IIHli|

GULLIM

iiliiliiiiii

i ■

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

GIFT OF

Dr. EWIEST C. MOORE

THE FRIENDSHIP OF
NATIONS

A STORY OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT
FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

LUCILE GULLIVER, A.M.

WITH A FOKKWOKIJ BY

DAVID STARR JORDAN, LL.D.

GINN AND COMPANY

BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON

ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL

S12.4

g:i)t atbtnariim grcgg

GINN AND COMPANY- I'KO-
rklHTOKS • 150STUN • U.S.A.

TO THE MEMORY OF

A NOBLE, OLD-TIME EDUCATOR

MY GRANDFATHER

DANIEL GREENLEAF BEEDE

215160

PREFACE

This little book has a twofold purpose. It aims to serve
as a manual of public exercises for the observance of Peace
Day and as a supplementary reader for the school and home.

As a reader the uses of the book will be evident. To some
teachers, however, the idea of employing prose for public
recitations may be new. To such it is suggested that a chapter,
abbreviated to meet requirements, be assigned, paragraph by
paragraph, to all the members of a class or to only a few, as
a single poem is often assigned to four or five children. Each
child should memorize his portion and speak it in the proper
place in the text. In this way an entire entertainment may
proceed without announcement or interruption, if the teacher
so desires. It may seem rather presuming of the author to
suggest that her own work be memorized. It is, however,
only for want of simple, classic literature touching upon the
subject that she makes the suggestion.

There are many days upon the school calendar which, for
one reason or another, claim observance. Yet none is more
far-reaching in influence or more noble in conception than
the day upon which arbitration and the new internationalism
may be celebrated. Equally true is it that no other subject
for celebration offers to the teacher such a wealth of material
correlated with his daily work.

The principles of international justice and fraternity face
their earliest tests in the schoolroom, — particularly in

vii

viii THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

America, where all races are met under one flag, — and on this
account it should be both easy and pleasant for the teacher to
develop from his examples near at hand an understanding of
justice and friendship among nations. Peace, as a subject,
however, is related to more than moral and ethical training.
It is concerned with history, civil government, and physical,
political, and commercial geography. In these connections it
is hoped that the book may be used with profit.

Arbitration may seem a heavy subject to teach to children.
Yet they unconsciously learn its principles outside the school.
What is a baseball game if not a miniature world, with nation
playing with nation, an arbitration court in the person of
an umpire, and excited countrymen looking on from the
"bleachers".? Only the simplest truths of arbitration and
war as means of settling disputes have been mentioned in
the book. There is no need to burden children's minds
with all the problems which confront their elders in this
connection. Just enough arguments have been included to
give girls and boys a foundation for their maturing ideas as
to their country's duty and their own ideals in respect to this
world movement.

For the children's benefit the author has endeavored to
make the world and its people seem real and closely related.
She has tried to show how the spirit of justice and mercy has
been growing, though slowly, through the ages. She has
attempted to emphasize the service and nobility of the arts
of peace. All this has been written with the hope of spread-
ing knowledge and appreciation of the peace movement;
yet full credit, as it should i)c, is always given those devoted
thousands who bore heroically their country's honor through
the wars.

PREFACE IX

Educators everywhere are recognizing the importance of

teaching love of humanity. Their sentiment is voiced in

various regulations. The South Dakota School Law, Section

143, reads :

Moral instruction intended to impress upon the mind of pupils the
importance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, /«<^//V spifif,piifnot/s//i,
dind^respect fo?' honest labor, obedience to parents and due deference to
old age, shall be given by every teacher in the public service of the state.

The Revised Laws of the State of Massachusetts, Chapter

42, Section 18, states the following in regard to moral

training :

All preceptors and teachers of academies, and all other instructors of
youth shall exert their best endeavors to impress on the minds of chil-
dren and youth committed to their care and instruction the principles of
piety and Jus/ice, and a sacred regard for truth, lo7>e of their loinitry,
humanity, and universal benevolence, sobriety, industry and frugality,
chastity, moderation, and temperance, and those other virtues which are
the ornament of iiuman society, and the basis upon which a republican
constitution is founded.

The National Education Association of the United States
at its annual convention in San Francisco, July, 191 1, passed
a declaration not only indorsing international conciliation but
recommending to the teachers an association organized to
promote, through the schools and the educational public of
America, the interests of international justice and fraternity.
The resolution was worded as follows :

(12) The very material advance made in the cause of world peace
during the past year encourages the National Education Association
to urge a more widespread dissemination of knowledge upon this vital
subject. We commend the American School I'eace League as a channel
through which teachers may procure such knowledge, together with
suggestions for its presentation. The League has done excellent work
in collecting and organizing material which appeals both to children and
to adults ; the accuracy of its statements is not questioned ; its arguments

X THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

are sound. The proposal to establish a world tribunal to fill the place
of an international court for civilized nations is worthy of commendation,
and should have the earnest support of all teachers.

In addition to the organized efforts of American educators,
groups of teachers have met in the interest of internationahsm
in Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Belgium,
France, and England. The French, however, have taken the
lead in official recognition of the importance of teaching the
principles of this movement. The program of instruction
for the primar)% secondary, and normal schools of France
prescribes the teaching of international duties and rights,
international solidarity, humanity, love of humanity and its
reconciliation with the duties toward one's countr)^, the right
of nations, the aspiration for an international juridical ideal,
namely, arbitration. And not only are these subjects pre-
scribed, but the teachers are to be supplied with specific
practical helps. There is indeed a fundamental likeness in
the ideals of all peoples.

The author's sincere thanks are due the poet laureate of
England, Sir Alfred Austin, for his kind permission to use
herein his poem, "A Voice from the West" ; and to Mr. Rud-
yard Kipling and his American publishers, Doubleday, Page
& Co., for the right to print the first four lines of his poem,
•" The Ballad of East and West " ; to Rabbi Stephen S. Wise
for an extract from his address, " Young America and World
Peace," delivered at the National Arbitration and Peace Con-
gress, New York, 1907 ; to Professor Richard Burton, The
Outlook Company, and Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company
for "Extras," by Professor Burton; to Dr. John H. Finley
for his poem, "The Soldiers' Recessional"; to Mr. Denis A.
McCarthy and Litde, Brown, and Company for "Let Us Have

PREFACE XI

War ! " by Mr. McCarthy ; to Mr. Erwin Clarkson Garrett and
J. B. Lippincott Company for the use of the four Hnes of
the last stanza of " Taps," by Mr. Garrett ; and to Mr. Edwin
D. Mead for an extract from his pamphlet, " Heroes of
Peace." Sincere thanks are also due the American Peace
Society for permission to use "The Cherry Festival of
Naumburg " ; to the Carnegie Hero P^und Commission for
the description of various awards ; to Harper & Brothers for
an extract from the circular letter sent out by the American
Association of Japan, Written Orders of General Miles,
General Orders No. 54, and a chronology of the Spanish
War (simplified), all in Harper's " Encyclopedia of United
States History"; to Houghton Mifflin Company for "The
Peace Pipe," by Henry W. Longfellow, and " Bookra," by
Charles Dudley Warner ; to John Lane Company for " Great,
Wide, Beautiful, Wonderful World," by W. B. Rands, and for
" The Illusion of War," by Richard Le Gallienne; to Lothrop,
Lee & Shepard Company for Sam Walter Foss's poem,
" The House by the Side of the Road " ; to the Encyclopedia
Britannica Company for an official Japanese message from
"The Historians' History of the World"; to the Century
Company for a selection from " The Autobiography of
Andrew D. White " ; to G. P. Putnam's Sons for G. W.
Carryl's poem, "When the Great Gray Ships come in";
to Charles Scribner's Sons for a short extract from " The
Other Americans," by Arthur Ruhl ; to Small, Maynard &
Company for " War," by Grace P^llery Channing.

P'or certain illustrations, generally indicated in the text,
the author is much indebted to TJie Bookvta?i ; The Car-
negie Hero P^und Commission ; Dr. William Elliot Griffis ;
Miss Mabel Hill and her "Lessons for Junior Citizens";

xil THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Mr. Hamilton Holt; Mr. Robert H. Ingersoll ; the Mac-
millan Company and their publication, "The Herkomers,"
by Sir Hubert von Herkomer ; Mr. D. H. Montgomery and
his "Leading Facts of American History" for "A Map
showing the Division of the World between Spain and Por-
tugal " and for "A Map of the World as Mariners knew it
in 1496" ; Mrs. Maud Wood Park, Boston ; and to Dr. Wil-
liam C. Webster and his " General Historv of Commerce."

The author's grateful appreciation for criticism and sug-
gestion in the preparation of the book should be publicly
expressed to Mr. Wilbur A. Gordy, formerly Superintendent
of Public Schools, Springfield, Massachusetts, and to Mrs.
Gordy; to Mr. James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent of
Public Schools, Springfield, Massachusetts ; to Mr. Charles
A. Breck, Superintendent of Schools, Tilton, New Hampshire ;
to Miss Katherine A. Shute, Boston Normal School ; to Mr.
John C. S. Andrew, Lynn High School ; to Mr. and Mrs.
Edwin D. Mead, Boston ; to Mr. Charles K. Bolton, Libra-
rian of the Boston Athenaeum ; to Colonel Frank L. Locke.
President of the Young Men's Christian Union, Boston ; to
Miss Helen C. Mills, Dillaway School, Boston, who prepared
a graduation program from the book in manuscript ; and to
my mother, Mrs. Emma Beede Gulliver.

To Mrs. P'annie Fern Andrews, Secretary of the Ameri-
can School Peace League and forwarder of the peace move-
ment among teachers and young people in the United States
and European countries, the author owes especial gratitude.

LuciLE Gulliver

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. The Story of War i

II. Thk History of Peace 23

III. The Message of the Czar 53

IV. The City of Peace 85

V. The Geography of. Peace 95

VI. Your Ships upox the Sea 168

\II. The Arithmetic of War 19S

VIII. The Veterans' Tribute 227

IX. The World Brotherhood 256

INDEX . 283

Xlll

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS

pac;e

An Old-World I'.aik in New York Hariior Frontispiece

A Maori Hunter with Hoomerang 3

A Cuban Plowman 4

Watavcta Warriors . . • 6

A Caravan in Asia Minor 8

Present-Day State Magnificence lo

Hullock-Skin Boats, Sutlej River, India I2

Ancient Tyrian \'essel 13

Ancient Roman Vessels 14

II. M. S. t>;v(V/, a First-class British Battleship 15

Automobile Artillery for dealing with Aerial T'ncmies 16

A 16-inch Gun 17

Japanese Siege Gun throwing ii-inch Sluil 19

A Broadside from the A'eio Hampshire 21

Trial by Wager of Battle 24

An African Court hearing a Case 26

An English Court in Session 27

Business Men of Japan entering New \'ork Harbor to inspect

American Banking and Commercial Methods (April, 191 1) . . . 30

The I'.mperor of Germany at the Funeral of King Edward VII . 31

Henry IV 34

Hugo Grotius 35

The Penn Treaty Monument, Kensington, Philadelphia 37

Red Cross Nurses caring for a Wounded Soldier 43

Alfred Nobel 44

Jean de Bloch 45

Baroness Bertha von Suttner 47

Andrew Carnegie 48

The National Arbitration and Peace Congress, New York City, 1907 51

Czar Nicholas II 55

Queen Wilhelmina 58

The House in the Wood 59

xvi THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

. PAGE

The Orange Zaal 5q

The Triumph of Prince Frederick Henry 62

The Russian and the Japanese Peace Delegates formally received

and introduced by President Roosevelt, August, 1905 66

The Wreath upon the Tomb of Grotius yo

The Royal Palace, The Hague 71

The Christ of the Andes -6

Delegates arriving at the Hall of Knights for the Opening Session.

Second Hague Conference -,7

The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration Tribunal .... 81

A Glimpse of Plolland §7

The Old Church, Delfshaven 88

The Palace of Peace oj

The Rinnenhof from the Vyver n-,

England's Royal Children ng

A Kindergarten in Singapore 07

Santa Ana Church, Philippine Islands, used as a Field Hospital by

American Troops jqj

The Parthenon from the Propylasa iq-.

The Sistine Madonna jqc

A Hust of Columbus, designed for Detroit. Michigan 106

The Venus of Milo jog

The Angelus j j j

^sop ,,^

The Laughing Cavalier ,,„

Canterbury Cathedral 121

Countess Spencer and Lord Althorp 122

Dignity and Impudence 12-^

The Shakespeare Monument, Westminster Abbey 124

The Clock Tower and Part of the Walls, Warwick Castle .... 125

Stephenson's Locomotive 128

The Lion of Lucerne j-.,

A Class in Swedish Gymnastics 1-.3

Count Leo Tolstoy in the Fields near his Home i-j^

Mozart j^g

Specimen of English Printing in i486 138

The Grimm I'rothers 1,0

Beethoven ,,,

An X-Ray Photograph of a Foot in a I loot 142

ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS xvii

PAGE

Map showing the Division of the World between Spain and Portugal 148

Simon Bolivar 15°

Longfellow J 5^

The Cover of the Swedish Edition of '" The niids' Christmas Carol " 157

Electrical Illumination upon the Water 159

The Fulton Monument, Trinity Church Yard, New York City ... 162

A Harvester threshing and bagging Grain 164

A Roman Coin of the First Century 171

A Map of the World as Mariners knew it in 1496, showing the Imagi-
nary Monsters of Unexplored Regions 176

The Olympic, One of the Largest of Transatlantic Liners . . . . 181

Eddystone Lighthouse 185

A French Bark displaying a Three-Flag Signal off Cape Horn . . 186

A United States Life-Saving Crew 187

A Shopping Center in Canton 188

Ivory for New York in Mombasa 189

Unloading Russian Butter in London 19'

Llama Freighters in Peru 19-

German Warships off the Coast of Norway 194

Times of Peace in Smyrna i95

The State, War, and Navy Building, Washington 200

The Pension Building, Washington 201

The German Cadet Ship Charlotta 202

Firing a 12-inch Gun 203

The U. S. Battleship Xe~v Hampshire 205

Supphes for Use in the Boer War 207

Korean Soldiers drilling in Seoul 208

Camel Cavalry of Haidarabad 211

The Tower of London 212

Ship Routine 213

Work below the Water Line 214

Target Practice 215

A Spani.sh Revenue Stamp 218

Excerpt from New York /iz/tv//;/;,'- /('*/, December 14, 191 i . . . . 219

The Forward Deck of a U. S. Battleship 221

An Oregon Valley made Habitable and Fruitful by Irrigation ... 222

The ^Meeting of the " House of Governors," 191 1 223

In Memory of Soldiers of the Franco-Prussian War 229

The Nelson Column, Trafalgar Square 230

xviii THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

PAGE

The Field of Waterloo 231

One of the Marble Lions, Boston Public Library 233

The Watts Memorial, Postmen's Park, London 236

A Tablet in the Watts Memorial 237

The Carnegie Medal 241

Westminster Abbey 246

The Scott Monument, Edinburgh 247

The Policemen of New York City on Parade 249

The Republic Medal 250

Lifeboats putting out in a Heavy Sea to aid a Grounded Vessel . . 251

Practice for Fire Fighting 253

The Last Muster 255

The Family Unit 258

Tribal Life 259

National Spirit 260

International Cooperation 261

The Heading of a British-Indian Postal Card 264

International Union of the American Republics 265

An Umpire, the Arbitrator of the Diamond 267

U. S. S. Wolverine 271

The Allied Armies, China, 1900 272

Chinese Boxer Indemnity Students, 191 1 274

A Private Provision for the Protection of Public Health 275

A Government Official concerned with Public Welfare 276

A Horse Ambulance 277

The Opening Lines of the Constitution 281

A FOREWORD TO GIRLS AND BOYS

This little book is written to lead the girls and boys to
make friends the world over. The better we know other
kinds of people, the better we like them. There are many
kinds of people in the world. The ways of some of them are
not like our ways, but they may be good people for all that
— just as good as we are. They love their children, they try
to do what is right, and when they come to understand us,
they will not want to fight us.

It is said that when the fighting men of France went on
the First Crusade to the Holy Land, they thought, when they
reached the cities on the Rhine, that they had come to
Jerusalem. And they were surprised beyond measure when
they found that the people there did not speak French. They
were still more surprised when they found that they them-
selves were Frenchmen. They supposed that they were just
men, and that ever^-body else was like them, and that all the
world spoke the same language. When they found out the
difference, they were suspicious of one another, and at last
they began to hate each other, and this foolish hatred they
have kept even down to our day.

On the river Rhine in Switzerland is a large city called
Basel. On the other side of the river in Germany is a small
town called Little Basel. It is said that in Little Basel there
is a town clock that strikes the hours. On every hour there

xix

XX THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

comes out a little wooden figure, a sort of doll, which squints
its eyes and twists its mouth and makes a face at Big Basel
across the river in Switzerland. This is to show that the little
town does not like its big neighbor.

And all through the history of Europe, when people did
not like their neighbors, they made war on them. And these
wars were ver)^ costly, very wicked, and ver)' murderous. So
the wise people of the world are determined now that wars
shall cease. When we know our neighbors, we find that they
are just as good as we are. As we do not want them to rob
and kill us, we will not rob and kill them. We shall not
want to hurt them. It is better to visit them and to learn
their ways. Since men invented steamships and railways, it
is not far to any part of the earth. We may visit any people
we wish. We are like one huge family, and every one is
become our neighbor.

Peace is the condition in which the affairs of men are
settled without violence. Peace is the permanence of law.
Under peace the affairs of nations as well as the affairs of
individual men will be settled by men wise and learned in
law (judges), or by groups of one's equals (juries), or by both.
It is only in peace that the individual man can realize the
best that is in life. It is in peace only that the nations can
regain control over their affairs, by paying their war debts
and by restricting their expenses so as to live within their
means. We are living in an age when wisdom and cooperation
count for more than force, when the ties between men and
nations are growing stronger every day, when the forces that
lead men to wrath are growing weaker, and when we can see
clearly the time when we shall " take unreasoning anger out
of the councils of the world."

FOREWORD xxi

To this end this Httle book is sent forth in hope and in

confidence. It tells the story of what has been done by the

boys and girls who have grown up in the past, and it tells

something of what is left for the boys and girls of the future

to do.

DAVID STARR JORDAN

Leland Stanford Junior University
Palo Alto, California

Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the

twain shall meet,
Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great

Judgment Seat;
But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed,

nor Birth,
When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come

from the ends of the earth !

From The Ballad of East atid IVesi,
by RuDYARD Kipling

XXll

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

CHAPTER I

THE STORY OF WAR

Years come and go. and kings grow old and die,
And those who whilom held the world in thrall

Throneless and scepterless and crownless lie,
Finding in death the common fate of all.

Systems and dynasties and nations rise,

Awhile the destinies of men they sway ;
Anon a ruin staring at the skies

Proclaims their littleness and their decay.

Vainly the monarch flings around his throne
A shining armament of mail-clad hordes ;

Vainly, for lo, the centuries are strown

With wrecks of kingdoms once upheld by swords !

Nothing survives save Right — nor king, nor throne;

That nation, howsoe'er its strongholds stand.
Which hath not Right for its foundation-stone

Is like a house that's built upon the sand.

Nothing survives save Right — for God is just;

The Right is His, He guards it thro' the years;
He humbles the oppressor in the dust.

He hath an answer to a nation's tears.

From The Memory of Emmet, by Denis A. McCarthy

Many, many years ago in the days when all men were sav-
ages, legend tells us that Osiris, god of good things, came
down upon the earth to bestow blessings. The world was very

2 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

dark and evil then, for men and women were living without
law or order, like the wild beasts which they hunted. So Osiris
resolved to grant them a new blessing, — the knowledge of
planting vines and sowing wheat and barley, — for by so doing
he hoped to civilize them. He fashioned tools for farming
and harnessed oxen to the plows, and taught his people to
eat of the grains which they grew. And when he had thus
made his chosen country happy and prosperous, he gathered
a great army and set off to bestow this blessing throughout
the world. Everywhere he conquered peoples and was hailed
as a prince and a benefactor of mankind ; but, it must be
remembered, he used no weapons in his conquest save the
weapons of music and eloquence.

Of course this is only a legend, but, even so, it has a grain
of truth, for somewhere back in the days of savagery man
learned the arts of peace. And sadly indeed he needed to
learn them. Chronicles do not tell how or when the change
came about, for before the dawn of recorded history man
had learned to speak, to house and clothe himself, to use fire,
to make implements of peace and war, to domesticate animals,
to engage in agriculture, to establish systems of government,
and to write. He had also learned how to make war, and if it
were not for a story like that of Osiris, we might believe that
primitive man waged continual warfare with no thought of
peace or justice. But a people that delighted in the bloodless
victory of Osiris must have had a feeling of brotherhood
somewhere in their hearts, even though they failed to show
it to their neighbors.

The earliest days of the world are so veiled in mystery
that we have no absolute knowledge of the beginnings of war.
iiut it is to be supjjosed that it originated with the first tribe

THE STORY OF WAR

from which all peoples are descended. Certain it is that, since
the days of authentic history, it appears in every aj^e and
generation to this very day, when many men at last are
saying that war is unjust
and useless and inhuman.
But the far-awav founders
of our race had no
thought for the kind of
warfare that civilized man
wages. They were proba-
bly hunters, and fought
the wild beasts that
roamed in great numbers
through the forests. They
killed them for their flesh,
and ate them in compar-
ative peace and quiet, for,
as long as game was
plentiful and the chase
open to all, there was little
reason for one famil\' to
war upon another.

But we suppose that
some one in those olden
days — perhaps it was a
child — caught a \oung
wolf or a kitten and took
it home. In time the little

animal grew tame, and then the other children of the region
wanted to make pets of the wild creatures of the wood.
Their fathers as well began to wonder if animals might not

I Underwood & Underwood

A Maori IIinter with Boomerang

4 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

be trained to serve them. So the idea of taming creatures
grew until men had discovered that certain animals, which
we now call cattle, could give them milk as well as flesh for
food. And from that time a new era began upon the earth.
Man was no longer a mere hunter and fisher ; he became a
herdsman with flocks of cattle, goats, and sheep to tend.

ndcrwood

A Cuban Plowman

As soon as there were herds upon the plains, however,
there was war in the air, for the less civilized tribes preyed
upon the flocks. Protection became necessary, and the vari-
ous families in a region came together and united against the
foes. Up to this time, it is supposed, each family had lived
quite to itself; men were not interested in or dependent upon
each other in those days, liut with perpetual danger from

THE STORY OF WAR 5

marauders facing them, families were forced to form a union
and to devise means for waging war. The domestication of
animals thus wrought many changes in the lives of men in
bringing them together, uniting them in tribes, and sowing
in them the spirit of fighting. Since that time there has
been warfare between tribes and nations — warfare of many
kinds and waged for many reasons.

As man's education went on from generation to generation,
he learned to till the ground. And when he had chosen his
land, and once begun to tend it from sowing time to harvest,
there probably came upon him fresh inroads from the less civ-
ilized tribes. They coveted his land and crops as well as his
herds of cattle. Battles were fought, and there were still
greater needs for families to band together. Consequently
the strength of the tribe increased as more and more fami-
lies gave their lives to pastoral and agricultural pursuits and
united with their neighbors already in the tribe. This union
of many men and women was the beginning of the nation. It
advanced them one step nearer civilization. But the union
which they formed for purposes of war brought about fight-
ing and bloodshed which they had not foreseen.

There was no system of government in those days and con-
sequendy no laws or rulers. One man had as much authority
as another, l^ut when a tribe became established, the idea
of leadership entered into men's minds, and there was trouble
in the tribe. One family desired superiority over another,
and probably the heads of many families, and ambitious sons
as well, fell to fighting for the leadership. There was no prej-
udice against fighting for the honor, and no accepted way of
choosing a chief if they had remained at peace with one an-
other. So a long series of internal feuds must have followed

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

before men realized that a nation, however small, must select
a system of government and rulers endowed with authority, if
it would lead a prosperous and unbroken life. In those dissen-
sions before the establishment of governments are found the

earliest forms of civil war.
As battles became
more and more a part
of the life of the people,
the need for weapons in-
creased. The club, which
had been one of man's
first implements for pro-
tection and slaughter, de-
veloped into the battle-ax
of metal and the sword,
and the crude spear took
on the form of the metal-
pointed javelin, the lance,
the dart, and the dagger.
The bow and arrow were
perfected early, and led
to various instruments
which culminated in the gigantic battering-ram, an ancient mili-
tary engine used to beat down the defenses of besieged places.
The simplest forms of these arms, together with the shield
and sling, have been common to almost all savage races, and
are still to be found in use among the aborigines of Australia
and Oceanica, who fashion them of wood, bone, and stone, as
did the inhabitants of the remote ages. This fact shows that,
even at this late date in the history of man, there are peoples
upon the earth representing every degree of civilization —

) I'lKierwnod \- UikIltwooU

Wataveta Wa KKIORS

THE STORY OF WAR 7

from the lowest savage who only knows how to satisfy his
hunger, to the educated man who has power to make the ele-
ments of the earth, the water, and the air serve his will.

Many of these changes in arms came about through tlie in-
fluence of merchants. The exchange of goods, which we call
trade and commerce, has been a very powerful factor in
advancing civilization, but, on the other hand, it has been
responsible for the most wanton bloodshed and the most reck-
less expenditure of life and money. If men of different races
could have known and understood each other in the early
days, perhaps the course of war might have been somewhat
checked, and history been written less in battles and deeds
upon the field. But as it was, one nation had no way of learn-
ing about another. There were no newspapers, no books, no
means of rapid transportation from country to country, and
few travelers who understood different tongues. When
strangers came together, they were forced to make known
their wishes through signs or symbols, and these were not
easily understood. A Greek general once received from a hos-
tile people a message which consisted of the body of a bird, a
mouse, and a frog, together with a bundle of five arrows. The
general thought that the enemies wished to say that they
recognized him as lord of their territory — the land, the water,
and the air. One of the general's officers, however, read the
message differently. He said that unless the general and his
soldiers could learn to fly through the air like a bird, or to
burrow through the earth like a mouse, or to dive through
the water like a frog, they would not be able to escape the
arrows of their enemies. It is not strange that in a world of
such ignorance and misunderstanding traders were suspicious
of each other and went forth upon all journeys well armed.

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

For the sake of safety merchants traveled in caravans hke
the one recorded in Genesis : " a company of Ishmaehtes from
Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh,
going to carry it down to Egypt." In companies, however,
they were not secure from the attacks of nomad robbers in
the deserts and on the barren steppes. Trading offered dan-
gers as well as difficulties which tended to keep men ever at

war. The more civilized
tribes conducted even
their business in ways
little likely to establish
friendly relations between
them and alien people.
The Chinese, for exam-
ple, employed very curi-
ous methods. In a building
called the Stone Tower
they placed the bales of
silk and wool which they
wished to sell, and with-
drew. The merchants
then approached, depos-
ited a sum of money
which they were willing to pay for the goods, and withdrew.
The Chinese returned, and took away the money, leaving the
goods, if they were satisfied with the sum ; but if the pay-
ment seemed insufficient, they took away the goods and left
the money. Trade prospered, however, tiny villages grew
into busy market places, and caravans wound their slow and
silent way farther and farther into unknown lands. In con-
sequence roads were built between distant places, some of

'ij I'liilci wuutl A: I'lKlurwuod

A Caravan in Asia Minor

THE STORY OF WAR 9

them leading to the sea, and over these passed the first
world messages of peace through the kindly services of trade.
The soft footfall of the merchant's camel was not the only
sound heard upon these ways. The tramp of the soldier
sounded as well, for the lone husbandmen, who single-handed
had fought for their herds and crops, offered their sons to the
nation, and armies appeared — armies of prodigious size and
elegance. The Persians in battle array serve as an example
to us, for they presented only one of many brilliant spectacles
of those war days. Silver altars, surrounded by priests chant-
ing sacred hymns, were first in line of march, and were fol-
lowed by three hundred sixty-five youths dressed in purple
garments. A chariot dedicated to the sun was drawn by snow-
white horses, led by grooms wearing white garments and
carrying golden wands. Ten chariots embossed with gold
and silver preceded the cavalry of twelve nations, dressed in
their various costumes and carrying their peculiar arms. Then
came the Persian Immortals, ten thousand in number, wear-
ing golden chains and robes embroidered with gold and glit-
tering with precious stones. Following at a short distance
came fifteen thousand nobles, relatives of the king, dressed
in garments wonderfully wrought. A company of spearmen
preceded the king. He rode in an imposing chariot, high
above the surrounding multitude, and wore robes of sur-
passing magnificence, and a costly miter upon his head. By
his side walked two hundred of his most noble relations. Ten
thousand warriors, bearing spears whose staffs were of silver
and heads of gold, followed the royal chariot. The king's
horses, forty in number, with thirty thousand footmen, con-
cluded the procession. At some distance followed the mother
and wife of the king in chariots, accompanied by their ladies

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

on horseback. Fifteen cars carried the king's children, their
tutors and nurses, and six hundred mules with three hun-
dred camels bore the royal treasury guarded by archers. The
friends and relations of the ladies followed with the cooks
and servants. Light-armed troops brought up the rear.

It is easy to see that an army of such magnificence was
not needed to keep the roads open to caravans, or to protect

Present-Day State Magnificence
Indian princes in solid gold and silver howdahs, Delhi Durbar, 191 1

travelers from roving tribes, or even to settle questions of a
nation's rights and honor. Soldiers, plainly clothed and pro-
vided with only the simplest weapons, could have carried on
the business of war quite as well. But nations in those days,
as now, enjoyed parade and pomp. They not only liked to
see themselves arrayed in costly battle garments, but they
liked to have other nations see them. Consequently neither
expense nor workmanship was spared in preparing an army,

THE STORY OF WAR II

for the more splendid the appearance, the more grand and
powerful a nation seemed. When a king of those days looked
upon his troops and saw their strength and splendor, he felt
proud and wished to lead them forth. Such a company was
not formed to stay at home where only their countrymen
could see them. Other nations must know how powerful a
king he was. So he and his followers marched away, and
wars for conquest began. I'he weaker nation fell before the
more powerful and became a subject, and the conqueror made
himself rich with spoils and slaves and new lands. Peoples
were forced to give themselves up to a life of war, either for
conquest or protection, and the great highways, which trade
would have dedicated to peace and prosperity alone, became
military roads over which war took its cruel and inhuman way.
Some of these great roads led to the sea, but the sea in
those days was not the friend to nations that it is to-day.
Men feared it and did not know how to sail upon its waters.
Even those who were born by its shores dared not venture
far from land, and generations upon generations passed away
upon the earth before vessels were built and put to sea. In
the early days men crossed streams upon rafts or inflated
skins, or in small oval boats made of boughs and branches
and covered with hide. The Indian of North America made
a boat of this kind, covered with the skin of the elk, called a
bull boat, and to-day similar vessels named coracles are found
in use in l\g)'pt and Tibet, and among fishermen in Wales
and Ireland, whose early ancestors paddled about in boats of
the very same kind. Of course this craft developed as time
went on, and men became more skilled in water travel. They
were enlarged to provide room for more sailors and greater
burdens of merchandise, and to carry masts and sails. But

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

for many years they served only as river boats or traders
along the coast.

Among the ancient peoples, however, there was one band
living in a tiny country called Phoenicia, in the western part
of Asia, by the sea, which had courage to venture far from

• I'litlerwooil & LrnikTwooU

Bullock-Skin Boats, Sutlej Rivkr, India

land. They taught themselves how to build scawcMthv boats
from the cedars of their own mountains, and how to sail those
boats upon the deep. And in time they went over the great
waters of the Mediterranean, far from home, and cast anchor
in the harbors of foreign lands. They tiiught strangers the
art of shipbuilding and of sailing at night by the north star,
or, as the Cirecks called it, the Phcrnician star. ICvcrywhere

THE STORY OF WAR

they went they carried cargoes of merchandise to trade, for
caravans from the north, south, and east of Asia brought
many wares into their country. Spices, copper, and gold were
in their markets ; also ivory and ebony, slaves, horses, and
mules, pearls and diamonds from India and Ceylon, silver
mined in Spain, linen spun in I'2g}^pt, tin from the British
Isles, amber from the Baltic, and
merry apes and gorgeous pea-
cocks of the south. These they
stowed away in the holds of their
ships and sent to lands where
they were not found, " When
thy wares went forth out of the
sea," wrote the Prophet Ezekicl
about Phoenicia, "thou fiUedst
many people ; thou didst enrich
the kings of the earth with the
multitude of thy riches and of thy
merchandise." Wherever they
sailed they went as educators,
too, as well as mariners and mer-
chants, for their communication taught riiany things about
the earth and its people. In this way the commerce of that
little country in Asia wove a web of peaceful intercourse
among nearly all the known countries of the world.

But alas ! men proved to be no more honorable upon the
sea than they were upon the land. The same spirit which
led them to wage great wars for conquests in the plains and
mountain passes filled the hearts of sailors as they sighted
ships of other nations or sailed past foreign shores. They
grew jealous of each other's colonies and commerce, and

Ancient Tyrian Vessel

From Webster's " General History
of Commerce "

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

desired for themselves whatever good thing another people
owned. In satisfying their ambitions they showed no feeling
of honor or justice, for they robbed and plundered and de-
clared war wherever it pleased them. Pirates chased trading
ships upon the high seas and even ventured near the coast

to make life terrible. Mar-
iners armed their craft,
and rulers commanded
fighting ships called gal-
leys to be launched and
fitted with instruments of
warfare. In this way the
first navies of the world
were founded.

And strange and mag-
nificent these navies were,
for the ancients enjoyed
mingling splendor with the
horrors of war. Sometimes
striped sails adorned the
galleys ; sometimes they
were dyed purple or flame
color, and embroidered
with gold or silver. Hulls
were painted gaudily or
gilded, and gilded oars
swung by unhappy slaves flashed in the sunshine. The decks
were sumptuous with bright awnings and inlaid work of ivory,
and the bow was formed in some high and pointed figure.
Even many centuries later English kings fought in similar
galleys gay with banners, pennons, and bright sails.

Ancient Roman Vessels
From Webster's " History of Commerce '

THE STORY OF WAR

These wonderful boats were subjected to the most severe
dangers and encounters, all regardless of their beauty and ex-
pense. An admiral often directed his vessel to run into an
enemy's ship, thus shattering the oars, or breaking the rudder,
or smashing in the side, or overturning the ship. When the
prow itself could not be used, a beam was swept quickly across
the enemy's deck, maiming the crew, or knocking them and

I'liotou'iapli by Paul Thumiisou

H. M. S. ORION, A First-class British Battlesiiii'

their instruments into the sea. Huge hooks of iron were
thrown from one deck to another, to hold two ships fast so
that the soldiers of one might leap over upon the enemy.
Great hollow pipes belched forth fire, which burned the ves-
sels and the men, and earthen pots filled with lighted coals
and pitch, or live snakes, were dropped upon the enemy's
decks. Galleys driven toward the shore were caught by iron
cranes suspended from the walls of forts, and lifted out of the
water and dashed to pieces, English warriors of a later day

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

hurled stones, bricks, and bars of iron upon their enemy, shot
arrows winged with feathers or brass, or threw hme into the
eyes of their opponents. In this way many a splendid galley
went down in all its glory, and in this way naval warfare was
begun. From these galleys on the sea have developed the
warships of our day, — the battleships, protected cruisers,
armored cruisers, gunboats, monitors, scout ships, torpedo

Automobile Artillery eor dealing with Aerial Enemies
Equipped with wireless apparatus

boats, torpedo-boat destroyers, and submarines, — and from
their crude and terrible arms have come the more refined
and perfect machines which our ships carry. Yet from the
aeroplane high in the air to the submarine scudding beneath
the waters, our weapons for destroying armies and fleets are
no less terrible or destructive.

Soldiers to-day present a most impressive sight as they
march away to war in perfect time to music and command.

THE STOR'Y OF WAR 1 7

Their uniforms are fresh and their braid and buttons bright,
banners of the regiment and country wave in the breeze, swords
and bayonets flash in the sun, and the sound of drum and bugle
stirs them and those who watch them through their tears. You
would not know them, though, if you should follow them on
to the battlefield. Their ranks would be broken, their banners
torn, their suits black with dirt and sweat and blood, and as
they charged they would be trampling upon dead and dying
men. Faces that were young would be torn away, eyes that
watched to kill would be shot out, ears that listened for the

) Underwood & Underwood

A 16-INCH Gun

Its projectile is nearly as tall as a man of average height and weighs 2400 pounds. One

such shell probably will put the largest dreadnought out of action. When elevated to

an angle of 45°, the gun has an extreme range of 22 miles.

word to fire would be gone, and hands and feet and even
heads would be blown off. And should you see a naval fight
upon a warship cleared for action, the experience would be
similar. The sounds from the great guns would deafen you,
the ship would shudder beneath your feet at the shock of
the firing, and, as the booming died away, sailors' faces
would peer out, haggard with care and black with oil and
soot. Great parts of the ship might be torn away by the
enemy's guns, or the whole ship blown up, and that which
was a little city of the sea sunk into the waters to be drowned
and lost forever.

1 8 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

And what has made these changes in an army and na\7
which was so fair to see ? The enemy's weapons have de-
stroyed ; they have done the work for which they were
planned. Muskets, rifles, and pistols, heavy guns, mortars,
battery guns and rapid-fire guns have poured forth bullets,
shrapnel, shot, shells, bombs, and projectiles, some weighing
as much as fourteen hundred pounds. Gunpowder mines have
been buried in the earth and submarine mines beneath the sea,
torpedoes have been laid in the grass, anchored in a channel,
set adrift in a current, and fired from warships, and all man's
latest and most cunning instruments have been used to gain a
victory. Such is modern war — the real war. Only a few know-
it as it is. The rest of us see the gold lace and hear the music.

Nations now do not commit the same ravages upon their
neighbors that they did in days gone by, but they still lack
faith and trust in each other. The memories of old feuds keep
them suspicious, although they respect one another's bound-
aries and possessions fairly well, and newspapers make them
fearful of fresh wars. Some men believe that nations will al-
ways fight because they always have fought, and that men
never will outgrow their love of war. Other men are making
fortunes from warships and armor ; so of course they believe
in having countries well prepared. The presence of some bar-
barous and semibarbarous peoples in certain countries of the
world fills near-by governments with fear of attack and devas-
tation. All these influences work together to keep great armies
in training and costly navies plying up and down, to protect
home lands, colonies, and commerce.

So the story of war is not yet finished, not even after ages
of fighting upon the earth ; but the spirit of justice and friend-
ship, which once was weak among nations, grows stronger year

Japanese Siege Gun throwing ii-incii Shell
(Russo-Japanese War)

20 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

by year. From the days of the olden conquerors, who merci-
lessly brought together different peoples and through their
commerce taught much about the world, nations have been
drawn closer and closer to one another. Intelligence and cul-
ture have spread, and business knows no boundaries. Ameri-
cans own property in Mexico, Europeans are developing the
backward countries of South America, Germans are carrying
on business in Africa, the king of England owns securities
in the United States, and people of many races are working
together to provide each other with the things which they de-
sire. The Old World and the New are made one by swift-sail-
ing ocean steamers, railroads, cables, and telegraph lines. Now
in New York or Hamburg or Shanghai you can buy a ticket
around the world, and be safe and welcome almost anywhere
on your travels. Laws govern individuals and states, and na-
tions are framing new rules to govern their conduct toward each
other, which are becoming international law. The whole world
has become bound together by many ties of business, educa-
tion, and sympathy, and the closer these ties are drawn the
greater will be the spirit of friendship among the nations.
The old conditions which made war possible are fading into
the past, and from the struggles of centuries good appears.

War

I abhor,

And yet how sweet

The sound along the marching street

Of drum and fife, and I forget

Wet eyes of widows, and forget

Broken old mothers, and the whole

Dark butchery without a soul.

Without a soul — save this bright drink
Of heady music, sweet as death :

> o

•a

-a
u
• - a

JZ ^

o
a.

ca
bo

2 2 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

And even my peace-abiding feet
Go marching with the marching street,
For yonder yonder goes the fife,
And what care I for human life !
The tears fill my astonished eyes

And my full heart is like to break.
And yet 't is all embannered lies,

A dream those little drummers make.

Oh, it is wickedness to clothe

Yon hideous grinning thing that stalks
Hidden in music, like a cjueen

That in a garden of glory walks,
Till good men love the thing they loathe.
Art, thou hast many infamies,

But not an infamy like this.
Oh, snap the fife and still the drum.

And show the monster as she is !

The Illusion 0/ Jfiir, by Richard Le Galliknne

CHAPTER II

TIIK HISTORY OF PEACE

What is the Voice I hear

On the wind of the Western Sea ?
Sentinel ! hsten from out Cape Clear,

And say what the voice may be.
" 'T is a proud, free People calling loud

To a People proud and free.

"And it says to them, ' Kinsmen, hail !

We severed have been too long ;
Now let us have done with a worn-out tale,

The tale of an ancient wrong.
And our friendship last long as Tove doth last,

And be stronger than Death is strong.'"

Answer them. Sons of the self-same race.

And blood of the self-same clan,
Let us speak with each other, face to face,

And answer, as man to man,
And loyally love and trust each other.

As none but free men can.

Now, fling them out to the breeze.

Shamrock, Thistle, and Rose !
And the Star-Spangled Banner unfurl with these,

A message to friends and foes,
Wherever the sails of Peace are seen.

And wherever the War-wind blows.

A message to bond and thrall to wake.
For, whenever we come, we twain.

The Throne of the Tyrant shall rock and quake.
And his menace be void and vain :

For you are lords of a strong young land.
And we are lords of the main.
23

THE FRIENDSHIP O'F NATIONS

Yes, this is the Voice on the bluff March gale,

" We severed have been too long :
But now we have done with a worn-out tale,

The tale of an ancient wrong,
And our friendship shall last as Love doth last,

And be stronger than Death is strong."

From A Voice from the West, by Alfred Austin

Nowadays we hear a great deal about peace. Statesmen
mention it in their speeches, clergymen preach about it

in their sermons, bankers
consider it in their loans,
merchants talk about it in
their offices, military com-
manders discuss it at the
barracks, laborers believe
in it, and teachers and
mothers petition for it the
world over. Congresses
assemble in many countries
to lay plans for helping the
cause which they call the
peace movement, and at the same time certain newspapers
and advocates of great navies and armies are declaring that
peace is a dream of dreamers, a most impossible fantasy for
such a warlike world as ours. All this discussion and differ-
ence of opinion make us wonder what this peace really is,
and if all those who are talking about it understand it.

Sometime far back in the strange past, when men settled
all (juestions by battle, the idea of peace came into the world.
No one knows what caused such a pleasant thought among
the cruel ones which filled men's minds, nor just what peace

Trial by Wager of Battle
From a manuscript of the thirteenth century

THE HISTORY OF PEACE 25

meant at first. In our time, however, it has many meanings
— the peace that prevails among the members of a family or
neighborhood and among friends, the peace that comes with
the doing of duty and of good deeds and with a clear con-
science, the peace that blesses a country whose citizens live
in harmony, and also the peace that might reign among
nations. The beginning of this last and most wonderful
peace came in the days when men first felt a little kindness
toward foreigners, and a grain of honor in what they said and
did. Since that time it has been growing the world over, and
each year the 'nations are drawn closer and closer by many
bonds, and are settling more and more questions of dispute
through a court of judges instead of waging war. It is this
peace among the nations that concerns men's minds to-day.

Some believe that for a • nation a life of peace without war
would be disastrous because they think that without war
young men would not learn manly virtues. Others are sure
that any nation which advocates peace must be either weak
or afraid of its neighbor. Still others feel that it is foolish to
even talk about peace, because fighting is just as much a part
of man's nature as loving, and cannot be changed. " In times
of peace prepare for war," these gentlemen say, and each
year they make up a great war budget in order that their
country may have money to keep its army and navy ready for
battle at any moment. On the other hand, many believe that
only through peace and peaceful settlement of quarrels can
nations lead upright and prosperous lives.

The real peace which concerns nations, however, can hardly
weaken men or races, nor make a people seem cowardly in
the eyes of the world. It has too noble a purpose for that,
for it demands the reign of law and justice in affairs between

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

nations. And who does not believe in such a peace ? The
bravest soldier on the field fights for law and justice, the most
farseeing statesman pleads for law and justice, the father
trains his children to obey law and to act justly with their
playmates. Nations frame constitutions which are composed

of their chief laws of
government, sovereigns
make rules called edicts
and decrees, and legis-
lators enact statutes.
Everj^-where laws are
made for the good of
the people as citizens
and for the countries
themselves, because they
are based upon the prin-
ciple of justice. They
arc made to protect life
and property, and to give
every man " a square
deal."i Any person who
is summoned into court
has a chance to tell his
story to a judge and jury whose business it is to decide whether
or not he has done wrong. The court, however, does not allow
the offender to fight out the matter with swords and pistols and
cannon ; people know that such means would prove nothing
and would be unjust and cruel to those who were injured.
Instead, prisoner, judge, jury, lawyers, and witnesses talk
over the matter together. Why should not the same order

1 An expression used by Theodore Roosevelt.

An African Court hearing a Case

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

and fairness reign in matters between nations ? Would such
a peace make nations weak ? The same strong minds, sound
bodies, and brave hearts that are needed to fight with men
from other nations would be needed to argue with them. The
same justice, mercy, kindness, honesty, courage, intelligence,

) Underwood & Underwood

An English Court in Session

unselfishness, and honor which are needed every day now to
make nations stronger and more noble would be just as
necessary if different countries should agree to keep peace
with each other. In fact, this peace encourages ever)thing
which is best in men and governments, and requires all
deeds and sacrifices which make true national strength.

