perpetration of im egregious folly, had he known that, fur
beyond the Ganges, there lay an empire vaster and mightier than
any with whose power he had grappled ; — an empire flourisliing in
the arts of civilized life, and destined to survive, in a green and vigorous*
old age, long after the last vestiges of his ill-gotten power had disap-
peared from the earth.

A full development of the causes which have given strength and
stability to the Chinese empire, which have matured and jKTiKtuated ittt
institutions, would be an interesting and instructive labour. Wc cannot
pretend to attempt it, but may, in passing, throw out a few hint* ujKjn
the subject. There can be no doubt, that the sea and the mountain
barriers by which China is surrounded, the unwarlikc character <>{ Hit
neighbours, her almost total isolation from the rest of the world, her
vigilant police, the eligibility of idl classes to the trusts and dignitic* of
office, and the rigid system of responsibility enforced upon her orticcm
have all had their share in the result. But tliesc cause* arc insufficient to
exi)lain the phenomenon. Tlie most jjowerful agent »)eyond id) tjui^ti.>n.
is the education of her pcfti)le. We speak here not so much of tlu- ctlu-
cation received in schools, as of that which consists in an early. r»Mi»tnnt.
vi"-orous, and efficient training of the disposition, numnrrs. judgment,
and habits both of thought and conduct. Tlii.s mo»t efficient de|»artniait
of education is almost wholly overlooked and ne^'Urted by un ; but it
seems to be well understood and faithfully attendetl t«. by the C'hinctc.
With us, instruction is the chief part of education, with tlu-m Iraimimg .
let the wise judge between the wisdtmi of the two metluHls. The iTnti-
mcnts held to be appropriate to man in society, are inibila-*! with the milk
of infancy, and iterated and reiterated through llu wl.ol.- of ^ubn^jucnt

156

life ; the manners considered becoming in adults, are sedulously imparted
in childhood ; the habits regarded as conducive to individual advancement,
social hapjjiness, national repose and prosperity, are cultivated with
the utmost diligence ; and, in short, the whole channel of thought and
feeling for each generation, is scooped out by that which preceded it, and
the stream always fills but rarely overflows its embankments. The greatest
pains are taken to acquaint the people with their personal and political
duties, wherein they again set us an example worthy of imitation. " Our
rights," is a phrase in everybody's mouth, but our duties engage but a
comparatively small share of our thoughts. Volumes are^vritten on the
former where pages are on the latter. The sixteen chscourses of the
emperor Youn-tching, on the sixteen sacred institutes of Kang-hy, the
most accomplished and virtuous of Chinese sovereigns, are read twice
every moon to the whole empire. On the 1st and 15th of every moon,
or the new and full moon, the principal officers of the province assemble
in a hall, and hsten to a preacher mounted on a table, who rehearses
memoriter, asection of the Shing-yu, first in Chinese, and next in the Tartar
language for the benefit of the soldiers who attend. We subjoin the
texts of these discom-ses as cmious, and at the same time highly illusti"a-
tive of Chmese character.

1 . "Be strenuous in fihal piety and fraternal respect, that you may
thus duly perform the social duties. — 2. Be fh-mly attached to your
kindred and parentage, that your union and concord may be conspicuous.
— 3. Agree with your counti'ymen and neighbours, in order that dis-
putes and litigation may be prevented. — 4. Attend to yom' farms and
mvdberry trees, that you may have sufficient food and clothing. — 5.
Observe moderation and economv, that your property may not be
wasted. — 6. Extend your schools of instniction, that learning may be
duly cultivated. — 7. Reject all false doctrines, in order that you may
duly honour true learning. — 8. Declare the laws and their penalties, for
a warning to the foohsh and ignorant. — 9. Let humility and propriety of
behaviour be duly manifested, for the preservation of good habits and
laudable customs. — 10. Attend each to your proper emplo}Tnents, that
the people may be fixed in their purposes. — 1 1. Attend to the education
of youth, in order to guard them from doing evil. — 12. Abstain from
false accusing, that the good and honest may be in safety. — 13. Dissuade
from the concealment of deserters, that others be not involved in their
guUt. — 14. Duly pay your taxes and customs, to spare the necessity of
eiiforcing them. — 15. Let the tithings and hunth'eds unite, for the sup-
pression of thieves and robbers. — 16. Reconcile animosities, that your
lives be not lightly hazai'ded."

