IIHli| GULLIM i If iiliiliiiiii i ■ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES GIFT OF Dr. EWIEST C. MOORE THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS A STORY OF THE PEACE MOVEMENT FOR YOUNG PEOPLE BY LUCILE GULLIVER, A.M. WITH A FOKKWOKIJ BY DAVID STARR JORDAN, LL.D. GINN AND COMPANY BOSTON • NEW YORK • CHICAGO • LONDON COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY LUCILE GULLIVER ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED S12.4 g:i)t atbtnariim grcgg GINN AND COMPANY- I'KO- rklHTOKS • 150STUN • U.S.A. -^ TO THE MEMORY OF A NOBLE, OLD-TIME EDUCATOR MY GRANDFATHER DANIEL GREENLEAF BEEDE 215160 PREFACE This little book has a twofold purpose. It aims to serve as a manual of public exercises for the observance of Peace Day and as a supplementary reader for the school and home. As a reader the uses of the book will be evident. To some teachers, however, the idea of employing prose for public recitations may be new. To such it is suggested that a chapter, abbreviated to meet requirements, be assigned, paragraph by paragraph, to all the members of a class or to only a few, as a single poem is often assigned to four or five children. Each child should memorize his portion and speak it in the proper place in the text. In this way an entire entertainment may proceed without announcement or interruption, if the teacher so desires. It may seem rather presuming of the author to suggest that her own work be memorized. It is, however, only for want of simple, classic literature touching upon the subject that she makes the suggestion. There are many days upon the school calendar which, for one reason or another, claim observance. Yet none is more far-reaching in influence or more noble in conception than the day upon which arbitration and the new internationalism may be celebrated. Equally true is it that no other subject for celebration offers to the teacher such a wealth of material correlated with his daily work. The principles of international justice and fraternity face their earliest tests in the schoolroom, — particularly in vii viii THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS America, where all races are met under one flag, — and on this account it should be both easy and pleasant for the teacher to develop from his examples near at hand an understanding of justice and friendship among nations. Peace, as a subject, however, is related to more than moral and ethical training. It is concerned with history, civil government, and physical, political, and commercial geography. In these connections it is hoped that the book may be used with profit. Arbitration may seem a heavy subject to teach to children. Yet they unconsciously learn its principles outside the school. What is a baseball game if not a miniature world, with nation playing with nation, an arbitration court in the person of an umpire, and excited countrymen looking on from the "bleachers".? Only the simplest truths of arbitration and war as means of settling disputes have been mentioned in the book. There is no need to burden children's minds with all the problems which confront their elders in this connection. Just enough arguments have been included to give girls and boys a foundation for their maturing ideas as to their country's duty and their own ideals in respect to this world movement. For the children's benefit the author has endeavored to make the world and its people seem real and closely related. She has tried to show how the spirit of justice and mercy has been growing, though slowly, through the ages. She has attempted to emphasize the service and nobility of the arts of peace. All this has been written with the hope of spread- ing knowledge and appreciation of the peace movement; yet full credit, as it should i)c, is always given those devoted thousands who bore heroically their country's honor through the wars. PREFACE IX Educators everywhere are recognizing the importance of teaching love of humanity. Their sentiment is voiced in various regulations. The South Dakota School Law, Section 143, reads : Moral instruction intended to impress upon the mind of pupils the importance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, /«<^//V spifif,piifnot/s//i, dind^respect fo?' honest labor, obedience to parents and due deference to old age, shall be given by every teacher in the public service of the state. The Revised Laws of the State of Massachusetts, Chapter 42, Section 18, states the following in regard to moral training : All preceptors and teachers of academies, and all other instructors of youth shall exert their best endeavors to impress on the minds of chil- dren and youth committed to their care and instruction the principles of piety and Jus/ice, and a sacred regard for truth, lo7>e of their loinitry, humanity, and universal benevolence, sobriety, industry and frugality, chastity, moderation, and temperance, and those other virtues which are the ornament of iiuman society, and the basis upon which a republican constitution is founded. The National Education Association of the United States at its annual convention in San Francisco, July, 191 1, passed a declaration not only indorsing international conciliation but recommending to the teachers an association organized to promote, through the schools and the educational public of America, the interests of international justice and fraternity. The resolution was worded as follows : (12) The very material advance made in the cause of world peace during the past year encourages the National Education Association to urge a more widespread dissemination of knowledge upon this vital subject. We commend the American School I'eace League as a channel through which teachers may procure such knowledge, together with suggestions for its presentation. The League has done excellent work in collecting and organizing material which appeals both to children and to adults ; the accuracy of its statements is not questioned ; its arguments X THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS are sound. The proposal to establish a world tribunal to fill the place of an international court for civilized nations is worthy of commendation, and should have the earnest support of all teachers. In addition to the organized efforts of American educators, groups of teachers have met in the interest of internationahsm in Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Belgium, France, and England. The French, however, have taken the lead in official recognition of the importance of teaching the principles of this movement. The program of instruction for the primar)% secondary, and normal schools of France prescribes the teaching of international duties and rights, international solidarity, humanity, love of humanity and its reconciliation with the duties toward one's countr)^, the right of nations, the aspiration for an international juridical ideal, namely, arbitration. And not only are these subjects pre- scribed, but the teachers are to be supplied with specific practical helps. There is indeed a fundamental likeness in the ideals of all peoples. The author's sincere thanks are due the poet laureate of England, Sir Alfred Austin, for his kind permission to use herein his poem, "A Voice from the West" ; and to Mr. Rud- yard Kipling and his American publishers, Doubleday, Page & Co., for the right to print the first four lines of his poem, •" The Ballad of East and West " ; to Rabbi Stephen S. Wise for an extract from his address, " Young America and World Peace," delivered at the National Arbitration and Peace Con- gress, New York, 1907 ; to Professor Richard Burton, The Outlook Company, and Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company for "Extras," by Professor Burton; to Dr. John H. Finley for his poem, "The Soldiers' Recessional"; to Mr. Denis A. McCarthy and Litde, Brown, and Company for "Let Us Have PREFACE XI War ! " by Mr. McCarthy ; to Mr. Erwin Clarkson Garrett and J. B. Lippincott Company for the use of the four Hnes of the last stanza of " Taps," by Mr. Garrett ; and to Mr. Edwin D. Mead for an extract from his pamphlet, " Heroes of Peace." Sincere thanks are also due the American Peace Society for permission to use "The Cherry Festival of Naumburg " ; to the Carnegie Hero P^und Commission for the description of various awards ; to Harper & Brothers for an extract from the circular letter sent out by the American Association of Japan, Written Orders of General Miles, General Orders No. 54, and a chronology of the Spanish War (simplified), all in Harper's " Encyclopedia of United States History"; to Houghton Mifflin Company for "The Peace Pipe," by Henry W. Longfellow, and " Bookra," by Charles Dudley Warner ; to John Lane Company for " Great, Wide, Beautiful, Wonderful World," by W. B. Rands, and for " The Illusion of War," by Richard Le Gallienne; to Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company for Sam Walter Foss's poem, " The House by the Side of the Road " ; to the Encyclopedia Britannica Company for an official Japanese message from "The Historians' History of the World"; to the Century Company for a selection from " The Autobiography of Andrew D. White " ; to G. P. Putnam's Sons for G. W. Carryl's poem, "When the Great Gray Ships come in"; to Charles Scribner's Sons for a short extract from " The Other Americans," by Arthur Ruhl ; to Small, Maynard & Company for " War," by Grace P^llery Channing. P'or certain illustrations, generally indicated in the text, the author is much indebted to TJie Bookvta?i ; The Car- negie Hero P^und Commission ; Dr. William Elliot Griffis ; Miss Mabel Hill and her "Lessons for Junior Citizens"; xil THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Mr. Hamilton Holt; Mr. Robert H. Ingersoll ; the Mac- millan Company and their publication, "The Herkomers," by Sir Hubert von Herkomer ; Mr. D. H. Montgomery and his "Leading Facts of American History" for "A Map showing the Division of the World between Spain and Por- tugal " and for "A Map of the World as Mariners knew it in 1496" ; Mrs. Maud Wood Park, Boston ; and to Dr. Wil- liam C. Webster and his " General Historv of Commerce." The author's grateful appreciation for criticism and sug- gestion in the preparation of the book should be publicly expressed to Mr. Wilbur A. Gordy, formerly Superintendent of Public Schools, Springfield, Massachusetts, and to Mrs. Gordy; to Mr. James H. Van Sickle, Superintendent of Public Schools, Springfield, Massachusetts ; to Mr. Charles A. Breck, Superintendent of Schools, Tilton, New Hampshire ; to Miss Katherine A. Shute, Boston Normal School ; to Mr. John C. S. Andrew, Lynn High School ; to Mr. and Mrs. Edwin D. Mead, Boston ; to Mr. Charles K. Bolton, Libra- rian of the Boston Athenaeum ; to Colonel Frank L. Locke. President of the Young Men's Christian Union, Boston ; to Miss Helen C. Mills, Dillaway School, Boston, who prepared a graduation program from the book in manuscript ; and to my mother, Mrs. Emma Beede Gulliver. To Mrs. P'annie Fern Andrews, Secretary of the Ameri- can School Peace League and forwarder of the peace move- ment among teachers and young people in the United States and European countries, the author owes especial gratitude. LuciLE Gulliver CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. The Story of War i II. Thk History of Peace 23 III. The Message of the Czar 53 IV. The City of Peace 85 V. The Geography of. Peace 95 VI. Your Ships upox the Sea 168 \II. The Arithmetic of War 19S VIII. The Veterans' Tribute 227 IX. The World Brotherhood 256 INDEX . 283 Xlll ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS pac;e An Old-World I'.aik in New York Hariior Frontispiece A Maori Hunter with Hoomerang 3 A Cuban Plowman 4 Watavcta Warriors . . • 6 A Caravan in Asia Minor 8 Present-Day State Magnificence lo Hullock-Skin Boats, Sutlej River, India I2 Ancient Tyrian \'essel 13 Ancient Roman Vessels 14 II. M. S. t>;v(V/, a First-class British Battleship 15 Automobile Artillery for dealing with Aerial T'ncmies 16 A 16-inch Gun 17 Japanese Siege Gun throwing ii-inch Sluil 19 A Broadside from the A'eio Hampshire 21 Trial by Wager of Battle 24 An African Court hearing a Case 26 An English Court in Session 27 Business Men of Japan entering New \'ork Harbor to inspect American Banking and Commercial Methods (April, 191 1) . . . 30 The I'.mperor of Germany at the Funeral of King Edward VII . 31 Henry IV 34 Hugo Grotius 35 The Penn Treaty Monument, Kensington, Philadelphia 37 Red Cross Nurses caring for a Wounded Soldier 43 Alfred Nobel 44 Jean de Bloch 45 Baroness Bertha von Suttner 47 Andrew Carnegie 48 The National Arbitration and Peace Congress, New York City, 1907 51 Czar Nicholas II 55 Queen Wilhelmina 58 The House in the Wood 59 XV xvi THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS . PAGE The Orange Zaal 5q The Triumph of Prince Frederick Henry 62 The Russian and the Japanese Peace Delegates formally received and introduced by President Roosevelt, August, 1905 66 The Wreath upon the Tomb of Grotius yo The Royal Palace, The Hague 71 The Christ of the Andes -6 Delegates arriving at the Hall of Knights for the Opening Session. Second Hague Conference -,7 The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration Tribunal .... 81 A Glimpse of Plolland §7 The Old Church, Delfshaven 88 The Palace of Peace oj The Rinnenhof from the Vyver n-, England's Royal Children ng A Kindergarten in Singapore 07 Santa Ana Church, Philippine Islands, used as a Field Hospital by American Troops jqj The Parthenon from the Propylasa iq-. The Sistine Madonna jqc A Hust of Columbus, designed for Detroit. Michigan 106 The Venus of Milo jog The Angelus j j j ^sop ,,^ The Laughing Cavalier ,,„ Canterbury Cathedral 121 Countess Spencer and Lord Althorp 122 Dignity and Impudence 12-^ The Shakespeare Monument, Westminster Abbey 124 The Clock Tower and Part of the Walls, Warwick Castle .... 125 Stephenson's Locomotive 128 The Lion of Lucerne j-., A Class in Swedish Gymnastics 1-.3 Count Leo Tolstoy in the Fields near his Home i-j^ Mozart j^g Specimen of English Printing in i486 138 The Grimm I'rothers 1,0 Beethoven ,,, An X-Ray Photograph of a Foot in a I loot 142 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS xvii PAGE Map showing the Division of the World between Spain and Portugal 148 Simon Bolivar 15° Longfellow J 5^ The Cover of the Swedish Edition of '" The niids' Christmas Carol " 157 Electrical Illumination upon the Water 159 The Fulton Monument, Trinity Church Yard, New York City ... 162 A Harvester threshing and bagging Grain 164 A Roman Coin of the First Century 171 A Map of the World as Mariners knew it in 1496, showing the Imagi- nary Monsters of Unexplored Regions 176 The Olympic, One of the Largest of Transatlantic Liners . . . . 181 Eddystone Lighthouse 185 A French Bark displaying a Three-Flag Signal off Cape Horn . . 186 A United States Life-Saving Crew 187 A Shopping Center in Canton 188 Ivory for New York in Mombasa 189 Unloading Russian Butter in London 19' Llama Freighters in Peru 19- German Warships off the Coast of Norway 194 Times of Peace in Smyrna i95 The State, War, and Navy Building, Washington 200 The Pension Building, Washington 201 The German Cadet Ship Charlotta 202 Firing a 12-inch Gun 203 The U. S. Battleship Xe~v Hampshire 205 Supphes for Use in the Boer War 207 Korean Soldiers drilling in Seoul 208 Camel Cavalry of Haidarabad 211 The Tower of London 212 Ship Routine 213 Work below the Water Line 214 Target Practice 215 A Spani.sh Revenue Stamp 218 Excerpt from New York /iz/tv//;/;,'- /('*/, December 14, 191 i . . . . 219 The Forward Deck of a U. S. Battleship 221 An Oregon Valley made Habitable and Fruitful by Irrigation ... 222 The ^Meeting of the " House of Governors," 191 1 223 In Memory of Soldiers of the Franco-Prussian War 229 The Nelson Column, Trafalgar Square 230 xviii THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS PAGE The Field of Waterloo 231 One of the Marble Lions, Boston Public Library 233 The Watts Memorial, Postmen's Park, London 236 A Tablet in the Watts Memorial 237 The Carnegie Medal 241 Westminster Abbey 246 The Scott Monument, Edinburgh 247 The Policemen of New York City on Parade 249 The Republic Medal 250 Lifeboats putting out in a Heavy Sea to aid a Grounded Vessel . . 