The thought of settling controversies between nations in a
peaceful manner instead of by war is really very old. The feel-
ing of justice and mercy and friendliness toward strangers

28 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

is still older, for without such feeling no people desires
peace, Jewish history records that fourteen hundred years
and more before the birth of Christ similar justice toward
foreigners was expected of the Jews. In the words of their
law it is written :

May you be a laborious people, and exercise your souls in virtuous
actions, and thereby possess and inherit the land without wars ; while
neither any foreigners make war upon it, and so afflict you, nor any inter-
nal sedition seize upon it. . . . Let all sort of warlike operations, whether
they befall you now, in your own time, or hereafter in the times of your
posterity, be done out of your own borders. But when you are about to
go to war, send ambassages and heralds to those who are your volun-
tary enemies ; for it is a right tiling to make use of words to them, be-
fore voii come to your weapons of war ; and assure them thereby, that
although you have a numerous army, with horses and weapons, and,
above these, a God merciful to you, and ready to assist you, you
do, however, desire them not to compel you to fight against them nor to
take from them what they have. . . . And if they hearken to you, it will
be proper for you to keep peace with them.^

And this law of justice and mercy requires still more :

When you have pitched your camp take care that you do noth-
ing that is cruel; and when you are engaged in a siege, and want timber
for making warlike engines, do not render the land naked by cut-
ting down trees that bear fruits ; but spare them, as considering that they
were made for the benefit of men, and that if they could speak,
they would have a just pica against you ; because, though they are not
occasions of the war, they are unjustly treated, and suffer in it;
and would, if they were able, remove themselves into another land.^

The Egyptians also showed leniency in times of war. They
spared those who fell in battle if they asked for mercy, and
in ancient pictures of naval fights they are shown rescuing
the enemy from a watery grave when their galleys were
sinking.

1 Works of Flavius Joscphus, "Antiquities of the Jews," IJook IV.

THE HISTORY OK PEACE 29

One of the oldest stories which reveals friendship between
foreigners is told in the " Book of Ruth." On account of a
famine in the land, a man named Elimelech and his wife,
Naomi, went away with their two sons to a strange country
called Moab. Soon after Elimelech died, but the sons at
least must have been happy in the foreign land, for they mar-
ried daughters of Moab. After ten )'ears, however, the sons
died also, and the mother was left alone among people who
were not her own. So she prepared to return home, and her
daughters-in-law went with her a little way to speed her on the
journey. At last she kissed them and turned to go on alone, but
Ruth, one of the daughters, clung to her, saying, " Entreat
me not to leave thee, for whither thou goest, I will go ; thy
people shall be my people." So Naomi took Ruth with her,
and all the city made her welcome, showing her the same
kindnesses which her people had shown Naomi. And for the
rest of her days Ruth lived happily among the men and
women of another race, over three thousand years ago.

Sometimes in those far-away days rulers felt interest in
kingdoms and people not their own, and communicated with
each other. The Queen of Sheba, we are told, heard such
wonderful tales of the wisdom of Solomon, king of Israel,
that she determined to see the king and find out for herself
if the reports were true. So she journeyed to Jerusalem, and
asked of that famous ruler many perplexing questions. In
due time, however, all her queries were answered, and she
knew that Solomon's wisdom was every whit as great as
people said. Then she presented him with much gold and
great store of spices and precious stones, and many sandal-
wood trees from which pillars, harps, and psalteries for
singers were made.

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Another king of Israel, Hezekiah, was once sick unto
death, and the news of his danger came to the ears of the
king of Babylon. That monarch, feeling kindly toward
Hezekiah, sent letters to him and a present. And Hezekiah

Business Men of Japan entering New York IIarhor to inspect
American Banking and Commercial Methods (April, 191 i)

received them with much pleasure, and showed the king's
messengers all his most precious treasures.

Such courtesies between nations have become the custom
nowadays, and are very pleasant ways of expressing friend-
ship and sympathy. The president of the United States,
however, is not allowed to accept gifts from foreign powers

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

without permission. According to the Constitution, " no per-
son holding any office of profit or trust shall, without the
consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, emol-
ument, office, or title, of any
kind whatever, from any
king, prince, or foreign
state." Nor is the president
expected to leave the terri-
tory of the country while he
holds office. Many other
magistrates make frequent
visits for royal weddings,
funerals, and special cele-
brations, and for rest and
recreation. Very often they
send representatives to learn
how another country cares
for its poor and sick, or
provides schools, libraries,
fresh water, and pure air.
Ambassadors and consuls
regularly live in foreign
cities and act for their
rulers in many matters of
peace. Help also is ever
ready when trouble comes
to a nation. When news of
the great earthquake which
destroyed the islands and the southern part of Italy in 1908
was wired around the world, all countries showed the deepest

The Emtkrok ok Germany at the
Funeral of King Edward VII

THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

sympathy. Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, gave ten thou-
sand dollars for the relief of the sufferers. King Edward VII
of England wired his condolence, and the Lord Mayor of
London at once opened a fund. A French relief squadron
set sail from Toulon laden with food, clothing, medical sup-
plies, and money, and the United States supply ship Celtic,
with a million and a half of navy rations, was dispatched at
once to the scene of the disaster. Americans laid out a vil-
lage among the ruins of Messina, and erected nearly two
thousand cottages from material sent from the United States.
And when the late king of England died in May, 1910, the
mourning was almost universal. Expressions of sorrow were
sent from every nation, and nine kings and many princely
guests rode in his funeral train. The message from the
United States was as follows :

To her Majesty Oueen Alexandra :

On the sad occasion of the death of King Edward, I offer to your
Majesty and to your son, his illustrious successor, the most profound
sympathy of the people and of the government of the United States,
whose hearts go out to their British kinsmen in this their national
bereavement.

To this I add the expression to your Majesty and to the new king,
of my own personal sympathy and of my appreciation of those high
qualities which made the life of the late king so potent an influence
toward peace and justice among the nations.

[Signed] William Howard Taft

In this manner tlic spirit of brotherhood shows itself to-day
— not once in a while, as in the olden time, but very often
and on every hand. Yet it was not brought about in a gen-
eration or in a single century. Years and years have passed
since the Queen of Sheba took her way to Jeru.salem and
the Babylonian messengers were received in 1 Iczekiah's

Till': HISTORY OF PEACE 33

court, and many men have lived and died for the cause of
l^eace, each one doing something noble which has made
triendshii) among nations more possible.

When the angels sang in the heavens long ago in the days
of old Judea, the listening shepherds heard a song of peace.
"Glory to (iod in the highest," the message rang, "and
on earth peace, good will to men." The song caroled the
birth of a baby boy, who became the Prince of Peace be-
cause He grew to be a leader among men and the first and
greatest teacher of good will to all mankind. He taught men
to love their enemies and to do good to them as if they were
friends and brothers. His message was so full of loving
kindness and tender mercy that it gave men and nations
a new and noble inspiration for their lives — an inspiration
which has been felt in all the generations since His birth.

After the birth of Christ, in spite of the bloodshed which
continued, the affairs of men began to change very slowly for
the better. A university, perhaps the first in the world, was
founded as early as 975 at Cairo, Egypt, and called El-Azhar
University. England established its first university in Oxford
between 11 00 and 1200, and long after, when the Pilgrims
had settled in America, Harvard University arose in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, in 1636, the first seat of learning in
the New World. Education was not common in those days,
but the universities had great influence and sowed the seeds
for the more general learning which prevails in our time.
About fifty years before Columbus set sail over the unknown
sea in search of a short route to the Indies, the printing press
was invented. And about fifty years after Columbus had found
America, the Bible was published. These two events, together
with the opening of a new country, had a wonderful influence

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

throughout the world. The doors of knowledge were unlocked
to all ; the superstition which had hung about the Scriptures
was swept away ; and men began to dream of liberty which
would make all free and equal, and give them the right to
control their own governments and to worship as they chose.

From these great events
developed Biblical knowl-
edge, the republic, and
the common school, all of
which promote the spirit of
brotherhood among men.
About a century later
Henry of Navarre, who
was also Henry IV of
France, confided to his
wisest counselors and to
Queen Elizabeth, his aged
friend across the Channel,
a new and wonderful plan.
This soldier king (1553-
16 10) had ten wishes,
nine of which his cour-
tiers knew and probably
gossiped over, but the
tenth was so precious that
he trusted it to only a few. One wish was that he might win a
battle over the king of Spain ; another was for grace and safety
for his soul ; a third, that France might hold her own against
all enemies ; a fourth, sad to tell, that he might be rid of his
wife forever. So the wishes differ, some concerning himself
in particular, some pertaining to the government under his

nim)!!ii|t{i!jnim|m{!i!!

I irnaju'd thf Oreat LXILKimi* ofFrunrt'
!)n-^ at Bins JA/y j.f.i^io. tijier
R.reytmo' 'jj. Years.

wrnmrn^

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

control. The tenth and most important was the plan for a
United States of Europe. The Great Design, as it is called,
proposed to reduce the number of European states to fifteen
and to unite their different armies and navies into one army
and one navy. The states were to meet in council to make
laws for themselves, as if
they were one nation, and
they were to be protected
equally by their military
forces. Henry hoped in
this way to bring harmony
among the nations. The
plan was full of beauty,
and for the first time sug-
gested to men a union of
several countries. This
tenth wish, however, never
came to pass, for Henry
was assassinated. A tall
man clad in black, with a
broad-brimmed hat drawn
over his eyes, thrust his
arm through the window

of the state carriage as it passed along a narrow street, and
stabbed the king. He fell dead, and with him died the Great
Design.

Fifteen years after Henry's death Hugo Grotius (1583-
1645), ^ Dutch jurist, who had had an unusual career and
whose patron the French king had been, published a remark-
able book, " Rights of War and Peace." He showed how
princes, who called themselves Christian rulers, committed the

Hugo Gkutius
From Hill's "Lessons for Junior Citizens"

36 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

most awful and unholy crimes in the name of war, disgracing
themselves as men and nations. He begged them to consider
arbitration in place of war as the only true and honorable way
of settling questions of dispute. If the nations were to settle
quarrels by arbitration, they would take their cases to a judge
or judges called arbitrators, or before a court of judges called a
court of arbitration. This book gave men many new thoughts.
They considered the nature of war and their duty in the matter
of lessening evils, and were greatly influenced. In consequence
Hugo Grotius is sometimes called the founder of international
law, because he brought order into the laws between nations
and introduced into them the spirit of respect and justice.

Two Englishmen took up this work for peace when death
had claimed the famous Dutchman, and carried it still further.
George Fox (1624- 169 1) founded a society dedicated to
good will and brotherhood among men. Its members be-
came known as Friends, or Quakers, and their ideal to-day,
as in the time when Fox was living, is found in universal
peace. William Penn (1644-17 18) was one of their number,
and the first man to bring a message of peace among nations
to the New World. King Charles II granted him a tract of
land which became known as Pennsylvania, or " Penn's
Woods," and thither he sailed in 1682 to found his " Holy
Experiment." This consisted in establishing a settlement
which should be " a free colony for all mankind," and one at
peace with itself and its neighbors. He came without arms
or ammunition, and pledged his faith to the Indians who
dwelt in the region, saying, "We meet on the broad pathway
of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on
cither side, but all shall be openness and love." And the
Indians in their turn promised, " We will li\c in love with

THE HISTORY OF PKACE

him and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall
endure.'" The pledges were kept, and men to-day, remember-
ing this '" Holy Experiment," say that peace can be made to
reign between alien peoples if they really wish it, Penn wrote
an " Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe "
which was similar to the " Great Design" of Henry IV. But
to Immanuel Kant (i 724-1804), a German philosopher, first
came the idea of a union of
all the nations on the globe
— a federation of the world.
This idea he published in
a tract entided " Eternal

eace.

The

h()]5es

and

TREITYGMUNB i
Of \

WILLIAM PENN I

»N0 TOt
INDIAN NXnON

1682
UNBROKEN FAITH

4>i'- - ''''frf i|)i)fli)ij

The Penn Treaty Monument,
Kensington, Philadelphia

plans of all these workers
for peace were carried on
in the next century by
other leaders — lawyers,
statesmen, students, poets,
and philosophers.

The greatest contribu-
tion which any nation as a
whole has added to the cause of justice and harmony among
men came from the thirteen original states of America in 1 789,
in the shape of a new bundle of laws for the government of
a people. These laws formed the Constitution of the United
States, for which Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton,
and other able men worked unceasingly. It opens thus :

We, the people of the ITnited States, in order to form a more per-
fect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United .States of America.

Z)6lQ0

^S THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

This preamble, together with the articles following, placed a
new nation among the powers of the world — a nation dedi-
cated to liberty and justice for all men within its territory.
Thirteen states were united under one government. Each
state was given control of all affairs within its own borders,
and a share in the government of the country as a whole ;
and they agreed to submit all controversies arising between
them to a Supreme Court. In this way the world was given
an example of a court which might be established for the
settlement of difficulties between nations.

The first president, George Washington (i 732-1 799), was
" first in peace " as well as " first in war." He believed that
" arms should be the last resort," and said of war : " My first
wish is to see this plague to mankind banished from the
earth," and, " although it is against the profession of arms
and would clip the wings of some young soldiers soaring
after glory, to behold the whole world in peace and the inhab-
itants striving to see who shall contribute most to the happiness
of mankind." When he retired from the presidency he sent
forth a farewell address begging his fellow citizens to cherish
their affection for each other and the Union, and to '" observe
good faith and justice toward all nations."

During Washington's second term of office, in 1794, John
Jay, the first chief justice of the Supreme Court, concluded a
treaty with Great Britain. A treaty is an agreement or com-
pact made by nations or sovereigns, formally signed by com-
missioners and solemnly accepted by the sovereigns or the
supreme power of each state. The treaty of 1 794 made rules
in regard to friendshij), commerce, and navigation, and sug-
gested that further trouble be settled by arbitration. The
treaty opened with the following memorable words :

THE HISTORY OV PEACE 39

There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace, and a true and
sincere friendship, between his Britannic Majesty, his heirs and suc-
cessors, and the United States of America ; and between their respective
countries, territories, cities, towns, and people of every degree, without
exception of persons or places.

The people of Boston so violently disapproved of this treaty
and its reference to arbitration that they burned John Jay in
effig>^ Of course the compact was broken before many years
by another war, for nations sometimes fail to keep their prom-
ises ; but in 18 14 another treaty of peace, opening with much
the same words, was made and signed. This has been kept
in good faith for almost a hundred years.

In 18 1 7 another compact with Great Britain established
an unfortified boundary between two countries, the United
States and Canada, and limited the naval vessels of each
country upon that portion of the boimdary which the Cireat
Lakes form. According to the words of the treaty :

The naval force to be maintained upon the Lakes of the United States
and Great Britain shall henceforth be confined to the following vessels
on each side, that is :

On Lake Ontario to one vessel not exceeding One Hundred Tons
burden and armed with an eighteen-pound cannon. On the I'ppcr Lakes
to two vessels not exceeding the like burden each, and armed with like
force, and on the waters of Lake Champlain to one vessel not exceeding
like burden and armed with like force.

And it agrees that all other armed vessels on these Lakes shall be
forthwith dismanded, and that no other vessels of war shall be there
built or armed. And it further agrees that if either party should here-
after be desirous of annulling this stipulation and should give notice to
that effect to the other party, it shall cease to be binding after the expi-
ration of six months from date of such notice.

This treaty also has been kept for almost one hundred years.

The good faith between Great Britain and the United

States had a severe test in 1871 when these countries

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

submitted a dispute over the damages done during the Civil
War by Confederate war vessels built in England, to a
tribunal of five arbitrators who met in Geneva, Switzerland,
This tribunal decreed that England should pay $15,500,000
for damages. Once such a claim for the younger country
would have brought on a war. But this amount was paid
without protest, and as Morley, the historian, wrote, the affair
was " the most signal exhibition in their history, of self-
command in two of the three chief democratic powers of
the western world."

The very principles of the founders of the United States
and of its Constitution and government have made the United
States a leader in the cause of peace and justice among all
men and nations. In consequence, differences of opinion
between them and their mother countr\- have come to be
settled entirely by diplomats belonging to the countries, or by
tribunals. In 1890 the United States adopted a very impor-
tant resolution suggesting the use of similar peaceful means
in regard to troubles with other governments. The resolution
was as follows :

That the president be requested to invite from time to time, as fit
occasion may arise, negotiations with any government with which the
United States has or may have diplomatic relations, to the end that any
differences or disputes arising between the two governments, which can-
not be adjusted by diplomatic agency, may be referred to arbitration, and
be peaceably adjusted by such means.

This action of Congress was praised by the British House of
Commons, and another resolution adopted by that body of
.statesmen, expressed

the hope that her Majesty's government will lend their ready cooper-
ation to the government of the United States for the accomplishment of
the object hud in view.

THE HISTORY OF PEACE 4 1

By these two resolutions two great nations declared officially
their approval of settling international disputes by the peace-
ful method of arbitration.

There were many important events in the history of peace
between the years when America and England pledged friend-
ship with each other and when their resolutions in favor of
arbitration w'ere made. James Monroe, fifth president of the
United States (1758-1831), advocated the doctrine, which
has been named after him, that America belongs to Ameri-
cans, and that neither South America nor North America is
open to colonies from any foreign power. This declaration
was a great step toward making certain the ])eace of the whole
world by demanding permanent peace in the western hemi-
sphere. Charles Sumner (1811-1874), senator from Massa-
chusetts, made an earnest appeal for the abolition of war in an
address, "The True Grandeur of Nations" ; and Elihu Burritt
(1810-1879), "the learned blacksmith," proposed a world
court, which was known in Europe as "The American
Plan," half a centur)' and more before a court of arbitra-
tion for the nations was really established. In 1873 the
International Law Association was formed in London, and
began at once to have great influence in developing the laws
of nations and in promoting better understanding among
all states.

A few years later, in 1889, the Interparliamentary L^nion
was formed in Paris as the result of a conference of states-
men from l^'rance. Great Britain, and the United States.
William R. Cremer, a member of the British House of
Commons, arranged this conference, and in consequence
was the founder of the union. The association has grewn
very rapidly. It numbers about three thousand statesmen,

42 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

all past or present members of the parliaments of the world.
The representatives from each parliament are organized in
national groups. The newspapers frequently speak of M. La
Fontaine of the Belgian group, or Honorable Richard Bar-
tholdt of the American group, or Dr. Gobat of the Swiss group,
of the Interparliamentary Union. The importance and influ-
ence of the organization is very great because its members are
representatives of parliaments and so can understand and view
problems of government in the broadest way. They are able
to further greatly the cause of peace and arbitration by influ-
encing other statesmen and politicians, and by teaching the
people the tmth about international affairs. At the meeting
of this body held in St. Louis in 1904 it was said in wel-
come, "' You have aroused, directed, and educated public senti-
ment in favor of arbitration throughout the civilized world."
The cruelties of war began to lessen as the spirit of justice
grew, and torture of prisoners and witnesses, to make them
tell the truth, was abandoned gradually in civilized countries.
"' The Iron Maiden " of Nuremberg, which was a chest formed
in the likeness of a woman, where prisoners were shut in alive
to die, became a curiosity of barbaric days. The rack, the
boot, and the thumbscrew were relegated to museums ;
instruments for crushing thumbs or feet, and for burning
arms, sides, and finger nails fell into disuse, and breaking
on the wheel and burning at the stake became unknown.
Women and children were no longer slaughtered in war or
sold into slavery ; looting decreased, and the hospital service
was established and developed to meet the greatest emergen-
cies. This spirit of justice was shown in another form by the
Cohgrcss of Paris (1856). Six powers — France, Belgium,
Russia, Turkey, Austria, and Sardinia, and later Prussia —

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

met to make laws to control ships and goods upon the sea in
times of war. Four decisions were made during this congress,
which became established in the international law of Europe.
The Geneva Convention (1864), however, displayed more
clearly the growing spirit of justice and humaneness. The

I UmlurwiMiil \- I iiikrwi-iuil

Red Cross Nurses caring for a Wounded Soldier
(Russo-Japanese War)

convention was called after four years of ceaseless labor on
the part of Henri Dunant (1828-19 10), a well-to-do Swiss
whose home was at Geneva, for the purpose of lessening the
distress of sick and wounded soldiers, Mr. Dunant was once
delayed upon a battlefield, and he was so horrified by the
neglect and suffering of soldiers that he determined to bring

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

the nations into an agreement to consider all sick and wounded
men, and those who wished to help them, as neutral, or not
taking sides with either nation fighting. Under such circum-
stances a society of mercy could work unmolested in times
of war. Twelve governments agreed to Dunant's plan and
bound themselves to abide by it, and later other governments
expressed themselves in favor, until, at the present time, all

the important powers of the
world have accepted the treaty.
As a result of the convention
a society was founded for the
"amelioration of the wounded
in armies in the field " and
called the International Red
Cross Society. Nowadays the
work of the society includes
warfare on the sea as well as
on the land, and aids those
suffering from pestilence,
famine, fire, earthquakes, and
other calamities crippling a
nation. By accepting and extending the power of this so-
ciety the nations of the world have shown that they all
know and believe in the spirit of mercy and kindness. The
Red Cross Society has saved the lives of many thousands
of soldiers, and it has also shown the nations how foolish
they are in marching out armies to destroy each other when
they must send the Red Cross after them to make them
whole again.

In these later years tremendous efforts in the cause of peace
have been made, and tiie world lias been startled at the

Photograph by Paul Thompson

Alfred Nobel

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

earnestness of many men and the growing interest in the cause.
Alfred Nobel (183 3-1 896), the inventor of dynamite and a
Swedish manufacturer of explosives, has dedicated his fortune
as prizes ^ for the men or women who each year help man-
kind the most by making important discoveries in science, or
by writing an inspir-
ing book, or by ren-
dering great service
in the work for peace.
A Polish Jew, who
began life as a ped-
dler in the streets of
Warsaw, has issued a
book which is said to
be "the most power-
ful argunient for the
peace of the w^orld
written in our time, or
perhaps in anytime." ^
The work, in four
enormous volumes, is
called "The P^utureof
War." JeandeBloch,
the author (1836-

1902), rose rapidly from the poverty of his youth and became
tlie leading banker of Poland. He wrote many books upon
Russian railways and Russian money matters, and held posi-
tions of great trust for railway companies and for the Czar
himself. In this way he grew to understand the business of

1 Called Nobel prizes (five of $40,000 each).

2 Quoted from Andrew D. White.

Jean de Bloch
From Hill's "Lessons for Junior Citizens"

46 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

nations and to believe that great armaments are an injury to
the prosperity of peoples. To-day war between equally power-
ful nations means destruction for one and national ruin for
the other, and great loss to the whole world. In his book he
gave examples to prove all his statements. As a result " The
Future of War " startled the Czar and the Russian ministers,
and all the serious thinkers of Europe.

An American statesman of a different kind was John Hay
(1 838-1905). His life was spent almost entirely in official
positions for the government. As Secretary of State he
arranged more than fifty treaties between the United States
and other countries, and he also limited the territory of the
war which the Russians and the Japanese waged so disas-
trously not many years ago. To his wisdom and tact the
Chinese Empire owes its freedom to-day, for at the time of
the Boxer Rebellion (1900) the great states of the world
wished to divide China among themselves. He said that it
should not be done, and the Chinese Empire was preserved.

Edward VII (i 841-19 10) as king of England exerted a
great influence for peace and justice among nations. He felt
that England should be on friendly terms with France and
should strengthen her good will with Russia and with Ger-
many, and that Japan and the United States should be made
allies and fast friends. His service to his country and man-
kind, as these wishes prove, lay along the way of peace
and honor.

To the work of these great statesmen must be added a
story called " Lay down your Arms," by Baroness Bertha
von Suttner, an Austrian woman of position and influence.
Long before she was interested in arbitration, Alfred Nobel
became her friend, but to Hodgson Pratt, the founder of the

THE HISTORY OF PEACE

International Peace and Arbitration Society, she owes her
devotion to the cause of peace. Like many other people, she
once had no interest in war, and if she had thought much
about the matter, she would have supposed war was necessary
and desirable. But
through the influ-
ence of her friends
and the sorrow
which fighting in
the field brought
into her own fam-
ily, her eyes were
opened, and she
wrote " Lay down
your Arms," a story
which condemns
war in the same
earnest spirit that
"Uncle Tom's
Cabin " does slav-
ery.

The year 19 lo
will be forever mem-
orable in peace
annals for the es-
tablishment of the
World Peace Foundation by Mr. Edwin Ginn, a Boston pub-
lisher and philanthropist. Mr. Ginn has the honor of being
the first citizen of the world to give $1,000,000 to the work
for peace. The interest on the sum, $50,000, is dedicated
each year to the expenses of the society.

Baroness Bektha von Suttnek

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

^:li

ill*
■||l|.-«»

llfU \

^ I nlli

> Umlerwood & Underwood

Anukkw Carnegie

In the same year Mr. Andrew Carnegie established the
Carnegie Peace Fund. 1 Ic lias always "beheved that " there is
no price too dear to pay for perfection." So he has given

THE HIS'I'OKV OF PEACE 49

millions to aid the work for peace among nations. He has
established eleven funds to provide pensions and rewards
for everyday heroes of peace ; he has given money ^ toward a
public building in Washington for the Bureau of American
Republics, which aims to promote good will among the South
and Central American governments, the United States, and
Mexico ; he has provided another building at Cartago, Costa
Rica, where the five countries of Central America hold a
court of justice for themselves ; and for the nations as a
whole he has presented a Palace of Peace at The Hague,
where they may gather and settle their troubles by arbitra-
tion. His last gift — $10,000,000 — aims to hasten the abo-
lition of international war, and by the generosity of the gift
the peace movement is placed upon a sure and enduring foun-
dation. A number of American statesmen have been chosen
as trustees of this great fund, and to their wisdom Mr. Car-
negie leaves the spending of the income. This work for man-
kind is to go on far into the future, long after this generation
has passed away, and so Mr. Carnegie has said, " Let my trus-
tees therefore ask themselves from time to time, from age
to age, how they can best help man in his glorious ascent
onward and upward, and to this end devote this fund."

Sometimes people who are trying to do good and make this
world a better and a nobler place lose their courage and think
that the little things which they can accomplish make slight
difference in the greatness of the universe and the vastness
of time. But every small deed and every great one done in a
spirit of helpfulness makes some difference sooner or later in
the way life slips along. If Jean de Bloch had never written
" The P^uture of War," the Czar of Russia, Nicholas H, would

1 Seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars — three fourths of the cost
of the building.

50 THE FRIENDSHIP OE NATIONS

never have been stirred by its message. As it was, the Czar
read the book and thought about it very seriously. He was
so impressed with its arguments that he discussed them with
his ministers and felt that all rulers should know what Bloch
had written. A number of the Czar's ancestors were much
interested in peace among nations, and their deeds and wishes
were well known to Nicholas. These, of course, had prepared
him somewhat for the contents of " The Future of War." A
great-great-uncle, Alexander I (1777-182 5), had planned a
union of the states of Europe in a Christian brotherhood.
This league was called the Holy Alliance. It came to a sorry
end, in fear and oppression, but its founder hoped that it
might prove a union for peace and justice. His father, Alex-
ander III (i 845-1894), had believed in harmony among all
governments, and upon his dying bed he had charged his son
to make peace his mission in the world. These influences, to-
gether with Bloch's book and the work of the members of
parliaments who form the Interparliamentary Union, made
Nicholas feel that the nations ought to meet together to con-
sider peace and war. In 1899 he asked the powers to send
delegates to a conference. And again in 1907 he asked them.
As a result the nations of the world have sat together with
pleasure and profit, discussing the most important question
that has ever arisen in the history of governments — the
question of war and peace.

Many, many people and nearly six hundred peace societies
are working for the cause of peace among nations. Yet not
only those who have worked for peace itself have helped the
cause, however much they may have done for humanity the
world over. All the men and women who are teaching, preach-
ing, practicing, and laboring for the good of the minds and

) Underwood & Underwood

The National Arbitration and Peace Congress,
New York City, 1907

52 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

bodies of their fellow citizens have helped in a great measure
to bring the day of peace among all peoples. And they are
still helping, for they are building up a stronger and a nobler
race. The better a race becomes, the more it will know, and
the better it will understand and tmst the men in other lands,
and the sooner it will realize that justice and honor make a
nation strong. They who have labored and died, and they who
are still laboring in this cause have often repeated in their
hearts the prayer of a priest in Argentina :

Oh, God will it that war shall disappear. Put out fires of rivalry, of
hate, and cause to reign among men concord and love. Give unto the
nations peace, benevolence, and order ; and to such end let the spirit of
evil be broken, let the dew of Thy loving kindness descend upon and
penetrate the hearts of men.^

1 Senor Carbrera, at the dedication of the Christ of the Andes.

CHAPTER III
THE MESSAGE OF TME CZAR

On the Mountains of the Prairie,
On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry,
Gitche Manito, the mighty,
He the Master of Life, descending,.
On the red crags of the quarr)-
Stood erect, and called the nations.
Called the tribes of men together.

From the red stone of the quarry
With his hand he broke a fragment,
Molded it into a pipe-head,
Shaped and fashioned it with figures ;
From the margin of the river
Took a long reed for a pipe-stem,
With its dark green leaves upon it;
Filled the pipe vfhh bark of willow,
With the bark of the red willow;
Preathed upon the neighboring forest.
Made its great boughs chafe together.
Till in flame they burst and kindled ;
And erect upon the mountains,
Gitche Manito, the mighty.
Smoked the calumet, the Peace-Pipe,
As a signal to the nations.

And the smoke rose slowly, slowly,
Through the tranquil air of morning,
First a single line of darkness,
Then a denser, bluer vapor.
Then a snow-white cloud unfolding,
Like the tree-tops of the forest,
Ever rising, rising, rising,
53

54 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Till it touched the top of heaven,
Till it broke against the heaven,
And rolled outward all around it.

From the Vale of Tawasentha,
From the Valley of Wyoming,
From the groves of Tuscaloosa,
From the far-off Rocky Mountains,
From the Northern lakes and rivers
All the tribes beheld the signal,
Saw the distant smoke ascending,
The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe.

And the prophets of the nations
Said : " Behold it, the Pukwana !
By this signal from afar off,
Bending like a wand of willow.
Waving like a hand that beckons,
Gitche Manito, the mighty.
Calls the tribes of men together,
Calls the warriors to his council! "

Down the rivers, o'er the prairies,
Came the warriors of the nations.
Came the Uelawares and Mohawks,
Came the Choctaws and Camanches,
Came the Shoshonies and lUackfeet,
Came the Pawnees and Omahas,
Came the Mandans and Dacotahs,
Came the Hurons and Ojibways,
All the warriors drawn together
By the signal of the Peace-Pipe,
To the Mountains of the Prairie,
To the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry.

And they stood there on the meadow,
With their weapons and their war-gear.
Painted like the leaves of Autumn,
Painted like the sky of morning.
Wildly glaring at each other ;
In their faces stern defiance.
In their hearts the feuds of age.s.
The hereditary liatred,
The ancestral thirst of vengeance.

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR

Gitche Manito, the mighty,
The creator of the nations,
Looked upon them with compassion.
With paternal love and pity;
Looked upon their wrath and wrangling
But as quarrels among children,
But as feuds and fights of children !

From Ilia-cvatha, by IIknrv Wauswurth Longfellow

In the midsummer of 1898 there was an unusual stir in the
splendid city of St. Petersburg. Something that was destined
to excite the whole
world had happened.
The regular weekly re-
ception of the foreign
ministers to the Rus-
sian court had been
held as usual in the
Foreign Office, but a
very unusual commu-
nication from the Czar
himself had been
handed to each visitor
by Count Mouravieff,
the Russian Minister of
Foreign Affairs. This
document was written
in formal language,
because magistrates
address each other in
diplomatic terms, but its message was very simple.

The Czar, it seemed, had come to the conclusion that the
nations were doing themselves great harm by their tremendous

) Underwood & Underwood

Czar Nicholas II

56 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

armies and navies. Each year governments were asking for
more warships, more money for the army and navy depart-
ments, and more men to give their hves as soldiers and
sailors. Yet the more money that was spent for armaments,
the less there was for education, agriculture, industry, com-
merce, and the general welfare. The people were suffering in
consequence because the money which was being paid for
these armaments was coming from their pockets. Hundreds
of millions were being spent for instruments of warfare which
were valuable only a short time because new inventions were
made to take their places. Vast sums of money and hundreds
of lives were being used in ways which brought no wealth
to the countries — and all because the nations believed great
armaments were necessary to keep peace.

The Czar was sure that all governments desired peace be-
cause peace brings prosperity. Yet they were fast calling ruin
upon themselves by their extravagant way of keeping peace.
He felt that the time had come for nations to meet together
to discuss this question and to make plans for lessening the
expenses of the preparations for war. He hoped that such a
gathering of nations would help to quiet all trouble between
them, and would prove to them that they one and all believed
in justice and right, upon which rest the strength and happi-
ness of peoples.

Such was the message from the Czar. By diplomats it was
called the Rescript of the Russian Emperor.

The foreign ministers had much to think about as they left
the reception and passed along the broad streets of the Russian
capital. A meeting of nations to talk of peace and war had been
suggested by the sovereign of one of the most powerful military
countries in the world. What would their governments do about

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 57

the matter ? What would their countrymen say ? Dispatches
containing the news were sent away at once, and soon the story
was passing from man to man in cities and towns and villages
the world over. And a stirring story it was, for never before
had a mighty ruler spoken to the nations in the name of peace.

Before long, replies came back to St. Petersburg, instruct-
ing the ambassadors to accept the invitation of the Czar, and
to promise the help of their countries in his work for peace
among them. In due time all the nations which had been
invited had replied. Only the twenty-six ^ governments repre-
sented at the court of Russia, however, had received invita-
tions ; they were the twenty ^ nations of Europe, including
Luxemburg and little Montenegro ; China, Japan, Persia, and
Siam in Asia ; and in the New World the United States and
Mexico. Then a serious question arose. In what city should
the conference be held ^ The Russian Minister of Foreign
Affairs reported that Nicholas, his august master, felt that the
conference should not sit in the capital of one of the great
powers where so many affairs of state are centered. The other
magistrates agreed with him. So the imperial government of
Russia communicated with the government of her Majesty
the Oueen of the Netherlands and asked if she would receive
the guests in her capital, the city of The Hague. The young
queen was greatly pleased with this honor, and ordered invi-
tations to be sent to the various nations, begging them to be
present in The Hague on May 18, 1899, for the opening of
the conference.

Upon that beautiful spring day when statesmen from many
countries had found their way over land and sea as messengers

^ Some authorities state that Brazil and one other South American coun-
try were invited, but declined. - Norway and Sweden were then united.

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

of peace, The Hague and its people gave them a most stirring
welcome. From the public buildings, the hotels, the residences
of ambassadors and ministers at this foreign court, and from
many private houses floated the flags of nearly all civilized
countries. The streets were thronged with enthusiastic people,

and the full uniform of
the Russian representa-
tives was very impressive
as they passed to a little
chapel outside of the city
toward the sea, to hold a
service in honor of the
Czar. All his Majesty's
subjects were celebrating
the day with festivals and
ceremonies, because it
was his birthday and for
that reason a holiday in
all Russian countries. In
his honor it was chosen
for the opening of the
conference. The Prime
Minister of England even
thought that the nations should gather in St. Petersburg out
of respect to him who had proposed the meeting.

The young Queen Wilhelmina, only a girl of eighteen and
yet a queen for almost a year, showed her appreciation of the
honor conferred upon her country and of the great importance
of the gathering by offering her summer palace for the meet-
ings. The building is situated in a beautiful park about a
mile from the city, and is called the House in the Wood. It

I Unilerwoud Ji Underwood

Queen Wilhelmina

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR

is rather simple in appearance, but the interior is richly fur-
nished and decorated.

The Orange Zaal, or ballroom, is the most beautiful room
of all. Its walls and dome are completely covered with
immense paintings by Jordaens and by pupils of the great
Flemish artist, Rul)ens. For the purposes of the Conference

The House in the Wood

it had been arranged as a hall of parliament, the presiding
officer's chair being in the bay window, with seats for the
Russian delegation on each side. Before the official desk were
placed chairs and tables for just one hundred guests, the
exact number of statesmen sent as representatives. The seats
were assigned to the delegates in the alphabetical order of
the names of their countries. In the French language — for
French has been the official language of the Hague Confer-
ences — Germany is called Allemagne and the United States

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Ameriqtie. This arrangement gave the representatives from
these countries seats in the center of the room directly in
front of the president's chair. The others followed in order.

The Orangk Zaal

All the proceedings of the Conference were carried on with
absolute impartiality. There was no display of rank or wealth,
no attendants following their princes, no "coaches and six"
as in the olden times, and no struggling for "first i:)lace" in

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 6 1

meetings or processions. As an American soldier and states-
man said, '" Here there was a quiet meeting of gentlemen, a
recognition of the perfect equality of the smallest independent
state." ^ It was also reported by the United States Commis-
sion "^ that " " although so many nations with different interests
were represented, there was not in any session anything other
than calm and courteous debate,"

The opening ceremony of the Conference was called for
two o'clock. Promptly on the hour the doors of the hall were
closed, and an impressive silence fell upon the assembly — a
silence which seemed to tell that a great and solemn moment
had come in the lives of men. The Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Netherlands arose and called the meeting- to order
in the name of her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina. His open-
ing words were ver}- cordial. They expressed anew the de-
sires of the Czar and the hope that the gathering might prove
most helpful in lessening the causes and the extravagant
preparations for war which all governments were increasing
year by year. In fact, he hoped that the painting upon
the wall which represented peace descending from heaven
and apparently entering the room would be a good omen for
their labors, and that, when their work together had closed,
they would be able to say that peace, having entered the hall,
had gone forth to scatter blessings over all mankind. A tel-
egram bearing birthday greetings and congratulations was
then sent to the Czar, and the ambassador of Russia^ was
elected president of the assembly, as was most appropriate.
He said that, while the Czar had suggested the Conference,

ijohn W. Foster.

2 Andrew D.White (president), Seth Low, Stanford Newel, A.T. Mahan,
William Crozier, Frederick W. Holls (secretary). 8 Baron de Staal.

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands had made it
possible for them to meet under such favorable circumstances.

The Tku'.mi'H ok Pkixck Fkedekick IIenky
From the mural painting by Jordaens, in which Peace appears

He therefore proposed that a message be sent to her whose
charm was known far and near, and whose heart was open
to everything generous and good. And the message read :

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 63

"Assembled for the first time in the beautiful House in the
Wood, the members of the Conference hasten to place their
best wishes at the feet of your Majesty, begging the accept-
ance of the homage of their gratitude for the hospitality which
you, madame, have so graciously deigned to offer them."

When these courtesies had been performed the real business
of the Conference began. Three main topics had been proposed
for discussion, and these were assigned to three large com-
mittees. They considered them and reported to the whole
body of statesmen in meeting. The first committee studied
the question of limiting armaments ; the second, the laws and
customs of war ; and the third, the problem of arbitration and
other peaceful means of settling disputes between nations.

From May 18 until July 29 these committees worked to-
gether — ten long weeks ; yet the story of those busy weeks
is quickly told, like all great history so long in making. There
was much pleasure and profit in them, and discouragement as
well, for the representatives could not reach an agreement in
regard to limiting the size and cost of their armies and navies.
The question was too great to be settled quickly. The nations,
they thought, ought to agree to wage no more wars before
they promised each other to give up their implements of war-
fare. They were too suspicious of one another to be willing
to risk the honor of their countries. Former feuds could not
be forgotten. This condition was quite natural because the
majority of the nations knew very little from experience about
the peaceful settlement of troubles. They had fought for
generations, and had trained their sons to believe that a vast
army was a glory and a blessing. Faith in each other could
not be inspired in a single summer. So they reached no
definite decision in reuard to the limitation of armanients.

64 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

For this reason the Conference was declared a failure by some
who did not consider the momentous results from the work
of the other committees. The delegates one and all, however,
expressed the belief that the increasing expenses for war
preparations were a heavy burden, and that some agreement
among the nations to spend less money for armaments would
prove a world-wide blessing.

The other committees found less difficulty in considering the
laws and customs of war, and in planning for the peaceful
setdement of troubles by arbitration. The second committee
adopted new rules which make war on land less barbarous.
They agreed that the peaceful and unarmed inhabitants of
the territoiy of nations waging war had a right to demand
protection for themselves and their property from the enemy.
They extended the work of the Red Cross Society to include
warfare on the sea, thereby giving the wounded in times of
naval engagements the same right to have their person and
their health cared for as the wounded on land. While this
work for lessening the cruelties of war was not so inspiring,
perhaps, as the work for arbitration, still the same spirit of
mercy and justice among the nations made both treaties
possible.

Soon after the opening of the Conference the gendemen on
the third committee became the center of interest. Upon them
and their spirit of good will toward each other really rested the
success of the gathering. They proved, however, that in spite
of their prejudices and different ideas they were united by one
great and noble desire. Their business was carried on in three
divisions. They first provided that two nations, on the point
of going to war with each other, might ask any other nation or
nations to study their trouble and help to bring about a friendly

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 65

settlement. They also provided that one or more neutral
governments should have the right to offer of their own
accord to bring about peace between two warring nations.
Such an act was to be considered one of friendliness. This
provision was called Good Offices and Mediation.

Not long after, the good offices of a nation were needed in
a terrible war between Russia and Japan. Those countries had
opened hostilities on account of disagreements over territor\'
in the Far East. The war was one of the most terrible and
destructive in history. The warring countries were greatly
crippled, and the whole world suffered. Theodore Roose-
velt, then president of the United States (i 901 -1909), realiz-
ing that the Hague Conference of 1899 gave him the right
to offer to help these countries settle their troubles peaceably,
invited them to send delegates to a conference where he hoped
the war might be closed. Each government accepted and
sent two delegates to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the city
chosen for the meeting by President Roosevelt. As a result
the delegates drew up and signed a treaty known as the
Peace of Portsmouth {1905), and a few weeks later the
Mikado and the Czar signed it. Peace was thereby restored.
Yet if President Roosevelt had taken the liberty of offering
help before the Hague Conference of 1899, he might have
been considered as meddling in a matter which concerned
neither him nor his country, and so drawn the United States
into war with Russia and Japan.

The committee on arbitration also decided that nations
should have the right to employ still another means of avoid-
ing war. They were to be allowed to appoint committees
composed of members from other countries to inquire into a
disputed matter. Such committees were called International

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

The Russian and the Japanese Peace Delegates eormally re-
ceived AND introduced BY TrESIDENT RoOSEVELT, AUGUST, I905

Commissions of Inquiry. They were given power to consider
only those cases which did not concern the most important
interests of a nation. Questions of its independence, of chang-
ing boundary Hnes which would weaken its strength and terri-
tory, and of national honor could not be considered. They

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 67

were expected to investigate the matter of dispute and learn
the truth about it. False reports in parliaments and exagger-
ated newspaper articles might force governments into war,
which an International Commission of Inquiry could prove
was without reason. By this means a government was given
a chance to say to its excited people : "' ' Wait. We will organ-
ize a commission which shall go to the spot, which shall fur-
nish all the necessary information — in a word, it shall shed
light.' In that way time is gained, and in the life of peoples
a day gained may save the future of a nation." ^

Five years after the members of the Conference had made
this provision (1904), Great Britain and Russia were suddenly
brought to the verge of a war with each other. It was at the
time that Russia and Japan were fighting in the East. The
Russian fleet spied vessels lying off the Dogger Bank, a sand
bank in the North Sea fishing grounds, and supposing them to
be Japanese ships, they fired upon them, sinking one ship and
killing two men. They were British fishing vessels, however,
and all England was at once aroused by this insult to the
country and its citizens. According to the rules of the Hague
Conference, a Commission of Inquiry was appointed to consider
the matter. Four months later (February, 1905) this Com-
mission reported that the Russians had mistaken the vessels
for the Japanese fleet, and ordered that money for damages,
called an indemnity, to the amount of three hundred and fifty
thousand dollars be paid by the Russian government to the
families of the assaulted English fishermen. Both countries
were satisfied with the report of the Commission and were
glad to settle the matter happilw llius war was avoided, and
the case, which history has recorded as the Dogger Bank

1 M. de Martens of Russia.

68 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Affair, became one of the most important and significant events
in the arbitration movement.

The crowning achievement of the arbitration committee —
and of the whole Conference as well — was the establishment
of a court for the nations where they may tell the story of
their grievances with each other. In this way they were given
an opportunity to take their cases before a court as individual
men and women can do, and have them tried and a verdict
given by able lawyers and judges. The members of the com-
mittee decided that if both nations disagreeing wished to have
the case tried, this International Court of Arbitration would be
ready to serve them. They also declared that it was the duty of
each state to remind nations engaged in a controversy that the
court existed. Its permanent seat was placed at The Hague,
where a council composed of the foreign ministers to the
Dutch court, and the Netherlands minister of foreign affairs,
were to have charge. Another place for the sessions of the
court could be chosen if the nations so desired. Each state
was allowed to select not more than four persons for member-
ship in the Court, and these members were not to sit as a body
at any time. They were to serve only when asked by nations
wishing the help of the Court. One or several members
from the whole number might be called upon at any time, and
it might happen that certain ones would never be asked. In
April, 1 90 1, enough powers having signed the agreement
and appointed their members, the Court was then declared
organized and ready for work.

