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 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Received ^:^^^'^^1^ . 189^ 
 
 ^Accessions ISIo.-^ /^(^^^. CIclss No. 
 
 . ain Lib.. 
 

GEOGRAPHY. 
 
GALE & POLDEN'S MILITARY SERIES. 
 
 THE 
 
 MILITARY 
 
 GEOGRAPHY 
 
 BY AN 
 
 ARMY SO HOOLM AS TEE. 
 
 (The author of " Guide to Official Letter Writing"). 
 
 Printed and Published by 
 
 GALE & POLDEN, §^ BROMPTON WORKS, 
 ^> OF THi? ''>f^SKpATHAM. 
 
 [UHI7EESIT3n 
 
 Te-and-sixpence. 
 
 Post free to any part of the World. 
 
 [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] 
 
e,3 
 
 CHATHAM. 
 PRINTED BY GALE & POLDEN, BROMPTON WORKS. 
 
 1889. 
 
?^^^0? THE 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ^ - - oy 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 Geography is a description of the surface of the earth. 
 
 The earth is nearly round being somewhat flattened at the 
 poles. 
 
 The circumference of the earth is about 25,000 miles. 
 
 Its diameter is not quite 8,00<J miles (the mean diameter is 79 12 '4 
 miles). 
 
 Its area is about 197,000,000 sq. miles or in round numbers 
 200,000,000 sq. miles. 
 
 The surface of the earth consists of land and water. 
 
 The area of the water surface is nearly three times that of the 
 land surface. In other words water covers three fourths of the 
 surface of the earth, the remaining fourth being land. 
 
 Motions of the Earth. — The earth has two motions, one round 
 its own axis and the other round the sun. That round the axis 
 is called the diurnal motion, being completed in about 24 hours, 
 and causing day and night. In this motion the revolution takes 
 place from west to east. The motion round the sun occupies a 
 little more than one year and is called the annual motion. 
 Hesulting from this motion round the solar orb, are the seasons, 
 Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. 
 
 The axis of the earth is an imaginary line round which it turns 
 in its diurnal, or daily motion, and the ends of the axis are called 
 the Poles, north and south. 
 
 The Equator is an imaginary line drawn round the earth mid-way 
 between the poles, dividing the earth into two hemispheres, the 
 North Hemisphere and the South Hemisphere. Here the diameter 
 is the largest. 
 
 Imaginary circles drawn round the earth parallel to the Equator 
 are called Parallels and by them latitude is measured. 
 
 Latitude is distance north or south of the Eqiiator. 
 
 Other imaginary circles drawn round the earth through both 
 poles, are called Meridians because thev join all places which have 
 
 B 2 
 
mid-day at the same time. By these circles Longitude is measured. 
 
 Longitude is distance east or west of a given place. 
 
 Note. — Every circle whether large or small is divided into 360° 
 (degrees). Every degree is divided into 60' (minutes) and every 
 minute into 60" (seconds). By Latitude alone we would only be 
 informed of the distance North or South of the Equator. By 
 Longitude alone we could only learn the distance East or West of 
 a certain spot. When both Latitude and Longitude are given the 
 exact spot can be readily found, as the circles cannot cut one another 
 in more than two places, and Longitude East or West determines 
 which of the two with exactitude. 
 
 The Meridian passing through Greenwich is the one from which 
 we measure Longitude. The French have chosen the circle passing 
 through Paris, and so with other nations, but all measure latitude 
 from the Equator. 
 
 As will be seen from the shape of the earth and the division of 
 the circle into 360° the greatest possible Latitude is 90° and the 
 greatest possible Longitude 180°. 
 
 Time also may be used as a measure, for as every circle is 
 divided into 360°, and the earth turns round itself in 24 hours, 
 it follows that 15° difference in Longitude means the difference of 
 one hour in time earlier or later as we proceed West or East. 
 Take particular care to observe that if we proceed East the time 
 advances and if West the time decreases ; that is to say, if it be 
 12 noon at Greenwich, it will be 1 p.m. at any place 15 degrees 
 East, and 11 a.m. at any place 15 degrees West. 
 
 Zones. — Four of the parallels of Latitude have special names 
 given them and the spaces between them have also special names : — 
 
 Placed 23° 28' North of the Equator is the Tropic of Cancer. 
 At 23° 28' South of the Equator is the Tropic of Capricorn. 
 
 At 23° 28' from the North Pole is placed the Arctic Circle. 
 
 At 23° 28' from the South Pole is placed the Antarctic Circle. 
 
 The space between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn is 
 named the Torrid Zone, and is the warmest part of the Earth's 
 surface : — 
 
 The Belt between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle is 
 called the North Temperate Zone, and that between the Tropic 
 of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, the South Temperate Zone. 
 
 The Arctic Circle encloses the North Frigid Zone. 
 
 The Antarctic Circle encloses the South Frigid Zone. 
 
The Four Cardinal Points are: North, South, East and West. 
 These points have been chosen as being easily recognisable and as 
 useful in determining where places are. In this part of the world 
 by looking towards the sun at mid-day the face is turned to the 
 South, the North lies directly behind, the East will lie to the left, 
 mid-way between North and South, and the West to the right. 
 
 Land is the solid, and water the liquid part of the Earth's 
 surface. Each is divided for convenience into different parts to 
 which separate names are applied. 
 
 Divisions of Land. 
 
 A Continent is a great mass of land in no part divided by water 
 and containing many countries. The continents named usually 
 are: Europe, Asia, Africa and America. There are how^ever 
 according to the definition only two, the one comprising Europe, 
 Asia and Africa (generally termed the Old World or Eastern 
 Hemisphere), the other America (generally known as the New- 
 World or Western Hemisphere). 
 
 An Island is a portion of land surrounded by water. 
 
 A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded by water. 
 
 An Isthmus is a portion of land, usually narrow, joining two 
 larger portions together. 
 
 A Cape is a projecting point of land jutting into the sea. Point, 
 Bill, Head, Ness, Naze, Mull, Headland, Promontory, are all names 
 sometimes applied to Capes. 
 
 The Coast line is the line where land and water meet. 
 
 A Mountain is a portion of the earth's surface, raised con- 
 siderably higher than the surrounding country. Lesser elevations 
 are called Hills, and still smaller, Hillocks. 
 
 The heights of mountains, &c., are calculated from the sea level, 
 and not from the level of the adjacent country. 
 
 A Chain of Mountains is a connected series of mountains. 
 
 The highest point in a chain of mountains is termed the 
 culminating point. 
 
 A Volcano is a mountain which has ejected, or still does eject, 
 smoke, flame, and melted matter. One is known to eject mud, 
 Jorullo, in Mexico. 
 
 A Volcano which is continuously in eruption is said to be active ; 
 
one which occasionally breaks forth, intermittent ; and one which 
 has been quiescent for a long period, extinct. 
 
 A Plain is a tract of country nearly level, and generally but 
 little above the sea level. If much above, it is known as a Table 
 Land or Plateau (Plural Plateaux). 
 
 A Valley is a depression of the earth's surface, bounded by hills 
 or mountain ranges, and open at the lower end. It is generally 
 traversed by a river. 
 
 A Desert is a barren tract of country, destitute of water and 
 generally covered with sand. 
 
 An Oasis (Plural Oases) is a fertile spot in a desert, always 
 indicating the presence of water. 
 
 Divisions of Water. 
 
 An Ocean is the largest division of water. There are five 
 oceans — The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic and Antarctic. 
 This is a purely conventional division, as there is no fixed limit at 
 which one ocean begins and another ends. 
 
 A Sea is a smaller division of water, generally a branch of an 
 ocean more or less enclosed by land, to which a specific name has 
 been given. 
 
 A Bay is a body of water running up into the land. 
 
 A Gulf is similar to a Bay but has a smaller opening, although 
 it generally penetrates further into the land. 
 
 A Strait is a narrow passage of water joining two larger portions 
 together. 
 
 A Channel is similar to a Strait, only being much wider. 
 
 A Lake is a body of water Avholly enclosed by land. 
 
 A River is a stream (usually fresh) of water, which runs for a 
 considerable distance through the land and discharges itself into 
 another river, lake, sea or ocean. 
 
 Different parts of a river have different names : — 
 
 The Source of a river is its beginning. The Mouth of a river 
 is its end. The banks are the ridges of land which enclose it on 
 each side. The right bank is to the right coming down a river 
 from its source to its mouth, and the left bank, the other bank. 
 The Channel between the two banks over which the river flows is 
 called its bed. One river running into another is called a Tributary 
 
or Affluent ; the point of junction being called the Confluence. 
 The district drained by a river and its tributaries is called its 
 Basin. Elevated ground which separates one river system from 
 another is called the Watershed. 
 
 When the mouth of a river consists of several streams, the land 
 enclosed between the extremes is called a Delta. If the mouth 
 of a river be very wide it is called an Estuary. 
 
 THE WORLD. 
 
 For convenience, Geographers have divided the World into five 
 parts : Europe, A.sia, Africa, America and Oceania. It is generally 
 estimated to contain more than 1,200,000,000 of inhabitants 
 Europe being estimated to be peopled by nearly 350,000,000 
 Asia, 700,000,000 ; Africa, 65,000,000 ; America 73,000,000 
 and Oceania about 15,000,000. These are divided into five 
 principal varieties, though there are many sub-divisions. 
 
 The Circassians, the Mongolians, the Negro, the Malay and the 
 Eed Indian comprise the five above mentioned. Each inhabit 
 different regions and have different characteristics. Briefly they 
 are these : the Circassians are white skinned, have oval faces, high 
 foreheads, eyes at right angles to the nose, and teeth perpendicular 
 in the upper jaw to those in the lower. This variety is found in 
 Europe, North and West Asia, North Africa, and in the various 
 colonies established by Europeans. The Mongolians have an olive 
 brown, or rather sickly yellowish complexion, coarse, thin hair, 
 little or no beard, flat faces, the eyes slanting upwards from the 
 nose, and prominent cheek bones. This variety comprises nearly 
 the whole of the Asiatics, except the inhabitants of the peninsula 
 of Malacca, and the North and West of Asia. The Negro is 
 intensely black, has short, crisp, curly, woolly hair, nose and lips 
 thick, the nose very broad at the base and the lips protruding, the 
 mouth large, and the legs very often much bowed outwards from 
 the hip to the ankle. The NegTO inhabits the whole of Central 
 and Southern Africa. The Malay has a dark brown skin, black 
 and thick hair, disposed to curl ; he is generally tall and rather 
 slight. This variety inhabits the Malay Peninsula and nearly the 
 whole of Oceania. 
 
 The Red Indian much resembles the Mongolian, but has a 
 
deeper brown complexion, with a reddish tinge (hence the name), 
 and the forehead is usually very low and receding. The original 
 inhabitants of America, with the exception of the Esquimaux and 
 the Patagonians, are of this variety. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 Europe is bounded on the North by the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 ,, „ „ East by Asia and the Caspian Sea. 
 
 ,, „ „ South by Caucasus Mountains, the 
 
 Black Sea, Sea of Marmora, 
 Mediterranean Sea, and Straits 
 of Gibraltar. 
 ,, „ „ West by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 The area is about 3,900,000 sq. miles, or nearly -^-^ of the 
 land surface of the earth. The population is nearly 350,000,000 or 
 almost ^ of the inhabitants of the Earth. Europe is the smallest 
 of the Continents, being only about ^ the size of Asia. The coast 
 line is estimated as nearly 20,000 miles, which is a much greater 
 extent of sea coast than that of any other Continent. 
 
 SeaSf Baps and Gulfs.- — On the North, in connection with Arctic 
 Ocean : White Sea. 
 
 On the West, in connection w4th Atlantic Ocean : The North 
 Sea or German Ocean ; The Baltic Sea ; The Bay of Biscay. 
 
 In connection with Baltic Sea : Gulf of Bothnia ; Gulf of Finland 
 and Gulf of Riga. 
 
 On the South : The Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 In connection with Mediterranean Sea are : The Gulf of Lyons ; 
 The Gulf of Genoa ; Gulf of Taranto ; The Adriatic Sea, with 
 Gulf of Venice ; The Ionian Sea, with Gulf of Corinth ; The 
 Archipelago ; The Sea of Marmora ; The Black Sea ; The Sea 
 of Azov. 
 
 Straits and Channels. — Between Norway and Jutland : The 
 Skager Rack. 
 
 Between Sweden and Jutland : The Cattegat. 
 
 Entrances to Baltic Sea : The Great Belt ; The Little Belt ; 
 the Sound. 
 
 Between England and France : Straits of Dover and English 
 Channel. 
 
9 
 
 Between Ireland and Great Britain : North Channel and St. 
 George's Channel. 
 
 Between Spain and Africa : Straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 Between Corsica and Sardinia : Straits of Bonifacio. 
 
 Between Italy and Sicily : Straits of Messina. 
 
 Between Turkey and Asia Minor : Dardanelles and Straits of 
 Constantinople, or the Bosphorus. 
 
 Joining Black Sea and Sea of Azov : Straits of Kaffa, Kertch or 
 Yenikale. 
 
 Islands. — In the Arctic Ocean : Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen. 
 
 In the Atlantic : Lofoden Isles, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Great 
 Britain, Ireland, The Azores. 
 
 In the Baltic : Zealand, Funen, Eugen, Bornholm, Oland, 
 Gothland, Oesel, Dago, and the Aland Isles. 
 
 In the Mediterranean : The Balearic Islands (chief, Majorca 
 Minorca and Ivi^a), Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily, Malta, Gozo, 
 Ionian Islands (chief, Corfu, Zante, Cephalonia), Candia, the islands 
 of the Archipelago (chief, Cyclades, Negropont, Lemnos, Thaso). 
 
 Capes. — On the North : Cape Kanin, at entrance of White Sea ; 
 North Cape, on the Island of Mageroe ; and Nordkyn, on the coast 
 of Norway (the most Northerly point of the mainland). 
 
 On the West : The Naze, South of Norway ; The Skaw, North of 
 Jutland ] La Hague, North of France ; Ushant, North- West of 
 France ; Ortegal and Finisterre, North-West of Spain ; Kocca, 
 West of Portugal ; St. Yincent, South- West of Portugal ; 
 Trafalgar and Tarifa, South of Spain. 
 
 On Islands in Atlantic : Cape Wrath, North of Scotland ; Cape 
 Clear, South of Ireland ; and Lands End, South- West of 
 England. 
 
 On South Coast in Mediterranean : Cape Spartivento, South of 
 Sardinia ; Cape Passaro, South of Sicily ; Cape Spartivento, and 
 Cape di Leuca, South of Italy ; Cape Matapan, South of Greece. 
 
 Peninsulas and Isthmuses. — The Scandinavian Peninsula, 
 consisting of Norway and Sweden between the Baltic and Atlantic ; 
 Jutland, North of Denmark; The Peninsula, comprising Spain and 
 Portugal (sometimes called the Iberian Peninsula), Italy ; Greece, 
 the Southern part of which forms another Peninsula named the 
 Morea ; The Crimea, in the South of Russia between the Black 
 Sea and Sea of Azov. 
 
 Only two of the Isthmuses have received names, the Isthmus 
 
10 
 
 of Corinth connecting the Morea with Northern Greece, and the 
 Isthmus of Perekop uniting the Crimea to Russia. 
 
 Mountains. — The chief Mountain Eanges are the Scandinavian 
 Mountains, running from the Arctic Ocean to Skager Rack. Greatest 
 height 8,500 ft. The Ural Mountains forming part of the Eastern 
 boundary between Europe and Asia. 
 
 The Caucasus Mountains, running between the Caspian and 
 Black Sea. The highest mountain in this range, and indeed in 
 Europe, is Mount Elburz, which rises to a height of over 18,500 ft. 
 
 The Carpathians in the North-East of Austria. 
 
 The Balkan Mountains in Turkey. The Alps running from the 
 Mediterranean near Gulf of Genoa round the North boundary of 
 Italy, and stretching into Austria to the neighbourhood of Vienna. 
 The highest of the Alps is Mount Blanc, 15,784 ft. in height. 
 The Apennines which run through Italy, greatest height 9,500 ft. 
 
 The Cevennes and Yosges in France. 
 
 The Pyrenees between France and Spain, greatest height 11,000 
 ft. 
 
 Plains^ (^c. — The Great Russian Plain stretches from the 
 Vistula to the Volga, and occupies nearly the whole of Eastern 
 Europe. 
 
 The Plain of Germany which stretches along the shores of the 
 North Sea and Baltic. 
 
 The Plain of Hungary in Austria, Lombardy in North Italy, 
 the Steppes in the South-East of Russia. 
 
 Rivers. — The great Watershed runs from South- West to North- 
 East 
 
 Flowing into the Arctic Ocean, Petchora, Mezen; into White 
 Sea, Northern Dwina. 
 
 Flowing into the Baltic : The Neva, The Southern Dwina, The 
 Niemen, The Vistula, The Oder. 
 
 Flowing into the North Sea : The Elbe and The Rhine. 
 
 Flowing into the English Channel : The Seine. 
 
 Flowing into the Bay of Biscay : The Loire and Garonne. 
 
 Flowing into the Atlantic through the Iberian Peninsula : The 
 Minho, The Douro, The Tagus, The Guadiana and The 
 Guadalquiver. 
 
 Flowing into the Mediterranean : The Ebro, The Rhone and 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Flowing into the Adriatic : The Adige and The Po. 
 
11 
 
 Flowing into the Black Sea : The Danube, The Dneister and 
 The Dneiper. 
 
 Flowing into the Sea of Azov : The Don. 
 
 Flowing into the Caspian Sea : The Volga and Ural. 
 
 The six longest rivers in Europe are: The Volga, 2,130 miles; 
 The Danube, 1,700 miles; The Dneiper, 1,200 miles ; The Don, 
 1,000 miles ; The Rhine, 853 miles ; and The Northern Dwina, 
 790 miles. 
 
 Lakes. — The Lakes of Europe may be divided into three groups : 
 The Scandinavian Lakes (Wener, Wetter and Moelar) ; The 
 Russian Lakes, or the lakes of the Great Russian Plain (Ladoga, 
 Onega, Saima, Ilmen and Peipus) ; and the Alpine Lakes, which 
 may be sub-divided into the Italian lakes (Como, Garda, 
 Maggiore) ; and the Swiss lakes (Constance, Geneva, Zurich and 
 Lucerne). 
 
 Climate. — Europe lying almost wholly in the North Temperate 
 Zone, has on the w^hole a temperate climate. This climate is modified 
 by several influences. The Western parts are warmer than 
 corresponding latitudes in other continents, owing to the influence 
 of the Gulf Stream which skirts the North- West shores of Europe 
 on its progress from the Tropics to the Arctic Ocean. The 
 temperature of the stream above referred to being about 10° above 
 the surrounding waters, the w4nds (South-West chiefly) are warmed 
 by it and communicate heat to the neighbouring lands. The West 
 of Europe is warmed then by the Gulf Stream. The East being 
 almost wholly unprotected from the cold biting winds of Central 
 Asia, is chilled. The South is heated to a great degree by the 
 proximity of the sandy deserts of Africa. 
 
 In short, Europe is chilled by Asia and heated by Africa, and 
 has its temperature made more uniform by the Atlantic. 
 
 Soil. — The only wastes of any extent are the Steppes of South 
 Russia, elsewhere the soil is fertile. 
 
 Vegetable Productio7is. — Wheat, barley, rye, oats, edible roots, 
 the vine, oak, beech, elm, fir, lime and birch trees are found in 
 large forests in Russia, Sweden, Norway and Germany. In the 
 central and southern countries the beech, oak and edible chestnut 
 are abundant. 
 
 In the Southern countries : France, Iberian Peninsula, Italy, 
 Austria, Turkey and Greece, wine is produced, wheaten bread 
 eaten, and olive oil used. 
 
12 
 
 With the exception of Great Britain, the other countries use rye 
 bread, butter, spirituous liquors and beer. 
 
 Great Britain uses bread from wheat, barley and oats, drinks 
 beer, cider and spirits, and uses butter. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, lynx, reindeer, 
 chamois and a few others. (Domestic). — Horse, cow, sheep, pig^ 
 ass, dog. 
 
 Birds of Prey. — Eagle, vulture, kite, falcon. 
 
 Fish. — Herring, anchovy, pilchard, tunny, in salt water. 
 Sturgeon, salmon, trout, perch, &c., in fresh water. 
 
 Minerals. — Gold in small quantities in Carpathians and Ural 
 mountains. 
 
 Silver in Austria in lead mines. 
 
 Tin, England. 
 
 Copper, England and Austria. 
 
 Lead, British Isles and Spain. 
 
 Iron, specially in British Isles, Russia and Sweden. 
 
 Quicksilver, Spain. 
 
 Zinc, England. 
 
 Coal, British Isles and Belgium. 
 
 Political Divisions. 
 
 Kingdoms, 
 
 1. Great Britain and 
 
 Ireland 
 
 2. Norway and 
 
 Sweden 
 
 3. Denmark 
 
 4. Holland 
 
 5. Belgium 
 
 6. Portugal 
 
 7. Spain 
 
 8. Italy 
 
 9. Greece 
 
 10. Roumania 
 
 11. Servia 
 
 Capitals. 
 J London. 
 
 i Christiania. 
 ) Stockholm. 
 
 Copenhagen. 
 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 Brussels. 
 
 Lisbon. 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Athens. 
 
 Bucharest. 
 
 Belgrade. 
 
 Empires. 
 
 1. Germany 
 
 2. Austria 
 
 3. Turkey 
 
 4. Russia 
 
 Repuhlics. 
 
 1. France 
 
 2. Switzerland 
 
 Principality. 
 1. Montenegro 
 
 Capitals. 
 Berlin. 
 Vienna. 
 
 Constantinople. 
 St. Petersburg. 
 
 Capitals. 
 Paris. 
 Berne. 
 
 Capital. 
 Cettinge. 
 
 Description of the Courses of the Six Longest Rivers. 
 
 1. — The Volga rises in the Valdai Hills, flows East, then South, 
 and falls into the Caspian Sea by 60 or 70 mouths, not far from 
 
13 
 
 the town of Astrakhan. Its chief tributaries are the Oka on the 
 right bank and the Kama on the left bank. The chief towns on 
 its banks are: Tver, Jaroslav, Nigni Novgorod, Simbirsk, and 
 Saratov. Moscow is on the banks of the Moskva, a tributary of 
 the Oka. 
 
 2. — The Danube rises in the Black Forest Mountains, flowing 
 first East, then South, then East again, till it falls into the Black 
 Sea. It passes through Wurtemberg, Bavaria, Austria and 
 Hungary, divides Hungary from Servia, and Bulgaria from 
 Boumania. Its chief tributaries on the right bank are : the Inn, 
 Drave and Save. On the left bank the Theiss, Sereth and Pruth, 
 On its banks are Ulm, Batisbon Linz, Vienna, Presburg, Buda 
 Pesth, Peterwardein, Belgrade, and Sistova. 
 
 3. — The Dnieper rises in the Central Russian Plain and flows 
 South, South-East and South- West, falling into the Black Sea, not 
 far from Kherson. Its tributaries are : the Pripet on the right 
 bank, and the Desna on the left. The chief towns on its banks 
 are : Smolensk, Kiev, Ekaterinoslav, and Kherson. 
 
 4. — The Don rises not far from the Oka, flow^s South and South- 
 West through Russia, and falls into the Sea of Azov by several 
 mouths. Its chief tributary is the Donetz on the right bank. 
 The town of Azov is near its mouth. 
 
 5. — The Rhine rises in Mount St. Gothard, flows northwards to 
 Lake Constance, thence West to Basle, and thence North and 
 North- West to the North Sea, into which it falls by several 
 mouths. It passes through Switzerland, Germany and Holland. 
 Its chief tributaries on the right bank are : the Neckar, Maine and 
 Lahn, on the left bank the Aar and Moselle. The chief towns on 
 its banks are : Basle, Strasburg, Mayence, Coblentz, Bonn, Cologne 
 and Rotterdam. 
 
 6. — The Northern Dwina flows in a North-Westerly course 
 through Russia, and falls into the White Sea ; Archangel is situated 
 near its mouth. 
 
 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 
 
 The British Empire may be most conveniently divided into four 
 parts, 1st, England (with Wales); 2nd, Scotland; 3rd, Ireland: 
 4th, Foreign Possessions and Colonies. 
 
14 
 
 ENaLAND AND WALES. 
 
 England and Wales form the Southern portion of Great Britain, 
 
 Boundaries. — On the North by Scotland; on the East by the 
 North Sea ; on the South by the English Channel ; on the West by 
 the Atlantic, St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. 
 
 Area. — England 51,000 sq. miles, Wales 7,300 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. — England and Wales contained 25,968,286 persons 
 in 1881, therefore in round numbers now about 26 millions. 
 
 Seas, Bays, Gulfs, Estuaries and Inlets. — On the East : The 
 Humber, The Wash, The Estuary of the Thames. On the South : 
 Portsmouth Harbour, Southampton Water, Poole Harbour, 
 Weymouth Bay, Tor Bay, Plymouth Sound, Falmouth Harbour 
 and Mounts Bay. 
 
 On the West : Barnstaple Bay, Bristol Channel, Swansea Bay, 
 Caermarthen Bay, Milford Haven, St. Bride's Bay, Cardigan Bay, 
 the Estuaries of the Dee, Mersey and Kibble, Morecambe Bay and 
 Solway Firth. 
 
 Straits and Channels. — Yarmouth Eoads, off Norfolk; The Downs, 
 off East Coast of Kent ; Straits of Dover, between England and 
 France; Spithead and the Solent, between the Isle of Wight 
 and the Mainland; and Menai Strait, between Anglesey and 
 Caernarvon. 
 
 Islands. — Holy Island or Lindisfarne and the Fern Isles, off the 
 coast of Northumberland ; Sheppey and Thanet, at the mouth of 
 the Thames ; the Isle of AVight, off the coast of Hampshire ; the 
 Scilly Isles, off the coast of Cornwall ; Anglesey and Holy Island, 
 off the coast of North Wales ; Walney Island, off the coast of 
 Lancashire ; the Isle of Man, nearly in the middle of the Irish Sea ; 
 the Channel Islands (chief, Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark), 
 off the North Coast of France. 
 
 Capes. — On the East Coast : Flamborough Head, Spurn Head, 
 Lowestoft Ness, the Naze, North Foreland and South Foreland. 
 
 On the South : Dungeness, Beachy Head, Selsey Bill, the Needles 
 on Isle of Wight, Portland Bill, Start Point, Lizard Point. 
 
 On the West : Land's End, Hartland Point, Worm's Head, St. 
 Gowan's Head, St. David's Head, Braich-y-pwll, Great Orme's Head, 
 Point of Aire, Rossall Point, St. Bee's Head. North of Isle of 
 Man, Point of Ayr. 
 
 Mountains. — The chief ranges are : The Cheviot Hills, between 
 England and Scotland ; The Pennine Chain, stretching from the 
 
15 
 
 Cheviots, southward to Derbyshire (chief summits: Cross Fell, 2,892 
 ft., Whernside, Ingleborough and Penny gant). 
 
 The Cumbrian Group, in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and 
 Lancashire (chief summits : Helvellyn, Skiddaw and Scawfell, 
 3,229 ft.) 
 
 The Cambrian Group in Wales (chief summits : Snowdon, 3,590 
 ft., the highest mountain in England and Wales ; Cader Idris and 
 Plinlimmon). 
 
 The Cotswold Hills, in Gloucestershire. 
 
 The Devonian Kange, in Devon and Cornwall (chief summits 
 Brown Willie, Cawsand Beacon). 
 
 The Malvern Hills, in Worcestershire. 
 
 The Mendip Hills, in Somersetshire. 
 
 The Chiltern Hills, in Oxford, Buckingham and Hertford. 
 
 The North Downs, in Hampshire, Surrey and Kent. 
 
 The South Downs, in Hampshire and Sussex. 
 
 Plains. — Yorkshire Vale, between the Tees and Don. 
 
 The Cheshire Plain between Bibble and Severn. 
 
 Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the North Sea : The Tweed (tributary : 
 The Till), The Tyne, Wear, Tees, Yorkshire Ouse, formed by the 
 junction of The Swale and Ure (tributaries on right bank : Nidd, 
 Wharf, Aire, Calder and Don ; on left : Derwent), the Trent, 
 (tributaries, on right bank : The Soar ; on left bank : The Dove and 
 Derwent) ; Witham, Welland, Nen, Great Ouse, Yare, Thames 
 (tributaries, on the right bank : Kennet, Loddon, Wey, Mole, 
 Darent and Med way ; on the left bank : Windrush, Evenlode, 
 Thame, Colne, Brent, Lea and Boding), Stour. 
 
 Flowing into English Channel : The Arun, The Test, The Itchin, 
 The Salisbury Avon, The Stour, The Exe, The Teign, The Dart, 
 The Plym and The Tamar. 
 
 Flowing into the Bristol Channel : The Bristol Avon, The 
 Severn (tributaries on right bank : Teame ; on left bank : Avon), 
 The Wye, The Usk, The Towy and Taff. 
 
 Flowing into the Irish Sea : The Dee, Mersey, Bibble and Lune. 
 
 Flowing into Solway Firth : The Eden. 
 
 Description of Courses of Five most Important Rivers. 
 1. — The Thames, 200 miles long, rises in the Cotswold hills, flows 
 
16 
 
 in an Easterly direcjbion through Gloucester, has the counties of 
 Oxford, Buckingham, Middlesex, and Essex, on the left bank, and 
 the counties of Berkshire, Surrey, and Kent, on the right bank. 
 The chief towns on its banks are: Oxford, Heading, Eton, Windsor, 
 and London. 
 
 2. — ^The Severn, 178 miles long, rises in Mount Plinlimmon, 
 flows in a Southerly direction through Wales. The chief towns 
 on its banks are : Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, and Gloucester. 
 
 3. — Yorkshire Onse, formed by junction of Swale and Ure, flows 
 in a South Easterly direction through Yorkshire, and falls into the 
 Humber. Chief towns on banks are : Ripon on Ure, York on Ouse, 
 Leeds on Aire, Sheffield and Doncaster on Don, and Hull on 
 the Humber. 
 
 4. — The Trent rises in Staffordshire, flows in a North Easterly 
 direction and discharges itself into the Humber. Chief tow^ns on 
 banks are : Burton-on-Trent, Nottingham. 
 
 5. — The Mersey rises in the Pennine chain, flows Westward, 
 and falls into the North Sea. Manchester is situated upon a small 
 tributary, and Liverpool, near its mouth. Opposite Liverpool is 
 Birkenhead. 
 
 Lakes. — Windermere, Ulleswater, Der went water or Keswuck 
 Lake in Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland : Bala T^ake 
 in Wales. 
 
 Climate. — Humid yet salubrious. Extremes of heat and cold 
 very rarely occur owdng to the insular position. The Eastern 
 counties are drier than the Western, which are nearer the Atlantic 
 Ocean. 
 
 Soil. — Generally fertile. The districts known as the Eens, in 
 the neighbourhood of the Wash are low and marshy. The hills 
 which cannot be cultivated yield pasturage for immense numbers 
 of sheep. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Very few are indigenous, but those 
 brought from other lands thrive Avell. Most of the grains, 
 edible roots, hops, and best fruits are foreigners, but arrive at 
 maturity. Wheat is grown largely in the Southern and 
 Eastern Counties. Oats and barley in the Northern and 
 Eastern Counties. Hops in Surrey, Sussex, and Kent. Apples in 
 Devon and Hereford. Potatoes, Turnips, and Mangolds generally. 
 Bush fruits in great quantities in Kent and neighbouring counties. 
 The Western counties are chiefly devoted to pasturage. 
 
ir 
 
 Animals (Wild). — FoX, weasel, badger, otter. The increase of 
 
 cultivation has led to a diminishing of these, such that many kinds 
 are now extinct in these countries. (Domestic) horse, sheep, cow, 
 dog, ass, &c. The horse, sheep and cow, have been brought to 
 great perfection by constant attention. 
 
 Birds of Prey. — Golden eagle (very rare), hawk. 
 
 Fish. — Herring, haddock, whiting, in salt water. Salmon, 
 trout, perch, in fresh. 
 
 Minerals. — The great wealth of England is derived almost solely 
 from the abundance of the useful minerals she possesses and the 
 facilit}^ with which they are obtained : — Coal, iron, copper, lead, 
 tin, salt, blacklead and slate. 
 
 The principal coal fields in England and Wales are situated as 
 below : Northumberland and Durham, between the Coquet and 
 Tees, the Cumberland coal field along the Irish Sea between 
 Workington and Whitehaven ; Yorkshire, Derbyshire and 
 Nottinghamshire ; Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Flintshire, along 
 the banks of the Dee. South Wales (Monmouth, Glamorgan, 
 Caermarthen, and Pembroke.) 
 
 Iron is found in almost every county in England, but its 
 production is now nearly limited to the neighbourhood of the great 
 coal fields above noted. The chief iron districts are : South Wales, 
 Northumberland and Durham, the Yorkshire, the Staffordshire, 
 and Coal-brook Dale. 
 
 Copper, in Cornwall and Devon. 
 
 Lead, in Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, Derby, 
 Cornwall, York, Cardigan, Denbigh and Flint. 
 
 Tin, in Cornwall and Devon only. 
 
 Salt (rock salt), in Cheshire. 
 
 Blacklead, in Cumberland. 
 
 Slate, in Caernarvonshire, Lancashire and Cumberland. 
 
 Divisions with Chief Towns. 
 (England contains 40 Counties. Wales 12 Counties.) 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 Counties. I Towns. 
 
 * Northumberland Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tynemouth, 
 
 i Berwick-upon-Tweed. 
 
 * The County Town is placed first in order. 
 
18 
 
 Counties, Towns. 
 
 Cumberland Carlisle, Whitehaven, Workington. 
 
 Westmoreland Appleby, Kendal. 
 
 Durham Durham, Sunderland, Gateshead, South 
 
 Shields, Stocktou-upon-Tees, Darlington. 
 'W. Riding York, Leeds, Sheffield, Bradford, 
 Huddersfield, Halifax, Wakefield, 
 Yorkshire -i Doncaster. 
 
 N. Riding Middlesborough, Scarborough, Whitby. 
 ^E. Riding Hull, Beverley. 
 Lancashire Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, 
 
 Preston, Oldham, Bolton, Blackburn, 
 St. Helens, Wigan, Ashton-under-Lyne, 
 Bury, Rochdale, Warrington. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Northumberland and 
 Durham are mining, manufacturing and agricultural counties. 
 Coal, iron, lead and glass, are the chief productions. Shipbuilding 
 engages Sunderland, Tynemouth and South Shields. Newcastle- 
 upon-Tyne is the 5th sea port in England, Sunderland is the 7th. 
 
 Cumberland and Westmoreland are noted for their lake scenery. 
 Black lead or plumbago is found in Cumberland. Whitehaven is 
 engaged in the coal trade. Lancashire is an almost entirely 
 manufacturing and mining county. Cotton goods, coal, and iron, 
 are the chief products. The chief towns engaged in the 
 production of cotton goods in Lancashire are : Manchester, Black- 
 burn, Bolton, Preston, Wigan, Bury, Ashton-under-Lyne, Burnley, 
 Rochdale. 
 
 Yorkshire. The North and East Ridings are almost wholly 
 agricultural ; Whitby, however, produces jet ornaments, and Hull 
 is the 4th sea port in England. 
 
 The West Riding is a great manufacturing and mining centre, 
 the chief products being woollen goods, iron, hardware and cutlery. 
 The chief of the woollen towns are Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield, 
 and Halifax. Sheffield is noted for cutlery. 
 
 Counties. 
 Cheshire 
 
 Shropshire 
 Herefordshire 
 
 Towns. 
 Chester, Stockport, Macclesfield, Birken- 
 head and Staley Bridge. 
 Shrewsbury, Bridgenorth, Ludlow. 
 Hereford, Leominster, Rosa. 
 
19 
 
 Counties, Towns. 
 
 Monmouthshire Monmouth, Newport. 
 
 Gloucestershire Gloucester, Bristol, Cheltenham, Stroud. 
 
 Somersetshire Taunton, Bath, Bridgewater, Frome, 
 I Weston-super-Mare, Wells. 
 
 ^otes on the above Counties and Towns. — Cheshire noted for 
 cheese Chester, one of the oldest cities in England has ship- 
 building yards, saw mills, tobacco and snufF manufactories. It has 
 a cathedral. Stockport manufactures cotton, silk, woollen, brass 
 and iron goods. Birkenhead is a sea port of great importance. 
 Macclesfield is the head of the silk manufacture in England. 
 Shrewsbury is another very ancient town, it has a noted public 
 school and manufactures stained glass. Herefordshire is an 
 entirely agricultural county, produces quantities of apples and as 
 a consequence much cider. Hereford is a most ancient city, 
 possesses a fine cathedral, and has the largest cattle and cheese 
 fair in all England. Monmouth exports bark for tanning, and timber. 
 Newport has docks, shipbuilding yards, and exports coal, iron and 
 tin. Gloucester cathedral is one of the finest in England. 
 Gloucester manufactures soap and pins. Bristol is the 3rd sea port 
 in England, has an old Cathedral, imports West Indian produce, 
 and exports manufactured goods. Sugar refining, soap making, 
 iron and brass founding are the chief pursuits. Cheltenham 
 possesses mineral springs and a college. Stroud manufactures 
 broad cloths. Taunton has some silk and woollen manufactories. 
 Bath has chalybeate springs and is much resorted to by invalids. 
 Frome manufactures broadcloth (known as West of England cloth). 
 
 Counties. 
 Derbyshire 
 Nottinghamshire 
 Staffordshire 
 
 Leicestershire 
 
 Eutlandshire 
 
 Worcestershire 
 
 Warwickshire 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Derby, Glossop, Chesterfield. 
 
 Nottingham, Newark, Mansfield. 
 
 Stafford, Wolverhampton, Stoke-upon- 
 Trent, West Bromwich, Walsall, Han- 
 ley, Lichfield, r>urton-upon-Trent. 
 
 Leicester, Loughborough, Ashby-de-la- 
 Zouch. 
 
 Oakham, Uppingham. 
 
 Worcester, Dudley, Kidderminster. 
 
 Warwick, Birmingham, Coventry, Leam- 
 ington, Strat ford-on- A von. 
 
 o2 
 
Counties. 
 Northamptonshire 
 
 Huntingdonshire 
 
 Oxfordshire 
 
 Buckinghamshire 
 
 Bedfordshire 
 
 Hertfordshire 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Totons. 
 
 Northampton, Peterborough, Welling- 
 borough. 
 
 Huntingdon, St. Ives, St. Neots 
 
 Oxford, Henley, Banbury. 
 
 Bu^'kingham, Aylesbury, Great Marlow. , 
 
 Bedford, Luton, LeightonBuzzard,Dunstable 
 
 Hertford, St. Alban's. 
 