251 Practice for Fire Fighting 253 The Last Muster 255 The Family Unit 258 Tribal Life 259 National Spirit 260 International Cooperation 261 The Heading of a British-Indian Postal Card 264 International Union of the American Republics 265 An Umpire, the Arbitrator of the Diamond 267 U. S. S. Wolverine 271 The Allied Armies, China, 1900 272 Chinese Boxer Indemnity Students, 191 1 274 A Private Provision for the Protection of Public Health 275 A Government Official concerned with Public Welfare 276 A Horse Ambulance 277 The Opening Lines of the Constitution 281 A FOREWORD TO GIRLS AND BOYS This little book is written to lead the girls and boys to make friends the world over. The better we know other kinds of people, the better we like them. There are many kinds of people in the world. The ways of some of them are not like our ways, but they may be good people for all that — just as good as we are. They love their children, they try to do what is right, and when they come to understand us, they will not want to fight us. It is said that when the fighting men of France went on the First Crusade to the Holy Land, they thought, when they reached the cities on the Rhine, that they had come to Jerusalem. And they were surprised beyond measure when they found that the people there did not speak French. They were still more surprised when they found that they them- selves were Frenchmen. They supposed that they were just men, and that ever^-body else was like them, and that all the world spoke the same language. When they found out the difference, they were suspicious of one another, and at last they began to hate each other, and this foolish hatred they have kept even down to our day. On the river Rhine in Switzerland is a large city called Basel. On the other side of the river in Germany is a small town called Little Basel. It is said that in Little Basel there is a town clock that strikes the hours. On every hour there xix XX THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS comes out a little wooden figure, a sort of doll, which squints its eyes and twists its mouth and makes a face at Big Basel across the river in Switzerland. This is to show that the little town does not like its big neighbor. And all through the history of Europe, when people did not like their neighbors, they made war on them. And these wars were ver)^ costly, very wicked, and ver)' murderous. So the wise people of the world are determined now that wars shall cease. When we know our neighbors, we find that they are just as good as we are. As we do not want them to rob and kill us, we will not rob and kill them. We shall not want to hurt them. It is better to visit them and to learn their ways. Since men invented steamships and railways, it is not far to any part of the earth. We may visit any people we wish. We are like one huge family, and every one is become our neighbor. Peace is the condition in which the affairs of men are settled without violence. Peace is the permanence of law. Under peace the affairs of nations as well as the affairs of individual men will be settled by men wise and learned in law (judges), or by groups of one's equals (juries), or by both. It is only in peace that the individual man can realize the best that is in life. It is in peace only that the nations can regain control over their affairs, by paying their war debts and by restricting their expenses so as to live within their means. We are living in an age when wisdom and cooperation count for more than force, when the ties between men and nations are growing stronger every day, when the forces that lead men to wrath are growing weaker, and when we can see clearly the time when we shall " take unreasoning anger out of the councils of the world." FOREWORD xxi To this end this Httle book is sent forth in hope and in confidence. It tells the story of what has been done by the boys and girls who have grown up in the past, and it tells something of what is left for the boys and girls of the future to do. DAVID STARR JORDAN Leland Stanford Junior University Palo Alto, California Oh, East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet, Till Earth and Sky stand presently at God's great Judgment Seat; But there is neither East nor West, Border, nor Breed, nor Birth, When two strong men stand face to face, tho' they come from the ends of the earth ! From The Ballad of East atid IVesi, by RuDYARD Kipling XXll THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS CHAPTER I THE STORY OF WAR Years come and go. and kings grow old and die, And those who whilom held the world in thrall Throneless and scepterless and crownless lie, Finding in death the common fate of all. Systems and dynasties and nations rise, Awhile the destinies of men they sway ; Anon a ruin staring at the skies Proclaims their littleness and their decay. Vainly the monarch flings around his throne A shining armament of mail-clad hordes ; Vainly, for lo, the centuries are strown With wrecks of kingdoms once upheld by swords ! Nothing survives save Right — nor king, nor throne; That nation, howsoe'er its strongholds stand. Which hath not Right for its foundation-stone Is like a house that's built upon the sand. Nothing survives save Right — for God is just; The Right is His, He guards it thro' the years; He humbles the oppressor in the dust. He hath an answer to a nation's tears. From The Memory of Emmet, by Denis A. McCarthy Many, many years ago in the days when all men were sav- ages, legend tells us that Osiris, god of good things, came down upon the earth to bestow blessings. The world was very 2 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS dark and evil then, for men and women were living without law or order, like the wild beasts which they hunted. So Osiris resolved to grant them a new blessing, — the knowledge of planting vines and sowing wheat and barley, — for by so doing he hoped to civilize them. He fashioned tools for farming and harnessed oxen to the plows, and taught his people to eat of the grains which they grew. And when he had thus made his chosen country happy and prosperous, he gathered a great army and set off to bestow this blessing throughout the world. Everywhere he conquered peoples and was hailed as a prince and a benefactor of mankind ; but, it must be remembered, he used no weapons in his conquest save the weapons of music and eloquence. Of course this is only a legend, but, even so, it has a grain of truth, for somewhere back in the days of savagery man learned the arts of peace. And sadly indeed he needed to learn them. Chronicles do not tell how or when the change came about, for before the dawn of recorded history man had learned to speak, to house and clothe himself, to use fire, to make implements of peace and war, to domesticate animals, to engage in agriculture, to establish systems of government, and to write. He had also learned how to make war, and if it were not for a story like that of Osiris, we might believe that primitive man waged continual warfare with no thought of peace or justice. But a people that delighted in the bloodless victory of Osiris must have had a feeling of brotherhood somewhere in their hearts, even though they failed to show it to their neighbors. The earliest days of the world are so veiled in mystery that we have no absolute knowledge of the beginnings of war. iiut it is to be supjjosed that it originated with the first tribe THE STORY OF WAR from which all peoples are descended. Certain it is that, since the days of authentic history, it appears in every aj^e and generation to this very day, when many men at last are saying that war is unjust and useless and inhuman. But the far-awav founders of our race had no thought for the kind of warfare that civilized man wages. They were proba- bly hunters, and fought the wild beasts that roamed in great numbers through the forests. They killed them for their flesh, and ate them in compar- ative peace and quiet, for, as long as game was plentiful and the chase open to all, there was little reason for one famil\' to war upon another. But we suppose that some one in those olden days — perhaps it was a child — caught a \oung wolf or a kitten and took it home. In time the little animal grew tame, and then the other children of the region wanted to make pets of the wild creatures of the wood. Their fathers as well began to wonder if animals might not I Underwood & Underwood A Maori IIinter with Boomerang 4 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS be trained to serve them. So the idea of taming creatures grew until men had discovered that certain animals, which we now call cattle, could give them milk as well as flesh for food. And from that time a new era began upon the earth. Man was no longer a mere hunter and fisher ; he became a herdsman with flocks of cattle, goats, and sheep to tend. ndcrwood A Cuban Plowman As soon as there were herds upon the plains, however, there was war in the air, for the less civilized tribes preyed upon the flocks. Protection became necessary, and the vari- ous families in a region came together and united against the foes. Up to this time, it is supposed, each family had lived quite to itself; men were not interested in or dependent upon each other in those days, liut with perpetual danger from THE STORY OF WAR 5 marauders facing them, families were forced to form a union and to devise means for waging war. The domestication of animals thus wrought many changes in the lives of men in bringing them together, uniting them in tribes, and sowing in them the spirit of fighting. Since that time there has been warfare between tribes and nations — warfare of many kinds and waged for many reasons. As man's education went on from generation to generation, he learned to till the ground. And when he had chosen his land, and once begun to tend it from sowing time to harvest, there probably came upon him fresh inroads from the less civ- ilized tribes. They coveted his land and crops as well as his herds of cattle. Battles were fought, and there were still greater needs for families to band together. Consequently the strength of the tribe increased as more and more fami- lies gave their lives to pastoral and agricultural pursuits and united with their neighbors already in the tribe. This union of many men and women was the beginning of the nation. It advanced them one step nearer civilization. But the union which they formed for purposes of war brought about fight- ing and bloodshed which they had not foreseen. There was no system of government in those days and con- sequendy no laws or rulers. One man had as much authority as another, l^ut when a tribe became established, the idea of leadership entered into men's minds, and there was trouble in the tribe. One family desired superiority over another, and probably the heads of many families, and ambitious sons as well, fell to fighting for the leadership. There was no prej- udice against fighting for the honor, and no accepted way of choosing a chief if they had remained at peace with one an- other. So a long series of internal feuds must have followed THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS before men realized that a nation, however small, must select a system of government and rulers endowed with authority, if it would lead a prosperous and unbroken life. In those dissen- sions before the establishment of governments are found the earliest forms of civil war. As battles became more and more a part of the life of the people, the need for weapons in- creased. The club, which had been one of man's first implements for pro- tection and slaughter, de- veloped into the battle-ax of metal and the sword, and the crude spear took on the form of the metal- pointed javelin, the lance, the dart, and the dagger. The bow and arrow were perfected early, and led to various instruments which culminated in the gigantic battering-ram, an ancient mili- tary engine used to beat down the defenses of besieged places. The simplest forms of these arms, together with the shield and sling, have been common to almost all savage races, and are still to be found in use among the aborigines of Australia and Oceanica, who fashion them of wood, bone, and stone, as did the inhabitants of the remote ages. This fact shows that, even at this late date in the history of man, there are peoples upon the earth representing every degree of civilization — ) I'lKierwnod \- UikIltwooU Wataveta Wa KKIORS THE STORY OF WAR 7 from the lowest savage who only knows how to satisfy his hunger, to the educated man who has power to make the ele- ments of the earth, the water, and the air serve his will. Many of these changes in arms came about through tlie in- fluence of merchants. The exchange of goods, which we call trade and commerce, has been a very powerful factor in advancing civilization, but, on the other hand, it has been responsible for the most wanton bloodshed and the most reck- less expenditure of life and money. If men of different races could have known and understood each other in the early days, perhaps the course of war might have been somewhat checked, and history been written less in battles and deeds upon the field. But as it was, one nation had no way of learn- ing about another. There were no newspapers, no books, no means of rapid transportation from country to country, and few travelers who understood different tongues. When strangers came together, they were forced to make known their wishes through signs or symbols, and these were not easily understood. A Greek general once received from a hos- tile people a message which consisted of the body of a bird, a mouse, and a frog, together with a bundle of five arrows. The general thought that the enemies wished to say that they recognized him as lord of their territory — the land, the water, and the air. One of the general's officers, however, read the message differently. He said that unless the general and his soldiers could learn to fly through the air like a bird, or to burrow through the earth like a mouse, or to dive through the water like a frog, they would not be able to escape the arrows of their enemies. It is not strange that in a world of such ignorance and misunderstanding traders were suspicious of each other and went forth upon all journeys well armed. 8 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS For the sake of safety merchants traveled in caravans hke the one recorded in Genesis : " a company of Ishmaehtes from Gilead with their camels bearing spicery and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt." In companies, however, they were not secure from the attacks of nomad robbers in the deserts and on the barren steppes. Trading offered dan- gers as well as difficulties which tended to keep men ever at war. The more civilized tribes conducted even their business in ways little likely to establish friendly relations between them and alien people. The Chinese, for exam- ple, employed very curi- ous methods. In a building called the Stone Tower they placed the bales of silk and wool which they wished to sell, and with- drew. The merchants then approached, depos- ited a sum of money which they were willing to pay for the goods, and withdrew. The Chinese returned, and took away the money, leaving the goods, if they were satisfied with the sum ; but if the pay- ment seemed insufficient, they took away the goods and left the money. Trade prospered, however, tiny villages grew into busy market places, and caravans wound their slow and silent way farther and farther into unknown lands. In con- sequence roads were built between distant places, some of 'ij I'liilci wuutl A: I'lKlurwuod A Caravan in Asia Minor THE STORY OF WAR 9 them leading to the sea, and over these passed the first world messages of peace through the kindly services of trade. The soft footfall of the merchant's camel was not the only sound heard upon these ways. The tramp of the soldier sounded as well, for the lone husbandmen, who single-handed had fought for their herds and crops, offered their sons to the nation, and armies appeared — armies of prodigious size and elegance. The Persians in battle array serve as an example to us, for they presented only one of many brilliant spectacles of those war days. Silver altars, surrounded by priests chant- ing sacred hymns, were first in line of march, and were fol- lowed by three hundred sixty-five youths dressed in purple garments. A chariot dedicated to the sun was drawn by snow- white horses, led by grooms wearing white garments and carrying golden wands. Ten chariots embossed with gold and silver preceded the cavalry of twelve nations, dressed in their various costumes and carrying their peculiar arms. Then came the Persian Immortals, ten thousand in number, wear- ing golden chains and robes embroidered with gold and glit- tering with precious stones. Following at a short distance came fifteen thousand nobles, relatives of the king, dressed in garments wonderfully wrought. A company of spearmen preceded the king. He rode in an imposing chariot, high above the surrounding multitude, and wore robes of sur- passing magnificence, and a costly miter upon his head. By his side walked two hundred of his most noble relations. Ten thousand warriors, bearing spears whose staffs were of silver and heads of gold, followed the royal chariot. The king's horses, forty in number, with thirty thousand footmen, con- cluded the procession. At some distance followed the mother and wife of the king in chariots, accompanied by their ladies lO THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS on horseback. Fifteen cars carried the king's children, their tutors and nurses, and six hundred mules with three hun- dred camels bore the royal treasury guarded by archers. The friends and relations of the ladies followed with the cooks and servants. Light-armed troops brought up the rear. It is easy to see that an army of such magnificence was not needed to keep the roads open to caravans, or to protect © t'mlcrwuud a; I'mierwood Present-Day State Magnificence Indian princes in solid gold and silver howdahs, Delhi Durbar, 191 1 travelers from roving tribes, or even to settle questions of a nation's rights and honor. Soldiers, plainly clothed and pro- vided with only the simplest weapons, could have carried on the business of war quite as well. But nations in those days, as now, enjoyed parade and pomp. They not only liked to see themselves arrayed in costly battle garments, but they liked to have other nations see them. Consequently neither expense nor workmanship was spared in preparing an army, THE STORY OF WAR II for the more splendid the appearance, the more grand and powerful a nation seemed. When a king of those days looked upon his troops and saw their strength and splendor, he felt proud and wished to lead them forth. Such a company was not formed to stay at home where only their countrymen could see them. Other nations must know how powerful a king he was. So he and his followers marched away, and wars for conquest began. I'he weaker nation fell before the more powerful and became a subject, and the conqueror made himself rich with spoils and slaves and new lands. Peoples were forced to give themselves up to a life of war, either for conquest or protection, and the great highways, which trade would have dedicated to peace and prosperity alone, became military roads over which war took its cruel and inhuman way. Some of these great roads led to the sea, but the sea in those days was not the friend to nations that it is to-day. Men feared it and did not know how to sail upon its waters. Even those who were born by its shores dared not venture far from land, and