The discour-.es founded on these excellent maxims are clear, direct.

1^7

and simple in their Ptyle, and arecharactcnzeil by viirorous tlioii;;|jt and
practical sense. They might be adopted as a model for didactic com-
positions. The imperial pen deals summarily and rather cavalierly
with the ministers of the Buddhist and Taou sects. We offer a few-
specimens from the " Book of Sacred Instructions." The curious will
find them interesting^; —

" This filial piety is a doctrine from Heaven, the consummation of
earthly justice, is the grand principle of action among mankind. The
man who knows not piety to parents, can surely not have considi red the
affectionate hearts of parents towards their children. When still infants
in arms, hungry, they could not feed themselves ; cold, they could not
clothe themselves ; but they had then parents who watched the pounda
of their voice, and studied the traits of their countenance ; who were
joyful when they smiled ; afflicted when they wept ; who followed
them, step by step, when they moved ; who, when they were sick or in
pain, refused food and sleep on their account. Thus were they nurseti
and educated until they grew up to manhood." — " Formerly, in the
family of Chang-kung-tze, nine generations lived together under the
same roof. In the family of Chang-she of Kang-chou seven hundred
partook of the same daily repast. Tlius ought all tljose who arc of the
same name to bear in remembrance their common ancestry and pa-
rentage." — "Economy should, therefore, he held in estimation. A
store is like a stream of water, and moderation and economy arc like
the dams which confine it. If the cour^e of the water is not stopped
by the dam, the water will be constantly running out, and the channel
at length will be drv. If the use of the store is not restricted by
moderation and economy, it will be consumed without stint, and at
length will be wholly exhausted." — " Wisdom should precede, and
letters follow." — " lie who pretends to profound learning, without
regarding first himself, and his own duties ; fame indeed he may acquire,
but when he is ex.imined, he will be found to possess no solidity." —
"Tliese wandering and mendicant sectaries* are glad to disguise their
views, because of the corruption of their practises. Their chief purvuit
is to diffuse false auguries, and omens of good and bad fortune ; and
thev thus make a livelihood by the sale of their idle talf.<* and vain
predictions. At first they go no farther than to delude the jicoplc out
of their money, to enrich themselves, but. by dogrcoH. they lead the
people of both sexes to meet indecorously together;! and burning

* The Taou and Buildliibt priists.

t In many temples may be seen b tablet, placed in n connpiciiou* >itunUun, with
the following injunetion :— " Mm ami irontrn prtiy #r;ior.i/f."

158

incense, they initiate them into their sect. — Husbandmen and artisans
desert their respective callings, and flock after these vain and deceitful
talkers."

Such, then, is the spirit of the constitution, laws, and education of
China. The conclusion of the whole matter, the grand results secured,
are a stable throne, a country enjoying an extraordinary degree of
internal quiet, a population, mild, peaceful, obedient, cheerful, and in-
dustrious, and a perpetuity of national existence unequalled in the
world's histoiy.

The population of China has been variously estimated. Lord Ma-
cartney states the number of inhabitants at 333,000,000 ; Dr. Mor-
rison's son at 360,000,000. It is well known that the learned doctor's
own estimate was only 150,000,000, but he stated to Mr. Dunn, two
years before his death, that he was then convinced that the highest
number ever given did not exceed the true one. Wherever the tnith
may he, it is certain that every part of the empire teems with life. The
whole policy of the government, and all the tendencies of the empire,
that can at all bear upon the matter are in favour of multiphcation.
Children are obliged to provide for the old age of their parents ; and
the want of offspring, to pay the customary honours at the family
tombs and in the " Hall of ancestors," is considered the most grievous of
calamities. These considerations are vigorous stimulants to marriage,
and, coming in aid of the natural instincts of the race, leave fewer
bachelors and maids in China than in any other country on the globe.
The owners of slaves, who do not procure husbands for their females,
are liable to prosecution. Three generations, and more, often live under
the same roof, and eat at the same board ; a system of clubbing, which
by diminishing the expense of living, tends strongly to an increase of
population. Again, the laws of the empire, and all the prejudices and
sentiments of the people, are against emigration, which prevents that
drainage by means of which other civilized and trading nations are
relieved of their surplus inhabitants.