 London, Brentford, Tottenham, Enfield, 
 Edmonton. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Derbyshire contains 
 the famous Peak with its caverns. Derby produces porcelain, 
 china, steam engines and lace, besides being engaged in silk 
 manufactures. There are several watering places with mineral 
 springs in Derbyshire as Matlock, Buxton, &c. Nottingham is 
 the centre of the lace and hosiery trade, and is engaged in silk and 
 cotton manufactures, bleaching and dyeing. Staffordshire is partly 
 in the famous " Potteries." Stafford is noted for ribbon and silk 
 weaving, and the making of watches. Wolverhampton produces 
 hardware. West Bromwich and Walsall, coal and iron. Lichfield 
 has a splendid cathedral. Burton-on-Trent is famous for its ales. 
 Leicester is the head-quarters of manufactories for hosiery, lace 
 and elastic web cloth. It also has a great wool fair. Loughborough 
 manufactures stockings and lace, besides bell casting. ''■ Great 
 Paul " was cast here in 1882. Rutlandshire is the smallest county 
 in England, and is famed for its barley. Worcester is specially 
 famed for its fine china and porcelain. It has also manufactories 
 of gloves, leather boots, nails and lace. In the Cathedral, King 
 John (Lackland) was buried. Dudley and the surrounding 
 hamlets and villages are engaged in coal, iron, lime and glass 
 trades. Kidderminster is famous for its carpets. Warwick is 
 famous for its castle. Birmingham is the chief seat of the manu- 
 factures of fire arms, iron, brass, steel, toys, buttons, jewellery 
 (real and false), steam engines, steel pens and many other like 
 manufactures are carried on here. Coventry is celebrated for silk 
 and ribbon weaving ; watches also are made here. Stratford-on- 
 Avon was the birthplace of Shakespeare. Northamptonshire is 
 chiefly a grazing county ; Northampton is engaged in the boot and 
 shoe trade, and carries on leather dressing and brewing. Peter- 
 borough has a cathedral. Huntingdonshire is wholly agricultural. 
 
21 
 
 Oxfordshire produces grain, roots and grass. Oxford possesses a 
 famous University and is a Bishop's see. The University consists 
 of 21 Colleges, 5 Halls, and possesses the far famed Bodleian 
 Library. Banbury cakes and cheese are well known. Buckingham- 
 shire is entirely agricultural. Buckingham has paper and corn 
 mills. Aylesbury, ducks and condensed milk. Bedfordshire has 
 manufactures of straw plait ; much however is carried on in the 
 cottages of the peasantry. In Bedford, John Bunyan was born. 
 Luton and Dunstable manufacture straw hats. Hertfordshire pro- 
 duces wheat and barley, and much malting is done in Hertford 
 itself. St. Albans was named after the first British Martyr. 
 Middlesex is nearly all taken up with market gardens for the 
 supply of London. London is partly in Middlesex, and partly in 
 Surrey and Kent. The river Thames divides the Metropolis. 
 The population nearly approaches 5 millions. The area is 687 
 square miles.* The manufactures include silk weaving, ship build- 
 ing, sugar refining, watch making, tanning, soap, giass, engines 
 and machines, jewellery. Its trade is greater than any other town 
 in the world, and except that of the United States and France, 
 greater than any country. It possesses splendid docks, has 50 
 provision markets, splendid parks, beautiful buildings, and 
 numerous societies for promoting science, art and literature. The 
 Docks are : West India, London Dock with underground warehouses, 
 East India St. Catherine's and Commercial. Some of its markets 
 are : Islington, cattle ; Covent Garden, fruit and vegetables ; 
 Billingsgate, fish ; Newgate, meat ; Leadenhall, poultry. Its 
 Parks : St. James, Hyde, Regents, Battersea and Victoria, with 
 a few others, afford breathing places and recreation grounds for 
 the immense population. A few of the buildings, which are too 
 often hidden by surrounding buildings and begrimed with smoke, 
 are : St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, The Tower, The 
 Mint, The Royal Exchange, The Bank of England, The Mansion 
 House, Somerset House, Post Office St. Martin's-le-Grand, Houses 
 of Parliament, Buckingham Palace, National Gallery, British 
 Museum, Kensington Museum. London is also justly celebrated 
 for her Hospitals for the sick in humble circumstances. Enfield 
 has a manufactory of small arms for the Government. 
 
 *This is area under Police Control and known as " within the bills of mortality.' 
 area of Parliamentary London is about 30 square miles. 
 
22 
 
 Counties. Towns. 
 
 Lincolnshire Lincoln, Boston, Louth, Great Grimsby. 
 
 Cambridgeshire Cambridge, Wisbeach, Ely. 
 
 Norfolk Norwich, Yarmouth, Lynn Regis. 
 
 Suflfolk Ipswich, Lowestoft, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 Essex Chelmsford, Colchester, Harwich. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Lincolnshire produces 
 wheat, sheep, horses and geese (from the Fen district). Lincoln 
 possesses one of the finest Cathedrals in England. Boston and 
 Great Grimsby, trade with the Northern Ports of Europe. 
 Grimsby sends large quantities of fish to London. Cambridgeshire 
 contains large expanses of waste land. Cambridge possesses a 
 University (the rival of Oxford), containing 18 Colleges and 1 Hall. 
 Ely is noted for its Cathedral. Norfolk county grows great 
 quantities of barley. Norwich produces crapes and bombazines, 
 and has a fine Cathedral. Yarmouth is much engaged in fishing, 
 and is becoming a fashionable seaside resort. Ipswich was the 
 birth place of Thomas Wolsey. Essex contains many market 
 gardens. Colchester has a great oyster fishery and manufactures 
 silk goods. Harwich possesses the best harbour on the East coast 
 between Hull and London. It trades chiefly with Holland. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Kent 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Maidstone, Woolwich, Greenwich, Chatham 
 and Rochester, Dover, Canterbury, 
 Folkestone, Tunbridge Wells, Gravesend, 
 Ramsgate, Margate. 
 
 Sussex Lewes, Hastings, Brighton, Chichester. 
 
 Surrey Guildford, Croydon, Kingston, Richmond. 
 
 Berkshire Reading, Windsor, Newbury. 
 
 Hampshire Winchester, Portsmouth, Southampton, 
 
 Aldershot. 
 
 Wiltshire Salisbury, Trowbridge, Swindon, Devizes. 
 
 Dorsetshire Dorchester, Weymouth, Bridport, Poole. 
 
 Devonshire Exeter, Plymouth & Devonport, Torquay, 
 
 Barnstaple. 
 
 Cornwall Bodmin, Truro, Penzance, Falmouth, 
 
 Redruth, Launceston. 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Kent has been called 
 
 the Garden of England. It is noted for its market gardens, hops 
 
 and orchards. Maidstone is the centre of the hop trade. Chatham 
 
is a Naval and Military Station of great importance. Woolwich is 
 noted for its Arsenal. Greenwich has a famous Astronomical 
 Observatory. Rochester has a fine Cathedral. Dover (one of the 
 cinque ports; and Folkestone, carry on the greater part of the 
 communication with the Continent. Canterbury is the ecclesiastical 
 capital of England and has a grand Cathedral. Tunbridge Wells 
 is a noted watering place. Hastings and Brighton are noted 
 watering places. Berkshire, Hampshire and Wiltshire, are noted 
 for their pigs and bacon. Windsor Castle is the most stately of 
 the residences of the Sovereign. Winchester was the old capital 
 of England, has a Cathedral and College. Portsmouth possesses a 
 splendid harbour, is the head quarters of the Royal Navy, a very 
 strong fortress, and one of the chief Naval and Military Arsenals. 
 Southampton is the chief packet station for the East and West 
 Indies, and has a very large trade. Aldershot is the largest 
 Military Camp in England, and in summer, the whole of the lines 
 are filled with troops for instructional purposes. Salisbury 
 Cathedral is a fine building. Not many miles away is the famous 
 Druidical Temple, Stonehenge. Swindon is an important railway 
 junction. Railway rolling stock is manufactured here. Dorset 
 has vast flocks of sheep on the Downs. Portland and Purbeck 
 produce fine building stone. Weymouth is a sea port and packet 
 station for Channel Islands and France. Poole and Bridport, sea 
 ports. Devonshire cider and cream are justly famous. Copper 
 and lead are mined here. Exeter has a Cathedral. Plymouth 
 is an important Naval Port. Devonport (now joined to Plymouth), 
 has an Arsenal, Dockyard and splendid Breakwater. Torquay is a 
 favourite watering place. Cornwall is noted for its tin, copper, 
 lead and iron mines. Kaolin clay for porcelain, is obtained in 
 vast quantities. Falmouth is an important sea port. Truro and 
 Redruth are mining towns. 
 
 WALES. 
 Counties. Towns. 
 
 Mold, Holywell, Flint, St. Asaphs. 
 
 Denbigh, Wrexham, Ruthin. 
 
 Caernarvon, Llandudno, Bangor. 
 
 Beaumaris, Holyhead. 
 
 Dolgelly, Bala. 
 
 Montgomery, Welshpool, Newtown. 
 
 Flintshire 
 
 Denbighshire 
 
 Caernarvonshire 
 
 Anglesey 
 
 Merionethshire 
 
 Montgomeryshire 
 
Counties. 
 Cardiganshire 
 Radnorshire 
 Brecknockshire 
 Glamorganshire 
 
 Pembrokeshire 
 
 Caermarthenshire 
 
 Towns. 
 Cardigan, Aberystwith, Lampeter. 
 Presteign, New Radnor, Knighton. 
 Brecon, Brynmawr. 
 Cardiff, Merthyr Tydvil, Swansea, 
 
 Aberdare. 
 Pembroke, Haverfordwest, St. David's, 
 
 Tenby, Milford. 
 Caermarthen, Llanelly, Llandilo. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Wales is largely 
 mountainous, and large numbers of sheep, cattle and goats are 
 fed. The Southern counties are engaged to a considerable degree 
 in mining and kindred operations. Coal, iron, slate, lead, copper 
 and silver, are among its mineral treasures. Holyhead is the 
 packet station for Ireland. Caernarvon Castle is noted as the 
 birth place of the first Prince of. Wales. Bangor has a Cathedral. 
 Denbigh manufactures woollen and leather goods. Wrexham has 
 Paper Mills. Welshpool is the centre of the Welsh woollen 
 manufactures. Cardigan is an important sea port. Lampeter 
 has a College for the training of the Clergy. Cardiff has Ship- 
 building Yards. Merthyr Tydvil is the largest town in Wales. 
 Swansea is the centre of the copper smelting. Pembroke has a 
 Government Dockyard. Haverfordwest has good Docks. Milford 
 is a port trading with Ireland, America and the Baltic. Tenby is 
 a watering place. Caermarthen exports slates. Llanelly has copper 
 and iron works. Llandilo has iron and coal mines and manu- 
 factures flannel. 
 
 Forts (Commercial). — London on the Thames^ trading specially 
 with European Ports, China, and the Colonies. Liverpool on the 
 Mersey and Bristol on the Avon^ trade chiefly with America, the 
 West Indies and the Colonies. Hull on the Humher, Newcastle 
 on the Ty7ie, Plymouth on Plymoutfi Sound, Sunderland on the 
 Wear, Yarmouth on the North Sea, trade chiefly to the Baltic, 
 Mediterranean, West Indies and South America. Whitehaven on 
 the Irish Sea, Southampton on Southampton Water, Gloucester on 
 the Severn, Hartlepool on the North Sea, Swansea on Swansea Bay, 
 Cardiff on the Taff. 
 
 Newcastle, Sunderland, Hartlepool, Cardiff and Whitehaven 
 export coal. 
 
 (Naval). — Portsmouth, Plymouth with Devonport on the 
 
26^   
 
 English Channel, Chatham on the Medivay, Sheerness & Woolwich 
 on the Thames, Pembroke Dock on Milford Haven. 
 
 Industrial Centres, Products and Manufactures. 
 
 Cotton Goods 
 
 Woollen Cloths 
 
 Flannels 
 
 Carpets 
 
 Iron Smelting 
 
 Hardware 
 
 Cutlery 
 
 Nails 
 
 Machinery 
 
 Silk Goods 
 
 Tanning 
 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 Earthenware 
 
 Soap and Candles 
 
 Jewellery 
 
 Straw Plait 
 
 Hosiery 
 
 Lace 
 
 Manchester, Blackburn, Wigan, Bolton, 
 Preston, Oldham, Bury, Burnley, 
 Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne,Stockport. 
 
 Leeds, Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield 
 in Yorkshire; in the West of England, 
 Trowbridge, Frome, Bradford, Stroud. 
 
 Rochdale, Halifax, Newton, Welshpool. 
 
 Kidderminster, Halifax. 
 
 Merthyr Tydvil, Wednesbury, Bilston, 
 Dudley, West Bromwich, Derbyshire, 
 Durham County. 
 
 Sheffield, Birmingham, Dudley, Walsall, 
 Wolverhampton and Bilston. 
 
 Sheffield, Birmingham. 
 
 Dudley and surrounding villages. 
 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Macclesfield, Manchester, Coventry. 
 
 London. 
 
 Northampton, Wellingborough, Kettering, 
 Norwich, Leicester. 
 
 Burslem (the centre of the Potteries,) 
 China at Worcester. 
 
 London. 
 
 London, Birmingham. 
 
 Dunstable, Luton. 
 
 Leicester, Loughborough. Nottingham. 
 
 Nottingham, (Honiton in Devonshire). 
 
 Chief Means of Communication. 
 
 Railways. — Great Northern, London to York, passes through 
 Peterborough, Retford and Doncaster. North Eastern, York to 
 Eerwick-on-Tweed, through Durham and Newcastle. Midland, 
 
26 
 
 London to Carlisle, through Leicester, Derby. Sheffield and Leeds. 
 London and North Western, London to Carlisle, through Rugby, 
 Crewe, Preston and Lancaster. Great Western, London to Milford 
 Haven, through Bristol and Gloucester with branches to Exeter, and 
 Penzance, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester. London and South 
 Western, London to Portsmouth, Southampton and Exeter. 
 London Brighton and South Coast, to Isle of Wight. London 
 Chatham and Dover, and South Eastern Railways, run to Dover 
 with branches to Canterbury, Ramsgate and Hastings. Great 
 Eastern Railway to King's Lynn, Colchester, Ipswich to Yarmouth. 
 
 Besides these, are numerous local lines connecting the main 
 lines, and traffic is carried on by their means throughout the Island. 
 
 Canals. — Lancaster canal from Wigan to Kendal. Leeds and 
 Liverpool canal. The Bridgewater canal. Trent and Mersey 
 canal. The Coventry canal. The Oxford canal. Birmingham and 
 Liverpool junction canal. 
 
 Besides these there are a great number of canals joining all the 
 principal rivers, so that the whole country is intersected in every 
 direction by them, and no place except in the North is more 
 than 15 miles from water communication. 
 
 Government. — A limited Monarchy consisting of the Sovereign and 
 the two Houses of Parliament, Lords and Commons. The House of 
 Commons is purely elective and has control over the finances of 
 the country. 
 
 The House of Lords is partly elective, partly hereditary, and is 
 the final Court of appeal in all judicial Civil appeals. 
 
 The Monarch is hereditary and possesses the executive power. 
 
 The consent of these three is absolutely necessary before any bill 
 can become law. 
 
 Religion. — Protestant Episcopacy, the state Church being known 
 as the Church of England. •All other Religions are tolerated. 
 
 Exports and Imports with Places Traded to. 
 
 Name of Article. 
 Cotton Goods 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Places sent to 
 India, Turkey, China, Brazil, Unite(? 
 States, Italy, and in fact almost every- 
 where. 
 
27 
 
 Name of Article. 
 Woollen Goods 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 Hardware & Cutlery 
 Coal 
 Linens 
 Machinery- 
 Earthenware 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 Articles. 
 Corn and Flour 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Wool 
 
 Sugar 
 
 Timber 
 
 Ornamental Woods 
 Tobacco 
 
 Tea 
 
 Coflfee 
 
 Flax 
 
 Jute 
 
 Silk 
 
 Tallow 
 
 Places sent to. 
 United States, GermaDj, France, Australia, 
 
 Holland, China. 
 France, United States, India, Holland, 
 
 Canada, Australia. 
 Australia, United States, India, Germany, 
 
 France, Spain. 
 To the Continent generally, but more 
 
 particularly France, Germany, Spain. 
 West Indies, North America, Germany, 
 
 Brazil, Holland. 
 West Indies (for sugar mills), India, 
 
 PVance, Russia and Spain. 
 United States, Brazil, Australia. 
 Australia, British West Indies and 
 
 Colonies generally. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Whence Obtained. 
 United States, Russia (Odessa), France, 
 
 Prussia, California, Canada. 
 United States, East Indies, Egypt, Brazil, 
 
 Malta. 
 Australia, East Indies, Cape Colony, 
 
 Russia, Germany, Spain. 
 West Indies, Mauritius, Brazil, East 
 
 Indies (cane sugar), France, Holland, 
 
 Germany (beet root sugar). 
 Canada, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Prussia. 
 British Honduras, Brazil. 
 United States, Egypt, Turkey, Manilla, 
 
 West Indies. 
 China, India, Ceylon, Japan. 
 Ceylon, Brazil, West Indies. 
 Russia, Holland. 
 British India. 
 China, Egypt, 
 
 (velvets). 
 Russia, United 
 
 East Indies, France, 
 States, South America. 
 
28 
 
 Articles , 
 
 Whence Obtained. 
 
 Hides 
 
 India, Uruguay, La Plata, Brazil. 
 
 Wines 
 
 Spain, France, Germany, Australia, Cape 
 
 
 Colony. 
 
 Dye Stuffs 
 
 East Indies, Central America, France 
 
 
 (madder). 
 
 Dead Meat (frozen) 
 
 Australia, New Zealand, Canada. 
 
 Fruits (various) 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Butter 
 
 Holland, Denmark, Germany. 
 
 Eggs 
 
 All countries on South Coast of North Sea, 
 
 
 especially France. 
 
 SCOTLAND. 
 
 Scotland forms the Northern portion of the Island of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Boundaries. — On the North and West, by the Atlantic Ocean ; 
 on the East, by the North Sea ; and on the South, by England and 
 the Irish Sea. 
 
 Area. — Scotland contains rather more than 30,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Populatio7i.—ln 1881, was 3,734,370. 
 
 Seas J Bays, Gulfs and Inlets. — On the East Coast : Dornoch 
 Firth, Cromarty Firth, Moray Firth, Firth of Tay and Firth of 
 Forth. 
 
 On the North : Thurso Bay, Loch Eriboll. 
 
 On the West : Enard Bay, Loch Broom, Loch Linnhe, Loch 
 Fyne, the Firth of Clyde and Loch Ryan. 
 
 On South : Luce Bay, Wigton Bay and Solway Firth. 
 
 Straits, Channels, and Sounds. — Pentland Firth, between 
 Orknej^s and Mainland, on the North. 
 
 On the West : Great Minch and Little Minch, between Hebrides 
 and Mainland ; Sound of Sleat, between Skye and Mainland ; Sound 
 of Mull, between Mull and Mainland ; Sound of Jura, between Jura 
 and Mainland ; Kyles of Bute, between Bute and the Mainland ; 
 Kilbrennan Sound, between Cantire and Arran ; North Channel, 
 between Scotland and Ireland. 
 
 Islands. — -The Orkney (chief Mainland : Hoy,) and Shetland 
 (chief: Pomona) on the North. The Outer Hebrides (chief: Lewis, 
 Harris, North Uist, South Uist, Benbecula and Bara). The 
 
29 
 
 Inner Hebrides (chief : Skye, Rum, Eig, Coll, Tiree, Mull, Jura, 
 Islay), on the West. Bute and Arran, in the Firth of Clyde. 
 Besides these, are noted on West Coast : Staffa (Fingal's Cave), 
 lona (rains of St. Colomb's monastery), Ailsa Craig (sea fowl). 
 On the East: in Firth of Forth, Bass Rock (ancient prison). Inchcape 
 Rock in Firth of Tay. 
 
 Scotland possesses 787 islands of which only 186 are inhabited. 
 
 Capes. — On the East Coast : St. Abb's Head, Fife Ness, Buchan 
 Ness, Kinnaird's Head, Tarbet Ness, and Duncansby Head. On 
 the North Coast : Dunnet Head, Cape Wrath. On the West Coast : 
 Storr Head, Ardnamurchan Point, Mull of Cantire. On South : 
 Mull of Galloway, Barrow Head. On Island of Lewis : Butt of 
 Lewis ; on Skye : Point of Aird. 
 
 Mountains. — The Northern part of Scotland, ie., that part 
 North of a line drawn from the Firth of Clyde to Aberdeen, 
 contains the greater number of the mountains of Scotland, and is 
 named the Highlands in consequence. The Southern part is called 
 the Lowlands in contradistinction, though some parts are 
 mountainous. 
 
 The chief ranges are : the Northern Highlands, stretching from 
 Ardnamurchan Point to Cape Wrath, (chief summits Ben More, 
 Ben Attow, Ben Dearg). 
 
 The Grampian range, stretching from Loch Linnhe to Aberdeen, 
 (chief summits Cairngorm, Ben Macdui, 4,206 ft. ; Ben Nevis, 4,406 
 ft., the highest mountain in Great Britain; Ben Lawxrs, Schiehallion, 
 Ben Venue, Ben Lomond). 
 
 The Sidlaw Hills, North of Firth of Tay ; Ochill Hills, between 
 the Forth and Tay ; the Pentland Hills, in the county of Edinburgh ; 
 Lammermuir Hills, between Haddington and Berwick ; the 
 Lowther or Lead Hills, between Lanark and Dumfries ; the 
 Cheviot Hills, between England and Scotland. 
 
 Plains. — Strathmore, between the Grampians and the Sidlaw 
 Hills ; Carse of Gowrie, between the Tay and Sidlaw Hills ; and 
 the Plain ot the Forth and Clyde, between those rivers. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the North Sea : The Tweed, Forth, Tay, 
 North Esk, Dee, Don, Deveron, Spey, Findhorn and Ness. 
 Flowing into the Firth of Clyde : The Clyde and Ayr. Flowing 
 into the Solway Firth : The Nith, Annan and Liddell. 
 
80 
 
 Description of Courses op Four most important Rivers. 
 
 1. — The Tweed, 96 miles long, rises in the Lowther Hills, flows 
 through Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh and Berwdck, into the North 
 Sea. Its course is so rapid as to render it innavigable above 
 Berwick. On the right it receives the Ettrick, the Teviot, and 
 the Till. On the left : the Blackadder, which receives the 
 Whiteadder. The chief towns on the Banks are: Berwick-on- Tweed, 
 Kelso and Peebles. 
 
 2. — The Forth, rises not far from Ben Lomond, flows Eastward, 
 separating Perth, Clackmannan and Fife, from Stirling and 
 Linlithgow. Its tributaries are the Teith and Leven, on the left 
 Bank. Town on the Banks, Stirling. 
 
 3 — The Tay, rises near Ben More, in Perthshire, flows through 
 Loch Tay, receives the Almond and Earn on the right bank, and 
 the Lyon, the Tummel (which receives the Garry), and the Isla on 
 the left Bank. It is navigable for 8 miles. Towns on the Banks, 
 Aberfeldy, Dunkeld, Scone, Perth. 
 
 4. — The Clyde is the most important commercial river in 
 Scotland. It is navigable to Glasgow. It flows wholly through 
 Lanarkshire. The chief towns on its banks are Lanark, Motherwell, 
 Glasgow. 
 
 Lakes. — Loch Lomond, North of Firth of Clyde (45 square miles), 
 is the largest. Loch Katrine, near Loch Lomond (supplies 
 Glasgow with water). Loch Aw^e in Argyleshire. Loch Tay and 
 Loch Rannoch in Perthshire, Loch Ness, Loch Lochy, and Loch 
 Eil in Inverness, form expansions of the Caledonian Canal, Loch 
 Shiel in the North of Argyle, Loch Shin and Loch Assynt in 
 Sutherland. 
 
 The Scotch Lakes are noted for their picturesque surroundings. 
 
 Climate. — Cold and w^et, compared with that of England. 
 
 Soil. — Poor, compared with that of England. Great part of the 
 Highlands is fit only for sheep feeding. 
 
 Veqetahle Productions. — No large forests. In South, and 
 especially in the Lothians, farming is carried on to a high state of 
 efficiency. The grains : wheat, oats, barley. The roots : potato, 
 turnip, carrot and mangold. Peas and beans are grow^n in a few 
 localities. In the North : barley. 
 
 Animals. — Same as England. 
 
 Birds of Prey. — Same as England. 
 
 Fish. — Same as England. 
 
81 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron, building stone, lead, slate. The mineral 
 wealth of Scotland, lies mainly in a belt, lying between the Firth 
 of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. Granite is found at Aberdeen 
 and Kirkcudbright ; freestone is widely diffused ; slate is obtained 
 in Argyle ; lead in Lowther Hills. 
 
 Divisions with Chief Towns. 
 
 Scotland contains 33 Counties. 
 
 * Counties, Towns. 
 
 Berwick Greenlaw, Dunse, Eyemouth. 
 
 Haddington Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick, 
 
 Preston Pans. 
 
 Edinburgh Edinburgh, Leith, Musselburgh, Dalkeith. 
 
 Linlithgow Linlithgow, Bathgate, Boness. 
 
 Roxburgh Jedburgh, Hawick, Kelso, Melrose. 
 
 Selkirk Selkirk, Galashiels. 
 
 Peebles Peebles, Innerleithen. 
 
 Dumfries Dumfries, Annan. 
 
 Kirkcudbright Kirkcudbright, Dalbeatie. 
 
 Wigton Wigton, Stranraer. 
 
 Ayr Ayr, Kilmarnock. 
 
 Lanark Lanark, Glasgow, Coatbridge. 
 
 Renfrew Renfrew, Greenock, Paisle3^ 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — Berwick and the 3 
 Lothians (Haddington, Edinburgh and Linlithgow), are engaged 
 chiefly in agriculture ; Renfrew, Ayr and Lanark, in manufactures ; 
 and the remaining counties, in cattle feeding. 
 
 Preston Pans. — Oyster catching. Salt refinery. 1745, the 
 Pretender defeated the Royal Forces, under Sir John Cope. 
 
 Edinburgh is the Capital : it possesses a University and a 
 Medical School, justly famed for having sent forth some most 
 skilful medical men ; built of stone, situated picturesquely upon 
 the summits of several hills. The chief buildings are Holyrood 
 Palace, St. Gile's Cathedral and the Castle. Leith is the sea port 
 of Edinburgh. Linlithgow contains the ruins of a Royal Palace. 
 Mary Queen of Scots, was born here in L542. Bathgate has 
 
 *The County Town is placed first in order. 
 
82 
 
 a paraffin oil factory. Dumfries, the burial place of Robert Burns, 
 the Poet ; Ayr ; near this town, is the cottage where Robert Burns 
 was born. Glasgow is the largest town in Scotland, is the centre 
 of the coal and iron trade, and possesses both University and 
 Cathedral. Greenock was the birth-place of James Watt, the 
 improver of the steam engine. 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Fife 
 
 Cupar, Dunfermline, St. Andrews 
 
 
 Kirkaldy. 
 
 Kinross 
 
 Kinross, Milnathort. 
 
 Clackmannan 
 
 Clackmannan, xiUoa, Dollar. 
 
 Stirling 
 
 Stirling, Falkirk, Bannockburn, Grange- 
 
 
 mouth. 
 
 Dumbarton 
 
 Dumbarton, Kirkintilloch. 
 
 Bute 
 
 Rothesay. 
 
 Argyle 
 
 Inverary, Campbeltown, Dunoon. 
 
 Perth 
 
 Perth, Crief, Blairgowrie, Scone. 
 
 Forfar 
 
 Forfar, Dundee, Arbroath, Montrose. 
 
 Kincardine 
 
 Stonehaven, Laurencekirk. 
 
 Aberdeen 
 
 Aberdeen, Peterhead, Fraserburgh. 
 
 Banff 
 
 Banff, Buckie. 
 
 Elgin or Moray 
 
 Elgin, Forres. 
 
 Nairn 
 
 Nairn. 
 
 Inverness 
 
 Inverness, Fort William. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Toivns. — Dunfermline was 
 a residence of the Scottish Kings ; it has the ruins of a fine Abbey, 
 and is now noted for linen, iron and soap. St. Andrew's possesses 
 the oldest University in Scotland. Stirling is celebrated for its 
 Castle ; near the town is Bannockburn, where the independence of 
 Scotland was achieved, in 1314. Falkirk is noted for its 3 large 
 cattle markets, or fairs (held annually), called ^' trysts. '' The 
 famous Carron iron works are about 3 miles from Falkirk. 
 Dumbarton, famous for its Castle, which was, but is now no longer 
 a strong fortress. Rothesay is a famous sea-bathing resort of the 
 people of Glasgow. Inverary is famous for its herring fishery. 
 Campbeltown for its whiskey, and Dunoon for sea-bathing. Perth 
 was the ancient capital of Scotland, and is most picturesquely 
 situated on the Tay. Near it is Scone, where the Kings of 
 Scotland used to be crowned, Forfar is a manufacturing town. 
 
38 
 
 Dundee a sea port and manufacturing town ; Montrose is a 
 sea port also, with bleaching, flax spinning and ship-building. 
 Stonehaven is a sea port and manufacturing town. Laurencekirk 
 used to be famed for snuff-boxes. Aberdeen is a handsome, well- 
 built city, with a University, and considerable exports of granite 
 and manufactures : woollen, linen and cotton goods. Balmoral 
 the Highland residence of Her Majesty, is 45 miles West of 
 Aberdeen. Peterhead and Fraserburgh are the head quarters of 
 the whale and seal fisheries. Banff is a sea port, trading wath 
 London. Inverness is the ancient capital of the Highlands. Near 
 it is Culloden, where the Pretender w^as defeated in 1746. Fort 
 William forms one of the forts erected across the County of 
 Inverness, on the line of the Caledonian Canal, to keep back the 
 Highlanders, after the accession of the Hanoverian family. 
 
 Towns. 
 Dingwall, Tain, (Stornoway in Lewis). 
 Cromarty. 
 
 Dornock, Golspie, Brora. 
 Wick, Thurso. 
 Kirkwall, Stromness, Lerwick. 
 
 Gonnties. 
 Ross 
 
 Cromarty 
 Sutherland 
 Caithness 
 Orkney & Shetland 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and T'owns. — Cromarty is scattered 
 in detached portions throughout Ross. Stornoway is a large 
 fishing station. Wick and Thurso are much engaged in the 
 fishing industry, as also are Kirkw^all and Lerwick. 
 
 Ports. — Glasgow, Leith, Greenock. Dundee, Aberdeen, Irvine 
 (Ayrshire), Montrose. 
 
 Industrial Centres, Products and Manufactures. 
 
 Cotton Glasgow and Paisley, and in the West, 
 
 generally. 
 
 Linen In the Eastern Counties, Dunfermline for 
 
 fine linen. Dundee, Kirkaldy, Arbroath, 
 Forfar, Montrose and Aberdeen, for 
 sheetings, sailcloths and other coarse 
 goods. 
 
 Iron Towns in Lanarkshire : particularly 
 
 Glasgow and Airdrie. Stirlingshire : 
 chiefly Falkirk and Carron. Ayrshire : 
 
34 
 
 chiefly in the Northern part of the County. 
 Spirits Whiskey is distilled in various parts : 
 
 notably in Inverness, Cantire, and Islay. 
 Woollen Goods Aberdeen and Galashiels. 
 
 Stockings Hawick. 
 
 Carpets Kilmarnock and Bannockburn. 
 
 Tartans Stirling and Bannockburn. 
 
 Silk Paisley and Glasgow. 
 
 Ship-building Govan, Glasgow, Greenock, Dumbarton, 
 
 Dundee, Aberdeen. 
 
 Railroads. — About 3,000 miles in the country. Chief lines : 
 North-British and Caledonian. 
 
 Canals. — Chief between Forth and Clyde : Caledonian Canal 
 across Inverness ; Crinan Canal across Cantire. 
 
 Government. — Same as England. 
 
 Religion. — Presbyterian (Established Church). 
 
 Name of Article. 
 Linen, sail-cloth, 
 
 muslin, calico, 
 
 cattle, sheep, 
 
 salmon 
 Coal, iron, fish 
 Cotton and linen 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Where sent to. 
 
 England. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 America and West Indies. 
 
 Imports. 
 Cotton, hemp, flax, timber, tea and sugar, from same places 
 as England. Woollen cloth, hardware and cutlery, from England. 
 
 IRELAND. 
 
 Ireland is an island lying to the West of Great Britain. 
 
 Boundaries. — Ireland is bounded on the North, West, and 
 South, by the Atlantic Ocean, on the East by St. George's Channel, 
 the Irish Sea, and the North Channel. 
 
 Area. — The area of Ireland, is 32,000 sq. miles. 
 
35 
 
 Population.— About 5,160,000. 
 
 SeaSj Bays, Gulfs and Inlets. — On the North : Lough Foyle, 
 Lough Swilly, Sheep Haven. On the West : Donegal Bay, Sligo 
 Bay, Killala Bay, Broad Haven Bay, Blacksod Bay, Clew Bay, 
 Gal way Bay, Estuary of the Shannon, Tralee Bay, Dingle Bay, 
 Kenmare River, Bantry Bay. On the South : Kinsale Harbour, 
 Cork Harbour, Youghal Harbour, Dungarvon Bay, Waterford 
 Harbour. On the East : Wexford Harbour, Dublin Bay, Drogheda 
 Bay, Dundalk Bay, Carlingford Lough, Dundrum Bay, Strangford 
 Lough, Belfast Lough. 
 
 Islands. — Numerous but small. Chief: Rathlin, off North 
 Coast ; Achil Island, off Mayo ; Isles of Arran, in Gal way Bay ; 
 Valentia, in Dingle Bay ; Clear, South of Cork. 
 
 Capes. — On the North : Benmore or Fair Head, Bengore Head 
 (near Giant's Causeway), Malin Head, The Horn. On the West : 
 Bloody Foreland, Teelin Head, Erris Head, Achil Head, Slyne 
 Head, Black Head, Loop Head, Kerry Head, Dunmore Head. On 
 the South : Mizen Head, Cape Clear, Kinsale Head, Hook Head. 
 On the East : Carnsore Point, Wicklow Head, Howth Head, 
 Clogher Head, St. John's Point, and Garron Point. 
 
 Mountains. — Mourne Mountains, North of Carlingford Lough 
 (chief : Slieve Donard). Wicklow Mountains, South of Dublin Bay. 
 Knockmeledown Mountains, between the Blackwater and Suir. 
 Galtee Mountains, North of the Knockmeledown Mountains 
 (chief summit. Galtee More). Macgillycuddy's Reeks, in County 
 Kerry principally (chief summit, Gurrane Tual, 3,414 feet, 
 highest mountain in Ireland). Galway Mountains, on North and 
 East shores of Galway Bay. Donegal Mountains. Slieve Bloom 
 Mountains in Queen's County, and Silvermine Mountains in 
 Tipperary. 
 
 Plains. — The Great Plain of Ireland, extends from Lough Neagh, 
 on the North, to Knockmeledown Mountains, on the South, and 
 from the Irish Sea on the East, to Galway Bay on the West. 
 More than a tenth of the surface of Ireland is covered with bogs. 
 The largest is the Bog of Allen, which stretches through King's 
 County, Kildare, Roscommon, and Meath. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing Northwards : The Bann and Foyle. Flowing 
 Westwards : The Shannon, 254 miles. Draining Southern Counties : 
 The Bandon, The Lee, The Blackwater, The Barrow, The Slaney. 
 Draining the Eastern slope : The LifFey, The Boyne, The Laggan. 
 
 d2 
 
36 
 
 Description op Courses of Four Most important Rivers. 
 
 1. — The Shannon rises in County Cavan, forming the Loughs 
 Allen, Ree and Derg, in its course. It receives the Boyle and 
 Suck, on the right bank, and the Newry, Brosna and Maigue, on 
 the left. Chief towns on the banks : Leitrim, Carrick on Shannon, 
 Athlone, Limerick. This is the longest river in the British 
 Isles. 
 
 2. — The Liffey rises in the Wicklow Mountains, and is of im- 
 portance, on account chiefly of having Dublin on its banks. Other 
 towns are Newbridge, Cellbridge and Lucan. 
 
 3. — The Barrow^ rises in the Slieve Bloom Mountains, flows 
 southwards and falls into Waterford Harbour. Its tributaries are 
 tlie Nore and Suir which join it on the right bank. Chief tow^ns 
 on banks : Athy, Carlow, New Ross on the Barrow ; Kilkenny on 
 Nore ; Cahir, Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir and Waterford on the 
 Suir. 
 
 4. — The Boyne rises in the Bog of Allen, flows North East and 
 falls into the Irish Sea. Its chief tributary is the Blackwater on 
 the left bank. Chief towns on its banks are : Trim, Navan and 
 Drogheda. 
 
 Lakes — Lough Neagh in the North East is the largest lake in 
 the British Islands, its area is 154 sq. miles. Upper Lough Erne 
 and Lough Erne in County Fermanagh ; Loughs Allen, Ree and 
 Derg on the Shannon ; Lough Conn in Mayo ; Loughs Mask and 
 Corrib in Gal way ; Lakes of Killarney (noted for their beauty), 
 three in number, in County Kerry, near Macgillycuddy's Reeks 
 Mountains. 
 
 Climate. — Milder than England, but also much more humid 
 owing to close proximity of Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile except the bogs, which are composed of vegetable 
 matter overlying water. From the bogs are obtained peat. 
 Owing to the humidity of the air, the generally flat surface and 
 the mildness of the temperature, the country is admirably suited 
 for grazing purposes. From its greenness it has been named 
 " The Emerald Isle." 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Same as in England. Peat in vast 
 quantities from the bogs. 
 
 Aniiiial Productions, — Same as in England. There are however 
 no venomous reptiles. 
 
 Minerals. — Same as in great Britain, but much more sparsely 
 
87 
 
 distributed, and not nearly so valuable, 
 however are found. 
 
 Black and grey marble 
 
 Divisions with Chief Towns. 
 
 Ireland is divided into four provinces, namely, Ulster, Leinster, 
 Munster and Connaught. These provinces contain among them 
 32 counties. 
 
 Ulster (9 Counties). 
 
 * Counties, 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Antrim 
 
 Belfast. Carrick-fergus, Ballyr 
 
 
 Antrim, Lisburn. 
 
 Down 
 
 Downpatrick, Newry, Newtownards. 
 
 Armagh 
 
 Armagh, Lurgan. 
 
 Monaghan 
 
 Monaghan, Clones. 
 
 Cavan 
 
 Cavan, Belturbet. 
 
 Fermanagh 
 
 Enniskillen. 
 
 Donegal 
 
 LifFord, Ballyshannon, Donegal. 
 
 Tyrone 
 
 Omagh, Strabane, Dungannon. 
 
 Londonderry 
 
 Londonderry, Coleraine. 
 
 Notes on above Counties and Towns. — Ulster is the chief seat of 
 the Irish linen manufacture and has a much larger number of 
 Protestant inhabitauts than the other provinces of Ireland. The 
 people are better educated and are also in more comfortable circum- 
 stances. Belfast is the second town in Ireland, but is the first in 
 trade and manufactures. Linen and cotton factories are to be 
 found here and in all the surrounding towns. Belfast possesses 
 a " Queen's College." Downpatrick has holy wells which 
 attract many pilgrims. Newry is a sea port with linen and 
 cotton factories. Armagh has two cathedrals, and is the 
 ecclesiastical capital of Ireland. Lurgan manufactures tobacco. 
 Londonderry manufactures linen and is the chief port in the 
 north. 
 
 * The county town is placed first in order. 
 
38 
 
 Lbinster (12 Counties). 
 
