; University of California. FROM THF LIBRARY OF D R . FRANCIS LIE B K K , Profe>:.or of Hi?try and Law in Columbia College, New York. THf: GIFT 0! MICHAEL REESE, Of Si!;? Francisco. 1 8 7 3 . TEN YEARS THE WORLD'S PROGRESS: BEING A SUPPLEMENT TO THE WORK OF THAT TITLE: EMBRACING A COMPRE- HENSIVE RECORD OF FACTS IN THE ANNALS OF NATIONS AND PROGRESS OF THE ARTS FROM 1850 TO 1861. WITH SOME CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS TO THE FORMER PAGES, ZD1TED BT G. P. PUTNAM, A.M /" - ' Libra NEW YORK: GL P. PUTNAM, 532 BROADWAY. 1861. 3 Entered according to Act of Congress, in tlio year 1860, by G. P. PUTNAM, la the Clerk's Offlce of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION (1861). THE fact that nearly 10,000 copies of this manual have been called for would seem to indicate that such a volume is essentially desir- able. In the preparation of the supplementary pages of the present edition (1850-61) the Editor has been largely indebted to the ninth edition of Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (Lond. 1861) and to the recent volumes of the American Almanac. Many interest- ing and important facts and statistics have also been derived from original sources. Great pains have been taken to include in this edition the largest amount of useful information, posted up to the day of its publication, and arranged for convenient reference. THE PUBLISHER. 683 BBOADWAT, NEW TOME, March, 20, 1861. THE WORLD'S PROGRESS, 1850-1861. 152' THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XI. 40 yean. A.D PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. 1846. The Oregon Trea tling the North- Western Bo Commodore Sloat takes possession of California, July 6. New Tariff bill passed, establishing ad valorem du- ties. Battle of Monterey, Sep- tember 23. Tampico occupied, No- vember 14. 1847. Battle of Buena Vista. Feb. 22. Battle of Sacramento, Feb. 26. Vera Cruz surrenders, March 29. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18. Battle of Contreras, Au- gust 20. Armistice, Aug. 24. Hostilities renewed, Sep- tember 7. Battle of Molino del Rey, Sept. 8. Battle of Chepultepec, Sep, 12. Mexico surren- ders, Sept. 14. 1848. Treaty of Peace with Mexico, signed at Guada- loupe Hidalgo, Feb. 22. The cultivatioi of the Tea.' -plant in the United States, commenced by J. Smith, near Greenfield, South Caro- lina. Suspension Bridge at Nia- gara Falls, opened July 29. GREAT BRITAIN. t y with Great Britain, set- undary, signed at London, June 18. 1847. Severe famine in Ire- land. Large supplies of food sent from the United States. The Bogue forts in China taken and destroyed, April 26. 848. Civil war in Ireland. John Mitchell, tried and condemned to transporta- tion, May 26. Postal convention betw een the United States and Great Britain. First deposit of Califor- nia gold in the mint, Dec. 8. Emigration from Europe to America during this year, 300,000. Habeas Corpus Act su pended in Ireland, Julv 2& Smith O'Brien arrested and condemned, Aug. 5. Return of Row'* dltion, Nov. J 815-1855.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 153" A D. FRANCE. 1848 Reform Banquets in Stras- burg, Chartres, &c. Michelet's Lectures interrupt- ed by the ministers, Dec. Abd-el-Kader captured, Dec. 22. Debate on the Reform Bill, Feb. 8. Proposed Banquet ai Paris, abandoned. Feb i\ REVOLUTIO> COM- MENCED, Feo. 22. Barricades erected, Feb. 23. Louis Philippe abdicates and flies, Feb. 24. Provisional government esta- blished. Lamartine, Provisional President, Feb. 24. French Republic proclaimed, Feb. 26. Meeting of the National As- sembly, May 4. Bloody Insurrection in Paris, June 23-25. Cavaignac, military dictator, June 24. Paris in a state of siege. New Constitution adopted. Nov. 4. Louis Napoleon Bo- naparte, elected Pre- sidtnt, Dec. 10. AUSTRIA, &c. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1847. Austria 1847. Prussia : Frederic William grants a takes posses- constitution, Feb. 8. sion of Cra- cow. Hayti : Soulouque, President, March 2. Algiers Abd-el-Kadei made a prisoner to France, Dec. 22. 1848. Sardinia : Charles Albert protests against the encroachment of Austria, and calls out an army of 25,000 men. Jan 10. Naples : Rebellion at Palermo, Jan. 12. Sardinia : Charles Albert proclaims a constitution, Feb. 8. Bavaria : Disturbances on account o/ Lola Monies the king abdicates in favor of his son, -Maximilian II. March 22. Charles Albert The Ban Jella- chich ap- pointed gov- ernor of Hungary, Oct. 3. Insurrection at Vienna. Oct. 6. 1848. The Em- peror leaves the city. The Hungarian army advan- ces within 6 miles of Vi- enna, Oct.l I. Wintksch- gratz ap- pointed com- mander of the imperial army. enters Milan, March 23. Denmark : Revolt of Schleswig-Hol- stein, March 26. Sicily declared independent, April 3. Holland receives a constitution, April 17. Poland .-Unsuccessful revolt at Cra- cow, April 25. Sicily : The Duke of Genoa elected king, July 10. India : Insurrection in Ceylon, Aug. 16. Armistice signed between Denmark, Prussia and Sweden, Aug. 26. India: The British make an unsuc- cessful attempt on Moultan. Sicily : Messina bombarded and taken, Sept. 2. Hungary : K o s s u t h appointed Pre sident of the Defence Committee, an I Dicta tor, Oct. 154' THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. \Period XI. 40 years A.D. 1849 CJ6U PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. A new planet discovered by Gasparis, at Naples. UNITED STATES. 1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th President. Magnetic Telegraph lines in use in the United States in 1849, 10,000 miles. Rail Roads 6,000 Tubular Bridge in Anglesea, England. Magnetic Clock, invented by Dr. Locke, at Cincinnati. Emigration from Europe to America, during this year, at the rate of 1000 a day. Great agitation on the Slavery Question in the United Suites Congress. The Pekin Monitor, a new paper, printed in China The Sultan of Turkey, grants permission to the Jews to build a temple on Mount Zion. A University founded at Syd- ney, New South Wales. Deaths in 1850 : U. 8. A. EUROPE. A. Judson, Wordsworth, S. M. Fuller, Jeffrey, M L Davis. Neander, Zschokke, jBerzelius, 'Balzac. 1850. John C. Calhoun died at Washington. Attempted invasion of Cuba : 600 adventurers un- der Lopez, repulsed at Car- denas, May. Death of Gen. Taylor, July 9. M i 1 1 a r d F i 1 1 m o r e , 13th President. California ad- mitted, 31st State. Texas boundary settled, by the payment of 10,000,000 dollars to Texas. New-Mexico and Utah admitted as Territories. Bill for the arrest of fugitive slaves passed by Con- gress. Slave trade in (he District of Columbia abolished. GREAT BRITAIN. 1849. Moultan, in India, taka Jan. 3. 1850. The war m Lahore fin- ished, and th", Punjaub an- nexed to the British crown. A British fleet blockade* the ports of Greece, to en- force the alleged claims of British subjects. Sir Robert Peel dies July 2. Haynau. " the Austrian butcher," chastised by th* draymen in London, Sept. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 155' A.D. I860 FRANCE. Louis Philippe dies in Eng- land. AUSTRIA, &c THB WORLD, elsewhere. The Emperor issues a pro- clamation against the city. Kossuth with -draws his army from Vienna, Oct. 27. Rome : M a z z i n i ' B proclamation, The Imperial- Oct. 29. ists take pos- Prussia: The king prorogues the As- session 01 Vi- sembly, Nov. 9. enna, Nov. The Burgher Guard of Berlimrefuse to 2. give up their arms. The city in a state of siege, Nov. 12. Rome : Count Rossi, the Pope's prime- minister, assassinated, Nov. 16. India: Great battle near Ramnuggur, Ferdinand ab- Nov. 22. dicates, Dec Rome : The Pope escapes in disguise, 2. Nov. 24. Francis Hungary declared independent, Dec. 1849. India : Moultan taken by the British, Joseph ff Jan. 3. Italy: The Grand Duke of Tuscany flies. Provisional Government proclaimed, Feb. 9. 