generations upon generations passed away upon the earth before vessels were built and put to sea. In the early days men crossed streams upon rafts or inflated skins, or in small oval boats made of boughs and branches and covered with hide. The Indian of North America made a boat of this kind, covered with the skin of the elk, called a bull boat, and to-day similar vessels named coracles are found in use in l\g)'pt and Tibet, and among fishermen in Wales and Ireland, whose early ancestors paddled about in boats of the very same kind. Of course this craft developed as time went on, and men became more skilled in water travel. They were enlarged to provide room for more sailors and greater burdens of merchandise, and to carry masts and sails. But 12 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS for many years they served only as river boats or traders along the coast. Among the ancient peoples, however, there was one band living in a tiny country called Phoenicia, in the western part of Asia, by the sea, which had courage to venture far from • I'litlerwooil & LrnikTwooU Bullock-Skin Boats, Sutlej Rivkr, India land. They taught themselves how to build scawcMthv boats from the cedars of their own mountains, and how to sail those boats upon the deep. And in time they went over the great waters of the Mediterranean, far from home, and cast anchor in the harbors of foreign lands. They tiiught strangers the art of shipbuilding and of sailing at night by the north star, or, as the Cirecks called it, the Phcrnician star. ICvcrywhere THE STORY OF WAR 13 they went they carried cargoes of merchandise to trade, for caravans from the north, south, and east of Asia brought many wares into their country. Spices, copper, and gold were in their markets ; also ivory and ebony, slaves, horses, and mules, pearls and diamonds from India and Ceylon, silver mined in Spain, linen spun in I'2g}^pt, tin from the British Isles, amber from the Baltic, and merry apes and gorgeous pea- cocks of the south. These they stowed away in the holds of their ships and sent to lands where they were not found, " When thy wares went forth out of the sea," wrote the Prophet Ezekicl about Phoenicia, "thou fiUedst many people ; thou didst enrich the kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy merchandise." Wherever they sailed they went as educators, too, as well as mariners and mer- chants, for their communication taught riiany things about the earth and its people. In this way the commerce of that little country in Asia wove a web of peaceful intercourse among nearly all the known countries of the world. But alas ! men proved to be no more honorable upon the sea than they were upon the land. The same spirit which led them to wage great wars for conquests in the plains and mountain passes filled the hearts of sailors as they sighted ships of other nations or sailed past foreign shores. They grew jealous of each other's colonies and commerce, and Ancient Tyrian Vessel From Webster's " General History of Commerce " 14 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS desired for themselves whatever good thing another people owned. In satisfying their ambitions they showed no feeling of honor or justice, for they robbed and plundered and de- clared war wherever it pleased them. Pirates chased trading ships upon the high seas and even ventured near the coast to make life terrible. Mar- iners armed their craft, and rulers commanded fighting ships called gal- leys to be launched and fitted with instruments of warfare. In this way the first navies of the world were founded. And strange and mag- nificent these navies were, for the ancients enjoyed mingling splendor with the horrors of war. Sometimes striped sails adorned the galleys ; sometimes they were dyed purple or flame color, and embroidered with gold or silver. Hulls were painted gaudily or gilded, and gilded oars swung by unhappy slaves flashed in the sunshine. The decks were sumptuous with bright awnings and inlaid work of ivory, and the bow was formed in some high and pointed figure. Even many centuries later English kings fought in similar galleys gay with banners, pennons, and bright sails. Ancient Roman Vessels From Webster's " History of Commerce ' THE STORY OF WAR 15 These wonderful boats were subjected to the most severe dangers and encounters, all regardless of their beauty and ex- pense. An admiral often directed his vessel to run into an enemy's ship, thus shattering the oars, or breaking the rudder, or smashing in the side, or overturning the ship. When the prow itself could not be used, a beam was swept quickly across the enemy's deck, maiming the crew, or knocking them and I'liotou'iapli by Paul Thumiisou H. M. S. ORION, A First-class British Battlesiiii' their instruments into the sea. Huge hooks of iron were thrown from one deck to another, to hold two ships fast so that the soldiers of one might leap over upon the enemy. Great hollow pipes belched forth fire, which burned the ves- sels and the men, and earthen pots filled with lighted coals and pitch, or live snakes, were dropped upon the enemy's decks. Galleys driven toward the shore were caught by iron cranes suspended from the walls of forts, and lifted out of the water and dashed to pieces, English warriors of a later day i6 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS hurled stones, bricks, and bars of iron upon their enemy, shot arrows winged with feathers or brass, or threw hme into the eyes of their opponents. In this way many a splendid galley went down in all its glory, and in this way naval warfare was begun. From these galleys on the sea have developed the warships of our day, — the battleships, protected cruisers, armored cruisers, gunboats, monitors, scout ships, torpedo © I'mlerwood & Underwood Automobile Artillery eor dealing with Aerial Enemies Equipped with wireless apparatus boats, torpedo-boat destroyers, and submarines, — and from their crude and terrible arms have come the more refined and perfect machines which our ships carry. Yet from the aeroplane high in the air to the submarine scudding beneath the waters, our weapons for destroying armies and fleets are no less terrible or destructive. Soldiers to-day present a most impressive sight as they march away to war in perfect time to music and command. THE STOR'Y OF WAR 1 7 Their uniforms are fresh and their braid and buttons bright, banners of the regiment and country wave in the breeze, swords and bayonets flash in the sun, and the sound of drum and bugle stirs them and those who watch them through their tears. You would not know them, though, if you should follow them on to the battlefield. Their ranks would be broken, their banners torn, their suits black with dirt and sweat and blood, and as they charged they would be trampling upon dead and dying men. Faces that were young would be torn away, eyes that watched to kill would be shot out, ears that listened for the ) Underwood & Underwood A 16-INCH Gun Its projectile is nearly as tall as a man of average height and weighs 2400 pounds. One such shell probably will put the largest dreadnought out of action. When elevated to an angle of 45°, the gun has an extreme range of 22 miles. word to fire would be gone, and hands and feet and even heads would be blown off. And should you see a naval fight upon a warship cleared for action, the experience would be similar. The sounds from the great guns would deafen you, the ship would shudder beneath your feet at the shock of the firing, and, as the booming died away, sailors' faces would peer out, haggard with care and black with oil and soot. Great parts of the ship might be torn away by the enemy's guns, or the whole ship blown up, and that which was a little city of the sea sunk into the waters to be drowned and lost forever. 1 8 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS And what has made these changes in an army and na\7 which was so fair to see ? The enemy's weapons have de- stroyed ; they have done the work for which they were planned. Muskets, rifles, and pistols, heavy guns, mortars, battery guns and rapid-fire guns have poured forth bullets, shrapnel, shot, shells, bombs, and projectiles, some weighing as much as fourteen hundred pounds. Gunpowder mines have been buried in the earth and submarine mines beneath the sea, torpedoes have been laid in the grass, anchored in a channel, set adrift in a current, and fired from warships, and all man's latest and most cunning instruments have been used to gain a victory. Such is modern war — the real war. Only a few know- it as it is. The rest of us see the gold lace and hear the music. Nations now do not commit the same ravages upon their neighbors that they did in days gone by, but they still lack faith and trust in each other. The memories of old feuds keep them suspicious, although they respect one another's bound- aries and possessions fairly well, and newspapers make them fearful of fresh wars. Some men believe that nations will al- ways fight because they always have fought, and that men never will outgrow their love of war. Other men are making fortunes from warships and armor ; so of course they believe in having countries well prepared. The presence of some bar- barous and semibarbarous peoples in certain countries of the world fills near-by governments with fear of attack and devas- tation. All these influences work together to keep great armies in training and costly navies plying up and down, to protect home lands, colonies, and commerce. So the story of war is not yet finished, not even after ages of fighting upon the earth ; but the spirit of justice and friend- ship, which once was weak among nations, grows stronger year Japanese Siege Gun throwing ii-incii Shell (Russo-Japanese War) 19 20 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS by year. From the days of the olden conquerors, who merci- lessly brought together different peoples and through their commerce taught much about the world, nations have been drawn closer and closer to one another. Intelligence and cul- ture have spread, and business knows no boundaries. Ameri- cans own property in Mexico, Europeans are developing the backward countries of South America, Germans are carrying on business in Africa, the king of England owns securities in the United States, and people of many races are working together to provide each other with the things which they de- sire. The Old World and the New are made one by swift-sail- ing ocean steamers, railroads, cables, and telegraph lines. Now in New York or Hamburg or Shanghai you can buy a ticket around the world, and be safe and welcome almost anywhere on your travels. Laws govern individuals and states, and na- tions are framing new rules to govern their conduct toward each other, which are becoming international law. The whole world has become bound together by many ties of business, educa- tion, and sympathy, and the closer these ties are drawn the greater will be the spirit of friendship among the nations. The old conditions which made war possible are fading into the past, and from the struggles of centuries good appears. War I abhor, And yet how sweet The sound along the marching street Of drum and fife, and I forget Wet eyes of widows, and forget Broken old mothers, and the whole Dark butchery without a soul. Without a soul — save this bright drink Of heady music, sweet as death : to c > o •a -a u • - a JZ ^ T3 o a. o ca bo H 21 2 2 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS And even my peace-abiding feet Go marching with the marching street, For yonder yonder goes the fife, And what care I for human life ! The tears fill my astonished eyes And my full heart is like to break. And yet 't is all embannered lies, A dream those little drummers make. Oh, it is wickedness to clothe Yon hideous grinning thing that stalks Hidden in music, like a cjueen That in a garden of glory walks, Till good men love the thing they loathe. Art, thou hast many infamies, But not an infamy like this. Oh, snap the fife and still the drum. And show the monster as she is ! The Illusion 0/ Jfiir, by Richard Le Galliknne CHAPTER II TIIK HISTORY OF PEACE What is the Voice I hear On the wind of the Western Sea ? Sentinel ! hsten from out Cape Clear, And say what the voice may be. " 'T is a proud, free People calling loud To a People proud and free. "And it says to them, ' Kinsmen, hail ! We severed have been too long ; Now let us have done with a worn-out tale, The tale of an ancient wrong. And our friendship last long as Tove doth last, And be stronger than Death is strong.'" Answer them. Sons of the self-same race. And blood of the self-same clan, Let us speak with each other, face to face, And answer, as man to man, And loyally love and trust each other. As none but free men can. Now, fling them out to the breeze. Shamrock, Thistle, and Rose ! And the Star-Spangled Banner unfurl with these, A message to friends and foes, Wherever the sails of Peace are seen. And wherever the War-wind blows. A message to bond and thrall to wake. For, whenever we come, we twain. The Throne of the Tyrant shall rock and quake. And his menace be void and vain : For you are lords of a strong young land. And we are lords of the main. 23 24 THE FRIENDSHIP O'F NATIONS Yes, this is the Voice on the bluff March gale, " We severed have been too long : But now we have done with a worn-out tale, The tale of an ancient wrong, And our friendship shall last as Love doth last, And be stronger than Death is strong." From A Voice from the West, by Alfred Austin Nowadays we hear a great deal about peace. Statesmen mention it in their speeches, clergymen preach about it in their sermons, bankers consider it in their loans, merchants talk about it in their offices, military com- manders discuss it at the barracks, laborers believe in it, and teachers and mothers petition for it the world over. Congresses assemble in many countries to lay plans for helping the cause which they call the peace movement, and at the same time certain newspapers and advocates of great navies and armies are declaring that peace is a dream of dreamers, a most impossible fantasy for such a warlike world as ours. All this discussion and differ- ence of opinion make us wonder what this peace really is, and if all those who are talking about it understand it. Sometime far back in the strange past, when men settled all (juestions by battle, the idea of peace came into the world. No one knows what caused such a pleasant thought among the cruel ones which filled men's minds, nor just what peace Trial by Wager of Battle From a manuscript of the thirteenth century THE HISTORY OF PEACE 25 meant at first. In our time, however, it has many meanings — the peace that prevails among the members of a family or neighborhood and among friends, the peace that comes with the doing of duty and of good deeds and with a clear con- science, the peace that blesses a country whose citizens live in harmony, and also the peace that might reign among nations. The beginning of this last and most wonderful peace came in the days when men first felt a little kindness toward foreigners, and a grain of honor in what they said and did. Since that time it has been growing the world over, and each year the 'nations are drawn closer and closer by many bonds, and are settling more and more questions of dispute through a court of judges instead of waging war. It is this peace among the nations that concerns men's minds to-day. Some believe that for a • nation a life of peace without war would be disastrous because they think that without war young men would not learn manly virtues. Others are sure that any nation which advocates peace must be either weak or afraid of its neighbor. Still others feel that it is foolish to even talk about peace, because fighting is just as much a part of man's nature as loving, and cannot be changed. " In times of peace prepare for war," these gentlemen say, and each year they make up a great war budget in order that their country may have money to keep its army and navy ready for battle at any moment. On the other hand, many believe that only through peace and peaceful settlement of quarrels can nations lead upright and prosperous lives. The real peace which concerns nations, however, can hardly weaken men or races, nor make a people seem cowardly in the eyes of the world. It has too noble a purpose for that, for it demands the reign of law and justice in affairs between 26 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS nations. And who does not believe in such a peace ? The bravest soldier on the field fights for law and justice, the most farseeing statesman pleads for law and justice, the father trains his children to obey law and to act justly with their playmates. Nations frame constitutions which are composed of their chief laws of government, sovereigns make rules called edicts and decrees, and legis- lators enact statutes. Everj^-where laws are made for the good of the people as citizens and for the countries themselves, because they are based upon the prin- ciple of justice. They arc made to protect life and property, and to give every man " a square deal."i Any person who is summoned into court has a chance to tell his story to a judge and jury whose business it is to decide whether or not he has done wrong. The court, however, does not allow the offender to fight out the matter with swords and pistols and cannon ; people know that such means would prove nothing and would be unjust and cruel to those who were injured. Instead, prisoner, judge, jury, lawyers, and witnesses talk over the matter together. Why should not the same order 1 An expression used by Theodore Roosevelt. An African Court hearing a Case THE HISTORY OF PEACE 27 and fairness reign in matters between nations ? Would such a peace make nations weak ? The same strong minds, sound bodies, and brave hearts that are needed to fight with men from other nations would be needed to argue with them. The same justice, mercy, kindness, honesty, courage, intelligence, ) Underwood & Underwood An English Court in Session unselfishness, and honor which are needed every day now to make nations stronger and more noble would be just as necessary if different countries should agree to keep peace with each other. In fact, this peace encourages ever)thing which is best in men and governments, and requires all deeds and sacrifices which make true national strength. The thought of settling controversies between nations in a peaceful manner instead of by war is really very old. The feel- ing of justice and mercy and friendliness toward strangers 28 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS is still older, for without such feeling no people desires peace, Jewish history records that fourteen hundred years and more before the birth of Christ similar justice toward foreigners was expected of the Jews. In the words of their law it is written : May you be a laborious people, and exercise your souls in virtuous actions, and thereby possess and inherit the land without wars ; while neither any foreigners make war upon it, and so afflict you, nor any inter- nal sedition seize upon it. . . . Let all sort of warlike operations, whether they befall you now, in your own time, or hereafter in the times of your posterity, be done out of your own borders. But when you are about to go to war, send ambassages and heralds to those who are your volun- tary enemies ; for it is a right tiling to make use of words to them, be- fore voii come to your weapons of war ; and assure them thereby, that although you have a numerous army, with horses and weapons, and, above these, a God merciful to you, and ready to assist you, you do, however, desire them not to compel you to fight against them nor to take from them what they have. . . . And if they hearken to you, it will be proper for you to keep peace with them.