 Towns. 
 Dundalk, Drogheda. 
 Trim, Navan, Kells. 
 
 Dublin, Kingston, Blackrock, Balbriggan. 
 Wicklow, Arklow, Bray. 
 Wexford, New Ross, Enniscorthy. 
 Kilkenny, Callan. 
 Carlow. 
 
 Athy, Naas, Newbridge, Kildare. 
 Maryborough, Mountniellick, Portarlington 
 Tullamore, Birr orParsonstown, Banagher. 
 MuUingar, Athlone. 
 Longford, Edgeworthstown, Granard. 
 
 Counties. 
 Louth 
 Meath 
 Dublin 
 Wicklow 
 Wexford 
 Kilkenny 
 Carlow 
 Kildare 
 
 Queen's County 
 King's County 
 West Meath 
 Longford 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Towns. — The whole province 
 is agricultural and pastoral, producing much corn, and yielding 
 many cattle. Dundalk, Wicklow, Arklow, Wexford, Kingstown, 
 Drogheda and Dublin, are sea ports. Wexford has some ship- 
 building. Kingston is the packet station between Ireland and 
 England. Drogheda manufactures cotton, and engages in brew- 
 ing. Dublin is the metropolis, the residence of the Lord Lieutenant, 
 has two Cathedrals, several Parks, notably the Phoenix Park ; 
 manufactures poplins, and brews porter. Kingston, Blackrock 
 and Bray, are seaside resorts for the Dublin people. Balbriggan 
 is engaged in woollens, notably hose. 
 
 MuNSTBR (6 Counties). 
 
 Counties, Towns. 
 
 Waterford Waterford, Dungarvon, PortlaAv. 
 
 Tipperary Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir, Nenagh. 
 
 Clare Ennis, Kilrush. 
 
 Limerick Limerick, Rathkeale. 
 
 Cork Cork, Queenstown, Youghal, Bandon, 
 
 Kinsale. 
 
 Kerry Tralee, Killarney, Dingle. 
 
 Notes on the above Counties and Toivns. — Munster is the 
 largest of the provinces. Copper and limestone are found in 
 
County Cork. Kerry is noted for its cows. This province is 
 agricultural and pastoral. Waterford is the great provision sea 
 port for the South-East of Ireland, trading with Bristol. Dungar- 
 van, Youghal, Kinsale, Tralee and Dingle, are also sea ports. 
 Limerick is the largest sea port on the West of Ireland. There 
 are manufactures of lace, gloves and fish-hooks. Cork is the 
 third city in Ireland, carries on provision trade (notably butter) ; 
 has a Queen's College, and manufactures glass and leather. 
 
 Counties. 
 Gal way 
 Mayo 
 Sligo 
 Leitrim 
 Roscommon 
 
 CONNAUGHT (5 Couutics). 
 
 Towns, 
 Galway, Tuam. 
 Castlebar, Westport, Ballina. 
 Sligo. 
 
 Carrick-on-Shannon, Leitrim. 
 Roscommon, Boyle, Castlereagh. 
 
 N'otes on the above Counties and Towns, — Tuam is an Episcopal 
 City, has two Cathedrals, two Bishop's Palaces, and a Roman 
 Catholic College. Galway has a Queen's College, and is a fishing 
 station. Sligo exports provisions, and imports English goods. 
 
 Ports. — Belfast, Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Londonderry, Newry, 
 Limerick, Drogheda, Wexford, Dundalk, Sligo and Galway. The 
 ports at which provisions are principally shipped are : Cork, 
 Dublin, Belfast, Newry, Limerick, trading with Liverpool, Bristol 
 and Glasgow. 
 
 Industrial Centres, Products and Manufactures. 
 
 Linen Belfast, Newry, Drogheda, Louth, Dublin. 
 
 Cotton Belfast. 
 
 Poplins Dublin. 
 
 Whiskey All over the Country. 
 
 Railways. — 2,400 miles. 
 
 Canals. — Grand Canal, joining LifFey with the Shannon and 
 Barrow. Royal Canal, connecting Dublin with the Shannon at a 
 point North of the Grand Canal. 
 
 Roads. — Good. 
 
40 
 
 Government. — Same as England, under a Viceroy named the 
 Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. 
 
 Religion. — Four fifths of the people are Roman Catholics. 
 
 Articles. 
 Butter, salt beef 
 and pork, bacon, 
 cattle, pigs, oats, 
 wheat, eggs, 
 linen. 
 
 Exports, 
 
 Where sent to. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 Articles. 
 Cotton and woollen 
 goods, linen, 
 yarn, tea, sugar, 
 tobacco, coals, 
 iron, hardware, 
 timber, herrings, 
 salt. 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Whence obtained. 
 
 Great Britain. 
 
 LIST OF BRITISH COLONIES AND FOREIGN 
 POSSESSIONS. 
 
 IN EUROPE. 
 Heligoland, Gibraltar, Malta, Gozo, Channel Isles. 
 
 IN ASIA. 
 British India, Ceylon, Cyprus, Perim Islands, Aden, Straits 
 Settlements, British Burmah, Ijabuan, Hong Kong, Andaman and 
 Nicobar Islands. 
 
41 
 
 IN AFRICA. 
 
 Cape Colony, Natal, British KafFraria, Mauritius, Ascension, 
 Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gold Coast, Lagos, St. Helena. 
 
 IN AMERICA. 
 
 Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island, 
 Newfoundland, British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Hudson Bay 
 Territory, British Honduras, the Bermudas, British Guiana, 
 Falkland Island, British West Indies (chief: Jamaica, Trinidad, 
 Antigua, Dominica, Barbadoes, Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, 
 Bahamas). 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Labuan^ Fiji Isles, Chatham 
 Isles and several smaller. 
 
 The geography of the above will be found included under the 
 heading of the continents to which they belong. 
 
 NORWAY AND SWEDEN. 
 
 These countries form the Scandinavian peninsula. 
 
 Boundaries. — On the North, by Arctic Ocean ; on West, by 
 Atlantic Ocean ; on South, by Skager Rack, Cattegat and Baltic ; 
 on East, by Baltic and Russia. 
 
 Area. — about 293,000 sq. miles. Norway, 123,000 sq. miles. 
 Sweden, 170,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Populations. — Norway, about 1,750,000. Sweden about 
 4,500,000. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays, Inlets, dx. — Varanger Fiord on North. West 
 Fiord, Trondheim Fiord, Bukke Fiord on the West and Christiania 
 Fiord on the South. The coasts of Norway are very much 
 indented and the Fiords or Firths are almost innumerable. 
 
 Straits. — The Skager Rack, between Norway and Jutland. The 
 Cattegat and the Sound between Sweden and Jutland and Zealand. 
 
 Islands. — Almost innumerable off Norwegian Coast. Mageroe 
 on North of Norway ; Lofoden Isles, North West of Norway ; 
 Oland and Gothland, East of Sweden. 
 
42 
 
 Capes. — Nordkyn and North Cape, on the North of Norway. 
 The Naze, South of Norway. 
 
 Mountains. — Chiefly in Norway. Koelen Mountains forming 
 part of boundary between Norway and Sweden. The Dovrefield, 
 the Langefield, and Hardangerfield, continuations of the Koelen 
 Mountains in Norway, are sometimes called the Thulian Mountains. 
 Chief summits : Sneehatten, in Dovrefield ; Galdhoppigg 8,500 ft., 
 highest mountain in Norway. 
 
 Elvers. — Numerous, short and rapid : the longest run through 
 Sweden. Tornea, between Sweden and Russia ; Pitea, Umea, Dal, 
 Klar, flowing into the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic. The 
 Gota, into the Cattegat ; the Glommen, into the Skager Rack. 
 
 Lakes. — Wener, Wetter and Moelar, in Sweden. Miosen, in 
 Norway. 
 
 Climate. — Mild for its latitude. Winter lasts seven months. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile in the valleys; poor generally. Vast forests. 
 Principal trees : fir, birch, oak, elm, beech. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Bear, wolf, reindeer. 
 
 Fish. — The stroeming (like a sprat), cod, herring, lobster, chiefly 
 from neighbourhood of Lofoden Islands. Salmon in most rivers. 
 
 Minerals. — Iron and copper, lead, a little silver, marble. 
 Swedish iron is world lamed. 
 
 Divisions. 
 Tromso 
 Trondheim 
 Bergen 
 Christiansund 
 Christiania 
 Hamar 
 
 NOEWAY. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Tromso J Hammerfest. 
 Drontheim, Christiansand. 
 Bergen. 
 
 Stavanger, Christiansund. 
 Christiania, Drammen. 
 Hamar. 
 
 Divisions. 
 Nordland 
 
 Svealand 
 
 SWEDEN. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Lulea, Umea, Ostersmid, Hernosand, 
 
 Gefle. 
 Fahlun, Carlstadt, Orebro, Westeras, 
 Stockholm, Upsal, Nykoping. 
 
48 
 
 Divisions. \ Chief Towns. 
 
 Gothland Wisby, (on Gothland Island), Gottenborg, 
 
 Wenersborg, Halmstad, Linkoping, 
 Calmar, Jonkoping, Wexio, Carlscrona, 
 Christianstadt, Malmo. 
 
 Notes on above Towns. — Hammerfest is the most Northern town 
 in Europe. Drontheim is the ancient capital and possesses a 
 cathedral. Christiansand has a cathedral, and is engaged in the 
 export of lobsters. Bergen is a sea port, and has the greatest rain- 
 fall of any city in Europe. Stavanger has a cathedral and herring 
 fishery. Dram men is noted for its college and schools. 
 Christiania is the capital of Norway, is the chief port, has a 
 university, exports timber, pitch, sealskins and fish. It manu- 
 factures cotton, paper and soap ; weaves, brews, distils ; and 
 manufactures tobacco and snuff. Gefie is a Sw^edish sea port. 
 Fahlun is in the centre of the copper mines. Stockholm, the 
 capital, is built partly on piles, is the chief sea port and possesses 
 a cathedral. Upsal has a university, and is situated near rich 
 iron mines. Calmar is a strong fortress. Carlscrona is the chief 
 naval port. 
 
 Forts. — (Norway.) Christiania, Bergen, Drammen. 
 
 (Sweden.) Stockholm, Gottenborg, Norrkoping. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits and Products.— In both Norway and Sweden, 
 forests, mines and fishing take up much of the attention of the 
 people. In Sweden, many of the people follow agricultural 
 pursuits. Both people make good sailors. 
 
 Exports. — Timber, fish, iron, oats. 
 
 Imports. — Linen, cotton and woollen cloths, coals, machinery, 
 tea, spirits, wine, tobacco, sugar. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Good high roads, not many railways, 
 and no canals in Norway. In Sweden, good high roads, several 
 railways and canals, and a few navigable rivers. 
 
 Government and Religion. — Limited Monarchy under one king, but 
 each country has its own constitution and laws. Lutheranism is the 
 prevailing religion. Every child from 7 to 14 must attend school. 
 
 DENMARK. 
 Denmark includes Jutland, and the islands in its neighbourhood. 
 Boundaries. — Denmark is bounded on the North by the Skager 
 
44 
 
 Rack, on the East by the Sound and the Cattegat, on the South by 
 the Baltic and Prussia, and on the West by the North Sea. 
 
 Area. — About 14,700 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— l^esLY] J 1,800,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Lym Fiord. 
 
 Straits and Channels. — Skager Rack, Cattegat, Great Belt 
 (between Zealand and Funen), Little Belt (between Funen and 
 Mainland), Sound (between Zealand and Sweden). 
 
 Islands. — Zealand, Funen, Laaland, Falster and Bornholm, 
 besides more than 150 smaller ones. 
 
 Capes.^The Skaw in the North of Jutland. 
 
 Mountains. — None. The surface is generally flat, and part of 
 the coast is protected from inundation by walls, to keep out the sea. 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — None of any importance. 
 
 Climate. — Temperate, and though much rain falls, is not 
 unhealthy. The winters are very cold. 
 
 Soil. — Generally fertile, with the exception of sandy heaths in 
 North. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Grains and potatoes. 
 
 Fish. — Great quantities in surrounding seas. 
 
 Minerals. — None. 
 
 The chief Towns are : Copenhagen, Aarhuus, Odense, Aalborg, 
 Randers, Horsens, Elsinore, Korsor and Frederikshaven. 
 
 Notes on the above Towns. — Copenhagen the capital, is strongly 
 fortified, has a good Harbour and a University. At Elsinore, the 
 famous ground dues used to be collected. 
 
 Port^. — Copenhagen, Elsinore, Korsor, Aarhuus, Aalborg, 
 Frederikshaven. 
 
 Industries. — No mining. Cattle rearing, farming, dairywork 
 and fishing. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Roads are good. Railways about 
 1,000 miles. Steamboats between coast towns. 
 
 Government. — Hereditary monarchy. 
 
 B.eligion. — Protestant (Lutheran). 
 
 Exports. — Corn, live cattle, butter, hides, eggs. 
 
 Imports. — Colonial produce, iron and timber. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — Iceland in Atlantic. (Capital : Reikiavik), 
 famous for Mount Hecla (volcano). Geysers (hot springs). Faroe 
 Isles in Atlantic, North of Great Britain. Greenland. In West 
 Indies: Santa Cruz, St. Thomas and St. John. 
 
45 
 
 Rote. — Heligoland, 20 miles from mouth of the Elbe, containing 
 five square miles, and a population of less than 2,000, belongs to 
 England. 
 
 HOLLAND. 
 
 Holland or the Netherlands, lies to the South of the North Sea. 
 
 Boundaries, — Holland is bounded on the North and West ; by 
 the North Sea, on the South ; by Belgium, and on the East ; by 
 Germany. 
 
 Area. — About 13,600 sq. miles. 
 
 Popuhttion. — Nearly 4,100,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — The Dollart Zee on the North, The Zuyder 
 Zee, the estuaries of The Rhine, The Maas, The East Scheldt, and 
 The West Scheldt, on the West. 
 
 The coasts everywhere are low, and require to be protected by 
 sea-walls. 
 
 Strait. — Marsdiep, between Texel and Mainland, the chief 
 entrance to the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Islands. — Two groups, one at the entrance to Zuyder Zee 
 (chief Ameland, Ter Schelling, Vlieland, Texel), the other at the 
 mouths of the Rhine, Maas and Scheldt (chief Ysselmonde, Beyer- 
 land, Over Flakkee, Skouwen, North Beveland, South Beveland 
 and Walcheren). 
 
 Cape. — De Helder at entrance to Zuyder Zee. 
 
 Mountains. — None. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Zuyder Zee : the Amstel and Yssel. 
 Flowing into the North Sea : The Rhine, Maas and Scheldt. 
 
 Climate. — Extremely humid, raw and foggy. The winters are 
 very cold, the canals and even sometimes the Zuyder Zee being 
 often frozen for months. 
 
 Soil — Very fertile, but many large swamps and some heaths in 
 the interior of the country. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Oats, wheat, barley, potatoes, chicory, 
 madder, hemp, flax and hops. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — A number of rabbits in the sandhills. 
 
 Birds. — Stork very numerous. Waterfowl in marshes. 
 
 Minerals. — Potters' clay. 
 
46 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht, Leyden, Groningen, 
 Haarlem, Arnheim, Maestricht, Dort, Nimeguen, Delft, Helder, 
 Flashing, Breda, Luxemburg. 
 
 Notes 071 above Towns. — Amsterdam on the Y is the capital, 
 fortified on the land side, built on piles, intersected by canals, 
 contains 200 bridges, engaged in diamond cutting, sugar refining, 
 and commerce. Rotterdam a sea port on the Maas. The Hague 
 is the seat of government. Leyden, Groningen and Utrecht are 
 university towns. Haarlem celebrated flower gardens, especially 
 for tulips, hyacinths and kindred flowers. Zaardem, in the 
 neighbourhood of which are 1,400 windmills. Maestricht a strong 
 fortress on the Maas. Delft where potterj^ w^as first produced in 
 Europe. 
 
 PorU (Commercial). — Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Middleburg. 
 (Naval). — Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Helder, Flushing. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Shipbuilding, linen, spirits. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Largely by canals which intersect 
 the country in every direction. 
 
 Government. — Hereditary constitutional monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Lutheranism and Galvanism. 
 
 Exports. — Butter, cheese, cattle, sheep, flax, linen, spirits (gin 
 chiefly), oil, colonial produce (chiefly spices). 
 
 Imports. — Colonial produce (chiefly spices), coffee, sugar, tin, 
 timber, cotton and woollen goods, hardware and palm oil. 
 
 Note. — The chief trade is with England, Prussia, and her own 
 colonies, which are next in importance to those of England. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — Java, Moluccas, parts of Sumatra, Borneo, 
 Celebes, Timor. Guiana in South America. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Belgium lies directly South of Holland. 
 
 Boundaries. —Belgium is boimdcd on the North, by Holland ; on 
 the West, by the North Sea ; on the South, by France ; and on the 
 East, by Prussia. 
 
 ^rm. — About 11,400 sq. miles. 
 
 Popidation. — About 5,400,000. 
 
 Coast. — Low, unbroken by any cape or inlet of importance, and 
 only 40 miles in extent. 
 
47 
 
 Islands. — None. 
 
 Mountains. — None. 
 
 Rivers. — Maas, (tributaries, Sambre, Ourthe, Lesse) and Scheldt. 
 The Lesse runs underground for a mile, through a cavern 
 containing glistening stalactites (it is known as the grotto of Han). 
 
 Climate. — Humid and foggy. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile, except on wastes and sandy heaths, which are 
 being rapidly reclaimed. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Rye, wheat, oats, flax, hemp, madder, 
 beetroot. 
 
 Animals. — (Domestic) Same as English. Flanders draught 
 horses are noted for size and beauty. (Wild) boar, wolf, fox. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron, lead, copper, zinc. 
 
 Provinces. 
 West Flanders 
 East Flanders 
 Antwerp 
 Brabdnt 
 Limburg 
 Liege 
 Namur 
 Luxemburg 
 Hainault 
 
 Divisions (9). 
 
 Towns. 
 Bruges, Courtrai, Ostend. 
 Ghent, St. Nicolas, Alost. 
 Antwerp, Malines. 
 Brussels, Louvain. 
 Maestricht, St. Trond. 
 Liege, Verviers. 
 Namur, Dinant. 
 Arlon, Neufchateau, Bastogne. 
 Mons, Tournay. 
 
 Notes on above and other noted Towns. — Bruges, Antwerp, and 
 Ostend are the only sea ports of importance. Naval ports : Nieuport, 
 and Ostend. University Towns : Ghent, Liege, Louvain, Brussels. 
 Fortresses, Antwerp, Charleroi, Tournay, Mons, Mamur. Brussels 
 is the capital, and has manufactures of lace and carpets. Tournay 
 is also engaged in carpet making. Ghent is built on 26 islands 
 connected by 100 bridges, near it is Oudenarde, famous for victory 
 over the French by Marlborough. Ramillies, Fontenoy, Waterloo, 
 were all the sites of famous battles. Ghent manufactures cotton, 
 linen and woollen goods. Li^ge manufactures hardware, and 
 quantities of fire arms. Malines or Mechlin is famous for lace. 
 
 Chief means of Communication. — Canals numerous, several 
 railways and very good roads. 
 
 Government. — Limited Monarchy. 
 
48 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic, but all religions permitted. 
 
 Exports. — Coal, flax, hemp, lace, woollen, cotton and linen 
 goods, hardware, arms, machinery, stone, glass. England takes 
 large quantities of dairy produce (butter, eggs, rabbits). 
 
 Imports. — Colonial produce, corn, wine and raw materials. 
 
 PORTUGAL. 
 
 Portugal lies on the Western side of Spain. 
 
 Boundaries. — Portugal is bounded on the North and East by 
 Spain, and on the West and South by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Area. — Nearly 35,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.~i,2>00,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Mouth of the Tagus, Bay of Setubal, and 
 Gulf of Sines on the West. 
 
 Islands. — The Azores and the Madeira Isles. 
 
 Capes. — Cape Mondego, Cape Roca, Cape Espichel, Cape Sines, 
 and Cape St. Vincent on West. Cape de Santa Maria on the 
 South. 
 
 Mountains. — The ranges running through Portugal are con- 
 tinuations of the Spanish ranges under different names. Sierra 
 d'Estrella and Sierra Manchique are the two chief ranges. 
 
 Rivers. — The lower courses of the Douro, the Tagus and the 
 Guadiana. 
 
 Lakes. — None. 
 
 Climate. — Warm, genial and less subject to extremes than that 
 of Spain. 
 
 Soil. — More fertile than Spain. 
 
 Vegetable Productions — Oranges, grapes, citrons, melons, figs. 
 The vineyards round Oporto yield ^' Port " wine. Those round 
 Lisbon " Bucellas." 
 
 Minerals. — Many exist but are not worked. There is one gold 
 mine in Portugal from which a small quantity is extracted. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Provinces. 
 Entre Douro e Minho 
 Tras OS Montes 
 
 Towns. 
 Oporto, Yiana, Braga. 
 Braganza, Villa Real. 
 
49 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Beira 
 
 Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Guarda, Castello 
 
 
 Branco. 
 
 Estremadura 
 
 Lisbon, Santarem, Leiria, Setubal. 
 
 Alemtejo 
 
 Portalegre, Evora, Beja. 
 
 Algarve 
 
 Faro. 
 
 T , , f Azores 
 Islands ^ nvyr j • 
 
 ( Madeira 
 
 Angra. 
 Funchal. 
 
 Notes on the above and other famous places. — Lisbon, the capital, 
 is near the mouth of the Tagus, has an old cathedral, and 
 is the Naval Port and Arsenal of Portugal. In 1755, a great 
 part of the city was destroyed by an earthquake. The chief 
 ports are Oporto (wines and fruits to England), Lisbon, Setubal 
 (has also salt works). Villa Real and Faro. Coimbra is a university 
 town. 
 
 Manufactures. — Wine (the only important one), some olive oil 
 and a little salt. 
 
 Chief means of Communication. — Roads few and ill kept. No 
 canals. Only 700 miles of railway 
 
 Government. — A limited monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic. 
 
 Exports. — Wine, oranges, lemons, grapes, figs, oil, salt, chiefly 
 to England, remainder to Brazil. 
 
 Imports. — Salt provisions (for fast days), manufactured goods of 
 all kinds. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — Cape Verde Isles, Settlements in Sene- 
 gambia, Angola, Benguela, and some African Isles in Africa. Goa, 
 Salsette, Macao, Timor, Solor in Asia. 
 
 SPAIN. 
 
 Spain lies in the South- West of Europe, at the entrance to the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Boundaries. — Spain is bounded on the North by France and the 
 Bay of Biscay, on the West by the Atlantic and Portugal, on the 
 South by the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and on the East by the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 Area. — Nearly 180,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population, — More than 16,500,000, 
 
50 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — The Gulf of Cadiz on the South, Gulf of 
 Valencia on the East. 
 
 Straits. — Straits of Gibraltar, connecting Atlantic and Medit- 
 erranean. 
 
 Islands. — The Balearic Islands (chief, Majorca, Minorca, Ivi^a), 
 Canary, in the Atlantic. 
 
 Capes. — Cape de Penas and Ortegal on the North. Finisterre 
 on the West. Capes Trafalgar, Tarifa and de Gata on the South. 
 Capes Palos, Nao and Creux on the East. 
 
 Isthmus. — The Isthmus joining Spain to France, is 230 miles broad 
 
 Mountains. — There are 5 principal chains crossing the Peninsula, 
 from East to West. 
 
 1. — The Pyrenees (between France and Spain), with continuation 
 along Northern part of Spain, called there, the Mountains of 
 Asturias or Cantabrian Mountains. Chief summit in Pyrenees 
 Mountains : Maladetta. Chief summit in Cantabrian Mountains : 
 Pefla Vieja. 
 
 2. — Castilian Mountains, highest summit : Sierra de Credos. 
 
 3. — Mountains of Toledo, highest summit : Sierra de Guadeloupe. 
 
 4. — Sierra Morena. 
 
 5. — Sierra Nevada. Chief summit : Mulhacen, highest moun- 
 tain in Spain. 
 
 Plains, <^c. — The Plateau of Old Castile, between Cantabrian 
 Mountains and Castilian Mountains. The Plateau of New Castile, 
 between Castilian Mountains and Sierra Morena. The table land 
 of Andalusia, between Sierra Morena and Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean : The Minho, Douro, 
 Tagus, Guadiana, Guadalquiver. Flowing into the Mediterranean : 
 The Segura, The Xucar, Guadalaviar and the Ebro. 
 
 Climate. — On North and West : humid, and removed from 
 extremes. In the centre : dry, with hot summers and cold 
 winters. In the South and East : almost tropical, tempered some- 
 what by the sea breezes. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile, except on tablelands where the ground is arid. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Cork trees, oak, chestnut, hazel, aloe, 
 grapes, oranges, olives, nuts. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Bull (in Andalusia), wolf, bear, lynx, boar, 
 monkey (on Rock of Gibraltar). (Domestic), those generally 
 found here : horse, sheep, cow, goat, ass, mule, dog. Andalusia 
 is noted for horses. The Merino sheep for its wool. 
 
51 
 
 Minerals. — Lead, quicksilver, iron, marble, stone. Almaden, in 
 La Mancha, possesses the richest quicksilver mine in Europe. The 
 mines of other metals are but little worked. 
 
 
 
 Divisions 
 
 (49 Provinces). 
 
 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Toiijns. 
 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Toivns. 
 
 1. 
 
 Lerida. 
 
 Lerida. 
 
 26. 
 
 Lugo. 
 
 Lugo. 
 
 2. 
 
 Grerona. 
 
 Gerona. 
 
 27. 
 
 Oviedo. 
 
 Oviedo. 
 
 3. 
 
 Barcelona. 
 
 Barcelona. 
 
 28. 
 
 Santander. 
 
 Santander. 
 
 4. 
 
 Tarragona. 
 
 Tarragona. 
 
 29. 
 
 Palencia. 
 
 Palencia. 
 
 5. 
 
 Caste] Ion. 
 
 Castellon. 
 
 30. 
 
 Valladolid. 
 
 Valladolid. 
 
 6. 
 
 Valencia. 
 
 Valencia. 
 
 31. 
 
 A Vila. 
 
 Avila. 
 
 7. 
 
 Alicante. 
 
 Alicante. 
 
 32. 
 
 Segovia. 
 
 Segovia. 
 
 8. 
 
 Albacete. 
 
 Albacete. 
 
 33. 
 
 Soria. 
 
 Soria. 
 
 9. 
 
 Murcia. 
 
 Murcia. 
 
 34. 
 
 Burgos. 
 
 Burgos. 
 
 10. 
 
 Almeria. 
 
 Almeria. 
 
 35. 
 
 Logrona. 
 
 Logrona. 
 
 11. 
 
 Granada. 
 
 Granada. 
 
 36. 
 
 Alava. 
 
 Vittoria. 
 
 12. 
 
 Jaen. 
 
 Jaen. 
 
 37. 
 
 Biscay. 
 
 Bilbao. 
 
 13. 
 
 Cordova. 
 
 Cordova. 
 
 38. 
 
 Guipascoa. 
 
 Tolosa. 
 
 14. 
 
 Seville. 
 
 Seville. 
 
 39. 
 
 Navarra. 
 
 Pampelona. 
 
 15. 
 
 Malaga. 
 
 Malaga. 
 
 40. 
 
 Saragossa. 
 
 Saragossa. 
 
 16. 
 
 Cadiz. 
 
 Cadiz. 
 
 41. 
 
 Huesca. 
 
 Huesca. 
 
 17. 
 
 Huelva. 
 
 Huelva. 
 
 42. 
 
 Teruel. 
 
 Teruel. 
 
 18. 
 
 Badajos. 
 
 Badajos. 
 
 43. 
 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 Guadalajara. 
 
 19. 
 
 Caceres. 
 
 Caceres. 
 
 44. 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 Madrid. 
 
 20. 
 
 Salamanca. 
 
 Salamanca. 
 
 45. 
 
 Cuenca. 
 
 Cuenca. 
 
 21. 
 
 Zamora. 
 
 Zamora. 
 
 46. 
 
 Toledo. 
 
 Toledo. 
 
 22. 
 
 Leon. 
 
 Leon. 
 
 47. 
 
 Ciudad Real. 
 
 Ciudad Real. 
 
 23.* 
 
 Pontevedra. 
 
 Pontevedra. 
 
 48. 
 
 Balearic. 
 
 Palma. 
 
 24. 
 
 Coranna. 
 
 Corunna. 
 
 49. 
 
 Canaries. 
 
 Palmas. 
 
 25. 
 
 Orense. 
 
 Orense. 
 
 
 
 
 N'otes on the principal Towns. — Madrid, on the Manzaneres, 
 a tributary of the Tagus, is the capital. The famous Escurial, 25 
 miles North-West, consists of a palace, a monastery, and a church, 
 and is one of the largest buildings in Europe. It is the burial place of 
 the Spanish monarchs. Barcelona is the second city, exports 
 fruits, notably nuts and raisins. Seville contains the largest 
 tobacco factory in Europe, (tobacco is a Government monopoly). 
 Granada contains the famous Alhambra, the palace of the Moorish 
 kings. Cadiz a strong naval and commercial port. Cordova, 
 noted for leather, contains a cathedral. Salamanca, Vittoria, 
 Talavera, Ciudad Real and Badajos, are famous for victories of 
 Wellington over the French. Saragossa is noted for its defence 
 
 B 2 
 
52 
 
 against the French. Corunna, Sir John Moore killed here in 
 1808. Trafalgar, victory and death of Nelson in 1805. 
 
 Ports (Naval). — Ferrol, Cadiz, Cartagena. (Commercial), 
 Barcelona, Cadiz, Valencia, Malaga, Cartagena. 
 
 Industrial Centres. — Barcelona, (cotton). Valencia, (silk and 
 velvet). Murcia, (cloth and pottery). Seville, (silk, woollen 
 and tobacco). 
 
 Means of Communication. — High roads : bad. Railways : few. 
 Canals : none. 
 
 Government. — Constitutional Monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic. Of late years all are tolerated, but 
 barely tolerated in some parts. 
 
 Exports. — Wine, wool, raisins, lead, quicksilver, lemons, nuts, 
 oranges, barilla, olive oil. 
 
 England, France, United States and Cuba, are the chief 
 customers. 
 
 Imports (Colonial Produce). — All kinds of manufactured 
 goods, salt, dried fish and machinery. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — Cuba, Porto Rico and some of the Virgin 
 Isles in the West Indies ; Philippines, Ladrones, Caroline Islands 
 and part of Borneo, in Asia and Oceania ; Ceuta, Tetuan, Annobon, 
 Fernando Po, in Africa. 
 
 Gibraltar. — A town and fortress at the Southern extremity of 
 the Peninsula, was captured by the British in 1704, and still 
 remains theirs. Great trade carried on with Spain (great part by 
 smugglers). The fortifications are deemed almost impregnable. 
 Galleries have been cut in the solid rock and armed with guns of 
 large calibre. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Italy is situated in the South of Europe and is the most con- 
 spicuous of the Peninsulas in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Boundaries. — Italy is bounded on the North by Switzerland 
 and Austria, on the East by Austria and the Adriatic Sea, on the 
 South by the Mediterranean, and on the West by the Mediterranean 
 and France. 
 
 Area. — Rather more than 114,000 sq. miles. 
 
&^ 
 
 Population.— ^esirlj 28,500,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Gulfs of Venice, Manfredonia, Taranto and 
 Squillace on the East; Gulf of Salerno, Bay of Naples, Gulf of 
 Gaeta and Gulf of Genoa on the West. 
 
 Straits. — Otranto between Italy and Turkey ; Messina between 
 Italy and Sicily ; Straits of Piombino between Elba and Italy ; 
 Straits of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia. 
 
 Islands. — Sicily and Lipari Islands off South West Coast. 
 Sardinia, Elba, Ischia and Capri off" the West Coast. 
 
 Capes. — On the East : Maestra, D'Leuca, Nan or Colonne and 
 Spartivento. On the West : Vaticano, Circello. On the Islands : 
 C. Passaro, South of Sicily. Carbonara and Spartivento, South of 
 Sardinia. 
 
 Mountains. — The Eastern Alps, between Italy and Austria ; 
 Central Alps, between Italy and Switzerland (chief summits : Mount 
 Blanc and Mont della Disgraza) ; Western Alps, between Italy 
 and France (chief summit : Mount Paradis) ; Apennines, running 
 throughout the whole length of the Peninsula (highest summit : 
 Mont^ Corno). Other peaks are : Mount Viso, in Western Alps ; 
 Mount Cenis, in Western Alps ; Mount St. Bernard, Mount 
 Rosa, Mount St. Gothard, in Central Alps. Volcanoes : Vesuvius, 
 near Naples ; Etna, in Sicily ; Stromboli, in the Lipari 
 Islands. 
 
 Plains. — Plain of Lombardy stretches nearly across the Northern 
 extremity of the Peninsula. Plain of Tuscany or ^' The Maremma" 
 on the West Coast, a low and most unhealthy district. The 
 Campagna di Roma and the Pontine Marshes are continuations 
 southward of the Maremma. The Campania a rich fertile district 
 round Naples. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Adriatic : The Adige and Po. 
 Flowing into the Mediterranean : The Tiber and Arno. 
 
 Lakes. — Are chiefly found in the Alpine district. Maggiore, 
 Como, Garda, Lugano, Iseo. On the Western slope of the 
 Apennines : Perugia and Bolseno. 
 
 Climate. — Warm, dry and generally healthy. The Sirocco a 
 hot burning wind from Africa. The Tramontana, a cold wind 
 from the Apennines, and the Malaria from the marshes modify and 
 form drawbacks to an otherwise splendid climate. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile, especially in the Northern plains and in the 
 volcanic districts. 
 
54 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Wheat, rice, maize, olive, vine, mulberry, 
 orange, lemon and other southern fruits. 
 
 Wild Animals. — Wild boar, chamois, lynx, wild goat, porcupine, 
 the tarantula a species of spider with venemous bite in Southern 
 Italy. 
 
 Domestic Animals. — Ox, ass, mule, horse (not much used except 
 for riding). 
 
 Fish. — Tunny, anchovy, sardine. 
 
 Minerals. — Iron, marble, alabaster, sulphur. 
 
 Italy is divided into 
 provinces. 
 
 Compartments. 
 
 1. Piedmont 
 
 2. Liguria 
 
 3. Lombardy 
 
 4. Venetia 
 
 5. Emilia 
 
 6. Umbria 
 
 7. Marches 
 
 8. Tuscany 
 
 9. Rome. 
 
 10. Abruzzo and 
 
 Molise 
 
 11. Campania 
 
 12. Apulia 
 
 13. Basilicata 
 
 14. Calabria 
 
 15. Sicily 
 
 16. Sardinia 
 
 Divisions. 
 16 compartments, and these again into 69 
 
 Provinces and Towns. 
 Alessandria, Cuneo, No vara, Turin. 
 Genoa, Porto Maurizio. 
 Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, 
 
 Mantua, Milan, Pavia, Sondrio. 
 Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Udine, 
 
 Venice, Verona, Vicenza. 
 Bologna, Ferrara, Forli, Modena, Parma, 
 
 Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio. 
 Perugia. 
 Ancona, Ascoli, Piceno, Macerata, Pesaro, 
 
 Urbino. 
 Arezzo, Florence, Grosetto, Leghorn, 
 
 Lucca, Massa-Carrara, Pisa, Siena. 
 Rome. 
 Chieti, Teramo, Aquila, Campobasso. 
 
 Benevento, Naples, Salerno, Avellino, 
 
 Caserta. 
 Foggia, Bari, Lecce. 
 Potenza. 
 
 Cosenza, Reggio, Catanzaro. 
 Caltanisetta, Catania, Girgenti, Messina, 
 
 Palermo, Syracusa, Trapani. 
 Cagliari, Sassari. 
 
55 
 
 I^otes on the Principal Towns. — Rome on the Tiber is th^ 
 capital, and contains the Vatican, the residence of the Pope. It 
 contains St. Peter's, the most beautiful church in the world. The 
 Colosseum, Trajan's Pillar, the Arch of Titus, aqueducts, drains, 
 statues are among its celebrated remains of antiquity. The manu- 
 factures of Rome are jewellery, and strings for musical instruments. 
 Naples in a most beautiful situation, is the most populous town in 
 Italy. The lowest classes are known as Lazzaroni. In the 
 neighbourhood are the disinterred cities of Herculaneum and 
 Pompeii. Florence contains the Duomo, a vast cathedral, and 
 was the birthplace of many men celebrated in literature and art. 
 Pisa is noted for a tower leaning very much out of the perpendicular. 
 Milan has a splendid cathedral in white marble. Pavia has a 
 university. Bologna has the oldest university. Loretto famous 
 for its holy house, said to have been brought by angels from 
 Nazareth. Venice built on a hundred islands has canals for 
 streets ; St. Mark's square the largest open spot of land in the 
 city. Este, from the Duke of Este, have originated the reigning 
 families of Britain, Brunswick and Modena. 
 
 University Towns — Padua, Pavia, Bologna, Turin, Panna, 
 Florence, Pisa, Rome, Naples. 
 
 Ports. — Genoa, Naples, Spezzia, Leghorn, Venice, Civita 
 Vecchia, Ancona, Palermo, Brindisi, Amalfi, Cagliari in Sardinia. 
 
 Industrial Centres and Products. 
 
 Naples : macaroni, silk. Rome : jewellery, musical strings. 
 Venice : cloth of gold, velvets. Florence : silk, straw hats and 
 mosaics. Milan : silks, velvets, books, cutlery. Lucca : olive 
 oil. Cremona : violins. Lodi, Arcole, Marengo, Rivoli, Magenta 
 and Solferino are noted battlefields. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Roads good in the North. Railways 
 in the North, good. In the South and Sicily, the means of inter- 
 communication are very poor. Railway tunnel through Mount 
 Cenis, connects Italy and France. Others connect Italy and 
 Switzerland. 
 
 Government. — A limited monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic. 
 
 Exports. — Silk, olive oil, sulphur, marble, lamb-skins, straw 
 hats. 
 
56 
 
 Imports. — Manufactured Goods, iron, woollen and cotton 
 cloths. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — Bay of Assab, on the Red Sea ; and part 
 of the country in the neighbourhood of Massowah. 
 
 Malta (capital Valetta), 60 miles South of Sicily, belongs to 
 Great Britain. It was taken from the French in 1800, and hgis 
 remained in the hands of the English since. It is important as 
 a station for the navy, and is a great commercial centre. Gozo 
 and Comino, two smaller islands, are dependencies of Malta. 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Greece is the extreme Southern portion of the Balkan Peninsula. 
 
 Boundaries. — Greece is bounded on the North by Turkey, on 
 the West and South by the Mediterranean, and on the East by the 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Area. — 25,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population in 1881, was 1,067,770. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays and Inlets. — Gulfs of Volo, Zeitun, Athens and 
 Nauplia, on the East ; on the South : Marathonisi and Kalamata ; 
 on the West : Patras, Lepanto or Corinth, and Arta. 
 
 Straits. — Talanta and Egripo, between Mainland and Negropont; 
 Cervi, between the Island of Cerigo and the Mainland ; and the 
 Strait of Corfu, between Corfu and the Mainland. 
 