1849. A new Rome : Republic proclaimed, Feb. 9. Constitution Sicily : A new Constitution conceded promulgated by Naples, March 6. March 4 Sardinia : Charles Albert defeated by Brescia taken Radetsky, March 21 again totally defeated by Haynau, at Novarra, March 23, he abdicates the March 30. throne in favor of his son. -Victor Emanuel. ^j India : The Punjaub annexed to tne British Empire, March 29. Italy : Insurrection in Genoa, April 1. Russia comes to the aid of Austria against Hungary, April 26. Rome : The French army arrives un- der the walls of Rome, April 29. Haynau takes command of the Austrian army in Hungary, June. Rome surrenders^ the French, July 2. Garibaldi leaves the city, July 3. Rome : The government placed in the hands of the Pope's commissioners, Aug. 3. Gorgey traitor-ously surrenders to the Russians, Aug. 11. Kossuth escapes into Turkey. Venice capitulates to Radetsky, Aug. 22. 1850. Rome : The Pope returns, April. Greece disputes the claims of Great Britain for losses of British subjects : is forced to submit. China : The Emperor Tau-Kwang, dies : Sze-hing ?H succeed*. 156* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL io yean - A.D. 1850 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. On the subject of the Mobbing of Marshal Ha/nau during a visit to a London bowery, notes pass between Austria and Great Britain, termi- nating in a threat of retalia- tion on the part of the latter, Sept. Nov. A Memorial for the annexa- tion of Canada to the U. S. received in five hours the signatures of 800 merchants, landowners, and profes- sional men, in Montreal, Oct. 10. Woman's Rights Con- vention, held at Worcester, Mass., Oct 28. North- West Passage discov- ered by Capt. McClure (Br. Navy) in the Investigator, Oct. 26. The British Consul at Charles- ton calls the attention of the Governor of South Ca- rolina to a law of that State, under which British sea- men (colored) are impris- oned when they enter her ports for trade or in dis- tress, Dec. Deaths in 1850 : tr. R. A. J. C. Oalhoun, Senator, U. 8. Sam. Miller, D.D. Z. Taylor, President, U. 8. A. UNITED STATES. 1850. CALIFORNIA admitted as a State, Sept. Fugitive Slate Bill passed, Sept. Disunion Meetings held at Natchez (many present op- posed to disunion); atYazoo City (resolutions proposed voted down), Oct. 7; at Nashville (this convention passed resolutions recom- mending a congress of elaveholding States), Nov. 19. Union Meetings held at Mobile, Dayton, and New York, in Oct. ; at Philadel- phia, and Manchester, N. II., in Nov.; and at Bath, Me., in Dec. The Advance and Rescue, American vessels iu search of Sir J. Franklin, com- pletely fastened in the ice, Sept. 13. In their northerly drift reach lat. 75 23', Oct. 1. Conventions held to amend the Constitutions of the States of Indiana (Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct. 14), Maryland (Nov. 4), New Hampshire (Nov. 6). Lopez and others tried at New Orleans for engaging in an expedition against Cuba, Dec. 17. Webster replies to Hiilse- mann on the rights of neu- tral nations, Dec. 21. GREAT BRITAIN. 1850. Great excitement and agitation in England respect ing a dispute on doctrine be tween the Bishop of Exeter and the Rev. Dr. Gorham, one of his clergy. The Privy Council's decision in favor of the latter afterwards rati- fied by the Courts. Searches for Sir J. Frank- lin the North Star returns to Spithead unsuccessful, Sept. 28. The Prince Albert arrives at Aberdeen with the intelligence that traces of his party had been found at Cape Reilly and Beechy Island, at the entrance to Wellington Channel, Oct. 1. Appointment by the Pope of several Roman Ca- tholic bishops and arch- bishops in England, causes great excitement, and an indignant letter from Lord J. Russell, the premier, Nov. English forces defeated by the Caffres in South Africa, with considerable loss, and obliged to retreat to their fort, Dec. 29. 1816-1856.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 157 1 A. D. FRANCE. 1860 President creates his uncle Jerome a Marshal of France, Jan. 1. 800 Soldiers drowned at An- giers by fall of a bridge, Apr. 15. 'French Ambassador recalled from London, in conse- quence cf a difficulty con- nected with an English claim on Greece, May 16. New Electoral Law, restrict- ing the right of suffrage, passed, May 31. Arrangement with England on the Greek dispute, June 21. Dotation Bill, giving the Pre- i sident 2,160,000 francs ($405,000) per annum, passed, June 24. AFSTBIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1850. Prussia: The King takes the oath required by the Con- stitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to assassinate him, May 22. Treaty signed at Munich between Austria, Bavaria, Sax- ony, and Wurtemburg, to main-i tain the German Union, Feb. 27. Wurtemburg denounces the insidious ambition of the King of Prussia, and announces a league between Wurtemburg, Bavaria, and Saxony, under the sanction of Austria, March 15. Hesse-Darmstadt withdraws from the Prussian league, June 30. Treaty of Peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2. A Congress of Deputies from I the States included in the Prus-l sian Zollverein opened at Cas- 1550. sel, July 12. Prussia refuses to join the restricted Diet of Frajikfort, Aug. 25. Difficulties occurring in Hesse-Cassel, between the Elec- tor and his people, in regard to the mode of taxation, Austria and Prussia respectively send armies to the Electorate, to take opposite parts in the struggle, Sept. Nov. Austrian ultimatum deliv- ered at Berlin, directing that Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the ErfurtLeague, and recognize the Diet, etc., re- plied to by the Prussian King's signing the order calling out the whole military force of the mo- narchy, Nov. 6. The Eussian Ambassador at Vienna announces that the Czar " would consider the continu- ance of the Prussian policy in the Electorate as a casus belli," Nov. 11. Treaty of Amnesty an- nounced at Berlin. Dec. 3. France protests, and Great Britain remonstrates, at Vienna, against the proposed extension of the Germanic Confederation beyond the Alps, Dec. Denmark : Bloody but indecisive battle of Idstedt, between the Danes and Schleswig- Holsteiners, July 25. Yncatan : Battle, near close of the year, between the Whites and Indians; latter vic- torious; 300 Whites killed. 158* THE WORLD S PROGRESS. [Period XL 40 years. A.D. 1851 Jas. Richardson, the African traveller, dies at the village of Unqurta, six days distant from Kouka, the capital of Bornou, March 4. A Company of Gipsies from England arrive in Cecil county, Maryland, TJ. S., bringing with them all their wandering habits and pecu- liarities, March. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. According to the evidence of Mr. Baines before a Com- mittee of the House of Com- mons, there were in Great Britain 13,193 places of wor- ship dissenting from the tenets of the Established Church, to which may be added Roman Catholic Cha- pels, 597, minor sects and Jews, 550; total noncon- formist churches, 14,340. Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations inaugurated by Queen Vic- toria, May 1. Wyld's monster globe erected in London ; em- ployed 300 men nearly 30 days in fitting up the inte- rior. Daguerre, the discoverer oi the Dagiwrfean or Photo- graphic Art, dies, aged 61, July 10. The Oath of Abjuration (Jew) Bill passes the British House of Commons, with only verbal protests from the objecting minority, July 8; but is refused a second reading in the House of Lords, July 17. UNITED STATES. 1S51. General Quitman of Mississippi arrested for al- leged violation of the neu- trality law of 1318, by set- ting on foot a military ex- pedition against Cuba. He resigns his office of Gover- nor, Feb. 3. Erie Canal Enlargement Bill defeated in the N. Y. Senate by the withdrawal or resignation of 12 democratic members, Apr. 16 ; but afterwards passed by a new Legislature. "Minot's Ledge Light- house, Boston Harbor, car- ried away. It was last seen standing about 8 o'clock, P.M., April 16. Arrest of a notorious band of desperadoes in Mi- chigan, Apr. 21. Initial point of the Boun- dary between the United States and Mexico establish- ed on the right bank of the Rio Grande del Norte, in 32 22 north latitude, and 2J9.