The government of so extensive an empire, swarming with its hun-
dreds of millions, must be an expensive affair. Du Halde, apparently
however without the means of exact accuracy, sets down the total
expenses of the imperial government in the round sum of '200,000,000
taels, or considerably over £50,000,000 of which only 10 millions,
reach Pekin, the balance being expended in the provinces. The sources
whence these monies come, are, a land tax, for which the land-owners,
not the tenants, are responsible ; a tax on salt, which is a government
monopoly ; certain revenues derived from tea and alum, which are also
monopohes to a limited extent ; taxes on the transit of goods within the

159

empire : and customs on imports and exports. The government at this
moment appears to be hard pressed for means ; and the difficulty of
fixing upon modes of increasing the revenue, is a pretty clear indication
that there are practical checks to the exercise of imperial authority,
Avhich it is not thought prudent to tUsregard.

In whatever else a difference of opinion may exist respecting the
Chinese, all must agree that they are an original people. Their marked
pecuharities in manners and customs, the frame-work and administration
of their government, the idiosyncrasy of their education and educational
institutions, and theii- modes and implements of agricultural and mecha-
nical labour, — all proclaim their originahty beyond doubt or cavil.
Whoever attentively examines this collection of Chinese curiosities,
which this volume but briefly describes, will need no further proof of the
ingenuity of the Chinese m arts and manufactures. In several branches
of labour, both agricultural and mechanical, which evidentlv originated
with themselves, they have never been suq)assed ; and in some, they are
imequalled by any other people. Without any claims to be considered a
scientific nation, the various conti'ivances by which they economize labour,
and force nature to become their handmaid, are many of them equally
simple, ingenious, and efficient.

The three inventions and discoveries which, in their results, have
(previously to the invention of steam) contributed more powerfully than
all other causes combined to give to modem society its pecuhar form and
fashioning, and which are destined, instrumentaUy, to carry forward m
connection with steam power — to its utmost limit of perfection, the civi-
lization of the human race, first started into being in the Celestial
Empire ; and, whatever mortification the statement may inflict upon our
vanity, there is much reason to suppose that those who, throughout
Christendom, are generally considered as the inventors of the art of
printing, the composition of gimpowder, and the magnetic needle and
mariner's compass, received their first promptings, and had their genius
quickened into activity, by information flowing, through tliffereht chan-
nels, from the springs of Eastern Asia.

FOREIGN INTERCOURSE WITH CHINA.

The ancients may be said to have had no knowledge of China ; for,
though a few scattered gleams apjjcar to have reached them from that
remote region, and one or two feeble eftorts were made to obtain infor-
mation concerning its inhabitants, they were not sufficient to produce any

160

practical results. Yet, when Rome was still an infant, and the Grecian
philosophy among the things to he, China had produced a sage, second
only, in the long catalogue of heathen philosophers, to the illustrious
and piu-e minded Socrates.

Some Nestorians appear to have introduced Christianity into China, in
the year 635, but the world is indebted to them for no account of the
country, either in its physical or moral aspect. Two Arabians, in the
ninth century, visited and described it with considerable fullness. Much
contained in their itineraries is apphcable to the Chinese of the present
day. Commercial relations of some importance existed then, and
subsequently, between China and Arabia. The Chinese appear to have
sought, in those early ages, commercial liaisons with several of the neigh-
bouring nations. Carpini, the first Cathohc missionary to China, was
sent thither in 1246. He was kindly received, and sent back with a
friendly letter. Another missionary was sent in 1253, who met with a
like reception. About the same time the two Polos, Nicholas and
Matthew, reached the coiu"t of the Mongol conqueror, Coblai-Khan, by
whom they were most graciously received, and at their departure, iuN-ited
to return. Tliey accordingly, in 1274, went back, taking young Marco
with them. This young man became a gi'eat favourite ^^dth the Khan,
and resided at his court seventeen years. He was the first Erffopean who
gave the world an account of China. His book was long considered
little more than a pleasant romance, but has since been proved to be
remarkably faithful and accm-ate. Its glowing pictures kindled the
imagination of the young Colimibus, and fed for vears his soaring
hopes.