 Islands. — Negropont and Cyclades, on the East ; and the Ionian 
 Islands, on the West. Chief of the Cyclades are : Andro, Tino, 
 Naxia, Syra, and Delos. The chief of the Ionian Islands are : 
 Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante, Cerigo. 
 
 Isthmus. — Isthmus of Corinth, joining Morea, to Mainland. 
 
 Peninsula. — Morea, the most Southern portion of Greece. 
 
 Mountains. — Mt. Pindus, Parnassus, with Mt. Helicon, highest, 
 Lykeri, (8,259 feet). 
 
 Rivers and Lakes. — Numerous but very insignificant. 
 
 Climate and Soil. — Temperate climate generally. Very cold and 
 bleak on mountains. Soil, very fertile in valleys. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Corn, oil, wine, figs, currants, tobacco, 
 flax, cotton and madder. Some forests. 
 
57 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Great Divisions 3 in number, contain 13 provinces, which are 
 called Nomarchies or Nomoi. 
 
 Great Divisions. 
 
 Northern Greece 
 or Helias. 
 
 Southern Greece 
 or Morea. 
 
 Insular Greece. 
 
 Nomoi. 
 Attica and Boeotia. 
 
 Phocis and Phthiotis. 
 
 Acanarnia and Etolia. 
 Argolis and Corinth. 
 
 Achaia and EHs. 
 
 Arcadia. 
 
 Messenia. 
 
 Laconia. 
 
 Euboea. 
 
 Cyclades. 
 
 Corfu. 
 
 Zante. 
 
 Cephalonia. 
 
 Toivns. 
 Athens, Piraeus, 
 
 Thebes, Livadia. 
 Zeitonn, Salona, 
 
 Talanta. 
 Missolonghi, Lepanto. 
 Nauplia, Corinth, 
 
 Argos. 
 Patras, Pyrgos. 
 Tripolitza. 
 Kalamata. 
 Sparta, Mistra. 
 Chalcis, 
 Hermopolis 
 Corfu. 
 Zante. 
 Argostoli. 
 
 Notes on the Principal Towns. — Athens, the capital, is one of the 
 most famous cities in the world. Its antiquities are numerous, in 
 good preservation, and unsurpassable. The celebrated Parthenon 
 is perhaps the most widely known. Acropolis, and Temple to 
 Theseus are others. Missolonghi is noted as being the burial place 
 of Lord Byron. Argos is said to be the oldest town in Greece. 
 Piraeus is the port of Athens. 
 
 Ports. — Piraeus, Volo, Zante, Patras, Syra, Corfu, Nauplia, 
 Hydra. 
 
 Industries. — Commerce is largely foUow^ed, the cultivation of 
 ciu-rants, olives, figs, cotton and tobacco, is the pursuit of more 
 than half of the population. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Roads few and bad. 
 
 Government. — Limited Monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Greek Church. 
 
 Exports. — Currants, olive oil, figs and lead. 
 
 Imports. — Cotton cloths, corn, coffee and colonial produce. 
 
 ROUMANIA. 
 Boundaries. — Roumania is bounded on the North by Russia and 
 
68 
 
 Austria ; East by Russia and Black Sea ; on South by Bulgaria ; 
 on the West by Bulgaria, Servia and Hungary. 
 
 Area. — 50,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. — 5,500,000. 
 
 Inlets. — Mouths of the Danube and Lake Rassim. 
 
 Islands. — Formed by Delta of the Danube, the Isle of Serpents. 
 
 Mountains. — Carpathian Mountains . 
 
 Rivers. — The Danube (for the latter part of its course), the 
 Pruth and the Sereth. 
 
 Climate. — Extreme, hot in summer, cold in winter, unhealthy. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Wheat, maize, barley, millet, hemp, 
 tobacco, fruit, timber. 
 
 Animals. — Sheep and cattle are reared in large numbers. 
 
 Minerals. — Salt, petroleum, amber, others are plentiful, but not 
 worked. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Roumaniais divided into 31 districts. 
 
 The chief towns are Bukharest, Jassy, Galatz, Sulina and Braila. 
 
 Bukharest possesses more than 100 churches. Jassy was the 
 capital of Moldavia. 
 
 Ports. — Sulina, Galatz and Braila. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Agriculture, cattle tending, no manufac- 
 tures. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Very bad. 
 
 Government. — Limited Monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Greek Church. 
 
 Exports. — Wheat, maize, wool, wood, coffee. 
 
 Imports. — Manufactured goods, chiefly cotton cloths. 
 
 SEEYIA. 
 
 Boundaries. — Servia is bounded on the North, by Hungary ; 
 East, by Roumania and Bulgaria ; on the South, by Turkey ; and 
 on the West, by Bosnia. 
 
 Area. — 18,780 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.--l,1QOfiOO. 
 
 Mountains. — Carpathians, on North-East ; Balkans, on the 
 South-East ; Dinaric Alps, on the West. 
 
h9 
 
 Ewers. — Danube, with its tributaries The Save, The Morava 
 and The Timok. 
 
 Climate a7id Soil. — Similar to that of Roumania. 
 Vegetable Productions. — Similar to those of Roumania. 
 Animals. — Herds of pigs and goats in the forests. 
 Minerals. — Salt, copper, lead, iron. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Servia is divided into 21 districts. 
 The chief towns are Belgrade and Nissa. 
 
 Belgrade is strongly fortified, has some trade and a few manu- 
 factures (arms, carpets and silk goods). 
 Means of Communication. — None good. 
 Government. — Hereditary Monarchy. 
 Religion. — Greek Church. 
 
 Exports. — Grain, live stock, pigs, and goat skins. 
 Imports. — Hardly any. 
 
 GERMANY, 
 
 The German Empire lies to the South of the Baltic and Denmark. 
 
 Boundaries. — Germany is bounded on the North by the Baltic 
 Sea, Denmark and the North Sea. On the West by Holland, 
 Belgium and France. On the South by Switzerland and Austria 
 and on the East by Austria and Russia. 
 
 ^rea.— 210,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— 4cb, 100 fiOO. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Kurische Haff, Frische HafF, Gulf of Dantzic, 
 Stettiner Haff, Mouth of the Oder, Lubeck Bay, Kiel Bay, in 
 Baltic Sea ; Estuaries of the Elbe and Weser, in North Sea. 
 
 Islands. — Rugen, Fehmern, Alsen, in the Baltic; and North 
 Frisian Islands, in North Sea. 
 
 Capes. — Briister Ort and Rixhoft Head, at entrance to Gulf of 
 Dantzic. 
 
 Mountains. — The mountains of central Germany. Erz Gebirge 
 (metal mountain), between Saxony and Bohemia ; Reisen Gebirge 
 (giant's mountain), between Prussia and Bohemia ; Schwarz Wald, 
 or black forest mountain ; and the Vosges. 
 
m 
 
 Plains. — The Northern part of Germany, lying along the coast 
 line, is low, level, in some places sandy, in others marshy, in others 
 covered with heath. 
 
 Elvers. — Flowing into the Baltic : The Oder, Vistula and 
 Niemen. Flowing into the North Sea : The Rhine, Ems, Weser, 
 and Elbe. Flowing into the Black Sea : The Danube. 
 
 JVote. — A description of the courses of the most important rivers 
 will be found under the head of Europe. 
 
 Lakes. — None of importance. 
 
 Climate. — Cold and damp in the North; warm in the South; 
 generally healthy ; Soil good, except on the Northern plains. 
 
 Vegetable I'roductions. — Vast forests in the mountains; pine 
 forest on North plain; grain, esculent roots, vines and hops, 
 flourish. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — The wolf, the brown bear, the hamster. 
 
 Minerals. — Abundant in mountain region. Silver, iron, lead, 
 tin, copper, zinc, salt, coal, turf. 
 
 Divisions (26). 
 
 (4) Kingdoms. j Chief Towns. 
 
 Berlin, Konigsberg, Danzig, Stettin, 
 
 Posen, Breslau, Magdeburg, Altona, 
 
 Hanover, Munster, Frankfort, Cologne, 
 
 Sigmaringen. 
 Munich, Landshut, Spires, Ratisbon, 
 
 Baireuth, Anspach, Wurzburg, Augsberg. 
 Stuttgart, Elwangen, Reutlingen, Ulm. 
 Dresden, Bautzen, Leipsic, Twickau. 
 
 Notes on the above Kingdoms and Towns. — The kingdom of 
 Prussia, is divided into 13 provinces, named as follows : — 
 Brandenburg, East Prussia, West Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, 
 Silesia, Magdeburg, Schleswig Holstein, Hanover, Westphalia, 
 Hesse-Nassau, Rhine-land, Hohenzollern. The capitals of these 
 provinces are given in the above tables. 
 
 Berlin, on the Spree, is the metropolis of the German Empire, 
 as well as the capital of Prussia. It is the chief manufacturing 
 city in Germany, and is considered one of the most haudsome cities 
 in Europe. It has a University. 
 
 1. Prussia 
 
 2. Bavaria 
 
 3. Wurtemberg 
 
 4. Saxony 
 
61 
 
 The kingdom of Bavaria is divided into 8 provinces, named as 
 under : — 
 
 Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Rhenish Prussia, Upper 
 Palatinate, Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia, 
 Swabia. The capitals are given above. 
 
 Wurtemburg is divided into 4 circles, viz. : — Neckar, Jaxt, 
 Black Forest, Danube. Their capitals follow in order in above 
 table. 
 
 Saxony is divided into 4 districts, i.e. : — Dresden, Bautzen, 
 Leipsic, Twickau. 
 
 The chief naval ports are : Keil, Stralsund, Danzig, Wilhelmshaven. 
 
 The chief commercial ports are : Stettin, Danzig, Konigsberg, 
 Altona, Memel, Elbing. 
 
 Industrial Centres (k Products. — Berlin (china, cloths, hardware); 
 Breslau (cloths and silk) ; Cologne (Eau-de-Cologne) ; Essen (Krupp's 
 cannon factory, fire arms) ', Munich (mathematical instruments, 
 hardware) ; Nuremburg (toys) ; Augsburg (silks, cotton, linen) ; 
 Stuttgart (printing, cloths) ; Ulm (toys) ; Aalen (salt) ; Dresden 
 (Dresden china made at Meissen, 15 miles from Dresden), silks, 
 mathematical instruments ; Leipsic (book fair, type making) ; 
 Twickau (mining) ; Chemnitz (cottons). 
 
 University Toivns. — Bonn, Halle, Gottingen, Marburg, Wurzburg, 
 Erlangen, Tubingen. 
 
 Mineral Springs. — Aix-la-Chapelle, Ems, Homburg, Wiesbaden, 
 Selters, Wildbad. 
 
 (6) Grand Duchies. 
 Baden 
 
 Mecklenburg, Schwerin 
 
 Hesse 
 
 Oldenburg 
 
 Saxe-Weimar 
 
 Mecklenburg Strelitz 
 
 (5) Duchies. 
 Brunswick 
 Saxe Meinigen 
 Anhalt 
 
 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
 Saxe Altenburg 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Carlsruhe, Constance, Frie- 
 
 burg, Mannheim. 
 Schwerin, Rostock, Wismar. 
 Darmstadt, Mayence, Worms. 
 Oldenberg, Oberstein. 
 Weimar, Eisenach. 
 Neu Strelitz. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Brunswick, Wolfenbutel. 
 Meiningen, Sonneburg. 
 Dessau, Bernberg. 
 Gotha and Coburg. 
 Altenburg. 
 
62 
 
 (7) Principalities. 
 Waldeck 
 Lippe-Detmold 
 Schwartzburg-Rudolstadt 
 Schwartzburg-Sondershausen 
 Reuss Schliez 
 Schaumburg-Lippe 
 Reuss-Griez 
 
 (1) Reichsland. 
 Alsace-Lorraine 
 
 Chief Towns, 
 Arolsen. 
 Detmold. 
 Rudolstadt. 
 Sondershausen. 
 Gera. 
 
 Buckeburg. 
 Griez. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Strasburg, Colman, Metz. 
 Mulhauser. 
 
 (3) Free Towns. 
 Hamburg. Lubeck. Bremen. 
 
 Notes on the above. — Baden is divided into four districts, viz. : 
 Carlsruhe, Constance, Frieberg, Mannheim. 
 
 Carlsruhe is built in the shape of a wheel, all the streets 
 radiating from the centre. Hamburg on the Elbe is one of the 
 chief commercial ports of Europe. Bremen is the second port in 
 Germany. Mulhauser is noted for cottons, woollens and silks. 
 Mayence is a strong fortress. Metz is a strong fortress on the 
 Moselle, surrendered by French to Germans in 1870. 
 
 Fortresses. — - Metz, Landau, Rastadt, Ulm, Metz, Strasburg, 
 Mayence, Coblentz, Ehrenbreitstein, Cologne, Magdeburg, Konigs- 
 berg. 
 
 Chief meayis of Communication. — Except in Black Forest, the 
 roads are very good ; railways, numerous ; river communication, 
 good ; very few canals. 
 
 Government. — A confederation, with an Emperor (who is King 
 of Prussia) ; a Federal Council, and a Parliament. 
 
 Religion. — Protestant and Catholic (half a million Jews). More 
 than half of the people are Protestants. 
 
 Exports. — Amber from the Frische and the Kurische HafF. 
 Wool, timber, corn, linen, butter, eggs, potatoes, sugar. Most of 
 these articles are sent to England. 
 
 Imports. — English manufactures (cotton and woollen goods, 
 hardware and machinery), coal, wines, raw cotton, tea, sugar, 
 spices. 
 
63 
 
 AUSTRIA. 
 
 Austria is situated nearly in the centre of Europe. 
 
 Boundaries. — Austria is bounded on the North, by Prussia and 
 Russia ; on the West, by Saxony, Bavaria and Switzerland ; on 
 the South, by Italy, Adriatic, Montenegro, Servia and Roumania. 
 
 Area. — About 241,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— ^Q2.y\j 38,000,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Gulfs of Trieste, Quarnero and Cattaro. 
 
 Islands. — Cherso, Veglia, Pago, Grossa, Brazza and Lesina. 
 Schutt formed by the Danube 50 miles long. 
 
 Cape. — Punta di Promontore. 
 
 Peninsula. — Istria. 
 
 Mountains. — Rhetian Alps (highest, Ortler Spitz) ; Noric Alps 
 (highest, Gross Glockner) ; Carnic Alps ; Julian Alps ; Carpathians ; 
 Reisen Gebirge (highest, Schneekuppe) ; Ertzgebirge ; Sudetes; 
 Bohemer Wald and Moravian Mountains. 
 
 Rivers. — Into the Black Sea : The Danube (tributaries : Inn, 
 March, Drave, Save, Theiss), The Dneister. Into the Adriatic : 
 The Etsch. Into the North Sea : The Elbe (tributaries : Moldau 
 and Eger). Into the Baltic : The Oder and Vistula. 
 
 Lakes. — Balaton, Neusiedel and Zirknitz. 
 
 Climate. — Warm in the plains. Generally healthy. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile, especially in the plains. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Extensive forests of oak and pine. 
 Grains (wheat, rye), vines, potatoes, flax, hemp, hop, rice, maize, 
 millet, mulberry. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Brown bear, wolf, lynx, wild boar, deer, 
 chamois. (Domestic) Horse, sheep, cow, goat. 
 
 Birds. — Golden eagle, vulture, heron. 
 
 Fish. — Sturgeon, salmon, &c. 
 
 Minerals. — Extremely abundant in mountain districts, and very 
 valuable. Gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, quicksilver, coal, salt, 
 marble, sulphur, plumbago, and some precious stones. 
 
 Divisions. (18 Provinces.) 
 
 Provinces. 
 Bukowina 
 Galicia 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Czernowitz. 
 Lemberg. 
 
64 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Chief Towns 
 
 Silesia 
 
 Troppau. 
 
 Moravia 
 
 Brunn. 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 Prague. 
 
 Lower Austria 
 
 Vienna. 
 
 Upper Austria 
 
 Lintz. 
 
 Salzburg 
 
 Salzburg. 
 
 Tyrol and Vorarlberg 
 
 Innspruck. 
 
 Styria 
 
 Gratz. 
 
 Carintliia 
 
 Klagenfurt. 
 
 Carniola 
 
 Laybach. 
 
 Illyrian Coast 
 
 Trieste. 
 
 Dalmatia 
 
 Zara. 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Buda Pesth. 
 
 Transylvania 
 
 Klausenberg. 
 
 Croatia and Sclavonia 
 
 Agram. 
 
 Fiume 
 
 Fiume. 
 
 Notes on principal towns. — Vienna is the metropolis, has a 
 university, arsenal, 6 railway termini, park and promenade on an 
 island in Danube, called " The Prater." Trent, on the Adige ; 
 famous Council of Trent held here betw^een 1545 and 1563. 
 Prague University, birth place of John Huss ; cotton and linen 
 manufactures. Brunn manufactures woollen, cotton and silk. 
 Buda Pesth, capital of Hungary, Presburg the former capital. 
 Schemnitz has a mining school and has gold, silver and lead 
 mines. Halicz, old capital of Galicia, has salt works. Weilczka 
 and Bochnia most celebrated salt mines in the world. These are 
 both about 2 miles long and form regular towns underground. 
 Cracow^, the old capital of Poland on the Vistula. 
 
 University towns. — Vienna, Prague, Innspruck, Gratz, Buda 
 Pesth, Olmutz, Cracow, Lemberg. 
 
 Ports (Naval). — Pola. (Commercial) Trieste, Fiume, Ragusa. 
 
 Industries and Products. — Vienna (silks, cottons, woollens). 
 Buda Pesth (leather and same as Vienna). Prague (same as 
 Vienna). Lemberg (jewellery). Gratz (hardware, cloths). Brunn 
 (woollens and muslins). Czernowitz (clocks, jewellery, hardware). 
 Tokay (wine). 
 
 Fortresses and Battlefields. — Lintz, Olmutz (strongly fortified). 
 Austerlitz, Wagram and Sadowa (noted battlefields). 
 
65 
 
 Chief mean^ of Communication. — Few canals. Roads good except 
 in Mountain Districts. Railways fair. Bj rivers good. 
 
 Government. — A limited monarchy with an Emperor as head. 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic but all tolerated. 
 
 Imports. — Sugar, raw cotton, yarns, dye stuffs. 
 
 Exports (chiefly to Germany and Turkey). — Corn, wool, wood, 
 hardware, glass, linen. 
 
 TURKEY IN EUROPE. 
 
 Turkey lies in the South of Europe, between the Adriatic and 
 Black Seas. 
 
 Boundaries. — Turkey is bounded on the North, by Austria, 
 Servia and Roumania ; on the East, by the Black Sea ; on the 
 South, by the Sea of Marmora, Archipelago and Greece, and on 
 the West, by the Adriatic and Austria. 
 
 Area. — About 126,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— ^,bOOfiOO. 
 
 Guljs and Inlets. — The Gulfs of Saros, Monte Santo, and 
 Saloniki, connected with the Archipelago, Gulf of Bourgas in Black 
 Sea. 
 
 Straits. — Bosphorus, or Straits of Constantinople, joining Sea of 
 Marmora and Black Sea ; Hellespont and Dardanelles, joining the 
 Sea of Marmora and the Archipelago. 
 
 Islands. — Candia or Crete. 
 
 Capes. — Cape Kalagria, Cape Emineh on the East ; Cape Monte 
 Santo on South ; Cape Linguetta on the West. 
 
 Mountains. — Balkan Mountains, Tchar Dagh, Rhodope Moun- 
 tains, Dinaric Alps, Pindus, Monte Santo, Olympus, Liakoura or 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Rivers. — The only important river is the Danube. 
 
 Climate. — Not so warm as might be expected from the situation, 
 salubrious generally, except in the swamps along the Danube. 
 
 Ve'ietahle Productions. — Extensive forests on the mountains, 
 locust or carob tree, sycamore, maple, corn, fruits, tobacco, cotton, 
 opium, gum, liquorice, madder, galls, roses (for otto of roses). 
 
 Animals. — Bear, wolf, wild boar, jackal, deer. 
 
 Minerals. — Iron is worked a little, other minerals are known to 
 exist but are not utilized. 
 
66 
 
 Vilayets. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Constantinople. 
 Adrianople. 
 
 Saloniki. 
 Yanina. 
 
 Constantinople. 
 Adrianople, Rodosto, 
 
 Gallipoli. 
 Saloniki, Seres, Drama. 
 Yanina, Berat. 
 
 Kossova. 
 
 Kossova, Novibazaar. 
 
 Scutari. 
 
 Scutaria. 
 
 Crete. 
 
 Khania, Candia. 
 
 
 ^Tirnova, Varna, 
 s Rnschuk. 
 ( Widin, Sofia. 
 
 Danube. 
 
 
 North Adrianople. 
 Bosnia. 
 
 Philippopolis. 
 Bosnia Serai, 
 
 
 Herzegovina. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Turkey in Europe, as divided by the Treaty of Berlin, consists of 
 "Immediate possessions," "Autonomous province and Roumelia," 
 Bosnia, and Herzegovina, with Novibazaar, occupied by Austria, and 
 the tributary province of Bulgaria. 
 
 These are divided into 10 vilayets. 
 
 Divisions. 
 Roumelia. 
 
 Albania. 
 Crete. 
 Bulgaria. 
 East Roumelia. 
 
 ^otes on the Towns. — Constantinople the capital has a famous 
 harbour, known as the " Golden Horn." It looks a splendid city 
 from the Sea, but it is filthy, streets narrow, crowded, and infested 
 by ownerless dogs which are the only scavengers. Manufactures 
 meerschaum pipes, and leather. The Seraglio, residence of the 
 Sultan is 3 miles in circumference. '^I'he merchants live in Galatz ; 
 the foreign Ambassadors in Pera. Adrianople was the former 
 residence of the Sultan. It now prepares opium and otto of roses. 
 Manufactories of silk and leather. Silistria, defence against 
 Russians in 1854. Plevna, famous in late Russo Turkish war. 
 Schi[)ka Pass, over Balkans, where the Russians crossed on their 
 way to Constantinople. 
 
 Ports. — Constantinople, Saloniki, Gallipoli, Enos, Bourgas and 
 Avlona. 
 
 The trade is chiefly with England and Mediterranean ports. 
 
 Manufactures. — Fine cotton, silk, leather and carpets, but 
 none are of great importance. The chief towns engaged in 
 manufacture and commerce are : Constantinople, Scutaria, Bosna- 
 Serai, Rodosto, Widin, Silistria and Ruschuk. 
 
 Means of Gommunication. — Extremely bad. Roads few. Canals, 
 
<()7 
 
 none. Railways insignificant in number. Beasts of burden and 
 rafts on rivers are the chief means for the transit of goods. 
 
 Government. — Despotic under a Sultan. 
 
 Religion. — The Turks, Bulgarians and Albanians are Mahomme- 
 dans, but the remainder (about 60 per cent) belong to the Greek 
 Church. 
 
 Exports. — Corn, raw silk, wool, goat's hair, fruits, sponges and 
 hides. 
 
 Imports. — Many of these are forwarded to Persia and Central 
 Asia. Cotton and woollen goods and yarns, cutlery, hardware, 
 machinery. 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Russia occupies the whole of the East of Europe. 
 
 Boundaries. — Russia is bounded on the North, by the Arctic 
 Ocean ; on the East, by Asia and the Caspian Sea ; on the South, 
 by Persia, Black Sea, Roumania and Hungary ; on the West, by 
 Prussia, the Baltic Sea and Sweden. 
 
 Area. — About 2,250,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— ^Qd^Ylj 80,000,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Gulf of Kara, Petchora Bay, White Sea and 
 Varanger Fiord, on the North ; Gulfs of Bothnia, Finland, and 
 Riga, on the West ; Gulf of Perekop and Sea of Azov, on the South. 
 
 Straits. — Jogorskoi Strait, between Vaigatz Island and the 
 Mainland ; Strait of Kertch or Yenikale, between Black Sea and 
 Sea of Azov. 
 
 Islartds. — Vaigatz, Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen and Kolguev, in 
 the Arctic Ocean ; Aland, Dago and Oesel in the Baltic. 
 
 Capes. — Sviatoi and Kanin, on the North ; Chersonese and 
 Eupatoria, in the Black Sea. 
 
 Peninsulas. — Finland, in the North ; Crimea, in the South. 
 
 Isthmus. — Isthmus of Perekop, uniting the Crimea to the 
 mainland. 
 
 Mountains. — The Valdai Hills, only 1,200 ft. high. Ural 
 Mountains on the East. Caucasus Mountains (chief summit 
 Mount Elburz 18,570 ft.) in the South. 
 
 Surface. — The whole of Russia is a vast plain, parts of which 
 are forest land, part marshy and called " tundra " and part 
 treeless plains called " steppes." 
 
 f2 
 
68 
 
 Rivers. — The rivers are long, flow slowly and would be 
 favourable for navigation were they not icebound for many months 
 each year. 
 
 Flowing into the Arctic Ocean : The Petchora, Mezen, Northern 
 Dwina and Onega. 
 
 Flowing into the Baltic Sea : The Ulea, The Neva, Duna, 
 Niemen and Vistula. 
 
 Flowing into the Black Sea : Dniester, Bug, Dneiper, Don. 
 
 Flowing into the Caspian Sea : The Terek, Volga and Ural. 
 
 Lakes. — Ladoga, Onega, Saima, Ilmen and Peipus, in the North- 
 West. Numerous small salt lakes in the South-East. 
 
 Climate. — Various, owing to vast extent. Arctic Regions are of 
 course the coldest. The Steppes in the South-East, are exposed to 
 extremes of temperature. The winters are generally very severe, 
 and of long duration. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile in the centre. West and South-West, marshes 
 (tundra), in the North. Steppes, between Black Sea, and Sea of 
 Azov, where only a little grass grows. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Forests of fir and birch in the North, 
 lime tree in the centre, wheat in the centre and South, flax and 
 hemp. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Bear, wolf, beaver, sable, ermine, fox, 
 reindeer, elk, deer, seal. (Domestic). — Horse, ox, sheep, goat. 
 
 Fish. — Sturgeon, in large rivers. 
 
 Minerals. — Iron, copper, salt, marble. 
 
 Divisions (10). 
 
 These are sub-divided into 8 districts, and 72 governments. 
 
 Divisions. Towns. 
 
 Finland Abo, Kuopio, Helsingfors, St. Michel, 
 
 (8 Districts). Tavastehus, Uleaborg, W^asa, Wilborg. 
 
 Great Russia Archangel, Jaroslav, Kaluga, Kostroma, 
 
 (19 Governments). | Kursk, Moscow, Nijni-Novgorod, Nov- 
 gorod, Petrozavodsk, Orel, Pskov, 
 Riazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Tver, 
 Vladimir, Vologda, Voronetz. 
 Baltic Provinces ^jtau. Revel, Riga, St. Petersburg. 
 
 (4 Govermnents), j j & » » 
 
ej9 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 West Russia 
 
 (8 Governments). 
 
 Poland 
 
 (10 Governments). 
 
 South Russia 
 
 (5 Governments). 
 
 Little Russia 
 
 (4 Governments). 
 
 East Russia 
 
 (10 Governments). 
 
 Cis-Caucasia 
 
 (3 Governments). 
 
 Frans-Caucasia 
 
 (9 Governments). 
 
 Towns. 
 Grodno, Kovno, Minsk, MohilefF, Kami- 
 nietz, Vilna, Vitebsk, Jitomar. 
 
 Kalisch, Kielce, I^omza, Lublin, Petrikau, 
 Plock, Radom, Siedlic, Siwalki, 
 Warsaw. 
 
 Kishenau, Novo-Tcherkask, Ekaterinoslav, 
 Kherson, Simferopol. 
 
 Kharkov, Kief, Poltava, Tchernigov. 
 
 Astrakhan, Kasan, Orenburg, Penza, Perm, 
 Samara, Saratov, Simbirsk, Ufa, Viatka. 
 
 Ekaterinoslav, Stavropol, Vladi-Kaukas. 
 
 Baku, Derbend, Elizabethpol, Erivan, 
 Kutais, Soukum, Teflis, Sakatai. 
 
 Notes on the Towns. — University towns: St. Petersburg, Moscow, 
 Kief, Kasan. St. Petersburg (named from Peter the Great), the 
 capital, is on the Neva : contains the " Winter Palace," a splendid 
 building, and statue of the founder ; it is the chief port of Russia. 
 Cronstadt is the port of St. Petersburg ; large ships unloading 
 and loading here for the metropolis. Moscow was the original 
 capital : contains the Kremlin and famous Palace. W^arsaw was 
 the capital of Poland. Vilna is inhabited principally by Jews. 
 
 Odessa is the second port in Russia, and exports immense 
 quantities of wheat. Balaclava, Alma, Inkerman, Sebastopol, all 
 noted in the great war of 1854-5. 
 
 Ports (Naval). — In Black Sea : Nicolaief, Sebastopol. In the 
 Baltic : Cronstadt. Commercial. — St. Petersburg, Odessa, Riga 
 Narva, Revel, Archangel, Taganrog, Kertch, Astrakhan and Baku. 
 
 Industrial Centres with Manufactures. — St. Petersburg (silk, 
 cotton, jewellery). Nigni-Novgorod fairs are noted. Astrakhan 
 (caviar, lamb-skins). Warsaw (woollen, leather). Ekaterinberg 
 and Perm (mining towns). 
 
 Chief Means of Communication. — Good, chiefly by river ; roads 
 are good so long as they are main roads, but indifferent when 
 otherwise ; 14,000 miles of railway. In winter much travelling is 
 done over the frozen snow by sledge. 
 
 Government. — Absolute, under an Emperor. 
 
 Religion. — Greek Church, but all others tolerated. 
 
70 
 
 Exports. — To England, corn and flax. To other countries, 
 linseed, hemp, timber, tallow, bristles, leather, wax. 
 
 Imports. — Cotton yarn and cloths, woollen yarn and cloths. 
 Colonial produce, iron, coals and machinery. 
 
 Foreign Possessions. — The whole of Northern Asia. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 France lies to the South of England, from which it is separated 
 by the English Channel. 
 
 Boundaries. — France is bounded on the North by the English 
 Channel and the Straits of Dover ; on the East by Germany, 
 Switzerland and Italy ; on the South by the Mediterranean Sea 
 and Spain ; on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Area. — 204,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— ^Q2j:\j 37,000,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — On the North : Estuary of the Seine, Gulf of St. 
 Malo. Onthe West : The Bay of Biscay. On the South : Gulf of Lyons. 
 
 Straits. — Strait of Dover, between England and France. 
 
 Islands. — Ouessant, off Brittany ; Belleisle, Yeu, Re and Oleron, 
 in the Bay of Biscay ; and Corsica, in the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Capes. — Griz Nez, in North East ; La Hague, North of France ; 
 Cape Ouessant, and Bee du Baz, on North- West. 
 
 Peninsulas. — Brittany and Cotentin, both on North West. 
 
 Mountains. — The Alps, between France and Italy ; (Mount 
 Blanc) ; Mount Jura, between France and Switzerland ; The 
 Vosges, between France and Germany ; The Auvergne Mountains ; 
 The Cevennes, and The Pyrenees, between France and Spain. 
 
 The Landes, are sandy plains in the South- West, between the 
 Gironde and the Adour ; fitted only for rearing a few sheep. 
 
 Rivers. — The Seine (tributaries. The Marne, Oise, and Yonne) ; 
 and The Somme, flow into the English Channel. 
 
 Flowing into the North Sea : The Moselle and Meuse. 
 
 Flowing into the Bay of Biscay : The Loire (tributaries : Maine, 
 on right bank ; Allier, Cher and Vienne, on the left) ; The 
 Charente ; The Dordogne, which joins the Garonne, and forms The 
 Gironde (tributaries of The Garonne, on the right bank ; Tarn, Lot 
 and Dordogne, on left Gers) ; and The Adour. 
 
 Flowing into the Mediterranean : The Rhone (tributaries : Ain and 
 Saone, on the right bank ; and the Isere and Durance, on the left.) 
 
71 
 
 Lakes. — None of importance. 
 
 Climate. — Temperate, genial, healthy. 
 
 Soil. — Generally fertile, except on the Landes. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Corn, wine, olive, fig, fruits, beetroot, 
 forests in the East. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — Wolf, boar, ermine and hamster. 
 
 Fish. — Similar to those on the coast of England, with tunny and 
 anchovy in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Minerals. — Not very abundant, well placed, or good. Iron, 
 coal, salt, marble. 
 
 
 Divisions. (87 Departments). 
 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Tokens. 
 
 Nord 
 
 Lille, Roubaix. 
 
 Creuse 
 
 Gueret. 
 
 Pas-de-Calais 
 
 Arras, Calais. 
 
 Vienne 
 
 Poitiers. 
 
 Pomme 
 
 Amiens. 
 
 Deux-Sevres 
 
 Niort. 
 
 Seine-et-Oise 
 
 Versailles. 
 
 Vendue 
 
 La Roche-Sur-Yon 
 
 Seine 
 
 Pans, St. Denis. 
 
 Charente Inferieure 
 
 La Rochelle. 
 
 Seine et-Marne 
 
 Melun. 
 
 Charente 
 
 Angouleme. 
 
 Oise 
 
 Beauvais. 
 
 Haute- Vienne 
 
 Limoges. 
 
 Aisne 
 
 Laon. 
 
 Correze 
 
 Tulle. 
 
 Seine-Inferieure 
 
 Rouen, Havre. 
 
 Cantal 
 
 Aurillac. 
 
 Eure 
 
 Evreux. 
 
 Puy -de-Dome 
 
 Clermont. 
 
 Calvados 
 
 Caen. 
 
 Lf)ire 
 
 St. Etienne. 
 
 Orne 
 
 Alencon. 
 
 Rhone 
 
 Lyons. 
 
 Manche 
 
 Saint-Lo. 
 
 Haute- Savoie 
 
 Annecy. 
 
 Isle-et-Vilaine 
 
 St. Malo. 
 
 Savoie 
 
 Chambery. 
 
 C6tes-du-Nord 
 
 Saint Brieree. 
 
 Isere 
 
 Grenoble. 
 
 Finisterre 
 
 Quimper, Brest. 
 
 Drome 
 
 Valence. 
 
 Morbihan 
 
 Vamies. 
 
 Hautes-Alpes 
 
 Brian son. 
 
 Loire-Inferieure 
 
 Nantes. 
 
 Alpes-Maritimes 
 
 Nice, Mentone. 
 
 Maine-et-Loire 
 
 Angers. 
 
 Corse (Corsica) 
 
 Ajaccio. 
 
 Mayenne 
 
 Mayenne. 
 
 Var 
 
 Draffuignan. 
 
 Sarthe 
 
 Le Mans. 
 
 Basses- Alpes 
 
 Digne. 
 
 Ardennes 
 
 Sedan, Mezieres. 
 
 Bouches-du-Rhone 
 
 Marseilles, Aix. 
 
 Marne 
 
 Chalons, Rheims. 
 
 Vaucluse 
 
 Avignon. 
 
 Aube 
 
 Troyes. 
 
 Haute-Loire 
 
 Le Puy. 
 
 Haute-Mame 
 
 Chaumont. 
 
 Ard^che 
 
 Privas. 
 
 Meuse 
 
 Bar-le-duc. 
 
 Lozere 
 
 Mende. 
 
 Meurthe-et-Moselle 
 
 Nancy, Toul. 
 
 Card 
 
 Nismes. 
 
 Vosges 
 
 Epinal. 
 
 Herault 
 
 Montpellier. 
 
 Haute-Rhine 
 
 Belfort. 
 
 Aude 
 
 Carcassonne. 
 
 Haute-Saone 
 
 Vesoul. 
 
 Tarn 
 
 Alby. 
 
 Doubs 
 
 Besangon. 
 
 Haute-Garonne 
 
 Toulouse. 
 
 Jura 
 
 Lons-le-Sanlnier. 
 
 Aveyron 
 
 Rodez. 
 
 Ain 
 
 Bourg-en-Bresse. 
 
 Lot 
 
 Cahors. 
 
 Saone-et-Loire 
 
 Macon. 
 
 Tam-et-Garonne 
 
 Montauban. 
 
 Cote-d'Or 
 
 Dijon. 
 
 Lot-et-Garonne 
 
 Agen. 
 
 Yonne 
 
 Auxerre. 
 
 Dordogne 
 
 Perigueux. 
 
 Loiret 
 
 Orleans. 
 
 Gironde 
 
 Bordeaux. 
 
 Eure-et-Loire 
 
 Chartres. 
 
 Landes 
 
 Mont-de-Marsan. 
 
 Loire-et-Cher 
 
 Blois. 
 
 Gers 
 
 Auch. 
 
 Indre-et-Loire 
 
 Tours. 
 
 Hautes, Pyr^n^es 
 
 Tarbes. 
 
 Indre 
 
 Chateauroux. 
 
 Basses-Pyr^n^es 
 
 Pau Bayonne. 
 
 Cher 
 
 Bourges. 
 
 Ariege 
 
 Foix. 
 
 Nievre 
 
 Nevers. 
 
 1 Pyr^n^es-Orientale& 
 
 Perpignan. 
 
 Allier 
 
 Moulins. 
 
 
 
72 
 
 I^otes on the Towns. — Paris on the Seine, is the capital, a university 
 town, the 2nd city in Europe, and strongly fortified. It is 
 considered the gayest of all towns. The old quarries used once as 
 burial places, but now closed for that purpose, are inhabited by 
 beggars and thieves. The manufactures are very important. 
 Lyons, being in the centre of the district producing raw silk,Js 
 much engaged in the manufacture of silk and trades therein. It is 
 the 2nd city of France. Marseilles is the chief port on the 
 Mediterranean, and has increased in importance since the acqui- 
 sition by France of Algiers. Bordeaux exports the greater part of 
 the wines and brandies produced in France. Lille is one of the 
 most strongly fortified towns in Europe. Bayeaux is noted for the 
 tapestry by Maude, wife of William the Conqueror. It is of 
 historical importance, as it delineates events in the Conquest of 
 England. Calais is the last town held by the English in France. 
 Versailles, noted for its palace. At Rheims, the kings of France 
 were formerly crowned. Bayonne, the bayonet first made here. 
 Ajaccio was the birth place of Napoleon Buonaparte. Poictiers, 
 Crecy, Agincourt, victories of English over French in 1 4th and 1 5th 
 centuries. 
 
 Ports (Naval). — Brest, Toulon, Rochefort, Cherbourg, L'Orient. 
 (Commercial) Marseilles, Havre, Bordeaux, Nantes, Rouen, Dunkirk, 
 Cette, Boulogne, Calais, Rochelle, Dieppe. 
 
 Industrial Centres and Manufactures. — Paris (clocks, jewellery, 
 silk, fancy articles generally). Lyons (silk, velvet, gold lace). 
 Marseilles (soap, sugar). Bordeaux (cotton and woollen). Lille 
 (lace, sugar, hosiery). St. Etienne, Nantes, Toulouse, Rouen 
 (cotton goods). 
 
 Means of CorriTnunication. — Inferior to England, yet fairly good, 
 by road, rail, canal and river. The chief canals connect the 
 Garonne and the Mediterranean, the Saone and the Loire, the Saone 
 and the Seine, and the Saone and the Rhine. 
 
 Government. — A Republic. 
 
 Religion. — Roman Catholic, but all are tolerated and subsidized 
 by the Government. 
 
 Exports. — Silk, woollen, sugar, wine, brandy, butter, eggs, 
 (to England), cotton and linen goods, jewellery, and articles of 
 fashion. 
 