-1 meters from the center ol the bed of the river, by the American and Mexican Commissioners, and a mon- ument erected recording the same, April 24. President issues a procla- mation, warning all person within the jurisdiction oj the United States not to aic or engage in any expedition against the Island of Cuba, Apr. 25. Convention of Delegates from the Southern Rights Associations of South Caro- lina meets at Charleston, May 5; and adjourns after resolving that, "with or without cooperation, they are for a dissolution of the Union," May 8. Erie railroad opened from New York city to Dunkirk, 469 miles, by President Fillmore, Daniel "Webster, etc., May 15. Riot, with loss of life, at Iloboken, N. J., between Germans and " short-boy" rowdies from New York, May 26. Serious conflagrations in California. San "Francisco alone suffers by them in May and June to the amount of $12,000,000. GREAT BRITAIN. 1851. A strong force of Cuffres attacks Fort White, Cape of Good Hope repulsed, loss 20 killed. The Caffre chief, Hermanns, with a body of Caffres and Hottentots, at- tacks Fort Beaufort, but is repulsed, he and his son killed, his band completely routed. 3,000 Caffres attack the Colonists and their allies near Fort Hare ; driven back with the loss of 100 killed, Jan. . Col. Somer- set captures and burns Fort Armstrong, 90 Caffres killed, 230 taken prisoners, Feb. 23. The Hottentots of the Theopolis Mission Station in Lower Albany, join in the insurrection, May 31. They are defeated in actions with the English troops on the 3d and 5th of June. The Russell Ministry re- sign, Feb. 22; but after- wards resume office, the Earl of Derby not having succeeded in forming a Cabinet The Prohibited Affinity Marriage Bill lost in the House of Lords, Feb. 25; Lord Campbell and the Ec- clesiastical Bench voting against it. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 159* A.D 1851 FRANCE. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. Ministry resign, Jan. 3. Presidential Dotation Bill, proposing an additiona_ grant of 1,800,000 francs, rejected in the Assembly, Feb. 18. The Sab-Committee of the Assembly appointed by the Committee of Revision to authenticate petitions, re- ports, that up to July 1, the petitions had been signed by 1,123,165 persons, thus classified : For revision. 741,011 ; for revision and prolongation of powers, 870,511 ; for prolongation of powers, 12,103 July 5. Tbe question of revision of the Constitution again ta- ken in the Assemblv, when a minority was declared 97 less than the three-fourths required by the Constitu- tion, July 19. 1S51. Denmark: The Government of Schleswig-Holstein yields to the Com- missioners of the Germanic Confedera tion, Jan. 10. The Austrians complete their mili- tary possession of Hamburg. Jan. 31 ; and the new government issue* its pro- clamation, declaring its resumption of the seisrnorial rule of the King of Den- mark, Feb. 2. Danish mining operations in Green- land produce large quantities of copper ore, yielding about 60 per cent. The Austrian Government and the Ottoman Porte come to the following settlement respecting the Hungarian Refu- gees: Full and entire amnesty conditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, among them Kossuth and Bathyany, Feb. 17. Charles L. Brace, an Am- erican, arrested and imprisoned in Hungary, on a charge ol " being a mem- ber of the de- mocratic com- rnittee, an agent of Uj- hazy and Cretz, and of travel- ing with revo- lutionary writ- ings, to spread revolutionary movements," May 23. Inauguration of Ranch's co- lossal statue of Frederick the Great at Ber lin, May 31. The Ger- manic Diet, in answer to Lord Palmerston's protest against annexing the non-Germanic provinces of Austria to the Germanic Fe- deration, says, "That no fo- reign interfe- rence should be allowed in a purely German question."July 17. Australia: Discovery of large gold fields near Bathurst, Feb. East Indies : Fort of the celebrated E irate Sultan of Soloo destroyed by the panish Government of Manilla, Feb. 28. Hawaii : The difficulties between the Hawaiian and French Governments are arranged according to the terms of a " mutual declaration," published .it Ho- nolulu, signed by the minister of foreign relations and M. Perrin, the French commissioner, March 25. New Granada : Congress adjourns. It passed a law abolishing slavery in the republic, to take effect January 1, 1852. May 29. Italy : An earthquake destroys Mel- fi, a city of 10,000 inhabitants, about 100 miles S. E. of Naples, and other towns in its vicinity. Seven shocks occurred within 24 hours. Melfl was separated by a ravine from Mount Volture, upon which are many extinct craters. Not less than 3,000 persons are said to have perished. July 14. Ecuador : Gen. Diego Novoa, Presi- dent of the Republic, seized and put on board a government vessel by Gen. Urbina, who assumes the administra- tion of the Government July 17. 160* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 40 years. A.D 1S51 PROGRESS or SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BKITAIN. The lord mayor of London with several of the alder- men and common counci men, the royal commission- ers of the Exposition of In- dustry, etc., and the execu- tive committee of the royal commissioners, leave Eng- land for France, by invita- tion of the prefect of the Seine. They are entertained with dinners, balls, sham fights, and reviews of troops Aug. 1. The Inauguration of the rail- way between St Peters- burg and Moscow, in Rus- sia, takes place Sept. 1. 1S51. " Vigilance committee at San Francisco hang man for stealing, June 10 and another, Juty 11. Gov. McDougal of Cali- fornia issues his proclama- tion, warning the citizens o: the State against " vigi- lance committees," anc calls upon all persons to aic in sustaining the law, July 21. Nicaragua route, be- tween New York and San Francisco, opened, Au^. 12 The people of Litchfield county, Connecticut, cele- brate the 200th anniversary of its settlement, Aug. 13 and 14. Great riot in New Or- leans, growing out of the Cuban expedition. Houses of Spanish residents at- tacked. The Spanish con- sul is obliged to ask protec- tion, and is placed in the city prison for safety, Au 21. Riot, with loss of life, at Christiana, Pa., upon an at- tempt to arrest a fugitive slave, Sept. 11. U. S. brig Dolphin sails on an expedition to run a line of soundings for tele- graphic purposes across the Atlantic, Oct. Cotton-planters' conven- tion (300 members) meets at Macon, Ga. Its object being to prevent fluctua- tions in the price of cotton. Little harmony of views or concord of action manifest- ed. Oct U. S. steam frigate Mis- sissippi sent to Turkey for Kossuth, receives hiui on board in the Dardanelles. The French government re- fuses to allow Kossuth to pass through France. The Mississippfproceeds on her voyage with Kossuth's com- panions, reaching New York Nov. 10. Kossuth arrives at Now York in December. Ova- tions are offered him in the principal cities of the Union. He has an interview with the President, Sept to Dec, 1851. " The great aggregate meeting" of Roman Catho- lics, from all parts of the United Kingdom, for the inauguration of the Catho- lic defense association, is held at Dublin, Aug. 19. The American yacht *' America," at the regatta at Cowes, wins ' The cup of all nations," Aug. 22. Kossuth arrives by Eng- lish steamer from Gibraltar, at Southampton. Eng. Ova- tions are offered him in va- rious parts of the country. He leaves for 'the United States, Nov. The submarine tele- graph between Dover and Calais completed, Oct. 17. Opened for public use Nov, 13. A fourth presidency contemplated for British India, and a proposal made to remove the seat of go- vernment from Calcutta to Lahore, Nov. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 161* 1851 FBANOE. REVOLUTION: L. N. Bonaparte by a coup d'etat seizes the reins of government; dis- solves the national assem- bly; declares a state of siege ; arrests the principal red-republicans and social- ists ; constitutes an entire ne%v ministry. The Presi- dent orders an instant restoration of universal suf- frage; an immediate elec- tion by people and army of a President to hold office for ten years, to be sup- ported by a Council of State and two houses of Legisla- ture. The revolution cre- ates an intense excitement. The vote of the army shows a large majority for L. N. Bonaparte. Resistance to the usurpation is shown in various parts of France, but the overwhelming power of the army, and a " state of siege" in 83 departments, crushes all opposition. The election, under various con- trolling influences, results in the confirmation of L. N. Bonaparte as President for ton years, by a vote of about seven out of eight millions. Doc. 1-20. AUSTRIA, etc. 1851. Marshal B* detzky, by pro- clamation from Monga declares the Lombardo- Venetian king- dom to be in a state of siege, July 19. By cabinet letters,the Em- peror ofAustria declares that his ministers " are responsi- ble to no other political au- thority than the throne," that "the Reichstadtisto be considered as the council of the throne," and the minis- ter president is to take " into ripe and seri- ous considera- tion the possi- bility of carry- ing out the Constitution of March 4, 1849." Aug. 20. Louis Kos- suth and 85 of his country- men sentenced to death in contiimaciam, at Pesth, for not appearing after citation, Sept. 22. The ques- tion of the ad- mission of Jews to judi- cial office in Prussia, brought to a partial termi- nation by their permission to study law. Oct. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1S51. Russia: Her troops repeatedly de- feated by the Circassians. June. Nicaragua : Gen. Munoz, ex-tnlnis- ter of war, deposes President Pineda, and sends him and most of his cabinet prisoners to Tigre Islands and elects Albaunaz President. The Senate assem- bles at Grenada, and elects Montenegro President Aug. 4, West Indies : Volcanic eruptions from eight craters in the mountains of Martinique, Aug. 5. Cuba : Expedition against Cuba un- der General Lopez, 500 strong, sails from New Orleans Aug. 3, and Key West 10th; effects a landing at Cubanos. 11th ; is routed on the 20th. Lopez is taken, 29th, and publicly garoted, Sep. 1. His followers shot or condemned to ten years' labor in Spain. The funeral obse- quies of the Spaniards and Cubans who fell in the contest with Lopez, are cele- brated with great pomp at the Cathedral in Havana. $70,000 are subscribed by the inhabitants of Havana, for the bone- fit of their widows and children. Sept. 9 Mexico : General Mariana Arist& inaugurated President, Jan. 15 ; Canales, Carvajal, and others, issue pronimvia- menton against the general govern- ment. Some fighting follows, with varied success. Sept Oct. Nov. Greece : Lord Palmerston's note to the Greek government prod uoea a great sensation at Athens. Nov. Chili: Earthquake at Valparaiso the most violent since that of 1822, few lives lost but great destruction of pro- perty, April 2. Insurrection at Santiago, suppressed after two hours' street-fight- ing, April 20. Rebels under Cruz de- feated by Bulnes at Longomilla, Dec. B. 162* THE WORLD S PROGRESS. '[Period XL iO year*. 1951 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. 1852 The town of Lagos, on the coast of Africa, destroyed by an English force, with a loss of thirty killed, and 69 wounded, because the na- tive chief refused to sign a treaty for the effectual sup- pression "of the slave trade in his dominions. The chief is deposed, and another sub- stituted in his place, Dec. 26-27. Deaths U.S. J. /". Audu- bon, S. Olin, J. F. Cooper, T. H. Gallau- det, S. G. Morton. in 1851. ECKOPK. J. Pye Smith, Bexley, JoannaBaillie, Codrington, Sheil, Lingard, Da?uerre, Soult, Oersted, Jacobi. Immigration into California, U. S., from Asia is so large as to require special Legis- lation April. Extensive fires in the Antilles, March 2; California, U. S., June 17 and Nov. 2 (nearly destroying two cities ;) Canada, (at Montreal) July & UNITED STATES. 1851. Principal room of the library of Congress destroy- ed by fire, together witli paintings, statuary, models, and about 35,000 volumes of books, Dec 24. By joint resolution, the Governor of Georgia is authorised and requested to withdraw the block of mar- ble contributed to the Wash- ington monument by the resolution of the General Assembly of Febr'y, 1850, with the inscription, " The Constitution as it is ; the Union as it was," and to cause another to be pre- pared of Georgia marble, with the State arms thereon, and to be sent to the monu- ment, Dec. 31. Immigration, 1850, to Dec. 558,000. June 1, 31, 1851, 1852. Deputations from the various States, in behalf of the Irish exiles, wait upon President Filmore Jan. 25. The Ohio State House entirely consumed by fire. Some of the papers saved, but a large mass of docu- ments destroyed Feb. 1. Sefior Laborde, the Spanish Consul at New Orleans at the time of the Cuban riots, and who fled the city from fear of vio- lence, arrives at New Or- leans, is saluted, and re- sumes his duties as consul Feb. 9. Gold Medal presented to Henry Clay by citizens of New York. Feb. 10. Memorial presented to House of Representatives of California, from 1,218 cit- izens of South Carolina and Florida, asking permission "to colonize a rural district with a population of not less than 2,000 slaves." Feb. 10. Homoeopathic College at Cleveland, Ohio, mobbed and interior destroyed, in consequence of remains of subjects, taken from the burial-ground, being dis- covered near the Colleir*. Feb. 16. GREAT BRITAIN. 1852. Lord Granville, by his note to the American mi- nister, in relation to the firing into the American steamer Prometheus by the British man-of-war " Ex- press, states to Mr. Law- rence, for the information of his government, that her majesty's government entirely disavow the act, and has no hesitation in offering ample apology for that which they consider to have been an infraction of treaty engagements. Jan. 10. Dr. Rao returns unsuc- cessful from his search for Sir John Franklin, down the McKenzie river, and from its mouth eastward, 500 miles. He was sent out in the spring of 1851 by tho Hudson's Bav Company. Feb. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 1G3* A. D. 1851 FBANCE. AUSTBIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1852 President Bonaparte orders the confiscation of the Or- leans property, Jan. 22. 1852. The Empe- ror of Russia visits the Em- peror of Aus- tria at Vienna, May8. 1851. China : Imperial court seriously alarmed at the progress of the disturb- ance in the Southern provinces. June. A large portion of the Chinese part of Hong Kong destroyed by fire : from 470 to 500 houses destroyed, including all the printing offices and the finest edi- fices and public buildings. Many lives lost. Dec. 2S-2& 1S52. Argentine Confederation .-General Urquiza, Commander of the liberating army, completes the passage of the Parana with 28,000 men, 50,000 horse, and 50 pieces of artillery, and prepares to approach Buenos Ayres, Jan. 8. Bat- tle of Santos Lugares, (10 miles from Buenos Ayres,) between Urquiza with 30,000 men and 50 cannon, and the troops of Rosas, 25,000 men and 90 cannon ; re- sults in the total defeat of Rosas and his flight to England. During the night, the city is saved from pillage by detach- ments from the various ships of war of all nations in the harbor, Feb. 3. The allied army enters Buenos Ayres Feb. 18. Urquiza, Director of the Argentine Confederation, deposed, Sept 10. The Chamber of Representatives of Buenos Ayres declares the rivei Parana open to the navigation of all na- tions, Oct. 13. Belgium : Formation of a new mi- nistry at Brussels, of the moderate party under M. de Brouckere, Nov. 1. The law against the liberty of the press is adopted in the Chamber of Representa- tives, Dec. 1. Cuba: The police of Havana disco- ver and capture the press of the paper, * The Voice of the People," with the materials and forms for the fourth num- ber. The proprietors and employes are arrested, Aug. 23. The barque Cornelia, having cleared at Havana, is brought to and boarded at the mouth of the harbor, and the mail-bags rifled, Sept. 23. A few days after, the United States mail steam- ship Crescent City is refused permission to land her passengers and mails at Ha- vana, and ordered to quit the port Captain-General Canedo objecting to the purser of the vessel, Mr. Smith, alleged to be the reporter of false news to the New York papers. On Oct. 14, the Cres- cent City acain enters Havana harbor, with Mr.'Smith as purser. Gov. Canedo refuses to allow passengers or mails to be landed, and forbids all intercourse be- tween the ship and shore. The Captain rotests to the American Consul, and saves the harbor. 164' THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 10 years. A.D. 1852 Great floods in the United States, March, April, Sept, and Dec. ; in England, Nov. and Dec.; on the conti- nent of Europe, Sept Telegraphs across the Eng- lish Channel. Earthquakes in Cuba August 2 and Nov. 26; in Manilla and adjacent parts, Sept. 16, Oct. 18; at Acapulco, Dec. 4; in the Eastern Archipe- lago, Nov. 21 and Dec. 21. At Stafford House, in London, some English ladies, headed by the Duchess of Suther- land, adopt an address to the women of America on the subject of negro slavery. It subsequently receives 576,000 signatures. Nov. 26. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. Punishment of Death, stored in Tuscany. re- Fall in England of the protec- tionist ministry of Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli, after an existence of nine months Dec. 20. Deaths in 1852. U. 8. EUROPE. B. Clay, S. Nott, M. Stuart, D. Drake, J. H. Paine, H. Greenough, Amos Laic- rence, Milledoler, J, Vanderlyn, D. Webster, J.L. Kingsley, J. P. Norton. Thos. Moore, Schwartzen- berg, Pradier, Wellington, Dr. Mantell, D'Orsay, Lee. UNITED STATES. 1S52. Southern Rights conven- tion at Montgomery, Ala., passes resolutions against making resistance to tho compromise measures an issue of their party, and against intervention, March 5. Riot during election at St. Louis, April 5. First national agricultu- ral convention assembles at Washington, D. C., consist- ing of 151 members, repre- senting 22 States, and the District of Columbia, orga- niied by the choice of Marshal P. Wilder, of Mass., president. June 24. Convention for revising the Constitution of Louisi- ana, July 5. Kossuth continues to be feted in different cities, and finally quits the country under the name of Alexan- der Smith, July 16. Henry Clay dies, June 29. Obsequies celebrated at New York with great and magnificence, GKEA.T BRITAIN. 1852. Submarine telegraph wires coated with gutta percha, laid across St George's Channel from Ho- lyhead, a distance of eighty miles, completing the com- munication between Lon- don and Dublin. June 1. Queen Victoria issues her proclamation against " Roman Catholic ecclesias- tics' wearing the habit of their order, exercising the rites and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic religion in highways and places of public resort" June 15. Sorap uly 20. Great Britain insists upon the convention of 1818, re- specting North American fisheries, being carried out by the United States, and sends armed vessels to the coast of New Brunswick, etc. The United States government dispatches the war steamer Mississippi, with Commodore Perry on board, to the disputed fishing grounds ; some sixty fishing vessels are boarded, and furnished with in- formation and advice. July Aug. Commodore McCauley. commander of the United States naval forces in the Pacific, by proclamation, withdraws his protection from American vessels pro- ceeding to the Lobos Is- lands for guano, Oct. 18. This difficulty with Peru settled by the withdrawal of American pretensions, Nov. 15. Daniel Webster dies, Oct. 24. Funeral solemni- ties celebrated at Boston with much state, Nov. 15. The United States de- clines the tri-partite con- vention respecting Cuba proposed by England and France, Dec. 1. Immigration, 875,000. Duke of Wellington dies, Sept. 14. His funeral obse- quies take place in London with great pomp, Nov. 18. Fall of the Protectionist ministry of Lord Derby and Mr. D'Israeli, after an exist- ence of nine months, Dec. 20. By a decree of the Go- vernor General of British India, the province of Pe gu is annvted to the British dominions^ Deo, 20. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 165* A. D. FBANOE. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1858 'resident Bonaparte com- mences his tour through Southern France, Sept. 16. Visits the Chateau D'Am- boise, and releases Abd-el- Kader, who had been a prisoner for five years, Oct. 10. Returns to Paris, ma- king a pompous entry into the city, Oct. 16. A decree of the President convokes the Senate for Nov. 4, for the purpose of deliberating on the restora- tion of the empire. Oct. 19. The Senate decrees the re establishment of the em- pire, subject to the ratifica- tion of the people, Nov. 7. The vote is taken through- out France and Algeria. Nov. 21 and 22; result 7,824,189 in favor of reestab lishing the empire, against 253,145 negative, and 63,326 void ballots. The Senate goes in a body to St. Cloud, to announce offi- cially the result of the elec- tion to Louis Napoleon, anc hall him Emperor, Dec. 1. At the Hotel de Ville, in Paris Louis Napoleon is publicly proclaimed EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH, under th name of NAPOLBON III Dec. 2. 1852. Greece : Signing of a convention in London by the five powers, England, France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece, in reference to the affairs of Greece. None but a prince of the Greek religion is hereafter to ascend the throne of Greece. Nov. 18. Hawaii: Eruption of Mauna Loo; lasts several weeks. Feb. India: The Burmese evacuate and burn Prome, Sept. 10. The British un- der Godwin take it with a loss of 38 men, Nov. 21. Italy : The Grand Duke of Tuscany, refuses to give audience to an English Protestant deputation in favor of Rosa and Francisco Madiai, Oct. 25. The punishment of death is rees- tablished in Tuscany, for treason, crimes against religion, murder, and robbery with violence, Nov. 10. The Pope addresses a letter to the King of Sardinia, strongly adverse to the bill under consideration in the Pied- montese parliament, permitting mar- riages without religious ceremonies; it is consequently withdrawn by the mi- nistry, Dec. 20. At Borne, Bishop Ives, of North Carolina, U. S., formerly an Episcopa- lian, is received into the Catholic Church by the Pope, Dec. 26. Liberia : President Eoberts attacks and gains possession of the native chief Boyer's principal town, Jan 15. A treaty of peace between the courts of Vienna and Rome is ratified, stipulating that the former shall main- tain in the territories of the Pope, 12,000 infantry and 1,400 cavalry, for whom $18,000 monthly are to be paid by tho Papal government. Nov. 10. Mexico : Carvajal attacks Camargo and is defeated, Feb. 21. The French Count Boulban de Ra- ousset, who led an enterprise upon 80- nora, is defeated at Hermosillo, and his expedition completely overthrown, Nov. 1852. The Empe- ror of Austria visits the King of Prussia at Berlin, Dec. 17. Prussia : The bill for bi- ennial parlia- ments becomes a law, Dec. 23. Spain : A priest, aged 63, attacks with a dagger, and wounds the Queen of Spain, on her return from celebrating at the cathedral a Te Deum for the birth of her child, Feb. 2. He is tried, convicted, degraded from his priestly office, and suffers death from the garote, 7th. Ninety-five Americans belonging to the Lopez expedition, who had been sent to Spain, arrive at New York, March 13, having been liberated by the Queen. The Cortes dissolved by royal de- cree, for having elected De la Rosa, th anti-ministerial candidate, their presi- dent, Doc. 2. 166* THE WORLD S PROGRESS. [Period XL 40 years. A.B. PKOGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GKEAT BRITAIW. 1853 firmans accorded to all sub- jects of the Porte (not Mus- sulmans) confirming their religious rights, June 22. The first Norwegian railway opened July 4. The American expedition un- der Com. Perry arrives at Japan, July 8. On the 14tl he lands and delivers to the Imperial commissioners the letter from the American President ; a few days af tei leaves the island, to return in the spring. Over 60,000 pilgrims ente Aix-la-Chapelle, to visit the exhibition of the relics, Ju Iyl7. 