The people of the United States and Mexico have the honor
of belonging to the countries which took the first case to this
new and noble Court. More than two centuries ago money was
given to the Jesuits for missionary work in California, which

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 69

was then a colony of Spain and part of Mexico. When Mexico
became independent, however, the Mexican government appro-
priated these funds and agreed to pay interest to the CathoHc
church for rehgious purposes in CaHfornia. But payment ceased
when upper Cahfornia became part of the United States at the
close of the Mexican War. For nearly fifty years the two coun-
tries concerned had disagreed about the money, until in 1902
the matter was referred to the Hague Court. The tribunal
which heard the case consisted of five judges chosen from
the whole number, each nation naming two, and these four
judges choosing the fifth. This case, known as the Pious
Fund Controversy, was decided against Mexico, and that
government was ordered to pay ^1,420,682 which should
have been paid in former years, and $43,059 each year hence-
forth. After that, many other nations took their grievances
to the Hague Court, and now nearly every great power has
sought its help in place of war.

During the sitting of the Hague Peace Conference of
1899 the one hundred and twenty-third anniversary of the
independence of the United States occurred. Upon that day
the American members held a festival ^ in honor of Hugo
Grotius. They wished not only to pay tribute to that great-
hearted Dutchman, but also to express their gratitude to the
Netherlands and their good will toward the nations in the Old
World in their first meeting with countries in the New, Al-
though the day was stormy, witli a high wind and driving rain,
a large audience assembled. The guests gathered in the great
church in Delft, Holland, where the noted jurist is buried.
The beautiful chimes rang out the songs of many countries
as the guests were gathering, and within, an organ rolled its

1 For a full account see Andrew I). White, Autobiography. ^ <>1. II.

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

mighty music through the spacious church, closing with the
Russian national anthem just as the president of the Confer-
ence entered. The exercises were opened by Mendelssohn's
Oratorio, " How Lovely are the Messengers who bring us

Good Tidings of Peace."
Eloquent addresses were
made by several states-
men, and national songs
rendered by a choir of
a hundred voices. Then a
silver wreath was placed
upon the tomb of Hugo
Grotius. It was a wreath
of laurel and oak branches
with frosted silver leaves
and berries and acorns of
gold. The boughs were
tied together by a large
knot of ribbon in gilded
silver, bearing on the
right the coat of arms
of the Netherlands and
on the left that of the
United States, on enameled shields. The inscription bears
these words :

To THE Memory of Hugo Grotius

IN Reverence and Gratitude

FROM tiik United States ok America

on the Occasion ok the International Peace Conference

OK The Hague
Ji'i.v 4, 1899

Courtesy of Andrew D.White
The WRE.A.TH UPON THE TOMB

OF Grotius

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR

A leading Netherlands statesman said oi the eeremony :
" You Americans have taught us a lesson ; for instead of a
mere display of fireworks to the rabble of a single city, or a ball
or concert to a few officials, you have, in this solemn recog-
nition of Grotius, paid the highest compliment possible to the
entire people of the Netherlands, past, present, and to come."
Many other festivals and functions were given in honor of
the delegates. Teas, concerts, balls, pageants, and state dinners

The Royal Palace, The Hague

filled their time when they were not busy at the sessions.
The young queen and queen mother received them all in the
palace at The Hague soon after their arrival. The queen
seemed rather timid before so many important and elderly
gentlemen, but her confidence increased as one by one they
were presented to her. She received them very simply, dressed
like any other girl of her age, except that she wore a triple
row of large pearls around her neck. In July the delegates
were borne by special train and court carriages to the palace

72 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

in Amsterdam for a grand dinner in the huge banqueting hall,
built long ago in the days of Holland's greatest glory. Two
hundred fifty people sat down, all except the Americans gor-
geous with uniforms, ribbons, and jeweled stars. Wilhelmina
and her mother sat at the head of the table, the only ladies in
the imposing assembly. At the dinner's close the young queen
addressed her guests very bravely and gracefully.

The end of July came, and with it the closing meeting of
the Conference. The day was beautiful, and the occasion
solemn and impressive. The entire body gathered in the
hall of the House in the Wood, and one by one the dele-
gates were summoned to sign the agreements. These were
spread upon a long table in the dining room of the palace.
A place for each signature had been prepared beforehand,
and the seal of each chief delegate had been placed upon the
pages where the signatures would be. The seal of the presi-
dent of the American delegation. Honorable Andrew D.
White, was stamped with his ancient Roman ring bearing
upon it an exquisite Winged Victory. When the last name
had been signed, the Conference closed.

The statesmen had labored faithfully. Memories of old
feuds had been softened and faith in each other had been in-
creased. They had gone to The Hague wondering what the
call of the Czar really meant, and whether they believed in
peace after all. And now they were going away, knowing that
all the world had one great problem in common, and that at
least the twenty-six nations gathered there desired justice,
honor, and peace to reign among them. One by one they
passed out from the House in the Wood and away from the
city of The Hague, and quiet came upon the place. Yet the
great work has gone on.

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR -jt^

Since then some governments, of which France and Great
]^ritain were the first, have made treaties with each other,
promising for a number of years to take all their disputes of
certain kinds to the Hague Court. Her Majesty the Queen
of the Netherlands and his Majesty the King of Denmark,
however, " moved by the principles of the convention for the
peaceful settlement of international disputes," agreed to sub-
mit to the Permanent Court of Arbitration all differences and
disputes arising between them that cannot be solved by their
own ambassadors and ministers. Chile and Argentina, Nor-
way and Sweden, also have agreed to submit all difficulties,
and five American republics — Costa Rica, Guatemala, San
Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua — have established at
Cartago a supreme court to settle all questions of every kind
that may arise between them.

The power of the Hague Court has been tested many times
by various nations, but a trouble between the little country of
Venezuela and three great governments of Europe — Great
Britain, Germany, and Italy — was one of the most important
tests because it was one of the earliest. The three powers
said that Venezuela had neglected their claims, and demanded
settlement. Venezuela, although not a member of the Hague
Conference, asked help from the Hague Court. Great Brit-
ain, Germany, and Italy, however, turned to the United States
and asked President Roosevelt to act as arbitrator for them.
It was a great compliment to our government and its pres-
ident, but the request was refused in favor of the Permanent
Court of Arbitration. President Roosevelt felt that the ap-
pearance of so many and so powerful nations before the
Hague Court would not only help the cause of peace among
nations, but would increase the importance of the Court itself.

74 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

By this act he rendered a great service to all humanity. Rus-
sia and Austria were represented in the tribunal, while Ven-
ezuela, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Belgium,
the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, the United States, and
Mexico were present as countries concerned in the matter.
These thirteen countries represented more than four hundred
fifty million people, the most educated and the most power-
ful in military force in the world. For these reasons the case
proved the wisdom and virtue of the peaceful settlement of
difficulties by arbitration. The tribunal decided^ in favor of the
allied powers, and Venezuela was ordered to pay the claims.

Another compact, which owes its origin somewhat to the
influence of the Hague Court, was made in South America.
For seventy years Chile and Argentina had been quarreling
about the boundary line between them. In 1900 the quarrel
was opened anew because valuable rivers were found to be
sending their waters down the hills to the sea on the Chilean
side of the mountains, and Chile claimed the region whence
the rivers came. So each nation prepared for war, and spent
millions for defense when the fight should come. At that
time, however, two bishops, one in Chile and one in Argen-
tina, and the British ministers to these countries begged to
have the matter settled peaceably. The bishops even urged
more. They asked that a statue of the Prince of Peace be
erected upon the border line, where it might stand forever
as a pledge of peace between the two peoples. In time the
countries agreed to submit the controversy to the king of
lingland for arbitration. Through the advice of his jurists and
geographers, he awarded part of the disputed land to Chile
and part to Argentina. Then in May, three years after the

1 I'"cl)ruary, 1904.

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR

outbix'ak of the trouble, a cruiser bearing the treaties of peace
left Valparaiso in Chile. Around Cape Horn from the Pa-
cific to the Atlantic Ocean steamed the cruiser, and up the
Rio de la Plata River into the harbor of Buenos Aires, the
capital of the sister country. The whole Argentine fleet, gay
with bunting and streamers, met this ship of peace as it came
on, and escorted it into the harbor. Three thousand other ves-
sels joined them in this welcome of the sea and land, and led
the cruiser to a mooring at the dock — the first time that a
Chilean man-of-war had been publicly welcomed and made
fast to the soil of Argentina.

King Edward's representative, as arbitrator, was present,
and to him the Chilean and Argentine delegates said, "' In
your hands we place ourselves, shutting our eyes to all mean
and narrow thoughts, and praying God that we shall open
them upon the luminous horizon of an honorable peace."
And peace became established between them. Their navies
were practically disarmed, and the millions which might have
been spent for war have been turned to making the countries
better and richer in commerce, in roads, and in education.

As a symbol of their covenant with one another, a statue of
Christ was placed upon an elevation of the Andes Mountains,
fourteen thousand feet above the sea, on the boundary line
between Chile and Argentina. The statue is of bronze cast
in the arsenal of Buenos Aires from bronze cannon which
were taken at the time Argentina was fighting against Spain
for her independence. Over many, many miles the great
symbol was borne by rail and by gun carriages, and by sol-
diers and sailors, and finally placed upon its pedestal high
in the mountains and near the railway that unites the capitals
of the sister nations. Hundreds of people climbed the hills

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

for the dedication (March 13, 1904). The military and naval
forces of each country were present as well — the Argentine
troops standing upon the land belonging to Chile, and the
Chilean troops upon the soil of Argentina. Cannon boomed
their thunder of rejoicing through the vastness of the moun-
tains, guns fired salutes of peace, and songs of the native lands

Courtesy of Ilaniilton Holt

The Christ of the Andes

which cherished these two peoples rang clear and sweet be-
tween the martial strains. On the granite base are two
bronze tablets, one given by the Workingmcn's Union of
Buenos Aires, the other by the Working Women. One tells
the story of the statue ; on the other are inscribed the words :

Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust than Argentines and
Chileans break the peace which at the feet of Christ the Redeemer they
have sworn to maintain.

THE MESSAGE ())• 11 IE CZAR

A second Peace Conference ^ gathered at The 1 lague in
1907. The Czar summoned the nations as before, but this time
forty-four were invited — ahnost every country in the world.
And not only did they represent the world as we know it in

Courtesy of llaniillon Holt

Delegates arriving at the Hai.l of Knights for the Opening
Session, Second Hague Conference

geography, but they represented all the systems of govern-
ment and the many ways of living and of carrying on business.
They met in the Hall of Knights, an ancient building in the
very heart of The Hague, and when they were assembled
the world as a whole met together for the first time. For four

J The chairman of the American delegation was Joseph II. Choate.

78 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

months these nations talked over in a very friendly way the
great problems which concerned them all, and when they
parted to go back to their peoples in the Old World or in the
New, fourteen agreements had been signed by them.

One very important decision concerned the Hague Court.
The First Peace Conference had established this Court and
had arranged that both nations quarreling must wish to have
the Court help them before their case could be taken before
it. The Second Conference, however, decided that either
one of two nations engaged in conflict might go to the Court
and ask to have the difference settled, even if the other was
unwilling to have the case taken there. This was a very im-
portant step in the history of peace, for many delegates be-
lieved that no nation would refuse to allow a case to be tried
in the Hague Court when the other nation had made its de-
sire known to all governments. A nation would know that,
if it refused and so said, "T want nothing to do with justice,"
the whole world would look upon it with contempt.

It was also decided that unfortified towns and ports in time
of war shall not be bombarded by land or naval forces, and that
fishing fleets and mail steamers on all the oceans must remain
unharmed in war. Debts between nations henceforth shall
not be obtained by violence, and captures made during sieges
shall be judged by an International Prize Court. This last de-
cision will take away some of the pleasures of war from those
nations which wish to make captures, and will lessen their
lawlessness.

No agreement was made in regard to decreasing the ex-
penses of armies and navies because the subject was not even
mentioned in the meetings. Men realized that the peaceful
settlement of difficulties by arbitration was more important at

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 79

the time, and that each nation by itself must study the ques-
tion of lessening armaments before the whole Conference of
nations could discuss it together with any success.

A World Court of the Nations, like the Supreme Court of
the United States, called the Court of Arbitral Justice, was
considered very gravely and desired by all the delegates.
There was some difficulty in deciding how the judges should
be selected ; so the matter was left for settlement at some
later time. The Court is to be composed of about fifteen
judges, representing the various systems of law of the world
and chosen to try cases between nations by international law.
This Court was not planned to take the place of the Court ^
or Tribunal of Arbitration. That body was to continue its
great work in addition to the World Court. The Court of
Arbitration, however, was designed to facilitate arbitration,
and arbitration often results in compromise rather than in
justice pure and simple. The newer Court will give decisions
on the merits of a case alone. It is believed that only thus
can grow up a great body of international laws based on the
independent opinions of a body of judges. Each Court will
have its work, and every kind of trouble between nations can
be settled in one or the other. The nations have thus proved
to each other that they believe that war is wrong ; that if it is
waged, it should be as free from unnecessary cruelties as pos-
sible ; that states should show justice to each other ; that all
governments should be considered equal, regardless of their
size and military strength ; and that all disputes between
governments should be setded peaceably as far as possible.

1 " Court " and " tribunal " are often used interchangeably, but " tribunal "
is usually applied to the body selected from the panel of the court to sit
upon a case.

8o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Thirty-five of the forty-four nations wished to make a treaty
promising to settle all their difificulties by arbitration. Germany
opposed such a treaty, and influenced eight other powers to
oppose it. The German government believed in arbitration,
but it did not feel that it could make such an agreement to
arbitrate with the less civilized countries. The desires of
three fourths of the countries of the world, however, had
their great influence as well, and although the pledge was
made impossible by nine countries,^ the cause of peace and
arbitration was nevertheless strengthened and exalted.

Since the arrangement for a World Court was made, a very
important case has been tried and settled by the Arbitration
Tribunal at The Hague. For almost a century the United
States and Great Britain have been disputing about the fish-
ing in the waters of his Majesty's territory in North America.
Many of the famous statesmen of each country have labored
with treaties and decisions which would guard the rights of
both countries and prevent war between them. At last the
case was taken to The Hague (1910). Sixteen lawyers repre-
sented Great Britain, Newfoundland, and Canada before the
Court, and seven the United States. Five eminent arbitrators
made up the Tribunal — an Austrian, a Dutchman, an Argen-
tine, an Englishman, and an American. The case was pre-
sented in seven questions which were discussed very fairly
and courteously for ten weeks. Then the lawyers from Great
Britain and the United States went away, and left the judges
to settle the matter as they thought best. And they settled it al-
most entirely by international law. They knew the rules which
nations have made to govern matters between them, and they

1 Germany, Austriri, Turkey, Roumania, Greece, Bulgaria, Belgium, Lux-
emburg, and Switzerland.

82 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

considered how these rules appHed to the case before them.
What they personally thought was right or wrong was less im-
portant to them than these laws of the world. For this reason
it is a most important example to the nations of thd need and
value of a World Court to judge the nations by world laws.

The dream which poets, workers for peace, and states-
men have been dreaming these many years seems likely to
become something real and mighty in the lives of peoples
because the nations of the world sat together in one great
parliament in 1907. The delegates there made a noble plan
for their governments and thereby united themselves as
brothers in a great cause. In spite of differences in their lives
and ways of thinking, they parted with sorrow at the end of
the four long months. Yet there was joy, too, in the parting
— joy that by agreement their countries would gather again
in eight years in the new Palace of Peace, and joy that they
could again see their native lands and their homes and tell
their countrymen this new message of the world.

On the Mountains of the Prairie,
On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry,
Gitche Manito, the mighty,
He the Master of Life, descending,
On the red crags of the quarry
Stood erect, and called the nations.
Called the tribes of men together.

Over them he stretched his right hand,
To subdue their stubborn natures,
To allay their thirst and fever,
By the shadow of his right hand ;
Spake to them with voice majestic
As the sound of far-off waters,
Falling into deep abysses,
Warning, chiding, spake in this wise: —

THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 83

" O my children ! my poor children !
Listen to the words of wisdom,
Listen to the words of warning,
From the lips of the Great Spirit,
From the Master of Life, who made you !

" I have given you lands to hunt in,
I have given you streams to fish in,
I have given you bear and bison,
I have given you roe and reindeer,
T have given you brant and beaver.
Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl,
Filled the rivers full of fishes ;
Why then are you not contented ?
Why then will you hunt each other?

" I am weary of your quarrels,
Weary of your wars and bloodshed.
Weary of your prayers for vengeance,
Of your wranglings and dissensions ;
All your strength is in your union,
All your danger is in discord ;
Therefore be at peace henceforward.
And as brothers live together.

^fc>^

" Bathe now in the stream before you.
Wash the war-paint from your faces.
Wash the blood-stains from your fingers.
Bury your war-clubs and your weapons,
Break the red stone from this quarry,
Mold and make it into Peace-Pipes,
Take the reeds that grow beside you.
Deck them with your brightest feathers,
Smoke the calumet together.
And as brothers live henceforward ! "

Then upon the ground the warriors
Threw their cloaks and shirts of deer-skin.
Threw their weapons and their war-gear.
Leaped into the rushing river.
Washed the war-paint from their faces.
Clear above them flowed the water.
Clear and limpid from the footprints

84 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Of the Master of Life descending ;
Dark below them flowed the water,
Soiled and stained with streaks of crimson,
As if blood were mingled with it !

From the river came the warriors,
Clean and washed from all their war-paint ;
On the banks their clubs they buried,
Buried all their warlike weapons.
Gitche IVIanito, the mighty,
The Great Spirit, the creator.
Smiled upon his helpless children !

And in silence all the warriors
Broke the red stone of the quarry.
Smoothed and formed it into Feace-Pipes,
Broke the long reeds by the river.
Decked them with their brightest feathers,
And departed each one homeward.
While the Master of Life, ascending.
Through the opening of cloud-curtains.
Through the doorways of the heaven.
Vanished from before their faces.
In the smoke that rolled around him.
The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe !

From I/iii7oai/ia, by Henry Wadsw dktu Ldngkellow

CHAPTER IV

THE CITY OF PEACE

One night I lay asleep in Africa,

In a closed garden by the city gate ;

A desert horseman, furious and late.

Came wildly thundering at the massive bar,

"Open in Allah's name! \\'ake, Mustapha !

Slain is the Sultan, — treason, war, and hate

Rage from Fez to Tetuan ! Open straight."

The watchman heard as thunder from afar :

" (jO to ! In peace this city lies asleep ;

To all-knowing Allah 'tis no news you bring;"

Then turned in slumber still his watch to keep.

At once a nightingale began to sing.

In oriental calm the garden lay, —

Panic and war postponed another day.

Bookm, by CHARLES Dudley W.a.rner

When Queen Wilhelmina bade her minister of foreign
affairs invite the nations to hold their Peace Conferences in
The Hague, she offered her country in the same spirit which
her kingly fathers had shown in days gone by. Many times
had the Houses of Orange and Nassau, the royal lines upon
the throne, welcomed strangers to the "Hollow Lands " and
sheltered them in days of need, but never for a greater or a
nobler cause. In fact, so many struggles have been carried
on within their borders, either by the strangers there, working
out their problems, or by the Dutch themselves, waging war
for their own independence, that this little countn,^ has been
a veritable battle ground for all Europe. And now in our day,

86 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

in this land where so much history has been made, the nations
have met each other in the name of peace. Delegates from
the east and the west and the north and the south came over
sea and over land to speak for their countries in the assembly
of the nations. Yet no power stood more nobly before their
eyes than the Netherlands itself.

Holland is dear to many peoples, but to Americans it holds
a special place among the nations, for in Holland the Pilgrim
Fathers found homes when they fled from England in search
of liberty to worship God as they chose. That was many years
ago, when the United States was still a wilderness, with In-
dians unmolested in their wigwams and wild beasts treading
softly among the trees where the country's largest cities have
been built. Even " Merrie England" was very different
when those North-Country folk who became the founders of
America fled to Holland. Then there were many battles on
account of church and king and nobles, little learning and
much unhappiness, and very few of the conveniences which
are so common nowadays. Holland itself had only one seventh
as many people as it has now, and even the sea and the wind
seemed different then, for in late years the Dutch have built
walls and dikes to make the sea mind their bidding to keep
off the land, and they have stationed hundreds of windmills
on the green fields, like sentinels, to catch the wind as it
whirls along in its merry, careless way, that it may be of
use in the world.

The old church in Delfshaven, where the Pilgrims held
their farewell service before they went on board the Spced-
well, is still standing as of old, and visitors may see it. An
attractive Dutch girl answers the little bell at the side door,
and in a stranfre mixture of Dutch and l''nirlish liids vou

A Glimpse of Holland

THE FRIENDSHIP OF- NATIONS

welcome. You follow her along a tiny corridor upon which
open three tiny rooms, and you come to the church door.
It opens, and you enter. The church has no unusual appear-
ance. Its floor is of stone and its pews of wood, yet the
place seems like holy ground. Here the Pilgrim Fathers
begged for strength of heart and body to reach the strange

land over the sea, that they
might found new homes
in freedom and happiness.
Perhaps, if the Dutch girl
likes you, she will take
you into one of the tiny
rooms off the corridor, and
show you a true Dutch bed
where members of many
generations have slept. It
is merely a bunk built in
the wall, with a heavy cur-
tain hanging down before
it. No sunshine or fresh air
has any chance to whisk over and under such a bed, yet the
Dutch girl has pink cheeks, and she sleeps there. How can it be ?
Holland is a queer, quaint country with many things just
as you would expect them not to be — except its people.
They are the stanchest, bravest men and women to be found
in many a day. Wilhelmina spoke truly at her coronation
when she said, " I count myself happy to rule the Dutch
people, small in number but great in courage, great in
nature and in character."

Much of the country lies below the level of the sea, and
this strange freak of nature makes many things queer indeed.

The Old Church, Delfshaven

THE CITY OF PEACE 89

In some places the frogs live almost on a level with the storks
on the chimneys, — which must be humiliating to the storks, —
for the rivers are walled up by dikes and made to flow along
above the land like an elevated train gliding past the tops of
houses. Barges sail over these high waterways, and sailors
can toss tulips into chamber windows, if they wish, and no
one be any the wiser, for by the time a Dutch lady has peeped
out, they are up and away. Many people live all their lives
in these boats, do business in them, eat and sleep there, and
have little gardens tucked away somewhere on them. Wooden
shoes clatter on the streets or rest, fresh-washed, in rows out-
side front doors ; houses stand on props, called piles ; skating
for miles and miles lasts all winter long, and mothers and
fathers are never too tired or tiniid to skate off to market or
to pay calls ; and there the winds and the sea obey better
than anywhere else in the world. Surely Holland is a strange
and pleasant land.

There is a saying that at Rotterdam a Dutchman makes
his fortune, at Amsterdam lie makes it larger, and at The
Hague he spends it. This must have seemed true to the
delegates as they came to the Peace Conferences, because
Rotterdam and Amsterdam are ever busy with their ships
and trade, while The Hague, not far distant, does little busi-
ness and rests in quiet luxury and ease. Its goldsmiths and
silversmiths, however, ply their art somewhat, but artists and
statesmen are the chief workers there. Once upon a time
this city was the hunting ground for the counts of Holland,
whence came its name, 'S Graven Hage, " The Count's
Hedge." It lies in a plain, which formerly was richly
wooded, about two miles from the North Sea. Its streets
are broad and straight, running parallel with canals now and

90 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

then, and ending in spacious squares where statues rise to the
memory of some well-beloved king. Its public buildings are
finely wrought, and its dwelling houses are high and aristo-
cratic in their appearance. Here lives the queen in a palace
built by Pieter Post three hundred years ago, and here also
lives the queen mother, Queen Emma, in another palace in
the finest quarter of the town.

The forest which once covered this part of the Netherlands
has not entirely disappeared. A beautiful park filled with huge
trees lies inland from The Hague, and a part of the ancient
forest lies toward the sea. More than once in war times the
government has been tempted to sell these trees, but the
Dutch have provided means from their own pockets instead
and saved the precious wood. In the park which the Dutch
call the Bosch stands the famous House in the Wood. The
peace delegates who gathered there in 1899 must have en-
joyed the beauty of the place as they strolled along its paths
or caught glimpses of it from the palace windows. He who
has once seen the Bosch takes away in memory the moss-
green tree trunks of the giant trees, the little pond catching
itself full of the color and the beauty of the woods, and the
air soft with a green and leafy twilight. The House in the
Wood possesses rare and exquisite surroundings quite worthy
of the most beautiful historical monument of the crown. Just
outside the grounds there is a small restaurant where tall
glasses of milk, and rolls spread with butter and thin cheese,
may be had for a few cents. Here travelers sit at tables
on the gravel walk and watch the driving in and out of the
park. And perhaps while they enjoy their simple lunch the
royal carriage may roll b\-, bearing the queen and her little
daughter, the Princess Juliana Wilhclmina.

THE CITY OF PEACE

The part of the ancient forest lying toward the sea is
entered by the Old Scheveningen Road which leads to the
fishing village of Scheveningen. Various thoroughfares wind
through these "' little Scheveningen woods," as the Dutch call
them, and trams, carriages, and omnibuses go to and fro laden
with ladies from 71ic Hague and pleasure seekers of the

;• ?i , '.'***r-1! '_ '-■.■-r, ,'iitT,ViTiT"iri lilts''' hl-T^~' .) /■ ,- - . • - --^S*

": (' T^T^--^'»— "-'"' "" ■ i. ' i. ' MIPII ■ ■ III' 'lilt jiil ,: I --■•■■■~— ^£t^^^^

■'ife**.''

U^:!f<i.!*<y

r|«llS.H|iifi

The Palace of Peace

bathing place beyond, Scheveningen fisher wives in white caps
and many petticoats, and Dutch sailors with baskets heavy
with fish that were lately swimming in the cold North Sea.

At the entrance to the woods stands the Palace of Peace.
The government chose and gave this site from the beauti-
ful estate which over three hundred years ago belonged to
the famous Jacob Cats. He was a poet and philosopher who
made many wise and witty sayings which are still remem-
bered in Dutch households. For generations he was the

92 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

favorite poet of the people, and affectionately called " Father
Cats." Many nationalities have traveled over the Old Road,
for Scheveningen is visited by all travelers who go to The
Hague. Its grand hotels, crowds of fashionable people,
bathing carts drawn into the weaves, wicker chairs upon the
sand, and music attract many tourists ; yet for some people
the most charming part of the town is where the Dutch fish-
ermen live in tiny houses huddled together behind sand dunes,
as if to hide from the gay folks upon the beach.

But now greater numbers will travel along this way. They
will come to see the Palace of Peace, and the particular part
which their country has contributed. Each nation has a share
in developing the beauty or the usefulness of the building.
The greatest statesmen, lawyers, and military authorities will
gather there, and the most patriotic travelers will follow them.
People who must stay at home will read about the place and
wonder, and wish themselves there. As each year comes and
goes, more people will become interested in this first home
of the nations. More will understand the meaning of peace
and arbitration. The progress will be very slow, for all great
changes in the lives of peoples come slowly, but they come
nevertheless. As the Honorable Elihu Root has said: ""The
true work of promoting peace is not so much a matter of
diplomacy as it is a matter of education. , . . When the people
of the civilized countries have been educated up to the spirit
of fairness and just consideration for the rights of others, . . .
the danger of war will be, in a large measure, ended."

Back in the heart of The Hague, not far from the queen's
palace, stands a group of buildings where once resided the
chief magistrates of Holland. Some of the buildings are
of medieval origin, and some of them have been entirely

THE CITY OF PEACE 93

rebuilt recently. The group is called the liinnenhol. It in-
closes an open space which is entered by several gates. One
of the most interesting entrances is through the north gate.
There you have glimpses of an old Spanish prison near by,
where political offenders were confined some centuries ago,
and before which two brothers,^ statesmen, were torn to
pieces by a mob. Within it is an interesting collection of

The Binnenhof from the Vyver

instruments of torture, which Andrew D. White said "had the
effect of making me better satisfied with my own times than
I sometimes am." From the north gate also you see a famous
little sheet of water called the Fish' Pond, where a few ducks
glide back and forth or nestle on the tiny island in the middle.
Within the court rises the Hall of Knights, where much of
Holland's history has come to pass. It is a quaint building
somewhat resembling a chapel, with gables and two turrets.
Here the two chambers of the government assemble when they

1 The De Witts.

94 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

sit together, and here the queen opens the States-General. She
sits upon a beautifully carved throne, upholstered in costly plush
and decorated with the royal crest. Before her, down the great
hall, are gathered the statesmen from the provinces of Holland.
Rugs and tapestries adorn the walls and high overhead rises an
open ceiling. Over the thresholds of this building have stepped
kings and queens, statesmen and martyrs, and the ministers of
peace who assembled for the Second Hague Conference of
1907. In these chambers have flamed the spirit of war and hate
and wickedness, and also the spirit of faith and hope and trust.
There in the city of The Hague the nations will work out
the problems which concern them all, and while they are thus
busy they will be learning that all men are made of one blood
and have one common destiny, and that beyond the moun-
tains and the rivers which bound their lands there are alien
peoples very worthy of their friendship. The "City of Peace"
may some day echo with the songs and shouts of a true and
lasting brotherhood. Who knows ?

The great Republic goes to war,

But spring still comes as spring has done,
And all the summer months will run
Their summer sequence as before ;
And every bird will build its nest,
The sun sink daily in the west, .
And rising eastward bring new day
In the old way.

liut ah, those dawns will have a light,
Those western skies i^urn golden bright,
With what a note the bird will sing,
And winter's self be turned to spring
Than any springtime sweeter far,
When once again, calm entering.

The great Republic comes from war !

Jl'cir, by Grace Ellery Channing

CHAPTER V

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

Great, wide, beautiful, wonderful world.
With the wonderful water round you curled.
And the wonderful grass upon your breast —
World, you are beautifully drest.

The wonderful air is over me.
And the wonderful wind is shaking the tree,
It walks on the water, and whirls the mills.
And talks to itself on the tops of the hills.

You friendly Earth ! how far do you go,
With the wheat fields that nod and the rivers that flow,
With the cities and gardens, and cliffs, and isles.
And people upon you for thousands of miles ?

Ah, you are so great, and I am so small,

I tremble to think of you. World, at all;

And yet when I said my prayers to-day,

A whisper inside me seemed to say,

" You are more than the Earth, though you are such a dot :

You can love and think, and the Earth cannot ! "

Great, IVide, Beautiful, Wonderful World,
by William Brighty Rands

Sometimes geography seems a dull study of a mere globe
of land and water marked off into countries, with mountain
chains here and there, fertile valleys, and great plains cut by
many rivers. We forget the people, living in these plains and
valleys, who love the mountains and who sail upon the rivers
to the sea. They are there nevertheless, about sixteen hun-
dred million of them, and thousands are quite as entertaining

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

and industrious as we are. Of course some of them are still
uncivilized, like the negroes of Africa, the natives of Australia,
and the tribes of the Amazon basin ; but many of them are
large-hearted, intelligent men and women whom we should
be proud to call our friends. There are mothers and fathers.

l'liMt(i;.M!ipli by l':iul ■riuiin|isull

England's Royal Children

children and grandchildren, aunts and uncles, the world over,
and there are days of sunshine and nights of darkness,
music and dancing and hours of work, and the sound of laugh-
ing and tears. Some are rich and some are poor, and others
have just enough money for their needs. There are men who
count their wealth in thousands of dollars and in thousands
of pounds ; some tell llieir riches by the number of wind-
mills wliich they own ; some count their ships, camels, and

TH1-; GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

merchandise ; and others parade glass trinkets and colored rib-
bons bought from traders. There are poor and hungry who
go homeless up and down the streets all day, begging or try-
ing to sell matches, withered flowers, or picture postal cards.
At night they creep into dark alleys and fall asleep with only

rii,iic.^i:iliii liy .Mrs. .Miuid Wooil I'ark
A Kl.N'UERG.\RTKN IN SINGAPORE

Reading from left to right, the children in the upper row are Chinese from the .Straits

Settlement and English ; in the lower, they are Chinese, Eurasian, Tamil, Northern

Chinese, Straits Settlement Chinese, Cantonese and Chinese from Shanghai

a muffin or a taste of macaroni to eat in all their hours of
wandering. So life goes around the world. Each country has
its people, and each people has sad times and merry times,
just as we do at home.

Different circumstances have made the manners and cus-
toms of the nations very different. Histor)', however, is so
old that it is impossible to name the events which made the

98 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

changes. The situation of a country in regard to mountains,
rivers, and the sea has had much influence upon its hfe, and
the cHmate has acted upon the people, making them alert
and active in cold and temperate zones, and dull and slow in
the hot and torrid regions. Different food has also modified
people somewhat. Kings have held the welfare of their sub-
jects in their hands, and either have kept them in poverty
and ignorance or given them advantages. Wars, bringing
victory to one side and defeat to the other, have introduced
strange races and changed ways of living and of thinking.
All these influences and many lesser ones have made certain
bands of men and women different from other bands, and
in consequence nations have arisen, and misunderstandings,
fears, and jealousies ensued.

On account of these many differences the harmonious meet-
ing of the forty-four countries at the Hague Peace Confer-
ence of 1907 was very remarkable. Some had been at war
with one another in generations gone ; some had been fight-
ing each other recently ; some were children of mother
countries from whom they had broken away ; others had been
members of the same country, and in wratli had separated.
Cruelties, broken promises, horrible fears, were remembered
as part of each nation's history, and the recollection stirred
the delegates. They could not look upon each other with-
out some unhappy memories. They put these aside, how-
ever, and worked together for the good of each country
and for the good of the world as a whole. Perhaps they
realized that in addition to much wretchedness each country
had contributed its share to the happiness of the world,
and in some way had earned the gratitude of all the other
nations. Like the members of a great family, they had

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

served each other, one excelHng in music, another in Hterature,
another in painting, still another in discovery and invention,
and in consequence had made the whole family richer and
happier.

To-day we believe that the original home of the people of
the earth was in Asia in the time before recorded history.
As tribes increased and spread over more and more territory,
some people wandered away and became the settlers of the
different continents and the founders of the various races of
the world. They who were the ancestors of the white men
went east and' west in Asia — over the mountains and across
the plains to India, and over the plains and across the rivers
to Europe and the Atlantic Ocean. These two bands fared
very differently. The descendants of those who settled in
India have been conquered by their kinsmen in Europe ; and
the children of the wanderers to Europe have advanced and
become the most enlightened of the races.

While these white men were wandering, and building
homes, and learning the secrets of the earth and of their own
minds and bodies, they were telling over and over to their
children the stories which American and English children
think belong to them. Cinderella and Beauty and the Beast,
Little Red Riding-Hood and Blue Beard, Sindbad the Sailor
and Aladdin and his Lamp, all came from that far-away home
in Asia and have become the nursery tales of many countries.
The story of the Younger Brother came also — the boy who
went out into the world to seek his fortune with only a brave,
good heart and a blessing to help him, and who became a
king. And with him appeared seven league boots and
cloaks of darkness, and foolish animals who lose their ears
or tails. Some of the counting-out rimes which children in

lOO THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

various countries use in their games also trace their origin
back to ancient days in Asia. One is the favorite

Hickory, dickory, dock,
The mouse ran up the clock.
The clock struck one, and down he run,
Hickory, dickory, dock.
Another is

One-ery, two-ery, ickery, Ann ;
Fillicy, fallacy, Nicholas John;
Queever, quaver, Irish Mary,
Stinclum, stanclum, back.

These stories and rimes show that men are more closely
related than sometimes seems possible, and that their tastes
are very similar after all.

Almost all the helpful and inspiring works of this world
have been thought out and executed by the descendants of
the white men who wandered into Europe. Of course much
of their time and strength has been spent in wars, but in days
of peace they have worked with the plow and the spade,
the forge, the hammer and the saw, the distaff and the shuttle,
the needle, the potter's wheel, the paint brush and the palette,
making beautiful and precious things. They have built cities,'
temples, and palaces, and filled them with priceless treasures.
They have written books and poetry, and composed music
that will be heard through many ages. But very often their
work has been interrupted. They have been called to war.
Their peaceful cities have become battlefields, and their
temples forts. In our museums are the fragments of many
works of art, rescued from the ruins of these wars. Statues
of kings without heads or arms, of horses with one or two
legs missing, of saints with faces mutilated, tell stories of
terrible ravages. Of course the men who survived the

Santa AxNa Church, Philippine Islands, used as a Field Hospital

BY American Troops

lOI

I02 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

fighting rebuilt the cities and the temples, and hoped to make
beauty reign again. But " beauty will not come at the call of
a legislature, nor will it repeat in England or America its
history in Greece. It will come, as always, unannounced, and
spring up beneath the feet of brave and earnest men, ... in
the field and roadside, in the shop and mill." ^ Only in long
periods of peace can the peaceful arts flourish. At such seasons
prosperity, commerce, intelligence, and affection grow, and men
have time and courage to create great and noble things. The
works of such times are shared with benefit around the world.
Each nation gives and each receives. Let us consider what the
countries assembled at The Hague owed to each other's genius.
Greece. Of all the forty-four countries represented, twenty-
one are in Europe, that large peninsula on the western coast
of great Eurasia which we call a continent, just as if the Ural
Mountains on the east really cut it off from Asia. There in
days gone by Greece built up a kingdom of beauty which no
nation has ever been able to excel. The people loved art.
They lived under wonderful blue skies and brilliant sunshine,
and spent their days in raising grapes and olives upon the
steep hillsides, in mining precious metals or quarrying marble
in the mountains, and in fishing and gathering sponges along
the coast. Very early in their history the Phoenicians came over
the Mediterranean to see them, and brought them knowledge
of architecture, mining, engineering, weights and measures,
navigation, and the alphabet, which the gifted Greeks quickly
learned. In fact, they made such excellent use of the new
knowledge that before long their works of art were the most
beautiful and wonderful in the world. Upon the Acropolis,
a steep and rocky hill in Alluiis. the\' built white marble

' l\. W. I'jiicrsoii.

THE GEOGRAI'in- ol' PEACE

103

temples to their gods and goddesses and filled them with
statuary. There stood the Parthenon, the most perfect of
Grecian buildings, and within it was a gold and ivory statue
of the goddess of wisdom made by Phidias. Outside, the
temple was decorated with figures representing the festivals
held in the citv in honor
of the goddess. In those
days poets went about like
wandering minstrels, re-
citing at feasts and courts,
and scholars taught in the
streets and temples. Ora-
tors declaimed from the
city squares, and players
danced and acted at man)-
festivals. They all added
to the glory of Greece,
and to the literature and
knowledge of all time,
for their great works still
live. Only the work of
the Greek artists has per-
ished. The temples of
the Acropolis lie in ruins,

and the beautiful figures of the gods and heroes are broken.
To-day Greece has a thriving merchant marine and schools
in almost every village, but its former beauty lost in war can
never be restored. Its influence for good, however, is not dead.
The past makes the present, for one lofty thought inspires
another, and one grand achievement is a stepping-stone to
another more grand and beautiful.

The Parthenon fru.m the Propyl.^a

I04 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Italy. Finally Greece fell before the powerful Roman Em-
pire which once ruled the world, and its great learning was
passed on to the conquerors. The inhabitants of Italy like the
Greeks were nurtured in a sunny land and loved beauty in
form and color. They were then as ardent in their feelings
as they are now, and so they became a nation of sculptors,
painters, and poets. To-day Italy surpasses all countries in its
storehouses of art. There are situated Rome, " The Eternal
City " ; Florence, " The Beautiful " ; Milan, " The Grand " ;
Genoa, "The Proud"; and Venice, "The Queen of the
Adriatic." And there are St. Peter's, the largest and most
famous church in the world, and St. Mark's, the " Church of
Gold," which was five hundred years in building. To all
these treasure houses artists and travelers return over and
over for help and inspiration. The pictures painted by Ital-
ians, particularly The Sistine Madonna and The Madonna of
the Chair, are known and loved in many countries ; photo-
graphs of them hang upon the walls of our homes and
schools, and our lives seem better because we have them.
To-day even the working men and women of Italy show
their artistic taste in their manufactures — glass, lace, earthen-
ware, carved wood and carved coral, statuary, silk and straw
plaiting. In addition to artists, Italy has had great poets,
musicians, and men of science, such as Dante, Palestrina,
Verdi, Donizetti, and Galileo, Columbus taught that the
earth was round, and also discovered the New World. Upon
the shore of San Salvador he planted the royal flame-colored
banner of Spain, however, instead of the flag of his native
country. Italy, and Portugal as well, had heard his plans, but
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain were the first
to welcome and encourage him. The only printed account

The SihTiNK Madonna
From the painting by Raphael

105

io6

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

of his wonderful voyage and discovery was a copy of a letter
which he wrote to the king and queen. Yet its title shows
that even then some people realized the importance of this

Plioto^nilili by I'uiil Thompgon

A Bust of Columbus, designed for Detroit, Michigan
Sculptor, Augusto Rivalto, Rome

new knowledge, although they had no idea how vast and
rich a world had been found, nor how powerful a nation
would develop there. The epistle was styled :

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 107

A Letter of Christopher Columbus,
(to whom our Age is much indebted)

respecting the

Islands of India, beyond the Ganges,

lately discovered.^

By braving the Sea of Darkness, as the Atlantic Ocean
was then called, he also proved that man may be master of
the winds and sea. Little did lie think, however, that man
might be master of the air also. J^iit one of his countrymen,
Guglielmo Marconi, has invented the wireless telegraph, where-
by messages may be sent through space. Vessels many
miles apart can signal to each other or to the shore, and
people on the land can answer them and talk with each other
— all without connection save for poles with wires pendent
from them on each side of the ocean, or for masts with simi-
lar wires on the ships at sea. Messages travel from one to
the other through space and air and sunshine in a most
miraculous manner. These are a few of the ways in which
Italians have served their fellow men.

Bulgaria, Ro?imania, Servia, Montenegro. Several coun-
tries besides Greece are situated on the Balkan Peninsula, but
their inhabitants have shown none of the powers which once
made Greece the leader of civilization. These countries have
been governed by Turks, who are very unprogressive in nature,
and who have been kept in cruel ignorance by their Sultans.
One after another they have thrown off the yoke of Turkey
and formed three distinct powers — Bulgaria, Roumania, and
Servia. Montenegro, a very small and unimportant princi-
pality in the mountains, has been on unfriendly terms with
Turkey for over four hundred years. The inhabitants of

^ Complete letter reproduced in Mayor's '" wSelect Letters of Columbus."

lo8 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

these states have had so Httle opportunity to advance that they
have contributed almost nothing to the world except grains
and live stock. The Turks, however, show some artistic skill
in the manufacture of leather and metal goods, and in rug
making.

Sivitzerlaiid. North of Italy, however, there lives a very
sturdy nation now known as Switzerland. For many, many
generations its people were driven hither and thither by con-
stant wars waged by foreign tribes, by the greater nations
desiring to possess it, or by nobles or religious orders within
its boundaries. At last, in 1815, it became a republic whose
independence the great powers of Europe have agreed to
maintain, declaring it neutral territory. The Swiss have not
exerted a very strong influence except as the lives of honor-
able, intelligent men and women always help the world. The
sublime beauty of their scenery beckons thousands of tourists
to the country every year, and many Swiss are engaged in pro-
viding for the comfort of these strangers. Pestalozzi devoted
his whole life to little children, training and teaching them,
and dcvisino; new methods for education. He should be
remembered in the schools as a very kind and loyal friend.
Our girls and boys read " Heidi " and spend many happy
hours among the Alps with the alm-unclc and goat- Peter.

France. When the Romans conquered the ancient inhabit-
ants of FVance, they taught them their language and customs,
and built another beauty-loving country in the south. To-day
we know, from their manufactures, that Frenchmen have an
appreciation of grace and elegance. A gown or a hat from
Paris seems to be a little more pleasing than one made else-
where, and their designs for fashions travel into all the countries
where people wear the continental dress. Paris, the capital

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

109

of France, is the art center of Europe, and one of the most
beautiful cities in the world. There Napoleon and other
rulers gathered treasures from many nations, and founded
museums and schools which attract art students in large num-
bers. The Louvre, the most famous art gallery in the world, is
situated there, and in it is
the wonderfully beautiful
marble statue, Venus of
Milo, sculptured by some
Greek at least two thou-
sand years ago. The arms
are broken, and many
artists have wondered
what the original attitude
of the statue really was.
Some think that Venus
was holding above her
head an apple which the
shepherd Paris had given
her as a token of her
beauty. More, however,
believe that W-nus repre-
sented Love disarming
Mars, the god of war.