 Imports. — Woollen and cotton goods, coals (from England), raw 
 cotton, silk, metals, wool, timber, indigo, coal, spices, tea. 
 
n 
 
 Foreign Possessions. 
 
 In Asia : Pondicherry, and lower Cochin China. In Africa : 
 Algeria, parts of Senegambia, and the Island of Bourbon. In 
 South America : Guiana. In West Indies : Guadaloupe, 
 Martinique, St. Pierre. In Oceania : New Caledonia, Marquesas, 
 and Society Islands. 
 
 SWITZERLAND. 
 
 Switzerland lies in the centre of Europe, and is the only country 
 possessing no sea coast. 
 
 Boundaries. — Switzerland is bounded on the North by Germany ; 
 on the East by Austria ; on the South by Italy ; and on the West 
 by France. 
 
 Area. — Nearly 16,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. — More than 2,750,000. 
 
 Mountains. — Switzerland is the most rugged and mountainous 
 country in Europe. The Pennine Alps, extend from Mount St. 
 Gothard to the South of Mount Blanc (15,784 ft.) Mount Rosa is 
 the highest Swiss mountain, being 15,217 ft. The Bernese Alps 
 (highest points Mischabel and Finsteraar Horn), Lepontine Alps 
 (with Mount Turka), the Rhetian Alps, Jungfrau. 
 
 Many passes cross the mountain ranges, the most important 
 being, Great St. Bernard, Simplon, Gemmi, Grimsel, St. Gothard, 
 Splugen. Glaciers (a field of ice) exist (400 are known) among the 
 mountains, and avalanches (snow and ice rolling down carrying- 
 rocks, trees and houses before them) are common. 
 
 Rivers. — Numerous and rapid, as might be expected in a moun- 
 tainous country. The upper courses of the Rhine and Rhone ; the 
 Inn, a tributary of the Danube ; the Ticino, a tributary of the Po ; 
 and the Aar. 
 
 Lakes. — Numerous, and very beautiful. Geneva, Constance, 
 Neuchatel, Lucerne, Zurich and Zug. 
 
 Climate. — Extremely various. Perpetual snow on mountain-tops. 
 In the lower valleys the temperature is high. 
 
 Soil. — Fertile in the valleys. 
 
 Vegetable productions. — Maize, vine, fig, olive, in more sheltered 
 valleys ; gentian, rhododendrons, ferns and mosses, on mountains : 
 also pine trees. 
 
74 
 
 Animals. (Wild). — Bear, wolf, chamois, marmot. (Domestic), 
 cow and goat. (Birds of Prey), eagle and vulture. 
 Minerals. — None of any importance. 
 
 
 Divisions. (25 Cantons). 
 
 
 Canfons. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Cantons. 
 
 Towns. 
 
 Schaffhausen 
 
 Schaffhausen. 
 
 Lucerne 
 
 Lucerne. 
 
 Tnurgau 
 
 Frauenfeld. 
 
 Soleure 
 
 Soleure. 
 
 Zurich 
 
 Zurich. 
 
 Basle (town) 
 
 Basle. 
 
 St. Gall 
 
 St. Gall. 
 
 Do. (country) 
 
 Liestal. 
 
 Appenzell, Exterior 
 
 Herisan. 
 
 Bern 
 
 Bern. 
 
 Do. Interior 
 
 Appenzell. 
 
 Unterwalden npper 
 
 Sarnen. 
 
 Zug 
 
 Zug. 
 
 Do. lower 
 
 Stanz. 
 
 Sctiwitz 
 
 Schwitz. 
 
 Valais 
 
 Sitten or Sion 
 
 Glarus 
 
 Glarus. 
 
 Vaud 
 
 Lausanne. 
 
 Uri 
 
 Altdorf. 
 
 Geneva 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 Orisons 
 
 Coire or Chur. 
 
 Fribourg 
 
 Fribourg. 
 
 Tessin 
 
 Lugano, Bellinzona 
 
 Neuchatel 
 
 Neuchatel. 
 
 Aargau 
 
 Aargau. 
 
 
 
 Notes on the Towns. — Geneva is the town of most importance for 
 manufactures (watches, jewellery, and cutlery). It is also the 
 most populous in Switzerland. Basle has manufactures of ribands, 
 gloves and cotton. Bern on the Aar, the capital of Switzerland, 
 has a famous cathedral, and manufactories of fire arms, leather and 
 paper. Fribourg, St. Gall, and Lausanne, have also manufactories : 
 toys, watches, &c. In most of the towns and villages, the 
 inhabitants spend the winter in wood carving. Morgarten, 
 Sempach, are noted for victories of the Swiss over the 
 Austrians in the 14th century. Lausanne, Zurich, Lucerne, 
 Interlaken, and other towns are noted for their beauty of 
 situation. 
 
 Means of Communication. — Passes over the Alps, good high roads, 
 a few railways, steam on the lakes. Tunnels through Alps ; Mount 
 Cenis, and Mount St. Gothard, connect France and Italy, and 
 Switzerland and Italy. 
 
 Government. — A Federal Republic. 
 
 Religion. — The majority are Protestants. About half as many 
 (or one-third of the whole) are Roman Catholics. 
 
 Exports. — Cheese, butter, cotton and silk goods, watches, toys 
 and wood carvings. 
 
 Imports. — Corn, salt, iron and hardware, with other materials 
 for manufacturing purposes. 
 
75 
 
 MONTENEGEO. 
 
 Montenegro lies on the East Coast of the Adriatic. 
 
 Boundaries, — Montenegro is bounded on the West, by the 
 Adriatic ; on the South, by Albania ; on the East, by Bosnia ; on 
 the North, by Herzegovina. 
 
 Area. — 3,480 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— khout 240,000. 
 
 The only port is Antivari, on the Adriatic. 
 
 Mountains. — The whole country is covered by the Dinaric Alps, 
 the highest summit: Kom. 
 
 Rivers. — None of any importance. 
 
 Lakes. — None. 
 
 Climate. — Warm, but healthy. 
 
 Soil. — Very poor : producing small quantities of maize, olives, 
 potatoes and tobacco. Forest on the mountain sides. 
 
 Notes on the Towns. — Cettinge, the capital, contains only 2,000 
 people, and is quite an insignificant village. Antivari, the port, 
 has four times as many inhabitants, and only a poor trade. 
 
 Industries. — The people are engaged in agriculture, cattle 
 rearing and fishing. 
 
 Communications. — Hardly any but by footpaths. Burdens are 
 borne by women, asses and mules. 
 
 Government. — Absolute monarchy. 
 
 Religion. — Mahommedan, in the upper classes ; Greek Church, 
 among the lower. 
 
 Exports and Imports. — Insignificant. 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 Boundaries. — Asia is bounded on the North, by the Arctic 
 Ocean ; on the East, by the Pacific Ocean ; on the South, by the 
 Indian Ocean ; and on the West, by the Red Sea, Mediterranean, 
 Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Europe. 
 
 Area. — Nearly 17,500,000 sq. miles : about 4 times larger 
 than Europe ; and containing one fourth of the land surface of the 
 Globe. Asia is the largest continent, has but few indentations of 
 commercial importance, in comparison w^ith its size. The central 
 districts are 1,600 miles from the sea. The coast line is 
 not quite double that of Europe, being estimated at 36,000 
 
7e 
 
 miles. Asia possesses some of the highest mountains, longest 
 rivers, largest plains, deserts, table lands and inland seas. 
 
 Population.— Kstimsited at 850,000,000. 
 
 Seas, Bays and Gulfs. — On the North, in connection with 
 Arctic Ocean : Sea of Kara, and Gulf of Obi. On the East : Gulf of 
 Anadir, Sea of Kamtschatka, Sea of Okhotsk, Gulf of Tartary, Sea of 
 Japan, Yellow Sea, with the Gulf of Pe-che-lee, China Sea, with 
 the Gulfs of Tonquin and Siam. On the South : Bay of Bengal, 
 with the Gulf of Martaban, Gulf of Manaar, Gulf of Cutch, Gulf of 
 Cambay, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Aden. On the 
 West : The Ked Sea, with Gulfs of Suez and Akaba, The Levant, 
 The Archipelago, Sea of Marmora, Black Sea. 
 
 Straits and Channels. — On the North : Long Strait, between Main- 
 land and Wrangel Land. On the East : Behring Strait, separating 
 Asia and America ; La Perouse Strait, between Saghalien and Yesso ; 
 Corea Strait, between Corea and Japan Isles ; Formosa Strait, 
 between Mainland and Island of Formosa. On the South : Strait 
 of Malacca, between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, Palk Strait, 
 between India and Ceylon ; Strait of Ormuz, between Gulf of 
 Oman and Persian Gulf On the West : Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 
 joining Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, Dardanelles, connecting 
 Archipelago and Sea of Marmora, Straits of Constantinople, joining 
 Sea of Marmora and Black Sea. 
 
 Islands. — In Arctic Ocean on the North, Liakoo Isles, or New 
 Siberia. On East, Kurile Isles, Saghalien, Japan Isles, (chief, Yesso, 
 Niphon, Sikokf and Kiu Siu,) Loo Choo Isles, Formosa, Hainan and 
 Singapore. Malaysian Isles (coming under the head of Oceania), to 
 the South-east. On the South : Andaman, and Nicobar Isles, Ceylon, 
 Laccadive, and Maldive Isles. On the West : Cyprus, Rhodes and 
 the Asiatic Isles of the Archipelago (called the Asiatic Sporades). 
 
 Capes. — North-east Cape or Severo Vostochnoi, and North Cape, 
 on the North. On the East : East Cape, Cape Lopatka, Cape 
 Elizabeth (or Saghalien), and Cape Cambodia. On the South Cape 
 Romania, Cape Negrais, Point de Galle (in Ceylon), Cape Comorin, 
 and Ras-el-Hadd. On the West, Cape Baba. 
 
 Peninsulas and Isthmuses. — On the East : Peninsulas of 
 Kamtschatka, and Corea. On the South : Peninsulas of further 
 India, with the Malay Peninsula, India and Arabia. On the West : 
 Asia Minor. Isthmus of Suez, connecting Africa and Asia, now 
 crossed by the Suez Canal. 
 
11 
 
 Mountains. — These run generally East and West, and enclose 
 elevated plains or table lands in the centre. 
 
 The Himalaya Mountains, North of India, about 500 miles long, 
 have more than 40 peaks alone 20,000 ft. high. (Highest mountain 
 in the world. Mount Everest 29,002 ft., Dhwalagiri, Chimalari, 
 Nanga Parbat, 27,000 ft). Kwan Lun Mountains, Thian Shan, 
 Khing-Khan Mountains, Beloor Tagh surrounding centre plateau, 
 Altai Mountains, between Siberia and Mongolia, extending into the 
 Yablonnoi and Stanovoi Mountains, in the East of Siberia ; Hindoo 
 Koosh Mountains in Afghanistan ; Soliman Mountains, part of West 
 boundary of India; Mount Elbourz, South of the Caspian; Caucasian 
 Mountains between Caspian and Black Seas, Mount Ararat ; Mount 
 Taurus, Lebanon with Djebel-es-Shiek, in Turkey in Asia; Mount 
 Sinai, between Gulfs of Akaba and Suez in India ; Eastern and 
 Western Ghauts, Vindhya Mountains, and Adam's Peak, in Ceylon ; 
 Ural Mountains between Europe and Asia. 
 
 Volcanoes. — In Kamtschatka, Kuriles, Japan Isles, Peshan, and 
 Hochew, in thecentral plain. 
 
 Plains, Table lands, and Deserts. — The Pamir Table land, and 
 The Plateau of Thibet lie to the North of India. The Iran table 
 land lies in Persia and Beloochistan. The Plain of Siberia, to the 
 North of Altai Mountain Chain. The Desert of Gobi or Shamo, 
 in Mongolia. The Plain of Hindostan, lying South of the 
 Himalayas. The Plain of Euphrates and Tigris, lying between 
 those rivers. The Salt Deserts of Persia and the Steppes, in the 
 neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea. The Syrian and Arabian 
 deserts. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Arctic Ocean : The Obi, tributary. 
 The Irtish, which receives the Tobol and Ishim. The Yenisei, 
 with its tributary The Angara. The Lena, with its tributary 
 The Aldan. 
 
 Flowing into the Pacific Ocean : The Amoor, with its tributaries 
 The Shilka and Sungari ; The Hoang-ho ; The Yang-tse-kiang ; 
 Choo-kiang or Canton River. May-kiang or Cambodia and the 
 Meinam. 
 
 Flowing into the Indian Ocean : The Irrawady ; The Brahmapootra ; 
 The Ganges, with the Jumna (which receives the Chumbul) ; The 
 Sone and The Gogra ; The Mahanuddy ; The Godavery ; The 
 Krishna ; The Can very ; The Taptee ; The Nerbudda ; The Indus^ 
 with The Cabul, Jhelum, Chenaub, Ravee, Beas and Sutledge • 
 
78 
 
 The Shat-el-Arab, formed by the junction of the Tigris and 
 Euphrates. 
 
 Flowing into the Sea of Aral : The Sir Daria or Jaxartes, and 
 the Amoo Daria or Oxus. Into the Caspian : The Oural. On 
 the central table land : The Yarkand. 
 
 The six longest rivers in Asia are : Yang-tse-kiang, 3,200 miles ; 
 Yenisei, 2,900 miles; Hoangho, 2,600 miles; Obi, 2,500 miles; 
 Lena, 2,400 miles; Amoor, 2,300 miles. 
 
 Lakes (Salt Water). — The Caspian Sea (12,000 square miles; 
 largest lake in the world). Sea of Aral, Lakes Van and Ooromia, 
 Dead Sea, Lop, Koko-Nor, Palte. (Fresh Water) Baikal, 
 Balkash. 
 
 Climate. — Asia experiences every variety of climate in various 
 parts : North of the Altai Mountains, the climate is Arctic, winter 
 lasting 9 months in the year : the ground being frozen to a great 
 depth, and the rivers seldom free from ice. The central table 
 land, experiences great vicissitudes of temperature, especially in 
 the North and East. In the East, Asia is generally cold and 
 moist ; in the South- West, hot and dry ; and in the South, very 
 hot and moist. The prevailing winds are monsoons in the South 
 and South- West, from April to September, and North-East, the 
 rest of the year. A suffocating wind blows over the deserts of the 
 South- West, called the simoom. Typhoons and cyclones, in the 
 South-East, and East. 
 
 Soil. — In Hindostan. Further India and China, are very fertile 
 plains. In Arabia, Turkey, Persia, Beloochistan, Central Table 
 land, North-West India, and Independent Tartary, are salt 
 deserts. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Rice and maize, barley, millet, wheat, 
 palm, vine, olive, tea tree, coffee plant, sugar cane, orange, lemon, 
 mdigo, pepper, cinnamon. Asia is the original of all our 
 best cereals, fruits and flowers. In Siberia : forests of fir, birch, 
 and willow. In India : teak and oak, banyan, areca, bamboo. 
 
 Animals (Wild). — In the South : elephant, rhinocerous, tiger, 
 leopard, panther, jackal, deer, antelope, ape, monkey. In the 
 North : fur bearing animals, as the sable, ermine, fox, sea otter, 
 polar bear, reindeer, elk. In the centre : horse, ass, sheep, musk 
 ox, and goat. (Domestic) All European animals, camel, dromedary, 
 elephant and reindeer. 
 
 Birds (Prey). — Eagle, hawk, bastard, kite. (Others) Parrots, 
 
79 
 
 paroquets, peacock, fowl, golden and silver pheasant ; ostrich, in 
 Arabia. 
 
 Jtieptiles. — Crocodile, Cobra de Capello, scorpion, centipede. 
 (Insects) Locusts and mosquitoes. 
 
 Minerals. — All kinds are found. Diamonds : in Hindostan and 
 Siberia. Gold : in Siberia, India, China and Japan. Silver : in 
 China, Siberia, Japan, India, Turkey. Tin : India and China. 
 Quicksilver : in Japan, China and Ceylon. Coal : in China and 
 Japan. Salt : in almost every country. Platinum : in Siberia. 
 
 Political Divisions. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Asiatic Russia 
 
 Tobolsk. 
 
 Turkestan 
 
 Bokhara. 
 
 Persia 
 
 Teheran. 
 
 Asiatic Turkey 
 
 Smyrna. 
 
 Arabia 
 
 Mecca. 
 
 Afghanistan 
 
 Cabul. 
 
 Beloochistan 
 
 Kelat. 
 
 Hindostan 
 
 Calcutta. 
 
 Further India 
 
 Bankok. 
 
 China 
 
 Pekin. 
 
 Japan Yedo. 
 
 aEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN I 
 
 BRITISH 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 British India comprises nearly three-fifths of the Peninsula of 
 Hindostan which lies to the South of Asia. 
 
 Boundaries of Hindostan. — Hindostan is bounded on the North, 
 by Tibet ; on the East, by Burmah and the Bay of Bengal ; and on 
 the West by the Indian Ocean, Beloochistan and Afghanistan. 
 
 Area of British India. — 800,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— ^Qd^vly 185,000,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Gulf of Manaar between India and Ceylon. 
 Gulfs of Cambay and Cutch on the West. 
 
so 
 
 Straits. — Palk's Strait between Hindostan and Ceylon. 
 
 Islands. — Ceylon, with Adam's Bridge, in Bay of Bengal. 
 Laccadive and Maldive Islands in Indian Ocean. Salsette, Kolaba 
 and Bombay Islands which are joined tog3ther by causeways, and 
 on Bombay Island the town of Bombay is situated. 
 
 (japes. — Comorin, on the South ; Point de Galle, South of Ceylon. 
 
 Mountains. — The Suliman Mountains on the North- West. The 
 Himalaya Mountains, on the North (Mount Everest 29,002 ft.. 
 Mount Dhwalagiri, Nanga Parbat and Chimilari). The Eastern 
 Ghauts, stretching along the East Coast. The Western Ghauts, 
 stretching parallel to the Western Coast. The Neilgerri Hills, 
 South of Mysore. The Vindhya Mountains, running East and 
 West nearly in the centre. 
 
 Plains. — Plain of the Indus reaches from the Himalayas to the 
 Arabian Gulf, and comprises in it the Punjaub and the Great In lian 
 Desert. The plain of the Ganges stretches from the plain of 
 the Indus, along the basin of the Ganges to the mouth of the 
 Brahmapootra. Plains between the Eastern and Western Ghauts 
 respectively and the sea. 
 
 The Deccan and Malwa form two great plateaux. 
 
 Rivers. — Falling into the Bay of Bengal : the Brahi napoo tra, 
 Ganges, Mahanuddi, Godavery, Kistnah, Cauvery. Falling into 
 the Indian Ocean or Arabian Gulf: the Taptee, Nerbudda and 
 Ganges. 
 
 Note. — The sacred rivers of India are the Ganges, Godavery, 
 Kistnah and Nerbudda. 
 
 The Ganges rises in the Himalaya Mountains, flows in a South- 
 Easterly course for 1,557 miles, falls into the Bay of Bengal by 
 many mouths, the delta between being called " The Sunderbunds." 
 It receives on the right bank the Jumna and the Sone and on the 
 left the Goomtee, Gogra and Gunduk. Towns on its banks and 
 on the banks of its tributaries are Delhi and Agra on Jumna. On 
 the Ganges and branches at mouth, Futtyghur, Cawnpore, Allaha- 
 bad, Benares, Patna, Moorshedabad, Dacca and Calcutta. 
 
 The Indus rises on the Northern side of the Himalayas, flows 
 North- West for a considerable distance when it takes a sudden 
 turn and flows in a South-Westerly direction, falling into the 
 Arabian Sea by several mouths, after a course of 1,800 miles. 
 The waters of the Cabul, Jhelum, Chenaub, Ravee, Beas and 
 Sutlej are received by the Indus ; the country so drained being 
 
81 
 
 called the Punjab. Chief towns : Kurrachee, near one of the 
 mouths of the Indus ; Aliwal and Sobraon on Sutlej, or Garra 
 river ; Lahore on the Ravee. 
 
 Lakes. — None of any importance. 
 
 Climate. — Extremely varied. Bengal is hot, moist, and as a 
 rule, unhealthy. The North- West and centre are dry, hot and 
 salubrious. On the hills all kinds of climate exist according to 
 position and elevation. India on the whole is one of the hottest 
 countries in the Avorld. From March to June are the hottest 
 months. 
 
 Soil. — As varied as the climate. In the river valleys : ex- 
 tremely fertile ; in the deserts and I*lateaux : arid and barren. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Rice, maize, millet, w^heat (in temperate 
 regions) : yams, pumpkins, mangoes, tea, coffee ; among the trees 
 are : teak, ebony, sandal-wood, ironwood, cocoanut-palm, date-palm, 
 chinchona-tree (quinine obtained from the bark), camphor, poppy 
 for opium ; spices of various kinds : cimiamun (Ceylon), ginger, 
 kc. ; Dyes : indigo and saffron ; plants yielding fibre, cotton, hemp, 
 jute, flax, and not least important, india-rubber tree. 
 
 Animals. — Camel, yak (Cashmere) ; buffalo. Brahmin or humped 
 cow, shawl goat (Cashmere) ; elephant (wild in Ceylon) ; 
 rhinoceros, lion, tiger, leopard, hyaena, wild ass, monkey. 
 
 Birds. — Eagle, vulture, hawk, parrot, pheasant, original of the 
 domestic fowl. 
 
 Reptiles. — Alligator, crocodile, serpent, poisonous snakes, 
 scorpion, tortoise, lizard. 
 
 Insects, — Silkworm, cochineal insect, lac insect, mosquito. 
 
 Minerals. — Diamonds (Golconda) ; rubies, sapphires, emeralds, 
 &c., gold, silver, copper, tin, iron, coal, salt, saltpetre (from the 
 salt deserts) ; marble and building stone. 
 
 
 Divisions of British India. 
 
 Oovernments. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Productions. 
 
 Assam 
 
 Silhet, Gowhatty, Goalpara 
 
 Tea. 
 
 Bengal 
 
 Calcutta, Patna, Dacca, 
 Moorshedabad 
 
 Rice, opium, tobacco 
 
 North-West 
 
 Allahabad, Benares, Agra, 
 
 Grain, cotton, indigo 
 
 Provinces 
 
 Bareilly, Cawnpore 
 
 
 Oude 
 
 Luckuow, Fyzabad 
 
 Opium, cotton, sugar 
 cane, indigo, tim- 
 ber. 
 
 G 
 
82 
 
 Governments. 
 Punjab 
 
 Central Provinces 
 
 A j mere 
 Coorg 
 
 Berar 
 Madras 
 
 Ohief Towns. 
 Lahore, Delhi, Amritsir, 
 
 Peshawur, Mooltan 
 Nagpore, Jabulpoor 
 
 Akola 
 
 Madi as, TanjorejTrichinopoli, 
 Madura 
 
 Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poonah, 
 Surat, Kurrachee 
 
 Productions. 
 Sngar-cane, cotton, 
 
 indijj^o, saffron. 
 Opium, gums, indigo, 
 timber, drugs. 
 A j mere, Nasirabad Oil, cotton. 
 
 Merara Rice, coffee, carda- 
 
 mom. 
 Cotton. 
 
 Tobacco, cotton, 
 
 sugar, coffee, in- 
 digo, pepper, tim- 
 ber. 
 Bombay Bombay, Ahmedabad, Poonah, Grain, cotton, indigo, 
 
 opium, tobacco, 
 sui^ar, pepper. 
 
 Notes on the Towns. — Calcutta on the Hooghly, has two 
 distinct parts ; one, with wide streets and beautiful houses, where 
 the Europeans live ; the other, narrow dirty streets, with mere 
 huts for the native element. It is the residence of the Governor- 
 General, and has an immense trade. Allahabad, Benares and 
 Hurdwar, are much resorted to by pilgrims, who bathe in the 
 Sacred Ganges, or are drowned therein, to ensure a passage to 
 Heaven. Cawnpore, massacre of women and children ; Delhi, 
 Lucknow, all noted in revolt of native troops, 1857-8. Madras, on 
 the Coromandel coast, has a large trade, but a miserable harbour. 
 Bombay, at the North extremity of the Malabar coast, is built on 
 an island, has a good harbour, immense trade, and near it is the 
 Island of Elephanta, with idols, temples, &c., cut out of the living 
 rock. Dacca : noted for muslin. Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, 
 and Sobraon, all in the neighbourhood of the Sutlej, are famous 
 for the defeat of the Sikhs, in 1846. 
 
 Ports. — Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Kurrachee. 
 
 The Chief Industrial Centres are : Calcutta (cottons, jute, &c.) ; 
 Patna (opium, indigo, saltpetre, sugar) ; Delhi (silk embroidery) ; 
 Cashmere (fine shawls) ; Trichinopoli (jewellery, cutlery, cigars) ; 
 Ahmedabad (silk and cotton goods). 
 
 Means of Communication. — The railways are few, but increasing. 
 The roads are not numerous. The great rivers yield the readiest 
 means of conveyance. The camel and ox are the beasts of burden ; 
 the horse and elephant being used fur war and riding. 
 
 Government, — Under the Secretary of State for India, assisted 
 by a council of 15 ; a Governor-General, with a council ; a 
 
88 
 
 Governor of Madras and council ; and a Governor of Bombay and 
 council. 
 
 Religion. — Hinduism or Brahminism, Buddhism, Mahom- 
 medanism, a few Parsees and Christians. 
 
 Exports.-— Kdi\N cotton, jute, silk, wool, hides, dyes, rice, sugar, 
 coffee, tea, oilseeds, saltpetre, pepper, diamonds (chiefly to 
 England) ; opium (to China). 
 
 Imports. — Cotton and woollen goods, hardware, machinery, beer, 
 whies, and salt (chiefly from England). 
 
 CEYLON. 
 
 Lies to the South-East of Hindostan, but has a distinct 
 government. Kandy was the former capital ; it has large forests 
 in which herds of wild elephants roam. It produces cinnamon and 
 other spices, coffee and ivory. It has the greatest pearl fishery 
 in the world, in the Gulf of Manaar. Colombo is the chief port 
 and chief town. 
 
 CYPRUS. 
 This island is now under British rule. It lies in the Levant 
 near the North-east corner of the Mediterranean. Its principal 
 productions are : grains, salt, cotton, wine, oil and silk. The chief 
 towns are : Nicosia, the capital, in the centre ; Famagusta, Limasol 
 and Larnaka ; on the coast are the sea ports. 
 
 PERIM ISLAND AND ADEN. 
 These are situated at the entrance to the Red Sea. There is a 
 fortified light-house on Perim. Aden is strongly fortified, is used 
 as a coaling station for packet steamers between England and India, 
 and is known as the " coal-hole of the East." It is exceedingly hot 
 in the summer. 
 
 THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 These consist of Singapore, Penang, Wellesley and Malacca. 
 Singapore is the name of the island and town. Both lie at the 
 extremity of the Malay Peninsula. The island produces sugar, 
 
 g2 
 
84 
 
 spices and tapioca. The town has a very great trade, this being 
 the emporium of Southern Asia for goods from all parts of the 
 world. The population consists of almost every nation under the 
 sun. 
 
 Penang^ or Prince of Wales' Island^ is at the North-end of the 
 Straits of Malacca, and produces rice, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo 
 and spices. George Town is the port. 
 
 Province of Wellesley lies on the coast opposite Penang ; its 
 capital is George Town or Penang. 
 
 Malacca is on the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula, and 
 produces pepper, ebony, aloes, ivory and tin. The chief town is 
 Malacca. 
 
 BRITISH BURMAH. 
 
 British Burmah consists of a strip of coast lying along the West 
 coast of the Bay of Bengal, and stretching almost half-way down 
 the Malay Peninsula. 
 
 Its gulf : is the Gulf of Martaban ; its cape : Cape Negrais ; 
 its rivers : The Koladan, Irrawady, Pung-Lung and Salwen ; its 
 soil is fertile, and produces rice, sugar, pepper, cotton, tobacco, teak 
 and jute. 
 
 The divisions are: 1. Aracan ; chief town : Aracan. 2. Pegu; 
 chief towns : Prome, Bassein, Rangoon, Pegu. 3. Tenasserim ; chief 
 towns : Moultmein, Mergui, Tenasserim. 
 
 Notes on the Towns. — Rangoon is the capital, is fortified, and has 
 an arsenal. Rangoon, Moultmein, Bassem and Mergui, are the 
 ports. Internal communication chiefly by river. Under a chief 
 Commissioner. Pegu has 500 naptha wells, yielding nearly half a 
 million gallons yearly. 
 
 LABUAN. 
 Labuan lies off the North-west coast of Borneo, has a good 
 sea port, and good coal. Victoria is the name of the capital. 
 There are only about fifty whites on the island. 
 
 HONG KONG. 
 Hong Kong is an island at the mouth of the Canton river, and 
 
86 
 
 with the peninsula of Cowloon, is in British possession. The capital 
 is Victoria, and together with the other town Stanley, carry on a 
 great trade with China. This station is important as a depot for 
 British goods, and a naval station to protect the commerce. 
 
 ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLES. 
 In the Bay of Bengal. Andaman Isles have been used as a penal 
 settlement for rebel Sepoys. The port is Port Blair, with a 
 splendid harbour. Both groups are fertile, and produce fruits, 
 timber, turtles, sugar and tobacco. In the Andamans, edible 
 birds' nests are found (a Chinese delicacy). 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Africa lies almost directly South of Europe, from which it is 
 separated by the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Boundaries. — Africa is bounded on the North, by the 
 Mediterranean Sea ; on the East, by Asia, Red Sea and Indian 
 Ocean ; and on the West, by the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Area. — More than 9,500,000 sq. miles. Africa is the second 
 continent in point of size, but still is the least civilized, being imtil 
 lately little explored. This latter circumstance is owing to its 
 unbroken coast, its want of navigable rivers, the situation of the 
 mountains (they being often close to the shore), and more than all 
 to its imhealthy climate. 
 
 Population. — Is guessed at as approaching 210,000,000. 
 
 Seas, Bays, Gulfs, <&c. — The Gulfs of Cabes and Sidra, on the 
 North ; Gulf of Suez in Red Sea, Sofala Bay and Delagoa Bay, on 
 the East ; Algoa Bay and Table Bay, on the South ; St. Helena 
 Bay, Walvisch Bay, Bight of Biafra, and Bight of Benin, (the two 
 latter in the Gulf of Guinea) on the West. 
 
 Straits and Channels, — Bab-el-Mandeb at the entrance to Red 
 Sea; Mozambique channel, between Madagascar and the Mainland; 
 and the Strait of Gibraltar, between Morocco and Spain. 
 
 Islands. — Socotra, Seychelles, Amirante Islands, Comoro Islands, 
 Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, on the East Coast ; St. Helena, 
 Ascension, Annobon, St. Thomas, Fernando Po, Cape Verde Island, 
 Canary Island, and Madeira Island on the West. 
 
 Capes. — Capes Spartel, Blanco, and Bon, on the North; Guardafui, 
 Cape Delgado, and Corrientes, on the East; Agulhas and Good 
 
86 
 
 Hope, on the South ; Frio, Negro, Lopez, Formosa, Three Points, 
 Palmas, Verde, Blanco, Bojadorand Nun, on the West; Cape Amber, 
 North of Madagascar : Cape 8t. Mary, South of the same island. 
 
 Peninsulas and Isthmuses. — Africa is one immense Peninsula itself. 
 The only Isthmus is that of Suez connecting Africa with Asia. 
 
 Mountains. — The Atlas Mountains, running near the North- 
 West coast, through Morocco and Algeria (chief summit : Mount 
 Miltsin) ; The Abyssinian Mountains ; The Mountains of Lupata, 
 near the East coast, with Mount Kenia and Mount Kilimanjaro, 
 above 18,000 ft., highest in Africa; The Nieuwveld Mountains 
 and Sneeaubergen (or Snow Mountains) in Cape Colony, and the 
 Kong Mountains, running parallel with the Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 Plains, Tablelands and Deserts. — The Sahara and Libyan 
 Deserts stretch from the Nile to the Atlantic; and from the 
 Central Table land almost to the Mediterranean. The Central 
 Table land stretches south from the Sahara to Cape Colony, and 
 includes the Kalahari Desert, the Great Karoo, and the Long 
 Kloof. The centre of Abyssinia is an elevated plateau. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Mediterranean : The Nile. Flowing 
 into the Indian Ocean : The Rovuma, Zambesi, Limpopo or 
 Crocodile, Tugela, The Great Fish Eiver. Flowing into the 
 Atlantic : Gariep or Orange River, The Zaire, or Congo, or Living- 
 stone River, The Joliba, or Quorra, or Niger, The Gambia, The 
 Senegal. Falling into Lake Tchad : The Yeou and Shary. 
 
 Notes on the Chief Rivers. — The Nile is the longest river in 
 Africa, and has been traced through Lake Albert Nyanza to 
 Victoria Nyanza. It flows almost directly north for 4,000 miles, 
 and falls into the Mediterranean by two mouths, Damietta and 
 Rosetta. South of Khartoum it is called the Bahr-el-Abiad or 
 White River. The chief tributaries are : The Bahr-el-Azrek, or 
 Blue River, and the Tacazze, or Athbara, or Black river on the 
 right. The course of the Nile is greatly interrupted by cataracts. 
 The river overflows its banks, fertilizing its valley with rich mud. 
 The overflow begins about Midsummer and has quite subsided by 
 Christmas, so that agricultural operations may be carried on. 
 Towns on tributaries and main stream : Senaar on Blue 
 River. Khartoum, Dongola, Wady Haifa, Assouan, Cairo, 
 Rosetta and Damietta on main stream. On the Zambesi 
 are the Victoria Falls, 350 ft. broad and 80 ft. deep. The 
 Niger is called the Joliba in its upper part. The upper 
 
87 
 
 stream was explored by Mungo Park, the lower by the Landers. 
 
 Lakes. — Lake Tchad to the South of the Great Desert. Con- 
 nected with the Nile are Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza, and 
 Lake Dembea ; connected with the Zaire : Lake Tanganyika, 
 Lake Bangweolo ; connected with the Zambesi : Lake Nyassa. 
 Lake Ngami lies to the North of the Kalahari Desert. 
 
 Climate. — Tropical, except in the extreme North and South. 
 The West coast along the Gulf of Guinea is especially unhealthy, 
 being denominated the " Wliite Man's Grave." 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Wheat, barley, maize, rice, orange, olive, 
 fig, grape, pine apple, palms (date and oil), sago tree, sugar cane, 
 oak, cork, pines, cotton, tobacco, indigo, gums, kc. 
 
 Animals. — (Wild) Lion, tiger, leopard, hysena, elephant, 
 hippopotamus, giraffe, zebra, antelope, eland, gnu, monkey, buffalo, 
 wild horse, wild ass. (Domestic) Dromedary, ass, dog. 
 
 Birds. — Ostrich, vulture, eagle, hawk, crane, flamingo, pelican, 
 parrot, paroquet. 
 
 Reptiles. — Crocodile, serpent, lizard, chameleon. 
 
 Insects. — Scorpion, spider, white ant, centipede, bee, silkworm, 
 locust, tsetse (a fly fatal to cattle). 
 
 Minerals. — Diamonds between Orange State and Transvaal. Gold 
 in many of the river beds ; iron, copper, lead, salt and saltpetre. 
 
 Divisions and Chief Towns. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 Egypt 
 Nubia 
 
 Cairo. 
 Khartoum. 
 
 Abyssinia 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Tunis 
 
 Gondar. 
 Tripoli. 
 Tunis. 
 
 Algeria 
 Morocco 
 
 Algiers. 
 Morocco. 
 
 Senegambia 
 
 Guinea 
 
 Soudan 
 
 Bathurst, <fec. 
 Abomey, &c. 
 Timbuctoo. 
 
 Eastern Africa 
 Cape Colony 
 Natal 
 
 Zanzibar, Mozambique, Sofala, <fec 
 Cape Town. 
 Port Natal, 
 
 Madagascar 
 
 Tananarivo. 
 
88 
 
 BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN AFRICA. 
 
 Cape Colony, Natal, and British Ka.fr aria, lie at the Southern 
 extremity of tlie Continent. The chief towns are : Cape Town, 
 Graham's Town, Fort Elizabeth (in Cape Colony), D' Urban, Port 
 Natal, and Maritzberg in Natal ; Kimberley, in West (xriqua 
 Land. The chief industries are : agriculture, grazing and mining. 
 Wine is the only manufacture. Diamond fields round Kimberley. 
 Exports : Ostrich feathers, sheep-skins, ivory and wine. Imports : 
 manufactured goods. 
 
 Mauritius. — Lies to the East of Madagascar : produces sugar. 
 Port Louis is the capital. 
 
 Ascension. — Is a convenient place to provision ships, and is 
 famous for turtle. 
 
 aS"^. Helena. — South-East of Ascension, is famed as the place of 
 Napoleon's exile and death (1815-21). James' Town: is the port 
 and capital. 
 
 Sierra Leone. — Capital : Free Town. Liberia. — Capital : 
 Monrovia. Gambia. — Capital : Bathurst. 
 
 Gold Coast. — Chief towns : Axim, Dixcove, Cape Coast Castle, 
 Quitta, and Whydah. Exports : gold dust, palm oil, ivory. At 
 Liberia, captured slaves are set free. 
 
 NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 North America forms the Northern portion of the New World. 
 
 Boundaries. — North America, is bounded on the North, by the 
 Arctic Ocean ] on the East, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the South, 
 by the Gulf of Mexico and South America ; and on the West, by 
 the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 ^rm.— About 8,000,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. — Estimated at nearly 60,000,000. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays, Inlets, (^c. — North America is more indented 
 than any other continent except Europe. On the North are : 
 Melville Sound, Gulf of Bothnia, Hudson Bay, with James Bay, 
 and Baffin Bay. On the East : Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay of 
 Fundy, Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Bay. On the South : (Julf of 
 Mexico, with Bay of Campeachy, Honduras Bay. On the West : 
 Gulf of California, Bristol Bay, Norton Sound, and Kotzebue Bay. 
 
 Straits. — Davis Strait and Hudson Strait, on North ; Bellisle 
 Strait, between Newfoundland and Labrador ; Strait: of Florida, 
 
89 
 
 between Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic ; Behring Strait, separating 
 America from Asia. 
 
 Islands. — On the North : Parry Islands, Bank's Land, Woollaston 
 Land, Cockburn Land, Southampton Land. On the East : New- 
 foundland, Anticosti, Prince Edward's Islands, Cape Breton Islands, 
 Long Islands, Bermudas, Bahamas, and West Indies. On the West : 
 Vancouver Island, Queen Charlotte's Islands, Aleutian Islands. 
 
 Capes. — Barrow Point, Cape Bathurst, and Cape Chudleigh on 
 the North. Capes Charles, Race (Newfoundland), Sable, Cod, 
 Hatteras and Sable (Florida), Catoche and Gracias a-Dios (Central 
 America), on the East. Capes Corrientes, St. Lucas, Mendocino, 
 Komanzoff and Prince of Wales, on the West. 
 
 Peninsulas. — Labrador, Nova Scotia, Florida and Yucatan, on 
 Eastern side ; California and Alaska, on Western. 
 
 Isthmus. — Panama, joining North and South America. 
 