^ And this law of justice and mercy requires still more : When you have pitched your camp take care that you do noth- ing that is cruel; and when you are engaged in a siege, and want timber for making warlike engines, do not render the land naked by cut- ting down trees that bear fruits ; but spare them, as considering that they were made for the benefit of men, and that if they could speak, they would have a just pica against you ; because, though they are not occasions of the war, they are unjustly treated, and suffer in it; and would, if they were able, remove themselves into another land.^ The Egyptians also showed leniency in times of war. They spared those who fell in battle if they asked for mercy, and in ancient pictures of naval fights they are shown rescuing the enemy from a watery grave when their galleys were sinking. 1 Works of Flavius Joscphus, "Antiquities of the Jews," IJook IV. THE HISTORY OK PEACE 29 One of the oldest stories which reveals friendship between foreigners is told in the " Book of Ruth." On account of a famine in the land, a man named Elimelech and his wife, Naomi, went away with their two sons to a strange country called Moab. Soon after Elimelech died, but the sons at least must have been happy in the foreign land, for they mar- ried daughters of Moab. After ten )'ears, however, the sons died also, and the mother was left alone among people who were not her own. So she prepared to return home, and her daughters-in-law went with her a little way to speed her on the journey. At last she kissed them and turned to go on alone, but Ruth, one of the daughters, clung to her, saying, " Entreat me not to leave thee, for whither thou goest, I will go ; thy people shall be my people." So Naomi took Ruth with her, and all the city made her welcome, showing her the same kindnesses which her people had shown Naomi. And for the rest of her days Ruth lived happily among the men and women of another race, over three thousand years ago. Sometimes in those far-away days rulers felt interest in kingdoms and people not their own, and communicated with each other. The Queen of Sheba, we are told, heard such wonderful tales of the wisdom of Solomon, king of Israel, that she determined to see the king and find out for herself if the reports were true. So she journeyed to Jerusalem, and asked of that famous ruler many perplexing questions. In due time, however, all her queries were answered, and she knew that Solomon's wisdom was every whit as great as people said. Then she presented him with much gold and great store of spices and precious stones, and many sandal- wood trees from which pillars, harps, and psalteries for singers were made. 30 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Another king of Israel, Hezekiah, was once sick unto death, and the news of his danger came to the ears of the king of Babylon. That monarch, feeling kindly toward Hezekiah, sent letters to him and a present. And Hezekiah © Underwood & Underwood Business Men of Japan entering New York IIarhor to inspect American Banking and Commercial Methods (April, 191 i) received them with much pleasure, and showed the king's messengers all his most precious treasures. Such courtesies between nations have become the custom nowadays, and are very pleasant ways of expressing friend- ship and sympathy. The president of the United States, however, is not allowed to accept gifts from foreign powers THE HISTORY OF PEACE 31 without permission. According to the Constitution, " no per- son holding any office of profit or trust shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emol- ument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state." Nor is the president expected to leave the terri- tory of the country while he holds office. Many other magistrates make frequent visits for royal weddings, funerals, and special cele- brations, and for rest and recreation. Very often they send representatives to learn how another country cares for its poor and sick, or provides schools, libraries, fresh water, and pure air. Ambassadors and consuls regularly live in foreign cities and act for their rulers in many matters of peace. Help also is ever ready when trouble comes to a nation. When news of the great earthquake which destroyed the islands and the southern part of Italy in 1908 was wired around the world, all countries showed the deepest © Undurwood Si Underwood The Emtkrok ok Germany at the Funeral of King Edward VII 32 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS sympathy. Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, gave ten thou- sand dollars for the relief of the sufferers. King Edward VII of England wired his condolence, and the Lord Mayor of London at once opened a fund. A French relief squadron set sail from Toulon laden with food, clothing, medical sup- plies, and money, and the United States supply ship Celtic, with a million and a half of navy rations, was dispatched at once to the scene of the disaster. Americans laid out a vil- lage among the ruins of Messina, and erected nearly two thousand cottages from material sent from the United States. And when the late king of England died in May, 1910, the mourning was almost universal. Expressions of sorrow were sent from every nation, and nine kings and many princely guests rode in his funeral train. The message from the United States was as follows : To her Majesty Oueen Alexandra : On the sad occasion of the death of King Edward, I offer to your Majesty and to your son, his illustrious successor, the most profound sympathy of the people and of the government of the United States, whose hearts go out to their British kinsmen in this their national bereavement. To this I add the expression to your Majesty and to the new king, of my own personal sympathy and of my appreciation of those high qualities which made the life of the late king so potent an influence toward peace and justice among the nations. [Signed] William Howard Taft In this manner tlic spirit of brotherhood shows itself to-day — not once in a while, as in the olden time, but very often and on every hand. Yet it was not brought about in a gen- eration or in a single century. Years and years have passed since the Queen of Sheba took her way to Jeru.salem and the Babylonian messengers were received in 1 Iczekiah's Till': HISTORY OF PEACE 33 court, and many men have lived and died for the cause of l^eace, each one doing something noble which has made triendshii) among nations more possible. When the angels sang in the heavens long ago in the days of old Judea, the listening shepherds heard a song of peace. "Glory to (iod in the highest," the message rang, "and on earth peace, good will to men." The song caroled the birth of a baby boy, who became the Prince of Peace be- cause He grew to be a leader among men and the first and greatest teacher of good will to all mankind. He taught men to love their enemies and to do good to them as if they were friends and brothers. His message was so full of loving kindness and tender mercy that it gave men and nations a new and noble inspiration for their lives — an inspiration which has been felt in all the generations since His birth. After the birth of Christ, in spite of the bloodshed which continued, the affairs of men began to change very slowly for the better. A university, perhaps the first in the world, was founded as early as 975 at Cairo, Egypt, and called El-Azhar University. England established its first university in Oxford between 11 00 and 1200, and long after, when the Pilgrims had settled in America, Harvard University arose in Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, in 1636, the first seat of learning in the New World. Education was not common in those days, but the universities had great influence and sowed the seeds for the more general learning which prevails in our time. About fifty years before Columbus set sail over the unknown sea in search of a short route to the Indies, the printing press was invented. And about fifty years after Columbus had found America, the Bible was published. These two events, together with the opening of a new country, had a wonderful influence 34 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS throughout the world. The doors of knowledge were unlocked to all ; the superstition which had hung about the Scriptures was swept away ; and men began to dream of liberty which would make all free and equal, and give them the right to control their own governments and to worship as they chose. From these great events developed Biblical knowl- edge, the republic, and the common school, all of which promote the spirit of brotherhood among men. About a century later Henry of Navarre, who was also Henry IV of France, confided to his wisest counselors and to Queen Elizabeth, his aged friend across the Channel, a new and wonderful plan. This soldier king (1553- 16 10) had ten wishes, nine of which his cour- tiers knew and probably gossiped over, but the tenth was so precious that he trusted it to only a few. One wish was that he might win a battle over the king of Spain ; another was for grace and safety for his soul ; a third, that France might hold her own against all enemies ; a fourth, sad to tell, that he might be rid of his wife forever. So the wishes differ, some concerning himself in particular, some pertaining to the government under his nim)!!ii|t{i!jnim|m{!i!! I irnaju'd thf Oreat LXILKimi* ofFrunrt' !)n-^ at Bins JA/y j.f.i^io. tijier R.reytmo' 'jj. Years. wrnmrn^ THE HISTORY OF PEACE 35 control. The tenth and most important was the plan for a United States of Europe. The Great Design, as it is called, proposed to reduce the number of European states to fifteen and to unite their different armies and navies into one army and one navy. The states were to meet in council to make laws for themselves, as if they were one nation, and they were to be protected equally by their military forces. Henry hoped in this way to bring harmony among the nations. The plan was full of beauty, and for the first time sug- gested to men a union of several countries. This tenth wish, however, never came to pass, for Henry was assassinated. A tall man clad in black, with a broad-brimmed hat drawn over his eyes, thrust his arm through the window of the state carriage as it passed along a narrow street, and stabbed the king. He fell dead, and with him died the Great Design. Fifteen years after Henry's death Hugo Grotius (1583- 1645), ^ Dutch jurist, who had had an unusual career and whose patron the French king had been, published a remark- able book, " Rights of War and Peace." He showed how princes, who called themselves Christian rulers, committed the Hugo Gkutius From Hill's "Lessons for Junior Citizens" 36 THE FRIENDSHIP OF' NATIONS most awful and unholy crimes in the name of war, disgracing themselves as men and nations. He begged them to consider arbitration in place of war as the only true and honorable way of settling questions of dispute. If the nations were to settle quarrels by arbitration, they would take their cases to a judge or judges called arbitrators, or before a court of judges called a court of arbitration. This book gave men many new thoughts. They considered the nature of war and their duty in the matter of lessening evils, and were greatly influenced. In consequence Hugo Grotius is sometimes called the founder of international law, because he brought order into the laws between nations and introduced into them the spirit of respect and justice. Two Englishmen took up this work for peace when death had claimed the famous Dutchman, and carried it still further. George Fox (1624- 169 1) founded a society dedicated to good will and brotherhood among men. Its members be- came known as Friends, or Quakers, and their ideal to-day, as in the time when Fox was living, is found in universal peace. William Penn (1644-17 18) was one of their number, and the first man to bring a message of peace among nations to the New World. King Charles II granted him a tract of land which became known as Pennsylvania, or " Penn's Woods," and thither he sailed in 1682 to found his " Holy Experiment." This consisted in establishing a settlement which should be " a free colony for all mankind," and one at peace with itself and its neighbors. He came without arms or ammunition, and pledged his faith to the Indians who dwelt in the region, saying, "We meet on the broad pathway of good faith and good will ; no advantage shall be taken on cither side, but all shall be openness and love." And the Indians in their turn promised, " We will li\c in love with THE HISTORY OF PKACE 37 him and his children as long as the moon and the sun shall endure.'" The pledges were kept, and men to-day, remember- ing this '" Holy Experiment," say that peace can be made to reign between alien peoples if they really wish it, Penn wrote an " Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe " which was similar to the " Great Design" of Henry IV. But to Immanuel Kant (i 724-1804), a German philosopher, first came the idea of a union of all the nations on the globe — a federation of the world. This idea he published in a tract entided " Eternal I eace. The h()]5es and TREITYGMUNB i Of \ WILLIAM PENN I »N0 TOt INDIAN NXnON 1682 UNBROKEN FAITH 4>i'- - ''''frf i|)i)fli)ij ^; The Penn Treaty Monument, Kensington, Philadelphia plans of all these workers for peace were carried on in the next century by other leaders — lawyers, statesmen, students, poets, and philosophers. The greatest contribu- tion which any nation as a whole has added to the cause of justice and harmony among men came from the thirteen original states of America in 1 789, in the shape of a new bundle of laws for the government of a people. These laws formed the Constitution of the United States, for which Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, and other able men worked unceasingly. It opens thus : We, the people of the ITnited States, in order to form a more per- fect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United .States of America. Z)6lQ0 ^S THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS This preamble, together with the articles following, placed a new nation among the powers of the world — a nation dedi- cated to liberty and justice for all men within its territory. Thirteen states were united under one government. Each state was given control of all affairs within its own borders, and a share in the government of the country as a whole ; and they agreed to submit all controversies arising between them to a Supreme Court. In this way the world was given an example of a court which might be established for the settlement of difficulties between nations. The first president, George Washington (i 732-1 799), was " first in peace " as well as " first in war." He believed that " arms should be the last resort," and said of war : " My first wish is to see this plague to mankind banished from the earth," and, " although it is against the profession of arms and would clip the wings of some young soldiers soaring after glory, to behold the whole world in peace and the inhab- itants striving to see who shall contribute most to the happiness of mankind." When he retired from the presidency he sent forth a farewell address begging his fellow citizens to cherish their affection for each other and the Union, and to '" observe good faith and justice toward all nations." During Washington's second term of office, in 1794, John Jay, the first chief justice of the Supreme Court, concluded a treaty with Great Britain. A treaty is an agreement or com- pact made by nations or sovereigns, formally signed by com- missioners and solemnly accepted by the sovereigns or the supreme power of each state. The treaty of 1 794 made rules in regard to friendshij), commerce, and navigation, and sug- gested that further trouble be settled by arbitration. The treaty opened with the following memorable words : THE HISTORY OV PEACE 39 There shall be a firm, inviolable, and universal peace, and a true and sincere friendship, between his Britannic Majesty, his heirs