853. Caloric ship Ericsson makes her trial trip to the Potomac, Jan. 11. Adverse decision of Na- poleon, arbiter between the United States and Portugal, in case of the General Arm- strong, read at "Washington. Jan. IT. Franklin Pierce and William R. King declared duly elected President and Vice-President for four years from 4th March next, Feb. 9. W. R. King sworn in as Vice-President, at Cumbre, Island of Cuba, Consul Sharkey administering the oath, March 24. Second American Arctic expedition leaves New York, May 81. Important amendments to the city charter of Now York, restraining the power of municipal officers in money matters, adopted by a vote of 36,672 in favor 8,351 against, June 7. Crystal Palace at New York opened in presence o the President of the United States, etc., July 14. 1S53. Mr. Ingersol, American envoy, feted at Liverpool and Manchester, 'Jan. 4-7. Sandilli and other Caflre chiefs send in their submis- sion to General Cathcart, thereby closing the war, Feb. 10. Peace concluded, March 9. Doncaster church, built in 1070, destroyed by fire, Feb. 28. Warlike stores, supposed to be for Kossuth, seized, April 14. Mrs. H. B. Stowe, au- thoress of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," received at Stafford House by many of the no- bility and statesmen of England, May 7. Dublin Industrial Exhi- bition opened, May 12. The "strike" at Stock- port ceases, and 20,000 men resume labor, having ac- complished thoir object, an advance of ten per cent in their wages, August 8. Si- milar strikes occur at Leeds, Kidderminster, and other cities. 1815-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 167* A.D. FBANCB. AUSTBIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1868 The Pantheon at Paris re- opened as the Church of St. Genevieve, Jan. 3. Russia, Austria, and Prussia, at last acknowledge Napo- leon III. Emperor of the French, Jan. 11. Marriage of the Emperor and Eugenie de Montijo, Count- ess de Teba, celebrated at Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris. Amnesty granted to 4,312 political prisoners and exiles, Jan. 30. Oeneral St. Priest, and many other legitimists, secretly arrested in Paris, on the charge of political commu- nication with the Count of Chambord, and some of having sent false intelli- gence to foreign journals, Feb. 5. Application is made by the French government to the English for Napoleon's will, Feb. IT. Subsequent- ly granted. Funeral of Mme. Easpail at Paris, the occasion of a formidable socialist demon- stration. 40,000 persons march in procession to Pere la Chaise, March 13. Fleet sent to Turkish waters, March 20. A peace address, signed by 4,000 English merchants, bankers and traders, is pre- sented to Napoleon II L a1 the Tuilleries, by English- men, March 28. A bill restoring capital pun- ishment for attempts on the life of the Emperor, or to subvert the Imperial go vernment, is passed, May 88. 853. Austria of- fers herself as a mediator be- tween the Turks and Montenegrins, Feb. 1. Attempt on the life of Em- peror of Aus- tria at the ram- parts of Vien- na, Feb. 13. Baden: Prof. Gervinns tried for high treason,in pub- lishing his "In- troduction to the History of 19th century." Sentence, ten months' im- prisonment, and book to be destroyed, March 5. Prussia : Democratic conspiracy dis covered at Ber lin, March 29. Austria re- cals her minis- ter from Berne, May 20. 1852. Switzerland : The Canton of Ticino suppresses the order of Capuchin monks, and expels all of that order under 65 years of age, Nov. 25. Turkey : War breaks out between the Turks and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 853. Belgium : A maritime congress as- sembles at Brussels, Aug. 23. Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Arch-Duchess Maria, Aug. 23. Canada and New Brunswick: Ga- vazzi lectures at Quebec and Montreal ; riots ensue; military called out; June 6-9. The first sod of the European and North American Railroad turned at St. Johns, by Lady Head, assisted by the Lieutenant-Governor, in presence of 25,000 persons, Sept. 14. China -.Nankin taken by the rebels ; Tartar garrison (20,000) massacred; March 19. Amoy captured, May 19. Denmark : Parliament prorogued, and a "fundamental" law issued, by which the government becomes hereaf- ter an absolute one, July 19. Hawaii: Small-pox rages, having carried off since May 1,805 out of a po- pulation of 60,000 persons, Aug. 31. Holland : The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious li- berty, Sept. 8. India: Battle of Donabew, in Bur- mah : Sir J. Cheape defeats Mea Toon, March 19. Italy : An insurrection breaks out at Milan, but is vigorously suppressed by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The property of the Lornbardo- Venetian refugees seques- tered till they can prove they are not implicated in this outbreak, and 10,000 Ticinese expelled from Austrian Italy, Feb. 26. Protracted diplomatic contro- versies between Austria and both Sar- dinia and Switzerland, follow Sardinia solemnly protesting, April 1(5. The Pope prohibits the circulation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin" in his domini- ons, May 10. Guerazzi tried at Florence for high treason, and found guilty. June 11. Conspiracy in Rome, 146 arrests, Aug. 15. Order signed for immediate release of Miss Cunningham at Lucca, Oct. 9 ; New church, built for the Wal- denses, opened and consecrated at Turin, Dec. 15. Mexico : New revolution ; Arista resigns the presidency, Jan. 5. Santa Anna having been elected President, is received in Mexico with great enthusiasm. April 17. 168* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 10 years. A.D PROGRESS OF SOCIBTT, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. 1858 A great national horse-show at Springfield, Mass., U. S. Oct. 19-21. The first Presbyterian Chinese church organized at San Francisco, U. S., Nov. 6. Duel between Soule and De Turgot, American am] French ministers to Spain, Dec. 18. !holera prevails in Europe. Jeveral new asteroids discov- ered, raising the number to 27, between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Deaths in 1858 : U.S. 0. B. Adams, funius Smith, W. R. King, B. Bates, Sim. Qre&n- leaf. EUROPE. Arago, Von Buch, Dacres, Mrs. Opie, Wardlaw. 1858. Great heat throughou the country thermomete every where, 100 Fah Deaths from it in Nev York city in four days, 400 Aug. 11-14. Remaining portion o "Table Rock," at the Fall of Niagara, breaks off, Sept 9. "Great Eepublic," ves eel of 4,000 tuns, larges merchantman in the world launched at East Boston Mass., Oct 4. Captain Gunnison am party massacred by the Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. Inauguration of the Washington aqueduct President Pierce turns the first turf, Nov. 9. A mob of men and wo- men demolish the railroad track near Erie, Penn., Dec. 9, and repeat the outrage, Dec. 27. Yellow fever epidemic in the States bordering on Gulf of Mexico, carries off from 12,000 to 15,000 per- sons. Bedini, the Papal Nun- cio, tries to influence the EomanCatholic laity to give up their church property to the Bishops, but does not succeed. He quits the country ignominiously. Immigration, 868,000. 1853. Naval Pveview at Spit- head, in presence of the Queen, Aug. 11. Queen Victoria visits Ireland, Aug. 29. Deputation from the Protestant Alliance, headed by the Earl of Shaf'tesbury, waits upon Lord Clarendon. to state the case of Miss Cunningham, arrested at Lucca for distributing Ita- lian Bibles, etc., and to urge the government to procure her immediate li- beration, Sept. 28. A depu- tation of clergymen and others, headed by Sir Cul- ling Eardley, wait upon Lord Clarendon and thank him and the government for the exertions which had been made, Oct. 27. Bronze statue of Sir Ro- bert Peel erected in front of the Royal Infirmary at Manchester, Oct. 8. Captain Inglefield, of the Phoenix, arrives from the Arctic regions, with the news of the discovery of the North-west Passage, on Oct. 26, 1850, by Captain McClure of the Investiga- tor, Oct. 7. The first stono of a Ro- man Catholic cathedral laid at Shrewsbury, by Bishop Brown the young Earl of Shrewsbury giving 15,000 towards its erection Dec. 12. The Dublin Exhibition building is formally opened as a winter garden, by the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess St. Gcrraaina, Dec. 15. 