Two French painters in particular have offered the world
much pleasure in their pictures. One was a woman, Rosa
Bonheur, the most eminent female painter of animals. She
came from a family of cooks and artists, who executed won-
derful ornaments of butter and sugar for cakes and pastries.
Her father was an artist of some repute, and the studio in
which thev lived was a kind of Noah's Ark where various

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The Venus of Milo

no THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

animals were housed and loved by Rosa. When she came to
own a chateau at By she turned it into a veritable menagerie
for horses, dogs, sheep, birds, monkeys, and lions. She
studied not only their anatomy but also their passions. For
this latter purpose she was wont to visit markets and slaughter-
houses where the real feelings of brutes are laid bare by ill
treatment or from fright. Finding the attention of the work-
men in these places disagreeable, she adopted trousers, and
as her hair was short, she easily passed as a man. Her most
famous paintings are The Horse Fair, owned by the Metro-
politan Art Museum in New York City, Denizens of the
Highlands, and Plowing in the Nivernais. Jean Millet painted
simple and pathetic representations of French peasants. The
Sower, The Gleaners, The Man with the Hoe, The Goose
Girl, and The Angelus are his most celebrated pictures. The
latter painting is the one which seems to touch the heart
most deeply. In it two peasants, a man and a woman, are
silhouetted against the soft afterglow of sunset. While they
are working together in the field the Angelus bell sounds the
evening prayer, and under the open sky they bow their heads
in reverent devotion.

Some of the most wonderful books and the most perfect
short stories of the world have been written by French men
and women — Balzac, Madame Dudevant (whose pen name
was George Sand). IHaubert, Guy de Maupassant, Victor Hugo,
and Dumas. " Les Miserables" by Hugo, and Dumas's " The
Count of Monte Cristo " and "The Three Musketeers" with
its motto " All for one, and one for all," have turned the
thoughts of readers in many countries back to former days
in France. Poetry and drama also have revealed the artistic
side of the French nature.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

I I I

Science and medicine have been developed greatly in their
laboratories. Louis Pasteur devoted his life to the study of
bacteria, and discovered a process for destroying harmful
germs in milk. The process is now called Pasteurization.
He also devised a poisonous matter to be inserted as a cure

The Angelus
From the painting by Millet

into the flesh of people suffering with certain pests or with
the disease called hydrophobia, which comes from the bites of
mad dogs. At the Pasteur Institute in Paris the work of this
great chemist and of other scientists is carried on to-day. No
branch of the work there, however, is attracting more interest
than the experiments with the veiy expensive substance called
radium, which Professor and Madame Curie of Paris discov-
ered a few vears ago. Ver)^ wonderful revelations of its power

112 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

have already been made, but experiments must be carried
on cautiously, for even a pinch of this white powder burns
severely, causing deep and painful sores. Photographs can
be taken with it, some cases of serious skin diseases have
been cured with it, and there is evidence that it will help
to restore sight in certain cases of blindness. The story of
P'rench achievements is long and noble, but do people realize
the gratitude we all owe to "La Belle France " ?

Spain, Portugal. The land south of France is called
" sunny Spain." It is beautifully sunny, but it lacks the
luxuriant groves and vineyards that add to the charm of Italy.
Rugged mountains and long sweeping plains destitute of trees
and singing birds make the country seem silent and lonely, and
the trains of muleteers winding around and over the mountains,
like Eastern caravans, show that the ways of the ancient Moors
of Africa, who once invaded the country, still linger. The bright
trappings of these trains lighten the somberness of the passes,
and the sound of a chance love ditty or of the Spanish greeting.
" God be with you, cavalier," cheers those who fear brigands
by the way.

Portugal too seems unlike European countries. Once,
however, the people of this peninsula held as high a place
among the nations as the British do to-day. Their ships
sailed many seas, and their cities were rich with the spoils
and treasures of other lands. That was in the fifteenth cen-
tury, when men sought wealth less in business at home than
in search in distant countries. Each new voyage swelled the
pride of kings and increased the ambition of scholars and
explorers, and among the leaders in these long and daring
journeys were Spain and Portugal. The thoughts of all were
turned to India and China, for those countries were supposed

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE i i 3

to be storehouses filled with the most precious and desirable
treasures. So it is not strange that sailors made many attempts
to find the shortest way thither across the sea.

Ferdinand Magellan was a faithful sailor of the Portuguese
navy, but, failing to receive the promotion which he had earned,
he went away to serve the Spanish king. The new master pro-
vided him with ships and provisions, and sent him off to make
discoveries in the name of Spain. He kept on over the waters
along the eastern coast of South America, through the dan-
gerous straits which now bear his name, and across the Pa-
cific Ocean to the islands which long afterwards were called
the Philippines. There some trouble with one of the native
chiefs arose, and Magellan decided to punish him. It was a
foolish thing to do, for it made little difference what the chief
of Mactan thought or did, and Magellan lost his life in the
skirmish. lUit the honor of the first journey around the world
belongs to him and the country which he served. Much of the
New World was opened by Spaniards. Ponce de Leon, gov-
ernor of Porto Rico for the Spanish throne, was one of these
explorers. Strange lands, however, did not tempt him as much
as a magical fountain whose waters, the Indians said, would
give back youth to the aged. So he gathered an expedition
and eventually landed on the coast of Morida. Neither gold
nor the fountain was to be found, however, and he went back
to Porto Rico a discouraged man. Other Spaniards were more
pleased with their fortune. Balboa discovered the Pacific
Ocean, and claimed it and all lands bordering on it for his
country, "as long as the world endures, and until the final
day of judgment of all mankind." Cortes conquered Mexico
and set up Spanish rule on the Pacific slope of the North
American continent. De Soto, a very cruel and greedy

114

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

soldier, found the Mississippi River, and Coronado left his
governorship in Mexico for a time to explore the unknown
territor}' toward the north, where gold and precious stones were

said to be articles of every-
day use. He discovered the
Grand Canyon of the Col-
orado River in Arizona, and
passed through New Mexico
to the plains of Kansas. But
no wealth could be found.

The art of the Spanish
people appears in their music
and dancing, and in their
cities. Seville is gay with
gardens,pattering fountains,
and fragrant roses, and is
the site of the famous palace,
Alcazar. Toledo boasts of a
fine cathedral, and Granada,
"Queen of Cities," contains
the beautiful Alhambra, once
the home of the Moorish
kings. Velasquez and Murillo
were Spanish painters. The
older artist, Velasquez, was
at the height of his fame
when Murillo trudged over
the mountains to Madrid to
seek him, but neither jealousy nor fear of rivalry arose in his
heart at sight of the young artist. ITc took him into his home
and acciuaintecl him with galleries and people at the court.

By courlc'sy of Fraiiz lIiiiiiBtaeiit;!, New York City
^SOP

From the painting by Velasquez

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE I 15

Of all Spanish writers Cervantes surely deserves a high
place, for he has given many a good laugh and taught many
a lesson in his romance named "' Don Ouixotc," It is the
story of a country gentleman who is so stirred by tales of
chivalry that he sets out with his squire, Sancho Panza, in
search of adventure. His excited imagination turns wind-
mills into knights, galley slaves into oppressed gentlemen,
and solitary ruins into castles, with very amusing results.
Sancho endeavors to keep the truth before his master, but
Don Quixote does not heed him, even spurring his horse
upon windmills, turning in the breeze, and shouting, " Fly
not, cowards and vile beings, for it is a single knight that
attacks you."

Belgium. Two rather wonderful countries have grown up
on the western coast of Europe — the Netherlands and ISel-
gium. Tiieir histories have been similar in many ways, for the
sea has been a constant enemy to their lowlands, and the greater
nations have been harsh foes to their people, buffeting them
about and waging terrible battles to gain their territory. Yet
their courage and ability have not been crushed in these cease-
less struggles, as the stories of the lives and works of their
valiant men have proved. For generations they have been
worthy examples of what nations may accomplish under
tremendous difficulties. To-day the kingdom of Belgium
is the most densely populated in Europe, and yet compara-
tively few Belgians leave their native land. Their intelligence
and industry are of the highest order, and their prosperity so
remarkable that foreigners always wonder how they manage,
with so many to provide for and so little land in which to
work. Farmers in the United States think that large farms
from one hundred to several thousand acres arc the only ones

Il6 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

which really bring any reward for their labor and money.
Belgian farms are very small, covering only two or three acres,
yet their crops are large and excellent in quality. The Belgians,
you see, have learned the lessons of thrift and industry, which
all peoples will have to know sooner or later.

Luxemburg. Belgium, like Luxemburg, the small duchy
on its southeastern border, has been declared neutral territory
by the powers. Those people who think that nations cannot
be trusted to keep their agreements say that, in case of war
between France and some other continental power, the con-
tending armies would be forced to enter Belgium in order to
secure a position to attack each other. History, however,
shows that, at the outbreak of hostilities between Germany
and France in 1870, the English government sent word to
those countries that, when the first soldier of either army en-
tered the territory of Belgium with an unfriendly purpose.
Great Britain would immediately intervene with her entire
land and sea forces. Since this neutrality was agreed upon
in 1832, the Belgians have maintained only a small standing
army, and have devoted themselves and their money to the
industries instead of warfare. As a result their country has
enjoyed a wonderful growth.

The Netherlands. The old, old struggle with the sea in
Holland has developed there a strong, brave-hearted people
with an intense love of liberty. Their sympathy for persecuted
men and women has made many exiles welcome in their land,
and has offered them shelter and help. But unconsciously
the strangers have repaid the Dutch for all their kindness.
From their homelands they brought new ideas and methods,
which helped to develop the early intelligence and industries
of the country. Freedom of thought was thus aided, and

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 117

culture and a study of the sciences became desirable. Talk
at table and at taverns often turned to religious matters,
and their universities, institutions for the insane, and pris-
ons in which attention was paid to the improvement of the
inmates were among the earliest in the world. Philosophers
like the Frenchman Ues Cartes, the Englishman Locke,
and the Dutchman Spinoza found opportunity there to de-
velop religious ideas which would have been denied in
other countries, and authors and artists were appreciated
and encouraged.

The Dutch shared with the other nations a desire to find
a route around or through North America to China and the
Indies, and in their explorations they sailed into New York
Bay and up the noble Hudson River to a place where the city
of Albany now stands. The letters sent back to Holland told
of the valuable fur trade which might be built up with the
help of the Indians. The descriptions of the country were
enthusiastic as well, for Hudson him.self said, " It is as beauti-
ful a land as one can tread upon." So the Dutch West India
Company followed the example of the Dutch East India Com-
pany and sent ships to the New World. The land along the
Hudson River and the island of Manhattan were settled in
the name of the republic of the United Netherlands, and
Holland came to have an important part in opening North
America.

In this same century Hugo Grotius, whom we know as the
author of the " Rights of War and Peace," was growing up
from a most remarkable small boy to an equally remarkable and
important man. He wrote Latin verses at nine years of age,
was ready for the university at twelve, edited an encyclopedia
at fifteen, and finally became a celebrated jurist, theologian.

Ii8 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

statesman, poet, and the founder of the science of international
law. His career was as romantic as it was unusual, for when
he was thirty-six he was condemned to life imprisonment on
account of his opinions in matters of Church and State. Prob-
ably the ruling Prince of Orange would have enjoyed behead-
ing him, but Grotius's fame had spread too far to make such
a course wise. So he was consigned to a fortress in the south
of Holland where he was allowed to receive books for study
from his friends. These books came in a trunk which the
governor regularly examined for the first year. After that,
however, the trunk was delivered to the prisoner without
search. This change gave Madame Grotius an idea. She
packed her husband into the empty trunk and sent it off,
supposedly for more books, by the ver)' soldiers who were
set to guard the prisoner. By this means he escaped to Paris,
where he was received very flatteringly and presented with a
pension of a thousand crowns. Later this Dutchman became
ambassador for Queen Christina of Sweden to the court of
P'rance. His greatest service to humanity lay in the field of
law. He had an ardent desire that peace, concord, and justice
should reign in national and international matters.

Holland has had a wealth of paintings which the outside
world has come to know and love. Great grief was lately felt
in many countries when news was received that a cook, dis-
charged from the Dutch navy, had, in a fit of vengeance,
slashed Rembrandt's Night Watch. This masterpiece hangs
in Amsterdam, where Rembrandt passed most of his life,
and is considered his greatest work, although The Les-
son in Anatomy is very wonderful. The latter picture is in
a museum in The Hague, where hangs the famous Bull
painted by Paul Potter, another Dutch artist, and various

THE c;eography of peace

119

little landscapes by Ruysdael and Jan Vermeer. Rem-
brandt's lovely wife, Saskia, appears in many of his pictures,
sometimes beautifully decked with laces and pearls, some-
times more simply clad, but always charming and lovable.
Rembrandt seems to have worked Saskia's own sweet spirit
into the pictures, as Frans
1 lals painted his own irre-
sistible good nature and
happy grace into the face
and figure of his Laugh-
ing Cavalier. The Dutch,
you see, have had an eye
for the beautiful while
they have been wrestling
with the elements, as well
as a love for freedom,
bravery, and intelligence.
England. Across the
English Channel from
the mainland, where the
lights of two great nations
(lash to each other from
Dover and Calais, lies

England, an island country, one of the greatest nations in the
world. More than half the ships afloat fly the flag of the British
Empire, because very early in their history Englishmen took
to the sea. England is so small that no boy in all the island
can live more than seventy miles from the coast — an easy
journey for stout young legs ; so many lads have turned sailors
and gone off for exploration or for trade, or to fight with some
fearless admiral like Nelson or Benbow. Some sailed around

The Laughing Cavai.ikr
From the painting by Frans Hals

I20 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

the world in the Golden Hind with Francis Drake, the first
Enghsh captain to circumnavigate the globe ; some went
over the seas with John and Sebastian Cabot and laid claim
to the New World in the name of Henry VII ; others
went to America at command of Walter Raleigh, who, in
spite of many disappointments, said, " I shall live to see it
[America] an English nation." Those who remained at
home did their share of the good work more quietly, but the
story of their achievements could be told the world over, if
people would only give a thought to those who have made
life so rich with knowledge and so full of comforts and
conveniences.

Englishmen have known how to build castles and cathe-
drals and to make them as stately and grand as any in the
world. They built Kenilworth and Warwick castles, cele-
brated in Sir Walter Scott's " Kenilworth," and in " The
Last of the Barons " by Edward Bulwer Lytton ; and they
raised St. Paul's Cathedral in London, Canterbury Cathe-
dral (now the most important historically and officially), and
York Minster, with its ancient chapter house fittingly in-
scribed, "As the rose is the flower of flowers, so is this
house the chief of houses." Foul deeds were committed
in these castles, which really were the nobles' fortresses, and
in the churches as well, for in olden times many of the
kings were "fonder of hawks and dogs than of books and
priests,"^ They sacked their beautiful structures and be-
headed many faithful and some unfaithful subjects. Yet the
great and good spirit of the English people was bound to
conquer in the end. The words of a bishop,^ doomed to die
at the stake, to his companion were prophetic : " Be of good
1 Geoffrey I'lantagcnct said this of himself. ^ Latimer.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

121

comfort, Master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this
day light such a candle of God's grace in I^ngland as shall
never be put out."

Painters began to appear later in Great Britain's history.
Sir Joshua Reynolds, wliile yet a lad, learned that " those

Canterhury Cathedral

who are determined to excel must go to their work, whether
willing or unwilling, morning, noon, and night, and they will
fincl it to be no play, but, on the contrary, very hard labor." ^
This determination together with his wonderful skill made
him one of the great portrait painters of the world. He had
many beautiful sitters — belles, bridesmaids, and ladies of high
degree. He loved little children, and possessed a marvelous

1 Reynolds's own words.

122

THE FRIENDSHIP OF 'NATIONS

knowledge of their ways and thoughts. His Child Angels,
a picture containing five representations of the same little
face, is considered an exquisite painting.

One of the beautiful girls who posed for Reynolds be-
came the mother of Sir Edwin Landseer, England's greatest

painter of animals. Dig-
nity and Impudence, The
Sick Monkey, The High-
land Shepherd's Chief
Mourner, and The Con-
noisseurs, a picture rep-
two

resentmg

dogs

looking over the shoul-
ders of the artist while
he makes a drawing, are
well known. He dearly
loved animals and had
a wonderful power over
them. He felt that often
masters were unkind to
their dogs in the way they
tied them up and allowed
them their freedom only
now and then. A man,
he believed, would fare better if tied than a dog, because the
man can take off his coat, while the dog must live in his for-
ever. An illustrious lady once asked him how he had gained
his knowledge of dogs, and he answered, "By peeping into
their hearts, ma'am."

The most famous Englishman, however, was William
Shakespeare. He was born in Stratford-on-Avon, a very

Countess Spencer and Lord Althori
From the painting by Sir Josliua Reynolds

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

123

ancient town situated on the highway from London to Bir-
mingham. The country roundabout was beautiful with streams
and woods, and the near-by estates and palaces were scenes of
many gay festivals and pageants likely to stir the fancy of an
unusual boy like William. At that time Kenilworth Castle
had not fallen in ruins,
and Warwick was then as
now "that fairest monu-
ment of ancient and chiv-
alrous splendor." ^ It is
supposed that William
was brought up like other
children of the time,
trained strictly, sent to the
grammar school, allowed
to engage in sports, some
of which were very cruel,
and to hear weird tales of
sprites and goblins at the
evening fire. Ver}^ little is
really known about him,
but his works have re-
ceived the highest dis-
tinction, for in many families his plays and sonnets are con-
sidered the most precious of all books except the Bible.

England has had other great poets whose works arc famil-
iar in all countries where there is education and culture —
Chaucer, Milton, Keats, Shelley, Byron, W'ordsworth, and
Tennyson. Great stories have been written there and trans-
lated into many tongues. Charles Dickens wrote " Pickwick

1 Sir Walter Scott.

Dignity and Impudence
From the painting by Sir Edwin Landseer

(y) I'nikTiviKiil .t liukrHooJ

The SiiAKESi'EARK Monument, Westminster Auuey

124

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

I 2

Papers," "The Old Curiosity Shop," "Nicholas Nickleby,"
and " The Christmas Carol." William Thackeray wrote
" Vanity Fair," Sir Walter Scott was the author of " Ivan-
hoe " and " The Talisman," and Daniel Defoe told " The
Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe," a most entertain-
ing tale. The girls and boys of England have expressed
their appreciation of the latter story by erecting a shaft above

The Clock Tower and Part of the Walls, Warwick Castle

Defoe's grave in London. Lewis Carroll also was an English-
man. He wrote "Alice in Wonderland."

But things quite as important as those that added to the
beauty and pleasure of England happened among inventors
and men of science. In 1616 William Harvey, a doctor who
was destined to become physician extraordinary to the king
and to receive even greater honor, startled Englishmen with
a discovery in regard to the human body. He said that the
blood flowed about in the body in a regular manner, that the
heart pumped it into the arteries, that the arteries sent it out

126 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

into the body, and that the heart received it back again through
the veins. That simple statement caused great amazement,
for all the world at that time believed what Galen, a Greek
physician, had taught fourteen hundred years before, Galen
had discovered that blood was to be found moving in man's
arteries as well as in the veins, but he had no idea that there
was any connection between this blood and the heart,
Harvey's discovery was very important. With this new
knowledge physicians could tell which way blood was flowing
in a man's arm, leg, or any part of the body, and were thus
enabled to stop bleeding from cuts or from operations, relieve
fainting, and treat the heart for weakness in the part receiv-
ing the blood or in the part sending it out.

Another English physician, Edward Jenner, made a dis-
covery in regard to smallpox. He had heard from farmers
that dairymaids who contracted cowpox — an eruption com-
mon to cows — never caught smallpox. If that were true, he
wondered why it would not be well to make others have cow-
pox, and so escape smallpox, which in those days caused the
death of hundreds. He studied cowpox until he was suffi-
ciently sure of his discovery to make a trial. In 1796 he
inserted into the skin of an eight-year-old boy some matter
from a cowpox pustule, a process now called vaccination.
Six weeks later he communicated smallpox to the same boy.
The experiment was successful ; the boy did not catch the
dread disease. The news spread through England and to the
Continent, Honors from many quarters were showered upon
Dr, Jenner, and Parliament made him a grant of ten thousand
pounds, all of which he greatly deserved, for he had done a service
to all mankind. Now vaccination is common, and in conse-
quence smallpox is almost unknown in many parts of the world.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 127

Another man of science, Sir Isaac Newton, had no par-
ticular interest in the human body, but he did find deUght in
the wonders of the earth as a whole, and in the sun, moon,
and stars surrounding it. As a boy his playtime was spent in
scientific experiments. He so greatly enjoyed making clocks,
windmills, and other mechanical objects that his room at
school was a veritable workshop, resounding with continual
hammering. After a while he turned his attention to mathe-
matics and telescopes, and later to the study of light and
color. One day as he sat beneath an apple tree, an apple fell
from a bough overhead, and he began to wonder why the
apple fell doivn when it was too ripe to remain on the tree.
Why had n't it sped out straight, or even gone up toward the
sky 1 This led him to many investigations and to discover
finally the force called gravitation, which draws all bodies and
all particles in the universe toward each other and keeps
them from flying off into space. Newton's discoveries in the
laws of nature were very wonderful, and won great distinction
for him, in spite of the envious scientists who looked upon
him with doubt and scorn. On account of his unusual attain-
ments many stood in awe of him, and a learned marquis
once asked : " Does Mr. Newton eat, or drink, or sleep like
other men 1 I represent him to myself as a great celestial
genius entirely disengaged from matter." ^

It must be remembered that in the days of Sir Isaac the
world was a very different place from the one in which we
live, because very little machinery had been invented. Each
family raised its own flax and wool and spun it into dress
goods, and every season a traveling tailor went from house
to house with his goose and shears converting this material

^ Marquis dc I'llospital.

128

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

into suits for the family. The shoe business was carried on
in much the same way. Cobblers trudged about the country-
side with their kits and rolls of leather, and sewed and tacked
day in and day out, first for one household and then for an-
other. Even in the places where weaving and spinning were

carried on as a trade, the
human hand did all the
work. One day, however,
some one discovered that
iron could be smelted
with coal ; and soon after,
James Watt perfected a
steam engine which would
furnish power for different
purposes. Then Richard
Arkwright invented the
spinning j enny, a machine
fashioned to spin either
wool or cotton by means
of many spindles work-
ing together ; hMmund
Cartwright patented the

i& LudurwooU x L'liderwood

Stei'Henson's Locomotive

world's first power loom ;
and, to cap all, George Stephenson perfected the locomotive.
Within a few years England's former ways were quite old-
fashioned, l^arren moors beneath which iron and coal lay
side by side became busy industrial centers ; quiet litde shops
where a few men had labored many years with patient fingers
grew into great factories noisy with machines to spin and
weave. The news of the change spread across the Channel
and over the seas, and soon orders from many ciuartcrs of the

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 129

globe came back. Within a single generation British industry
supplanted that of other nations, and labor everywhere entered
upon a new and wonderful era. Of course much unhappiness
went along with the introduction of machinery, for men who
had woven or spun by hand all their lives did not enjoy see-
ing machines do their work. Many lost their places because
they did not know how to manage the new appliances, and
great want was known in England. Yet what would the world
have done without these inventions ?

Some years after, when industry had become used to the
ways and had grown accordingly, the Atlantic cable gave
business further opportunities. It is not quite fair to allow
England all the credit for this stupendous achievement, be-
cause the energy and perseverance of an American, Cyrus
W. Field, had much to do with its accomplishment. But an
English business company, English ships, and English engi-
neers finally paid out the great cable, over two thousand
miles in length, and deposited it at the bottom of the ocean.
The ends of the earth were put in direct communication, and
business messages at once began to fly beneath the waters. In
a single morning merchants hundreds of miles apart were en-
abled to buy and sell each other's wares, and banks on cither
side of the Atlantic could transact heavy loans between them-
selves before their presidents went out to lunch. The long,
uncertain waits for vessels and mails were no longer necessary,
because time and space had been conquered by the genius of
Englishmen. In fact, the genius of Englishmen has served
the whole wide world, and shown to every nation the beauty,
power, and mastery which lie within man's grasp.

Long centuries ago Norsemen, who came from the coun-
tries now known as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, landed

I30 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

in England and made homes there. Their children played
all day in the English fields, and at nighttime heard tales of
their fathers' gods, who lived in Asgard, the region of joy,
which could be reached by the rainbow. The days of the
week now keep their celestial beings in our remembrance,
for Wednesday means Woden's Day, and Thursday Thor's
Day. Other Norsemen reached America, landing somewhere
on the coast of Nova Scotia or New England many years
before Columbus braved the imaginary monsters of the At-
lantic. Their crossing was remarkable, for although they
were stanch and fearless sailors, their ships were no larger
than fishing boats. They paid only a short visit in the New
World and sailed home again, making very little stir about
their discovery. Their love of the sea, however, descended
to their children and to their children's children, until to-day
Scandinavians not only sail their own boats, but they man many
ships of other nations as well, and so play an important part
in the affairs of men.

Denmark. Children may not realize when they are read-
ing about "The Ugly Duckling," ""The Wild Swans," and
"' Thumbelina," who was born in a tulip, that these stories
came over the sea from Denmark, where they were first told.
But they did nevertheless, for Hans Christian Andersen, the
author, was a Dane. When he was nine years old he went
to work in a factory because his father had died, leaving him
and his mother quite alone and very poor. The taunts of
coarse workmen, however, hurt his gentle nature, and he im-
plored his mother to let him choose his own career. So at
fourteen he left home to travel to Copenhagen with only a
tiny sum of money to help him on the way. Of course he
reached Copenhagen, — such a determined spirit as his was

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

131

bound to win, — and he grew up and became famous. The
story of his Hfe reads like one of his own fairy tales, for
royalty received him at their palaces, kings paid him unusual
honors, and, what is even better, he was known at home
and abroad as " The
Children's Friend."

A countryman of his,
Albert Thorwaldsen,
has left as lasting a
memorial among his
people as Andersen
did, although it is quite
different. Thorwaldsen
was a sculptor. When
he was twenty-three he
gained the first gold
medal at the Academy
of Copenhagen, which
entitled him to three
years' residence abroad.
He lived most of his
life in Rome, but casts
of his works have

traveled to the far ends of the earth. The bas-reliefs, Night
and Morning, are well known, and the colossal Lion of
Lucerne, designed by him and executed by his pupils, is
most beautiful and impressive. A museum in Copenhagen
has been dedicated to Thorwaldsen, and there have been
gathered as many as possible of his original works.

Szveden. Denmark has always been more or less united
with its sister countries, Sweden and Xorwav, across the

tJ liiiKrw 1 .V I iHk-rwood

The Lio\ of Lucerne

132 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Skager Rack and Cattegat. Their common ancestry kept
them together as one nation for many years, but now they
form three separate kingdoms. Yet their subjects, hke their
sires of old, are leaving home for other lands, and by thou-
sands are migrating to the United States, there to be joined
as citizens of a common nation. At home they still keep
their interest in each other. Their written .and spoken lan-
guages are similar, and the teachers of Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, and Finland have formed themselves into an edu-
cational association called the Northern Teachers' Congress.
These people as a whole have not played so conspicuous a
part in the world of culture as they have in the simpler occu-
pations, which are quite as necessary for the advancement
of the nations. They who provide lumber for the greater part
of Europe, and who sail the ships of many countries, and
who command the respect of all men on account of their
thrift, kindness, and general intelligence surely do their
share toward the world's good.

Perhaps too little is known about these people and their
accomplishments, because they live north of the usual route
of travelers ; but those who have been thither realize that no
finer, nobler men and women can be found anywhere than
in the citv of Stockholm, "the Venice of the North."
Great names appear upon Sweden's roll of fame : Jenny
Lind, who sang as a child in the streets and later before
crowned heads in Europe and before social leaders in Amer-
ica ; Linnaeus, the celebrated botanist ; Alfred Nobel, the in-
ventor of dynamite, and the founder of the Nobel prizes ;
John r.ricsson, the Swedish-American inventor, who first dis-
covered that a screw propeller, revolving under water at the
stern of a vessel, could bring about much greater progress

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

It'*

than the usual paddle wheel upon each side ; and Selma
Lagerlof, an author and recipient of the Nobel prize for litera-
ture in 1909. The Sloyd system of manual training, which
is used in the United States, originated in Sweden, as well
as the Swedish system of gymnastics, which has helped the
bodies of many Americans both young and old.

A Class i.n Swkdisu (]v.m.\as,tics

Norway. Across the mountains in Norway, Edward Grieg
and Ole Bull were born, and became famous musicians ; and
there too Henrik Ibsen and Bjornsen began their author-
ship. Nature has dealt strangely with Norway, for although
one third of its surface lies within the arctic circle, the great
Gulf Stream, flowing silently along its coast, warms the air
and makes life comfortable. Its scenery too is unusual. Its
mountains rise directly from the sea, streams pour their
waters over sheer cliffs upon the earth a thousand feet below,
and glaciers wind their slow and silent way between the hills.
At Hammcrfest, the northernmost town in the world, the

134

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

sun shines for nearly three months without ceasing. Each
midnight it seems to hang for a while far down in the sky, as
if waiting for one day to close and another to come across the

Arctic Sea. All these won-
ders draw people from
afar, and give them most
solemn and precious
memories.

R//ssii7. A day and
a night's journey from
Stockholm across the
Baltic and up the Gulf of
Finland lies St. Peters-
burg, the capital of the
vast territory of Russia.
In a single year it sprang
as if by magic from a
frozen marsh into a city
of thirty thousand homes.
Now it is large and
beautiful, N'ct neither the
radiant dome of St. Isaac's
^ shining high over all,
nor the great river Neva
sweeping its blue waters
through the city, can put
merriment into the hearts
of the people there. Pov-
erty, ignorance, and. suspicion reign among the peasants
throughout the country, and there is little joy. Only mem-
bers of the aristocracy are well educated, and can know the

Count Leo Tolstoy in the Fields
NEAR HIS Home

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 135

pleasures of a comfortable life. The Czar, Nicholas II, has
served the nations in a greater way than any of his predeces-
sors by inaugurating the Peace Conferences at The Hague.
Some Russians, like Ivan Turgenev and Count Leo Tolstoy,
have written great books ; others, like Anton Rubinstein and
I'etcr Tschaikowsky, were musicians, and now and then an
artist has appeared, but none who could paint more wonder-
fully than Vereshchagin. Yet, in general, Russians have done
little for their fellow men, and that little has been grim and full
of melancholy, like the lives which Russians know. Some-
times it seems strange that a country sheltering a hundred
million souls should have achieved so few great and noble
things. The peasants are not to blame, however. While the
other branches of the white people were demanding of their
rulers greater liberty and more education, they have been kept
as serfs to the lords, their masters. Although they are free-
men now, their lives are still full of hardships which, they be-
lieve, must be borne without complaint as " the will of God."
Some years ago Lord Edward Bulwer Lytton inscribed in
a novel ^ the following dedication :

THE GREAT GERMAN PEOPLE

A RACE OF THINKERS AND OF CRITICS

A FOREIGN BUT FAMILIAR AUDIENCE, PROFOUND IN JUDGMENT

CANDID IN REPROOF, GENEROUS IN APPRECIATION

THIS WORK IS DEDICATED

•

It was a pretty courtesy to Germany from an English author,
as much of the welfare and happiness of his nation has depended
upon German achievements. The inhabitants of Germany and
the British Isles belong to the same division of the white race
and have contributed to education and the arts in similar ways.

1 Ernest Maltravers.

136

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Austria-Hungary . A long struggle has been necessary to
bring under one rule the various people living within the
boundaries of the German Empire. Years ago a confedera-
tion was formed, which very loosely united the numerous states
in Central Europe having a German-speaking population.

Prussia and Austria, be-
ing the mightiest of these
states, fell to warring over
the leadership. In 1866
Prussia came off victori-
ous and Austria withdrew
from the confederacy.
The next year the Aus-
trian Empire and the
kingdom of Hungary were
united to form the empire
of Austria- Hungary ; and
soon the German Em-
pire, as we know it to-day,
was formed under the
lead of Prussia. Austria-
Hungary, however, has
never developed into the
nation of power and influ-
ence which Germany has become. Its people have descended
from some twenty different races with different interests and
history, and owing to the mountainous character of the country,
they have been isolated in valleys with almost no chance to
become united as citizens of a single nation. Little communi-
cation with the world by sea and the lack of good common
schools have hindered their development as well. To a number

Mozart

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 137

of Hungarians and Austrians, however, the world owes much.
Particular gratitude should be showered upon the memories
of the composers Joseph Haydn, Strauss, Liszt, Wolfgang
Mozart, and Schubert. It must be remembered also that
Baroness Bertha von Suttner, author of " Lay down your
Arms," is an Austrian.

Germatiy. It is hard to know where to begin in the story
of Germany's history, the past has been so rich and the
achievements so supreme. As a countr)^ it is situated among
ancient mountains and rolling lowlands, and upon the banks
of various large rivers, beautiful with old castles and vine-
yards basking on the hillsides. As a nation the Germans are
niockl citizens. Their towns and cities are so well governed
and their public institutions are carried on so easily and
successfully that delegates from oxer the world visit them to
learn. Statesmen, doctors, railroad managers, foresters, and
scientists frequently say, " Well, the Germans do so and so."
Many an inspiration has come from that fatherland. It was
George Eliot who said : "For my part, people who do any-
thing finely always inspire me to try. I don't mean that they
make me believe that I can do it as well as they. But they
make the things seem worthy to be done."

It is generally believed that the first printing press was
given to the world by a German named Gutenberg, about
1440. Legal records show that such a man associated him-
self with certain persons for the purpose of carrying on some
kind of secret business wherein a press was used. Later Fust,
a money-lender, became his partner. The inventions failed to
make Gutenberg rich enough to pay Fust for various loans, so
Fust seized all the types and stock, and carried on the printing
business himself, leaving Gutenberg alone to continue his

138 THE FRIENDSHIP OF-NATIONS

work as best he could with inferior type. News of the press
soon spread to England, some reports claiming the invention
for Fust and others for a Dutchman, Coster ; but, as far as is
now known, John Gutenberg was the only claimant who received
honor during his life as the true inventor. Soon after, English-
men showed their appreciation of the value of this invention
by a law which they enacted. Generally their laws discouraged
foreign traders, but this one declared that there should be no

lette, hurte or impediment to any artificer or merchaunt strangier of
what nacion orcountrey he be or shalbe of, for bryngyng into this realme,
or sellyng by retaill or otherwise, of any maner bokes wrytten or im-
prynted, or for the inhabitynge within the said realme for the same
intent, or to any writer, lympner, bynder, or imprynter, of suche bokes,
as he hath or shall have to sell by wey of merchaundise, or for their
abode in the same realme for the exercisyng of the said occupacions.

It is almost impossible for us, with our wealth of public and
private libraries, public reading rooms, and thousands of peri-
odicals, to imagine what life could have been like before the
time of printing. Then no advertising circulars announced
future bargain sales ; no morning papers reported the opera
of the night before or the latest news in politics ; there were
no novels or geographies, dictionaries, Bibles, cookbooks, or
children's magazines. In fact, there were no papers or month-
lies, and only a few choice books written by hand. Monks
hidden away in monasteries prepared most of the manuscripts,

d 5%n]>%D anb (wnCbtieti out of fmt(^ in 0) pnglftTjj^ t^
wrj Dag rf^upn tij? pm ot om bitJ <V) iit} C iri^t^i / anil

trd t^^j Dag Of iVjaBe after/ itc

Haustieo

Specimen of English rKiNTiNc. in i486

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 139

and, not being satisfied with simple work, they spent years
in making the parchments beautiful with illuminated initial
letters and exquisite miniatures. Even the simplest manu-
scripts wrought thus by hand took long and weary hours in
making, and brought prices so high that only rulers and noble-
men could afford them. The printing press, however, opened
the intellectual treasures of the world to rich and poor alike,
and enabled them to read at their own firesides the stories of

men and nations,

" Who hath a book

Hath but to read

And he may be a king indeed.

His kingdom is his ingle nook,

All this is his

Who hath a book."

A large part of the world's great literature is the work of
German authors. Various novels came from Auerbach's pen ;
poetic dramas were written by Lessing, .Schiller, and Goethe ;
and momentous volumes of philosophy were produced by
Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Fichte. The brothers, Wil-
helm and Jakob Grimm, wrote fairy tales founded upon the
ancient household stories which are common to many lands.
Who has not read of Cinderella or the Cat and the Mouse in
partnership, or Rapunzel with long and beautiful hair as fine
as spun gold ? And who has not laughed at the Valiant Little
Tailor, who, because he killed a swarm of flies upon his bread
and preserve, wrote upon his belt, " Seven at One Blow,"
and then left his workshop to do equally valiant deeds in the
wide world ? And who has not imagined in the dark of night
that he could hear the Musicians of Bremen — the Ass, the
Hound, the Cat, and the Cock — scaring away the robbers
in the distant forest ?

I40 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Albeit German authors have been so illustrious, German
musicians have been greater, if we consider the exalted pleas-
ure that they have given both in the Old World and the New.

By permission iif the lierlin I'liDtoiriapliic Co., New York
TllK ("iKIMM HkoTHKKS

Music holds a charm for almost every one, and a power to
touch the hearts in a strange and tender way. Even if the
notes are plaintive and the wood instruments and violins sigh
and sob, discouragement slips away at the sound and a quiet
happiness comes instead. Music adds to the beauty of many

THK GE()GR.\ril\ OF PEACE

141

occasions in our lives, particularly the music of German
composers. Our weddings open with the Wedding March
from the opera " Lohengrin " by Wagner, and close with the
Wedding March from " Midsummer Night's Dream " by
Mendelssohn. During church services the choir often sings
selections from the ora-
torios " Saul" and "The
Messiah" by Handel, and
" Elijah " by Mendels-
sohn, and sometimes the
organist plays a fugue of
Bach's. Orchestras ren-
der trios and sonatas by
Beethoven, overtures by
Weber, and symphonies
bv Brahms. At home we
like to play Mendelssohn's
" Songs without Words,"
Handel's " Largo," and
Schumann's " Traume-
rei," and sing the simpler
songs of these composers.
Those of us who go to
the opera hear " Parsifal,"

"Lohengrin," " Tannhauser," and "Tristan and Isolde"
by Wagner, and perhaps some less-known opera by Gluck,
Weber, or INIeyerbeer, We can become familiar with these
musical dramas outside the opera house, for famous vocalists
sing selections from them at concerts, and phonographs play
them in the simplest homeis, German music gives happiness
alike in lonely country places, in busy cities, and on the sea.

Beethoven

142

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Not all Germans of eminence have devoted their lives to
literature and music. Astronomers have searched the heavens
and made minute calculations of time and space. Teachers
have laid the foundations of a very thorough system of edu-
cation, and one of their number, Froebel, first suggested
kindergartens. Scientists have made beneficent inventions and

discoveries. Dr. Samuel
Hahnemann devoted
years to studying the
ways of treating sick-
nesses. Dr. Koch dis-
covered the germs or
bacilli of cholera and
tuberculosis. Dr. Helm-
holtz prepared a very
important instrument,
known as the ophthal-
moscope, for examining
the eye. By means of a
mirror, light is thrown
into the interior of the
eye, and diseased parts
may be detected at once.
Skill is required in using this instrument, but it is employed
almost universally. The rays which are produced in a tube
by electricity and called X rays were discovered in 1895 by
Dr. Rontgen, now a professor at Munich. He did not know
what the rays could do nor what they were, and so he named
them for the symbol X, which in algebra represents an un-
known quantity. Dr. Rontgen made many interesting and
valuable discoveries in regard to their power, but neither he

An X-RaV rHUTOGKAPH OF A FoOT

IN A Boot

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 143

nor the many physicians who have been studying them know
all their possibilities. The rays will make photographs of the
internal organs of living creatures, and will show, upon a
screen made for the purpose, the spine and ribs, the heart,
lungs, and liver of the human body when it is presented to
the rays. With these marvelous revelations internal injuries
may be made visible to the eye, fractures are recognized, dis-
eases of the organs are disclosed, and bullets or other foreign
substances driven into the flesh in war or accidents may be
located. By means of the X rays physicians may determine the
cause of a patient's suffering, and may see from day to day how
the healing is advancing under their treatment. The discovery
has proved very important in lessening human suffering, not
only in Germany where Dr. Rontgen carried on his work, but
in every country where men realize the value of human life.

In these many ways German influence has been felt around
the world, commanding respect and admiration everywhere.
Hermann Grimm, the son of Wilhclm, joint author of the
" Fairy Tales," said : " Reverence for what is great is a univer-
sal feeling. . . . When we look at great men, it is as if we saw
. . . the flower of a people marching along. . . . They all speak
one common language, know nothing of castes, of noble or
pariah ; and he who now or in time to come thinks or acts
like them rises up to them, and is admitted into their circle."

Across the Ural Mountains from Europe lies the continent
of Asia, where the earliest families of the world passed their
strange, wild lives and learned the simplest lessons of the
fields and woods and barren plains. It is an immense con-
tinent and shelters one half of the human race. There dwell
four of the nations represented at the Hague Peace Confer-
ence — China, Japan, Persia, and Siam.

144 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Siajn and Persia. " The Land of the White Elephant," as
Siam is called, is an independent kingdom with little influence
in the world. Bangkok, its capital, is built upon both sides
of the muddy Menam Ri\er, and contains magnificent palaces
and temples for the king and the priests of Buddha, and only
squalid hovels or miserable river boats for the people. Persia
too has a wonderful home for its ruler, the Shah — a palace
in Teheran so large and elegant that it forms a city by itself.
Yet the sun-dried brick dwelling houses in the capital open
upon narrow filthy streets. The oriental rugs which Persians
still weave by hand are much appreciated in western lands,
and the pearls found in the waters of the Persian Gulf are
borne many miles to deck the beauties of far-away courts.
Neither Siam nor Persia, however, has enjoyed sufficient
liberty to become a great power among the nations.

C/mia. Nor has China, for that matter, with its vast empire
and ages of existence, helped much to improve the world.
Centuries before Europeans had outgrown their barbarous
ways the Chinese had developed a remarkable civilization.
They understood the art of printing and the manufacture of
gunpowder. They could make silks and bake porcelain or
chinaware. All this knowledge, however, they kept to them-
selves, having little to do with the nations beyond the Great
Wall. When the Europeans once began to advance, they
made fast strides, and eventually they knocked at China's gate
and asked if they could enter. Ikit the Chinese did not
believe in them nor in their strange, new labor-saving de-
vices and means of transportation. Why should they use
steam in their ships when poles and oars and sails had served
well for many years .? And why make good roads and order
carriages, when wheelbarrows had carried thousands of men

THE GE0(;R.\I'II\' of peace 145

and women safely, although a bit slowly and uneasily, to their
destinations ? So China has helped the world very little, and
has been as determined that the world should not help her.
Since 1900, however, the Chinese have been more cordial to
foreigners. They have even sent some of their sons and
daughters to Europe and the United States to study, and
during the plague in the winter of 191 1 their government
communicated with all the principal powers, asking that ex-
pert physicians be sent to help them conquer the disease.

Japan. The Japanese, however, began to feel a little inter-
est in the world beyond their islands some years before their
Mongolian brothers on the mainland were aroused. The
change was brought about by the desire of the American
government to make arrangements for the protection of its
seamen and property wrecked off Japan, for the needs of
its vessels short of provisions, water, and fuel, and for permis-
sion for American ships to enter Japanese ports to trade.
The secretary of state prepared a letter from the president
to the emperor of Japan, stating that the government's desires
were courtesies really due to one civilized nation from another,
and instructions were given to Commodore Matthew C. Perry,
who had been chosen to carry out the negotiations. Toward
the close of 1852 Perry set sail in a steam frigate with various
presents stowed away in the ship's hold, and the precious
letter, beautifully copied, inclosed in a gold box worth a
thousand dollars. The following July his fleet dropped anchor
off Japan, and great was the excitement among the natives,
who waved and signaled for them to go away. After much
parleying and postponing on the part of the Japanese, Perry
was permitted to land at Kurihama and to deliver the letter
to two princes sent as representatives of the emperor.

146 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Not until February, 1854, did he have an answer. Then
he was received in Yokohama in a house built for the occa-
sion, and formally welcomed by the emperor's commissioners
richly dressed in short upper garments and gay silk petticoat
pantaloons. Interviews were held for a week, during which
time presents from the United States government were de-
livered — cloths and agricultural implements ; a fine locomo-
tive, tender, and passenger car, one fourth the ordinary size,
which were set in motion on a circular track ; and a line of
telegraph, which was erected for a mile and put in opera-
tion. The Japanese were particularly interested in the rail-
road and the telegraph, the first ever seen in their country,
although they showed little surprise. Finally, the commis-
sioners granted the desires of the American government and
concluded treaties, thus bringing to a close Japan's cherished
life of seclusion,

A monument commemorating Commodore Perry's visit
was erected at Kurihama in 190 1. A circular issued by the
American Association of Japan, of which the Japanese min-
ister of justice is president, pays America the following
tribute :

Commodore Perry's visit was, in a word, the turn of the key which
opened the doors of the Japanese Empire, an event which paved the
way for ... a new order of things ; an event that enabled the coun-
try to enter upon the unprecedented era in national prosperity in which
we now live. Japan has not forgotten — nor will she ever forget — that
next to her reigning and most beloved sovereign, whose rare virtue and
great wisdom is above all praise, she owes her present prosperity to the
United States of America. After a lapse of forty-eight years the people
of Japan have come to entertain but an uncertain memory of Kurihama,
and yet it was there that Commodore Perry first trod on the soil of
Japan, and for the first time awoke the country from three centuries
of slumberous seclusion.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 1 47

The territory in Asia not occupied by Persia, Siam, China,
and Japan is largely held as colonies of the European nations,
as is the case in Africa. Few gifts of art or culture have these
lands given to the outside world, although in days past many
good things have found their way from Asia into distant
places. There wild animals were first tamed and trained to
serve man's will, and thence transported to new countries to
become the ancestors of our dumb friends, the horses, cattle,
dogs, sheep, goats, and cats. And there wheat was first culti-
vated, cotton grown and woven into cloth, tea dried and
brewed in ancient vessels, and lemons and oranges gathered
and stored away for food. Eventually seeds of all these plants
were carried farther and farther from the countries where
they grew, and made to root in strange soils and to serve
many people in different parts of the world.