The next Cathohc missionary to China was Corv-ino. He went to
Pekin, was kindly received by the emperor, built a church bv imperial
permission, and baptized several thousand converts. Tlie missions
continued to flourish, and the missionaries were tmmolested in their
labours, tiU they began to meddle with the government, and thus became
politicalj^y obnoxious.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans who traded to China, They
made their appearance there early in the sixteenth centuiy ; and were
followed by the Spaniards, Dutch, French, &c. The Russians have an
over-land commerce with China, but are not allowed to use ships. Their
deahngs are restricted to the frontier station at Kiackta, in Tartarj\
lire earliest attempt made by the English to estabhsh a trade with China,
was imder Elizabeth, in 1596. The three sliips, fitted out for this pur-
pose, were all wrecked on their outward voyage. About forty years
later, a somewhat more successful effort was made by a fleet under the
command of Capt. Weddel ; but the main object was defeated through

161

the jealousy and misrepresentations of the " Portimjuls." Nujneroui.
attempts followed, with various success ; but it was not iiittii the Uj^in-
ning of the last century that permission was obtained for (■<^!;ibli''hiiiL' a
factory, and the trade fixed upon a permanent basis.

The first American vessel that went on a trading ^^,\,^•J.v i.. i ni.ui.
sailed from New York, in 1784; but so rapidly did llie trade thus
opened increase, tliat in 1789, there were fifteen Ainericiui vessels at
Canton ; a larger number than from any other country, except Circat
Britain. During twenty-eight years, between 180.3 and 1833 inclusive,
the whole number of arrivals of American vessels at the p«)rt of Canton.
was 896, giving an atmual average of 32. The totsd estimated mea-
surement tonnage of these vessels was 500,000, averaging, therefore.
17,857 per annum. The entire value of the China trade, durinir the
above-mentioned period, may be stated, in round numbers, at l.)0,UUO.OUO.
dollars or over five millions and a quarter sterhng vearlv, rather more than
a hundred millions of this sum have been paid in dollars and billH of
exchange. The bulk of the trade is in teas. Of these, twelve kindij arc
known to the foreign commerce, six of black, and as manv of green. .\
great variety of other articles enter into the trade, but they form a
comparatively unimportant part of it. Opium is the chief import into
China.

Mr. Bridgman, in his " Description of Canton." estimates the whole
number of vessels employed in the China tnide. belonging to all the
different nations, at 140. " But the trade." he adds, " ha.s always been
carried on under circumstances peculiiU" to itself. It is secured by no
commercial treaties ; it is regulated by no stipulated rules. Mandates
and edicts not a few there are on record ; but they all emanate from one
party: still the trade lives, and, by that imperial favour which extemU
to the four seas,' flourishes and enjoys no small degree of protection."

The foreign commerce with China, the land trade carried on by the
Russians alone excepted, is restricted t«) the i)ort of Canton, and xs
conducted, so far as the Chinese themselves are coucerned. by a lM)dy of
licensed traders, called " Hong merchants." This body is culled the
Co-hong, and its members pay roundly for the privilege of entering it. It
is not a joint stock company ; each Ihmg enj«)ys his individual gainn, yet
the whole Co-hong is made responsil)Ie for the debts of every membiT.
so far as they consist of government dues and obligjitions to foreigner*.
These merchants generally amass large fortunes, and live like prince*.
Houqua, the present head of the Co-hong, is supposed to be one of the
richest commoners in the world. His annual i-xprnm-ii cxcccti onr
hundred thousand ])ounds.