and suc- cessors, and the United States of America ; and between their respective countries, territories, cities, towns, and people of every degree, without exception of persons or places. The people of Boston so violently disapproved of this treaty and its reference to arbitration that they burned John Jay in effig>^ Of course the compact was broken before many years by another war, for nations sometimes fail to keep their prom- ises ; but in 18 14 another treaty of peace, opening with much the same words, was made and signed. This has been kept in good faith for almost a hundred years. In 18 1 7 another compact with Great Britain established an unfortified boundary between two countries, the United States and Canada, and limited the naval vessels of each country upon that portion of the boimdary which the Cireat Lakes form. According to the words of the treaty : The naval force to be maintained upon the Lakes of the United States and Great Britain shall henceforth be confined to the following vessels on each side, that is : On Lake Ontario to one vessel not exceeding One Hundred Tons burden and armed with an eighteen-pound cannon. On the I'ppcr Lakes to two vessels not exceeding the like burden each, and armed with like force, and on the waters of Lake Champlain to one vessel not exceeding like burden and armed with like force. And it agrees that all other armed vessels on these Lakes shall be forthwith dismanded, and that no other vessels of war shall be there built or armed. And it further agrees that if either party should here- after be desirous of annulling this stipulation and should give notice to that effect to the other party, it shall cease to be binding after the expi- ration of six months from date of such notice. This treaty also has been kept for almost one hundred years. The good faith between Great Britain and the United States had a severe test in 1871 when these countries 40 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS submitted a dispute over the damages done during the Civil War by Confederate war vessels built in England, to a tribunal of five arbitrators who met in Geneva, Switzerland, This tribunal decreed that England should pay $15,500,000 for damages. Once such a claim for the younger country would have brought on a war. But this amount was paid without protest, and as Morley, the historian, wrote, the affair was " the most signal exhibition in their history, of self- command in two of the three chief democratic powers of the western world." The very principles of the founders of the United States and of its Constitution and government have made the United States a leader in the cause of peace and justice among all men and nations. In consequence, differences of opinion between them and their mother countr\- have come to be settled entirely by diplomats belonging to the countries, or by tribunals. In 1890 the United States adopted a very impor- tant resolution suggesting the use of similar peaceful means in regard to troubles with other governments. The resolution was as follows : That the president be requested to invite from time to time, as fit occasion may arise, negotiations with any government with which the United States has or may have diplomatic relations, to the end that any differences or disputes arising between the two governments, which can- not be adjusted by diplomatic agency, may be referred to arbitration, and be peaceably adjusted by such means. This action of Congress was praised by the British House of Commons, and another resolution adopted by that body of .statesmen, expressed the hope that her Majesty's government will lend their ready cooper- ation to the government of the United States for the accomplishment of the object hud in view. THE HISTORY OF PEACE 4 1 By these two resolutions two great nations declared officially their approval of settling international disputes by the peace- ful method of arbitration. There were many important events in the history of peace between the years when America and England pledged friend- ship with each other and when their resolutions in favor of arbitration w'ere made. James Monroe, fifth president of the United States (1758-1831), advocated the doctrine, which has been named after him, that America belongs to Ameri- cans, and that neither South America nor North America is open to colonies from any foreign power. This declaration was a great step toward making certain the ])eace of the whole world by demanding permanent peace in the western hemi- sphere. Charles Sumner (1811-1874), senator from Massa- chusetts, made an earnest appeal for the abolition of war in an address, "The True Grandeur of Nations" ; and Elihu Burritt (1810-1879), "the learned blacksmith," proposed a world court, which was known in Europe as "The American Plan," half a centur)' and more before a court of arbitra- tion for the nations was really established. In 1873 the International Law Association was formed in London, and began at once to have great influence in developing the laws of nations and in promoting better understanding among all states. A few years later, in 1889, the Interparliamentary L^nion was formed in Paris as the result of a conference of states- men from l^'rance. Great Britain, and the United States. William R. Cremer, a member of the British House of Commons, arranged this conference, and in consequence was the founder of the union. The association has grewn very rapidly. It numbers about three thousand statesmen, 42 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS all past or present members of the parliaments of the world. The representatives from each parliament are organized in national groups. The newspapers frequently speak of M. La Fontaine of the Belgian group, or Honorable Richard Bar- tholdt of the American group, or Dr. Gobat of the Swiss group, of the Interparliamentary Union. The importance and influ- ence of the organization is very great because its members are representatives of parliaments and so can understand and view problems of government in the broadest way. They are able to further greatly the cause of peace and arbitration by influ- encing other statesmen and politicians, and by teaching the people the tmth about international affairs. At the meeting of this body held in St. Louis in 1904 it was said in wel- come, "' You have aroused, directed, and educated public senti- ment in favor of arbitration throughout the civilized world." The cruelties of war began to lessen as the spirit of justice grew, and torture of prisoners and witnesses, to make them tell the truth, was abandoned gradually in civilized countries. "' The Iron Maiden " of Nuremberg, which was a chest formed in the likeness of a woman, where prisoners were shut in alive to die, became a curiosity of barbaric days. The rack, the boot, and the thumbscrew were relegated to museums ; instruments for crushing thumbs or feet, and for burning arms, sides, and finger nails fell into disuse, and breaking on the wheel and burning at the stake became unknown. Women and children were no longer slaughtered in war or sold into slavery ; looting decreased, and the hospital service was established and developed to meet the greatest emergen- cies. This spirit of justice was shown in another form by the Cohgrcss of Paris (1856). Six powers — France, Belgium, Russia, Turkey, Austria, and Sardinia, and later Prussia — THE HISTORY OF PEACE 43 met to make laws to control ships and goods upon the sea in times of war. Four decisions were made during this congress, which became established in the international law of Europe. The Geneva Convention (1864), however, displayed more clearly the growing spirit of justice and humaneness. The I UmlurwiMiil \- I iiikrwi-iuil Red Cross Nurses caring for a Wounded Soldier (Russo-Japanese War) convention was called after four years of ceaseless labor on the part of Henri Dunant (1828-19 10), a well-to-do Swiss whose home was at Geneva, for the purpose of lessening the distress of sick and wounded soldiers, Mr. Dunant was once delayed upon a battlefield, and he was so horrified by the neglect and suffering of soldiers that he determined to bring 44 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS the nations into an agreement to consider all sick and wounded men, and those who wished to help them, as neutral, or not taking sides with either nation fighting. Under such circum- stances a society of mercy could work unmolested in times of war. Twelve governments agreed to Dunant's plan and bound themselves to abide by it, and later other governments expressed themselves in favor, until, at the present time, all the important powers of the world have accepted the treaty. As a result of the convention a society was founded for the "amelioration of the wounded in armies in the field " and called the International Red Cross Society. Nowadays the work of the society includes warfare on the sea as well as on the land, and aids those suffering from pestilence, famine, fire, earthquakes, and other calamities crippling a nation. By accepting and extending the power of this so- ciety the nations of the world have shown that they all know and believe in the spirit of mercy and kindness. The Red Cross Society has saved the lives of many thousands of soldiers, and it has also shown the nations how foolish they are in marching out armies to destroy each other when they must send the Red Cross after them to make them whole again. In these later years tremendous efforts in the cause of peace have been made, and tiie world lias been startled at the Photograph by Paul Thompson Alfred Nobel THE HISTORY OF PEACE 45 earnestness of many men and the growing interest in the cause. Alfred Nobel (183 3-1 896), the inventor of dynamite and a Swedish manufacturer of explosives, has dedicated his fortune as prizes ^ for the men or women who each year help man- kind the most by making important discoveries in science, or by writing an inspir- ing book, or by ren- dering great service in the work for peace. A Polish Jew, who began life as a ped- dler in the streets of Warsaw, has issued a book which is said to be "the most power- ful argunient for the peace of the w^orld written in our time, or perhaps in anytime." ^ The work, in four enormous volumes, is called "The P^utureof War." JeandeBloch, the author (1836- 1902), rose rapidly from the poverty of his youth and became tlie leading banker of Poland. He wrote many books upon Russian railways and Russian money matters, and held posi- tions of great trust for railway companies and for the Czar himself. In this way he grew to understand the business of 1 Called Nobel prizes (five of $40,000 each). 2 Quoted from Andrew D. White. Jean de Bloch From Hill's "Lessons for Junior Citizens" 46 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS nations and to believe that great armaments are an injury to the prosperity of peoples. To-day war between equally power- ful nations means destruction for one and national ruin for the other, and great loss to the whole world. In his book he gave examples to prove all his statements. As a result " The Future of War " startled the Czar and the Russian ministers, and all the serious thinkers of Europe. An American statesman of a different kind was John Hay (1 838-1905). His life was spent almost entirely in official positions for the government. As Secretary of State he arranged more than fifty treaties between the United States and other countries, and he also limited the territory of the war which the Russians and the Japanese waged so disas- trously not many years ago. To his wisdom and tact the Chinese Empire owes its freedom to-day, for at the time of the Boxer Rebellion (1900) the great states of the world wished to divide China among themselves. He said that it should not be done, and the Chinese Empire was preserved. Edward VII (i 841-19 10) as king of England exerted a great influence for peace and justice among nations. He felt that England should be on friendly terms with France and should strengthen her good will with Russia and with Ger- many, and that Japan and the United States should be made allies and fast friends. His service to his country and man- kind, as these wishes prove, lay along the way of peace and honor. To the work of these great statesmen must be added a story called " Lay down your Arms," by Baroness Bertha von Suttner, an Austrian woman of position and influence. Long before she was interested in arbitration, Alfred Nobel became her friend, but to Hodgson Pratt, the founder of the THE HISTORY OF PEACE 47 International Peace and Arbitration Society, she owes her devotion to the cause of peace. Like many other people, she once had no interest in war, and if she had thought much about the matter, she would have supposed war was necessary and desirable. But through the influ- ence of her friends and the sorrow which fighting in the field brought into her own fam- ily, her eyes were opened, and she wrote " Lay down your Arms," a story which condemns war in the same earnest spirit that "Uncle Tom's Cabin " does slav- ery. The year 19 lo will be forever mem- orable in peace annals for the es- tablishment of the World Peace Foundation by Mr. Edwin Ginn, a Boston pub- lisher and philanthropist. Mr. Ginn has the honor of being the first citizen of the world to give $1,000,000 to the work for peace. The interest on the sum, $50,000, is dedicated each year to the expenses of the society. Baroness Bektha von Suttnek 48 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS ^:li i i ill* ■||l|.-«» 1 llfU \ ^ I nlli > Umlerwood & Underwood Anukkw Carnegie In the same year Mr. Andrew Carnegie established the Carnegie Peace Fund. 1 Ic lias always "beheved that " there is no price too dear to pay for perfection." So he has given THE HIS'I'OKV OF PEACE 49 millions to aid the work for peace among nations. He has established eleven funds to provide pensions and rewards for everyday heroes of peace ; he has given money ^ toward a public building in Washington for the Bureau of American Republics, which aims to promote good will among the South and Central American governments, the United States, and Mexico ; he has provided another building at Cartago, Costa Rica, where the five countries of Central America hold a court of justice for themselves ; and for the nations as a whole he has presented a Palace of Peace at The Hague, where they may gather and settle their troubles by arbitra- tion. His last gift — $10,000,000 — aims to hasten the abo- lition of international war, and by the generosity of the gift the peace movement is placed upon a sure and enduring foun- dation. A number of American statesmen have been chosen as trustees of this great fund, and to their wisdom Mr. Car- negie leaves the spending of the income. This work for man- kind is to go on far into the future, long after this generation has passed away, and so Mr. Carnegie has said, " Let my trus- tees therefore ask themselves from time to time, from age to age, how they can best help man in his glorious ascent onward and upward, and to this end devote this fund." Sometimes people who are trying to do good and make this world a better and a nobler place lose their courage and think that the little things which they can accomplish make slight difference in the greatness of the universe and the vastness of time. But every small deed and every great one done in a spirit of helpfulness makes some difference sooner or later in the way life slips along. If Jean de Bloch had never written " The P^uture of War," the Czar of Russia, Nicholas H, would 1 Seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars — three fourths of the cost of the building. 50 THE FRIENDSHIP OE NATIONS never have been stirred by its message. As it was, the Czar read the book and thought about it very seriously. He was so impressed with its arguments that he discussed them with his ministers and felt that all rulers should know what Bloch had written. A number of the Czar's ancestors were much interested in peace among nations, and their deeds and wishes were well known to Nicholas. These, of course, had prepared him somewhat for the contents of " The Future of War." A great-great-uncle, Alexander I (1777-182 5), had planned a union of the states of Europe in a Christian brotherhood. This league was called the Holy Alliance. It came to a sorry end, in fear and oppression, but its founder hoped that it might prove a union for peace and justice. His father, Alex- ander III (i 845-1894), had believed in harmony among all governments, and upon his dying bed he had charged his son to make peace his mission in the world. These influences, to- gether with Bloch's book and the work of the members of parliaments who form the Interparliamentary Union, made Nicholas feel that the nations ought to meet together to con- sider peace and war. In 1899 he asked the powers to send delegates to a conference. And again in 1907 he asked them. As a result the nations of the world have sat together with pleasure and profit, discussing the most important question that has ever arisen in the history of governments — the question of war and peace. Many, many people and nearly six hundred peace societies are working for the cause of peace among nations. Yet not only those who have worked for peace itself have helped the cause, however much they may have done for humanity the world over. All the men and women who are teaching, preach- ing, practicing, and laboring for the good of the minds and ) Underwood & Underwood The National Arbitration and Peace Congress, New York City, 1907 SI 52 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS bodies of their fellow citizens have helped in a great measure to bring the day of peace among all peoples. And they are still helping, for they are building up a stronger and a nobler race. The better a race becomes, the more it will know, and the better it will understand and tmst the men in other lands, and the sooner it will realize that justice and honor make a nation strong. They who have labored and died, and they who are still laboring in this cause have often repeated in their hearts the prayer of a priest in Argentina : Oh, God will it that war shall disappear. Put out fires of rivalry, of hate, and cause to reign among men concord and love. Give unto the nations peace, benevolence, and order ; and to such end let the spirit of evil be broken, let the dew of Thy loving kindness descend upon and penetrate the hearts of men.