 Mountains. — The Rocky Mountains, with Hooker, Brown and 
 Murchison, stretching along the West, from North to South and 
 joining the Cordilleras of Mexico. The Rocky Mountains have 
 summits 16,000 feet high. The Cordilleras have Popocatepetl 
 17,800 feet, Orizaba, Agua. The Maritime Range, with Mount Fair- 
 weather and Mount St. Elias, 18,000 feet, run parallel with the 
 Rocky Mountains and nearer the West coast. The Cascade 
 Mountains and Sierra Nevada, continuations of the Maritime range, 
 in a Southerly direction. The Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains, 
 in the United States, near the East coast. 
 
 t^everal Volcanoes exist. — Popocatepetl, Agua, Jorullo, Mount 
 St. Fllias. Agua throws forth water and stones. Jorullo throws 
 out mud. 
 
 Plains. — From the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, bounded 
 on the West by the Rocky Mountains and on the East by the 
 Alleghany Mountains, the land forms one great plain, being- 
 divided into two parts by a rising ground, which runs nearly 
 coincident with the division between the United States and 
 British North America. The Northern part is known as the 
 Mackenzie plain ; the Southern, as the Mississippi plain. The 
 latter contains the Prairies or Savannahs. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing into the Arctic Ocean : The Mackenzie, 
 Coppermine, and Great Fish River. 
 
 Flowing into Hudson Bay : English or Churchill River and 
 Nelson River, 
 
90 
 
 Flowing into the Atlantic Ocean : The St. Lawrence, St. John, 
 Delaware, Potomac and Roanoke. 
 
 Flowing into the Gulf of Mexico : The Mississippi, Colorado, 
 Rio Grande del Norte. 
 
 Flowing into the Pacific Ocean : The Santiago, Colorado by the 
 Gulf of California, Sacramento, Columbia, Fraser and Yukon Eiyer. 
 
 Flowing into Lake Winnipeg : The Saskatchewan. 
 
 The Mackenzie rises in Great Slave Lake, flows North- West for 
 nearly 1 ,000 miles. The Pearse River and Athabasca flow into 
 Great Slave Lake and are sometimes called tributaries of the 
 Mackenzie. The Mackenzie passes some of the forts or stations of 
 fur traders, but no towns of any importance. 
 
 The St. Lawrence has its origin in Lake Superior, passes through 
 Lakes Huron, Eri and Ontario and falls into the Atlantic Ocean. 
 If the St. Lewis be taken as the source of the river, the length will 
 be nearly 2,000 miles. Between Eri and Ontario are the celebrated 
 Falls of Niagara (164 feet at one leap, and 50 feet in half a mile 
 above the Falls). The chief tributary is the Ottawa. Towns 
 on the banks : Detroit, Buffalo, Montreal and Quebec. 
 
 The Mississippi is the second river in the world ; but if the 
 Missouri be taken as the main stream, then this is the longest river 
 in the world, being then 4,300 miles long. 
 
 The waters of the Mississippi are clear; those of the Missouri, 
 muddy. 
 
 The Missouri receives the Nebraska and Kansas. 
 
 The Mississippi receives the Minnesota, Arkansas and Red 
 River, on the right ; and the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio, on the 
 left. It falls by several mouths into the Gulf of Mexico, after a 
 generally Southerly course. Its delta is low, sandy, and unhealthy. 
 New Orleans is near its mouth. 
 
 Lakes. — These contain more than half the fresh water on the 
 globe. On and near the Mackenzie River are Great Bear Lake, 
 Great Slave Lake, Athabasca, Woollaston, Deer Lake. In connec- 
 tion with the Saskatchewan River are : Winnipeg, Winnipegos, 
 Manitoba, Lake of the Woods. In connection with the St. 
 Lawrence are : Lakes Nipigon, Superior, Michigan, Huron, Lake 
 St. Clair, Eri and Ontario. 
 
 Climate. — Extremely varied. Cold winds from North, warm 
 winds from South. A cold current of water along East Coast and 
 a warm current along the West. 
 
91 
 
 Soil. — As varied as the climate. Generally fertile except in 
 the North, say from the Southern extremity of James Bay, 
 Northward, where the Arctic climate hinders cultivation. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Varied according to situation. Grains, 
 wheat, maize, rice, barley, oats. Fruits : grapes, oranges, peaches, 
 plums, pears, apples, nuts. Cotton, flax, and hemp, are the fibre 
 yielding plants. Jalap, vanilla, pimento, nux-vomica, are among 
 the drugs and spices. Timber : oak, larch, pine, maple, cedar, 
 walnut. In California is found the Wellingtonia, which reaches 
 sometimes 400 ft. in height. The potato, tobacco, maize and 
 cocoa are indigenous. 
 
 Animals. (Domestic). — Same as European, having been im- 
 ported. (Wild) bear, puma, bison, wolf, deer, fox, fur bearing 
 animals. 
 
 Birds. — Eagle, vulture, hawk, turkey, partridge. 
 
 Reptiles. — Alligator, snake (rattlesnake). 
 
 Minerals. — (Specially in Mexico) diamonds (California), gold, 
 silver, iron, copper, lead, tin, zinc, quicksilver, coal, salt, sulphur, 
 marble. 
 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 1. 
 
 British North America 
 
 Ottaw^a. 
 
 2. 
 
 United States and Alaska 
 
 Washington. 
 
 3. 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 4. 
 
 Central America 
 
 Belize, Guatemala, San Salvador, 
 Comayagua, Managua, San 
 Jose. 
 
 5. 
 
 The West Indies 
 
 
 BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 British North America comprises the whole of North America 
 North of the United States, except the peninsula of Alaska. 
 
 Area. — Nearly 3,500,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Pojoulation. — Not quite 4,500,000. 
 
 Gulfs and Inlets. — Though these are numerous most of them 
 are rendered useless for commerce, on account of the severity of 
 the climate. On the North : are Mackenzie, Hudson, with James 
 
92 
 
 Bay and Ungava Bay ; on the East : the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 and the Bay of Fundy. The Bay of Fundy is noted as having the 
 highest tide of any place in the world, it sometimes rises 70 ft. 
 
 Straits and Channels. — Straits of Belleisle, between Newfound- 
 land and the Mainland ; Canso, between Cape Breton Island and 
 Nova Scotia ; Straits of Georgia, between Vancouver Island and the 
 Mainland. 
 
 Islands. — Very numerous, those off the North coast being 
 practically useless except as resting places for whalers and sealers. 
 The most important are : Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince 
 Edward's Island and Cape Breton Island off the East coast, 
 Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands off the West 
 coast. 
 
 Newfoundland has many excellent harbours. Inland there are 
 few or no inhabitants, as their occupations are seafaring ; whale, 
 seal and cod fishing are the chief industries. The winter is severe, 
 the climate foggy but not unhealthy, the soil sterile. The Banks 
 of Newfoundland are the most extensive and valuable fishing 
 grounds in the world. The Newfoundland dog is the chief beast 
 of burden and draught. St. John's is the only important town, 
 it is the port. 
 
 Anticosti has few inhabitants engaged in fishing. The coasts 
 are dangerous, the soil poor. 
 
 Prince Edward's Island has a rich and fertile soil; timber, grain, 
 flax and hemp, are its chief commodities. 
 
 Cape Breton Island exports timber, coal and fish. Its chief 
 town is Sidney, 
 
 Vancouver Island has good harbours, exports timber, fish and 
 coal. Its chief port is Victoria. 
 
 Mountains. — Rocky Mountains with Mount Brown and Hooker, 
 both about 16,000 ft. high. The Peak Mountains sometimes 
 called the Gold Mountains, Mount St. Elias, Mount Fairweather. 
 Cascade Mountains all on the Western side. 
 
 Elvers. — ^Into Arctic Ocean : Mackenzie, Coppermine and Great 
 Fish Rivers. Into Hudson Bay : Churchill and Nelson Rivers. 
 Into Atlantic Ocean : the St. Lawrence and St. John. Into the 
 Pacific : the Eraser, Simpson and Yukon. Into Lake Winnipeg: the 
 Saskatchewan, Red River and Assineboine. 
 
 Lakes. — Have all been mentioned under the heading North 
 America. 
 
93 
 
 Climate.— Subject to extremes. In the more Northern part, 
 the climate is thoroughly Arctic. 
 
 Soil. — Only part is available for agricultural operation, chiefly 
 lying in a strip along the Southern border of the country. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Timber, hemp, flax, vegetables, and 
 fruits, same as in North Europe. 
 
 Wild Animals. — White, brown and black bear, wolf, fox, bison, 
 elk, marten, beaver, reindeer, otter, seal. 
 
 Wild Birds. — Eagle, vulture, hawk, swan, goose, turkey, &c. 
 
 Fish. — Cod, herring, mackerel, salmon. 
 
 Minerals. — Coal, iron, copper, gold, petroleum. 
 
 Divisions. 
 Ontario 
 Quebec 
 
 New Brunswick 
 Nova Scotia 
 Prince Edward's 
 
 Island 
 Manitoba 
 North-West 
 
 Territories 
 British Columbia 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston. 
 Quebec, Montreal. 
 Fredericton, St. John. 
 Halifax, Sidney (on Cape Breton Island). 
 Charlotte Town. 
 
 Fort Garry, Winnipeg. 
 Fort York. 
 
 New Westminster, Victoria (on Van- 
 couver Island). 
 
 J\^otes on the Chief Towns. — Ottawa is the capital of British 
 North America. Quebec has a Protestant and Roman Catholic 
 bishopric ; it is called the Gibraltar of America on account of its 
 fortifications, captured from the French in 1759. Montreal has a 
 splendid Roman Catholic cathedral. Halifax, the capital of Nova 
 Scotia, is the station for the British Navy in America and has a 
 dockyard. 
 
 Forts. — In Canada : Quebec, Montreal, Hamilton, Toronto, 
 Kingston. In Nova Scotia : Halifax. In New Brunswick : St. 
 John. In Newfoundland : St. John's. In Vancouver Island : 
 Victoria. 
 
 Manufactures. — Unimportant. Mining in Nova Scotia and 
 Columbia. 
 
94 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — On Coast : fishing. In North and West : 
 hunting. In the Forests : lumbering. This latter means the 
 felling and removing timber for exportation. 
 
 Means of Commutiication. — Water carriage exceptionally good. 
 In the North bj reindeer and sledge. 
 
 Government.— ^y Governor-General, Lieutenant Governors, for 
 the provinces, and a Parliament of two houses. 
 
 Religion. — All are tolerated. No state religion. 
 
 Exports. — Timber in the rough and deals, wheat, flour, horses, 
 cattle, furs, pearl ash, potash, fish, petroleum, coal, chiefly to 
 England and IJnited States. 
 
 Imports. — Cloths, coal, iron, hardware (nearly all from England) ; 
 sugar, rum, spices, &c. (chiefly from West Indies). 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The United States of America occupy the central part of North 
 America. 
 
 Boundaries. — ^On the North, by Canada ; on the East, by the 
 Atlantic ; on the South, by the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico ; and 
 on the West by the Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Area. — About 3,600,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— l^e^iYXj 50,500,000. 
 
 Gulfs, Inlets, (^c. — Massachusetts, Delaware, Chesapeake, Raleigh, 
 and Long Bays, on the East ; Gulf of Mexico with St. Andrews, 
 Mobile, Orleans, Pensacola, and Galveston Bays, in the South ; Bay 
 of San Francisco, on the West. 
 
 Straits. — Long Island Sound between Long Island and main- 
 land ; Florida Strait, between Florida and the Bahama Island ; 
 Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Vancouver Island and the 
 Mainland. 
 
 Islands. — Ehode Island, Long Island and Staten Island in the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 Capes. — Cod, May, Charles, Henry, Hatteras, Frio and Florida 
 in the Atlantic ; Sable and St. Bias, in the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 Conception, Mendocino, Blanco and Flattery in the Pacific. 
 
 Peninsula. — Florida. 
 
 Mountains. — Rocky Mountains from North to South; The 
 Cascade Mountains, Coast Range, Sierra Nevada, on the West ; 
 Appalachian, or Alleghany Mountains on the East. 
 
95 
 
 Plains, — From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico stretches a prairie 
 country 600 miles wide. 
 
 Rivers. — Falling into the Atlantic 
 Delaware, Potomac, James River, 
 Flowing into the Gulf of Mexico : 
 Colorado and Rio Grande del Norte. 
 The Colorado, Sacramento, and Columbia. The 
 its banks Albany, Hudson, Kingston ; and at 
 
 ; The Connecticut, Hudson, 
 
 Roanoke, and Savannah. 
 
 The Alabama, Mississippi, 
 
 Flowing into the Pacific : 
 
 Hudson has on 
 
 its mouth New 
 
 York. This river carried the first successful steam vessel in 1808. 
 
 Lakes. — Superior, Michigan, Huron, Eri, Ontario, Wenham 
 Lake (noted for its ice). Great Salt Lake and Utah. The two 
 latter are in the State of Utah, towards the West. 
 
 Climate. — In the neighbourhood of the Gulf of Mexico, sub- 
 tropical. In the centre, similar to Central Europe. In the North, 
 cold. The Mississippi swamps are unhealthy. 
 
 Soil. — In the North-East poor and unfertile. On Eastern 
 slopes much barren, stony ground. Along the Gulf of Mexico, 
 river valleys, and the southern part of the Atlantic shores the 
 soil is alluvial and very fertile. 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Maize, wheat, and grains generally ; 
 cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, potato, rice, flax. 
 
 Animals, Minerals, (&c. — As s^iven under America. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 (38 States, 1 District, 10 Territories). 
 
 o3 
 
 States. 
 Maine 
 
 New Hamp- 
 shire 
 <j Vermont 
 Massachusetts 
 Rhode Island 
 Connecticut 
 New York 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 New Jersey 
 Delaware 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Augusta, Portland, Bangor. 
 Concord. 
 
 Montpelier, Burlington. 
 
 Boston, Lowell. 
 
 Providence, Newport. 
 
 Hartford, Newhaven. 
 
 New York, Brooklyn, Albany, Buffalo, 
 
 Oswego. 
 Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburg. 
 Trenton. 
 Dover. 
 
96 
 
 States. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Annapolis, Baltimore. 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 Wheeling, Charleston. 
 
 East Virginia 
 
 Richmond, Portsmouth, Norfolk. 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 Raleigh, Wilmington, Halifax. 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Columbia, Charleston, Georgetown. 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Atlanta, Augusta, Savannah. 
 
 Florida 
 
 Tallahasse, Jacksonville, Pensacola. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Montgomery, Mobile, Tuscaloosa. 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Jackson, Vicksburg. 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 New Orleans, Alexandria. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Nashville, Memphis, Knoxville. 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Little Rock, Athens. 
 
 Texas 
 
 Austin, Galveston. 
 
 California 
 
 Sacramento, San Francisco, Monterey 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Jefferson City, Lexington. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Frankfort, Louisville, Glasgow. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Springfield, Chicago. 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Indianopolis. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Columbus, Cincinnati, Cleveland. 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Detroit, Lansing, St. Joseph, 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Madison, Milwaukee, Rockport. 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Des Moines, Iowa, Dubuque. 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 St. Paul. 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Salem, Portland. 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Topeka, Fort Leavenworth. 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Carson City. 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Omaha, Lincoln. 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Denver. 
 
 District. 
 
 City. 
 
 Columbia 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 Santa Fe. 
 
 Washington 
 
 Olympia. 
 
 Utah 
 
 Salt Lake City, Fillmore City. 
 
97 
 
 Territories. 
 
 Chief Cities. 
 
 Dacota 
 
 Yankton. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 Tucson, Prescott. 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Boise, Silver City. 
 
 Montana 
 
 Helena, Fort Alexander. 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Cheyenne. 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Michaelovski. 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 Fort Gibson. 
 
 Notes on the Chief Towns. — Washington on the Potomac is the 
 seat of Government and the Capital of the States. The President 
 resides in the " White House " and the Congress meets in the 
 " Capitol." 
 
 New York on Manhattan Island is the largest of American 
 cities, and is the second commercial city in the world ; it possesses 
 a secure harbour and many fine buildings. 
 
 Boston is the second port of America, is noted as the birthplace 
 of Franklin, has a fine port, many learned and scientific associa- 
 tions, and was the scene of the outbreak in 1773, of the war 
 which separated the States from England. 
 
 Philadelphia is the third city in the United States ; has many 
 learned and charitable institutions and the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence was made here in 1776. 
 
 Baltimore was the first city in America lit with gas. 
 
 Cincinnati, or " Porkopolis," has a great pig market and deals 
 largely in pickled pork. 
 
 Chicago is noted as the centre of the grain and flour 
 trade. 
 
 Ports (Naval, with Dockyards). — Portsmouth, Charleston, 
 Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Washington, (Commercial), Boston, New 
 York and Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Savannah, 
 New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston, San Francisco on the coasts and 
 Milwaukee, Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo and Oswego on the 
 Lakes. 
 
 Industrial Centres. — Manufacturing : Lowell and Nashau for 
 cotton goods. Pittsburg and Harrisburg for hardware. Mining : 
 Dubuque, Devonport, Virginia and Marysville. 
 
 Communications. — Navigable rivers and canals intersect the 
 country. Railways cross it in every direction. Roads, especially 
 in the north, good. 
 
 H 
 
98 
 
 Government. — Under a President, House of Senators and 
 House of Representatives. Each state manages its own internal 
 affairs. 
 
 Religion. — ^None established, all tolerated. 
 
 Exports. — -More than half to United Kingdom. Eaw cotton, 
 grains and flour, tobacco, timber, tar, potash, cheese, bacon, beef, 
 tinned provisions, salt pork. 
 
 Imports. — Chiefly from United Kingdom : woollen, cotton, 
 silk and linen cloths, iron, machinery, hardware : from West Indies : 
 sugar, coffee, tea : from France : wine. 
 
 LESSER BRITISH POSSESSIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
 British Honduras. — Chief town, Belize ; is chiefly of importance 
 for its woods : mahogany and other valuable woods for decorative 
 purposes : logwood and other dye-stuffs. Near the shores are 
 many low islands, from w^hich many turtle are obtained. 
 
 The Bermudas or Somers' Islands are about 100 in number, only 
 about 15 being inhabited. Hamilton is the port and capital. The 
 islands form an important naval station, and produce arrowroot 
 and cedar wood. 
 
 British West Indies. — The Bahamas consists of a group of islands, 
 about 500 in number, of which 20 only are inhabited. The largest 
 are : Great Bahama, Great Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, St. Salvador, 
 Long Island, Great Inagua, Caicos, North and South. 
 
 Nassau, on New Providence Island, is the capital. 
 
 The products are : maize, sugar, cotton, turtle, sponges, salt, 
 fruit, &c. 
 
 Jamaica, in the Greater Antilles. Chief towns : Kingston, Fal- 
 mouth, Montego Bay. Chief mountain range : Blue Mountains. 
 It produces and exports sugar, rum, coffee, cotton and 
 tobacco. 
 
 Lesser Antilles. — The Virgin Isles (in part), Anguilla, Barbuda, 
 St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, St. Lucia, St. 
 Vincent, Barbadoes, Grenada. These islands produce sugar, coffee, 
 cotton, arrowroot, spices (pepper, ginger), tobacco and dye- 
 stuffs. 
 
 Leeward Islands. — Tobago and Trinidad. The latter has a 
 pitch lake in the centre. The former gave the name to tobacco. 
 
99 
 
 These islands produce sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco and 
 maize. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 South America is the Southern portion of the New World, 
 being joined to North America, by the Isthmus of Panama or 
 Darien. 
 
 Boundaries. — On the North, by the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic 
 Ocean ; on the East, by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the West, by the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 Area. — About 7,000,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— "l^fiOOfiOO. 
 
 Gulfs, Bays, and Inlets. — Gulf of Darien, Maracaybo, Paria, and 
 the Estuaries of the Orinoco, Amazon and Gulf of Para, on 
 North ; Rio-de-la-Plata, Gulf of St. Matias, Gulf of St. George, on 
 the East ; Gulfs of Guayaquil, Choco and Panama, on the 
 West. 
 
 Straits. — Strait of Magellan, between Tierra del Fuego and 
 Mainland. 
 
 Islands. — Falkland Islands, Staten Islands, Georgia and 
 South Shetlands, off the South-East Coast ; Tierra del Fuego, 
 and others to the South ; South Wellington Islands, Chiloe, 
 Juan Fernandez, Galapagos and Cocos Islands, off West 
 Coast. 
 
 Capes. — Gallinas and Paria, on the North ; St. Roque, Frio, 
 Corrientes, on the East ; Cape Froward (most Southerly point of 
 Mainland) ; Cape Horn, on the extreme South ; Capes San Lorenzo 
 and San Francisco, on the West. 
 
 Mountains. — The Andes, running from North to South, with 
 Aconcagua^ 22,300 feet, Sahama, Sorata, Illimani, Chimborazo 
 (volcano), Cotopaxi (volcano), all over 21,000 feet high; Sierra 
 Juruquaca, Sierra Acaray and Sierra Tumucumaque, between the 
 Orinoco and Amazon ; Brazilian Mountains, consisting of Sierra do 
 Espinazo, Sierra do Mar. 
 
 Plains, &c. — Plain of Bolivia, Tableland of Quito, Brazilian 
 Tableland, Llanos of the Orinoco, Selvas jf the Amazon and the 
 Pampas of La Plata. 
 
 The Llanos are low, fiat, and flooded m the rainy season. 
 
 h2 
 
100 
 
 The Selvas are forest tracts. 
 
 The Pampas are treeless plains. 
 
 Rivers. — Flowing Northwards, into the Caribbean Sea : The 
 Magdalena, with its tributary, The Cauca. Flowing in a North or 
 North-Easterly direction, and falling into the Atlantic : The 
 Orinoco, Essequibo, Corentyn, Surinam, Amazon, Paranahyba. 
 Flowing in an Easterly direction into the Atlantic : San Francisco, 
 Rio de-la-Plafca. 
 
 The Orinoco, 1,800 miles long (connected by the Casiquiare 
 and Rio Negro, to the Amazon), with the Magdalena, drains 
 nearly the whole of South America, north of the Equator. 
 Tributaries of the Orinoco, on the right bank are : Caroni, 
 Cauri and Ventuari. On the left bank : Guaviare, Meta and 
 Apure. 
 
 The Amazon or Maranon, 4,700 miles long, the longest 
 river in the world : its current is felt for more than 300 
 miles distance from the shore, and fresh water can be drawn 
 into a vessel, long before land is in sight. Its chief trib- 
 utaries are : The Yavari or Jurua, Purus, Madeira, Topagos, 
 Xingu, and Tocantins (which receives the Araguay) on the 
 right bank. The Napo, Putumayo ; Yapura and Negro, on 
 the left. 
 
 The area drained by this river and its tributaries, is estimated 
 as 2,000,000 sq. miles. 
 
 The-Rio-de-la-Plata, is formed by the junction of the Parana and 
 Uruguay. The Parana itself, is formed by the junction of the 
 Paranahyba and the Rio Grande. The Parana receives The 
 Paraguay and The Solado. The Paraguay receives The 
 Pilcomayo. 
 
 Lakes. — The only lakes of importance are : Titicaca, and Lake 
 Maracaybo, which is connected with the sea, by a strait 3 miles wide. 
 Its waters however are fresh. 
 
 Lake Titicaca, in Peru, is about 13,000 feet above sea 
 level. 
 
 Climate. — The hottest regions lie along the Caribbean Sea. In 
 the vale of the Amazon the climate is temperate, though almost 
 wholly under the equator. In the South, the cold is very great. 
 Along the coast of Peru and Chili is a rainless district nearly 1 ,000 
 miles long. 
 
 Soil. — Generally fertile, except in the extreme South. 
 
101 
 
 Vegetable Productions. — Palms, tree ferns, mahogany, rosewood, 
 Brazil wood and ornamental woods of various kinds, besides 
 logwood, and other dye trees ; indigo, maize, (the principal grain), 
 rice, wheat, yams, potatoes, oranges, lemons, pine apples, 
 pomegranates, cocoa-nuts, &c. ; drugs, such as chincona, 
 (quinine obtained from this tree), jalap, sassafras, nux vomica, 
 aloe, tonga bean, &c. ; tea, coffee, sugar, tobacco, arrowroot, 
 ginger, &c. 
 
 Animals. (Wild) — Jaguar, puma, ape, monkey. (Domestic) 
 Llama, and alpaca (beasts of burden), horse, ass, ox, sheep, the four 
 last named have been imported. 
 
 Birds. — Condor (in Andes), eagle, vulture, toucan, parrot, 
 macaw, cockatoo, humming bird, and many others distinguished 
 by their beautiful plumage. 
 
 Reptiles. — Boa, rattlesnake, and many poisonous serpents, 
 crocodile, alligator, bullfrog, turtle, lizard, iguana. 
 
 Insects. — Ant, termite or white ant, mosquito, locust, 
 cochineal insect. 
 
 Minerals. — Precious stones in Brazil, Chili and Ecuador ; 
 precious metals and quicksilver in Columbia ; Brazil and 
 Chili : copper, iron and lead, coal, sulphur, salt, saltpetre 
 (diffused). 
 
 Fish. — Abundant in all the rivers. The electric eel, found in 
 the Orinoco. 
 
 States. 
 
 Columbia, or New 
 Grenada 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Peru 
 
 Bolivia 
 
 Chili 
 
 La Plata, or the Ar- 
 gentine Republic 
 
 Paraguay 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 Chief Tovms. 
 Santa Fe de Bogota. 
 
 Caraccas. 
 
 Quito. 
 
 Lima. 
 
 Sucre, or Chuquisaca. 
 
 Santiago. 
 
 Buenos Ayres. 
 
 Asuncion. 
 
States. 
 
 Uruguay, or Banda 
 
 Oriental 
 Patagonia 
 Brazil 
 
 French Guiana 
 Dutch Guiana 
 British Guiana 
 
 102 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 
 Monte Video. 
 
 Rio Janiero. 
 Cayenne. 
 Paramaribo. 
 George Town. 
 
 British Guiana. — Consists of three settlements: Demerara, 
 Berbice, and Essequibo. Great part of the interior is dense forest. 
 Climate : very hot, but salubrious, being tempered by sea breezes. 
 In the rainy season, yellow fever is prevalent. The productions are 
 the same as for tropical South America. Agriculture, is in a back- 
 ward state ; but sugar, coffee, rum, cotton and pepper, are produced 
 and exported. George Town, on the Demerara, is the capital and 
 has a considerable trade. The only other town of importance is 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 Falkland Islands. — About 100 in number, lie to the East of 
 the Straits of Magellan. There are no trees. The climate is 
 healthy. Wild horses, cattle, pigs, &c., are found and the coasts 
 swarm with seals, penguins, and fish. Not 2,000 inhabitants. 
 The colony was founded to protect the whale fishery. 
 
 OCEANIA. 
 
 Under this heading are grouped the numerous islands of the 
 Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. For convenience three divisions 
 are generally made, namely : Malaysia, Australasia, and 
 Polynesia. 
 
 Malaysia is the name given to the islands lying between the 
 South-East of Asia and Australia. 
 
 Australasia is the name given to AustraHa, Tasmania, 
 New Zealand, and the smaller islands in their immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 Polynesia comprises within itself three groups, namely : Micro- 
 nesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia Proper. 
 
103 
 
 Chief Islands in the Groups. 
 
 Malaysia. 
 Sunda Isles. 
 Moluccas Isles. 
 Celebes Group. 
 Borneo Grroup. 
 Philippine Islands. 
 
 Australasia. 
 Australia. 
 Tasmania or Van 
 
 man's land. 
 New Zealand. 
 Norfolk Islands. 
 
 Die- 
 
 Polynesia Proper. 
 Tonga Islands or Friendly. 
 Samoa or Navigator Islands. 
 Cook Islands. 
 Low Archipelago. 
 Pitcairn Island. 
 Easter Islands. 
 Society Islands. 
 Marquesas Islands. 
 The Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Polynesia. 
 Banin Isles. 
 Ladrones. 
 Pelew Islands. 
 Caroline Islands. 
 Marshall Islands. 
 
 New Guinea or 
 
 Papua. 
 Admiralty Isles. 
 New Britain. 
 Solomon Islands. 
 New Hebrides. 
 New Caledonia. 
 Fiji Islands. 
 
 > ^ 
 
 CD 
 
 MALAYSIA. 
 
 Sunda Islands. — Comprise Sumatra, Banca, Billiton, Java, 
 Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sandalwood, Flores, Timor and many 
 small Islands in their vicinity. 
 
 Sumatra is chiefly in the possession of the Dutch ', Acheen and 
 Siak are the seats of independent governments. The Centre and 
 East are flat, densely wooded and well watered. The West is 
 mountainous. The soil is very fertile, producing pepper, ginger, 
 nutmegs, cloves and other spices, rice, sago, camphor, gutta percha, 
 and many hard wood trees. Gold, copper, tin, sulphur and coal 
 are abundant. Padang, Bencoolen, Lambourg and Palembang, 
 are the chief towns. Sumatra is separated from Java by the 
 Straits of Sunda. 
 
 Banca is noted for its tin. 
 
 Java is the most populous of the Islands of Malaysia. It is 
 wholly under the government of the Dutch. Teak is plentiful. 
 The deadly Upas tree is found here. The forests produce timber 
 of various kinds and gutta percha. The climate, as is that of 
 Sumatra, is hot and unhealthy. Among the articles of produce 
 are rice, maize, sago, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, spices and 
 vegetable oils. Sea cucumber and edible birds' nests. (Chinese 
 
104 
 
 delicacies) are exported. The chief towns are : Batavia, Surabaya, 
 and Samarang. The others of this group have almost identical 
 productions, exports, climate and inhabitants, to those of 
 Java. The whole group is subject to earthquakes and thunder- 
 storms of fearful violence. The rainy season often lasts 6 
 months. 
 
 Moluccas or Spice Islands. — Chiefly in the hands of the Dutch ; 
 chief settlement : Amboyna. These isles are very fertile, yielding- 
 nutmegs, cloves, mace, cinnamon, pepper, cocoa-nuts, sago and 
 timber. 
 
 Celebes Group. — Celebes is very fertile. Climate healthy, 
 though hot. The chief port is Macassar. Produce : much the 
 same as the Moluccas, diamonds, gold, iron, sulphur and salt are 
 among the minerals. Imports : opium, wine, soap. Exports : 
 edible bird's nests, trepang or sea cucumber, spices and 
 woods. 
 
 Borneo. — Chief town Benjarmassin ; climate, salubrious ; soil, 
 fertile. The minerals constitute the great wealth of the island, 
 diamonds, platinum, gold, copper, tin, and coal are found. Gutta- 
 percha, maize, rice, sago (chief food of inhabitants), cocoa- 
 nut, benzoin and timber are the chief vegetable products. 
 The horse, ox, tapir, buffalo and ourang outang are found. 
 
 Philippines. — Chief : Luzon, Samar, Mindanas, these are mostly 
 mountainous, hot, healthy and fertile. Tobacco, sugar, rice, coffee, 
 hemp, indigo, &c., are raised in great quantities ; iron, copper, 
 coal and sulphur are found. They belong to Spain. Manilla is the 
 capital, noted for its cheroots. 
 
 AUSTRALASIA. 
 
 AUSTRALIA (British). 
 
 Lies to the South-East of Asia. 
 
 Boundaries. — On the North : by the Arafura Sea and Torres 
 Strait ; on the the East : by the Pacific Ocean ; on the South : by 
 the Bass Strait and the Indian Ocean ; on the West : by the Indian 
 Ocean. 
 
 ^r^a.— Nearly 3,000,000 sq. miles. 
 
105 
 
 PopulatioiK— 3,500 fiOO. 
 
 Gulfs. — Cambridge Gulf, Van Dieman's Gulf and Gulf of 
 Carpentaria on the North ; Princess Charlotte, Harvey and 
 Moreton Bay, Port Jackson, on the East ; Port Philip, Encounter 
 Bay, St. Vincent Gulf, Spencer Gulf and Great Australian Bight 
 on the South ; Geographe Bay, Shark Bay, King George Sound 
 and Collier Bay, on the West. 
 
 Straits. — Torres Strait, on the North; Bass Strait, on the South. 
 
 Islands. — Few and unimportant. 
 
 Capes. — Stewart, Arnheim and York on the North ; Melville, 
 Byron and Howe on the East; Wilson, Otway, Spencer, Catas- 
 trophe, and Leeuwin, on the South ; Cuvier, North- Wesb ; Leveque 
 and Londonderry, on the West. 
 
 Surface. — The centre consists chiefly of w4de grassy or barren 
 plains, the mountain ranges being chiefly in the East and South- 
 East. There is also a low range of hills running along the West 
 coast. 
 
 Mountains. — The Australian Alps with Mount Kosciusko, 7,176 
 feet, the highest in Australia, the Blue Mountains, the Liverpool 
 Range, the New England Range, McPherson Range and. the Coast 
 Ranges running along the Eastern shore nearly the whole way to 
 the Gulf of Carpentaria. The Great Divide and the Grampian 
 Mountains running East and West through Victoria. The Western 
 ranges consisting of the Darling, Smith and other continuations 
 along the Western shores. 
 
 The central Highlands comprising Flinders range North of 
 Spencer Gulf with continuations at intervals, Warburton Range, 
 Stuart Range, Musgrave Range, &c., running nearly from South 
 to North. 
 
 Rivers. — Owing to the Mountain Ranges being near the coasts 
 there are few large rivers, and indeed only two of the large rivers 
 flow all the year round and even they are smaller at their mouths 
 than higher up. Many of the smaller rivers are either dried up 
 or lost in marshes and swamps. The Murray (about 2,000 miles 
 long) with its tributaries the Murrumbidgee and Darling is the 
 chief river in Australia. The rivers flowing from the mountains 
 direct into the sea are short and barely navigable even at their 
 mouths for vessels drawing more than ten feet of water. 
 
 Lakes. — Mostly shallow and salt. Lakes Alexandrina, Torrens 
 and Gairdner in the South. 
 
106 
 
 Climate. — On the whole dry and healthy, yet subject to alterna- 
 tions of dry and wet seasons. 
 
 Soil. — Generally fertile where well watered. Many of the trees 
 are evergreen. The vegetable productions native to soil are not 
 generally found elsewhere indigenous. The same may be said of 
 the animals. Gum tree (Eucalyptus) and Red cedar are peculiar. 
 The pouched animals (Marsupials) are more numerous than aily 
 other species and include the kangaroo, opossum and bandy coot. 
 The dingo or native dog is the only carnivorous wild animal. 
 The ornithorhynchus or duck billed platypus has the body of an 
 otter and the bill of a duck. The largest bird is the emu. There 
 are also found paroquet, cockatoo, pelican, black-swan, lizard, 
 snake and crocodile. 
 
 The mineral wealth of Australia comprises gold, silver, copper, 
 lead, iron, tin, coal, &c., and is incalculable. 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 New South Wales. 
 Victoria. 
 South Australia. 
 Queensland. 
 West Australia. 
 
 Chief Towns. 
 Sydney. 
 Melbourne. 
 Adelaide. 
 Brisbane. 
 Perth. 
 
 Notes on Divisions and Towns. New South Wales grows 
 wheat, oats, potatoes and maize, and rears large numbers of cattle 
 and sheep. Mining is an important industry, coal, gold, copper and 
 tin are produced. The exports in order of importance are : wool, 
 gold, coal, tallow, hides, skins and maize. Newcastle on the 
 river Hunter is the centre of the coal fields. 
 
 Imports. — Manufactured goods, colonial produce, ale and wine. 
 
 The ports are Sydney, Newcastle, Port Macquaire. Sydney at 
 the head of Port Jackson is the capital, and is the greatest wool 
 port in the world. Paramatta near the head of Port Jackson 
 has good trade. Newcastle a good harbour and coal mines. 
 Bathurst on the Macquaire where the first gold mines were 
 established. 
 
 Government. — A Governor and two Houses of Parliament. 
 
107 
 
 Victoria grows wheat, oats, potatoes, the vine and maize, rears 
 large numbers of sheep and has most valuable gold mines. The 
 ports are Melbourne, Geelong, Williamstown. The United Kingdom 
 does more trade with Victoria than any other colony. 
 
 Exports. — Gold, wool, tallow, hides, skins, preserved and frozen 
 meats. 
 
 Melbourne is the capital and is situated on Port Philip, but is 
 inferior as a port to Sidney. Ballarat on the river Leigh is in the 
 centre of the chief gold mining district. Geelong is in the centre 
 of the wheat growing district. Williamstown is a port for 
 Melbourne where large ships load and discharge. 
 
 Government. — A Governor- General and two Houses of Parliament. 
 
 South Australia. — Agriculture is the most important occupation, 
 and mining next. Wheat is grown in great quantities near the 
 South coast. The vine, olive and orange, have been introduced 
 and thrive. TJie Burra Burra and Kapunda copper mines have a 
 world-wide reputation for richness. Ports Adelaide and Augusta 
 export wool, wheat, flour, copper and copper ore : import 
 manufactured goods, colonial produce, timber, coal and sacks (for 
 the wheat and flour). Adelaide on the Torrens which is not navigable, 
 is connected with Port Adelaide and is a very hot, yet healthy 
 town ; it has large trade in corn and flour. 
 
 Government. — A Governor and two Houses of Parliament. 
 
 Queensland. — Sheep rearing is the most important industry, 
 though the sugar cane, nutmeg, clove and other tropical plants 
 have been introduced. Mining for coal is pursued in several parts 
 Wool is the most important export. Ipswich is the chief wool 
 mart. Brisbane is the port as well as capital. 
 
 Government. — A Governor and two Houses of Parliament. 
 
 West Australia. — This district is but little settled and less 
 progress has been made than in other districts, either in agriculture, 
 trade or population. Much of the interior consist of wastes of 
 sand, scrub, or poisonous plants. Perth, on the Swan River, is the 
 capital. Freemantle, is the only other town of importance. 
 
 Government. — A Governor and Council. 
 
 AUSTRALIA, GENERALLY. 
 Chief means of Communication. — Railways : not much more 
 
108 
 
 than 3,000 miles, in the whole continent. Roads : few or none. 
 Good telegraph system. 
 
 Beligion. — None established ; all tolerated. 
 
 Education. — Fair, and improving ; under government inspection. 
 
 TASMANIA, OR VAN DIEMAN'S LAND (British). 
 
 Area. — 27,000 sq. miles. 
 
 Population.— IQOfiOO. 
 
 This island lies directly south of Victoria. It is hilly in the 
 centre, and is fertile, well watered, with a mild and healthy 
 climate. All European grains and fruits (vegetables also), succeed 
 well. Maize is not grown, but the hop is. The interior forests 
 are gloomy, on account of the preponderance of the gum tree. 
 The animals are of the same species as those of Australia. None of « 
 the natives now remain. Good coal, gold, tin, iron, lead and manganese, 
 are among the minerals. The capital, Hobart Town, on the River 
 Derwent, has a good harbour and many whaling vessels. This is 
 the capital and chief port. Stanley is another important seaport, 
 on the North coast. Launceston, 40 miles from the mouth of the 
 Tamar, is in the centre of the agricultural district. Exports : 
 flour, corn, potatoes, timber (to the Australian Colonies) ; oil and 
 wool, to England. 
 
 Government. — A Governor and Two Houses : both elective. 
 
 NEW ZEALAND (British). 
 
 New Zealand consists of a group of islands (of which North 
 Island, South Island and Stewart, are the chief) ; lying to the 
 South-East of Australia. 
 