It must also be remembered that in Asia lies Palestine, the
Holy Land. Great and wonderful events came to pass in that
region, and Hebrew prophets, kings, apostles, and historians
recorded them in the Bible, beginning with the story of cre-
ation, when there was only land and sea and light in the world,
and closing with a vision of heaven. In the Holy Land idols
were first broken by the people that had made and worshiped
them, and a belief in many gods was changed to faith in one
called an Almighty Father. There also, in Bethlehem of
Judea, Christ, the Prince of Peace, was born. Since those
days the Bible has been translated into almost every tongue,
and the faith in one God, which originated with the Jews, has
been accepted by nearly every civilized country.

This completes the brief story of the services of the twenty-
five European and Asiatic nations gathered in the Hall of
Knights at the Second Hague Conference. But happily it

148

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

NORTTI
AMEfUC

does not complete the story of man's beneficent works. Nine-
teen nations from the New World were there as well, and
even the New World has made its offerings. No ancient age
of culture like the Greek, nor early period of art and literature
like the Dutch and English, are the heritage of the peoples
in South and North America, but they have served mankind
as best they could, considering their opportunities. In these
lands the spirit of liberty has revolted against the tyranny of
kings, and has founded ten republics in South America, six

in Central America, three island
republics in the West Indies, and
two in North America,

Long before the South and
Central American states became
republics, Spain and Portugal made
an agreement with each other in
regard to the New World. A cer-
tain meridian, drawn three hundred
and seventy leagues west of the
Cape Verde Islands, was chosen
as a dividing line between the
future possessions of these two countries. Whatever heathen
lands were discovered to the east of this line were to belong
to Portugal ; all to the west were to be the property of Spain.
Accordingly unhappiness fell upon the native red men of
South America, for Brazil passed into Portuguese hands and
the remaining territory came under Spanish rule. The con-
querors had no thought of kindness for the inhabitants. They
treated them with extreme cruelty, especially the Incas, who
lived among the Andes in Peru, Holivia, and Ecuador, and
who had reached a stage of civilization far above their

Map showing the Division

OF THE World between

Spain and Portugal

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 149

neighbors. Evidently the Spaniards did not reaHze that the
Incas might prove a valuable help if allowed to continue their
advanced way of living, for they robbed them of their precious
treasures and reduced them to slavery. All tribes throughout
the country were despoiled of everything that could add to
the wealth of the crown, and were kept in degradation for
nearly three centuries. Even Spanish citizens residing there
were forced to pay excessive tribute to the royal treasury and
the church.

South American republics. Tyranny does not last forever,
though. In time the inhabitants became more courageous,
and with the help of Francisco Miranda and Simon Bolivar,
two Venezuelans who were ardent advocates of the cause of
liberty, they revolted and declared themselves independent
nations. The thirteen original states of the United States
unconsciously played an important part in the history of these
republics. When Francisco Miranda was completing his edu-
cation in Europe, as was the custom with wealthy Spanish
landowners in South America, he met the Marquis de Lafa-
yette in Paris. Lafayette was paying his native land a visit
in order to raise funds in aid of the American Revolution.
The young Miranda at once espoused the Frenchman's cause,
journeyed to America, and received a position on General
Washington's staff. At the close of the war he gathered
his comrades in arms who were ready for adventure and
set sail for Venezuela, intending to arouse his countrymen
to revolt. But the people failed to support him and he was
banished. His determination to liberate the South Ameri-
can provinces, however, was not crushed, and wherever he
went during the next few years he tried to win supporters
for his cause, either through his own gay and pleasing

I50

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

personality or through the secret societies which he founded
for South American freedom. Simon Bohvar was some years
younger than Miranda but equally devoted to the cause of
independence. At the tomb of Washington he had dedicated

his life to his country ;
so when Bolivar found
Miranda in London, they
united their forces and
together went back to
Venezuela. As a result
of their efforts and the
works of their followers,
Argentina, Peru, Colom-
bia, Venezuela, Ecuador,
I^olivia, Uruguay, Para-
guay, and Chile became
independent nations be-
tween 1816 and 1 83 1,
and Spain withdrew from
South America. Portu-
gal, however, held Brazil
until 1889.

Yet when freedom
came the people did not
know how to carry on
their affairs. They had been kept in subjection for so many
years that they had little idea of government or industry. Con-
sequently the establishing of their republics cost them much
bloodshed, for factions fought with each other and with those
whom they had chosen to govern them, at the least provocation.
Even to-day South America is the scene of frequent uprisings.

I'hului^iupk by llunio \ Lwiiig

Simon Bolivar
Gallery of Patriots, Pan-American Union

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 151

On the whole, though, the countries are awakening and look-
ing to Europe and the United States to teach them. Indeed in
some ways they are more enlightened than is generally known,
for only lately have travelers begun to visit South America in
any great numbers. The descendants of the wealthy European
settlers there possess culture and refinement. It may cause
some chagrin among the citizens of the United States of
America who are wont to call themselves "Americans," to
realize that they are not the only ones to claim the name. In
a recent noveP written by a lady of Buenos Aires, a " best
seller " of the Argentine Republic, the heroine's father, a
Norwegian, obtains an audience with the Pope in Rome, and
during the conversation he says that his wife is an American.

The Holy Father is interested, and asks, " An American >
From Brazil, Mexico, or Chile .'' "

And the Norwegian replies, " No, your Holiness, from the
Argentine Republic."

During Senator Elihu Root's visit to South America, while
he was serving as Secretary of State, the newspapers in Lima,
Santiago, Montevideo, and other cities welcomed him as " the
Minister from North America" and as "the distinguished
Yankee," but never as "the American Minister."

Central American republics. The state of cruelty and deg-
radation which once prevailed in the larger countries of South
America reigned also in the six little republics of Central
America — Guatemala, Honduras,^ Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa Rica,2 and Panama — and in the three island republics
of Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Cuba.

^ Incidents retold from " The Other Americans," by Arthur Ruhl.
2 Costa Rica failed to send a delegate to the Hague Conference of 1907,
and the representative from Honduras arrived too late to participate.

i5-

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Mexico. Even the Mexicans have been lorded by Span-
iards who landed on their shores soon after Columbus dis-
covered the West Indies, and who remained for love of the
gold and silver in the mountains. Now Mexico is a re-
public modeled after the United States, with twenty-seven
states and three territories and a central government estab-
lished at Mexico City, the finest capital in Spanish America.
The wealthy landowners are delightful and cultured, and pass
easy lives in their city houses or on their great haciendas ;
but the poorer people still have few comforts in their sun-
dried brick adobes thatched with maguey leaves. Mexico is
progressing, however. Its government is better, all industries
are encouraged, and education is increasing.

Almost the same sad story may be told of each Latin-
American country, and this explains why no literature, art,
or inventions can be credited to their genius and labor. Lives
spent under cruel masters or in continual warfare have no
opportunity for practicing the arts of peace.

Ufiited States of America. The other republic in the
New World, and the forty-fourth country meeting at The
Hague, is the United States of America, not the youngest re-
public by any means, but the youngest of the earth's great
powers. Spaniards came over the seas to explore its wilder-
nesses and to lay claim to whatever precious treasures could
be found therein, as they did in South America, but they
were not alone in their explorations. The English, Dutch,
and French came also, not to conquer and to plunder, though,
but to found homes and to establish colonies for their mother
lands. They came bearing the fear of God in their hearts
and believing in justice to all men. In this spirit they founded
a republic based upon the principles of intelligence and order.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 153

and established a government to be maintained by the people
and for the people. Tn consequence the United States of
America has suffered none of the unprogressiveness of its
sister republics to the south. It has developed happily on the
whole, and is respected among the nations.

And what kind of a race has developed there ? A self-
reliant, energetic, intelligent people, possessed of a jolly
sense of humor and a trace of conceit, which young nations,
like young persons, are apt to have, and a heart full of good
will and sympathy for all men and women alike, whether they
are kinsmen or strangers from afar. Yet these Americans
ha\c not monopolized their country. W lien you travel in
Spain, you meet Spaniards ; when you visit China and Japan,
you see the Chinese and Japanese ; but in America you find
foreigners of every race and color, or tlie cliildren of foreign-
born parents, as well as Americans who, of course, trace their
ancestry back to the peoples of the Old World, too. There,
among the 90,000,000 inhabitants, you find 2,700,000 Ger-
mans, 425,000 Russians, 500,000 Italians ; and from the
various divisions of the British Empire — England, Scot-
land, Ireland, Wales, and Canada — 4,000,000 subjects have
united themselves under the United States flag. There 350,-
000 Norwegians and 600,000 Swedes have congregated to
enjoy the same privileges which have beckoned thither
300,000 Austrians, 370,000 Poles, and more than 100,000
each of Bohemians, Chinese, Danes, Mexicans, Dutchmen,
Frenchmen, and Swiss. Thousands of Finns, Japanese, Bel-
gians, Portuguese, and Roumanians have taken up their
abodes there, and in smaller numbers are Greeks, Indians
from India, Africans, Australians, Cubans, South Americans,
Central Americans, Asiatics, Spaniards, Turks, W'est Indians,

154 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

men and women from the islands in the Atlantic and Pacific,
and natives of Luxemburg. Besides these, America also shel-
ters 10,000,000 negroes and 300,000 Indians.

A unique nation is developing from the union of these
people. They have not come to travel or to study, but to
find work, to establish homes, and to share in the life of the
republic. They are as great strangers to each other as to the
native-born inhabitants, but work, business, politics, and
schools are introducing them to each other and are uniting
them in a common brotherhood. They do not forget their
homelands, though, nor the friends and relatives left be-
hind. Every year thousands of dollars are sent across the
seas to prove that they do not forget, and to help those less
fortunate. Yet, although they still bear affection for the lands
where they were born, they are loyal and devoted to the
United States of America. In this way a bond of sympathy
is being woven between the Old World and the New. Rabbi
Stephen S. Wise once said to the children of New York City,
thousands of whom are of foreign descent :

You may ask me this afternoon, What can we young Americans do
in behalf of peace.'' Is not world peace merely a dream?

I answer, America, this American democracy, was a dream until
your fathers made it real.

You ask me, Can the way leading to peace be traveled without
arduous pioneering?

I answer : The American is a pioneer alike of the heritage of
his history and his destiny. The Pilgrim Fathers were pioneers. Lewis
and Clark, who won a continent for their country without shedding one
drop of human blood, were pioneers. Young Americans, yours it is to
be pioneers in every true and high cause of the world. . . .

Again, I say unto you that you can do everything in the cause
of peace. Remember that in this land of ours all the races, all the
peoples, all the faiths of the world, are being brought together and
are being fused into one great and indivisible whole, as if to prove that.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 155

if men will but come near enough together to know one another, what-
ever their nationality, their race, their religion, hatred and ill-will
and prejudice and all uncharitableness are sure to pass away. Herein
let America pioneer. Our country seems destined in the Providence
of God to be the meeting place of all the peoples, to be the world's
experimental station in brotherhood — all of us learning that other
nations are not barbarians, that other races are not inferior, that other
faiths are not Godless.^

And what of culture in this great young western land ?
Have geniuses been born there, and men and women of
ability who have served mankind ? Yes, the world would
miss the helpful inventions of Americans if they were spirited
away, for they are among the most necessary and most com-
mon devices. Its authors, musicians, and artists have been
worthy, too, but the United States is young, it must be
remembered. There has not been time for the nation to
create a literature like that of England, nor schools of paint-
ing like the Dutch and French, nor works of music like the
Austrian and German. Yet that which has been achieved
has added to the happiness of many distant people, some of
whom know so little about America that thev believe that
Indians still run about the orderly New England streets,
brandishing tomahawks and yelling fearsomely.

The works of the poets Longfellow, Whittier, Lowell, and
Bryant, of Emerson who was poet and essayist, and of
Holmes who was poet, essayist, novelist, and physician, are
appreciated beyond the limits of the United States. Washing-
ton Irving's "Rip Van Winkle" and Edgar Allan Foe's
weird tales " The Black Cat, " '" The P^all of the House of
Usher," and "The Gold Bug" have traveled far; and many

1 Delivered at the Young People's Meeting, National Arbitration and
Peace Congress, New York, 1907.

156

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

who know little about the early history of New England have
read Hawthorne's New England stories, " The Scarlet Letter "
and " The House of the Seven Gables." Bret Harte spun
tales of the wild life of Western mining camps ; and Joel
Chandler Harris, of the South, told the much-beloved stories
of '" Uncle Remus " in which appear " Brer Rabbit," " Brer

Eox,'' " Brer Tarrypin,"
"Miss Goose," and "Mr.
Dog." Lew Wallace wrote
" Ben Hur, " a historical
novel laid in the time of
Christ, which had a phe-
nomenal sale. Samuel L.
Clemens, whose pen name
was " Mark Twain," was the
greatest of American humor-
ists, and at the time of his
death was the most widely
known and read of American
authors. He created " Tom
Sawyer, " " The Prince and
the Pauper," " Huckleberry
Finn," and "The Innocents
Abroad." All his stories are
full of droll humor, which, William Uean Howells believes,
will live forever " because of its artistic qualities." He por-
trayed the real types of American people with an exquisite
sympathy both tender and mirthful.

Louisa Alcott, author of " Little Women, " " Little Men,"
"Jo's Boys," "Eight Cousins," and "Rose in Bloom" —
how dear her memory is! And almost as greatly beloved

©InikrwDiKl ,^ I II. 1. lUMuil

Longfellow

This bust was placed in Westminster

Abbey by " the English Admirers of an

American Poet"

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE

157

Ofvers (ran olt examplar af dot 30:clC tUSCndct.

' c^^^

^ u

rinnLnf^^

-'• 'f^. ^t '. ^v^l itn tiv i ' i tu ii L' m nf

among children is Kate Douglas Wiggin, who in private life
is Mrs. Riggs. " The Birds' Christmas Carol " has been
translated into the
Japanese, Swed-
ish, and French.
Her " Timothy's
Quest " appears
in Danish and
Swedish, "Polly
Oliver's Problem "
has been brought
out in the Swed-
ish, and " Rebecca
of Sunnybrook
b'arm" appears in
German.

" Uncle Tom's
Cabin," however,
is probably the
most generally
known of Amer-
ican books. Mrs.
Harriet Beecher
Stowe wrote this
story at the time
when the antisku-
ery excitement
was at its height,
and immediately

it attracted widespread attention. It was translated into more
than twenty languages — German, P>ench, Arabic, Armenian,

<-;>}

di.nfiii f

ISSZ

mQMW¥^m

Slockholra. Albert BorniPrs tfrlaj

Courtesy of The Bookman

Thk Cover ok the Swedish Edition of "The
Birds' Christmas Carol"

158 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and Welsh among them. To-day,
more than fifty years after its pubhcation, the preface is most
interesting, for it shows that the author was a prophet in be-
heving that the day would come when men would appreciate
the meaning of brotherhood. The author wrote :

The scenes of this story, as its title indicates, He among a race
hitherto ignored by the associations of polite and refined society ; an ex-
otic race, whose ancestors, born beneath a tropic sun, brought with them,
and perpetuated to their descendants, a character so essentially unlike the
hard and dominant Anglo-Saxon race, as for many years to have
won from it only misunderstanding and contempt.

But another and better day is dawning ; every influence of literature,
of poetry, and of art, in our times, is becoming more and more in unison
with the great master chord of Christianity, " good will to man." . . .

The hand of benevolence is everywhere stretched out, searching
into abuses, righting wrongs, alleviating distresses, and bringing to the
knowledge and sympathies of the world the lowly, the oppressed,
and the forgotten.

■^o^

The story of America's inventions and discoveries begins
far back in the days of 1752, when Benjamin Franklin was
experimenting with a thunderstorm. Curiosity made him
wonder if the sparks in a cat's fur coat on winter evenings
were of the same nature as the flashes of lightning in the
sky. So, all regardless of the risk he was running, he flew
up a silk kite, with a key attached, into the midst of a
thundershower and touched his knuckle to the key. An
electric spark followed, and from this proof and others he
learned that the lightning was due to electricity in the
clouds. The discovery at once suggested to men that elec-
tricity might be made to serve them. Franklin himself said,
" There are no bounds to the force man may raise and use
in the electrical way." And he was right, for to-day we light
our cities, steamships, railway trains, and street cars by electric

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 159

lights ; drive mucli machinery and propel our trolley cars,
elevated trains, certain automobiles, railways, and launches by
electricity ; we telephone, telegraph, cable, and in some instances
cook with the aid of this power ; ring alarms and give signals
of many kinds by means of electric bells ; and administer
treatment with the electric current. Far away, among people
who never heard of Franklin or the many American scientists
since his dav who have made electricity serve daih' needs.

Two vessels and several searchlights arc visible

electric cars are plying up and down, electric lights are shining
in homes and public places, and electricity is turning the
machinery of many factories. You will find this quite as
true in Tokio, Honolulu, Buenos Aires, Rome, or Rio Janeiro
as in London or New York. Generally the whole world profits
by beneficent discoveries and inventions, for men in almost
every country desire the things that make life and business
better.

Not for many years after Franklin's discovery did men know
how to generate and use this strange force in nature. Experi-
ment after experiment was performed without result, and those

l6o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

who dedicated themselves to the work suffered great discour-
agement and tribulation. Some men even died before a single
hope was realized, Samuel Finley Breese Morse, however, the
inventor of the telegraph, survived long and severe hardships
and finally saw his labors triumph. He was an artist by trade,
but the belief that electricity might be made to transmit mes-
sages so filled his mind that he gave all his time and money
to accomplish this end. People had no faith in his project
because the world at that time had not become accustomed
to believing in things that could not be seen, or in having
interest in works that seemed miraculous. Yet in 1843
Congress appropriated thirty thousand dollars for a line of
telegraph to be built under the direction of Professor Morse,
and in 1844 the stirring message '" What hath God wrought ! "
sped over the wires from the Capitol at Washington to Balti-
more and was repeated back again. Many governments realized
the importance of the invention, and Belgium, Prussia, Turkey,
Austria, Denmark, Italy, Portugal, Spain, P" ranee, and Great
Britain conferred honors upon Professor Morse in token of
their appreciation of his service to mankind. Probably no
invention has been of such help to individual men and women,
business companies, and nations as the electric telegraph,
because it has been able to overcome distance and to unite
peoples in far places.

Cyrus W. Pleld and the company of English engineers
and business men who laid the Atlantic cable in 1858
carried Professor Morse's telegraph beneath the waters and
thus fulfilled the inventor's own prophecy that some day
telegraphic communication would be established with lands
across the sea. The occasion was one of great rejoicing
both in P'.ngland and the United States, and Queen Victoria

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE i6l

cabled to President Buchanan : " Europe and America are
united by telegraph, 'Glory to God in the highest : on earth
peace, good will toward men.' "

There are now 397 cable lines owned by private companies
and 2 1 30 cable lines owned by nations, making a total of 2527
cables beneath the waters. It is impossible for the human
mind to comprehend the value and the blessing of this
communication.

Of course the next step in the sending of messages by
means of electricity was the telephone. Various inventors
argued that if electric wires could be made to convey a mes-
sage and write it down at its destination in a strange alphabet
of signs and symbols, the wires could be made to carry the
message in the tones of the human voice. Alexander Graham
Bell, a young Scotchman, who was professor of vocal physi-
ology in Boston University, was the first to perfect the proper
instrument. By means of a simple apparatus he made it
possible for the words of the speaker to pass over electric
wires to the hearer, many miles away, as clearly as if the con-
versation was going on between people in the same room.
That happened in 1875, and seemed even a greater wonder
than the telegraph. To-day it is possible for people five hun-
dred or one thousand miles apart to talk with each other as
easily as with neighbors, and many who can afford the expense
prefer to telephone long distances rather than to telegraph,
because questions can be answered and matters settled almost
instantly. Much of the world's news, however, travels to the
various countries by means of all three of these powerful
message bearers. Important happenings often are reported
by telephone to the press associations, ^ telegraphed by their

1 Bureaus of news for newspapers, with offices in all large cities.

l62

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

offices to the newspapers in various parts of the country, and
cabled or sent by wireless to foreign lands. Thousands of
miles may thus be covered quickly and all the world hear

the news within a few
hours.

Not many more than
one hundred years ago
only sailing vessels
plied up and down our
rivers and carried our
ancestors or their mer-
chandise and letters
across the ocean. Men
did not know then that
steam could be used to
send boats through the
water, and that it would
pro\c much less capri-
cious than the wind.
An American, how-
ever, thought of it and
first successfully ap-
plied steam to vessels.
After various attempts
abroad, Robert Fulton
launched the Clctinont
on the Hudson River
in 1807, and announced that on August 17 her trial trip
would be made between New York City and Albany. The
people who gathered on the wharf, however, had no faith
in the invention, and were prepared to laugh when the ship

^<;, I ll.lciu I ,v I inl.lNVUOll

The Fulton Monument, Tkimtv Church
Yard, New York City

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 163

should fail to move, as they were sure she would. But the
Clermont proved to be a worthy boat, and astonished the
crowd and all the country by moving away up the river and
reaching Albany in less time than was allowed. This suc-
cessful beginning made people enthusiastic about naviga-
tion by steam, and wrought a complete change in the modes
of travel.

Within a few years steamboats were used upon the larger
rivers and the Great Lakes, a line of ocean steamers between
Liverpool and New York was established by an English com-
pany, and the world entered upon an era which was destined
to bring all people closer together through swift-going \'essels
and quick communication.

Equally helpful to humanity, although in different ways,
have been the cotton-gin, the reaper, the mower, and the
sewing machine. In the olden days harvesting had to be done
by hand. The sickle and the scythe were almost the only
tools for cutting grain and grass, and the flail the only means
of beating the kernels of grain from the husks. Cotton fiber
also had to be separated from the seed by hand, and on
account of the labor thus required, cotton was scarce and high.
Work in the house was quite as slow and tedious as in the
field, for the making of new garments and the mending of
old ones had to be done entirely by hand. Machines were
greatly needed, and then, as always, necessity proved to be
" the mother of invention."

Eli Whitney came forward (1793) with an engine designed
to separate the cotton fiber from the seed; Cyrus Hall
McCormick invented (1834) a horse reaper ; and Elias Howe
patented (1846) a sewing machine. Business in the L^nited
States and Europe soon began to increase, and continued to

164

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

advance as these machines were improved and perfected.
To-day the cotton gin enables one man to clean a thousand
pounds of cotton in the same time in which he formerly
cleaned five pounds. The original reaper and mower have
developed into harvesters drawn by thirty or more horses, or
propelled by steam, and, it is said, cutting one hundred acres
a day. As these machines cut the grain, they also thresh it,

A IIaKV ESTER THRESHING AND BAGGING GRAIN

clean it, and put it up in sacks in the field. Howe's sewing
machine has become not only the little iron device which is
so great a blessing in the home, but also the larger and heavier
contrivances used in factories for stitching gloves, traveling
bags, pocketbooks, boots and shoes, water hose, leather buckets,
and the heaviest woolens.

In addition to the many instruments which Americans have
invented to improve labor, mention must be made of that
great discovery of Dr. William F. G. Morton, which has been

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 165

called " the most important benefaction ever made by man
to the human race." Dr. Morton believed that some prepara-
tion could be made which would cause men and women and
even animals to fall into an artificial sleep in order that they
might be spared the intense suffering of surgical operations.
At first he experimented upon himself with a certain vapor
called ether, and finding it successful, he administered it to
a patient and extracted a firmly rooted tooth. The patient
felt no pain during the process and did not even know when
the tooth had left his gums. Soon after, ether was given to
a man about to undergo a severe operation, and again it
proved successful (1846). The news of the discovery spread
rapidly and was hailed with joy. What a godsend ether must
have seemed ! Until it was introduced, a patient was obliged
to feel every movement, every cut, and every stitch while a
bone was being set or an operation performed. Can you
imagine the dread and agony of those days ? Now ether
lessens suffering in all civilized countries of the world. In Bos-
ton a monument has been raised to remind men of the grati-
tude they owe to the talent of an American. Upon it are
inscribed the words :

To commemorate the discovery that the inhaling of ether causes
insensibility to pain. First proved to the world at the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital in Boston, a.d. MDCCCXLVI.
Before that discovery, surgery was agony ; since, science has

controlled pain.

In these ways has the United States of America increased
the wealth and happiness of all the world.

This brief story of the arts of peace reveals how greatly
indebted the several nations of the earth are to one another.
Yet the people of one country rarely consider that part of the

166 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

success of their government and the prosperity of their own
lives has depended upon the genius of foreigners. It is true,
however. No nation hves to itself alone ; the thoughts and
deeds of its people are felt afar. " If a man can write a better
book or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor, though
he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten
track to his door."* News of discoveries which will help the
lives of men and animals and growing things, of feats of
mind and body, and of creations in the field of art, spread
about the globe at lightning pace ; and new inventions travel
hither and thither as fast as the fastest ships can go. Some-
times a selfish desire to make money urges a scientist or an
inventor to put his goods upon the market only at high
prices, but even then many people profit. A few benefactors,
however, have not patented their devices, but have given them
outright to their fellow men. Benjamin Franklin did so with
his stove, saying, "We enjoy great advantages from the inven-
tions of others, we should be glad of an opportunity to serve
others by any invention of ours." All this is as it should be.
At last the civilized countries are beginning to realize the
true value of their museums, where priceless art treasures are
housed, and of their laboratories and workshops filled at great
expense with the most delicate and elaborate machines, ob-
tained, in many instances, only after long years of labor and
hardship. They are beginning to know that " civilization is
wrought out of inspirations and discoveries which are forever
passed and repassed from land to land. A nation's art products
and its scientific activities are not mere national property ; they
are international possessions, for the joy and service of the
whole world. The nations hold them in trust for humanity."^

^ Havelock Ellis.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF PEACE 167

At the First Hague Conference the delegates agreed to
the following humanitarian provision.

In sieges and bombardments all necessary steps must be taken to
spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated to religion, art, science, or
charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals, and places where the
sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not being used at the
time for military purposes.

It is the duty of the besieged to indicate the presence of such build-
ings or places by distinctive and visible signs, which shall be notified to
the enemy beforehand.

Yet, while this provision is helpful in spirit, it is probable
that, if war should come to-day, many precious places would
still be swept away. As of old, only shattered walls would mark
the places where men had worked, and only ashes would tell
the story of fortunes and treasures lost. Ruins in Jerusalem,
Athens, Rome, and Constantinople, in Spain, England, and
China, show the ravages which war could make in days when
the instruments of warfare were far less powerful and destruc-
tive than they are to-day. What awful havoc could they make
in our time ! What crime would walk upon the earth !

CHAPTER VI

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

My earliest remembrances are of a long range of old red-brick stores
which stood upon docks built as if for immense trade with all quarters of
the globe. Generally there were only a few sloops moored to the tremen-
dous posts. But sometimes a great ship, an East Indiaman, with rusty, blis-
tered sides and dingy sails, came slowly moving up the harbor, with an air
of self-importance which inspired me with profound respect. The ship was
leisurely chained and cabled to the olddock, and then came the disem-
boweling.

How the stately monster had been fattening upon foreign spoils ! How
it had gorged itself with the luscious treasures of the tropics ! It had lain
its lazy length along the shores of China, and sucked in whole flowery har-
vests of tea. The Brazilian sun flashed through the strong wicker prisons,
bursting with bananas and sweet fruits that shun the temperate zone. Steams
of camphor and of sandalwood arose from the hold. Sailors, chanting weird
strains, turned cranks that lifted the bales and boxes and crates, and swung
them ashore, but to my mind the spell of their singing raised the fragrant
freight, and not the crank. Madagascar and Ceylon appeared at the mystic
bidding of the song. The placid sunshine of the docks was perfumed with
India, and the universal calm of southern seas poured from the bosom of
the ship over the quiet, old northern port.

Long after the confusion of unloading was over, and the ship lay as if
all voyages were ended, I dared to creep along the edge of the dock, and,
at great risk of falling into the black water of its huge shadow, I placed my
hand upon the hot hulk, and so established a mystic and exquisite connec-
tion with Pacific islands and palm groves ; with jungles, Bengal tigers,
pepper, and the crushed feet of Chinese fairies. I touched Asia, the Cape
of Good Hope, and the Happy Islands. I would not believe that the heat
I felt was of our northern sun ; to my finer sympathy it burned with rays
from the tropics.

The freight was piled in the old stores. Silence reigned within — silence,
dimness, and piles of foreign treasure. Vast coils of cable, like tame boa

i68

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 169

constrictors, huge hogsheads perspiring brown sugar and oozing slow
molasses, strange festoons and heaps of bags, square piles of square boxes,
bales of airy summer stuffs, which even in winter scoffed at cold, and little
specimen boxes of precious dyes — these were all there in rich confusion.

The stores had a twilight of dimness and their air was spicy with mingled
odors. I liked to look suddenly in from the glare of sunlight outside, for
the cool, sweet dimness was Hke the breath of far-off island groves ; and
if only some parrot, hung within, would flaunt his gay plumage in a chance
sunbeam, and call in his hard, shrill voice, then the enchantment was com-
plete, and, without moving, I was circumnavigating the globe.

I stood long looking in, saturating my imagination, and, as it appeared,
my clothes, with the spicy suggestion, for when I reached home my thrifty
mother came snuffing and smelling about me.

" Why ! my son {snuff, sniff) where have you been [snuff, snuff) } Has
the baker been making (snuff) gingerbread 1 Vou smell as if you 'd been
in {snuff, snuff) a bag of cinnamon."

" I 've only been on the wharves, mother."

" Well, my'dear, I hope you have n't stuck up your clothes with molasses.
Wharves are dirty places, and dangerous. Vou must take care of yourself,
my son. Really, this smell is [snuff, snuff) very strong."

But I departed from the maternal presence proud and happy. I was
aromatic. I bore about me the true foreign air. Whoever smelled me smelled
distant countries. I had nutmeg, spices, cinnamon, and cloves without the
jolly red nose. I pleased myself with being the representative of the Indies.
I was in good odor with myself and all the world.

Adapted from Pnie and I, by George William Curtis

What does a vessel mean to you, girls and boys, who live
iicside the sea and who can look out upon white sails each
morning and hurry down to the harbor as some great ocean
greyhound from afar swings to her mooring by your shore ?
And what does a vessel mean to you, children, who perhaps
have never seen a ship come into port ? Does she seem like
a ship of fancy with sailors dancing hornpipes in the moon-
light, and swapping yarns while they whistle for the wind ?
Is she a huge creature of the sea, bearing great cargoes of
tea and ribbons and Christmas to\-s which \-ou mav never see.

I 70 THE FRIENDSHIP OF 'NATIONS

and hundreds of people whom you will never meet ? Or is
she only a trader, plying back and forth, back and forth,
forever buying and selling ?

Perhaps she means all these to you, although the days of
hornpipes are vanishing, and sailors now have little need to
whistle for the wind, with giant engines and propellers send-
ing them through the waters. But a ship really means much
more, for every merchant vessel that comes up the bay and
every merchant vessel that slips out upon the tide is a ship
of peace. Do you wonder why ?

Once upon a time there was no commerce in the world.
Men were quite satisfied with the clothing which they fash-
ioned themselves from skins, with the simple utensils they
made of bone and stone, and with the food which was to be
found in their own fields and forests. They had no longing
for different things, because they were not aware that there
were others to be had. Each nation lived independently and
knew little about the possessions of its neighbors. In the
course of years, however, near-by peoples became acquainted
and began to exchange their goods, as girls now trade paper
dolls, and boys their marbles ; for, although their belongings
were similar, those made by other hands pleased their fancies
better. Trading thus became customary and so necessary that
some men made it their business and turned traders.

These were adventurous fellows. Love of wandering and
of exploit urged them to take longer and longer journeys until
they came to unknown places. Then they discovered that all
the earth was not exactly like the little part which they inhabited.
Some regions were colder than their homelands and some were
hotter ; certain countries were traversed by mountain ranges
and others bore great stretches of barren plains ; the soil

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

171

varied, rivers wandered here and there, and sometimes the sea
appeared and brought their journeys to an end. They saw
different plants, animals, metals, and precious stones in the
various countries, and learned new ways of converting them
into useful or artistic things. They also found that some
nations were more clever than others. In fact, they learned
that the things which one country had in abundance, another
land generally lacked. Upon their return they imparted all
this information to their countrymen, who even in those early
days had an eye to business, and suggested exchanging goods
with these for-
eigners, as they
had been doing
with their neigh-
bors. In this way
they would pro-
cure for them-
selves things
which they could

neither raise nor make, and would be doing the foreigners
a good turn as well in giving them new and desirable goods.
Journeys were planned, wares were packed, beasts of burden
were chosen for conveyance, and then caravans set out to try
their fortune in traffic.

Of course they found their movements beset with innu-
merable dangers and tribulations. Barbarous tribes attacked
them ; the heat, sand storms, and privations of tlie desert
taxed their endurance ; bad roads delayed them, and many
difficulties attended the exchange of goods with strange men
who spoke unknown tongues. Perhaps business matters could
have been arranged more easily if money of gold and silver

A Roman Coin of tiik Kikst Ckntury

172 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

had been in circulation. But as it was, payments were made
only in goods, as in those early days men used the precious
metals solely for ornaments. Of course in time they learned
to make payments in gold and silver by weight, and at a much
later period the custom of stamping metals to indicate coins
of certain values became general. Another equally great
hindrance to trade, however, was the attitude which alien
peoples bore to each other. Nowadays we respect foreigners
unless they have shown themselves to be unworthy, but
then each nation harbored ill will toward all other tribes
because they knew nothing about them. They were suspi-
cious and fearful of them, and the least misunderstanding
was a call for battle.

As the years wore on, and men's needs and desires multi-
plied with their advancing civilization, they began to realize
that commerce was important. Ancient records tell of thanks-
giving prayers offered to gods when caravans were spared in
wars, and in India traders were awarded a high position in
society. The account ^ of a Hindu procession says that first
in march were " all the men of distinction, together with the
merchants and chief men of the people." The early peoples
also realized that foreign traders were necessary to their wel-
fare, and that it was often wise to keep peace with them.
Friendly alliances for the purposes of business were made
between various countries. Phoenicia and Israel were on partic-
ularly amicable terms. These countries could not avoid trad-
ing with each other because they lay side by side, and because
the products of their lands were very different. When King
Solomon came upon the throne of Israel, he sent a letter ^ to
Hiram, king of Tyre, saying :

1 Ramayana. ^ Recorded in Josephus.

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 173

Know that my father would have built a temple to God ; but was
hindered by wars and continual expeditions. . . . But I give thanks to
( lod for the peace I at present enjoy ; and on that account I am at leisure,
and design to build a house to God. . . . Wherefore I desire thee to
send some of thy subjects with mine to mount Lebanon, to cut down
timber ; for the Sidonians are more skillful than our people in cutting of
wood. As for wages to the hewers of wood, I will pay whatever price
thou shalt determine.

King Hiram replied :

I rejoice at the condition thou art in ; and will be subservient to thee
in all that thou sendest to me about. For when my subjects have cut
down many and large trees of cedar, and cypress wood, I will send them
to sea, and will order my subjects to make floats of them, and to sail to
what place soever of thy country thou shalt desire, and leave them there.
After which thy subjects may carry them to Jerusalem. Ikit do thou
take care to procure us corn for this timber, which we stand in need of.

Thus Phoenician cities sold to Israel wheat, balsam, slaves
taken in war, and the produce of their flocks, and Israel
received the works of Phoenician hanclicraft.

In a similar way the people of other countries found that
they needed foreign products. The wandering herdsmen of
Arabia wanted weapons, tools, and corn ; the Babylonians
and Egyptians lacked camels, horses, wool, and skins. India
supplied the whole western world with spices in exchange for
northern and western wares, particularly Arabian frankincense,
which was very necessary in Hindu houses and temples. Pur-
ple garments and purple dyes, glass, and vessels of gold and
silver from Phoenicia were sold in southern Asia for gold,
pearls and onyxes, diamonds, and slaves. In spite of difficul-
ties trade increased, and cities like Babylon, Damascus, Nin-
eveh, Alexandria, Tyre, and Sidon grew great and powerful
as prosperous emporiums where the treasures of the East were
bartered for the products of the West, and where distant

174 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

countries met and, through their various business transactions,
grew to have a Httle understanding of one another.

While these events were coming to pass on land, the
Phoenicians were scudding over the waters of the Mediter-
ranean, trying their skill in seamanship. Curiosity may have
first stirred them to make long voyages, for they probably
wondered if any land lay beyond the blue distance, and what
it was. As a result they came in contact with the people of
Greece, Rome, Spain, and even England, and discovered that
all the world did not lie in Asia and about the valley of the
Nile. Their shrewdness made them realize that in these new
lands were markets for the wares left in their own country by
the caravans coming thither from the four quarters of Asia.
So they established trade, bartering or robbing as chance
offered, and even practicing piracy upon the sea. After
generations other nations followed their example, and the
Mediterranean became dotted with ships hailing from various
ports — Athens, Rome, Venice, Flanders, Genoa, and Flor-
ence. The shores of this " midland sea " grew more fa-
miliar to sailors, and the nations living thereabouts came to
know a trifle more about one another, although they still
bore alien peoples little faith or affection.

Strange things happened while trade by land and sea was
increasing and the southern and northern nations of Europe
were becoming acquainted through their merchants. People
in general knew so little about the world beyond their own
localities that they looked askance at every stranger. It was
not to be wondered at, because thieves abounded and robbery
on the highway was common. Consequently traveling mer-
chants were considered suspicious characters and suffered
many insults, ofttimes justly. Before 1200, foreign traders

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 175

were allowed to visit England only during the time of public
fairs and could remain but forty days. Afterwards, members
of a company which monopolized English trade for several
centuries were regularly locked up at night to insure the
greater safety of all concerned. Similar treatment was shown
the Germans in Novgorod and Venice and many other places.
They were not allowed to choose their own lodgings, but were
assigned rooms in trading posts, called factories. At Nov-
gorod the building was a veritable fortress carefully guarded
by armed men and watchdogs day and night. In Venice the
factory served as inn, storehouse, and office. Thither traveling
merchants were conducted upon their arrival, disarmed, and
assigned an inspector whose duty it was to look after their
conduct quite as much as their safety. In the Far East also
foreign traveling merchants were not trusted to go and come
as they chose. The Japanese, having had some unpleasant
experiences with the Portuguese, closed their ports in 1638
to all save the Chinese and the Dutch, who were forbidden to
land, and kept them closed for over two hundred years, until
Commodore Perry persuaded them to allow American vessels
to enter. At intervals foreigners tried to gain admittance, all
to no purpose. One American admiral who was instructed to
trade with Japan, if possible, received an official message
which a Dutch interpreter translated as follows :

According to the Japanese laws, the Japanese may not trade except
with the Dutch and Chinese. It will not be allowed that America make
a treaty with Japan or trade with her, as the same is not allowed with
any other nation. Concerning strange lands all things are fixed at Na-
gasaki . . . ; therefore you must depart as quick as possible, and not
come any more to Japan.

After such fashion did foreign peoples and nations treat

each other in the days before commerce had become firmly

176

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

established, and before news of strange men and places had
begun to travel regularly round the world with sailors and
sea captains.

Sir Walter Raleigh spoke truly when he said, "Those who
command the sea command the trade of the world ; those
who command the trade of the world command the riches

of the world, and
thus command
the world itself y
Yet ages passed
before men could
command the sea.
According to an
ancient geogra-
pher, the earth
was supposed to
be encompassed
byicetothenorth^
of the few coun-
tries which were
known, and by
fire at the equator.
Monsters, huge

A Map of the World as MAKiiNERs knew m

in 1496, showing the imaginary monsters of

Unexplored Regions

and terrible, roamed unexplored regions of the world. Evil
spirits rode in the storm clouds, and wailing demons were
borne about in gales to torment the souls of men. Even as
late as 1300, vessels were forbidden to leave certain ports
during the stormy season, for men said, " To sail after Mar-
tinmas (November 1 1) is to tempt God." Mariners also be-
lieved that if they went far enough in any direction, they
and their ships would fall over the edge of the earth and be

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 177

forever lost. All these terrors kept men fearful of venturing
far into unknown waters. Yet the riches of Eastern countries
lured them on. There were to be found the very goods which
merchants needed to satisfy the trade.

Whenever commerce by sea is possible, it is cheaper and
easier than by land. So various nations, one after the other,
equipped expeditions to find the quickest way to China and
the Indies. Portuguese, Spaniards, English, P'rench, and
Dutch joined the search, and all unexpectedly came to South
and North America. In this way were two new continents
discovered, or, as Amerigo Vespucci said, '" the fourth part
of the world."

Then, indeed, interest in navigation began, and nations
sent more ships to sea, all eager to be the first to seize and
explore the unfamiliar territory, to found colonies, to open
trade, and to gain wealth from the natural treasures of the
New World. Vessels traversed the coasts of North and South
America, ventured into the frozen regions of the north, dis-
covered southern passages, and persevered all the way around
the world. Asia was found to be bordered by a sea to the
east, and the shape and size of the New World became
known. Every voyage mariners made new discoveries in
regard to the earth and its people, and in time maps could
be drawn and charts prepared for sailors. The United States
and Canada were settled, and began to offer fresh markets to
outside countries and to provide goods of their own for for-
eign shipment. South America was colonized, as well as Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, and explorers, pilgrims, missionaries,
ambassadors, and merchants pressed farther and farther into
the unknown regions of Asia and Africa. In time the geog-
raphy of the world was roughly understood, and people became

178 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

accustomed to seeing foreign vessels sail into their harbors, and
men with strange features come ashore, bearing goods to sell.
They began to show them some respect and a little friendly-
feeling, and to welcome news and wares of other lands.

All these discoveries and explorations, it must be remem-
bered, were carried on under great difficulties. Those who set
out to see the world did not have the easy, pleasant traveling
which we enjoy to-day. They suffered intensely from cold
and heat, hunger and thirst, storms and wild animals, ill
health and homesickness, and in many ways proved them-
selves heroes. Vessels were so small that it is a wonder that
they were able to weather the severe storms of the open sea
and come safely into distant ports. Progress was slow, for
ships were propelled either by oars and sails or by sails alone,
and voyages which now can be made in five or eight days
then took from sixty to seventy days. The Pilgrims were
more than nine weeks upon the water in crossing from
Plymouth, England, to Cape Cod.

In time, however, people began to have some faith in
steam, and in 1838 five steamships^ crossed the Atlantic.
The British government was so impressed by these suc-
cesses that it determined to allow steamships to carry the
American mails, instead of the old brigs which had hitherto
done the work. I'he Cunard Steamship Company of Liver-
pool was founded soon after (1840), and established the
first line of ocean steamers to North America, which was
also the first regular line in the world. The company began
its service with the Britannia, which crossed from Liverpool
to l^oston in fourteen days and eight hours. Other steam

1 Savannah, 1819; Falcon, 1835; Ettteffrise, 1838 ; Great Westeni, 1838;
Siriiis, 1838; Royal William, 1838; Live7fool, 1838.

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 1 79

vessels were built, and in time other shipping companies
were organized and many routes established even to the far
ends of the earth. Vessels sailed more frequently and quickly,
and distant countries became more accessible. And fortunate
it was, for thereby men were not only enabled to increase
their business opportunities and to broaden their lives, but
they were also offered means of escape from their homelands
during calamities and unhappy conditions, brought on by
political, religious, or industrial disturbances, which are bound
to come to nations now and then. Very soon after the found-
ing of the Cunard Line hundreds of thousands were driven
to the New World by a terrible potato famine in Ireland and
""hard times" in Germany, and in later years millions have
emigrated on account of wars, conscription, business oppres-
sion, excessive taxes, and overcrowding of the population.
Commerce developed wonderfully, knowledge of the world
and its peoples spread, and when cables were laid news
circled the earth in a single day. In fact, the whole world
was opened and the different nations introduced to one
another and brought into friendly relations by these ships
upon the seas.

Nowadays vessels of many kinds ply along the coast and
cross the ocean regularly, and mails leave upon scheduled
time. Telegrams, cables, and wireless messages report ships
spoken at sea and their dates of arrival and departure, and
no boat of any size can come or go unrecorded in the
customhouse. Reports of shipping news have become neces-
sary, and newspapers in many large cities devote space to
it, somewhat as follows, and show how closely the world
has been bound since the days when the first ships sailed
the seas.

l8o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

HERALD MARINE RECORD »

PORT OF BOSTON

Arrived Thursday, July 13

SS Anglian (Br), Toozes, London ^

SS Bellaventure (Br), Randall, Port Morant, Jam.

SS Prince George (Br), McKinnon, Yarmouth, NS.

Tug Teaser, Law, Portland.

Tug Piedmont, Hudgins, Portland, towing barge No. 24 for Baltimore.

Sch^ A J Sterling (Br), Durant, Apple River, NS.

Cleared

SS Bellaventure (Br), Randall, Port Antonio, Jam.
SS Boston (Br), Simms, Digby, NS.

Sailed

SS Bosnia (Ger), Hamburg, via Baltimore.

SS Esparta (Br), Port Limon, CR.

SS Banes (Pan), Sama, Cuba.