^ 1 Senor Carbrera, at the dedication of the Christ of the Andes. CHAPTER III THE MESSAGE OF TME CZAR On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending,. On the red crags of the quarr)- Stood erect, and called the nations. Called the tribes of men together. From the red stone of the quarry With his hand he broke a fragment, Molded it into a pipe-head, Shaped and fashioned it with figures ; From the margin of the river Took a long reed for a pipe-stem, With its dark green leaves upon it; Filled the pipe vfhh bark of willow, With the bark of the red willow; Preathed upon the neighboring forest. Made its great boughs chafe together. Till in flame they burst and kindled ; And erect upon the mountains, Gitche Manito, the mighty. Smoked the calumet, the Peace-Pipe, As a signal to the nations. And the smoke rose slowly, slowly, Through the tranquil air of morning, First a single line of darkness, Then a denser, bluer vapor. Then a snow-white cloud unfolding, Like the tree-tops of the forest, Ever rising, rising, rising, 53 54 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Till it touched the top of heaven, Till it broke against the heaven, And rolled outward all around it. From the Vale of Tawasentha, From the Valley of Wyoming, From the groves of Tuscaloosa, From the far-off Rocky Mountains, From the Northern lakes and rivers All the tribes beheld the signal, Saw the distant smoke ascending, The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe. And the prophets of the nations Said : " Behold it, the Pukwana ! By this signal from afar off, Bending like a wand of willow. Waving like a hand that beckons, Gitche Manito, the mighty. Calls the tribes of men together, Calls the warriors to his council! " Down the rivers, o'er the prairies, Came the warriors of the nations. Came the Uelawares and Mohawks, Came the Choctaws and Camanches, Came the Shoshonies and lUackfeet, Came the Pawnees and Omahas, Came the Mandans and Dacotahs, Came the Hurons and Ojibways, All the warriors drawn together By the signal of the Peace-Pipe, To the Mountains of the Prairie, To the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry. And they stood there on the meadow, With their weapons and their war-gear. Painted like the leaves of Autumn, Painted like the sky of morning. Wildly glaring at each other ; In their faces stern defiance. In their hearts the feuds of age.s. The hereditary liatred, The ancestral thirst of vengeance. THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 55 Gitche Manito, the mighty, The creator of the nations, Looked upon them with compassion. With paternal love and pity; Looked upon their wrath and wrangling But as quarrels among children, But as feuds and fights of children ! From Ilia-cvatha, by IIknrv Wauswurth Longfellow In the midsummer of 1898 there was an unusual stir in the splendid city of St. Petersburg. Something that was destined to excite the whole world had happened. The regular weekly re- ception of the foreign ministers to the Rus- sian court had been held as usual in the Foreign Office, but a very unusual commu- nication from the Czar himself had been handed to each visitor by Count Mouravieff, the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs. This document was written in formal language, because magistrates address each other in diplomatic terms, but its message was very simple. The Czar, it seemed, had come to the conclusion that the nations were doing themselves great harm by their tremendous ) Underwood & Underwood Czar Nicholas II 56 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS armies and navies. Each year governments were asking for more warships, more money for the army and navy depart- ments, and more men to give their hves as soldiers and sailors. Yet the more money that was spent for armaments, the less there was for education, agriculture, industry, com- merce, and the general welfare. The people were suffering in consequence because the money which was being paid for these armaments was coming from their pockets. Hundreds of millions were being spent for instruments of warfare which were valuable only a short time because new inventions were made to take their places. Vast sums of money and hundreds of lives were being used in ways which brought no wealth to the countries — and all because the nations believed great armaments were necessary to keep peace. The Czar was sure that all governments desired peace be- cause peace brings prosperity. Yet they were fast calling ruin upon themselves by their extravagant way of keeping peace. He felt that the time had come for nations to meet together to discuss this question and to make plans for lessening the expenses of the preparations for war. He hoped that such a gathering of nations would help to quiet all trouble between them, and would prove to them that they one and all believed in justice and right, upon which rest the strength and happi- ness of peoples. Such was the message from the Czar. By diplomats it was called the Rescript of the Russian Emperor. The foreign ministers had much to think about as they left the reception and passed along the broad streets of the Russian capital. A meeting of nations to talk of peace and war had been suggested by the sovereign of one of the most powerful military countries in the world. What would their governments do about THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 57 the matter ? What would their countrymen say ? Dispatches containing the news were sent away at once, and soon the story was passing from man to man in cities and towns and villages the world over. And a stirring story it was, for never before had a mighty ruler spoken to the nations in the name of peace. Before long, replies came back to St. Petersburg, instruct- ing the ambassadors to accept the invitation of the Czar, and to promise the help of their countries in his work for peace among them. In due time all the nations which had been invited had replied. Only the twenty-six ^ governments repre- sented at the court of Russia, however, had received invita- tions ; they were the twenty ^ nations of Europe, including Luxemburg and little Montenegro ; China, Japan, Persia, and Siam in Asia ; and in the New World the United States and Mexico. Then a serious question arose. In what city should the conference be held ^ The Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs reported that Nicholas, his august master, felt that the conference should not sit in the capital of one of the great powers where so many affairs of state are centered. The other magistrates agreed with him. So the imperial government of Russia communicated with the government of her Majesty the Oueen of the Netherlands and asked if she would receive the guests in her capital, the city of The Hague. The young queen was greatly pleased with this honor, and ordered invi- tations to be sent to the various nations, begging them to be present in The Hague on May 18, 1899, for the opening of the conference. Upon that beautiful spring day when statesmen from many countries had found their way over land and sea as messengers ^ Some authorities state that Brazil and one other South American coun- try were invited, but declined. - Norway and Sweden were then united. 58 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS of peace, The Hague and its people gave them a most stirring welcome. From the public buildings, the hotels, the residences of ambassadors and ministers at this foreign court, and from many private houses floated the flags of nearly all civilized countries. The streets were thronged with enthusiastic people, and the full uniform of the Russian representa- tives was very impressive as they passed to a little chapel outside of the city toward the sea, to hold a service in honor of the Czar. All his Majesty's subjects were celebrating the day with festivals and ceremonies, because it was his birthday and for that reason a holiday in all Russian countries. In his honor it was chosen for the opening of the conference. The Prime Minister of England even thought that the nations should gather in St. Petersburg out of respect to him who had proposed the meeting. The young Queen Wilhelmina, only a girl of eighteen and yet a queen for almost a year, showed her appreciation of the honor conferred upon her country and of the great importance of the gathering by offering her summer palace for the meet- ings. The building is situated in a beautiful park about a mile from the city, and is called the House in the Wood. It I Unilerwoud Ji Underwood Queen Wilhelmina THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 59 is rather simple in appearance, but the interior is richly fur- nished and decorated. The Orange Zaal, or ballroom, is the most beautiful room of all. Its walls and dome are completely covered with immense paintings by Jordaens and by pupils of the great Flemish artist, Rul)ens. For the purposes of the Conference The House in the Wood it had been arranged as a hall of parliament, the presiding officer's chair being in the bay window, with seats for the Russian delegation on each side. Before the official desk were placed chairs and tables for just one hundred guests, the exact number of statesmen sent as representatives. The seats were assigned to the delegates in the alphabetical order of the names of their countries. In the French language — for French has been the official language of the Hague Confer- ences — Germany is called Allemagne and the United States 6o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Ameriqtie. This arrangement gave the representatives from these countries seats in the center of the room directly in front of the president's chair. The others followed in order. The Orangk Zaal All the proceedings of the Conference were carried on with absolute impartiality. There was no display of rank or wealth, no attendants following their princes, no "coaches and six" as in the olden times, and no struggling for "first i:)lace" in THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 6 1 meetings or processions. As an American soldier and states- man said, '" Here there was a quiet meeting of gentlemen, a recognition of the perfect equality of the smallest independent state." ^ It was also reported by the United States Commis- sion "^ that " " although so many nations with different interests were represented, there was not in any session anything other than calm and courteous debate," The opening ceremony of the Conference was called for two o'clock. Promptly on the hour the doors of the hall were closed, and an impressive silence fell upon the assembly — a silence which seemed to tell that a great and solemn moment had come in the lives of men. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands arose and called the meeting- to order in the name of her Majesty Queen Wilhelmina. His open- ing words were ver}- cordial. They expressed anew the de- sires of the Czar and the hope that the gathering might prove most helpful in lessening the causes and the extravagant preparations for war which all governments were increasing year by year. In fact, he hoped that the painting upon the wall which represented peace descending from heaven and apparently entering the room would be a good omen for their labors, and that, when their work together had closed, they would be able to say that peace, having entered the hall, had gone forth to scatter blessings over all mankind. A tel- egram bearing birthday greetings and congratulations was then sent to the Czar, and the ambassador of Russia^ was elected president of the assembly, as was most appropriate. He said that, while the Czar had suggested the Conference, ijohn W. Foster. 2 Andrew D.White (president), Seth Low, Stanford Newel, A.T. Mahan, William Crozier, Frederick W. Holls (secretary). 8 Baron de Staal. 62 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands had made it possible for them to meet under such favorable circumstances. The Tku'.mi'H ok Pkixck Fkedekick IIenky From the mural painting by Jordaens, in which Peace appears He therefore proposed that a message be sent to her whose charm was known far and near, and whose heart was open to everything generous and good. And the message read : THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 63 "Assembled for the first time in the beautiful House in the Wood, the members of the Conference hasten to place their best wishes at the feet of your Majesty, begging the accept- ance of the homage of their gratitude for the hospitality which you, madame, have so graciously deigned to offer them." When these courtesies had been performed the real business of the Conference began. Three main topics had been proposed for discussion, and these were assigned to three large com- mittees. They considered them and reported to the whole body of statesmen in meeting. The first committee studied the question of limiting armaments ; the second, the laws and customs of war ; and the third, the problem of arbitration and other peaceful means of settling disputes between nations. From May 18 until July 29 these committees worked to- gether — ten long weeks ; yet the story of those busy weeks is quickly told, like all great history so long in making. There was much pleasure and profit in them, and discouragement as well, for the representatives could not reach an agreement in regard to limiting the size and cost of their armies and navies. The question was too great to be settled quickly. The nations, they thought, ought to agree to wage no more wars before they promised each other to give up their implements of war- fare. They were too suspicious of one another to be willing to risk the honor of their countries. Former feuds could not be forgotten. This condition was quite natural because the majority of the nations knew very little from experience about the peaceful settlement of troubles. They had fought for generations, and had trained their sons to believe that a vast army was a glory and a blessing. Faith in each other could not be inspired in a single summer. So they reached no definite decision in reuard to the limitation of armanients. 64 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS For this reason the Conference was declared a failure by some who did not consider the momentous results from the work of the other committees. The delegates one and all, however, expressed the belief that the increasing expenses for war preparations were a heavy burden, and that some agreement among the nations to spend less money for armaments would prove a world-wide blessing. The other committees found less difficulty in considering the laws and customs of war, and in planning for the peaceful setdement of troubles by arbitration. The second committee adopted new rules which make war on land less barbarous. They agreed that the peaceful and unarmed inhabitants of the territoiy of nations waging war had a right to demand protection for themselves and their property from the enemy. They extended the work of the Red Cross Society to include warfare on the sea, thereby giving the wounded in times of naval engagements the same right to have their person and their health cared for as the wounded on land. While this work for lessening the cruelties of war was not so inspiring, perhaps, as the work for arbitration, still the same spirit of mercy and justice among the nations made both treaties possible. Soon after the opening of the Conference the gendemen on the third committee became the center of interest. Upon them and their spirit of good will toward each other really rested the success of the gathering. They proved, however, that in spite of their prejudices and different ideas they were united by one great and noble desire. Their business was carried on in three divisions. They first provided that two nations, on the point of going to war with each other, might ask any other nation or nations to study their trouble and help to bring about a friendly THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 65 settlement. They also provided that one or more neutral governments should have the right to offer of their own accord to bring about peace between two warring nations. Such an act was to be considered one of friendliness. This provision was called Good Offices and Mediation. Not long after, the good offices of a nation were needed in a terrible war between Russia and Japan. Those countries had opened hostilities on account of disagreements over territor\' in the Far East. The war was one of the most terrible and destructive in history. The warring countries were greatly crippled, and the whole world suffered. Theodore Roose- velt, then president of the United States (i 901 -1909), realiz- ing that the Hague Conference of 1899 gave him the right to offer to help these countries settle their troubles peaceably, invited them to send delegates to a conference where he hoped the war might be closed. Each government accepted and sent two delegates to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, the city chosen for the meeting by President Roosevelt. As a result the delegates drew up and signed a treaty known as the Peace of Portsmouth {1905), and a few weeks later the Mikado and the Czar signed it. Peace was thereby restored. Yet if President Roosevelt had taken the liberty of offering help before the Hague Conference of 1899, he might have been considered as meddling in a matter which concerned neither him nor his country, and so drawn the