 Area. — Total extent of the islands combined, about 100,000 
 sq. miles. 
 
 Population. — About 450,000; nearly 50,000 of whom are 
 natives (Maories). 
 
 North Island is separated from South Island, by Cook's Strait. 
 The surface is mountainous ; a range running from North to South, 
 through the centre, with spurs to the South-East and South-West. 
 These mountains are covered with forests, producing good timber. 
 
109 
 
 Mount Egmont is the highest peak. The coasts are very much 
 indented. 
 
 South Island. — The coasts of this island are very little broken. 
 A mountain chain runs along the Western side ; the highest 
 summit is Mount Cook ; as in North Island, there are vast 
 forests. 
 
 In 
 
 South Island. 
 
 Provinces. 
 
 Chief Toivns. 
 
 Nelson 
 
 Nelson, Westport. 
 
 Marlborough 
 
 Picton, Blenheim. 
 
 Canterbur}^ 
 
 ChristchurchjLyttleton 
 
 Westland 
 
 Hokitika. 
 
 Otago 
 
 Dunedin, Invercargill, 
 
 
 Oamaru. 
 
 Stewart Is. 
 
 
 Divisions. 
 
 New Zealand is divided into 9 provinces, four of which are in 
 North Island, and 5 in South Island. These are sub-divided into 
 63 counties, 32 in North Island, 30 in South Island, and one in 
 Stewart Island. 
 
 In North Island. 
 Provinces. Chief Towns. 
 
 Auckland Auckland, Onehunga. 
 
 Taranaki New Plymouth. 
 
 Wellington Wellington, Wanganin. 
 Hawkes Bay Napier, Gisborne. 
 
 I^otes on the Towns. — Auckland was formerly the capital, but is 
 now decreasing. It is in a fertile neighbourhood. It has a splendid 
 harbour. 
 
 Wellington is on the shores of Port Nicholson, has a good 
 harbour, but the surrounding country is not fertile. It was made 
 the capital of the colony from its central position. 
 
 Dunedin is the largest and most commercial city of New 
 Zealand, is the capital of Otago, and exports gold. Hokitika is 
 connected with Christchurch on the opposite coast by a splendid 
 road. 
 
 Poi'ts. — Other than the above, Gisborne, Napier, New Plymouth, 
 Nelson, Picton, Lyttleton, and Oamaru. 
 
 Industrial Pursuits. — Cultivation of wheat, maize and potatoes ; 
 sheep farming ; mining in Otago, Canterbury, Nelson ; Auckland 
 for gold ; coal is found on the West Coast ; ship building at nearly 
 all the ports. 
 
 Communications. — Good roads, navigable rivers and railways. 
 
110 
 
 Government. — A Governor with a Council and House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 Exports. — Wool, gold, provisions (corn, flour, potatoes, salt pork, 
 frozen beef and mutton), kauri gum. 
 
 Imports. — Manufactured goods, sugar, tea, beer and wine. 
 
 NORFOLK ISLAND (British). 
 
 Lies to the North- West of New Zealand, was formerly a British 
 penal settlement and afterwards the home, for a time, of the 
 Pitcairn Islanders. 
 
 POLYNESIA. 
 
 Micronesia. — The Bonin Islands and Ladrones are of volcanic 
 origin. The Bonins are only used as whaling stations. The 
 Ladrones are fertile, and yield rice, sugar, cotton and indigo; 
 they belong to Spain. 
 
 The Pelew Isles have many of coral formation, while others are 
 mountainous. The productions are yams, bananas and cocoa nuts. 
 The Carolines belong to Spain though no Spanish settlement has 
 been founded there. Fish are plentiful. The Isles produce bread- 
 fruit, cocoa-nuts and betel. The Marshall Islands are chiefly of 
 coral formation, and enclose bodies of salt water called lagoons. 
 Cocoa nut and bread-fruit chief products. 
 
 Melanesia. — Papua or Guinea is a little known island, part of 
 which is claimed by the Dutch. The interior is said to be dense 
 forest peopled by the usual animals and birds found in the Sunda 
 Islands. The beautiful Bird of Paradise is indigenous. The 
 climate is damp and pestilential to a great degree. The soil is 
 very fertile and the products are camphor, sago, spices, cocoa-nuts, 
 maize, rice, sugar, tobacco, &c. 
 
 The Admiralty Isles lie low, have a hot, moist climate, have 
 dense forests, and yield the usual tropical products. 
 
 New Britain, with New Ireland are volcanic, yield mangoes, 
 bananas, yams and cocoa-nuts. The natives of New Ireland are 
 cannibals. Solomon Islands are volcanic and mountainous, have 
 great forests of valuable woods as : sandal-wood, ebony, lignum- 
 
Ill 
 
 vitse. The people are cannibals. The New Hebrides are specially 
 noted for the abundance of the cocoa-nut palm. The Islands are 
 clothed with luxuriant vegetation, but the inhabitants are cannibals. 
 New Caledonia is a French Colony, and penal settlement. The 
 inhabitants are cannibals. Coffee, copper, nickel, gold and timber, 
 are the chief products. The Loyalty Islands produce sandal wood. 
 These Isles belong to France and are attached to New Caledonia. 
 
 FIJI ISLES (British). 
 
 These Islands are 254 in number, and of volcanic origin. The 
 chief of them are : Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. They possess an 
 agreeable and salubrious climate, with a fertile soil. The vegetation 
 is most abundant, the forests yielding sweet smelling barks and 
 woods, besides timber for the shipping which visit the Islands. 
 Other productions are cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, arrowroot, 
 sugar, coffee, &c. Though Christianity has made great progress, 
 still cannibalism is practised in some of the smaller Islands. 
 
 POLYNESIA PROPER. 
 
 The Tonga or Friendly Isles are coral and volcanic in origin, 
 with good climate, fertile soil, producing timber and fruits. 
 The inhabitants chiefly profess Christianity but are treacherous 
 and cunning. Samoa Islands are of volcanic origin producing 
 cocoa nuts, cotton, coffee, &c. They are subject to fearful 
 hurricanes and earthquakes. The inhabitants are tolerably 
 civilized and under the protection of the United States. Cook 
 Islands are volcanic and coralline in formation, are difficult of 
 access on account of the coral reefs. They produce bananas, 
 cocoa-nuts, coffee, cotton, tobacco and bread-fruit. The inhabitants 
 have been christianized. The low Archipelago has a pearl fishery 
 and produces much cocoa-nut oil. They are under French 
 protection. Pitcairn Island is famous as the home of the mutineers 
 of "The Bounty," in 1789. It is of volcanic origin and fertile 
 with a fine climate. Eastern Island contains most remarkable 
 remains of a former civilisation which have proved an insoluble 
 riddle to all antiquaries. It is mountainous but has no wood nor 
 
112 
 
 streams. The inhabitants are cannibals. The Society Islands are 
 a French Protectorate. Tahiti is the chief and is noted for its 
 scenery, climate, fertility and the beauty of its people. Many are 
 christians. 
 
 The Marquesas are also under French protection, are volcanic 
 and mountainous. Many of the natives are cannibals. The 
 products are cocoa-nuts, yams, sugar and cotton. 
 
 The Sandwich Isles are volcanic, with a tropical yet agreeable 
 and healthy climate. The soil produces banana, bread fruit, 
 arrowroot, sugar, coffee, cotton, &c. Hawaii the chief island 
 contains three active volcanoes. Honolulu is the chief town and 
 is situated in Oahu. 
 
 
<><^c€^^^ 
 
 PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, 
 
 BROMPTON WORKS, CHATHAM. 
 
 1889. SPECIAL 1889. 
 
 LIST OF MILITARY WORKS. 
 
 ••508&**— O^ 
 
 CASH WITH ORDERS. 
 
 ^ ' G. & P. respectfully intimate that the profit on small orders does 
 
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 they strictly adhere to the rule that cash is in all instances received before 
 goods are forwarded. When a remittance is in 3xcess of the sum required, 
 the surplus will be returned. '^" 
 
 IMPORTANT NOTICE, 
 
 The whole of Sergeant-Major W. Gordon's Drill Books, in 
 a ccordance with the New Infantry Drill are now ready. 
 
 All other books, Drill Cards, &c., that are advertised in our lists 
 and catalogues as being in accordance with Field Exercise, are now 
 revised and ready, in accordance with Infantry Drill, 1889. 
 
 • Several Military Works are now omitted from our List, 
 owing: to their not being* up to date. 
 
 I 
 
Customers uoTio may receirie Duplicate 
 Catalogues XjoUI greatly oblige if ttiey tuill place 
 tlie same on tlie Mess or Library Table. 
 
 We keep the Largest Stock of MILITARY 
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I Gale & Polden's lAilitary Series. 
 
 (ALL NEW EDITIONS). 
 
 Yol. 1. — Guides and Markers' Duties in Company, Battalion and s. d 
 
 Brigade Movements, illustrated 2 
 
 Vol. 2. — Guides and Markers' Duties in Companj Drill, illustrated... 9 
 
 Yol. 3. — Guide to obtaining Civil Employment 6 
 
 Yol. 4. — Movements of Color Party at Battalion Drill, &c 6 
 
 Yol. 5. — Manual and Firing Exercise 6 
 
 Yol. 6. — Physical Training without Arms, illustrated rvith 26 Plates 9 
 
 Yol. 7. — On Outpost : What to do, and How to do it 6 
 
 Yol. 8. — Physical Drill with Arms, New Bayonet Exercise and Attack 
 
 and 'Defence, illustrated with 36 Plates 9 
 
 Yol. 9.— On Guard : What to do, and How to do it 6 
 
 Yol. 10.— Hints to Young Soldiers 6 
 
 Yol. 11.— Military Sketching for N.-C.-0's. and Men 6 
 
 Yol. 12. — Guide to obtaining a 3rd Class Army School Certificate 6 
 
 Yol. 13. — Guide to obtaining a 2nd Class Army School Certificate... 1 6 
 
 Yol. 14. — Guide to obtaining a 1st Class Army School Certificate... 3 6 
 
 Yol. 15. — Company Drill- Made EsiSj, illustrated 1 6 
 
 Yol. 16.— The Target Practice Register Book 1 6 
 
 Yol. 17. — Company Squad Roll Book (pocket size) 1 
 
 Yol. 18. — Alphabetical Squad Book (Infantry) 1 
 
 Yol. 19. — Officers' Pocket Book, for Home and Foreign Service 3 6 
 
 Yol. 20. — Catch Questions in Infantry Drill 6 
 
 Yol. 2J . — Catechism of Military Training, illustrated 2 
 
 Yol. 22.— Brigade Drill Made Easy, iZJ^^sfraied 2 
 
 Yol. 23. — Guide to Court-Martial Procedure 1 6 
 
 Yol. 24.— Guide to Official Letter Writing, Orders, &c 1 6 
 
 Yol. 25. — Orderly Sergeant's Detail Book 5 
 
 Yol. 26. — Sergt's Pocket Book, for Home & Foreign Service 2 6 
 
 Yol. 27. — Pay Sergeant's Complete Account Book 5 
 
 Yol. 28. — Battalion Drill Made Easy, illustrated 2 
 
 Yol. 29. — Infantry Fire Tactics, illustrated 6 
 
 Yol. 30. — Catechism on the Manual of Instruction in Signalling 2 6 
 
 Yol. 31 . — Military Sketching Made Easy, illustrated 4 
 
 Yol. 32. — Troop Sergeant-Major's Account Book 6 
 
 Yol. 33. — Cavalry Squad Book and Hand-book.... 2 6 
 
 Yol. 34.— Field Fortifications, Notes on the Text Books 4 
 
 Yol. 35. — Catechism of Company Drill 1 
 
 Yol. 36.— Catechism of Battalion Drill 2 
 
 Yol. 37.— Soldiers' Shooting 1 6 
 
 Yol. 38. — How to Obtain a School of Musketry Certificace 3 6 
 
 Yol. 39. — Skirmishing, Attack and Defence for a Company, Battalion 
 
 and Brigade 2 
 
 The above Military Boohs have proved to be the Most Successful Worlcs eve7 
 Published for the Army, 
 
 A 2 
 
PUBLISHING DEPHeTIENT. 
 
 Special Advantages offered by GALE & POLDEN :— 
 
 1st. — All books are sent Post Free throughout England, Ireland, 
 Scotland, Wales, India, Egypt, or any part of the World. 
 
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 over the old system, to those who, by distance or other 
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 inasmuch as they are by its means, enabled to share the 
 benefit of doing their Business direct with Brompton Works, 
 though residing at a distance. 
 
 3rd. — As we have, by making the Postal Order Trade a special 
 study, succeeded in perfecting, perhaps, the most systematic 
 and satisfactory method known, our Patrons may rely on 
 their orders bein^ executed promptly and well. 
 
 4th. — Books can be sent to customers within two hours of 
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 Drill were despatched from Brompton Works to various 
 addresses, at home and abroad, within a few hours of being 
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 5th. — Old editions of books are never supplied, and when a new 
 edition is coming out, customers are apprised of the fact. 
 
 6th. — A liberal discount is allowed to all Canteens, &c., in addition 
 to paying carriage. 
 By the adoption of the cash system of business, all expenses 
 
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 through defaulters, which must always be the case where credit 
 
 is given, hence the Secret of our Liberal Terms. 
 
WORKS SPECIALLY RECOMMENDED. 
 
 President of Officers' 
 
 Mess Committee. 
 
 Page 32. 
 
 President of Sergts'. & 
 Corpls'. Mess Committee 
 Page 31. 
 
 President of 
 
 Library and Canteen 
 
 Committee. Pages 33 & 34 
 
 Infantry Officers. 
 
 Nos. 20, 21, 22, 43, 64, 
 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 76, 
 89, 108, 123, 124, 
 133, 146, and page 29. 
 
 Infantry. 
 Non- Commissioned 
 Officers and Men, 
 
 Nos. 12, 21, 24, 
 
 25, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 
 
 57, 59, 62, 64, 68, 71, 
 
 85, 89, 108, 120, 
 
 121, 123, 133, 135, 178. 
 
 Colour-Sergeants. 
 
 Nos. 8, 12, 21, 26, 
 
 73, 111, 123, 135, 
 
 and Pages 25, 26, 
 
 27, 28, 29 and 30, 
 
 ''An officer or non-commissioned officer should qualify 
 and instruct himself if he wishes to make his way; 
 let him employ every available moment in learning* his 
 profession in its minutest details ; he ought to know how 
 to do everything" a private soldier has to do ; one cannot 
 g*ive orders on subjects of which one is ignorant."— 
 
 de brack. 
 
 Cavalry Officers. 
 
 Nos. 21, 29, 71, 73, 74, 
 
 76, 89, 121, 122, 123, 
 
 124, 146, 148, 168, 186, 
 
 and page 29. 
 
 Troop 
 
 Sergeant-Majors 
 
 and all Ranks. 
 
 Nos. 21, 29, 73, 74, 
 
 89, 121, 122, 135, 
 
 148, 168. 
 
 Royal Engineers, 
 
 Nos. 1, 50, 68, 73, 
 74, 75, 84, 89, 91, 
 124, 125, 186. 
 
 Volunteers. 
 
 Company Officers. 
 
 Militia. 
 
 Nos. 12, 13, 14, 22, 
 
 Nos. 8, 21, 22, 23, 26, 
 
 Nos. 63, 64, 67, 
 
 24,39, 47,51,52,58,63, 
 
 85, 89, 111, 123, 133, 
 
 73, 74, 85, 89, 96, 
 
 64, 73, 74, 89, 121, 123, 
 
 146, and Pages 25, 26, 
 
 97, 98, 123, 124, 135, 
 
 124, 135, 149, 172, 172a, 
 173, 174, and page 29. 
 
 27, 28, 29 and 30. 
 
 and page 29. 
 
 Promptitude in Despatch of Goods is 
 one of our Specialities. 
 
6 
 
 WHAT THE SERVICE PAPERS SAY. 
 
 THE "BROAD ARROW" SAYS:- 
 
 '' Gale & Polden are to be congratulated upon their great success 
 as Military Publishers." 
 
 THE "UNITED SERVICE GAZETTE '^ SAYS:- 
 
 " Nothing succeeds like success, and this we feel proud to say, 
 has proved itself an unquestionable fact as regards the Service 
 Publishers, Gale & Polden." 
 
 THE "ARMY & NAVY GAZETTE*' SAYS:— 
 
 " Messrs. Gale & Polden, of Chatham, are fast coming to the front 
 as the bond fide Service Publishing Company. A firm which 
 seems to be as remarkable for its enterprise as for the excellence 
 of its work." 
 
 THE "IRISH TIMES" SAYS:— 
 
 " Gale & Polden, of Chatham, the eminent Military Publishers, 
 are without doubt most enterprising." 
 
 THE "ADMIRALTY & HORSE GUARDS GAZETTE" 
 
 SAYS :— 
 
 " Gale & Polden have already placed themselves in the front rank 
 as Military Publishers." 
 
 The above are extracts from only a few of the Service Papers ; the whole of the 
 
 Service Papers, including those of the "Indian & Colonial Press," speak in most 
 
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 As a rule the following Papers Review our Publications : — " The Times,'* " Standard," 
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 Gazette," "Naval & Military Magazine," "Army & Navy Magazine," "Colburn's 
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 "Colonist," Nelson. 
 
NOW READY; POST FREE. 
 
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 1. Aide Memoire, for use of Officers of R.E. Vol I. and 11., each 12 6 
 
 2. Andrew's Score Register and Notes on Rifle Shooting 1 6 
 
 3. Ambulance Lectures, for Accidents and sadden Illness ... 1 
 
 4. Army Allowances, Regulations Relative to issue of • . 1 6 
 
 5. Army Signalling Regulations. Being a complete compilation 
 
 of all orders, regulations and warrants relating to signalling. Compiled 
 by F. W. SiBBALB, Sergt. -Major, School of Signalling, Aldershot, 1 g 
 
 These Orders and Regulations have been collected and arranged to assist those 
 Officers who instruct in Signalling in various parts of the world, and to whom 
 access to all the different Army Forms, Circular Memoranda, Royal Warrants, 
 Pay Regulations, &c., is not only difficult but frequently unattainable. 
 As a book of reference to those so employed it must prove most useful. 
 The book has been carefulty revised and all extracts may be taken as absolutely 
 correct.— Fbed. C. Keyseb, Colonel, Inspector of Signalling. 
 
 6. Army Signalling, Manual of Instruction in 1 
 
 7. Army Signalling, Notes on. By Captain E. T. C. Bower, 
 
 2nd Oxford Light Infantry ... ... ... ... ... 1 Q 
 
 •' This book should prove of value to many Officers, for in the 'Manual of In- 
 struction in Army Signalling' very little is laid down as to the emplo.vment of 
 trained signallers with troops, tliis omission Capt. Bower supplies from his 
 practical experience as a Brigade Signal Officer." — Irish Times. 
 
 8. Alphabetical Roll and Descriptive Book, it is so 
 
 arranged as to meet the present requirements of a Company 1 
 
 9. Aldershot Military Society Lectures. Vol. I. All Sold 2 6 
 
 10. Aldershot Military Society Lectures. Vol. ll. containing 
 
 the following Lectures ;— " The Use and Abuse of Field Artillery," by 
 Col. Brackknbuky, R.A. "The Maxim Gun," by Capt. Stone, R.A. 
 "*' Personal Reminiscences of the Turko- Russia War " by Major Kisox, 
 R.H.A. " Mounted Infantry: Its Present and Its Future," by Major 
 HuTTON, D.A.A.G. " Modern Cavalry in the Field of Battle,"' by Col. 
 LiDDLE, late 10th Hussars. Bound in Red Cloth ... ... •••2 6 
 
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 of an Army for War," by Major Genl. Haebison, C.B., R^E. "The 
 Physical ('ondition of the Horse for Military Purposes," by A. B. 
 Fleming, Esq., C.B, "The Application of Fortification to the Re- 
 quirement of the Battle Field," by Major Savage, R.E. Bound in 
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 12. Battalion Drill Made Easy (with 57 illustrations), in 
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 2nd Batt. Gordon Highlanders (late Sergfc.-Major, 2nd 
 Batt. Scots Guards). 5th Edition 2 
 
 " It is so clear and simple, and leaves nothing to be imagined by the student, 
 as every single movement in Battahon Drill is explained under all the various 
 positions. The book merely wants to be read in order to be appreciated and 
 admired." — Army and Navy Gazette. 
 
 " In the Infantry Drill, references are continually made to preceding para- 
 graphs. The result is confusing and troublesome. Mr. Gordon to obviate this 
 blemish has produced the work before us. Mr. Gordon has performed his task 
 well, and we venture to assert that an officer or non-commissioned officer who 
 masters this book has practically absorbed the essence of Battalion Drill." — 
 Colburn's United Service Magazine. 
 
 18. t Battalion Drill, Catechism on, with Appendix and Words 
 
 of Command ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 14. Brigade Drill made Easy. By W. Gordon, 2nd Batt. Gordon 
 
 Highlanders. 3rd Edition, Revised and Enlarged ... ... 2 
 
 '* Brigade Drill Made Easy, by William Gordon, 2nd Gordon Highlanders. All 
 explanations requisite for the comprehension and execution of any movement are 
 given with the description of the evolution under notice, thus enabling the 
 student to perceive at a glance the details for carrying it out, together with the 
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 pendious, the diagrams clear, and Sergt.-Major Gordon has carried out his duties 
 in the most satisfactory way." — Broad Arrow. 
 
 15. Barrack Inspection Book for Qr. -Masters and Qr.-Mr. 
 
 Sergeants. Size, 8 by 5 ins. Compiled by Qr.-Mr.-Sergt. 
 
 W. Hall, Royal Warwickshire Regiment ... ... ... 2 
 
 Brackenbury's, Lieut. -Colonel, Handbooks for Officers. 
 
 17. Do. Modern Tactics, Elements of, by Colonel 8haw 9 
 
 18. Do. Field Artillery, by Major Pratt ... !.. 6 
 
 19. Do. Military Administration, by Major Buxton ... 7 
 
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 and Tactical Application, by Colonel C. B. Bracken bury, 
 R.A. In Two Volumes 12 
 
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 trations, in accordance with " Infantry Drill " ... ... 1 6 
 
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 t These are works of the utmost value, and are intended to answ^er a 
 twofold purpose : — 1st, to afford the student an easy and ready 
 means of committing to memory all the various movements in Drill ; 
 2nd, to enable the examiner to put every question in a much more 
 concise and intelligible form than could otherwise be accomplished if 
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 only contains the incorrect words of Command so frequently made use 
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 23. Catechism of Military Training, by Major H. Fitzroy- 
 
 Marry AT, The Royal Berkshire Begin' ent. 4f7i Edition, 
 
 in accordance with *' The New Syllabus " 2 
 
 *' Every care has been taken by the compiler to ensure correctness 
 in the details, and a very short acquaintance with it will satisfy 
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 24. Catechism on the Manual of Instruction in Army Sig- 
 
 nalling, by Major L. Edye, E.M.L.I., and Capt. Elmhirst 
 
 Rhodes, D.S.O., The Royal Berkshire Regiment 2 6 
 
 The value of visual signalling is now fully recognised, an indifferent 
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 25. Catch Questions in Infantry Drill. By Lieut . G. D'Arcy 
 
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 Royal Hussars ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 6 
 
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 " A compilation which will prove most useful. A most practical work in every 
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 45. Flag Drill for Signallers. By Sergt.-Major Sibbald ... 3 
 
 47. Field Book for the Auxiliary Forces. By General 
 
 YlSCOUNT WOLSELEY 16 
 
 48. Fortification, Text Book of, &c. By Colonel G. Philips, R.E. 16 
 
 49. Field Report Book. For writing orders and reports* of 
 
 reconnaissance and outpost duties in the Field, &c. Each 
 book contains concise directions, carbon paper for copying- 
 report in duplicate at one operation, and pencil ... ... 1 Q 
 
 50. Free Gymnastics, and Light Dumb Bell Drill as 
 
 practised at the Gymnasium at Aldershot. By 
 
 Sergt.-Major Noakes, Gymnastic Staff 1 Q 
 
 51. Fire Discipline. By Col. J. L. T. Toke, 1st V.B. R. Berks Regt. 3 
 
 52. Firing Exercise Corrected to date, from time to time as 
 
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 54. tGuide to obtaining a First Class Army School Certifi- 
 
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 In this volume will be found enough to secure a good pass for a 
 First Class Certificate. It has been compiled by an experienced and 
 successful Army Schoolmaster, who has omitted nothing that is 
 necessary, and admitted nothing superfluous. The aim of the volume 
 is to place the requisite information in a compact and inexpensive 
 form before the intending candidate. 
 
 55. tGuide to obtaining a Second Class Army School 
 
 Certificate. By an Army Schoolmaster. 5th Edition ... 1 6 
 "Non-commissioned officers and men seeking to qualify, will find 
 the ' Guide to Second Class School Certificate ' a very valuable little 
 work, aiding them, as it must do, to secure success. It covers all 
 the ground and gives hints and specimen papers in every subject. 
 As it is an inexpensive book, it should meet with a large amount of 
 support from those for whose special benefit it has been put 
 together." — Army and Navy Gazette, 
 
 56. tGuide to obtaining a Third Class Army School Certifi- 
 
 cate. By an Army Schoolmaster. 4th Edition ... ... 6 
 
 57. tThe Soldier's Spelling Book for obtaining a School 
 
 Certificate, including Technical Terms and Words 
 
 of daily use in Army Matters. By an Army School- 
 master. " To candidates for a School Certificate, who are 
 bad spellers, this book is so arranged that a few hours study 
 will make a good speller of a bad one " ... ... ... 6 
 
 59. tThe Soldier's Table Card. Giving the Tables, &c. 
 
 necessary for an Army School Certificate ... ... ... Q 1 
 
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 the entire Service, and are specially recommended by them. 
 
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 C. 315, Arithmetic Examination Paper, No II., 1/3 per doz.; 
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 No. III., 9d. per doz.; 3/- per 100. Form C. 317, Savings' 
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 02. tGuide to Obtaining Civil Employment. Compiled for the 
 
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 3rd Edition. Revised and Enlarged throughout. ... ... 6 
 
 " This little volume should be in the hand of every man who is 
 approaching the term of his Army Service. Its object is most praise- 
 worthy, and its bints will be found invaluable ; for, in a concise form, it 
 provides full information concerning all the associations through which 
 employment for discharged soldiers may most readily be found." 
 — Army and Navy Gazette. 
 
 ^*The man who leaves the Service will find, by reference to this 
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 t Recommended by General Viscount Wolseley. 
 
 63. Guide to Promotion to Field Rank in the Auxiliary 
 
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 Contents : — 1, Extracts from Militia Regulations; 2, Extracts 
 from Volunteer Regulations ; 3, Instructions concerning 
 Boards of Examination ; 4, Regulations, &c., of Schools of 
 Instruction ; 5, Battalion Drill ; 6, Guards (including 
 Advance and Rear) ; 7, Route Marching ; 8, Skirmishing 
 and Attack Formation ; 9, Brigade Drill ; 10, Riding ; 11, 
 Ammunition, Food, and Forage ; 12, The System of Orderly 
 Room Work ; 13, The proper channels of Correspondence. 
 Appendix: — 14, Official Formss &c. 5 15, Examination Papers. 
 
 64. Guides & Markers' Duties in Company, Battalion and 
 
 Brigade Drill. By Sergt.-Major W. Gordon, late Scots 
 
 Guards. 5th Edition 2 
 
 " Messrs. Gale and Polden, of Chatham, who are coming to the front 
 as the hona-Me service publishing Company, have issued a number of 
 military handbooks in a portable form, of which Guides and Markers' 
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 ed to enable Guides and Markers to perceive the posts assigned to 
 them, sparing them waste of time in the perusal of each section, and 
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 during the explanation of movements in the Infantry Drill. The places 
 assigned to Guides and Markers are given in well executed Plates, with 
 the description of each movement, rendering each intelligible in 
 itself." — Army and Navy Gazette. 
 
 65. Guides & Markers' Duties in Company Drill. By Sergt.- 
 
 Major w. Gordon. 5th Edition, with 54 illustrations, ... 9 
 
 Bound in cloth 1 
 
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 06. Guide to Court-Martial Procedure. By Lieut. C. G. 
 
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 *'This Guide will doubtlessly become very popular with the Army, 
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 in District and Regimental Courts Martial. Instead of having to 
 wade through the mass of intricate information contained in the 
 Manual of Military Law, they will here find the form of proceedings 
 in a compact and handy shape. The Author is entitled to the thanks 
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 such a useful and reliable multum in parvo on Court Martial pro- 
 cedure." — The Illustrated Naval & Military Magazine. 
 
 67. Guide to the Examination for Promotion in the Infantry. 
 
 By Colonel Bannatyne. Regimental Duties. Part I. — 
 Rank of Lieut, and Captain ... ... ... ... ... 7 
 
 68. Guide to the Examination for Promotion in the Infantry. 
 
 By Colonel Bannatyne. Regimental Duties. Part 11. — 
 RankofMajor 7 
 
 69. How to Post and Tell off a Picauet, and the Details of 
 
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 70. Handbook for C.R.E's., Division Of5.cers, and Foremen of 
 
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 Schedule for Works and Repairs to Buildings, &c., with 
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 71. t Hints to Young Soldiers. By William Gordon, 2nd Batt. 
 
 Gordon Highlanders (late Sergt.-Major, 2nd Batt. Scots 
 Guards.) 3rd Edition. Revised and Enlarged throughout 6 
 
 "Mr. Gordon has published another book, one which deserves 
 success, for it abounds in advice to young soldiers, so good that if they 
 would only act up to it, there would soon be no prisoners in the British 
 Army. As a man who served for many years in the ranks, he speaks 
 with a degree of experience, which we hope will impress the minds of the 
 recruits, to whom he dedicates this useful work." — United Service Gaz. 
 
 " A little budget of sound, good, wholesome advice, in plain 
 language. It would be well if a copy could be given to every young 
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 72. Historical Records of the Forty-fourth, or the East 
 
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 72b. Historical Records of the Sixth Dragoon Guards, 
 (Oarabiniers) a continuation of, from 1839 to 1887. 
 
 By Capt. A. Sprot, iSixth Dragoon Guards. ... ... 4 
 
 73. Hythe Certificate Made Easy, or, how to obtain a School 
 
 of Musketry Certificate. Being an arrangement of the 
 various subjects taught at the Schools of Musketry, and on 
 which the Students are examined either orally or by written 
 papers. Carefully revised and corrected to date. This 
 work is fully illustrated and is compiled upon the New 
 Musketry Instructions. It will be found of the utmost 
 value to Officers and Non.-Com. Officers at the School of 
 Musketry, Hythe. It supplies a want long felt at the school. 
 The book has just been carefully compiled and can be 
 strongly recommended ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 6 
 
 74. Infantry Fire Tactics. By Capt. C. B. Mayne. 2nd Edition, 
 
 Enlarged & Revised throughout with Diagrams and Illustrations. This 
 is the only complete work on a subject of vital importance to Infantry in 
 the Field. It fills a want that has hitherto existed in English Military 
 Literature, and should be in the hands of all officers. Besides dealing with 
 the question of Infantry fire and how to use it at all ranges so as to obtain 
 the maximum effect, it also embraces subjects which have a direct bearing 
 on Infantry fire, such as range finding, supply of ammunition on the 
 battle-field, influence of ground on effects of fire, principles of musketry 
 instruction, and the use of the magazine rifle ... ... ... ... 6 
 
 Note— This book is in no sense merely a reprint of the former edition; it is 
 entirely re-written, and brought down to date. 
 
 " Capt. Mayne has done a real good to the Service in giving us a 
 work which places before us clearly and conciselythe whole question." 
 — Journal JR. Z7. S. Institution. 
 
 " Capt. Mayne's book is sure to be widely read and largely quoted. 
 . . . The thanks of the public are due to Capt. Mayne." — Army and 
 Navy Magazine. 
 
 " Capt. C. B. Mayne, has contributed a valuable addition to our 
 knowledge of the functions of Infantry in War."-J.?-7ni/ Sf Navy Gazette. 
 
 '' He who has become acquainted with the rich contents of this 
 book is obliged to admit that the notices of the English Military press 
 on it are just." — Gronstadt Vestnik, 
 This book is being strongly recommended by Viscount Wolseley, Sir 
 Fred. Roberts, Sir, A. Alison, Sir Evelyn Wood, and all the principal 
 Generals and Commanding Officers in the Service. 
 
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 75. Instructions in Military Engineering. Vol. 1. Part 1. 
 
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 IV. Military Mining, 1/6. Vol. 1. Part V. Miscellaneous 3 6 
 
 76. Infantry Drill, 1/- ; with Corrections 12 
 
 77. Military Geography. By the Author of Guide to 1st Class 
 
 Certificate ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 6 
 
 "This work is specially written for the Army — the necessary 
 portions being thoroughly explained and all unnecessary matter 
 omitted. The compiler has great experience in the preparation of 
 candidates for examinations.*' 
 
 78. Military History. By the Author of Guide to 1st Class 
 
 Certificate ... ... ... ... ,.. ... ... 1 6 
 
 " This book possesses many advantages (for military men) over any 
 other, it having been compiled specially for their use." 
 
 80. Military Handwriting and the copying of Official and 
 
 other manuscripts 1 6 
 
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 passages. It also embodies a splendid system of Handwriting by 
 which anyone may rapidly become an expert writer." 
 
 81. Military Atlas. Containing colored maps comprising the 
 
 whole world ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 
 
 "Compiled specially for military men and candidates for First 
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 84. Musketry Regulations ... 1 
 
 85. Manual, and Firing Exercises for the Martini-Henry 6 
 
 Contents : — General Directions ; Manual Exercise ; Manual 
 Exercise in Two Ranks, and Piling Arms; Funeral 
 Exercise; Paying Compliments with Arms ; Dismissing a 
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 88. Military Sketching for Non-Coms. and Men. Fully 
 
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 to make. 
 
 89. Military Sketching Made Easy and Military Maps 
 
 Explained. By Major H. D. Hutchinson, B.S.C, Garrison 
 Instructor. 3rd Edition. Revised throughout ... ... 4 
 
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 object." — Pioneer. 
 
 *' This useful work, besides conforming in every way to the Official Text- 
 hooh of Milita7'y Topography, aims at being more explicit and explan- 
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 Author has succeeded." — Royal Engineers' Journal. 
 
 " All these points he very clearly explains. * * we are sure that 
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 his weary way through the mazes of this subject." — Broad Arrow, 
 
 90. Manual of Military Law. Containing Army Acts and 
 
 Reserve Forces Act, 2/6 Abbreviated Edition ... ... 1 6 
 
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 Military Sketching and Reconnaissance. 
 Printed on paper and folded in cloth case 2/- Linen ... 3 6 
 
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 camps, rifle ranges, roads, waterways, &o." — Army 8f Navy Gazette. 
 
 96. Militia Squad Roll Book. By Cr.-Sergt. J. Smyth, 3rd 
 
 Lincoln Regt. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 
 
 " Many matters of detail affecting the interior economy of a 
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 103. Morse Alphabet and Auxiliary Signs or Signals. 
 
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 105. Movements of the Color Party at Battalion Drill, &c. 
 
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 facility ; and in so doing contribute, in ever so small a degree, to the 
 general smartness of a battalion on parade ... 6 
 
 107. Nicknames in the Army. Nearly every Regiment in the 
 
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 gives the most complete record of the same ever Printed... 1 
 
 108. Note Book, the Army. Made in three Sizes- 
 
 No. 1.— 4-in. by 2i-in. in Cloth, 6d. Leather 9 
 
 „ 2.— 5.in. by 3-in. „ 9d. „ 10 
 
 „ 3.— 5Hn. bySi-in. „ 1/- „ 1 6 
 
 The above Note Books will be found by far the most useful and 
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 108a. Physical Training Without Arms, in accordance with 
 
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 taught at Aldershot ... ... 9d. Bound in cloth 1 Q 
 
 "Physical Training Without Arms Made Easy, with its 
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 to be in the hands not only of military men, but all 
 schoolmasters." 
 
 "It is a most useful, handy and interesting volume." 
 " Its hints and directions are invaluable. "-JBiz-ri/ Free Press. 
 
 109. Physical Drill With Arms, New Bayonet Exercise and 
 
 Attack and Defence, in accordance with the New 
 
 Drill. Illustrated with Thirty-Six Plates, as taught at 
 Aldershot 9d. Bound in cloth 1 
 
 "An invaluable little book, for, thanks to the admirably 
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 110. Passes (W.O. Pattern). Per 100, 6d Per 1000 4 
 
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 112. Practice and Procedure of Courts-Martial and Disposal 
 
 of Offences by C.O'S. By Col. G. Cox, R.I. Fusiliers.... 10 
 
 113. Queen's Hundred By H. P. Miller 1 6 
 
 114. Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Army 2 
 
 115. Royal Warrant for Pay, Promotion, &c 1 6 
 
 116. Remarks and Suggestions on our Military System. By 
 
 Capt. H. G. PuRDON, North Staffordshire Regiment. ... 2 
 
 117. Register Cover for Marking Points at the Target, with 
 
 Elastic Band, Black Waterproof, greatly improved .. . ... 1 6 
 
 119. Regulations for Mounted Infantry 16 
 
 120. On Guard ; What to do and How to do it. 6th Edition... 6 
 
 " A useful little handbook, the very thing that the young and 
 inexperienced stand in need of, arranged by Capt. M. Quatlb-Jones, 
 6th Royal "Warwickshire Regt., has been forwarded to us for notice. 
 A more concise and better guide could not have been compiled. 
 Every officer will remember the fear and tremor in which he stood 
 when the startling cry of " Guard, turn out ! " jBrst broke upon his 
 ears, and will, although smiling at the recollection, reflect to himself 
 that the instructions contained in the Queen's Regulations and on the 
 board of orders of the guard-room, were not altogether of an explicit 
 and satisfactory nature. Capt. Quayle-Jones has remedied this 
 defect." — Army 4" Navy Gazette. 
 
 121. On Outpost ; What to do and How to do it 6 
 
 ' ' Never have we met with a more clever little work on Outpost 
 Duty." — Broad Arrow. 
 
 122. On Vedette, an easy aide memoire to Yedettes on Outpost 
 
 Duty. Arranged by Capt. R. S. S. Baden-Powell, 13th 
 Hussars 3 
 
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 123. Official Letter Writing, Orders, &c., Guide to, by an Army 
 
 Schoolmaster. 3rd Edition ... ' ... ... ... ... 1 6 
 
 " A most useful work for young Officers and Non-Commissioned 
 Officers of all Branches of the Service. In this work are compressed 
 concise, yet full directions, not only upon Official Letter Writing 
 and Orders, but also upon Handwriting, Style of Composition, 
 Punctuation, Precis Writing, Military Abbreviations and Relative 
 Rank, together with such business terms as are, or may be, appli- 
 cable to Military life. To those whose duties require an acquaintance 
 with clerical work of any kind it can be confidently recommended." — 
 Army Sf Navy Gazette. 
 
 124. Officers' Pocket Book for Home and Foreign Service • • 3 6 
 
 " Offijcers' Pocket Booh, by Mr. Gordon, 2nd Gordon Highlanders, 
 which is less voluminous than Lord Wolseley's manual, and contains 
 a digest of much useful knowledge arranged in Alphabetical Order, 
 and taken from the best authorities" — Army St Navy Gazette. 
 