SS Alcona, Gloucester, in tow ^ tug Sadie Ross.

Tug Piedmont, Baltimore, towing barges Nos. 13, 12, 24.

Sch Seguin, Long Cove, Me. (to load for New York).

Spoken "

July lolh, N lat 33, W Ion 75, bark E C Howatt, Cape Haytien for
Philadelphia, by ss Alfred Dumois.

July 9th, N lat 35, W Ion 74.08, sch Mary E H G Dow, New York
for Tampa, by sch D J Sawyer.

1 Partial record from the Hoston IFcrahL July 14, 191 1.

2 Read, Steamship Anglian (IJritish), Captain Toozes, from Loudon.

8 Schooner. * Passed customhouse and given permission to sail.

'' Being towed by tug Sadie Ross.

•^ Hailed and communicated with at sea.

Thk. Olympic. One ok the Laucest of 'I'ransatla.ntic Liners

i8i

1 82 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Incoming Steamships

due to-day

Frutera Port Antonio .... July 8

DUE SATURDAY

Devonian Liverpool July 6

DUE SUNDAY

Soestdyk Rotterdam July 4

DUE MONDAY

Numidian Glasgow July 7

Limon Port Limon July 9

Jos J Cuneo Sama, Cuba

DUE TUESDAY
Axenfels Calcutta and Colombo

By Wireless

SS New York, Southampton for New York, 1076 miles east of Sandy
Hook at 10:25 AM yesterday. Dock late Saturday night or 7:30 am
Sunday.

SS Caledonia, Glasgow for New York, 1200 miles east of Sandy Hook
at 5:30 AM yesterday. Dock about 3 pm Sunday.

TELECiKAPHIC NOTES

FOREIGN

Antwerp, July 12 — Sailed, ss Lake Michigan, Montreal.

Buenos Aires, July 13 — Arrived previously, ss Lakonia, Syd-
ney. CB.

Havana, July 12 — Arrived, ss Havana, New York.

Naples, July 12 — Arrived, ss Tomaso di Savoia, Philadelphia and
New York.

QuEENSTowx, July 13 — Sailed, ss Haverford, Philadelphia; Olympic,
New York.

Rio Ja.neiro, July 11 — Arrived, ss Pcntwyn, New York via Nor-
folk and Barbadoes.

Shanghai, July 13 — Arrived, previously, ss Empress of Japan,
Vancouver via Yokohama for Hongkong.

Valparaiso, July 12 — Arrived, .ss Chipana, New York and Norfolk.

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 183

DOMESTIC

Baltimorr, July 13 — Arrived, ss Juanita, Boston (and cleared).

Cleared, ss Catalone, Grindstone Island, NB.

New York — Arrived, ss Lusitania, Liverpool; Mendoza, Genoa;
Santanna, Marseilles ; Rhein, Bremen ; Strathsay, Yokohama ; Iroquois,
and barge Navahoe, London; Jancta, Buenos Aires; Sea Cap, Colon;
sell Samuel Thorp, Boston.

Cleared, ss Rhein, Bremen, via Baltimore; Oceana, Hamilton, Ber-
muda; Morro Casde, Havana; H. F. Dimock, Boston.

Sailed, ss George Washington, Bremen ; Manuel Caivo, Havana ;
Morro Castle, Havana; Mctapan, Colon ; bark Mannie Swan, San Juan.

Philadelphia, July 13 — -Arrived, ss Persian, Boston.

Portsmouth, NH, July 12 — Sailed, sch Richard W. Clarke, Cape
Verde Islands.

Wind northwest, moderate ; smoky ; smooth sea.

Savannah, July 13 — Cleared, ss City of Columbus, New York.

Sailed, sch Northern Light, New York.

Tampa, July 12 — Arrived, ss Sabine, Mobile for New York.

Vineyard Haven, July 13 — Arrived and sailed, sch Normandy,
Stockton, Me., New York.

Arrived, sch Benefit, Bridgewater, NS. for New York.

Wind southwest, moderate ; smooth sea ; clear.

Latest kv Cable

Copenhagen, July 8 — Sailed, ss Pennsylvania, Boston.

Genoa, July 12 — Arrived, ss Hamburg, New York via Algiers and
Naples.

Lizard, July 1 3 — Passed, ssWansbook, Dalhousie for Yarmouth, NS.

Malta, July 13 — Sailed, Afghan Prince, from Hiogo, etc., Boston
and New York.

Manchester, July 12 — Arrived, ss Manchester Corporation,
Montreal.

Foreign Mails leaving Boston

FRIDAY, JULY 14

Cuba, 1 2 noon, 4 and 9 I'M.
Nova Scotia, via Yarmouth, i pm.

Newfoundland (except parcels post), via North Sidney, NS. 7 am and
5:30 PM.

1 84 THE FRIENDSHIP OF 'NATIONS

Jamaica and Fortune Island, also specially addressed Cuba, Bocas del
Toro, Canal Zone, Panama and Costa Rica, 9 pm — SS Prinz Joachim.

Europe (including postal union German mails), Africa, West Asia, and
East Indies, 9 pm ; registered, 8:30 PM ; parcels post for Great Britain
and Ireland, 5 PM — SS St. Louis.

Specially addressed for Europe, Africa, West Asia, and East Indies,
9 PM ; registered, 8:30 pm — SS Arabic.

Germany letters paid at 2 cents an ounce rate; also specially ad-
dressed mails for Great Britain, Ireland, and all other destinations,
9 PM ; registered, 8:30 pm — SS Amapala.

Germany parcels post, 5 pm.

Barbadoes, St. Lucia, North Brazil and Iquitos, 3 pm — SS Hubert.

Newfoundland parcels post, 5 pm ; registered, 3 pm ; specially ad-
dressed correspondence. 9 pm — SS Stephano.

Bermuda, 9 pm ; registered and parcels post, 3 p.m — SS Tagus.

Porto Rico (ordinary mail ), g pm — SS Coamo.

Specially addressed for Cuba, 9 pm — SS Saratoga.

Turks Island and Dominican Republic, 9 pm — SS Seminole.

Bermuda, 9 PM ; registered, 8:30 pm — SS Oceana.

Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, 9 pm — SS Ikalis.

Commerce keeps nations busy, as well as shipowners and
their sailors and sea captains. All governments, except those
lying inland, like Switzerland or Bolivia, must keep a sharp
watch over their coasts. They must provide buoys, spindles, and
spars to show channels by day, lighthouses to guide ships by
night, and lightships to mark the way by day and night, be-
sides fogbells to warn sailors of land in foggy weather. Many
conduct weather bureaus, which foretell fair and foul days and
the direction of the wind, and order storm signals displayed
in all their ports to warn ships against sailing. Life-saving
crews patrol beaches and headlands, keeping watch for vessels
in distress, and put to sea through the wildest breakers to
rescue shipwrecked men and women. All this care is taken
to keep not only their own ships and sailors safe from harm,
but those of other lands as well. Harbors are deepened,

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

185

docks are constructed, and canals are built. Even grants of
money, called subsidies, are paid by some governments to
certain ocean steamship companies toward their support.
In fact, commerce has become so important to the nations
that each year vast sums of money
are spent in protecting vessels
and in lessening the difficulties of
shipping.

When ships began to sail fre-
quently for foreign countries, rules
for navigating the sea were needed,
just the same as rules for playing a
game, in order that passing vessels
might avoid accidents. It became
necessary for nations to confer and
make regulations, that all craft
might sail according to the same
laws. Arrangements for lights on
ships at night were made, by which
captains may know whether ships
are moving or at anchor ; and
when steam came to be used upon
the water, a system of whistles was
adopted by which steamers may
signify in what direction they are
going, or may warn boats of their
presence in fog. Ships have been able to speak to one another
by means of signal flags, and cable and wireless messages are
sent according to special codes or tables of words. It also be-
came necessary for each nation to consider the privileges
which it would grant to foreign vessels in its harbors, and the

Photoj^raph hy I'aiil Tliompson

EnDYSTONE Lighthouse

A British lighthouse on a reef in
the English Channel about four-
teen miles from Plymouth

i86

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

treatment which it would show to alien men and women in
its country. Governments also had to consider the courtesies
which they wished other nations to show to their ships and
citizens in distant lands. Great Britain, for example, decided
to permit American fishing boats to fish in certain Canadian
waters ; the United States decided to require that Americans
committing crimes in China shall be tried by American consuls

) Underwood & rnderwoort

A Frk.nch Bark displaying a Three-Flag Signal off Cai-e Horn

instead of by the Chinese courts, which are very barbarous ;
Russia admits no foreigners without passports. The great
powers allow certain of each other's imports to enter their
countries without duty or with little duty, and grant one an-
other greater privileges than to the smaller nations, which
is called " the most-favored-nation treatment." The laws of
the United States forbid Chinese laborers to enter the country,
as well as lunatics, idiots, criminals, professional beggars,

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

187

anarchists, those who cannot earn their bread, and those who
have loathsome and dangerous diseases, from any country
whatsoever. In these ways and in many others do the govern-
ments either protect themselves or grant each other favors.
Such decisions generally are recorded in treaties and signed

A United States Life-Saving Crew

by the governments concerned. Commerce, it is evident, keeps
the nations very busy working and planning together.

These ships upon the seas are not entirely boats of pleasure,
although many are furnished with comforts and luxuries and
carry hundreds of tourists every season. They are trading
vessels and merchantmen carr^'ing on business. Their holds
are stored with bales and drums, casks and barrels, cases,
bundles, and bags, and their stalls and pens are filled with

1 88

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

live stock. Unlike the goods in olden times, however, these
wares are not to be sold to any one whom the captains may
meet on shore ; they have been ordered by distant firms, to
whom they will be sent when the vessels dock. Nowadays
business men know of the manufacturers and dealers in for-
eign countries as well as those at home, and they order wher-
e\'er they can buy the best and cheapest goods. They are

informed by announcements
and i:)ictures, in newspapers
and magazines, on city bill-
boards and country' fences, in
railway stations, electric cars,
and stores, and on signs built
on meadows and mountain
passes. The ships are doing
business for the men who
have goods to sell and the
men who want to buy, and for
the millions and millions of
workmen the world over who
work for them.

Everything which we use
except air, water, light, and
sunshine is made ready for us by some one's labor. Workmen
grow or mine or gather the material from which all merchan-
dise is made, they harvest it or make it ready for market,
carry it to factories, turn it into desirable merchandise, pack
it for transportation, carry it overland by beast or railroad
and oversea by ship, deposit it in stores and warehouses, sell
it, and send it off again to furnish men and women with the
many things which help their work and play. Some of these

A Shoi'Fikg Center in Canton

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

189

workmen are our own
countrymen, but others,
living in distant places,
provide quite as much
for us. They, in turn,
are glad to buy articles
which their country does
not offer and which our
workmen make. America
sends away ships laden
with cotton goods, wheat,
corn, and flour ; manufac-
tures of iron, steel, copper,
leather, and wood ; oils,
meat, and dairy products,
tobacco and cattle, and they
return stored with foreign
wares, which the newspapers report. The arrival of cargoes is
important news.

IMPORTS AT BOSTON 1

Steamer Devonian — Liverpool, Kng.

I bag peanuts — 200 cases soap — 2 1 bales alpaca — 1 26 pkgs ma-
chinery — 830 bales cotton — 2 boxes watch jewels — i case perfumery
— 9 casks rubber — 345 bbls mineral waters — 10 bbls anchovies (in
cases) — 500 bbls calf skins — 336 bbls mackerel — 35 cases linens —
6 cases machinery — i cask earthenware — 8 cases glassware — 34 casks
bleaching powder — 302 cases onions — 1 1 pkgs machinery — 1 00 cases
sauces — 100 casks pickles — 400 cases sardines — 229 bundles steel —
2 cases woolen gloves — i case wool rugs — 2 cases carpets — 4 cases
pins — -z cases haberdashery — • i case lace samples — 27 chests tea —
2 cases fishing tackle — i case toy harps — 1 2 parcels periodicals —

1 Partial list from " Steamer Movements," the Boston Evening Transcript^
July 21, 1911.

(£J I'lult. r\\ iKul .\ 1 iiil* ru null

Ivory for New York in Mombasa

I90 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

4 cases hosiery — 4 cases furniture — 8 cases cosmetics — 100 half bbls
herring — 1 4 bales sheepskins — 1 3 casks palm oil — 188 tons iron — 1 00
bags glue — i case velveteens — 1 70 bbls tanning extract — 662 cases
pickled fish— 1257 bundles hides — 50 bales bagging — 43 logs ma-
hogany — I walnut tree — 320 bags wax — 100 bags tapioca flour.

Steamer Soestdyk — Rotterdam.

2040 bales cellulose — 2 cases goat leather — 50 casks clay — 44 pkgs
cocoa butter — 500 bags rice — i crate electric lights — 61 cases cotton
thread — 25 cases drugs — 2 cases pictures — 20 pkgs toys — 350 bun-
dles calf skins — 168 bags raw horns — 100 cases canned goods — 59
cases cocoa powder — 20 bags brown beans — 327 bbls linseed oil —
55 cases cheese — 31 pkgs cassia — 220 bags nutmegs.

Steamer Menominee — Antwerp.

48 cases machinery — i case books — 1 100 bales wood pulp — 27
cases toys— 13 bales old strings — 384 bales cotton waste — 41 bales
rags and cuttings — 1 3 bbls naphthol — 9 bbls potash — 38 bales rubber
goods — 66 bales flax — 120 cases window glass — 250 bbls indigo —
3 cases needles — 50 cases cotton yarn — 40 casks china — 1 5 cases toys

14 bundles empty baskets— 146 bales paper stock — 200 bales flax

waste — 391 bales bagging — 90 bales flax— 266 coils rope — 4 cases
plate -glass — 96 bales rags — 277 bales hair — 5 bbls potash — 5 bbls
chemicals — 10 tubs cheese — 3 bales goat hair — 461 bales bagging —
738 bales flax waste — 44 1 bales waste paper — 1 4 bundles baskets — 2 1
cases toys and crockery — 768 bales wool.

Steamer Drumcondra — Calcutta.
50 bales Hessian cloth.

Steamer Bosnia — Hamburg.

277 bales paper stock — i case containing bust — 36 cases toys — 2
cases tinware — i case India rubber goods — 13 rolls linoleum — 148
bales rags — 10 cases crockery — 43 cases toys — 15 cases whetstones
— I case post cards — i case instruments — 7 cases paper toys — i case
books — 24 cases steel — 3 1 20 bales wood pulp — 5 cases toys — i case

hosiery i case cotton goods — 6 cases artificial flowers — i case piano

hammers — i case linen goods — 6 cases felt hats — i case musical
instruments — 9 cases albums — 5 cases Black Forest clocks — 2 cases
gloves — 18 cases hosiery — 500 bundles hides — 280 bales skins —
2040 bales wood pulp— 100 bbls grease- 475 pieces ebony — 237
bales calfskins — 1 1 cases machinery— 26 cases toys — 2 cases glue —

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA

191

5109 bags bark-
bags fertilizer —
gum arabic.

- 8 cases gutta percha goods — 23 bags wax — 1 1 22
16 drums — 239 casks bleaching powder — 58 bags

Steamer Arkansas — Copenhagen

414 rolls — 6 bales paper — 2 cases — 220 bundles paper — i case
household goods — 1 64 bales flax — 4 1 96 bundles skins — i o bales wool

— 38 bales goloshes — 35 bales calfskins — 100 bags potato flour — 107
bales paper — 15 casks mdse — 3068 bundles hides.

Steamer Axenfels — Calcutta

626 bags saltpeter — 300 chests — 500 bags shellac — 50 cases mica

— 240 bales jute — 63 bales burlap.

Commerce travels over the whole world now, and trade
penetrates all countries and leaves its wares along the way.
There are American
pickles in Germany and
American sewing ma-
chines in India, Ameri-
can and European plows
in Brazil, European dress
goods in Argentina, and
phonographs in Palestine.
The Bedouins of Egypt
tell time by European
watches, and American
cotton is worn in Somali-
land. Necessities, inven-
tions, and discoveries are
passed and repassed from
land to land. Vessels take
them from port to port,

and railroads bear them inland to market places. There horses,
camels, and elephants receive them on their backs and travel

> Underwood & Undera-ood

Unloading Russian Butter in I.cjndon

192

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

with them through deserts and along jungles; mules and
llamas climb with them up mountains ; and reindeer and
dogs bear them over ice and snow into the frozen north.

There are ships upon the seas, however, that carry no
travelers or merchandise to foreign ports, and engage in no
trade along their coasts. Almost all the nations own such
boats and feel great pride in them. They are very costly, and

both impressive and terri-
ble to see, for they are war
vessels and make up the
navies of the world. The
greatest skill in workman-
ship is used in building
them, and so many com-
forts and conveniences
are supplied and so many
men provided for on a
single ship that they are
really armed villages rid-
ing on the waves. Each
year the nations spend
vast sums for their maintenance, because for many centuries
men have believed that great navies are necessary to protect
their merchantmen, their colonies and coasts, and to keep
peace between nations. Men have also believed that a nation's
prosperity depends upon a great navy or great army.

They are changing their opinion somewhat, however. They
are beginning to believe that the ships of peace — the mer-
chantmen — and the many workmen for whom they sail are
quite as mighty keepers of the peace as dreadnoughts and
torpedo-boat destroyers. Nations no longer plunder colonies

Llama Freighters in Peru

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 1 93

or rob vessels as they used to do. Business is so important
that they cannot afford to interfere with it. Statesmen reahze
that one country cannot steal the trade of another, because
men will trade wherever they find the wares which suit them
best. A nation cannot force even its own colonies to trade
with it. England's navy won Canada for England, but it
cannot compel Canadians to trade with England. They
prefer to order most of their goods from Switzerland and
Belgium, and so they do it. Statesmen also know that a
nation cannot entirely destroy another's trade, because they
cannot destroy the energy and skill to make things which the
workers of that country have. As soon as the workmen
recover from a war they begin to work for their bread and
butter, and so their trade appears again. The prosperity
and success of a nation does not depend upon its military
power. No business firm buys goods of Germany because
Germany has a fine navy. They are quite as likely to purchase
wares of Switzerland, which has no war vessels. The work-
men who find material to work with in their fields and for-
ests and who are skillful laborers, will be kept busy quite
regardless of the number of soldiers, sailors, and warships
maintained by their governments.

There have been many wars since history began, and,
in consequence, much destruction of property and business.
In years gone by, however, when the nations were less de-
pendent upon each other, there was much less loss by war
than there is to-day. Now so many business ties bind the
nations that disaster in one land is felt in the others. The
workmen of the world realize this and are strongly opposed to
war. They know that war interferes with commerce and
consequently with their business. Goods which they have

194

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

made cannot be shipped, and wares which they need cannot
be brought into the country during hostihties. The laboring
men of France have signified their opposition to war by
passing a resolution that a declaration of war by their
government shall be followed by the declaration of a general
strike by all the workers in the country. War could not be
waged if a general strike was going on, because there would

> Underwood & Underwood

German Warsiiii's off the Coast of Norway

be no men and women at work. There would be no food and
clothing for the inhabitants, no ammunition for the army
and navy, and no laborers — except, perhaps, the employees of
the government — ready to do a day's work of any kind. Even
an army cannot carry on its business without supplies ; so by
necessity the war would be brought to an end. The workmen
of other countries also are considering the use of a general
strike in preventing war, and by so doing they are helping
for\vard the consideration of arbitration among the nations.

©I'li'li I Nv 1 v T'nderwood

Times of Peace in Smyrna
Camels bringing in figs and cereals from the producers for foreign shipment

195

196 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Chambers of commerce and boards of trade, composed
of manufacturers and business men, almost unanimously
believe in the abolition of war and the peaceful settlement
of international differences. They know that business pros-
pers only in times of peace. When the arbitration treaties of
the United States with Great Britain and France, stating that
all differences arising between the contracting parties should
be settled by diplomacy or arbitration, were under considera-
tion by Congress in 1911-1912, many such organizations in
the three countries concerned expressed themselves in sym-
pathy with the treaties and passed resolutions indorsing them.

The National Grange, which represents a million of the
organized farmers of the United States, at a great convention
in 191 1, unanimously passed the following resolution in
support of these treaties :

Whereas the Order of Patrons of Husbandry has, for the past t\venty
years, advocated the principle of universal peace, and through its peace
commission has earnestly striven to advance such cause ; and Whereas,
the President of the United States has opened negotiations for the estab-
lishment of arbitration treaties with the English and French nations, for
the purpose of making war between nations impossible, and in the in-
terest of a common humanity, therefore, be it

Kesok'ed, That the unciualified indorsement of this organization, rep-
resenting the farmers of the country, is hereby given to the service
rendered by President Taft in behalf of universal peace, and that the
National Grange pledges itself to a full support of this sacred cause.

This action is in accord with the constant declarations of
the National Grange in behalf of international arbitration, and
unites the farmers of the country with the commercial organiza-
tions and the workingmen's associations in a common cause, in
order that business may be unintermptcd and that trading ves-
sels may ply between the nations without disturbance, increas-
ing knowledge and sympathy among the peoples of the earth.

YOUR SHIPS UPON THE SEA 197

Will a ship still seem to you to be only a ship of fancy,
with sailors dancing hornpipes in the moonlight ; only a huge
creature of the sea, hurrying back and forth for money ; only
a trader, carrying goods for us and other people ? Will she
not seem more precious, more honored in your sight, more
tnilv a ship of peace ?

CHAPTER VII

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

Let us have war ! I long to see the soldiers
Marching away with sun-kist banners blowing,
Marching away with the sounding drum and bugle,
Flashing of swords and answering glint of bay'nets.
Thunder of hoarse command along the columns,
Cadence of measured foot beats on the pavement,
Trampling of fretful steeds bestrid by riders
Belted and plumed, transfigured into heroes I

Let us have war ! I long to see the pageant,

Dull are the days and gray, we want some color —

Color to fill the eye and thrill the heart strings ;

Yellow and blue, and red and white together,

Flowing along between the cheering people.

God ! It is awful to be color hungry !

Awful to starve for a new sensation !

Awful to drag and drudge through times so peaceful !

Let us have war ! What is 't you say ? Oh, widows —
Widows and orphans, suffering and sorrow —
Man, you 're no patriot to talk in that strain !
Passion wants rein awhile, we 're tired of reason,
Peace is a poor condition for a people
Prosperous and great and powerful as we are.

Let us have war ! The bloodier the better !

Let the young men we know go forth to battle ;

Send to the slaughter other people's brothers —

That's what they're meant for — to defend their country.

Let them be immolated for their country —

Sweet is the fate of him who dies for country !

What ? Go myself ? O well, you know I 'd like to,
But you can see for yourself that I 'm too busy.

Let Us Have War! by Denis A. McCarthy
198

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR 1 99

Everything in this world which we use or enjoy, except the
gifts of nature and the affection and friendship of our rela-
tives and friends, costs something. Food, clothing, houses,
furniture, churches, cities and towns to live in, travel at home
and abroad, books to read, music to play and sing, pictures
to enjoy, exhibitions of useful and artistic things, concerts,
plays at the theater, and many of our good times cost money.
No housewife can have even enough yeast for a loaf of bread
without paying a penny for it, unless she herself makes the
yeast from her own potatoes or hops. And even if the yeast
itself costs her nothing, she probably has to spend money
to raise the potato plants or the hop vines. Small children
do not think about money, but fathers and mothers and
mature sons and daughters need to think about the cost of
things in order that they may have enough to eat and enough
to wear, and still keep out of debt. Men and women work
for money, and as soon as they have received it, pay it to
others who have sold them goods or served them in some
way. Thus the dollars and the pennies quickly pass from
hand to hand, for all people desire to live comfortably and
have a little happiness.

Nations cannot manage their affairs without money any
more easily than individuals can. Their expenses are tre-
mendous because they have much business to carry on and
need many officials, soldiers, sailors, clerks, and laborers
to work for them. They maintain armies, navies, courts, mails,
life-saving crews, lighthouses, mints, consuls, sometimes rail-
ways and telegraph lines, and departments to protect fish,
forests, mines, and crops ; they pay salaries to their employees,
support the members of their royal families, and even grant
wedding dowries to the royal daughters when they marry.

200

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

The greatest expense of all to the larger nations, however,
is their war departments. They provide armies and navies
in order that they either may make other nations afraid to
attack them or may be prepared to be victorious if war arises.
They also pay great sums for past wars. Pensions are granted
to veterans for faithful service, and interest on money bor-
rowed years ago to pay for wars then going on is met each
year. Much money is needed to provide for these different

Photograph by Paul Thompeon

The State, V^^\R, and Navy Building, Washington

expenses, but the cost of armaments is increasing so rapidly
that it has become the largest item of military expenditure
and is causing much alarm. The Czar, you will remem-
ber, asked the nations at the First Hague Conference to
consider the expense of navies, and suggested that they
agree to limit the amount of money which they would spend
for armaments. Their people, however, had not discussed
the subject, and their delegates did not know what would
please them. So the matter was put aside until another

THE ARITHMETJC OF WAR

20I

time. If men and women really desire to have less money
spent for war vessels and more devoted to national improve-
ments, they can force their governments to do so by influ-
encing their statesmen. Of course the nations which have
no land bordering on the sea do not need to provide for
navies, but even those which have only a short coast, like
Austria, desire to own as costly vessels as their neighbors.

Photograph by Harris & Ewing

The Pension Building, Washington

One fifth of the nation's income pays 921,083 pensions, 862,852 being Civil War
pensions, fifty years after the war. Thus we continue to pay for past wars

The United States is an example of a nation which main-
tains an army and a navy. There are about 90,000 ^ soldiers
in the army and 50,000 sailors in the navy — 140,000 men
in all, who must be cared for and trained to fight. Various
European countries have much larger military forces. The
German army alone contains over 600,000 ^ men. If the

^ National strength, exclusive of militia. 2 peace strength only.

202

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

American soldiers and sailors were arranged in single file
along the main street of any town, there would be about
fifty-three miles of men.^ It is almost impossible to imagine
such an array. All are provided with food to eat, barracks or
vessels to live in, ammunition to use, officers to train them,
and physicians and surgeons to keep them well. The cost for

I'ikIitwooiI \ I'tulerwood

The German Cadet Ship Charlotta

The cadets are in position on the yards, bowsprit, and deck for review by their
emperor, who is passing on the yacht

maintaining them is very large. Think how much a single mile
of boys would eat ! Yet the United States government has
fifty-three miles of men to feed each day, and house and
train. In times of peace they use expensive ammunition,
although in much smaller quantities than during war. Tar-
get practice is required. The men must know how to aim

^ Allowing two feet of space to a man.

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

203

and how to hit an object with rifles, revolvers, and cannon. A
single shot from one of the 14-inch guns used on warships
costs $800 1 — a sum almost large enough to pay for two
years at college for a boy or girl. Sham battles are fought
on land and sea, and mimic warfare is carried on in order
that the troops may be well trained to camp life and real

II. R. .lai'kson

Firing a 12-iNcii Gun
One such shot costs $500 for the projectile and the powder charge

service in the field. Occasionally war vessels are sent abroad
or even around the world to extend the nation's courtesy
and to give the men experience.

The expense of the vessels, as has been said, is the
most tremendous and appalling of all. A battleship costs
$12,000,000. When a nation has paid that sum to the

1 Data from the " United States Navy," by Henry Williams.

204

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

builders, though, the expense does not cease, because a
battleship, like a home for children or a charity hospital,
must be supported. The running expenses of a single ship
are $.800,000 a year. Yet, unlike a building, which may be
used a century or more, a war vessel becomes useless after
twenty years and is sold for old junk. It goes out of fashion
just like a spring hat. Inventions and improvements in mili-
tary devices appear so rapidly that a twenty-year-old ship is
quite out of date. Even the mightiest vessel in the navy this
year will become second or even third most powerful in an-
other twelve months. The battleships of to-day are quite
large and powerful enough to do all the fighting necessar)',
but nevertheless the nations still desire ships a little mightier
than any built before. They are trying to outdo one another,
although by so doing they are making themselves very poor.
The expense of a single battleship in times of peace is
as follows : ^

Original cost $12,000,000

Upkeep for 20 years at $800,000 per year . . 16,000,000

Total $28,000,000

Probably you cannot imagine so much money. It is a vast
sum, and yet it pays for only one batdeship. It would pur-
chase 7000 farms costing $4000 each, and 1400 churches
at $20,000 each, and would provide a college education for
14,000 students at $500 a year for four years.^ Think of all
the families living in tenement homes who could be given
farms, and with them air and sunshine and a chance to make a
living ! Think of all the young people in your community who
could have an education and an opportunity to train themselves
to be wise men and women ! Or for the $1 2,000,000 which a

1 Statistics issued by the New York Peace Society.

"'^1

c
\©

CL-,

mr i

fe»*-

►J

205

2o6 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

battleship costs, 50 manual-training schools could be built and
equipped with tools so that each year 75,000 boys and girls
might learn a trade.^ Do the figures seem any more simple now ?

Some day the sums which the government spends for its
armed peace, war debts, and pensions will seem very real in-
deed, for you will realize that you help to pay these vast
amounts in one way or another. The United States govern-
ment spends seven tenths of the money in its treasury for
past wars and for preparation for war, or seventy cents out
of every dollar. All its other expenses — those providing
for the health and business prosperity of its people and the
development of its country — are paid with the remaining
money. In this way only three tenths of its income goes
directly to the people. The conditions in other countries are
similar or much worse. It is easy to imagine how much more
prosperous nations and their people would be if larger sums
were spent upon their welfare.

So far this story of the arithmetic of war mentions only
the expenses in days of peace. What about the cost when a
nation is engaged in war .-*

In order to be able to answer such a question, a person
must understand what war is and how it is carried on.
Thomas Carlyle, a celebrated English historian, has de-
scribed his idea of war as follows :

To my own knowledge there dwell and toil, in the British village
of Dumdrudgc, usually some five hundred souls. From these, there
are successively selected, during the French War, say thirty able-bodied
men : Dumdrudge, at her own expense, has suckled and nursed them ;
she has, not without difficulty and sorrow, fed them up to manhood, and
even trained them to crafts, so that one can weave, another build,
another hammer, and the weakest can stand under thirty stone avoir-
dupois. Nevertheless, amid much weeping and swearing, they are

1 Statistics issued by the New ^■ork Peace Society.

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

207

selected ; all dressed in red ; and shipped away, at the public charges,
some two thousand miles, or, say, only to the south of Spain ; and
fed there till wanted. And now, to that same spot, in the south of
Spain, are thirty similar French artisans, from a French Dumdrudge, in
like manner wending ; till at length, after infinite effort, the two parties
come into actual juxtaposition, and Thirty stands fronting Thirty, each
with a gun in his hand. Straightway the word " Fire " is given,
and they blow the souls out of one another ; and in place of sixty brisk,
useful craftsmen, the world has sixty dead carcasses, which it must bury.

) Underwood & rndcrwood

Supplies for Use in the Boer War
Tons of oats purchased by the British government for its army horses in South Africa

and anew shed tears for. Had these men any quarrel ? Busy as
the Devil is, not the smallest! They lived far enough apart; were the
cntircst strangers ; nay, in so wide a Universe, there was even, uncon-
sciously, by Commerce, some mutual helpfulness between them. How
then ! Simpleton ! Their Governors had fallen out, and instead of shooting
one another, had the cunning to make these poor blockheads shoot. ^

When war is declared the countries about to fight are sud-
denly thrown into great excitement and preparation. Regu-
lar troops are mustered, a call for volunteers is issued, and

^ Abridged.

208

THE FRIENDSHIP OE NATIONS

supplies and ammunition are gathered in great haste. The
men who answer the call cannot carry on their work at home
and serve in the army at the same time. In consequence
thousands of workmen are removed from the industries and
business is crippled. Other laborers, who do not enlist, are
urged to leave their work in shop and mill and farm, and

Korean Soldi ek.s drilling in Seoul

engage in the production of war equipment, food, and supplies
for the army and navy. In this way the industries lose many
more workers. The few men left at home, of course, cannot
do as much work as the many tliousands called to war, and
goods of all kinds become scarce and prices rise. Even the
necessities of life, like wheat, flour, sugar, and salt, become
expensive. If the ports are closed and ships lie idle at the
wharves, business suffers further injury, for then men cannot

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR 209

buy and sell abroad. The soldiers and sailors fighting are

not the only ones to feel the war. Its blight touches every

business except those furnishing war materials, and every

home except those few made rich by the profits of the war

business. It brings hardship and want as well as sorrow.

Provisions for volunteer troops are made by the commanding

official of the war department, and directions for supplies are

published somewhat as follows :

Headquarters of the Army

Washington, D.C., April 26, i8g8
Sir : I regard it of the highest importance that the troops called
into service by the President's proclamation be thoroughly equipped,
organized, and disciplined for field service. In order that this may
be done with the least delay, they ought to be in camp approximately
sixty days in their states, as so many of the states have made no pro-
vision for their state militia, and not one is fully equipped for military
service. After being assembled, organized, and sworn into service of the
United States, they will require uniforms, tcntagc, complete camp equi-
page, arms and ammunition, and a full supply of stationery, including
blank books and reports for the quartermaster's, commissary, medical,
and ordnance departments. They will also require complete equipment
of ordnance, quartermaster's, commissary, and medical supplies, hospital
appliances, transportation, including ambulances, stretchers, etc. The
officers and noncommissioned officers will have to be appointed and
properly instructed in their duties and responsibilities, and have some
instruction in tactical exercises, guard duties, etc., all of which is of the
highest importance to the efficiency and health of the command. This
preliminary work should be done before the troops leave their states.
While this is being done, the general officers and staff officers can be
appointed and properly instructed, large camps of instruction can be
judiciously selected, ground rented, and stores collected. At the end of
sixty days the regiments, batteries, and troops can be brigaded and
formed into divisions and corps and proper commanding generals
assigned, and this great force may be properly equipped, molded, and
organized into an effective army with the least possible delay.

Very respectfully

Nelson A. Miles

Major General, Commanding

2IO THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

The Secretary of War

General Orders, No. 54
Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office
Washington, D.C., May 25, 1898

The following standard of supplies and equipment for field service is
published for the information and guidance of troops in the military
service of the United States. The allowance is regarded as the mini-
mum for field service.

Headqjiarters of an army corps. Three wagons for baggage, etc.,
or eight pack mules ; one two-horse spring wagon ; ten extra saddle
horses for contingent wants ; two wall tents for commanding general ;
one wall tent for every two officers of his staff.

Headquarters of a division. Two wagons for baggage, etc., or five
pack mules ; one two-horse spring wagon ; one two-horse wagon ; five
extra saddle horses for contingent wants ; one wall tent for command-
ing general ; one wall tent for every two officers of his staff.

Headquarters of a brigade. One wagon for baggage, or five pack
mules ; one two-horse spring wagon ; two extra saddle horses for contin-
gent wants ; one wall tent for the commanding general ; one wall tent
for every two officers of his staff.

Allowance of transportation. For regiment of cavalry, forty-nine
wagons or one hundred forty-four pack animals.

Allowance of transportation . For battery light artillery, four wagons.

Allowa)ice of transportation. For regiment of infantry, twenty-five
wagons.

Supplies to be carried in wagons per company. Ten days' field ra-
tions per man; 100 rounds of ammunition per soldier; 250 lb. of
officers' baggage and supplies ; tcntage ; grain for animals ; utensils
for each company mess, not to exceed 350 lb. for each troop, battery,
or company ; horseshoes, nails, tools, and medicine for cavalry horses,
not to exceed 300 lb. to each soldier or civilian cmployde (compactly
rolled in one-piece shelter tent), one blanket, one poncho, and one extra
suit of undergarments.

Whenever the amount of rations or grain varies from the above, the
weight to be carried per six-mule wagon may be increased or diminished,
but should not exceed 4000 lb., and for four-mule wagon 3000 lb.,
and if possible should be less per wagon.

Whenever obtainable on line of march, full forage will be allowed all
animals, the rate of purchase to be regulated by the quartermaster's
department.

UuderwouU \ L iiderwooa

Camel Cavalry of Haidarabad
A part of England's native army in India

211

212

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

To be carried on the person or horse. One overcoat, one piece of
shelter tent, fifty rounds of rifle or carbine and twenty-four rounds
of revolver ammunition.

Supplies to be carried on pack mules for one troop of cavalry. Five
days' field rations per man ; one hundred rounds of ammunition per soldier.

The utensils for each troop of cavalry must not exceed 350 lb.

Similar arrangements are made for the na\7, costly war-
ships ordered, and coast defenses strengthened.

In addition to the organization and equipment of troops, a
nation at war has many business and military arrangements

The Tower of London
A British government armory

to make. Negotiations must be carried on with the govern-
ment of the enemy and reports made to the people through
their representatives. The following diary of events during
the Spanish-American War shows the development of such
affairs. This war, perhaps you do not know, was brought on
by Spain's cruel treatment of the inhabitants of Cuba. The
United States offered to buy the island in order to put a stop
to the outrages, but Spain refused to sell. Then the United

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

213

States battleship Maine, while lying in the harbor of Havana
on a friendly visit, " was destroyed by the explosion of a sub-
marine mine," ^ This created great excitement, although no one
was accused of having been guilty of the act. In April, IcSqS,
Congress declared that Cuba ought to be free, and demanded
that Spain should give it up. Spain refused to grant these
demands, and the American people determined to fight.

Jan. 15-20. Hostile demonstrations at Havana by Spaniards against
Americans caused the governor-general to place a guard around the United
States consul's house.

Jan. 25. The batdeship
Maine arrived at Havana.

Feb. 9. The United States
Senate considered the wisdom
of interfering in Cuban affairs.

Feb. 15. The Maine was
blown up in Havana harbor by
amine; 260 Americans killed.

Feb. 16. Spain expressed
regret at the loss of the Maine
and suggested that the matter
be referred to a committee of
persons chosen by different
nations to consider the cause
of the disaster.

Feb. 22. The cruiser y]/i9;//'-
gomety sailed for Havana.

March 7. A bill appropri-
ating $50,000,000 for the war
was introduced into the House
of Representatives.

March 8. This bill passed
the House.

March 9. This bill passed the .Senate and was signed by the President,

March 1 1 . The Department of War began to call the army into service

March 1 2. The batdeship Oregon sailed.

March 14. The Spanish fleet sailed from Spain.

1 Report of Naval Court of Inquiry.

Ship Routine
Painting the funnels preparatory to a cruise

214

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

April 4. The Pope asked Spain to consider the situation in the inter-
ests of peace.

April 7. The representatives of the great powers of Europe to the
United States called upon the President with a plea for peace.

April 1 1 . The President sent a message to Congress declaring that
Cuba needed help from the United States.

April 19. Congress declared Cuba independent and authorized the
President to use the army and navy to destrov Spanish rule in Cuba.

Underwood .t I'mUTWood

Work iJKi.nw TiiK Water Line
Stokers in the fireroom of a battleship where the temperature is 135'^ Fahrenheit

April 20. An ultimatum ^ to Spain was cabled to the American min-
ister. The Spanish authorities met and received a message of war from
the queen-regent.

April 21. The Spanish government sent the American minister his
passports, signifying that they wished him to leave the country. This
act opened the war.

April 22. Announcement of the war was formally made by the Presi-
dent to the neutral countries. Cuban ports were blockaded. The gunboat

^ Terms offered.

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

215

Nasln'ille captured the Spanish ship Buena Ventura, the first prize
of the war.

April 23. The President issued a call for 125,000 volunteers.

April 24. Great Britain issued a proclamation declaring itself neutral.
The other powers except Cicrmany did the same. Spain declared itself
at war with the United States.

April 25. Congress passed an act declaring that war had begun April
21. Commodore Dewey's fleet sailed for the Philippines.

April 26. Congress passed an act to increase the regular army.

Target Practice

It gives practice for the gun pointers, who aim and fire the guns ; for the gun crews,
who reload the guns ; and for tJie "spotters," who determine the range

April 27. Bombardment of batteries at Matanzas, Cuba.

May I. Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet at Manila.

May 12. Admiral Sampson bombarded San Juan, Porto Rico.

May 13. The flying squadron left for eastern Cuba.

May 19. Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera arrived in harbor of
Santiago, Cuba.

May 25. The President issued a second call for volunteers, asking
for 75,000 men.

May 31. P'orts at the entrance of Santiago harbor, Cuba, were
bombarded.

2i6 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

June lo. War revenue bill was passed by Congress.

June 12. Skirmishes between American marines and Spaniards. Gen-
eral Shafter with 16,000 men left for Santiago.

June 13. President McKinley signed the war revenue bill providing
for the raising of money for the war by stamps to be sold and placed on
certain goods, and for a loan of J.400,000,000.

June 14-15. Fighting between American marines and Spaniards.

July 1-2. Spanish earthworks at El Caney and San Juan, Cuba, car-
ried by assault.

July 3. Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera, trying to escape from
Santiago, was destroyed by the American war vessels. The surrender
of Santiago was demanded.

July 10. Bombardment of Santiago was begun again.

July I 7. Santiago was surrendered.

July 21. Last fighting on the coast of Cuba.

July 26. The Spanish government asked for terms of peace through
the French ambassador, the Spanish ambassador having been called home
at the beginning of the war.

July 30. The President stated the terms of peace through the French
ambassador.

Aug. 9. Spain accepted the terms of peace.

Aug. 1 2. The peace protocol ^ was signed.

Aug. 30. General Merritt sailed to attend the peace conference at
Paris.

Sept. 9. United States peace commissioners were chosen.

Sept. I 7. United States peace commissioners sailed for France.

Sept. I S. Names of the Spanish peace commissioners were announced.

Oct, I . The conferences of the peace commissioners opened in Paris.

Oct. iS. Jubilee celebration in honor of peace took place in Chicago.

Oct. 27-31. The Spanish peace commissioners accepted the demands
of the United States government.

Nov. I. National debt is $1,964,837,130 — an increase of 5^156,059,-
487 during the year.

Dec. 10. The treaty of peace between Spain and the United States
was signed in Paris at 8.45 p.m.

How docs a government provide for all the extra service
and expense of war ? Some unusual means must be provided.
It cannot pay for them from its treasury, for nations spend

1 Agreement.

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR 217

almost all their income in days of peace and accumulate huge
debts at the same time. There are three methods which a
nation may employ to obtain money for a war : ( i ) taxes may
be levied, (2) loans of money may be made, or (3) both taxes
and loans may be used.

When loans are made to a government, either the people
themselves, or the banks where the people have deposited
their money, or the foreign banking houses, loan the money.
Each year the government pays a certain sum, called interest,
for the privilege of having this money to use. Sometimes it
gives receipts, called bonds, which promise to repay the bor-
rowed money in a certain number of years. National loans
have become frequent and stupendous during the • last hun-
dred years, and in consequence the wealthiest bankers have
grown very powerful. They really decide whether or not war
shall be waged, for, if they decline to give out the necessary
money, a nation cannot fight. At the time of the terrible
wars in Europe, about a century ago, Alexander Baring, an
Englishman, was the chief banker in the world. He was
courted and dreaded by sovereigns on account of his vast
wealth and the influence which it gave him. So great was
he that a statesman remarked, " There are six great powers
in Europe — England, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and
Baring Brothers."

War taxes may be levied upon many things. They may be
placed upon a man's or woman's income, upon the personal
property which they have inherited, upon the goods which
they wear and eat, or upon certain of their business and
legal transactions. England levied a tax upon sugar to help
pay the expenses of the Boer War, and the United States
levied a tax upon patent medicines during the Spanish War.

2l8

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

The United States also required that a stamp be placed upon
every legal document and check issued during the war. The
people paid for the stamps and placed them upon the papers.
In these ways money goes into the government treasuries, and,
it must be remembered, the' people of small means pay the
greater part of it, because there are many more poor than rich.
In addition to the sums for taxes, they are forced to pay more
for all goods during a war, or go without. The scarcity of
workmen and of goods makes prices rise.
After a war a countr)' has an enormous
debt, the interest of which it must pay.
Sometimes it also endeavors to repay a part
of the amount borrowed. New taxes are then
levied, oftentimes upon the states, counties, or
cities. This is only another way of taxing the
people, for all the money which a state, county.
During the Spanish- qj- QJ^y treasury contaius must come from the

American War it was .,.,,. .

used on mail in ad- pockcts of the mhabitauts. A government
dition to the regular ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^,^^ debts, howcvcr ; it borrows

postage ^

more money for a greater army and navy and
begins its debts for war preparation. Of course the weight of
these two debts rests heavily upon citizens, and statesmen in
many .lands are kept busy devising new methods of taxation.
In consequence poverty and misery are common, particularly
in certain foreign cities. Children go perpetually hungry, and
have no homes, sleeping upon church steps or in empty boxes.
The poor people pay such heavy taxes that they have nothing
left to support themselves. This is especially true in Italy,
where three sixths of the nation's money is used to pay the
national debt and two sixths to keep up a large army and navy,
leaving only one sixth to spend for the nation's improvement.

A Spanish Rev

ENUE Stamp

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

219

A war affects not only the people of the countries fighting,
but it destroys also much property and business belonging
to foreigners, and raises
prices the world over.
Every day we hear some
one say : " What shall
we have to eat by and by

if prices continue to go

up ? Ever}'thing costs so Although the Oceanic Brought a Rec-
much!" This increased ord Number of Sacks, Postmaster
cost of living is partly due Morgan Thinks the Volume of Mat-

CHRISTMAS MAIL SMALLER

WAR IN EUROPE HAS HALTED THE
PEN TEMPORARILY.

to wars and war expend-
itures.^ When goods and
workmen become scarce
in two warring countries,
tradesmen in other coun-
tries are unable to obtain
as great quantities of wares
as they could before the
war. So the price of things

ter Will Be Lighter this Year—
But Much Money Is Going Abroad.