United States into war with Russia and Japan. The committee on arbitration also decided that nations should have the right to employ still another means of avoid- ing war. They were to be allowed to appoint committees composed of members from other countries to inquire into a disputed matter. Such committees were called International 66 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS © lliulcrwooil ,t I'mlcrwood The Russian and the Japanese Peace Delegates eormally re- ceived AND introduced BY TrESIDENT RoOSEVELT, AUGUST, I905 Commissions of Inquiry. They were given power to consider only those cases which did not concern the most important interests of a nation. Questions of its independence, of chang- ing boundary Hnes which would weaken its strength and terri- tory, and of national honor could not be considered. They THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 67 were expected to investigate the matter of dispute and learn the truth about it. False reports in parliaments and exagger- ated newspaper articles might force governments into war, which an International Commission of Inquiry could prove was without reason. By this means a government was given a chance to say to its excited people : "' ' Wait. We will organ- ize a commission which shall go to the spot, which shall fur- nish all the necessary information — in a word, it shall shed light.' In that way time is gained, and in the life of peoples a day gained may save the future of a nation." ^ Five years after the members of the Conference had made this provision (1904), Great Britain and Russia were suddenly brought to the verge of a war with each other. It was at the time that Russia and Japan were fighting in the East. The Russian fleet spied vessels lying off the Dogger Bank, a sand bank in the North Sea fishing grounds, and supposing them to be Japanese ships, they fired upon them, sinking one ship and killing two men. They were British fishing vessels, however, and all England was at once aroused by this insult to the country and its citizens. According to the rules of the Hague Conference, a Commission of Inquiry was appointed to consider the matter. Four months later (February, 1905) this Com- mission reported that the Russians had mistaken the vessels for the Japanese fleet, and ordered that money for damages, called an indemnity, to the amount of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars be paid by the Russian government to the families of the assaulted English fishermen. Both countries were satisfied with the report of the Commission and were glad to settle the matter happilw llius war was avoided, and the case, which history has recorded as the Dogger Bank 1 M. de Martens of Russia. 68 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Affair, became one of the most important and significant events in the arbitration movement. The crowning achievement of the arbitration committee — and of the whole Conference as well — was the establishment of a court for the nations where they may tell the story of their grievances with each other. In this way they were given an opportunity to take their cases before a court as individual men and women can do, and have them tried and a verdict given by able lawyers and judges. The members of the com- mittee decided that if both nations disagreeing wished to have the case tried, this International Court of Arbitration would be ready to serve them. They also declared that it was the duty of each state to remind nations engaged in a controversy that the court existed. Its permanent seat was placed at The Hague, where a council composed of the foreign ministers to the Dutch court, and the Netherlands minister of foreign affairs, were to have charge. Another place for the sessions of the court could be chosen if the nations so desired. Each state was allowed to select not more than four persons for member- ship in the Court, and these members were not to sit as a body at any time. They were to serve only when asked by nations wishing the help of the Court. One or several members from the whole number might be called upon at any time, and it might happen that certain ones would never be asked. In April, 1 90 1, enough powers having signed the agreement and appointed their members, the Court was then declared organized and ready for work. The people of the United States and Mexico have the honor of belonging to the countries which took the first case to this new and noble Court. More than two centuries ago money was given to the Jesuits for missionary work in California, which THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 69 was then a colony of Spain and part of Mexico. When Mexico became independent, however, the Mexican government appro- priated these funds and agreed to pay interest to the CathoHc church for rehgious purposes in CaHfornia. But payment ceased when upper Cahfornia became part of the United States at the close of the Mexican War. For nearly fifty years the two coun- tries concerned had disagreed about the money, until in 1902 the matter was referred to the Hague Court. The tribunal which heard the case consisted of five judges chosen from the whole number, each nation naming two, and these four judges choosing the fifth. This case, known as the Pious Fund Controversy, was decided against Mexico, and that government was ordered to pay ^1,420,682 which should have been paid in former years, and $43,059 each year hence- forth. After that, many other nations took their grievances to the Hague Court, and now nearly every great power has sought its help in place of war. During the sitting of the Hague Peace Conference of 1899 the one hundred and twenty-third anniversary of the independence of the United States occurred. Upon that day the American members held a festival ^ in honor of Hugo Grotius. They wished not only to pay tribute to that great- hearted Dutchman, but also to express their gratitude to the Netherlands and their good will toward the nations in the Old World in their first meeting with countries in the New, Al- though the day was stormy, witli a high wind and driving rain, a large audience assembled. The guests gathered in the great church in Delft, Holland, where the noted jurist is buried. The beautiful chimes rang out the songs of many countries as the guests were gathering, and within, an organ rolled its 1 For a full account see Andrew I). White, Autobiography. ^ <>1. II. 'O THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS mighty music through the spacious church, closing with the Russian national anthem just as the president of the Confer- ence entered. The exercises were opened by Mendelssohn's Oratorio, " How Lovely are the Messengers who bring us Good Tidings of Peace." Eloquent addresses were made by several states- men, and national songs rendered by a choir of a hundred voices. Then a silver wreath was placed upon the tomb of Hugo Grotius. It was a wreath of laurel and oak branches with frosted silver leaves and berries and acorns of gold. The boughs were tied together by a large knot of ribbon in gilded silver, bearing on the right the coat of arms of the Netherlands and on the left that of the United States, on enameled shields. The inscription bears these words : To THE Memory of Hugo Grotius IN Reverence and Gratitude FROM tiik United States ok America on the Occasion ok the International Peace Conference OK The Hague Ji'i.v 4, 1899 Courtesy of Andrew D.White The WRE.A.TH UPON THE TOMB OF Grotius THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 71 A leading Netherlands statesman said oi the eeremony : " You Americans have taught us a lesson ; for instead of a mere display of fireworks to the rabble of a single city, or a ball or concert to a few officials, you have, in this solemn recog- nition of Grotius, paid the highest compliment possible to the entire people of the Netherlands, past, present, and to come." Many other festivals and functions were given in honor of the delegates. Teas, concerts, balls, pageants, and state dinners The Royal Palace, The Hague filled their time when they were not busy at the sessions. The young queen and queen mother received them all in the palace at The Hague soon after their arrival. The queen seemed rather timid before so many important and elderly gentlemen, but her confidence increased as one by one they were presented to her. She received them very simply, dressed like any other girl of her age, except that she wore a triple row of large pearls around her neck. In July the delegates were borne by special train and court carriages to the palace 72 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS in Amsterdam for a grand dinner in the huge banqueting hall, built long ago in the days of Holland's greatest glory. Two hundred fifty people sat down, all except the Americans gor- geous with uniforms, ribbons, and jeweled stars. Wilhelmina and her mother sat at the head of the table, the only ladies in the imposing assembly. At the dinner's close the young queen addressed her guests very bravely and gracefully. The end of July came, and with it the closing meeting of the Conference. The day was beautiful, and the occasion solemn and impressive. The entire body gathered in the hall of the House in the Wood, and one by one the dele- gates were summoned to sign the agreements. These were spread upon a long table in the dining room of the palace. A place for each signature had been prepared beforehand, and the seal of each chief delegate had been placed upon the pages where the signatures would be. The seal of the presi- dent of the American delegation. Honorable Andrew D. White, was stamped with his ancient Roman ring bearing upon it an exquisite Winged Victory. When the last name had been signed, the Conference closed. The statesmen had labored faithfully. Memories of old feuds had been softened and faith in each other had been in- creased. They had gone to The Hague wondering what the call of the Czar really meant, and whether they believed in peace after all. And now they were going away, knowing that all the world had one great problem in common, and that at least the twenty-six nations gathered there desired justice, honor, and peace to reign among them. One by one they passed out from the House in the Wood and away from the city of The Hague, and quiet came upon the place. Yet the great work has gone on. THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR -jt^ Since then some governments, of which France and Great ]^ritain were the first, have made treaties with each other, promising for a number of years to take all their disputes of certain kinds to the Hague Court. Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands and his Majesty the King of Denmark, however, " moved by the principles of the convention for the peaceful settlement of international disputes," agreed to sub- mit to the Permanent Court of Arbitration all differences and disputes arising between them that cannot be solved by their own ambassadors and ministers. Chile and Argentina, Nor- way and Sweden, also have agreed to submit all difficulties, and five American republics — Costa Rica, Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua — have established at Cartago a supreme court to settle all questions of every kind that may arise between them. The power of the Hague Court has been tested many times by various nations, but a trouble between the little country of Venezuela and three great governments of Europe — Great Britain, Germany, and Italy — was one of the most important tests because it was one of the earliest. The three powers said that Venezuela had neglected their claims, and demanded settlement. Venezuela, although not a member of the Hague Conference, asked help from the Hague Court. Great Brit- ain, Germany, and Italy, however, turned to the United States and asked President Roosevelt to act as arbitrator for them. It was a great compliment to our government and its pres- ident, but the request was refused in favor of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. President Roosevelt felt that the ap- pearance of so many and so powerful nations before the Hague Court would not only help the cause of peace among nations, but would increase the importance of the Court itself. 74 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS By this act he rendered a great service to all humanity. Rus- sia and Austria were represented in the tribunal, while Ven- ezuela, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway, the United States, and Mexico were present as countries concerned in the matter. These thirteen countries represented more than four hundred fifty million people, the most educated and the most power- ful in military force in the world. For these reasons the case proved the wisdom and virtue of the peaceful settlement of difficulties by arbitration. The tribunal decided^ in favor of the allied powers, and Venezuela was ordered to pay the claims. Another compact, which owes its origin somewhat to the influence of the Hague Court, was made in South America. For seventy years Chile and Argentina had been quarreling about the boundary line between them. In 1900 the quarrel was opened anew because valuable rivers were found to be sending their waters down the hills to the sea on the Chilean side of the mountains, and Chile claimed the region whence the rivers came. So each nation prepared for war, and spent millions for defense when the fight should come. At that time, however, two bishops, one in Chile and one in Argen- tina, and the British ministers to these countries begged to have the matter settled peaceably. The bishops even urged more. They asked that a statue of the Prince of Peace be erected upon the border line, where it might stand forever as a pledge of peace between the two peoples. In time the countries agreed to submit the controversy to the king of lingland for arbitration. Through the advice of his jurists and geographers, he awarded part of the disputed land to Chile and part to Argentina. Then in May, three years after the 1 I'"cl)ruary, 1904. THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 75 outbix'ak of the trouble, a cruiser bearing the treaties of peace left Valparaiso in Chile. Around Cape Horn from the Pa- cific to the Atlantic Ocean steamed the cruiser, and up the Rio de la Plata River into the harbor of Buenos Aires, the capital of the sister country. The whole Argentine fleet, gay with bunting and streamers, met this ship of peace as it came on, and escorted it into the harbor. Three thousand other ves- sels joined them in this welcome of the sea and land, and led the cruiser to a mooring at the dock — the first time that a Chilean man-of-war had been publicly welcomed and made fast to the soil of Argentina. King Edward's representative, as arbitrator, was present, and to him the Chilean and Argentine delegates said, "' In your hands we place ourselves, shutting our eyes to all mean and narrow thoughts, and praying God that we shall open them upon the luminous horizon of an honorable peace." And peace became established between them. Their navies were practically disarmed, and the millions which might have been spent for war have been turned to making the countries better and richer in commerce, in roads, and in education. As a symbol of their covenant with one another, a statue of Christ was placed upon an elevation of the Andes Mountains, fourteen thousand feet above the sea, on the boundary line between Chile and Argentina. The statue is of bronze cast in the arsenal of Buenos Aires from bronze cannon which were taken at the time Argentina was fighting against Spain for her independence. Over many, many miles the great symbol was borne by rail and by gun carriages, and by sol- diers and sailors, and finally placed upon its pedestal high in the mountains and near the railway that unites the capitals of the sister nations. Hundreds of people climbed the hills 1^ THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS for the dedication (March 13, 1904). The military and naval forces of each country were present as well — the Argentine troops standing upon the land belonging to Chile, and the Chilean troops upon the soil of Argentina. Cannon boomed their thunder of rejoicing through the vastness of the moun- tains, guns fired salutes of peace, and songs of the native lands Courtesy of Ilaniilton Holt The Christ of the Andes which cherished these two peoples rang clear and sweet be- tween the martial strains. On the granite base are two bronze tablets, one given by the Workingmcn's Union of Buenos Aires, the other by the Working Women. One tells the story of the statue ; on the other are inscribed the words : Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust than Argentines and Chileans break the peace which at the feet of Christ the Redeemer they have sworn to maintain. THE MESSAGE ())• 11 IE CZAR A second Peace Conference ^ gathered at The 1 lague in 1907. The Czar summoned the nations as before, but this time forty-four were invited — ahnost every country in the world. And not only did they represent the world as we know it in Courtesy of llaniillon Holt Delegates arriving at the Hai.l of Knights for the Opening Session, Second Hague Conference geography, but they represented all the systems of govern- ment and the many ways of living and of carrying on business. They met in the Hall of Knights, an ancient building in the very heart of The Hague, and when they were assembled the world as a whole met together for the first time. For four J The chairman of the American delegation was Joseph II. Choate. 