The factorlrs, as the warehouse and residenccj <»f the foreign merrhantv

162

are called, are built on a plot of ground, in part reclaimed from the river,
having not more than 660 feet of frontage, with about 1000 feet of
depth. Within these narrow limits is conducted the whole foreign trade of
the Celestial Empire, amounting to from 30,000,000 to 40,000,000,
dollars, annually. The factories are all of granite or brick, and
present a handsome and substantial front. The ground on which they
stand, as also most of the buildings themselves, are owned by the Hong
merchants.

The Chinese have been, repeatedly, denounced in terms savouring
little of Christian forbearance and charity. In their business transac-
tions, they have been presented to our imagination as a nation of cheats;
in their bearing towards foreigners, as scornful and repulsive to the last
degree of supercilious self-complacency ; and in their own social rela-
tions, as bereft of every noble sentiment and generous sympathy. The
policy, especially of excluding foreign traders from all but a single port
of the empire, has been made the subject of the most acrimonious denmi-
ciations. Far be it from us to enter the lists in defence of this policy ;
nor will we take up the proffered gauntlet on the general question of
Chinese respectability and worth. But Truth and Justice are suitors at
the bar, and demand a few words in explanation of one or two points,
which seem not to be generally understood. We have already seen that
this people, at an early day, sought commercial connexions with various
of the neighbouring nations ; that the Arabians traded freely vdth them
wherever they pleased ; that the earliest European visitors were recveived
with marked kindness, and treated with extraordinary hospitahty ; and
that the Catholic missionaries had free admission to all parts, and made
and baptized converts without let or hindrance. These zealous and able
sectaries, were frequently promoted to the highest dignities of the
empire. They founded churches at their will ; and hundreds of thousands
of Chinese were, nominally at least, through their exertions, converted
to the Christian faith. They continued in favour till they indiscreetly
began to tamper with government affairs, and attempted to undermine
the ancient institutions of the realm. No restrictions of place were
imposed upon those western merchants who first frequented the shores of
China. Every port was open to their enterprise, and they were not
required to confine their dealings to any defined spot or particular class
of merchants. But the burning jealousies and fierce wranghngs perpet-
ually kept up between the subjects of the different European govern-
ments that sought to share m the rich gains of the China trade, roused
the suspicions of the Chinese, and inspired no very favourable opinion of
their character. The abominable arts to which the foreigners in former
times, under the temptations of a base cupidity, resorted to injure each

163

other, would seem almost to justify the epithet Fan-kweis, or " foreign
demons,' applied to them bvthe natives. Tliese circumstances, together
with various positive abuses of the. liberties of trade at first freely
granted, caused the government to commence at length the work of
abridging the privileges of foreigners, and the result appears in the rigid
system of restrictions now in force.

If European and American traders mav fairly blame the illibenditv of
the Chinese, these have certainly just ground of complaint agiiinfct them
in the illegal practices to which their cupidity tempts them. Fif-
teen to twenty millions worth of opium has been for years, in detiiuice
of the laws and known wishes of the government annuidly emptied upon
the shores of China by Christian merchants !

Alas for missionary effort, so long as the grasping avarice of the
countries whence the missionaries come, sets at naught everj- Christian
obligation before the very eyes of the people whom it is sought to
convert ! Most devoutly do we long for the auspicious day, when tlie
pure religion of Jesus, shall shed its sacred influences on every human
being ; but we believe it will not come, till the principles of that reUgion
shall take a firmer hold upon the affections of those who profess to enjoy
it, and rear a mightier embankment around their sordid and stormy
passions. When the missionary shall find an auxiliary in the stain-
less life of every compatriot who visits the scene of his labours for
purposes of pleasure or of gain, — when he can point not oidy to the
pure maxims and sublime doctrines proclaimed by the Founder of his
faith, but to the clustering graces that adorn its professors, — then indeed
will the day dawn, and the day-star of the millennium arise upon the
world !

IRI.STKU BY O. M'KKWAN, 9, ORKAT WINCHMTKH BTRKKT, CITY

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