Although the White Star liner Oceanic
broke all previous records to-day by bring-
ing 5.846 sacks of mall matter to port, pos-
tal experts were Inclined to think that the
volume of Christmas mail would not be as
heavy as that ot last year. People are
busy making war in the Mediterranean, and
in other parts of Europe they are too busy
which they are able to making both ends meet to give particular
purchase, rises. The three attention to the conventionalities of the
r ..1 ^ J. nr year-end festival. Even ifl this country,

great wars of the last ni- , „ ..

° according to Edward M. Morgan, the post-

teep. years took millions master, there win be no record exchange
of men in Africa, Europe, °^ tidings or gifts this year. At the same

time, a greater number of money orders

and North America away
from their business of
making useful and neces-
sary things, and either set
them to fighting or to making arms and ammunition and

1 See Report of Massachusetts State Commission on Cost of Living, 1910.

arc being sent abroad.

From the New York EyESixc Post,
December 14, 191 1

2 20 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

other articles which were destined to be destroyed. In con-
sequence the necessaries of Hfe were lessened and made
expensive for people all around the globe. If one country
feels a calamity, another feels it also. As Carlyle said,
"There is not a red Indian on the shores of Lake Winni-
peg can quarrel with his squaw but the whole world must
smart for it ; will not the price of beaver rise ? " If the
5,560,000 men who at present make up the armies and navies
of the nations were busy at useful occupations instead of do-
ing little which makes business for their countries, the cost of
living might decrease. That number of laborers, farmers, or
manufacturers could produce much, and from year to year
make the world richer in many goods.

There is yet another way in which the people pay the
expenses of war. The old saying, " You cannot have your
cake and eat it too," is true in affairs of nations as well as
in family matters. If a man spends all his money upon an
automobile, he has nothing left with which to keep his cottage
in repair and to feed his wife and children. It is quite the
same with governments. If they spend almost all the sums
in their treasuries upon military expenses, particularly upon
armaments, they must go without many pleasant and even
necessary things. The money can be spent but once. Their
habitations — their plains and mountains and everything which
grows upon them or lies within them — and their people
must suffer.

Wood, water, coal, iron, and agricultural products are very
necessary to our welfare. Yet many forests, mines, farms,
ranches, and waterways are wasting for lack of money to
make them serviceable. In the manner in which our mining
and lumbering is done at the present time, our forests will

221

22 '>

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

be gone in less than thirty years, our hard coal will be used
up in fifty years, and our soft coal in less than two hundred
years. 1 The oil wells and gas to be found with them, and our
iron ore are rapidly being exhausted. Natural treasures like

these cannot be replaced.
Money should be provided
to save these resources and
to teach the people their
value and how to use them
wisely. The cost of one
battleship would purchase
and plant 250,000 acres
of barren mountain sides
and valleys once thick with
forests. There are about
56,000,000 acres of such
land in the countr\'. Three
fourths of the cost of
one battleship would build
waterways and canals, called
irrigation works, in the
state of Arizona alone,
which, by watering the
land, would make 240,000
acres habitable for 8000
families. Extensive plans
for irrigation have been made for other states.

The country needs many different improvements. Certain
harbors and rivers should be deepened, that they may be more
navigable. Subsidies for American vessels, especially those

1 Figures from " The Fight for Conservation," by Gifford Pinchot.

An Oregon Valley made habit-
able AND FRUITFUL BY IRRIGATION

Strawberries and apples are raised on this
farm

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR

223

plying between the United States and South American and
Pacific ports, would increase the number of American ships
upon the seas and the amount of American trade, and would
strengthen the friendship of nations. Now our merchant
marine is less than half as large as it used to be. It is somewhat
humiliating to be told that in 1908 only one American merchant
ship passed through the Suez Canal, or that the starry flag was

Thk Meeting of the "House ok Governors," igii

The governors meet to consider the needs of their several states and to discuss such

questions as interstate commerce, railroad and steamship rates, conservation, the

development of waterways and water power, etc.

last seen on a merchant vessel at Copenhagen, the most impor-
tant port on the Baltic Sea, nineteen years ago. Larger sums
should be dedicated to education in the wild and rural re-
gions of the country and in the island possessions. Diseases
should be studied and wiped out. If certain health laws were
made and the people taught how to live, tuberculosis would
probably disappear within a generation and be as rare as
smallpox. Dishonest government should be fought, and men

2 24 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

who are plotting to rob the people and the nation of their natural
treasures or the money which should improve their towns
and cities should be exposed and driven out of ofhce. Igno-
rance and graft are the nation's greatest enemies. They are
not foreign enemies, however. They are to be found in the
country itself among our own people.

Before many years the children of to-day will have become
the citizens and rulers of the country. They will have power
to spend the nation's money. How will they do it .? Will they
provide seven tenths for war expenses and only three tenths
for the arts of peace .? Or will they limit armaments and ex-
pend the extra money upon the country itself ? No one knows ;
but it will be their duty to keep their country unspotted in honor
and to make her a leader in peace and good works among the
nations.

To eastward ringing, to westward Avinging,

O'er mapless miles of sea,
On winds and tides the gospel rides
• That the furthermost isles are free ;
And the furthermost isles make answer,

Harbor, and height, and hill.
Breaker and beach cry, each to each,

" "T is the Mother who calls ! Be still ! "
Mother ! new-found, beloved,

And strong to hold from harm.
Stretching to these across the seas
The shield of her sovereign arm,
Who summoned the guns of her sailor sons.

Who bade her navies roam,
Who calls again to the leagues of main,
And who calls them this time home!

And the great gray ships are silent,

And the weary watchers rest;
The black cloud dies in the August skies,

And deep in the golden west

THE ARITHMETIC OF WAR 225

Invisible hands are limning

A glory of crimson bars,
And far above is the wonder of

A myriad wakened stars !
Peace ! As the tidings silence

The strenuous cannonade,
Peace at last ! is the bugle blast

The length of the long blockade;
And eyes of vigil weary

Are lit with the glad release,
From ship to ship and from lip to lip

It is " Peace! Thank God for peace! "

Ah, in the sweet hereafter

Columbia still shall show
The sons of those who swept the seas

How she bade them rise and go^
How, when the stirring summons

Smote on her children's ear.
South and North at the call stood forth,

And the whole land answered, " Here! "
For the soul of the soldier's story

And the heart of the sailor's song
Are all of those who meet their foes

As right should meet with wrong,
Who fight their guns till the foeman runs.

And then, on the decks they trod,
Brave faces raise, and give the praise

To the grace of their country's God !

Yes, it is good to battle,

And good to be strong and free,
To carry the hearts of a people

To the uttermost ends of sea,
To see the day steal up the bay

Where the enemy lies in wait,
To run your ship to the harbor's lip

And sink her across the strait : —
But better the golden evening

When the ships round heads for home.

226 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

And the long gray miles slip swiftly past

In a swirl of seething foam,
And the people wait at the haven's gate

To greet the men who win !
Thank God for peace ! Thank ( lod for peace,

When the great gray ships come in !

lV^ie7i the Great Gray Ships covie in,
by Guy Wetmore Carryl

CHAPTER VIII

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

The crocuses in the Square

Lend a winsome touch to the May;

The clouds are vanished away,
The weather is bland and fair ;
Now peace seems everywhere.
Hark to the raucous, sullen cries :

" Extra ! extra ! " — tersely flies
The news, and the great hope mounts, or dies.

About the bulletin boards

Dark knots of people surge ;

Strained faces show, then merge
In the inconspicuous hordes
That yet are the Nation's lords.

" Extra ! extra ! Big fight at sea ! "
Was the luck with us ? Is it victory ?
Dear God, they died for you and me !

Meanwhile the crocuses down the street

With heaven's own patience are calm and sweet.

Extras, by Richard Burton

During the long centuries of war which the earth has known,
milhons of men have died in battle. Millions have given their
lives for their countries. Different troubles and disturbances
called them to arms. Sometimes rulers made them unhappy ;
sometimes nations grew jealous of each other's colonies or
commerce, or broke their promises ; sometimes religious or
business matters brought on misunderstandings ; and fre-
quently injustice and oppression caused wars. But whatever

228 THE FRIENDSHIP OF" NATIONS

trouble arose, the men who were called to fight always marched
away willingly along the street to death. They were proud to
serve their countries, and they sacrificed everything — their
work, their homes, and their own lives — to do so.

It was no easier for them to leave home than it would be
for you to kiss your mother good-by and look into her face
perhaps for the last time, and step into your place in line,
with a great lump in your throat and tears filling your eyes.
It hurt them no less to be wounded and to lie bleed-
ing and dying than it would you, although they were their
country's bravest men. They suffered to the utmost and
were crippled or killed. And not only the weapons of man
were cruel to them. The sun scorched and made them crazy ;
the cold of winter chilled and froze them ; poisonous water
gave them diseases. At the close of battles the dead were
wrapped in the flags which they had loved and served, and
were laid to rest in peace. The living were taken home, to be
loved and cared for, and honored for their self-sacrifice.

Monuments to their memory have been erected in many
countries. The men and women who survived a war have
generally raised a memorial, that they themselves and genera-
tions to come might never forget the bravery and unsel-
fishness of their countrymen. Usually these monuments
celebrate deeds of wars with foreign foes, but sometimes they
commemorate the courage displayed in civil wars, when
people of the same country have disagreed and risen against
each other.

One of the most impressive open spaces in London is
named Trafalgar Square. It commemorates a great English
victory won near Cape Trafalgar, in Spain, more than a cen-
tury ago. Lord Nelson was the admiral in command of the

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

229

English fleet, but he never Hved to receive his country's
thanks, for just at the moment of conquest he fell. His

Uiidurw ouil Jk Uiulcrwood

In Memory ok Soldiers of the Franco-Prussian Wak
(Bonn, Germany)

last words were, " Thank God, I have done my duty." A
monument to his memory rises on the south side of Trafal-
gar Square. It is a granite column surmounted b\- his statue.

230

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Upon the base are bronze bas-reliefs, cast from captured
French cannon, representing his greatest victories.

The ground about the Old North Bridge, in Concord,
Massachusetts, where the opening battle of the Revolutionary
War was fought, is consecrated by a bronze statue. The
figure represents the sturdy manhood of the American fore-
fathers, and is called The Minuteman, after those fearless

The Nelson Culumn, 'rK,\iAn;AK S(,)i:ake

patriots who left their plows in the fields to run to battle
at a moment's notice. The monument honors them, but the
unknown British soldiers whom they fought and killed, and
who were buried there so far from home, have not been
forgotten. Their graves are marked and honor paid their
memory.

l^robably the ,most famous of all war monuments stands
upon the battlefield at Waterloo, in Belgium. TIutc, in
1815, Napoleon Bonaparte, the mightiest of I'Yench gen-
erals, "the disturber of the peace of Europe," met the

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

231

armies of the allied countries in his last great battle.
Vor many years he had been struggling to bring all Europe
under his control with shot and shell, and at Waterloo he
met his defeat. All day long the fighting lasted, the French
trying in vain to rout the English. Toward night, however,
the tide of battle turned. The famous Old Guard of France

Pliotttj^rapli by Taul ThunipBon

The Field ok Waterloo

made its last charge and was annihilated, thus ending
Napoleon's power forever, and the war was brought to a
close. Night descended upon a scene most horrible. Sixty
thousand men lay dead and dying in agony upon the field.
The Heroes' Mound, raised to their memory, is a solid pyr-
amid surmounted by a colossal lion. It is a most awful and
melancholy sight, commemorating, as it does, the destruction
of so many lives.

232 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Similar monuments have been dedicated the world over,
for war has visited all nations and left many of their grand-
est men wrapped in sleep which no bugle call can stir.

Should you ever go to Washington, the capital of the
United States, you will probably drive across the District
line to Arlington, Virginia, where the nation buries the sol-
diers and sailors who die in the service of the country.
There thousands hold a silent bivouac, side by side, on the
old plantation which for many years belonged to General
Robert E. Lee. It is a beautifully green and peaceful place
overlooking a valley to the east, through which the Potomac
River winds its silvery way toward Chesapeake Bay. When
you are there perhaps you will catch a gleam of steel across
the green and see a few men standing with heads un-
covered to the sunshine. You will stop your horse and listen,
with your head uncovered, too, because the place seems
like holy ground. Quickly three volleys will be fired, and
after them the sweet, clear call of " taps" will sound. Then
you will realize that a soldier has been buried, and that
the firing and the blowing of the bugle were his country's
last salutes for him. The sounds of that distant funeral will
thrill and stir you, and you will long to live your life in
the spirit of a soldier for the honor and happiness of your
native land. When the grave has been covered you will
drive away in silence, praying with the young veteran of
the Spanish War that

When the Last Great Muster

.Shall find us on the roll,
We hope they 're hlovving " Taps " again —

To speed a soldier's soul.^

1 From " Taps," by ]<>win Clarkson Garrett.

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

233

In the public library of Boston two heroic lions of tawny
marble rest upon huge pedestals, on either side of the grand
stairway. They seem to be the guardians of that noble build-
ing, as you look up to them from the entrance. Really, how-
ever, they guard a memory. Upon one marble pedestal are
inscribed the words, " In
Honor of the Second
Massachusetts Volunteer
Infantry and in Remem-
brance of the Officers
and Men who fell in its
Ranks." Upon the other
marble block are the
words, " In Honor of the
Twentieth Massachusetts
Volunteer Infantry and
in Remembrance of the
Officers and Men who
fell in its Ranks." The
names of battles in the
Civil War in which these
regiments participated are
also inscribed.

Not long ago two ladies
were standing before these

lions that honor the memory of the Massachusetts dead, read-
ing the inscriptions which tell so simply their story of sacrifice.

The younger woman said, " Well, I suppose that when you
peace people have made the world understand the value of
good will among men and nations, you will have such monu-
ments as these carried off because they are dedicated to war."

Plioto;;rapli by BaUhviu C'oolulj^e

One of the Makhle Lion's, Boston
Public Library

2 34 THE FRIENDSHIP OE NATIONS

" Oh, never ! " replied the other. " They will never be torn
down by the people who preach the message of international
friendship, because the monuments are dedicated to men —
men of strength and valor. These lions are not erected to
the might of war; they are dedicated to the nobleness
of men."

"Perhaps that is so," said her friend. "But since these
men and others fought, how can you call them noble?
You do not think that fighting is noble."

" Most soldiers," answered the other, " have been worthy
men. Only in olden times did rulers send their thieves and
murderers and lawbreakers to battle. Since those days they
have preferred to intrust their country's honor to men who
were strong in body and mind. In consequence criminals
and the sick and crippled have been the chief survivors of
many wars ; the other stronger men died in batde.

" When the hour of trouble has come upon a country, its
regular army has been sent to the field, and with it hundreds
of reserves and volunteers, who, in everyday life, were the
nation's professional and business men. The ranks were
filled with the finest manhood — young men of splendid
strength and high principles, and older men of training,
experience, and years of public service. They were charged
with the victory of some great cause, and bidden to come
home dead rather than alive and defeated. In those days
the highest, noblest sacrifice was death, face forward, on the
field of battle. No nation would have thought to say, ' Don't
fight it out and kill your best men trying to setUe the matter ;
let us sit around a table and talk it over.' The Hague Court
had not been dreamed of then. So soldiers went to war,
and the battlefield became the scene of infinite faithfulness,

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

235

self-sacrifice, and heroism. The men were noble, but the
means they used were full of terror and destruction.

" If the nations should decide that there shall be no
more war among them, these monuments will still serve
their purpose as memorials. They will also teach lessons.
They will prove that any one may be a hero if he wishes
it. Men of all ranks. and many degrees of wealth and educa-
tion fought and fell upon the field of war. Some came from
city houses of luxury, others from prosperous farms, still
others from tiny cottages by mill or store or school. In
the eyes of their country, however, they were all the same.
The humblest citizen could be as great a hero as the king's
son, provided he had as stout a heart. The stories of the
bravery of many little drummer boys and fifers prove this ;
they were quite as heroic as their officers who wore glittering
swords and received more pay.

"In days to come we shall pause before these monuments
and wonder how much better and happier the world might
be if all these heroes had been allowed to live and work and
think. A courageous man or woman can do much good in a
long life. There are great deeds to be done every day — lives
to be saved, campaigns to be carried on against ignorance and
disease, battles to be fought with injustice, wickedness, and
crime. Only heroes will fight these battles and only heroes
will win. Such men as these dead would have had the grit
and self-denial to fight these battles, and would have proved
themselves heroes of peace instead of heroes of war — but they
were killed. In the coming days when nations may settle all
their quarrels in peace before a court there will still be work
for heroes, because at all times our country and every country
needs men and women with a soldier's courage and devotion."

236

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

People have been strangely slow to glorify their heroes
of peace. Deeds of war have seemed so thrilling that any
quiet act of heroism, unaccompanied with music or waving
banners, has attracted less attention. But men are beginning
to know that there are many kinds of heroes. They are
telling their children that those who devote themselves to
saving life are quite as heroic as soldiers who destroy life.

I'hotograpli liy I'aul Thonipeon

The Watts Memorial, Postmen's Park, London

They are teaching them that if they grow up to work unceas-
ingly for a clean country and an honorable people, they will
be patriots quite as truly as lieutenants or admirals.

Some memorials have already been raised to heroes of
peace. In London, near the General Post Office, there is
an open space commonly known as Postmen's Park. It is a
bit of country in the busiest whirl of the town, with birds
flitting to and fro and plane trees rustling in the breeze.
Here city workers come to sit and rest and dream, partic-
ularly at noonday during the luncheon hour. 1^^ the happy

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

237

suggestion of George Frederick Watts, one of England's
most celebrated artists, a little red-roofed cloister was erected
in this park, wherein tablets are placed from time to time
commemorative of acts of heroism. It is a shrine for the
heroes of the workaday world, praising their faithfulness in
a simple inscription — "' The Utmost for the Highest."

WALTER-PEART r^'

RIVER

^-^-^ andHARRi Lie an fireman
W/M OF theWINDSOR-EXPRESS
-*^>onJULY-I8-I898-^^
Whilst being Scalded sc Burnt
Sacrificed their Lives in
i^^ Saving the Train ^

Pliotogra|ili by I'uul Tlioiiipsou

A Tablet in the Watts Memorial

There is space upon the walls for nearly one hundred
and fifty tablets ; only twenty-four places have been filled.
" One tablet honors the heroism of a player in a pantomime
at the I'rincess's Theater. The clothes of one of the actresses
caught fire, and this other, Sarah Smith, ran to her to put
out the flames, and succeeded, but was herself so terribly
burned that in a day, after much suffering, she died. There
are the names of Walter Peart and Hany Dean, driver and
fireman of a Windsor express on which the connecting rod

238 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

of the engine broke and tore the boiler asunder. In a deluge
of flame and steam they stuck to their posts and stopped the
train, saved their passengers, and met a terrible death. There
is a tablet to Mary Rogers, the stewardess of the Channel
Islands steamer Stella, which went down in 1899. When
the last boat was pushing off, the sailors bade her jump in,
but she answered, ' No, no ; if I get in the boat, it will
sink. Good-by ! good-by ! ' She lifted her hands then, and
cried, ' Lord, have me ! ' And the Stella sank beneath her
feet. There is the tablet to Alice Ayres, the maidservant in
Southwark, who saved all her master's children from a fire
at the cost of her own life :

And who was Alice Ayres ? you ask.

A household drudge who slaved all day,
Whose joyless years were one long task

On stinted food and scanty pay.
But neither hunger, toil, nor care

Could e'er a selfish thought instill,
Or quench a spirit born to dare.

Or freeze that English heart and will.

There are the names of two doctors who sacrificed their lives
for their patients. There is the name of Solomon Galaman,
the little East End boy of eleven, who saved his tiny brother
from being run over in the crowded market street and fell
himself beneath the wheels. ' Mother,' he said, as he lay
dying, ' mother, I saved him, but I could not save myself. '
The story of many another is equally heroic." ^

I^'ar on the other side of London is Red Cross Street,
a dingy and dismal neighborhood, save for one bright green
garden surrounded by pretty cottages. This is Red Cross
Garden and I lall, a kind of settlement house, where the

1 From " Heroes of Peace," by Kdwin 1). Mead.

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

239

people may spend comfortable and happy evenings enjoying
dramatic entertainments or concerts of a fine character. The
panels of the hall, painted by Walter Crane, illustrate heroic
deeds of the poor. There will be six of these panels all to-
gether, and three of them have already been executed. " One
of the three is in memory of the same Alice Ayres commem-
orated by one of the tablets in the cloister in Postmen's Park.
This panel in Red Cross Hall is particularly impressive
because the heroic deed which it pictures was done in the
immediate neighborhood. The young servant girl was sleep-
ing in a room, with the three children, in the front of her
master's house over the shop, when aroused after ijiidnight
by cries of fire from a passer-by. The smoke was rising from
the shop below. She ran with the baby in her arms, leading
the other children, to wake her master and mistress, and
then hastened back with the children and threw open the
window. By this time the shop was a mass of flames, and
their retreat backward was cut off. The crowd called to
Alice to jump or it would be too late, but through the fire
and smoke she dragged one child and then another to rescue
before she would think of herself, and then from a back-
ground of flame fell upon the railing below, with injuries
from which, two days afterwards, she died.

" This was in 1885. In 1887 a child barely five years old
fell down a well two hundred and fifty-eight feet deep, near
Basingstoke. By some miracle, just before reaching the bot-
tom, where the water is twelve feet deep, he caught a rope and
held on to it. His cries were heard, and one George Eales
at once volunteered to go down the rope to rescue him. He
reached the child, and holding the rope with one hand, some-
how managed to tie another rope around the child, and both

240 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

were drawn up to the top. It is an almost incredible story of
daring and endurance ; and this deed is the subject of
Walter Crane's second picture. The third commemorates
the heroism of two navvies, who, working with others upon
the railway between Glasgow and Paisley, in 1876, stood
back upon the approach of an express train, which upon
passing would cross a lofty viaduct. Suddenly one saw that
a sleeper had started, and that unless it was replaced the
train would be wrecked upon the viaduct. There was no time
for words. Jamison made a sign to his nephew, and the two
rushed forward ; they fixed the sleeper, saved the train — and
were left dead upon the line. One who was present at their
funeral, which was largely attended, especially by fellow
workmen, wrote : ' We laid them in the same grave in an
old churchyard on a hillside that slopes down to the very edge
of the railway. As the two biers were carried down the hill,
the bearers being the friends and comrades of the dead, the
trains were coming and going ; and I thought of Tennyson's

lines :

Let the sound of those he wrought for,

And the feet of those he fought for,
Echo round his bones for evermore.' " ^

For such heroes as are remembered in Red Cross Hall and
Postmen's Park Mr, Andrew Carnegie has created rewards.
He believes that such deeds of heroism should be praised.
He also believes that, if a hero is injured in his bold attempt
to serve or save his fellows, he and those dependent upon
him should not suffer for lack of money in consequence.
Frequently heroes are disabled by their heroic acts and kept
away from work many days, and sometimes they die as a

1 From " Heroes of Peace," by Kdwin I). Mead.

L«

'5)

>~,

241

242

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

result, leaving families without support. Mr. Carnegie pur-
poses to reward and help such men and women as they
deserve. To this end he has dedicated large sums, to be
known as the Carnegie Hero Funds, Eleven different nations
have received this money — the United States, Great Britain,
France, Germany, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Norway, Switzer-
land, Denmark, and Sweden. In each country medals, or
medals and money, will be granted to the most deserving
heroes and heroines or to their families. Upon the medal
are inscribed the words, " Greater love hath no man than
this, that a man lay down his life for his friends."

The commissions to whom these funds are intrusted issue
annual reports of the sums and medals granted and the reasons
for the awards. The accounts are very brief, but they deeply
stir the heart. The following eleven cases are copied from
the American report.

No.

Act

Timothy E. Heagerty, aged forty-one, master
tug Thotnas Wilson with a crew of three men, rescued
the officers and crew of the schooner Yukon, Ash-
tabula, Ohio, October 20, 1905. Captain Heagerty
took his boat out of the harbor during a gale blowing
fifty-two miles an hour, and, with the waves on Lake
Erie running fourteen feet high, steered it in the
trough of the sea, past the sinking schooner, close
enough to enable the men on it to leap to his boat.

Iajcy E. Ernst, aged twenty, saved Harry E.
Schoenhut, aged sixteen, from death from snake
bite. Porter's Lake, Pennsylvania, July 8, 1905.
Miss Ernst, though having a fever blister on her
lip, repeatedly sucked the venom from a rattlesnake
bite on Schoenhut's arm near the shoulder.

Award

Silver medal
and $1200 to
liquidate mort-
gage on his
property.

Silver medal.

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

243

Act

Therese S. McNally, aged thirteen, schoolgirl,
saved Loretta Merwin, aged four, from drowning,
VVoodmont, Connecticut, June 16, 1904. Miss Mc-
Nally made the rescue in T.ong Island Sound, eighty
feet from shore, in water eight feet deep, after swim-
ming thirty feet.

Helen L. Stapp, aged twenty-six, forewoman,
saved Lulu P. Breedlove, aged twenty-two, from
burning, Indianapolis, Indiana, March 3, 1906. Miss
Stapp entered a room dense with smoke and filled
with flames and stifling fumes, where highly inflam-
mable material was burning, and dragged Miss lireed-
love forty feet to the door, sustaining burns of face
and neck.

Marie V. B. Langdon, aged twenty, housewife,
saved Sophie, Henry I.., and Estella M., and at-
tempted to save Gertrude S. Jacques, aged twenty-
one, four, one, and two, respectively, from freez-
ing, Telma, Washington, January 11, 1907. With
the thermometer fourteen degrees below zero, and
the snow six feet deep, Mrs. Langdon, without
snowshoes, went six hundred feet from her home,
on hearing cries for help, and met Mrs. Jacques and
two of her children, only partly dressed, who had
fled from their burning home. She relieved the
woman of her baby and carried it to her home,
followed by the mother ; returned and got Henry ;
and then struggled through the snow about three
quarters of a mile, where Gertrude was found, the
mother having been compelled to abandon her, after
having removed the only skirt she wore and wrapped
it around the child. W^hen Mrs. Langdon had carried
Gertrude halfway back to the house she discovered
she was dead, and as her own strength was fast fail-
ing, she was compelled to abandon the child and
was barely able to reach home herself.

Award

Bronze medal
and JiSzooo for
educatio nal
purposes, as
needed.

Silver medal
and $1000 to-
ward purchase
of a home.

Silver medal.

244

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

No.

264

267

349

384

Act

Amila G. Cone, aged sixty-one, housewife, at-
tempted to save Evaline Smith (colored), aged five
months, from burning, Raleigh, Florida., May 5, 1908.
Rushing into a burning cottage, through dense
smoke, to the second room from the outside door,
while embers from the roof dropped about her,
Mrs. Cone rolled the baby from a blazing bed into
the front of her gingham skirt and carried it out-
side, sustaining severe burns on the hands. The
baby died.

Lulu J. Small, aged thirty-three, housewife, saved
Mary E. Mays and Lillian S. Towson, aged twenty-
three and thirty-one respectively, from drowning.
Sea Gate, New York, September 17, 1907. Mrs.
Small went to the assistance of the women, who were
struggling together in the Atlantic Ocean, and, after
being taken to the bottom by Mrs. Mays and having
a rib broken, she swam sixty feet to a life rope,
holding to Mrs. Mays and assisting Mrs. Towson,
who was floating, by pushing her.

George E. Hemphill, aged twenty-nine, farmer,
attempted to save Clarence Slaughter, aged twenty-
eight, farmer, from suffocation, Anna, Texas, Au-
gust 31, 1909. Slaughter was overcome by smoke
from a powder blast at the bottom of a twenty-foot
well. Hemphill was lowered with a rope, which he
untied from himself and fastened to Slaughter, and
holding to it was drawn up with him. Slaughter died
four days later, without regaining consciousness.

Edmund M. Price, aged thirty-four, legging
maker, saved Hazel Owens, aged five, from being
run over by an electric car, Seal Garden, California,
May 26, 1907. Price, a deaf mute, dashed across the
track in front of the car running twenty-five miles
an hour, and grabbed the child from between the
rails, himself being barely missed by the car.

Award

Silver medal.

Bronze medal
and $1000 to-
ward purchase
of a farm.

Bronze medal
and $1000 to-
ward purchase
of a home.

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

245

No.

414

443

Act

Isaac Lewis, Jr., aged thirty-four, liveryman,
died helping to rescue men from a burning mine.
Cherry, Illinois, November 13, 1909. Lewis and
others, at intervals, descended to the second vein of
coal, and in the heat and dense smoke called and as-
sisted dazed miners to the hoisting cages,occasionally
going to the surface for fresh air. He was assisting
in an attempt to rescue men from the third vein when
a blast of heat and flames struck the main shaft,
burning Lewis and others to death on the cage.

William H. Edwards, aged thirty-three, Com-
missioner of Street Cleaning, overpowered the assas-
sin of William J. Gaynor, aged fifty-nine. Mayor of
the city of New York, Hoboken, New Jersey, August
9, 1910. Edwards, standing on the promenade deck
of the S. S. Kaiser W^illwlm der Grosse, at the side
of the Mayor, who had just been shot in the head
at close range, threw himself upon the assailant, who
was still facing the group about the Mayor, with up-
raised pistol, and bore him to the deck upon his back.
As Edwards fell on top of him the pistol was dis-
charged again and the bullet grazed Edwards's fore-
arm on the under side. Others hurried to pinion the
man's arms, but before they accomplished it the
pistol was discharged a third time. Edwards arrested
the assailant. The Mayor and Edwards recovered
from their wounds.

Award

Silver medal
and $40 a month
for support of
widow during
her life, or until
she remarries,
with $5 a month
additional for
each of three
children until
each reaches
age of sixteen.

Silver medal.

There is a famous church in London called Westminster
Abbey. It was founded many hundreds of years ago by one
of England's good and pious kings, and the present edifice,
like all great churches, is the growth of centuries. Here the
country's monarchs, with one exception, have been crowned ;
here kings and queens have found their last resting place ;
and here, in later generations, many men and women whom

246

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

the English people delight to honor have been remembered
by memorials. It is a national hall of fame, a veritable shrine
for all who appreciate noble work. As Washington Irving
has well said : "It seems as if the awful nature of the place

presses down upon the
soul, and hushes the
beholder into noiseless
reverence. We feel that
we are surrounded by the
congregated bones of the
great men of past times,
who have filled the earth
with their renown."

And who were those
worthy to be thus honored,
and what were their deeds
and occupations .-' Were
they all heroes of war ?

Besides the royal and
noble personages, some
were warriors, but many
served their fellow men
quite as nobly in the arts
of peace. Now and then they are honored with their wives, who
helped them to become great. Statesmen are remembered
there ; musicians, organists, composers ; poets ; historians ;
the man ^ who first had the courage to use an umbrella in
England ; and another ^ who had the rare merit, according
to his king, of being " never in the way and never out of the
way " ; government officers ; hymn writers and churchmen ;

^ Jonas Hanway. 2 jOarl Sidney Godolphin.

Westminster Ahiu'.y

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

247

philanthropists ; scientists ; architects ; raihvay engineers and
roadmakers. One and all, according to their inclinations,
they devoted their lives to the welfare or the happiness of
the nation. By their memorials public service is ennobled.

Other countries have
had sons and daughters
of whom they were as
proud. Yet only a few,
except soldiers, are kept
so constantly in remem-
brance. A white marble
tower rises above the
capital of the United
States in honor of him
who was first in peace as
well as first in war. A
costly monument to a
story-teller ^ adorns the
city of Edinburgh. In
the quiet little German
town of Weimar a group
of statuary honors two
poets.2 Outside the city
of Copenhagen, in the palace park, a simple statue erected by
the Danish people honors their dear old fellow countryman ^
who told fairy tales.

Very many humble men and women live heroically and pass
away with no public recognition of their worth. Only in the
hearts of those who knew them are they remembered, yet each
one's life and work contributed to the country's welfare.
1 Sir Walter Scott. 2 Goethe and Schiller. =* Hans Christian Andersen.

l'hoti>j;iaph by Paul Thompson

The Scutt Monument, Edinburgh

248 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Mothers are frequently heroines. Did you ever enumerate
the brave and unselfish things they do day after day ? Crip-
pled people and those handicapped with blindness, deafness,
or deformities keep up brave fights to make the most of them-
selves. Many a sound-bodied person has not their courage and
perseverance. Editors who write fearlessly and reformers
who devote their lives to injustice and corruption are brave
men. It is not easy to fight single-handed, as many of these
men do. Physicians, nurses, and volunteers who submit them-
selves to insect bites and germs which bring disease, for the
sake of investigation, face death many times. Discoverers,
and inventors also, in studying science often endanger their
own lives and health.

A prominent Boston physician, when young and just enter-
ing upon his medical work in London, heard that the city
needed volunteer nurses for smallpox patients. The disease
was spreading, causing much alarm. The young man offered
his services and was accepted. When the epidemic was over
and he came out from his seclusion, the London physicians
paid him much attention and courtesy. In fact, they seemed
unable to do enough for him. Do you know why ?

Policemen look after the safety of men, vyomen, and chil-
dren, and of their houses and business places. They guard
people both on the street and within doors. The enemies they
combat are evil-minded persons who^ daily fill their lives with
danger. No policeman ever knows what peril lurks at the
corner of the street or in the shadows.

Surfmen and sailors brave wind and storm and heavy waves.
They struggle in darkness and dense fog which no human
eye can penetrate, calling in vain for help where there is only
sea, and they strain every nerve and muscle to save those in

249

250

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

their care from watery graves. It is their duty to be both
courageous and obedient. When a command comes they
must act instantly, even if they die in the attempt, hke soldiers.
In the early morning of a Januaiy day not many years
ago, an accident occurred at sea near the entrance to Vineyard
Sound. In a heavy fog the Florida
struck the Republic. In great alarm the
passengers on the Republic sprang from
their berths and hurried to the decks, to
find that the sea was pouring into their
vessel's side. What should be done .?
The wireless telegraph operator, Jack
Binns, knew. From his little operating
room he flashed again and again the dis-
tress signal among ships — " C O D "
— " Come quick, danger." Calmly and
rapidly he tapped the key in spite of
the awful doom which threatened him.
While he was busy sending the terrible
news around the world, the sailors were
transferring the Republic s four hundred
passengers to the leaking Florida. And
then in answer to the message came the
Baltic, and later other ships. At mid-
night the damage done the Florida by
the collision indicated that that vessel was in danger also.
So in the darkness of the niglit upon the sea the crews of
all three steamers removed the passengers of the Florida
and those of the Republic whom the Florida had saved —
seventeen hundred in all — and rowed them on the black
sea safely to the lUiltic. Twenty boats crossed and recrossed

Courtesy ot Itnlurt II. Iii^crnoll

The Republic Medal
Obverse side

251

252 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

the waves, each bearing ten wan and weary passengers. The
Baltic steamed back to New York, and the Republic sank
and was lost forever.

As the Baltic bore her grateful people up New York har-
bor, they and their frightened families and friends knew to
whom they owed their safety at that moment — to many
sailors, faithful in the hour of direst peril ! As an expression
of their gratitude they gave a medal to each sailor and to
the wireless operator. This medal bears the inscription :

From the Saloon Passengers

OF THE

R. M. S. Baltic and R. M. S. Republic

TO THE

Officers and Crews of the S. S. Republic, Baltic, and

Florida, for
GALLANTRY

Commemorating the Rescue of over i 700 Souls
January 24, 1909

Firemen guard lives and property from destruction by fire.
They rush to peril at a moment's notice. Smoke, flames, and
heat, falling walls and explosions, endanger them ; but they
are firm and faithful at their posts. A fire fighter needs an
athletic body, a clear head, a steady nerve, and a heart full of
courage, to fulfill his usual duties, or to meet some sudden need
— to swing out by a rope into mid-air to rescue a woman
hanging from a top-floor window, or to make of his body a
living bridge for men and women whom death is encircling.
At the time of the fearful fire in the Chicago stockyards in
December, 19 10, many firemen were killed. Christmas plans
had been made in their homes, and the Christmas trees and
wreaths were already in their places, awaiting the happy day.

THE VETERANS' TRIBUTE

253

Great sorrow came instead. The firemen were brought home,
and the Christmas candles which were to have twinkled upon
the trees were taken down and placed around the dead.

This story of heroes of war and of heroes of peace tells us
that our country needs men and women with courage and
di'votion. It tells us also
that she wishes them to
have a care for life and a
desire to save it and make
it blessed. She would have
them be as loyal and
brave-hearted as her sons
of war have been, and
as just and generous to
strange peoples as the
children of a country
dedicated to justice and
mercy should be. Every
day she speaks to us in
a hundred ways, saying :
" Don't you see that I
need your help? Don't
you know that 1 am de-
pending upon you .-^ A

country cannot prosper unless all its men and women, and
boys and girls, are doing their level best every day. I have
noble things for you to do. You did n't know ? How thought-
less and selfish you have been, and how little you have seen
and heard about the streets ! Bestir vourself and make me
proud that 1 have such a daughter ! Bestir yourself and make
me proud that I have such a son ! "

<' 1 iiilcrwood & Uiiilerwiioil

Practice fok Fire Fighting
A ladder drill

254 THE FRIENDSHIP OE NATIONS

Down from the choir with feebled step and slow,
Singing their brave recessional they go,

Gray, broken, choristers of war,
Bearing aloft before their age-dimmed eyes,
As 't were their cross for sign of sacrifice.

The flags which they in battle bore, —

Down from the choir where late with hoarse throats sang
Till all the sky-arched vast cathedral rang

With echoes of their rough-made song,
Where roared the organ's deep artillery,

j And screamed the slender pipe's dread minstrelsy

i In fierce debate of right and wrong.

Down past the altar, bright with flowers, they tread.
The aisles 'neath which in sleep their comrades dead

Keep bivouac after their red strife.
Their own ranks thinner growing as they march
Into the shadows of the narrow arch

Which hides the lasting from this life.

Soon, soon will pass the last gray pilgrim through
Of that thin line in surplices of blue

Winding as some tired stream a-sea;
Soon, soon, will sound upon our list'ning ears
His last song's quaver as he disappears

Beyond our answering litany ;

And soon the faint antiphonal refrain,
Which memory repeats in sweetened strain,

Will come as from some far cloud-shore ;
Then, for a space the hush of unspoke prayer,
And we who 've knelt shall rise with heart to dare

The thing in peace they sang in war.

The Soldiers' Recessional, by John H. Finley

Courtesy of The Maciiiillan Company

The Last Muster
From the painting by Sir Hubert von llerkomer

255

CHAPTER IX

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

Hard by the walls of Naumburg town,

Four hundred years ago,
Procopius his soldiers led

To fight their Saxon foe.
The blue sky bent above the earth

In benediction mute ;
The tranquil fields reposed content

In blossom, grain, and fruit.

But vain the bcnediciie

Of tender, brooding sky ;
And vainly peaceful, smiling fields

Gave eloquent reply.
Unsoothed, unmoved, in Nature's calm,

The Hussite army lay,
A deadly, threatening human storm,

With Naumburg in its way.

To swift destruction now seemed doomed

The dear old Saxon town ;
Before Procopius the Great

The strongest walls went down.
But soon upon the soft, calm air.

Came sound of tramping feet ;
The Hussites quickly flew to arms,

Their hated foe to meet.

Ready they stood to face the charge,

The great gate opened wide.
And out they poured, not armed men.

But, marching side by side.
The little children of the town.

Whose bright eyes met their gaze
With innocence and courage all

Unversed in war's dread ways.
256

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 257

The men threw all their weapons down

At sight so strange and fair ;
They took the children in their arms,

They stroked their flaxen hair.
They kissed their cheeks and sweet red lips,

They told how back at home.
They 'd left such little ones as these,

And then they bade them come

To cherry orchards close at hand.

And there they stripped the trees
Of branches rich with clustered fruit ;

Their little arms with these
They filled, and with kind words of peace,

They sent them back to town.
The soldiers then all marched away.

Nor thought of roar's renown.

And now each year at cherry time.

In Naumburg you may see
The little children celebrate

This strange, sweet victory.
; Once more the sound of tramping feet

Is heard, as, side by side.
They march throughout the quaint old town.

In childhood's joyous pride.

Once more they bear within their arms

Green branches, thro' whose leaves
Ripe cherries gleam, that tell a tale

More strange than fancy weaves,
About a bloodless battle fought

Four centuries ago.
When children saved old Naumburg town

By conquering its foe.

T/ie C/icrry Festival of Naumburg (a ballad founded on fact)

If we had the power of magic or Aladdin's wonderful lamp,
we could spirit ourselves back in history and pay a visit upon
our far, far-away ancestors who lived in the early days of the

258 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

world. A strange visit it would be, for we should see none
of the sights with which we are familiar, and hear none of the
topics of conversation which interest us to-day. There would
be no schoolhouses, no voting booths, no mails bound for
foreign countries, no lights along the streets, no policemen
at the corners, no talk of better government, of happier people,
or of friendship among nations. Our earliest ancestors were

The Family Unit
An Alaskan household with no thought for the general welfare

ignorant men and women, and ignorant people do not bother
their heads about the welfare of their countries. Each one
thought only of his own cave, his own family, his own food
and clothing, and his own friends.

As time wore on, however, circumstances made it neces-
sary for the families living in one little neighborhood to
unite and help each other. In consequence a tribe was
formed, and probably its members treated one another as
kindly as they knew how. Perhaps they kept each other's
fires kindled or shared the day's hunt, and maybe some

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

259

withered old grandmother steeped herbs and made smooth
gruels for all the sick folks. Whatever happened, the' tribe
members stood by each other loyally.

Long years probably elapsed before these different groups
of people were well enough acquainted to trust each other and
be friends. Even now we sometimes hear that one savage tribe
has attacked its neighbor
and burned a village or
murdered the chief. But
in time the clans which
were similar or which lived
in a certain region began
to think of themselves as
belonging to one another.
They bartered their wares,
exchanged ideas, and even
chose officers to govern
them, as if they were
one people. When they
thus united, a nation was
founded.

Then, of course, each
nation began to look about
and wonder what other nations were like. Business forced
their people to mingle, whether they wished to or not, and
they had many terrible experiences in getting acquainted.
They persevered, though, learning more and more about each
other and the world, until a day came when they comprehended
that foreign men and women were not so bad as they had sup-
posed. They also realized that they needed each other, and
the products, learning, and inventions of different countries.

) Underwood & Underwood

Tribal Life

An Arab sheik and followers, concerned with
protecting their own interests from hostile tribes

26o

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

I4y IDiUmouil \ I uiIltwooiI

National Spikit

A Maori council house where political and social questions, pertaining to the race,

arc discussed

Knowledge increased their confidence. So certain govern-
ments decided to talk together about various disputed matters
which concerned them, with the hope that they might draw up
written agreements. These comjxicts would make it unneces-
sary for them to fight about all (|uestions, as they had been

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

261

accustomed to do. So treaties were signed, governments ex-
changed official courtesies, and interest among nations grew
as their wisdom increased.

And now, at the present time, the most enUghtened peoples
have advanced even farther along the way of friendship.
They still love their families and are loyal to their countries,
and they also have a cordial regard for foreigners, and talk of
brotherhood. They do not mean the relationship of brothers

Courtesy of Hamilton Holt
Intkknational CoorERATION

The Cartago Court of Justice to which the five Central American republics are
pledged to submit all controversies, arising between them, not settled by their

Departments of Foreign Affairs

in a single house, or of countrymen in one nation. They are
thinking of the feeling of sympathy which should exist among
all men the world over, whether they belong to one national
household or to another. They wish men to realize that
they all are members of one great world family, and that, while
they are human and likely to do wrong now and then, they
deserve kindness and justice from each other. They believe
that friendship among nations may become so strong that war

262 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

will be forever banished, because peoples wish to live beside
each other round the earth like brothers. History shows that
the first signs of this spirit of friendliness appeared when the
cave man and the cave woman began to learn. It has been
growing through the ages, just as surely as men's knowledge
has been increasing. It is all a matter of education.

Of course there still are places in the world where men are
cannibals,, still tracts of country where foreigners cannot travel
in safety, still governments which suspect and keep a watch
upon strangers and treat their own subjects with extreme
cruelty, still cities that have no thought for the health and
happiness of their people. But on the whole the world grows a
little better every year, for ever^' year these less fortunate coun-
tries are being brought nearer to the civilization which we know,
and which stands for the better and the higher things of life.

Pessimists pooh-pooh at the idea of brotherhood among
alien peoples. Yet some item in every newspaper shows that
the nations are already very much like one large family. They
ask each other's advice, help one another out of difficulties,
transact much business in common, and truly cany on their
lives together.

Each year delegates from almost every country assemble in
the world's most celebrated cities to discuss together many
problems affecting them all. During the past twelve months
the following subjects have called men over sea and mountains
to different congresses : commerce, industries, sanitation,
newspapers, periodicals, airships, railways, automobiles, tele-
graph, mails, schools, the blind, alcohol, hygiene, diseases,
tuberculosis, impure drugs, opium, agriculture, cotton, fiber,
dairies, gardens and orchards, botany, commercial law, inter-
national law, criminals, government, monev and wealth, navies,

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 263

coast lines, geography, the north and south poles, peace, and
the races of men. At such times total strangers from foreign
countries have discussed matters which we talk over in our
homes and think belong to our own country alone.