78 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS months these nations talked over in a very friendly way the great problems which concerned them all, and when they parted to go back to their peoples in the Old World or in the New, fourteen agreements had been signed by them. One very important decision concerned the Hague Court. The First Peace Conference had established this Court and had arranged that both nations quarreling must wish to have the Court help them before their case could be taken before it. The Second Conference, however, decided that either one of two nations engaged in conflict might go to the Court and ask to have the difference settled, even if the other was unwilling to have the case taken there. This was a very im- portant step in the history of peace, for many delegates be- lieved that no nation would refuse to allow a case to be tried in the Hague Court when the other nation had made its de- sire known to all governments. A nation would know that, if it refused and so said, "T want nothing to do with justice," the whole world would look upon it with contempt. It was also decided that unfortified towns and ports in time of war shall not be bombarded by land or naval forces, and that fishing fleets and mail steamers on all the oceans must remain unharmed in war. Debts between nations henceforth shall not be obtained by violence, and captures made during sieges shall be judged by an International Prize Court. This last de- cision will take away some of the pleasures of war from those nations which wish to make captures, and will lessen their lawlessness. No agreement was made in regard to decreasing the ex- penses of armies and navies because the subject was not even mentioned in the meetings. Men realized that the peaceful settlement of difficulties by arbitration was more important at THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 79 the time, and that each nation by itself must study the ques- tion of lessening armaments before the whole Conference of nations could discuss it together with any success. A World Court of the Nations, like the Supreme Court of the United States, called the Court of Arbitral Justice, was considered very gravely and desired by all the delegates. There was some difficulty in deciding how the judges should be selected ; so the matter was left for settlement at some later time. The Court is to be composed of about fifteen judges, representing the various systems of law of the world and chosen to try cases between nations by international law. This Court was not planned to take the place of the Court ^ or Tribunal of Arbitration. That body was to continue its great work in addition to the World Court. The Court of Arbitration, however, was designed to facilitate arbitration, and arbitration often results in compromise rather than in justice pure and simple. The newer Court will give decisions on the merits of a case alone. It is believed that only thus can grow up a great body of international laws based on the independent opinions of a body of judges. Each Court will have its work, and every kind of trouble between nations can be settled in one or the other. The nations have thus proved to each other that they believe that war is wrong ; that if it is waged, it should be as free from unnecessary cruelties as pos- sible ; that states should show justice to each other ; that all governments should be considered equal, regardless of their size and military strength ; and that all disputes between governments should be setded peaceably as far as possible. 1 " Court " and " tribunal " are often used interchangeably, but " tribunal " is usually applied to the body selected from the panel of the court to sit upon a case. 8o THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Thirty-five of the forty-four nations wished to make a treaty promising to settle all their difificulties by arbitration. Germany opposed such a treaty, and influenced eight other powers to oppose it. The German government believed in arbitration, but it did not feel that it could make such an agreement to arbitrate with the less civilized countries. The desires of three fourths of the countries of the world, however, had their great influence as well, and although the pledge was made impossible by nine countries,^ the cause of peace and arbitration was nevertheless strengthened and exalted. Since the arrangement for a World Court was made, a very important case has been tried and settled by the Arbitration Tribunal at The Hague. For almost a century the United States and Great Britain have been disputing about the fish- ing in the waters of his Majesty's territory in North America. Many of the famous statesmen of each country have labored with treaties and decisions which would guard the rights of both countries and prevent war between them. At last the case was taken to The Hague (1910). Sixteen lawyers repre- sented Great Britain, Newfoundland, and Canada before the Court, and seven the United States. Five eminent arbitrators made up the Tribunal — an Austrian, a Dutchman, an Argen- tine, an Englishman, and an American. The case was pre- sented in seven questions which were discussed very fairly and courteously for ten weeks. Then the lawyers from Great Britain and the United States went away, and left the judges to settle the matter as they thought best. And they settled it al- most entirely by international law. They knew the rules which nations have made to govern matters between them, and they 1 Germany, Austriri, Turkey, Roumania, Greece, Bulgaria, Belgium, Lux- emburg, and Switzerland. 8i 82 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS considered how these rules appHed to the case before them. What they personally thought was right or wrong was less im- portant to them than these laws of the world. For this reason it is a most important example to the nations of thd need and value of a World Court to judge the nations by world laws. The dream which poets, workers for peace, and states- men have been dreaming these many years seems likely to become something real and mighty in the lives of peoples because the nations of the world sat together in one great parliament in 1907. The delegates there made a noble plan for their governments and thereby united themselves as brothers in a great cause. In spite of differences in their lives and ways of thinking, they parted with sorrow at the end of the four long months. Yet there was joy, too, in the parting — joy that by agreement their countries would gather again in eight years in the new Palace of Peace, and joy that they could again see their native lands and their homes and tell their countrymen this new message of the world. On the Mountains of the Prairie, On the great Red Pipe-stone Quarry, Gitche Manito, the mighty, He the Master of Life, descending, On the red crags of the quarry Stood erect, and called the nations. Called the tribes of men together. Over them he stretched his right hand, To subdue their stubborn natures, To allay their thirst and fever, By the shadow of his right hand ; Spake to them with voice majestic As the sound of far-off waters, Falling into deep abysses, Warning, chiding, spake in this wise: — THE MESSAGE OF THE CZAR 83 " O my children ! my poor children ! Listen to the words of wisdom, Listen to the words of warning, From the lips of the Great Spirit, From the Master of Life, who made you ! " I have given you lands to hunt in, I have given you streams to fish in, I have given you bear and bison, I have given you roe and reindeer, T have given you brant and beaver. Filled the marshes full of wild-fowl, Filled the rivers full of fishes ; Why then are you not contented ? Why then will you hunt each other? " I am weary of your quarrels, Weary of your wars and bloodshed. Weary of your prayers for vengeance, Of your wranglings and dissensions ; All your strength is in your union, All your danger is in discord ; Therefore be at peace henceforward. And as brothers live together. ^fc>^ " Bathe now in the stream before you. Wash the war-paint from your faces. Wash the blood-stains from your fingers. Bury your war-clubs and your weapons, Break the red stone from this quarry, Mold and make it into Peace-Pipes, Take the reeds that grow beside you. Deck them with your brightest feathers, Smoke the calumet together. And as brothers live henceforward ! " Then upon the ground the warriors Threw their cloaks and shirts of deer-skin. Threw their weapons and their war-gear. Leaped into the rushing river. Washed the war-paint from their faces. Clear above them flowed the water. Clear and limpid from the footprints 84 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS Of the Master of Life descending ; Dark below them flowed the water, Soiled and stained with streaks of crimson, As if blood were mingled with it ! From the river came the warriors, Clean and washed from all their war-paint ; On the banks their clubs they buried, Buried all their warlike weapons. Gitche IVIanito, the mighty, The Great Spirit, the creator. Smiled upon his helpless children ! And in silence all the warriors Broke the red stone of the quarry. Smoothed and formed it into Feace-Pipes, Broke the long reeds by the river. Decked them with their brightest feathers, And departed each one homeward. While the Master of Life, ascending. Through the opening of cloud-curtains. Through the doorways of the heaven. Vanished from before their faces. In the smoke that rolled around him. The Pukwana of the Peace-Pipe ! From I/iii7oai/ia, by Henry Wadsw dktu Ldngkellow CHAPTER IV THE CITY OF PEACE One night I lay asleep in Africa, In a closed garden by the city gate ; A desert horseman, furious and late. Came wildly thundering at the massive bar, "Open in Allah's name! \\'ake, Mustapha ! Slain is the Sultan, — treason, war, and hate Rage from Fez to Tetuan ! Open straight." The watchman heard as thunder from afar : " (jO to ! In peace this city lies asleep ; To all-knowing Allah 'tis no news you bring;" Then turned in slumber still his watch to keep. At once a nightingale began to sing. In oriental calm the garden lay, — Panic and war postponed another day. Bookm, by CHARLES Dudley W.a.rner When Queen Wilhelmina bade her minister of foreign affairs invite the nations to hold their Peace Conferences in The Hague, she offered her country in the same spirit which her kingly fathers had shown in days gone by. Many times had the Houses of Orange and Nassau, the royal lines upon the throne, welcomed strangers to the "Hollow Lands " and sheltered them in days of need, but never for a greater or a nobler cause. In fact, so many struggles have been carried on within their borders, either by the strangers there, working out their problems, or by the Dutch themselves, waging war for their own independence, that this little countn,^ has been a veritable battle ground for all Europe. And now in our day, 85 86 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS in this land where so much history has been made, the nations have met each other in the name of peace. Delegates from the east and the west and the north and the south came over sea and over land to speak for their countries in the assembly of the nations. Yet no power stood more nobly before their eyes than the Netherlands itself. Holland is dear to many peoples, but to Americans it holds a special place among the nations, for in Holland the Pilgrim Fathers found homes when they fled from England in search of liberty to worship God as they chose. That was many years ago, when the United States was still a wilderness, with In- dians unmolested in their wigwams and wild beasts treading softly among the trees where the country's largest cities have been built. Even " Merrie England" was very different when those North-Country folk who became the founders of America fled to Holland. Then there were many battles on account of church and king and nobles, little learning and much unhappiness, and very few of the conveniences which are so common nowadays. Holland itself had only one seventh as many people as it has now, and even the sea and the wind seemed different then, for in late years the Dutch have built walls and dikes to make the sea mind their bidding to keep off the land, and they have stationed hundreds of windmills on the green fields, like sentinels, to catch the wind as it whirls along in its merry, careless way, that it may be of use in the world. The old church in Delfshaven, where the Pilgrims held their farewell service before they went on board the Spced- well, is still standing as of old, and visitors may see it. An attractive Dutch girl answers the little bell at the side door, and in a stranfre mixture of Dutch and l''nirlish liids vou © Underwood & Underwood A Glimpse of Holland 87 88 THE FRIENDSHIP OF- NATIONS welcome. You follow her along a tiny corridor upon which open three tiny rooms, and you come to the church door. It opens, and you enter. The church has no unusual appear- ance. Its floor is of stone and its pews of wood, yet the place seems like holy ground. Here the Pilgrim Fathers begged for strength of heart and body to reach the strange land over the sea, that they might found new homes in freedom and happiness. Perhaps, if the Dutch girl likes you, she will take you into one of the tiny rooms off the corridor, and show you a true Dutch bed where members of many generations have slept. It is merely a bunk built in the wall, with a heavy cur- tain hanging down before it. No sunshine or fresh air has any chance to whisk over and under such a bed, yet the Dutch girl has pink cheeks, and she sleeps there. How can it be ? Holland is a queer, quaint country with many things just as you would expect them not to be — except its people. They are the stanchest, bravest men and women to be found in many a day. Wilhelmina spoke truly at her coronation when she said, " I count myself happy to rule the Dutch people, small in number but great in courage, great in nature and in character." Much of the country lies below the level of the sea, and this strange freak of nature makes many things queer indeed. © Underwood & I'mlcrwood The Old Church, Delfshaven THE CITY OF PEACE 89 In some places the frogs live almost on a level with the storks on the chimneys, — which must be humiliating to the storks, — for the rivers are walled up by dikes and made to flow along above the land like an elevated train gliding past the tops of houses. Barges sail over these high waterways, and sailors can toss tulips into chamber windows, if they wish, and no one be any the wiser, for by the time a Dutch lady has peeped out, they are up and away. Many people live all their lives in these boats, do business in them, eat and sleep there, and have little gardens tucked away somewhere on them. Wooden shoes clatter on the streets or rest, fresh-washed, in rows out- side front doors ; houses stand on props, called piles ; skating for miles and miles lasts all winter long, and mothers and fathers are never too tired or tiniid to skate off to market or to pay calls ; and there the winds and the sea obey better than anywhere else in the world. Surely Holland is a strange and pleasant land. There is a saying that at Rotterdam a Dutchman makes his fortune, at Amsterdam lie makes it larger, and at The Hague he spends it. This must have seemed true to the delegates as they came to the Peace Conferences, because Rotterdam and Amsterdam are ever busy with their ships and trade, while The Hague, not far distant, does little busi- ness and rests in quiet luxury and ease. Its goldsmiths and silversmiths, however, ply their art somewhat, but artists and statesmen are the chief workers there. Once upon a time this city was the hunting ground for the counts of Holland, whence came its name, 'S Graven Hage, " The Count's Hedge." It lies in a plain, which formerly was richly wooded, about two miles from the North Sea. Its streets are broad and straight, running parallel with canals now and 90 THE FRIENDSHIP OF NATIONS then, and ending in spacious squares where statues rise to the memory of some well-beloved king. Its public buildings are finely wrought, and its dwelling houses are high and aristo- cratic in their appearance. Here lives the queen in a palace built by Pieter Post three hundred years ago, and here also lives the queen mother, Queen Emma, in another palace in the finest quarter of the town. The forest which once covered this part of the Netherlands has not entirely disappeared. A beautiful park filled with huge trees lies inland from The Hague, and a part of the ancient forest lies toward the sea. More than once in war times the government has been tempted to sell these trees, but the Dutch have provided means from their own pockets instead and saved the precious wood. In the park which the Dutch call the Bosch stands the famous House in the Wood. The peace delegates who gathered there in 1899 must have en- joyed the beauty of the place as they strolled along its paths or caught glimpses of it from the palace windows. He who has once seen the Bosch takes away in memory the moss- green tree trunks of the giant trees, the little pond catching itself full of the color and the beauty of the woods, and the air soft with a green and leafy twilight. The House in the Wood possesses rare and exquisite surroundings quite worthy of the most beautiful historical monument of the crown. Just outside the grounds there is a small restaurant where tall glasses of milk, and rolls spread with butter and thin cheese, may be had for a few cents. Here travelers sit at tables on the gravel walk and watch the driving in and out of the park. And perhaps while they enjoy their simple lunch the royal carriage may roll b\-, bearing the queen and her little daughter, the Princess Juliana Wilhclmina. THE CITY OF PEACE 91 The part of the ancient forest lying toward the sea is entered by the Old Scheveningen Road which leads to the fishing village of Scheveningen. Various thoroughfares wind through these "' little Scheveningen woods," as the Dutch call them, and trams, carriages, and omnibuses go to and fro laden with ladies from 71ic Hague and pleasure seekers of the ;• ?i , '.'***r-1! '_ '-■.■-r, ,'iitT,ViTiT"iri lilts''' hl-T^~' .) /■ ,- - . • - --^S* ": (' T^T^--^'»— "-'"' "" ■ i. ' i. ' MIPII ■ ■ III' 'lilt jiil ,: I --■•■■■~— ^£t^^^^ ■'ife**.'' U^:!f