 " Mr. Gordon bids fair to become the most prolific compiler of 
 military books in the British Army. From courts-martial to guards, 
 from rations to the Esmarch bandage, every subject of practical 
 interest to soldiers is noticed; and it would be well if every 
 British officer carried in his head the varied information contained 
 within the binding of this book." — United Service Gazette. 
 
 125. Roll and Memo, Book for R.E. Field Companies. 
 
 ByCapt. J. C.Tyler, R.E. 3rd Edition. Revised throughoat 2 
 
 " This work contains various roll forms that are required by an officer 
 in charge of a company ; details of daily routine ; the duties of all 
 ranks; fall list of equipment ; directions which embrace the remotest 
 item ; hints on a variety of subjects, useful recipes, scales of forage, 
 and indeed information on nearly every point likely to be useful to 
 company officers no matter how experienced they may be." — 
 Admiralty 8f Horse Guards Gazette. 
 
 126. Ricardo's Company Drill 10 
 
 127. Rhymes from the Ranks. By Qr.-Mr.-Sergt. H. Morey 
 
 (late 2nd Batt. The Royal Irish Rifles) 1 
 
 *' To the Army, in which I spent the best years of my life, this 
 little book is, with all its defects, most respectfully dedicated by the 
 Author. Many of the Rhymes are of considerable merit, and will 
 be popular in the Ranks, for whom they have been principally 
 written." — Irish Times. 
 
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 128. Regulations for the Royal Engineers 3 
 
 129. Road Reports, printed, and ruled. 3d. each or Per Dozen 2 
 
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 132. Scout's Guide. By Captain Delavoye 2 6 
 
 133. Skirmishing, Attack & Defence for a Company, Battalion 
 
 and Brigade. By Sergt.-Major W. Gordon. Illustrated 
 
 with Thirty-Nine Plates 2 
 
 This book has been compiled in strict conformity with the 
 new system of Skirmishing, Attack and Defence, as laid 
 down in the Infantry Drill Book ; but in order to meet the 
 want of some uniform system for drill purposes at instruc- 
 tion parades, the several movements have been arranged 
 and described in a simple manner, so as to meet the 
 requirements of all concerned. 
 
 135. Sergeant's Pocket Book for Home and Foreign Service. 
 
 By Sergt.-Major W. Gordon ... Leather, 3/6. Cloth 2 6 
 
 " Quartermaster Gordon has done for the Non-commissioned Officer 
 what Lord Wolseley has done for the Officer, in compiling a work 
 which contains the cream of a large number of standard books on 
 military subjects. We consider this little book simple, clear, and 
 practical, and no doubt valuable additions will be made to it in each 
 of the many succeeding editions which we hope to see appear." — 
 Colhurn's United Service Magazine. 
 
 136. Soldiers' Shooting. By Lieut. H. de B. HovELL, Worcester 
 
 Regt 1 6 
 
 " There is much in the book which is worthy of discussion, and we 
 can only hope that it will meet with the attention which it deserves. 
 Space prohibits our entering into a lengthy discussion with Lieut. 
 Hovell, but we recommend " Soldiers' Shooting " to all who are 
 interested in the subject, and also to those who, not being interested, 
 may be induced to become so by reading this book." — Admiralty and 
 Horse Guards Gazette. 
 
 146. Soldier's Pocket Book. By General Viscount Wolseley ... 5 
 
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 I47. Squad Book for Pocket- 
 
 -Infantry 1 
 
 148. „ 
 
 
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 149. „ 
 
 
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 150. „ 
 
 
 Militia 1 
 
 151. „ 
 
 
 Royal Artillery 16 
 
 152. „ 
 
 
 Commissariat and Transport 2 
 
 153. Sword Exercise, and Carbine Sword Bayonet Exercise 6 
 
 155. Target Practice Scoring Book 4d. and 1 6 
 
 156. Questions and Answers on Tactics. By Capt. D em angel 6 
 
 157. Tactics, Modern, The late Battles in the Soudan. By 
 
 Capt. C. B. Mayne 2 
 
 160. Tactics, Minor. By Lieut.-Colonel Clery 9 
 
 161. Tactics, Modern, Precis of. By Colonel R. Home. C.B., R.E. 8 6 
 
 162. Tactics, Modern. By Colonel Shaw .. 9 
 
 164. Tactics for Volunteers, see page 11 1 6 
 
 166. Trifles ; or Little Things for Volunteers to know ... 4 
 
 167. Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering, 
 
 Parts I. and II., each ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 6 
 
 168. Troop Sergeant-Major's Account Book, The. To last 
 
 twelvemonths. Arranged for Home and Foreign Service 6 
 Most carefully compiled by a Cavalry Quarter-master who has had 
 very great experience in keeping Cavalry Eeturns. 
 
 169. Treatise on Small Arms and Ammunition. Text Book 
 
 for the Army. By Colonel Bond, R. A. 4 
 
 170. Topography, Military Official Text Book of. By Colonel 
 
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 171. Trumpet and Bugle Sounds for all Branches of the Army 2 
 
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 Covers with Crest and Title of Corps ... per doz. 3 
 
 173. Volunteer Company Squad Roll Book. Specially arranged 
 
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 174. Volunteer Drill Attendance Register 1 
 
 175. On Guard Writing Companion, made in Leather, fitted 
 
 with pocket to hold Army Forms and Foolscap, Penholder, 
 
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 176. Official Crests of the Army, in Packets containing four 
 
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 177. Badges and Honors of the British Army, in Packets 
 
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 executed set of badges and honors of the British Army. They are 
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 which seems to be as remarkable for its enterprise as for the excellence 
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 178. British Army Crest Album, containing Honors and 
 
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 to become very popular in all the Regiments of the British 
 Army. The following are now ready : — 
 
 Coldstream Guards, Royal Engineers, Royal 
 Marines and Berkshire Regiment, each 1 6 
 
 181. Coloured Pencils for Surveying, Red, Blue, Green, 
 
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 Specially manufactured for military Sketching. 
 
 182. Field Sketching Companion (Registered). This useful 
 
 Companion is invaluable to military men when sketching in 
 the Field, or at an examination, containing as it does, a 
 Service Protractor, Pencils, hard, soft, medium, red, blue, 
 green, sepia, drawing stump, scale of shade, and Pointed 
 India Rubber, in compact leather case ... ... each 6 
 
 183. „ ,, „ (not fitted) each 1 6 
 
 184. Field Sketching Case. Size ll-in. by ll-in. Made in strong 
 
 Waterproof Leather, with pocket for Drawing Paper, 
 Pencils, Protractor, &c 2 6 
 
 Do. do. Size ll-in. by 13-in. do. do. 3 6 
 
 These cases have been specially introduced for the nse of Officers 
 and Non-Commissioned Officers and will be found invaluable for 
 Sketching in the Field. They are now being used at the School of 
 Military Engineering, and at most of the Garrison Classes. 
 
 185. Field Sketching Book ruled in squares 6 
 
 186. Protractors for Surveying, As used at the S.M.E. Chatham; 
 
 and the authorized Pattern in India. Ivory 7/-. Boxwood 2 6 
 
 " Gale and Polden have just brought out a new surveying protractor, which 
 possesses the following advantages, It is provided with a diagonal scale, from 
 which any suitable scale can be made by the Sui-veyor in the field. Instead of 
 the numerical figures, on the face of the protractor is engraved a simple rule for 
 determining the vertical intervals, and a formula for constructing any scale of 
 slope differing from the engraved normal one. A formula for the conversion of 
 slopes expressed in degrees into the same slopes expressed as fractions and vice 
 versa is also given. The protractor is also furnished with scales of four and 
 six in. to the mile." — Royal Engineers* Journal. 
 
 Qale ^ Polden are the sole Publishers for the hooks published by the 
 Aldershot Military Society. 
 
 BROMPTON WOUKS, CHATHAM. 
 
36 
 
 SPECIAL NEW MILITARY WORKS, 
 
 SUITABLE FOR 
 
 COMPANY, TROOP, AND BATTERY. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Alphabetical Roll and Descriptive Book. This Alphabetical 
 
 Roll and Descriptive Book is so arranged as to meet the present 
 requirements of the Army ; plenty of room being allowed for 
 the constant changes that now take place in the company ... 1 
 
 Barrack Room Arrangements (Infantry). Official. Being 
 
 instructions for the Soldier in the arrangement of his Barrack 
 Room PerDoz. 2 
 
 Bed Cards, No. 1 size, 44 by 3-ins. Without Crest, per 100 2/6, 
 
 200 4/- 500 8 
 
 „ ,, „ ,, With Crest beautifully 
 
 Stamped in Relief, per 
 100 3/6, 200 5/- ...500 10 
 „ „ No. 2 size, 3i by 2h-ms. Without Crest, per 100 1/6, 
 
 200 2/9 500 6 
 
 With Crest, 1002/6, 200 4/., 
 
 500 8 
 
 Door Cards, No. 1 size, 4f by 3f -ins. Without Crest, per 100 3/6, 
 
 200 5/- 500 10 6 
 
 „ ,, „ „ With Crest beautifully 
 
 Stamped in Relief, per 
 100 4/6, 200 6/- ... 500 15 
 No. 2 size, H by 3|-ins. Without Crest, per 100 2/6, 
 
 200 4/., 500 8 6 
 
 » ,, „ „ With Crest, per 100 3/6, 
 
 200 5/- 500 10 
 
 Order Book (A. B. 137) 1/6. Washing Book 6 
 
 Case for Soldier's Pocket Ledger, without Pocket l 
 
 „ J, „ „ ,, Best Leather, with Pocket 2 
 
 Any Soldier can bind his Pocket Ledger in these cases. 
 
 „ „ Annual Musketry Return. Whole Cloth Cover ... 2 
 
 „ „ Pay-Sergeant's Cash Account Sheets. Cloth 2 
 
 „ „ Pay and Mess Book, lettered, with Pocket. Leather... 7 
 
 „ ,, Pay List, lettered, 7 
 
 „ „ Passes (Army Form B. 295) Cloth 1 3 
 
 „ „ Daily Messing Book. Plain or with letter of Co. „ 13 
 
 „ „ Army Orders „ 10 
 
GALE & POLDEN, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS, 
 
 s. d. 
 Defaulters' Cases, made in Leather, with Thumb Screws, Strap 
 and Buckle, Lettered with Title and Company. Warranted to 
 keep the leaves from falling out. These cases are made large 
 to take all sizes of Defaulter Sheets, and to protect the edges. 
 Will last for 10 years 10^ 
 
 Despatch Case for Troop or Company. For carrying Documents 
 and Forms between Orderly Room and Office ; will be found very 
 useful on Parade. Made in Leather, with pocket, strap and 
 buckle. Lettered in gold with crest of Corps and letter of 
 Company ... ... ... ... ... ... 7 
 
 Duty Rosters, strongly bound in Cloth ... ... ... 2/6 & 4 
 
 „ „ Sheets Per Doz. 1 6 
 
 Drill Certificate for Musketry, Printed on strong Paper, Per Doz. 9 
 
 Daily Messing Books, to last one Month 4d. each, or Per Doz. 3 
 
 Extracts from Queen's Eegulations and General Orders 
 affecting all Non-Commissioned Officers and Men. For 
 
 hanging in Barrack Kooms ... ... ... ... Per Doz. 2 
 
 Firing Exercise- Corrected to date, from time to time, as alter- 
 ations take place at Hythe. All Non-Commissioned Officers 
 wishing to pass their Musketry Examination and obtain their 
 Certificates should possess a copy. Single Copies, 3d. Per Doz. 2 
 
 Fire Engine, Instructions for the Mounting and Working of ... 3 
 
 Free Kit Issue Sheets, Cases for, to Match Defaulter Sheet 
 
 Covers 7 o 
 
 Guides and Markers' Duties in Company Drill (illustrated) 
 
 Single Copies, 9d Per Doz. 7 6 
 
 Guides and Markers' Duties in Company, Battalion, and 
 
 Brigade Drill (fully illustrated) 2 
 
 Guide to Ofiicial Letter Writing and Orders. By an Army 
 
 Schoolmaster. 3rd Edition ... ... ... ... ... 1 6 
 
 BUOMPTON WORKS, CHATHAM. 
 
27 
 GALE & POLDEN, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS, 
 
 s. d. 
 Instruction Cards for Cleaning Martini-Henry Rifle and 
 
 Carbine, 2d Per doz. 1 6 
 
 Inspection Cards used at Genl's. Inspections. Infantry, Per Doz. i o 
 
 „ Cavalry, Per Doz. 2 o 
 Instructions for Packing the Valise in time of Peace and 
 
 War Per Doz. 6 
 
 Kit Plate (Illustration showing Kit on Bed), Infantry. 
 
 Issued Officially, No. 1 Per Doz. 1 
 
 Kit Plate (Illustration showing Kit on Bed), Highland. 
 
 Issued Officially. No. 2 Per Doz. 1 
 
 Kit Plate (Illustration showing Kit Laid down on Parade), 
 
 Infantry. No. 3 Per Doz. l o 
 
 Kit Plate (Illustration showing Kit on Barrack Room 
 
 Shelf). No. 4 Per Doz. 1 
 
 Kit Plate (Illustration showing Kit), Highland Field 
 
 Kit. No. 5 Per Doz. 1 
 
 Kit Plate, Militia (Infantry) Kit on Parade, 
 
 „ „ „ No. 6 Per Doz. 1 
 
 „ „ „ No. 7, Kit on Bed „ 10 
 
 „ (Highland Regts.) No. 8, Kit on Bed ... „ 10 
 
 Note Books, see Page 18 from 6 
 
 Orderly Sergeant's Detail Book, to last twelve months, 
 
 for 80 to 200 men. Arranged for Home and Foreign Service 5 
 
 On GrUard Writing Companion, made in leather, fitted with pocket 
 
 to hold Army Forms and Foolscap, Penholder, Pens and Pencils 2 6 
 
 This is the most useful Stationery Case ever made for the 
 Army. For compactness, finish and strength, it is very 
 ingenious. It can be put in a valise, or folded up with the great 
 coat. For Non- Commissioned Officers on guard, in the field, or 
 on board ship, it will be found invaluable. 
 
 Proof Books for Proving Company's Monthly Accounts 
 
 Will last twelve months ... ... ... ... ... ... 50 
 
 „ Sheets „ „ „ „ „ each O 3 
 
 These sheets are for the Recapitulation of the Company's 
 Accounts. 
 
 Passes (W.O. Pattern) Per 100 6d. ; Per 1000 4 
 
 Pay Sergeants' Index Ready Reckoner i o 
 
 BROMPTON WORKS, CHATHAM. 
 
28 
 GALE & POLDEN, PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS, 
 
 Pay-Sergeant's Complete Account Book, to last twelve months, 
 
 for 80 to 200 men. 5th Edition. Arranged for Home and 
 Foreign Service. The Pay Sergeant's Complete Account Book 
 has been arranged with a view to assisting Pay Sergeants 
 in keeping all the information necessary for filling in their Pay 
 Lists, & other useful information connected with their company. 
 
 Contents : — Nominal and Descriptive Eoll ; Roll of Arms ; 
 Equipments, &c. ; Clothing Roll ; Necessaries ; Return of 
 Arms and Accoutrements ; Rations ; Distribution of Arms 
 and Accoutrements ; Bedding ; Furloughs ; Deficiencies of Kit 
 of Absentees ; Classes of Instruction ; Monthly Cash Account ; 
 Stoppages for Wives and Children ; Charges against Corps and 
 Companies ; Clothing Return for Recruits ; Kit Inspections ; 
 Extracts from Regimental Orders ; Monthly Course of Training ; 
 Musketry Drills ; Returns, &c. ; and blank ruled paper 
 at end ... ... ... ... ... bound in Black Cloth 5 
 
 Do. do. do. do. bound in Leather 7 6 
 
 |^p° The great success of our Pay Sergeant's Complete Account 
 Book having caused several imitations, we wish to warn you to 
 guard against being deceived, by ordering direct from us. 
 
 Register for Marking Up Musketry Drills and Attendances 
 
 during Monthly Course of Training 2 
 
 Sights for Wind-Guaging. Supplied with Red, White or Blue 
 
 Sight Lines per 100 4 
 
 Sergeant's Pocket Book, for Home and Foreign Service. 
 By William Gordon, 2nd Batt. Gordon Highlanders. For 
 Opinions of the Press see Page 21. Leather, 3/6; Cloth ... 2 6 
 
 Swimming Certificates PerDoz. 2 o 
 
 Squad Book for Pocket— Infantry l 
 
 » „ ,, ,, Cavalry 2 6 
 
 „ „ „ „ Militia 1 
 
 We are selling thousands of these Pocket Squad Books 
 annually and can justly say that they are by far the best, 
 cheapest, and most complete Roll Books. 
 
 Target Practice Register Cover. Black Waterproof i 6 
 
 Judging Distance Register Cover. Black Waterproof l o 
 
 " We pay Special Attention to all new Forms and Boohs that are useful 
 to Color-Sergeants ; therefore any new work required can he supplied a few 
 hours after its issue. If you donH find what you require in this list, please 
 write for tt." 
 New Illustrated List for O.C. Companies and Colour Sergeants, post free on application. 
 
 BROMPTON WORKS, CHATHAM. 
 
29 
 
 WAR OFFICE FORMS KEPT IN STOCK. 
 
 ALL THE LATEST PATTERNS 
 
 Absentee Reports, B 290 
 
 Crimes, B 252 
 
 Daily Parade States, B 288 ... 
 
 Memo. Forms, C 348 
 
 Morning Sick Reports, B 256 
 
 Minor Offence Reports. For Battery, Troop or Company 
 
 Musketry Transfer Register, B 193 T 
 
 Passes, B 295 
 
 Ration Returns, B 289 
 
 Return of Accoutrements and Appointments, B 293 
 
 Weekly Church Parade States, B 258 
 
 Defaulters' Sheets, B 121 
 
 Estimates of Pay, M 1430 
 
 Free Kit Issue Sheet, B Tw 
 
 Company or Troop Monthly Musketry Return, B 186... 
 Instructions for filling in the above Return . . . eaeh 
 Company or Troop Musketry Prize Statement Form, 
 
 01716 
 
 Inventory of Kit, B5253 
 
 Defaulters' Sheet Specimen Form B 121, containing 
 
 instructions for the filling in of the Reports 
 
 Order Book, Army Book, 137 
 
 Signalling Scribbling Book, Army Book, C 119 
 
 Daily Messing Book, A. Book 48 
 
 Pay and Mess Book, N 1504 
 
 Pay List, N 1505 
 
 Pay-Sergeant's Cash Account Sheets, N 1474 
 
 Company or Troop Annual Musketry Return, B 192 
 
 Target Practice Register, B 188, for Volley or inde- 
 pendent Firino^ 
 
 Register of Judging Distance Practice, B 189 
 
 Target Practice Register, B 190, for individual Firing 
 
 Road Report, K 1305 
 
 Scale of Fines for Drunkenness. B 138 
 
 On Outpost Duty, Questions and Answers, for hang- 
 ing in Barrack Rooms 
 
 Diagram for Testing Rifles 
 
 100 
 
 9d. 
 
 1/- 
 2/- 
 
 1/- 
 
 1/- 
 
 V- 
 
 2/6 
 6d. 
 
 1/- 
 2/6 
 
 21- 
 2/6 
 2/- 
 2/- 
 2/6 
 3d. 
 
 2/6 
 2/. 
 
 each. doz. 
 
 4d. 
 1/6 
 
 1/- 
 4d. 
 6d. 
 9d. 
 3d. 
 6d. 
 
 Id. 
 Id. 
 Id. 
 3d. 
 Id. 
 
 3d. 
 
 1,000 
 
 5/- 
 6/. 
 15/. 
 6/- 
 6/. 
 6/. 
 
 4/. 
 
 6/- 
 
 18/- 
 
 15/- 
 18/. 
 15/- 
 15/. 
 
 15/- 
 
 3/. 
 16/- 
 10/. 
 
 3/. 
 5/. 
 8/. 
 2/. 
 5/- 
 
 1/- 
 9d. 
 
 1/- 
 
 2/- 
 
 1/- 
 2/. 
 
 per doz. 2/. 
 
 FORMS FOR VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 per Doz. per 100. 
 
 New Musketry Requirements for Efficiency 6d. 1/6 
 
 Company Parade States 9d. 4/- 
 
 Guard Reports 9d. 4/- 
 
 Class Register & Individual Target Practice, E 553 ... 1/6 6/- 
 
 Target Cover for above each 1/6 doz. 15/- 
 
 Case to hold Co. Annual Musketry Return ... each 2/- 
 
30 
 
 PERMANENT PASSES, 
 
 In accordance with G,0. 36^ March. 
 
 Tliese Permanent Passes are now being universally used 
 throughout the Service, they are made in three sizes, suitable for 
 the pocket, as under ; No. 1 size can be supplied with Army Form 
 B 295 inside, they can also be printed to any Regimental Pattern 
 for initialling monthly or otherwise ; if 50 or more are ordered, 
 the Crest of Corps is added free of charge. 
 
 We may add, that since the issue of the new G.O. re Passes, we 
 have sold over a Hundred Thousand. In most Corps they are sold 
 at the Regimental Canteen at 2d. each ; and wherever they have 
 been tried, the men have gladly purchased them. 
 
 No. 1 size folded, No 2 size folded, No. 3 size folded, 
 
 3-ins. X 2 J-ins. 3-ins. x 2-ins. 2|-ins. x 2-ins. 
 
 SAMPLES SENT ON APPLICATION, 
 
 All one Price as under — 
 
 1 dozen, 3/-; 50 @ 2/6 per dozen; 100 @ 2/3 per dozen; 
 
 200 @ 2/- per dozen ; 500 @ 1/9 per dozen ; 1,000 @ 1/6 
 
 per dozen. 
 
 Strongly made in Red and Blue Cloth, and in Green 
 Cloth for Rifle Battalions. 
 
 They can also be supplied with the Cases made in Regimental Colours. 
 
 The Passes quoted above are all made of very best 
 strong cloth, but can be made of a cheaper cloth, if 
 desired, and also at a cheaper price. 
 
 PKOMPTTTUDE IN DESPATCH OF GOODS IS ONE OF OUR SPECIALITIES. 
 
31 
 
 SERaTS'. & CORPLS'. MESSES. 
 
 
 
 DANCE 
 
 PROGRAMMES. 
 
 INVITATION 
 
 CARDS. 
 
 Without Cords 
 
 & Pencils 
 
 100 ... 
 
 ... 616 
 
 100 
 
 
 ... 10/6 
 
 200 ... 
 
 ... 11/6 
 
 200 
 
 
 ... 19/- 
 
 300 ... 
 
 ... 15/6 
 
 300 
 
 
 ... 25/. 
 
 500 ... 
 
 ... 24/. 
 
 500 
 
 
 ... 35/- 
 
 Boohs strongly recommended for Mess Tables. s. d. 
 
 Infantry Fire Tactics 
 
 Company, Battalion, and Brigade Drill made Easy 
 Catechism on Company and Battalion Drill ... 
 Guide to Official Letter Writing, Orders, &c. ... 
 Guide to First Class Army School Certificate ... 
 
 Sergeants' Pocket Book 
 
 Military Sketching Made Easy 
 
 Blotting Pads with Leather Corners ...each 1/6 and 
 
 The Best, Cheapest, and Prettiest Dance Invitation Cards and 
 Programmes yet introduced for the Service, vrith Regimental Crests. 
 
 DANCE PROGRAMMES. 
 
 with handsome cords, 
 
 tassels & pencils attached 
 
 100 21/. 
 
 I 200 38/- 
 
 I 300 52/- 
 
 I 500 80/- 
 
 Envelopes to fit Invite Cards, vrith Crest of Regiment 2/- per 100. 
 
 Orders executed within a few hours, and proof sent (when required) hy 
 
 return of post. Samples can he had on application. 
 
 Cloak-Room Tickets, on stout paper, good bold figures in duplicate, and 
 
 perforated centres. Packet 1 — 1 to 200; Packet 2—201 to 400; 
 
 Packet 3—401 to 600. All at 2/- per Packet. 
 
 BALL ROOM PROGRAMME STAND, 7/6. 
 
 made in leather, gold lettered, supplied with bold figures from 1 to 20, 
 
 and names of all dances (including Supper Dance), which maj^be instantly 
 
 changed. For Balls and Quadrille Parties they will be found indispensable. 
 
 Made to stand, or hang up. 
 
 Regimental Playing Cards, with the Crest of the Regiment, can be 
 supplied without extra charge for Crest if six dozen packs are ordered. 
 
 ^irst Quality, with Crest, Beautifully Printed in Colours, 
 
 @ 27/- per dozen. The printing is guaranteed to be perfect. 
 
 Second Quality, with Crest, Beautifully Printed in Colours, 
 
 @ 23/- per dozen. 
 
 No charge made for Steel Plate. Samples upon application. 
 
 Best Playing Cards at 10/-, 12/-, and 18/- Per Dozen Packs. 
 
 Sergeants' Mess Rules, Billiard Rules, Proposition Books, Inventory and 
 
 Mess Property Books, Tradesmen's Order Books, Caterers' Stock Books, 
 
 Daily Liquor Consumption Books, Balance Sheet Books, Messing Books 
 
 &c., printed and bound to order. 
 
 ■Reading Cases for Newspapers and Magazines. 
 
 See Library List of Prices on Page 33. 
 
32 
 
 OFFICERS' MESSES. 
 
 The Royal Set of Officers' Mess Account Books (copyright) arranged by 
 Qr.-Mr. D. White, Manchester Regiment. 
 
 «. d. 
 No. 1.— Order Book, containing 300 Perforated Order Forms, bound with counter 
 
 parts 5 
 
 No. 2.— Cash Account. Foolscap size, 13in. by 8in,, Printed and Ruled, Paged 
 
 and Bound in Leather 12 
 
 No. 3.— Ledger. Double Foolscap size, 26in. by 16in., containing combined forms 
 
 for all charges, Folioed, Printed, Ruled, and Bound in Leather ... 28 
 
 No. 4.— Cellar Book. Medium size, 22in. by ISin., Ruled, Printed, Paged and 
 
 Bound in Leather 24 
 
 No. 5.— Messing Account. Double Foolscap size, 26in. by 16in., Ruled, Printed, 
 
 Paged and Bound in Leather 24 
 
 No. 6.— Daily Wine Account. Double Foolscap size, 26in. by 16in., Ruled, Printed, 
 
 Paged and Bound in Leather 24 
 
 No. 7.— Mess Sergeants' Stock Book. Double Foolscap size, 26in. by lein., Ruled, 
 
 Printed, Paged and Bound in Leather 24 Q 
 
 No. 8.— Summary of Monthly Accounts. Double Foolscap size, 26in. by 16in., 
 
 Ruled, Printed, and Bound in Leather 24 
 
 No. 9. — Breakage Book. Foolscap size, 13in. by 8in., Ruled, Printed and 
 
 Bound in Leather 10 
 
 No. 10.— Visitors' Book. Foolscap size, 13in. by Sin., Ruled, Printed, and Bound 
 
 in Leather. Will last for many years 12 
 
 No. 11.— Minute Book. Foolscap size. 13in. by 8in., Ruled, Printed and Bound 
 
 in Leather 10 
 
 No. 12.— Stock Book. Foolscap size, 13in. by 8in. A., Linen; B., Silver; 
 0., Glass ; D., Furniture. Each Book Printed, Ruled and Bound in 
 Leather 12 
 
 No. 13.— Guest Book. Medium 4to. size, 21-in. by 9-in., Ruled, Printed and 
 
 Bound in Leather 10 
 
 No. 14.— Caterers' Daily Account of Messing Stores Purchased 12 
 
 No. 15.— Caterers' Monthly Grocery Account Book 12 
 
 No. 16.— Whist Book 12 
 
 250 500 1,000. 
 
 Daily Messing and Wine sheets, size 21in. by 16Mn 36/- 50/- 90/- 
 
 Mess Debit Forms, size 4^in. by 7^in 7/- 10/- 15/- 
 
 Mess Bills of Fare, size 4iin. by 7^in 5/- 10/- 15/- 
 
 Mess Washing Books containing duplicate forms with special washing Lists, each 2/- 
 Cases for Names of President, Vice-President, &c., in Whole Red Leather, to 
 
 stand on mantle-shelf or to hang up. Gilt finished each 8 
 
 Guard Books for Invoices, size 12in. by 95in., ^-bound each 5 
 
 Guard Books for Receipts „ „ „ each 5 
 
 Best Rubber Stamps, for Papers and Linen each, from 3 6 
 
33 
 
 RECREATION ROOMS AND 
 LIBRARIES. 
 
 Boohs strongly recommended for Library Tables. 
 Hints to Young Soldiers . . 
 Guide to Civil Employment 
 Catechism of Military Training 
 Guides and Markers Duties 
 Infantry Fire Tactics 
 
 Company, Battalion and Brigade Drill made Easy 
 Catechism on Company and Battal' on Drill ... 
 Guide to obtaining a 1st Class Army School Certificate 
 Guide to Official Letter Writing, Orders, &c. ... ... 
 
 Hythe Certificate Made Easy 
 Sergeants' Pocket Book .. 
 Soldiers' Shooting... 
 Military Sketching Made Easy ... 
 
 s. d. 
 6 
 6 
 
 5 
 3 
 
 Blotting Pads with best Morocco Leather Corners, 1/6 and 2/6 each. 
 
 Playing Cards at 10/- and 12/- per Doz. Packs. Specially manufactured. 
 
 Pens 1/6 per Gross, Blotting Paper 1/6 and 2/- per quire. 
 
 Penholders 3/- per Gross, Best Ink l/- and 2/- per Bottle. 
 
 Gummed Labels for Books, Plain or Printed, 1/6 per Packet. 
 
 Tradesmen's Order Book, 3/6. 
 
 Rubber Stamp for Marking Papers, Magazines, &c., with Crest of Regiment 
 
 and the word Library below, best quality with Everlasting Ink Pad, &c., 
 
 complete, 16/- 
 Ditto, ditto, 2nd quality, with Ordinary Pad, 12/- 
 Reading Cases for Newspapers and Magazines, prices according to quality. 
 
 
 Common 
 
 Best 
 
 Common 
 
 Best 
 
 
 Cloth. 
 
 Leather. 
 
 
 Cloth. 
 
 Leather 
 
 All the Year Round . 
 
 .. 2/. .. 
 
 5/. 
 
 Household Word s ... 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 5/- 
 
 Argosy 
 
 .. 2/- .. 
 
 . 4/- 
 
 Illustrated News ... 
 
 3/ . 
 
 . 7/- 
 
 Army and Navy 
 
 .. 2/9 .. 
 
 7/- 
 
 Judy 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 5/. 
 
 Army List 
 
 .. 2/. .. 
 
 4/- 
 
 Leisure Hour 
 
 2/- . 
 
 .. 5/- 
 
 Belgravia 
 
 .. 2/- .. 
 
 4/- 
 
 Longman's Magazine 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 4/- 
 
 Blotting Cases... 
 
 .. 3/- .. 
 
 7/- 
 
 MacmiUan 
 
 2/- . 
 
 4/- 
 
 Bradshaw 
 
 .. 2/- 
 
 . 4/- 
 
 Nineteenth Century... 
 
 2/- . 
 
 5/. 
 
 Broad Arrow ... 
 
 .. 2/9 .. 
 
 . 6/G 
 
 Overland Mail 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 6/6 
 
 Cassell's Magazine . 
 
 .. 2/- .. 
 
 • 5/- 
 
 Pictorial World 
 
 3/- . 
 
 • 7/- 
 
 Century 
 
 .. 2/- .. 
 
 5/- 
 
 Pioneer 
 
 3/6 . 
 
 . 8/- 
 
 Chamber's Journal . 
 
 . 2/- .. 
 
 5/- 
 
 Punch 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 5/- 
 
 Civil & Military Gaz. 
 
 3/6 .. 
 
 8/- 
 
 Regimental Paper ... 
 
 2/. . 
 
 . 5/- 
 
 Cornhill 
 
 . 2/- .. 
 
 4/- 
 
 Saturday Review ... 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 6/6 
 
 Family Herald 
 
 .. 2/. .. 
 
 6/- 
 
 Sporting & Dramatic 
 
 3/- . 
 
 . 7/- 
 
 Field 
 
 . 3/. ,. 
 
 7/- 
 
 Temple Bar 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 4/- 
 
 Fun 
 
 • 2/- . 
 
 6/- 
 
 Tit Bits 
 
 2/- . 
 
 . 6/- 
 
 Good Words ... 
 
 . 2/- . 
 
 5/- 
 
 Truth 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 6/6 
 
 Graphic 
 
 . 3/- .. 
 
 7/- 
 
 United Service 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 6/6 
 
 Harper 
 
 . 2/- .. 
 
 5'. 
 
 Vanity Fair 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 6/6 
 
 Home News 
 
 . 2/9 .. 
 
 6/6 
 
 World 
 
 2/9 . 
 
 . 7/- 
 
 To all Leather Cases the title of Regiment is added free of charge. 
 
34 
 
 BOOKS AND FORMS 
 
 FOR 
 
 CANTEENS & OOPPEE SHOPS. 
 
 ACCOUNT BOOKS. In accordance with Queen's Regulations— 
 
 Price. 
 
 Form A. General Monthly Stock and Cash Ledger 25/- 
 
 „ B. Cash Book of Daily Takings 10/- 
 
 ,, C. Daily Stock Book 25/- 
 
 ,, D. Tradesmen's General Ledger ... ... ... ... ... 15/- 
 
 ,, E. Invoice Order Book ... ... ... ... ... ... 3/6 
 
 „ F. Monthly Abstract of Receipts & Expenditure, in Books of 50 12/. 
 
 „ F. do. do. in Sheets, 50 7/6, 100 12/. 
 
 Troop or Companies' Monthly Messing Account Book ... ... 15/- 
 
 The above Books are made of the best Account Booh Paper, strongly Bound 
 in leather, lettered in gold, and with printed list of Articles to last for years. 
 
 Daily Messing Books, OflBlcial Pattern ... ... ... per doz. 3/- 
 
 ,, ,, ,, Covers for same ... ... ... ... each 1/3 
 
 Price List of Articles sold in Canteen. Size 26-in. by 16-in., 
 
 25 2/6, 50 3/6, 100 6/- 
 
 List of Articles giving percentage Form, Army Form F, 707, 25 2/-, 
 50 3/-, 100 4/-. 
 
 Cauteen Debit Forms, Statement of Company Accounts, Memorandum 
 
 Forms. 
 
 Regimental Stationery Packets. 
 
 Note Paper and Envelopes stamped with Regimental Crest in any colour. 
 No charge for dies. Every Regimental die is kept in stock. 
 
 No. 1, containing 3 Sheets of Good Note Paper and 3 Good Square 
 Envelopes, stamped in relief. 
 
 No. 2, containing 4 sheets of Good Note Paper and 4 Good Square 
 Envelopes, stamped in relief. 
 
 Stamping Guaranteed to be Perfect and done by Hand. 
 
 We have now the honour of supplying over 200 Canteens throughout 
 the Service in all parts of the World. 
 
 Sheets of Canteen Books also kept in Stock for Detachment Canteen. 
 
 Presidents of Canteens^ Coffee Shops, Recreation Rooms, dec, 
 are requested to send for the Special Canteen Price List. 
 
35 
 
 LIST OF DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 Engraving. 
 
 Having executed orders for a variety 
 of Visiting, Complimentary and Ball 
 Programme Cards, &c., we are prepared 
 to submit numerous samples. 
 
 Bookbinding. 
 
 We have increased our facilities for 
 Bookbinding, and are prepared to un- 
 dertake any orders for that department, 
 and can guarantee execution with as 
 much dispatch as is consistent with 
 good workmanship. 
 
 Gold Blocking. 
 
 Regimental Crests, Badges, and 
 Colours stamped in gold upon any article 
 made of leather or cloth. Brass Stamps 
 designed and engraved for blockiifg. 
 
 Lithographic Printing. 
 
 We can submit various samples of our 
 Lithographic Work, such as Plans of 
 Kit, Regimental Flags, Badges, Music, 
 &c. 
 
 Publishing. 
 
 We are prepared to make arrange- 
 ments with authors of approved Military 
 Books for printing and publishing of 
 such works on the most liberal terms 
 Authors are invited to forward a speci- 
 men copy of their work. 
 
 All Goods sent Carriage Paid to 
 anij part of the World. 
 
 Letter-press Printing. 
 
 Estimates will be forwarded for Stand, 
 ing Orders, Regimental, and any de- 
 scription of Miscellaneous Printing ; the 
 utmost expedience used in production 
 of the work. 
 
 Music Printing. 
 
 We undertake to publish Regimental 
 Marches, Bugle Calls, &c., with the 
 Crest, Motto, &c. of the Regiment on 
 Cover. Samples upon application. 
 
 Stationery. 
 
 Being large buyers of Stationery, we 
 can supply Cant-eens and Messes, at 
 wholesale prices, in quantities. 
 
 Relief Stamping. 
 
 The large number of orders which are 
 being constantly received, afford a most 
 Satisfactory proof of the opinion of our 
 customers, on the production in this 
 branch of the trade. 
 
 Copper-plate Printing. 
 
 Visiting, Complimentary, Wedding, 
 Invitation, Menu and Band Programme 
 Cards, Book-plates, Crests, &c., printed 
 in best style. 
 
 Die Sinking. 
 
 Dies sunk by first-class Artists in the 
 newest and most fashionable style : 
 Crests, Arms, Badges, Monograms, 
 Mottoes, and Addresses. All Regimental 
 Dies kept in stock. 
 
 Travellers sent to any Regiment 
 in England y if desired. 
 
36 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 Brompton Works now being one of the Largest 
 Steam Printing Factories in England, we undertake 
 to print all hinds of work, from a Door Card to a 
 copy of the Queen^s Regulations. 
 
 We have lately published the complete 
 Standing Orders of the following Regiments : — 
 2^th Hussars ; Middlesex Begt, ; 2nd West J. Begt, ; 
 E. York. Begt.; Bedford Begt.; Gonnaught Bangers; 
 Essex Begt. ; Coldstream Guards ; Seaforth High. ; 
 Boyal Irish Rifles ; Berkshire Regt. ; Dorset Begt. ; 
 Leicester Begt. ; York. Begt ; Boyal Irish Fusiliers ; 
 Northampton Begt ; Worcester Begt. ; Sf Suffolk Begt. 
 
 Also the Historical Becords of the 44th, The East 
 Essex Begt. ; 89th, The Boyal Irish Fusiliers; and 
 6th Dragoon Guards (Garabiniers). 
 
 They are pronounced to be the best that have ever 
 been published, both for the high-class style of 
 Printing, Sfc., and excellent Binding, for which they 
 are universally admired. 
 
 We shall have pleasure in sending specimen 
 copies for inspection to any customer desirous of 
 seeing them. 
 
14 DAY USE 
 
 KBXUKNTODBSKEKOMWHICHBOKKOWBD 
 LOAN DEPT. 
 
 _rec:dI:D 
 
 LD2lA-50w-9,'58 
 (6889sl0)4^6B 
 
 General Library . 
 Ur^iveiSity of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
VB 48036 
 
 n ^' 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 

 
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 Ifempf^ofi ^^Ferks, CJaatti&ai. 
 
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