Very likely few of the delegates to these international
conferences realize that because they are reading papers
to each other about tropical trees or blind babies, the world
family is becoming more united. But so it is. One congress
has even assembled for the sole purpose of increasing the
spirit of brotherhood. This was the Universal Races Congress
lately held in London. Members of fifty different races met
to discuss the peoples of the West and of the East, the white
and the colored people, with a desire to encourage between
them a better understanding and more friendly feelings. It
was a picturesque gathering. There were many natural differ-
ences in the color of the delegates and in their eyes and hair.
Some were jet-black, others were blond, others were yellow
men, and some were brown, like the Indian scholars. Strange
dress was seen — the fez, the turban, and loose garments ;
and unfamiliar tongues and salutations were heard in greet-
ing. Perhaps a few of your own classmates may be children
of foreign races. If they are, and if they have ever told you
stories about their customs and festivals and strange fairy
folk, then you know what good comrades foreigners can be.
The strangers at the Congress gained similar pleasure and
profit from each other, and proved to themselves and to their
own people how unreasonable it is to despise those who do
not look and think and act as we do.

The governments themselves are supporting together
various departments for public business, as if they were one
government making regulations for its own states. The most

264 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS

important, perhaps, are the Universal Postal Bureau, the
International Telegraph Bureau, and the International Bureau
of Railways. The transportation of messages, merchandise,
and people from countr)' to countiy is a very important
matter. These bureaus attend to international arrangements
and agreements regarding mails, telegrams, wireless-telegraph
messages, travelers, freight, the international express trade
now crossing Europe and northern Asia, railroad beds,
the publication for telegraph stations of a vocabulary now

Universal Postal Union - Union Postale Universelle
British India - Indc Britannique

Post Card - Carte Postale

the address only to be written on this side.
The Heading of a British-Indian Postal Card

containing 1,900,000 words, and the great projects to extend
a railroad across America from Patagonia to Alaska, another
the length of Africa from Cairo to the Cape, and a third to
circle the world.

Of the importance of postal conferences, which meet fre-
quently, it has been said :

They have undoubtedly done more than any other one thing to im-
press the world with the idea that a world nation for certain ends is a
practicable thing. It can no longer be sneered at as impracticable, because
it exists and has existed for a whole generation. Every man who sends
a letter from New York to Tokyo with quick dispatch, for only five cents,
knows that he owes this privilege to an international agreement, and feels
himself by virtue of it a citizen of the world.

Other departments kecj) a sharj) watch over matters per-
taining to agriculture, indu.stries, laboring men and women,
commerce, colonies, emigration, weights and measures, tariffs,
earthquakes, and ocean exploration. Another bureau guards

^65

266 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

the public health ; and still another, the International Court of
Arbitration, is ready to settle disputes. For the maintenance
of these various administrative offices the states of the world
pay $400,000 annually — a paltry sum, however, in compari-
son with the $2,000,000,000 which they now devote to
military expenses alone.^

At the same time that the nations are working together so
earnestly and peaceably over these vital matters, they are dis-
cussing whether it would be possible for them to work together
and to trust each other to keep agreements. And all the
while they are doing these very things ! Perhaps they are
ashamed to admit it, because for so long they have said that
peace among them was a dream of dreamers.

Arbitration in place of war for settling disputes is another
sign of union among nations, for brothers and sisters are
much more likely to settle their quarrels by agreements than
by fists. When they do fall to fighting, though, in the back
yard or at bedtime, mother generally interferes, and, like the
court of judges at The Hague, settles the matter for the
fighters. Some people talk as if arbitration were such a new
and strange method that it would be unreasonable to expect
governments to adopt it. They seem to be unaware that
people arbitrate so often in their daily lives that it is very
natural for them to apply it in their country's business.

Sometimes the da}- begins with arbitration. Perhaps a
family quarrel takes place at the breakfast table. Do father
and mother and the children take up arms against each other
in an attempt to settle the trouble ? Probably not ; instead,
the head of the household listens to each side of the story

^ Figures from " The Existing Elements of a Constitution of the United
States of the World," by II. La Koiitaine.

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

267

and the matter is arbitrated then and there. Soon after, the
father learns at his office that his employees are out on a
strike, asking for shorter hours and more pay. The leaders
are summoned. They tell him what they want, and he tells
them what he will give them. An agreement is reached
through arbitration and the strikers go back and report to

riioto^rupli hy iiruwu iiruti.

An Umpire, the Arbitrator of the Diamond

their fellow laborers. Work is resumed. After further busi-
ness and a hasty lunch the father hurries away to the baseball
ground for rest and recreation. Perhaps his son's school
"' nine " is on the field, or two of the great league teams, with
thousands watching from the "bleachers," cheering and
applauding noisily. Whatever teams are playing, there is an
umpire on the field whose word is law. Very likely the game
suddenly ceases, and the players rush up to the umpire, say-
ing that the ball just batted was a fair ball and that the umpire

268 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

should so rule, or that the base runner cut third base and

should be called out. Much arguing follows, and the audience

rises and calls excitedly. The umpire at once answers the

complaints, states the rules of the game, sends the players

back to their positions, and the game is resumed — having

shown to all present the simple ways of arbitration.

Many soldiers, particularly those who have seen service

and who understand the full meaning of war, are among the

world's stanchest believers in peace and arbitration. General

Sherman said of the Civil War :

I confess without shame that I am tired and sick of the war. Its glory
is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither heard a shot nor
heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded who cry aloud for more
blood, more vengeance, more desolation.

The Duke of Wellington expressed the same opinion :

War is a most detestable thing. If you had seen but one day of war,
you would pray God that you might never see another.

General Grant spoke even more decidedly. He said :

Though educated a soldier, and though I have gone through two wars,
I have always been a man of peace, preferring to see questions of differ-
ence settled by arbitration. It has been my misfortune to be engaged in
more battles than any other American general, but there was never a time
during my command when I would not have chosen some settlement by
reason rather than the sword.

And General Miles, commander of our land forces in our

last war, remarked :

The contrast between war and peace is illustrated by the fact that
what has been expended on the Philippines would have put water on every
quarter section of arable land in our country where it is required ; it
would have built for the farmers a splendid system of good roads, or
for commerce two ship canals across the Isthmus.

Although their business has been to kill and to destroy,

soldiers have felt and often shown a fellow-feeling for their

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 269

enemies, and, as far as their duty would allow, they have done
unto them as they would be done by. Two instances in our
own wars are examples. When the Civil War was over, the
terms of surrender were made very generous. The Confed-
erates were simply asked to lay down their arms and return
home. Twenty-five thousand rations of food were ordered to
be given to the half-starved Southern army, sorrowing in
defeat, and those who had horses were allowed to keep them,
because, as General Grant said, they "would need them for
the plowing." At the close of the Spanish- American War,
after hundreds of Spanish sailors had been killed, wounded,
imprisoned, or drowned, the American battleship Texas sailed
near the stern of a beaten Spanish cruiser. The American
sailors began to cheer, but their commander. Captain Philip,
cried to them : " Don't cheer. The poor fellows are dying."
When the fiftieth anniversary of the first battle of Bull Run
at Manassas, Virginia, occurred on July 21, 191 1, a new way
of celebrating battle anniversaries was inaugurated. Upon that
battlefield in 1861 the Blue and the Gray met and fought
the first bloody battle of the Civil War. In 191 1, a half cen-
tury later, hundreds of the old soldiers who first met there
to kill each other came together in friendship. A celebration
in the spirit of brotherly love was their desire. They talked
and exchanged stories of the war, and walked about the former
battleground. At length they formed two long lines facing
each other, — the Blue looking south and the Gray looking
north, — and with their hands outstretched they advanced
to meet each other. As they came together their hands
clasped, and for five long minutes they stood hand in hand,
pledging eternal friendship. It was a most impressive and
long-to-be-remembered sight.

270 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Since 1895 one hundred and forty-five treaties have been
concluded ; and since 1900 one hundred and fifty disputes
between nations have been settled peaceably by arbitration.
During these various negotiations the soldiers and marines
of the countries concerned went about their regular work and
had no more to do with the matter than any other citizens. If
governments should agree to adjust all their grievances by
reason rather than by the sword, armies and navies would seem
to be unnecessary. Then a country would need its armed forces
only for home use, to deal with its own colonies and its own
people. International arbitration concerns troubles between
nations — not quarrels between states or factions of one
country. Civil disturbances must be settled by each nation
alone, in the way which seems best.

Already governments have begun to think of limiting the
cost of their armaments. The Czar, we know, suggested it
to the First Hague Conference, and for nearly seventy years
Canada and the United States have practiced it, limiting in
size and number each other's ships upon the Great Lakes,
and allowing no forts or navies for three thousand miles
between them. Since 1843, our entire force on the Canadian
frontier of territory, rivers, and lakes has been the little sheet-
iron steamer, Wolverific, named for the animal that in days
long past prowled through Michigan, Furthermore, in June,
19 10, the United States House of Representatives and the
Senate passed a resolution upon armaments. The action was
most important. The declaration reads as follows :

Resohi'cd, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, that a commission of five
members be appointed by the President of the United States to consider
the expediency of utilizing existing international agencies for the purpose
of limiting the armaments of the nations of the world by international

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

271

agreement, and of constituting the combined navies of the world an inter-
national force for the preservation of universal peace, and to consider
and report upon any other means to diminish the expenditures of
government for military purposes and to lessen the probabilities of war.

l^his resolution signified that the leaders of the American
people wished to know if it would be wise to ask the one
hundred international organizations to work for limitation of

U. S. S. IVoLyEK/NE

Courtesy of William Elliot GriffiB

armaments, and if it would be sensible to have the various
navies of the world united in one great navy to keep peace.
They also wished to hear about ways to lessen military ex-
penses and to make war less likely to happen.

History shows that the idea of united foreign forces is not a
recent one. The British, Dutch, Belgians, Russians, Austrians,
Prussians, and Germans were once banded against the French.^

1 Waterloo.

Underwooil & Underwood

The Allied Armies, China, 1900
The forces marching into Peking between lines of United States troops

272

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 273

In America's early days France sent troops and ships of war
to increase the colonics' strength against England, A veri-
table international army, though, was formed in China in 1900.
An uprising of Boxers ^ occurred, which endangered the lives
and property of many foreigners. The countries concerned at
once united their forces to help each other punish the Chinese,
Under a British admiral, German, Russian, French, Japanese,
Austrian, Italian, British, and American troops fought to-
gether, and a flotilla of British, French, German, Japanese,
and Russian gunboats bombarded forts. After eight weeks
the siege was raised.

The Chinese government paid the United States a huge
indemnity for the suffering caused its people by the Boxers,
Our country, however, sent back the money in order that
Chinese interests and welfare might be promoted, China's
Council decided to devote the sum to education. As a result
Chinese youths and maidens are regularly selected from the
empire's eighteen provinces and sent to study at American
academies and universities. It is possible for nations, like indi-
viduals, to do kindnesses, and to accept and appreciate them.

If the nations continue to become more friendly and more
united year by year, do you suppose that some day there will
be one parliament among them to make laws, and one army
and one navy to enforce those laws upon land and sea, like
policemen .? Years ago men said that different states could
not possibly live in peace as one country. They said that men
would always disagree and fight as long as they lived, and that
they would have to change entirely before they would live
together in harmony under the same laws. Yet our forefathers

1 A secret association having for its purpose the extermination of
foreigners.

2 74

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

did not wait for men to become different when they thought
of founding the United States. Instead, the thirteen colonies
agreed to work together and abide by the rules of their leaders.
Those were troublous times, we read, and many fine and
noble men felt intense animosity toward each other. Yet the
nation has lived and prospered, and has grown from thirteen

Chinese Hoxek Indemnity Students, 1911

The Chinese Students' Alliance holds an annual conference, which in 191 1 met at

Princeton University

States to forty-eight. It is the world in miniature. Germany,
Italy, and several South American republics were similarly
formed by the peaceful union of different states. They also
keep the laws and abide by their agreements.

Every great step is always opposed by pessimistic people.
The strangest things, however, have occurred before now,

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

275

and many which were declared impossible have come to pass
in the easiest and simplest way, and have brought many
blessings — like the railroad between J^oston and Albany,

) Underwood & Underwood

A Private Provision for the Protection ok Public Health
Milk bottles in a sterilizer, exposed to great heat which destroys all germs

which men said would be "as useless as a railroad from
Boston to the moon." ^

Upon all sides people are showing kind interest in their
fellow men. Missionaries are teaching the uncivilized to take

^ Joseph T. Buckingham, in Boston Courier, 1827.

276

THE FRIENDSHIP Of NATIONS

care of their bodies, to train their minds, and to live uprightly.
Organizations are aiding sick babies, destitute families, poor
people who are ill, and aliens who cannot speak the language
of the country. Mothers who come from untidy countries
are taught how to keep their houses neat and their children
clean. Committees see that butter, ice cream, and milk are

pure, and that flies and
rats, which carry about
filth on their feet and
bodies, are killed as fast
as possible. Associations
are protecting children
from cruelties in their
homes, and from harmful
work in factories, mills,
and mines. Other socie-
ties are asking for laws
that will require healthful
workrooms and devices
to protect workingmen
from harm. Each year
thousands of wage earners
are killed or seriously in-
jured by their machines,
or die of horrible diseases
caused by the materials they have used in work. Innumer-
able men and women are giving fortunes to provide educa-
tional opportunities for all. Three people — Mrs. Russell
Sage, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, and Mr. Andrew Carnegie
— have lately given jS6o,ooo,ooo to help the cause of educa-
tion. Within ten years our other citizens all together have given

A Government Official concerned
WITH Public Welfare

Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, formerly Chief of the

Bureau of Chemistry, whose work included

analysis of and experiments with foods

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD

277

p,ooo,ooo to support schools, charities, and churches.
No people anywhere give so generously and wisely to help
their countrymen.

Even animals are more respected than they used to be.
Laws are made to protect them as well as human beings.
Bands of children and of grown men and women in nearly
all countries are guarding them from abuse and unnecessary

A Horse Amhulance

(E) I'uderwooil & Uiuluiwuod

suffering. They are erecting watering troughs for horses
and dogs, and shelters from the sun and driving storms for
cab horses ; they are sending tired work horses into the coun-
try for vacations ; they are caring for starving cats whose
mistresses have gone away for the summer without them ;
they are examining carloads of stock shipped from farms
and ranches to the cities, to see if the creatures have enoutrh

278 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

water, air, and room upon the way ; they are trying to make
the slaughter of cattle, pigs, and calves for us to eat less
cruel ; they are protecting even the wild animals by hunting
laws, and they are guarding the seals, the sea otters, the sea
birds, and the birds useful to agriculture. Life is precious
nowadays, and people wish to make it long and happy.

It is the duty of the people of the United States to extend
a helping hand to lessen suffering and to establish justice.
No other nation in the world family is so deeply responsible
for the spirit of brotherhood as we who are proving day by
day that all peoples can live in peace under one govern-
ment — a government in which all races have a share.

Our leaders have served nobly. Their genius and wisdom
have created many good things not only for us but also for
men and women outside our countiy. They have originated
many of the measures which the nations accepted at the
Hague Conferences. Our country has settled more disputes
by arbitration than any other nation. Our President, William
H. Taft, was the first ruler to assert that he believed nations
should refer all controversies between them to arbitration.
" I do not see," said he, " why even questions of honor may
not be submitted to a tribunal supposed to be composed of
men of honor, who understand questions of honor, and why
the nations should not then abide by the decision, as well as
by the decision regarding any other question of difference
between them."

Yet the United States must carry on many more good
works before it will fill its place among the nations as nobly
as it can. Its people must learn that, however strange
and different they may seem to each other, they all are
working under one flag and are serving one great country,

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 279

and that that country respects and guards them equally.
Every race and nationality living here has virtue and ability.
Kindness and instruction will bring these out and make
them blossom for the nation's good. " We can learn cheer-
fulness from the negro, patience from the Chinaman, dignity
from the North American Indian, order from the German,
good humor from the Irish, steadiness of purpose from the
r2nglish, economy from the French, love of beauty from the
Italian." ^ And so on, through the long list of our many
peoples living with us. Each one can serve his neighbor,
and the neighbor can thank him and do him some service
in return, quite regardless of the color of his skin or the
strange words which he mumbles gratefully. We all have
hearts, and the language of respect and kindness is the
same to all.

Sometimes we are seized with a notion that some of us
are better than others. At once we set about to prove it, and
take tiie strangest course in all the world to do so. We
become haughty, snub our mates, call them names, and tell
false and unkind stories about them behind their backs — all
to prove that we are the best and finest beings in the neigh-
borhood. I^id you ever ask yourself what reason you have
for thinking that you are better than some one else .-' Did
you ever wonder in what way you were superior to any one
of many girls and boys who happened to be born in countries
which you have never seen, and who understand tongues
which seem like gibberish to you .-'

Perhaps you may answer that you are better because your
parents are more cultured and because you have more posses-
sions. Perhaps you may think that you are more aristocratic.

1 Theodore Roosevelt.

28o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

If it is true that you really are better, then it is because
greater opportunities have helped to make you so. If you are
a little more aristocratic in your preferences and manners,
then you should be too fine to be unkind and unjust.
If you have a rare mother and a noble father, then you
should show their spirit and prove your bringing-up in all
your acts and deeds.

Many men believe that the world to-day is better than it
was yesterday, and all of us believe that it is our duty so to
live that it will be better to-morrow than it is to-day. Every
one of us should train his body to be strong, should store his
mind with knowledge, and should fill his heart with the spirit
of justice and friendship to all the races of men. Then we
shall be able to give our nation long, helpful years of wise
devotion. If each one of us does so, our land will be a happy
one, and our country will be a grand influence for good
among the nations of the world.

There are hermit souls that live withdrawn

In the peace of their self-content;
There are souls, like stars, that dwell apart,

In a fellowless firmament;
There are pioneer souls that blaze their paths

Where highways never ran ;
But let me live by the side of the road

And be a friend to man.

Let me live in a house by the side of the road

Where the race of men go by —
The men who are good and the men who are bad,

As good and as bad as 1.
I would not sit in the scorner's seat,

Or hurl the cynic's ban.
Let me live in a house by the side of the road

And be a friend to man.

THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD 28 1

I see from my house by the side of the road,

By the side of the highway of life,
The men who press with the ardor of hope,

The men who are faint with the strife.
But I turn not away from their smiles nor their tears —

Both parts of an infinite plan —
Let me live in my house by the side of the road

And be a friend to man.

I know there arc brook-gladdened meadows ahead

And mountains of wearisome height ;
That the road passes on through the long afternoon

And stretches away to the night.
But still I rejoice when the travelers rejoice,

And weep with the strangers tliat moan,
Nor live in my house by the side of the road

Like a man who dwells alone.

Let me live in a house by the side of the road

Where the race of men go by —
They are good, they are bad, they are weak, they are strong.

Wise, foolish — so am I.
Then why should I sit in the scorner's seat,

Or hurl the cynic's ban ?
Let me live in my house by the side of the road

And be a friend to man.

'J'/w House hy the Side of the KoaJ, by Sam Walter Foss
Thk Opknixg Lines of the Constitution

INDEX

Acropolis, 102-103
Aeroplane, 6
Africa, 147, 177
Albany, 117, 275
Alexander I, 50
Alexander II, 50
Alexandria, 173
"Alice in Wonderland,"' 125
Alliances, for business, 172
America, discovered by Columbus,
33, 104-107

Dutch settlements in, 117, 152,

177
English settlements in, 120, 152,

177
French settlements in, 152
Norse voyages to, 129-130
Portuguese voyages to, 177
Spanish exploration of, 1 13-

H4. 177
American Association of Japan, 146
"American Plan," 41
Amsterdam, 72, 89
Andersen, Hans Christian, 130, 247
Angelus, The, no
Animals, care and protection of, 277-
278

domestication of, 4, 5
idea of taming, 3-4
Arabia, 173

Arbitration, British resolution re-
garding United States attitude
toward, 40

common, 266-268

disputes settled by (since 1900),

270
early Jewish law regarding, 28
Pious Fund Controversy settled

by, 68-69
United States resolution regard-
ing (1890), 41

Arbitration, used in baseball, 267-268
various treaties of, 73
Venezuela Claims Case settled

by, 73-74
Arbitrator, in baseball, 267
Argentina, 150, 151, 191

agreement with Chile, 74-76

prayer of priest of, 52
Arizona, 222
Arkwright, Richard, 128
Arlington, Virginia, 232
Armaments, committee on, at First
Hague Conference, 63-64

cost of, 200, 203-206

limitation of, 270-271

limitation of, on Great Lakes, 39

not considered. Second Hague
Conference, 78-79

United States resolution regard-
ing, 270-271
Armies and navies of world, cost of
maintenance of, 266

men in, 220
Armies, allied, in China, 271-272

at Waterloo, 231

plan of Henry IV for, 35
Army, beginnings of, 9

magnificence of early, 9-1 r

Persian, 9-10
Art, works of, 100-102, 166
Arts, of peace, 2, 100-102, 166
Asia, colonial, 147

continent of, 143

original homeland, 99, 147
Athens, 102, 167, 174
Auerbach, 139
Australia, 177
Austria-Hungary, 136-137, 200, 217

Babylon, 173
Bach, 141

283

284

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Balboa, 113
Baltic, 250, 252
Baltic Sea, 134, 223
Balzac, no
Bangkok, 144
Banks, 217

Baring, Alexander, 217
Bartholdt, Richard, 42
Baseball, 267-268
Battering-ram, 6
Battle-ax, 6
Battleship, 15

cost of, 203-206, 222

of to-day powerful enough, 204

upkeep of, 204
Beethoven, 141
Belgium, 11 5-1 16, 230, 242
Bell, Alexander Graham, 161
Benbow, 1 19
"Ben Hur," 156
Bethlehem, 147
Bible, publication of, 33
Binnenhof, 93
Binns, Jack, 250, 252
"Birds' Christmas Carol, The," 157
Bjornsen, 133
" Black Cat, The," 1 55
Bloch, Jean de, 45-46, 49
Boards of trade, attitude toward

war, 196
Bolivar, 149-150
Bolivia, 148, 150, 184
Bombs, 18

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 230
Bonheur, Rosa, 109- no
Boot, 42
Boston, 275

Boston Public Library, 233
Bow and arrow, 6
Boxer indemnity, 273
Boxer Rebellion, 46, 273
Brahms, 141

Brazil, 148, 150, 151, 191
Breaking at the wheel, 42
Bn'tatniia, 178

Brotherhood, development of, 33-
34, 257-262

spirit of, among nations, 31-33,
257-262

Brotherhood, spirit of, as revealed

in Osiris legend, 2
Bryant, William C, 155
Buenos Aires, 75, 151, 159
Bulgaria, 107-108
Bull, 118
Bull, Ole, 133
Bullets, 18
Buoys, 184

Bureau of American Republics, 49
Bureaus, international, 263-266
Burning at the stake, 42
Burritt, Elihu, 42
Byron, Lord, 123

Cable, Atlantic, 129, 160-161

lines in world, 161
Cabot, John, 120
Cabot, Sebastian, 120
Calais, 119
Canada, 177

unfortified southern boundary,
39, 270

won by England, 193
Canterbury Cathedral, 120
Cape Cod, 178
Cape Verde Islands, 148
Caravans, attacks upon, 8

safe method of traveling, 8
Carlyle, Thomas, 206, 220
Carnegie, Andrew, 48-49, 276
Carnegie Hero Awards, 242-245
Carnegie Hero Funds, 49, 240-242
Carnegie Peace Foundation, 48, 49
Carroll, Lewis, 125
Cartwright, Edmund, 128
Cats, Jacob, 91-92
Central America, 148

Court of, 49, 73

republics of, 151
Cervantes, 1 1 5
Chambers of commerce, attitude

toward war, 196
Chaucer, 123
Chile, 150, 151

agreement with Argentina, 74-

China, 143, i44-i45' '"7- 273
early method of trading in, 8

INDEX

285

China, empire preserved, 46

route to, 117, 177
Christ of the Andes, 74-76
Christ, Prince of Peace, ^2' '47
Christina, Queen, 118
" Christmas Carol, The," 125
Civil War, 233, 269
Civil war, 228, 270
Clemens, Samuel L., 156
Club, 6
Codes, signal, 185

word, 185, 264
C'olombia, 150
Columbus, 33, 104-107, 130
Commerce, beginnings of, 12-14,
170-172

bond between nations to-day,
20, 190-192

chambers of, attitude toward
war, 196

present-day, 179, 184-185, 187-
192, 193

protection of, 184

responsible for war, 7
Congress of Paris, 42
Congresses, listed, 262-263
Conservation, need of, 220-224
Constantinople, 167
Controversy, settlement between in-
dividuals, 26

settlement between nations, 27
Cooperation, international, 262-266
Copenhagen, 130, 131, 223, 247
Coronado, 114
Cortes, 113
Costa Rica, 151
Cotton gin, 163-164
"Count of Monte Cristo, The," no
Court, Cartago, 49, 73

for the individual, 26

International, of Arbitration, 63

of Arbitral Justice, 79

Supreme, as example of world,

38
Courtesies, between nations, 30-31

between sovereigns, 29-30
Cremer, William R., 41
Cruisers, armored, 16

protected, 16

Cuba, 151

Cunard Steamship Company, 178

Curie, Madam and Professor, 1 1 1

Damascus, 173

Dante, 104

Defoe, Daniel, 125

De Leon, Ponce, 113

Delfshaven, 86-88

Denizens of the Highlands, no

Des Cartes, 117

Design, The Great, 34-35, 37

De Soto, 1 13

Dickens, Charles, 123

Dogger Bank Affair, 67-68

Donizetti, 104

" Don Quixote," n5

Dover, 119

Drake, Sir Francis, 120

Dudevant, Madam, 1 10

Dumas, Alexander, no

Dunant, Henri, 43-44

Dutch East India Company, n7

Dutch West India Company, n7

Ecuador, 148, 150
Edinburgh, 247
Editors, 248

Edward VII, as arbitrator for Chile
and Argentina, 75

death of, 32

peace service of, 46

Egypt, 173-191

" Eight Cousins," 156

Electricity, application of, 158-159

discovery of, 158
" Elijah," 141
Eliot, George, 137
Elizabeth, Queen, 34
Emerson, Ralph W., i 55
Emma, Queen, 72, 90
England, 09-129, 167, 174, 217,

242
navy and trade of, 193
Ericsson, John, 132
" Essay toward the Present and

Future Peace of Europe," ;i7
" Eternal Peace," 37
Ether, first used, 164-165

286

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Expenses, national, general, 199

of administrative offices of
states of world, 266

of United States, for civil pur-
poses, 206, 220-222

of United States, for military
purposes, 206, 220-222

of world's annual military, 266

Fairy tales, Andersen's, 130

common to all peoples, 99-100
Grimm's, 139

" Fall of the House of Usher, The,"

155

Ferdinand, King, 104

Fichte, 139

Field, Cyrus W., 129, 160

Fighting spirit in man, 18

Firemen, 252-253

First Hague Conference, 57-72, 200,
270

close of, 72

committee on arbitration, 64-6S
committee on armaments, 63-64
committee on laws and customs

of war, 64
countries invited to, 57
declared a failure, 64
invited to The Hague, 57
main committees of, 63
message to queen from, 63
opening of, 61-63
provision regarding bombard-
ment of buildings dedicated
to religion, art, etc., 167
seating of delegates at, 60
spirit of, 60-6 1
welcome to, 58

Flanders, 174

Flaubert, 1 10

Florence, 104, 174

Florida, 250, 252

Fogbells, 184

Fontaine, Henri La, 42

Foreigners, friendship between, 29

treatment of, 1S6-187
Fox, George, 36
France, 108-112, 217, 242

Franklin, Benjamin, 37, 158-159, 166

Friends, Society of, 36

Froebel, 142

Fulton, Robert, 160

Fust, 1 37-1 38

" Future of War, The," 45-46, 49, 50

Galileo, 104
Galleys, 14, 15

forerunners of modern war-
ships, 16
Geneva Arbitration Tribunal, 40
Geneva Convention, 43
Genoa, 174

Germany, 135, 137-143. i79' 217,
242, 274

army of, 201

navy and trade, 193
Ginn, Edwin, 47
Gobat, Dr., 42

Godolphin, Earl Sidney, 246
Goethe, 139, 247
"Gold Bug, The," 155
Good Offices and Mediation, 65
Granada, 114
Grange, national, attitude toward

arbitration, 196
Grant, General, 268, 269
Gravitation, law of, 127
Grotius, Hugo, 35-36, 117-118

festival in honor of, 69-71
Greece, 102, 174
Grieg, Edward, 133
Grimm brothers, 139
Guatemala, 151
Guns, battery, 18

heavy, 18

rapid-fire, 18
Gunboats, 16
Gutenberg, 137-138

Hague Peace. Conferences, 50, 135
See First Hague Conference,
Second Hague Conference,
Third Hague Conference
Hague, The, 89-94
museum in, 118
Hahnemann, Dr. Samuel, 142
Haiti, 151

INDEX

287

TTall of Knights, 77, 93-94. 147

I lals. Frans, 1 19

Ilainburg, 20

Ilammcifest, 133

Handel, 141

Handicapped men and women, 24S

Hanway, Jonas, 246

Harris, Joel Chandler, 156

Harte, Kret, 156

Harvey, William,- 125-126

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 156

Hay, John, 46

Haydn, Joseph, 137

Hegel, 1 59

"Heidi,"" 108

Helmholtz, 142

Henry IV, 34-35

Henry VII, 120

Heroes' Mound, 231

Hezckiah, King, 30

Hiram, King, 172

Holmes, Oliver W., 155

Holy Alliance, 50

" Holy I"",.\periment," 37

Holy Land, 147

Honduras, 151

Honolulu, 159

Horse Fair, The, no

House in the Wood, 5CS-59, 90

" House of the Seven Gables, The,"

156
Howe, Elias, 163
Howells, William Dean, 156
"Huckleberry Finn," 156
Hudson, Henry, 117
Hugo, Victor, no
Humane work, 275-278
Hydrophobia, in

Ibsen, 133

Immigration laws in Russia, 186

in United States, 186-187
Incas, 148-149
India, 191
Indies, route to, 107, n2-n3, 117,

177
"Innocents Abroad, The," 156
Intercourse, by means of signs and

symbols, 7

Intercourse, no means of, in early
days, 7

results of, among nations, 20

International army, 273

International Bureau of Railways,
264

International bureaus, 263-266

International Commissions of In-
quiry, 66

International Court of Arbitration,
68-69, 78

International Law Association, 41

International law, concerned with
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries
Arbitration Case, 80-82

International law and Hugo Grotius,

35-36
International law, to be created by

Court of Arbitral Justice, 79
International navy, 27, 273
International Peace and Arbitration

Society, 46
International police, 273
International Red Cross Society, 44
International relations, 31
International Union of American

Republics, 49
Interparliamentary Union, 41, 50

Japan, 143, 145-146

closed ports of, 175

early trade of, 175

gifts of United States to, 146
Javelin, 6
Jay, John, 38-39
Jenner, FMward, 126
Jerusalem, 167

Jews, law regarding arbitration and
mercy, 28

religious faith of, 147
"Jo's Boys," 156
Juliana, Princess, 90
Justice, growth of spirit of, 27-28

peace demands, 26

Kant, Immanuel, 37, 139
Keats, 123
" Kenilworth," 120
Kenilworth Castle, 120, 123

288

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Koch, Dr., 142
Kurihama, 145, 146

Laboring men, attitude toward war,

194
Lafayette, Marquis de, 149
Lagerlof, Selma, 133
La Fontaine, Henri, 42
Lance, 6

Landseer, Sir Edwin, 122
"Largo," 141

"Last of the Barons, The," 120
Laughing Cavalier, The, 119
Law, becoming universal, 20, 26

international, 35-36, 43, 79, 80-
82

peace demands reign of, 25-26
" Lay down your Arms," 46-47, 137
Learning, development of, 33-34
Lee, General Robert E., 232
" Les Miserables," no
Lessing, 139

Lesson in Anatomy, The, 118
Life-saving crews, 184, 248
Lighthouses, 184
Lightships, 184
Lima, 151
Lind, Jenny, 132
Linnaeus, 132
Lion of Lucerne, 131
Liszt, 137
" Little Men," 1 56
" Little Women," 1 56
Loans, war, 217
Locke, 1 17
" Lohengrin," 141
London, 120, 125, 159, 236
Longfellow, Henry W., 155
Looting, 42
Louvre, 109
Lowell, James R., 155
Luxemburg, 1 16
Lytton, Sir Edward ISulwer, 120, 135

Machinery, introduction of, 127-129

Madison. James, 37

Madonna of the Chair, 104

Madrid, i 14

Magellan, Ferdinand, 113

Manassas, 269

" Man with the Hoe, The," no
Marconi, Guglielmo, 107
" Mark Twain," 156
Maupassant, Guy de, no
McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 163
Mediation, Good Offices and, 65
Mendelssohn, 141
Merchants, armed, 7

early, 7, 170-172

in caravans, 8

respected in India, 172

sufferings of, 178

treatment of, by foreigners,
174-176
Mercy, early Egyptian, 28

Jewish law regarding, 28

spirit of, among nations, 31-32,

43-44
"Messiah, The," 141
Mexico, 151, 152
Mexico City, 152
Meyerbeer, 141

" Midsummer Night's Dream," 141
Milan, 104

Miles, Nelson A., 209, 268
Millet, Jean, no
Milton, John, 123
■Mines, gunpowder, 18

submarine, 18
Minuteman, The, 230
Miranda, Francisco, 149-150
Monitors, 16
Monroe Doctrine, 41
Monroe, James, 41
Montenegro, 107-108
Montevideo, 151
Morse, Samuel F. B., 160
Mortars, iS

Morton, William F. G., 164
Mothers, 248
Mouravieff, Count. 55
Mower invented, 163-164
Mozart, Wolfgang, 137
Murillo, n4
Muskets, 18

Nation, beginnings of, 5, 259
National cemetery, 232

INDEX

289

National nrange, attitude toward

arbitration, 196
Navies, allied, 35, 273
Navigation, beginnings of, 11

difficulties of, 178

hindrances to, 176-177

Phoenician, 12-13
Navy, founding ancient, 14

magnificence of ancient, 14

relation to trade, 192
Nelson, Lord, 119, 228-229
Netherlands, The, 85-94, 116-119,

242
Neutral, sick and wounded con-
sidered, 44

territory, Belgium, 116

territory, Luxemburg, 116

territory, Switzerland, 108
New York, 20, 159
New Zealand, 177
Newspapers, 18, 24, 179,' 189
Newton, Sir Isaac, 127
Nicaragua, i 51
Nicholas II, 49-50, 55-56

birthday of, 58, 61

renders service to nations, 135

rescript of, 55-56
"Nicholas Nickleby," 125
Night, 131

Night Watch, The, 118
Nineveh, 173
Nobel, Alfred, 45, 46, 132
Nobel prizes. 45, 132
Norse gods, 130
Norsemen, voyages to New World,

129-130
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Ar-
bitration Case, 80-82
Northern Teachers' Congress, 132
Norway, 131, 132, 133-134, 242
Novgorod, 175
Nurses, 248

Old church, Delfshaven, 86-88
"Old Curiosity Shop," 125
Old Guard of France, 231
Old North Bridge, 230
Orange Zaal, 59-60
Osiris, legend regarding, 1-2

Palace of Peace, 49, 91-92
Palestine, 147
Palestrina, 104
Panama, 151
Paraguay, i 50
Paris, 108-109, III

Congress of, 42
"Parsifal," 141
Parthenon, 103
Pasteur Institute, in
Pasteur, Louis, 1 1 1
Pasteurization, iii
Peace, among nations, 25

arts of, 2, 165

beginnings of, 25

consideration of, 24-25

encourages the best, 27

heroes of, 236-255

meaning of, 24-25

painting of, 61

Palace of, 49, 91-92

societies of, 50
Penn, William, 36-37
Pensions, war, 200
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 68-

69, 78
Perry, Commodore Matthew C,

145-146
Persia, 143-144
Peru, 148, 150
Pestalozzi, 108
Phidias, 103
Philip, Captain, 269
Phtenicia, 12

ancient commerce of, 12-13,

•73' 174
relations with Israel, 172-173
visits of inhabitants to Greece,
102

Physicians, 248

" Pickwick Papers," 123-125

Pilgrims, 86, 178

Pious Fund Controversy, 68-69

Pistols, 18

Plowing in the Nivernais, 10

Plymouth, luigland, 178

Poe, Edgar Allan, 155

Policemen, 248

" Polly Oliver's Problem," 1 57

290

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Population, of earth, 95

of United States (foreign), 153-
154, 279
Portsmouth, Peace of, 65
Portugal, 1 1 2-1 1 5. 148
Post Office, General, London, 236
Postmen's Park, 236-238
Potter, Paul, 118
Pratt, Hodgson, 46
Preamble, United States Constitu-
tion, 37 ■
Prices, rise of, 219-220
Primitive man, a farmer, 5

a herdsman, 4

a hunter, 3

attainments of, 2

types of, to-day, 6-7, 96, 262

uneducated, 258
" Prince and the Pauper, The," i 56
Prince of Peace, 33, 147
Printing, appreciated by England,

138

invention of, 33, 137-138
life before invention of, 138
Projectiles, 18

Quakers, society of, 36

Radium, 111-112
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 120, 176
Reaper invented, 163-164
"Rebecca of SunnybrookFarm," 157
Red Cross Ilall, panels in, 238-240
Red Cross Society, International, 44
Rembrandt, 118, 119
Republic, 250-252

medal, 250-252
Rescript of Russian Emperor, 55-56
Revenue stamps, 218
Revolutionary War, 230
Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 121-122
Rifles, 18

"' Rights of War and Peace," 35, 117
Rimes, counting-out, 99-100
Rio Janeiro, 159
"Rip Van Winkle," 155
Roads, building early, 8

merchant upon, 9

soldier, 9

" Robinson Crusoe, Life and Ad-
ventures of," 125
Rockefeller, John D., 276
Rome, 104, 159, 167, 174
Rontgen, Dr., 142-143
Roosevelt, Theodore, as arbitrator,

as mediator, 65
Root, Elihu, 92, 151
" Rose in Bloom," 156
Rotterdam, 89
Roumania, 107-108
Rubinstein, Anton, 135
Russia, 134-135, 217
Russo-Japanese War, 65
Ruysdael, 1 19

Sage, Mrs. Russell, 276

Sailors, 248-252

St. Isaac's Cathedral, 134

St. Mark's .Cathedral, 104

St. Paul's Cathedral, 120

St. Peter's Church, 104

St. Petersburg, 55, 57, 58, 134

Salvador, 151

Sand, George, iio

Santiago, i 51

.Santo Domingo, 151

Saskia, 1 19

" .Saul," 141

" Scarlet Letter, The," 1 56

.Scheveningen, 91-92

Schiller, 247

Schopenhauer, 139

SchulDcrt, 137

.Scientific volunteers, 248

.Scientists, 248

Scott, Sir Walter, 123, 125, 247

Scout ships, 16

Second Hague Conference, 77-So,

Central American republics at,

151

close of, 82

decision regarding bombard-
ment of unfortified cities and
towns, 78

decision regarding Court of
Arbitral Justice, 79

INDEX

291

Second Hague Conference, decision
regarding Court of Arbitration,
6S-69, 78

nations invited to, 77, 9S, 147

New- World nations at, 148

South American republics at, 150
Servia, 107-10S
Seville, 1 14

Sewing machine invented, 163-164
Shakespeare, William, 122-123
Shanghai, 20
Sheba, Queen of, 29
Shelley, 123
Shells, 18

Sherman, General, 268
Shield, 6
Ships, earliest, 1 1-12

meaning of, 169

news of, 179-184, 1 89- 191
Shot, 18
Shrapnel, 18
Siam, 143-144
Sidon, 173
Signals, flag (between ships), 185

light, 185

storm, 184

whistle, 185
Sistine Madonna, 104
Slavery, selling into, 42
Sling, 6 ^

Smallpox, 126

Soldiers, British, buried at Concord,
230

discussion of memorials to, 233-

235
mercy of, 268-269

suffering of, 2 28

who would have been heroes of
peace, 235
Solomon, 29, 172-173
Somaliland, 191
" Songs without Words," 141
South America, 148, 150, 177

republics of, 149-151
Spain, 112-115, 148, 167, 174
Spanish-American War, cause of,
212-213

diary of, 213-216

incident of, 269

Spars, 184

Spear, 6

Spinoza, 1 17

Steamship, first, 162-163

Steamships of 1838, 178

Stockholm, 132

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 1 57

Strauss, 137

Strike, to prevent war, 194

Submarines, 16

Subsidies, for American vessels,

222— 22"^

general, 1S5
Suez Canal, 223
Sumner, Charles, 41
Suttner, Baroness Bertha von, 46-47,

137
Sweden, 131-133, -4-
Swedish gymnastics, 133
Switzerland, 108, 184, 193, 242

Taft, William Howard, 196, 278

"Talisman, The," 125

" Tannhauser," 141

Taxes, 217-21S

Telegraph, invention of, 160

Telephone, invention of, 161-162

Tennyson, 123

Thackeray, 125

Third Hague Conference, 82

Thorwaldscn, Albert, 131

" Three Musketeers, The," 1 10

Thumbscrew, 42

"Timothy's Quest," 157

Tokio, 159

Toledo, 1 14

Tolstoy, Count Leo, 135

"Tom Sawyer," 156

Torpedo boats, 16

Torpedo-boat destroyers, 16

Torpedoes, 18

Trade, boards of, and war, 196

difficulties of, 7-8, 178

growth of early, 8

messenger of peace, 9

of to-day, 187-189, 191-192, 193

responsible for war, 7
Traders, subjected to dangers and
difficulties, 8

292

THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS

Trafalgar, Cape, 228
Trafalgar Square, 228
Transportation, means of, 191
" Triiumerei," 141
Treaties since 1895, 270
Treaty, between United States and
England (1794), 3S-39

between United States and Eng-
land (1814), 39

between United States and Eng-
land (1817), 39
Tribe, authority in, 5-6

development of, 4-5, 258

responsible for war, 7
"Tristan and Isolde," 141
"True Grandeur of Nations," 41
Tschaikowsky, Peter, 135
Turgenev, Ivan, 135
Tyre, 172, 173

"Uncle Remus," 156

"Uncle Tom's Cabin," 47, 157-158

Union of several states, in Germany,

274

in Italy, 274

in Mexico, 152

in United States, 274
United States, 152-165, 177, 242

army of, 201-202

as a contributor to world peace,
37-38, 40, 278-279

formed by thirteen states, 274

nationalities in, 153-154, 279

navy of, 201-202

numbers forty-eight states, 274

real enemies of, 224

resolution regarding arbitration
(1890), 40

resolution regarding armaments
([910), 270

unfortified northern boundary,
39, 270
Universal Postal 15ureau, 264
Universal Races Congress, 263
University, Boston, 161

Kl-Azhar, 33

Harvard, 33

Oxford, 33
Uruguay, 150

Vaccination, 126
Valparaiso, 75
" Vanity Fair," 125
Velasquez, 114
Venezuela, 149, 1 50

Claims Case, 73-74
Venice, 104, 174, 175
Venus of Milo, 109
Verdi, 104
Vereshchagin, 135
Vermeer, Jan, 1 19
Vespucci, Amerigo, 177

Wagner, 141
Wallace, Lew, 156
War, business of preparation for, 18.
209

causes of, 2-3, 5-6, 227-228

Civil, 233, 269

civil, 6, 270

early maritime, 13-14

effect upon army, 16-17, '8

effect upon art and science, loc,

1 66- 1 67
effect upon commerce, 193
effect upon individuals, 209, 218
effect upon industry, 208-209,

219-220
effect upon navy, 17, 18
expenses of departments of, 200
kills finest men, 234-235
lessening cruelties of, 42-44
methods of paying for, 217
opinion of Carlyle regarding,

206
preparation for actual, 207-212
revenue stamps, 218
Revolutionary, 230
rise of prices caused by, 219-220
Spanish-American, cause of,

212-213
Spanish-American, diary of,

213-216
Spanish-American, incident of,

269
taxes, 217-218
Warfare, ancient naval, 15-16

modern, 16-18
Warships, classes of, 16

INDEX

293

Warwick Castle, 120, 123
Washington, George, 37, 38, 232

Miranda on staff of, 149

tomb of, 1 50
Washington Monument, 247
Waterloo, 230-231, 271
Watt, James, 128
Watts, George Frederick, 237
Watts Memorial, 237-23S
Weapons, earliest, 6

modern, compared with ancient,
16
Weber, 141
Weimar, 247

Wellington, Duke of, 268
Westminster iVbbey, 242
White, Andrew D., 61, 69, 72, 93

Whitney, Eli, 163
Whittier, John G., 155
Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 157
Wilhelmina, Queen, 57, 58, 61, 62-
63, 85, 88, 90, 94

gives banquet in Amsterdam,

72
gives reception in The Hague,

71
Wireless telegraph, invention of, 107
IVolverhie, U. S. S., 271
Wordsworth, 123
World Peace Foundation, 47

X rays, 142-143

York Minster, 120

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