1815-1865.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 169* A. D. 1858 FBANCE. Plot to assassinate the Empe- ror, while on his way to the Opera Comique, discovered at Paris, July 7. A Roman circns of great size discovered at Tours, Aug. 81. The Duke de Nemours, on behalf of the entire Orleans House, effects a reconcilia- tion with the Count de Chambord, Nov. 17. Inauguration of the statue of Marshal Ney, on the spot where he was shot, and the anniversary of his execu- tion, Dec. 7. ATTSTBIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1853. Persia: Earthquakes destroy Shi- rar, (12,000 lives lost,) May 9 ; and Tehe- , Jul ran, ily 11. Peru : Difficulty at Chincha Islands between Peruvian commandant and American shipmasters, Aug. 17. Portugal : Maria (Queen) dies, Nov. 1853, AnAustrian war vessel in the port of Smyrna, seizes and attempts to carry off Martin Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, travel- ing under an American pass- port, who claims protec- tion of Ameri- can flag. An American fri- gate places tho Austrian un- der her guns, and Koszta's release is impe- ratively de- manded, June 21. Austrian go- vernment pro tests against Eroceedings of aptain Ingra- ham at Smyr- na, in a circu lar addressed to the Europe- an courts, Aug. 1. and through its envoy ad- dresses a note to the Ameri- can govern- ment on the same subject, Aug. 29. EASTERN AFFAIRS. WAK BETWEEN TURKEY AND RUSSIA. Prince Menschikoff sent by the Emperor of Rus- sia with demands which are rejected" by the Porte, May '21. June 15. The Russians cross the Pruth, 120,000 strong, June 21-28. The Porte addresses a protest to tlie Russian cabinet against the occupation of the Principalities. July 14. The Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated ''Vienna note," for the joint acceptance of Russia and Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts ; Turkey re- quires modifications, Aug. 20; which Russia will not ac- cede to, Sept. 14. Military congress at Olmutz. Sept. 20. The note is dropped, Sept. 30. Turkey declares war against Russia, Oct. 3. Hostilities commenced on the Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. Nicholas in the Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. Russia declares war against Turkey, Nov. 11. The Anglo-French fleet enters the Dardanelles, Oct. 4, and the Bosphorus, Nov. 15. Turks beaten and massa- cred at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The Vienna Con- ference continues'its efforts to effect an arrangement be- tween the belligerents, Dec. Decided manifestation of the people of Constantinople in favor of war, Dec. 21. Russians uniformly victorious in Aeia. The religious fana- ticism of both parties is aroused. 10. Spain: New and stringent law against liberty of the press published, Jan. 2. Queen Isabella, in commemo- ration of her birth-day, orders three screw-frigates to be constructed, to be called after the three queens from whom she derives the crowns of Castile, Arra- gon, and Navarre, Oct. 10. Switzerland : Insurrection in Fri- burg by the Jesuit party speedily sup- pressed, April 22. Venezuela : Earthquake at Cumana ; 600 persons killed, July 15. 170* THE WORLD S PROGRESS. [Period XL 40 yearn. A. D. 1864 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. Deputation of " Friends'" pre- sents to the Emperor of Russia a peace memorial, Feb. 10. Complete equality before the law secured to all subjects of the Porte, without dis- tinction of creed, by treaty, March 12. Commercial treaty concluded between the United States and Japan, March 23. In Turkey, the possessions of the Mosques to be declared the property of the State from March 27. The first railway is opened in Brazil, the Emperor and Empress being present at the inauguration, April 30. The changes introduced in the Ottoman Empire by the in- fluence of the Allied Pow- ers, amount to a revolution in its social condition. Marked increase in the num- bers and prosperity of Christians in Turkey ; Mo- hammedan population, ex- cept in Bosnia, rapidly dy- ing out. Cross raised In a Catholic burying ground belonging to the French, in Turkey. UNITED STATES. 1854. The steamer San Fran- cisco founders at sea; 240 U. S. troops washed over- board ; the rest of 700 res- cued by the Three Bells, Kilby, and Antarctic, Jan. 5. Astor Library opened for use of the public, in New York city, Jan. 9. Outrages on the railroad near Erie, Pa., renewed by mobs of women, Jan. 17, 31. Skirmishes between U. S. troops and Apache and Utah Indians, March 5, 80. Certain sections of the "Maine Liquor Law" deci- ded to be unconstitutional in Massachusetts, March 13. Miss Dix's bill for ame- liorating the condition of the indigent insane, vetoed, April 20. Great flood in the Con- necticut river, hundreds driven from their dwel- lings, May 1. Mass meetings at Bos- ton, Feb. 23 ; New Market, N. H., Feb. 27 ; New York, May 13, against the Ne- braska bill, which, how- ever, becomes a law, May 30. Kiots in Michigan, April 17 ; at Boston, (attempt to rescue a fugitive slave,) May 26 ; at New York and Brooklyn, (papist interfe- rence with street-preach- ing,) May 2S, June 4, 11. San Juan, Nicaragua, bombarded and burnt by the U. S. sloop-of-war, Cy- ane, July 13. GREAT BRITAIN. 1S54. Parliament opened by Queen, who expresses a de- sire that exertions for an amicable settlement of the Eastern difficulties should be persevered in, Jan. 31. The Queen reviews the fleet on its departure for the Baltic, March 11. A day of humiliation and prayer observed, April 26. Launch of the "Royal Albert," the Queen chris- tening the vessel, May 13. Crystal Palace at denham opened by Queen, June 10. 8 1815-1855.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 171* A.D FRANCE. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1854. Alliance, offensive and defensive, be- tween Austria and Prussia, signed Aprr 20. J854 The Emperor and Empress. attend the first agricultural exhibition ever held in Pa- ris, June 9. The Emperor reviews a di- vision of troops about to proceed to the Baltic, July 12. 1854. Brazil : San Salvador destroyed by an earthquake, causing a loss, "in less than one minute, of 200 lives, and $4,000,000 of property, April 16. Canada: Parliament House at Que- bec burnt, including government library and philosophical apparatus, Feb. 1. India: The Ganges Canal, a work of vast magnitude opened, April 8. Day of humiliation and prayer for success of the British arms, observed at Bombay and all over India, by the na- tives, as well as the Europeans, July 16. Italy : Shocks of earthquake in the country between Florence and Rome, May. Eailway from Lusa to Turin inau- gurated in presence of King and Queen of Sardinia, etc., May 22. Mexico : Battle of Guyamas, be tween some Frenchmen under Count Raousset de Boulbon and the Mexicans, July 13. The Count is defeated, taken prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. Russia : An imperial ukaso calls out nine men in 1,000 souls in eastern por- tion of the Empire, May 9. Spain : Earthquake at Fiana, crum- bling down the greatest part of the Al- cazaba, an ancient castle of the Moors, and causing large chasms in nearly all the streets, Jan. 13. Strike at Barcelona; 15,000 arti- zans demand of the municipal authorities that the price of provisions be reduced, and wages increased, March 81. The insurrection of the people at Madrid (July 17) triumphs, and the Rivas ministry resign, July 19. Espar- tero enters the city, and is received with great enthusiasm, July 29. 3,000 defenders of the barricades defile before the Queen's palace, her Majesty present- ing herself on the balcony, July 31. Dona Maria Christina, the Queen Mother, leaves Madrid for Portugal, un- der escort of troops, but against the will of the people. She was indebted to the State 71,000,000 reals, Aug. 28. Turkey: Fire at Constantinople, 400 houses destroyed, Jan. 1. Fire at Salonica, destroys 600 build- ings, April 8. Banquet given by the Sultan to Prince Napoleon, May 8. Fire at Varna, destroys 180 houses and vast quantities of military stores, Aug. 10. 172* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL iO year*. A.D. 1854 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. The Sultan issues a firman for the construction of a church at Scutari, Sept. Deaths in 1854. 1854. Grisi and Mario, the two most renowned lyric ar- tists of the old world, arrive at New York, Aug. 19. U.S. N. B. Blunt, Jacob Bur- nett, John Davis, Com. Dow nes, J. Harring- ton, last sur- vivor of bat- tle of Lex- ington. Mrs. E. Jud- son. Bishop Wain- wright. 1855 EUROPE. Anglesea, Bodisco, Cockburn, Forbes, Jameson, Maitland, Melloni, Montgomery, Paixhans, Pellico, Plunkett, Rubini, Schelling, Mine. Sontag, Mrs. C. South- ey, Talfourd, Wilson, St. Armuid, Denman, Lockhart. "Immaculate Conception of the Virgin" proclaimed as a dogma by the pope, Dec. 8. 1855. Panama railroad com- pleted, first train on it Jan. OQ Financial panic in California, Feb. Suspension Bridge &t Niaga- ra first crossed, March 14. Difficulty in Phila. about slaves of J. H. Wheeler of N. Carolina, July 18. Election riot at Louisville, Ky., between Americans and foreigners, Aug. 6. Extensive drought pre- vails several weeks. Passmore Williamson re leased from jail (where he had been three months in the Wheeler slave case). Nov. 8. Cholera prevails, June- Nov. ; yellow fever prevails, Aug.-Nov. Immigration, about 500,000. "Ostend Conference" be- tween Buchanan, Mason, Soule, Oct. 10, 11. 1855. Southern Commercial Convention at New Orleans, Jan. 8. Soule quits Madrid Jan. 31. U. S. S. Water witch fired on, on the Paraguay, Feb. 1. U. S. Dist. Court in Wis- consin pronounces the Fu- gitive Slave Law unconsti- tutional, Feb. 8. Convention at Lawrence, Kansas, Aug. 14. Walker (filibuster) takes possession of Granada, Oct. 16. Law passed for the en- listment of foreigners in the British service, Dec. 22. 1855. Visit of the Emperor and Empress of France, April 16. Death of Lord Raglan, Commander-in-chief at Se- bastopol, June 28. The Queen and Prince Albert visit the Emperor Louis Napoleon at Paris, Aug. 18. Kansas : Convention Topeka, Oct. 23. at 1816-1855.] THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 173* A. D. FRANCE. 1856. Subscriptions to the French loan of 500 millions of francs amount to 2,000 millions of francs, offered by 177,000 persons. Death of Don Carlos, claimant of the Spanish throne, March 10. Indust'l Exhibition open- ed at Paris, May 15. AUSTRIA, etc. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1854. Venezuela: Slaves emancipated, April 25. 1854. Saxony: The King thrown from his carriage at Innspruck, and killed, Aug. 10. EASTERN AFFAIRS. The Anglo-French fleet enters the Black Sea, Jan. 4. Turks defeat Russians at Citate, Jan. 6. Negotiations for peace continue through the Vi- enna Conference, Jan. Russian ambassadors quit Lon- don, Feb. 6, Paris, Feb. 7. English and French ambassa- dors dismissed St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. England and France resolve to summon Russia to evacuate the Prin- cipalities by the 30th April, Feb. 28. Russians cross the Danube, March. Treaty of alliance concluded between England, France, and the Porte, March 1 2. Anglo-French ultimatum forwarded to St. Petersburg. Russia refuses a reply. England and France declare war against Russia, March 28. Counter declaration of war by Russia against England and France, April 12. Convention between England and France, April 18. Odessa bombarded, April 22. Anglo-French fleet scours the Baltic, May, June. Austro-Turkish Convention, June 4. Russians raise the siege of Silistria, June 23, and re-cross the Danube, July 7. Russians defeated by Turks at Rutschuk, July 12 and 13. Are compelled to evacuate the Principalities" and re- cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. Bomarsund capitulates to the Allied fleet and French army, Aug. 16. Austrian armies enter the Principalities, Aug. 20. Allies land in the Cri- mea, Sept. 14. Defeat the Russians at the Alma, Sept 20. Commence the siege of Sebastopol, Sept. 28. Fire opened, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Russians repulsed, Oct. 25. Battle of Inkermann, Russians again repulsed. Nov. 5. Siege of Sebastopol progresses, Dec. 31. 1855. Russia : Death of the Emperor Nicholas L, March 2. The allies take possession of Kertch and the Sea of Azoph, May 24. The allies repulsed In an assault on the outposts of Sebastopol, June 18. Kars invested by the Russians, June 23. FALL OF SEBASTOPOL The Malakhoff carried by the French, Sep. 8. Terrific attack of the Rus- sians on Kars repulsed, Sep. 29. Mexico : Santa Anna abdicates. Aug. 9. Car- rara chosen to succeed him. 174* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 46 years. A.D. 1855 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. Deaths in 1855 : U. S. EUEOPE. S. H. Cone, Sir H. Bishop, Abbott Law- Silk Bucking- renee, ham, John 0. Spen- Jos. Hume, cer, Miss Mitford, T. E. Beck. Nicholas I "Currer Bell. 1 ' Sir W. E. Par- ry Lord Eaglan, Saml. Rogers, Ans. Roths- child, Lord Truro. Launch of the stm. Adriatic (the largest yet afloat) at N. Y., April 7. 1855. Proclamation against fllibus- terism by President Pierce, Dec 8. British Arctic vessel Eesolute found and brought to New London by an American whaler, Dec. 23. 1856 Personal Assault on Senator Suinner of Mass., in the U. S. Senate by Brooks of S. Ca., May 22. Submarine Telegraph cable laid from Cape Breton to Newfoundland. July 12. Burlinghame's acceptance of Brooks's challenge, July 21. Brooks and Keitt ro-elected to Congress from S. C., July 28. Dudley Observatory inaug. at Albany. Aug. 28. Preston S. Brooks, the as- saulter of Sunnier, publicly welcomed and presented with a cane, at Columbia, 8. C., Aug. 29. Charles Sumner received in Boston with public hon- ors, Nov. 3. N. Y. and Newfoundland Telegraph line, 1715 miles, opened to St. John's, Nov. 10. 1856. N. P. Banks, jr., of Mass., elect- ed Speaker of House of Represent, of U. S., after a contest of 9 weeks, by plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 2. Gubernatorial contest in Wiscon- sin, Jan. Fob. Mr. Fillmore nominated for Pres't by Arner. Con. at Phil a., Feb. 22. Free State Legisl. at Topeka, Kansas, elect Reeder and Lane as delegates to Congress, Feb. 8. Kansas Investigation Committee appointed, March 19. Padre Vigil recognised as Minist. from Nicaragua, May 14. President's message announcing difficulty with Brit. Gov. on enlist- ments in the IT. S., May 29. Buchanan nominate'd for Pres't by Dem. Con. at Cincinati, June 7. Fremont nominated for Pres't by Repub. Conven. at Phila., June 17. H. Eepres. U. S. pass a bill ad- mitting Kansas under Topeka Con., July 8. Topeka legislature dispersed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. -John \V. Geary confirmed as Gov. of Kansas, July 81. Whitefield and Reeder both re- jected by H. Eepres. as delegates from Kansas, Aug. 1. Extra session of Congress ad- journed Aug. 30. Municipal election riot at Balti- more, 9 &., Oct. 8. U. S. troops in Kansas arrest and disarm parties of emigrants from N. E., Oct. 10. Buchanan elected Pres. No^. 4 1855. Visit of the King of Sardinia to England, Nov. 30. Captain McClure receives the re- ward of 5,000 for discovery of " the N. W. passage" and is knighted Nov. Brit, fleet bom- bard and partially destroy Canton, China. Oct. 28. 1815-1861.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 175* A.D. FRANCE. EUROPE, elsewhere. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1855 1855. Omar Pasha defeat the Russians at the Ingour Nov. 5. Explosion of 100,000 Ibs of powder at Sebastopol Nov. 15. Surrender of Kars to the Russians after a famous de- fence by Gen. Williams, Nov. 25. 1S55. Meadco : Alvarez re- signs the presidency, and is succeeded by Comonfort, Dec. 1856 Feace Conference at Paris opened Feb. 25. Birth of an heir to the throne, March 16. Treaty of Peace with Russia signed at Paris, March 30. 856. Preliminaries of Peace signed at Vienna, Feb. 1. Destructive floods near Ly- ons, &c., whole villages de- stroyed, June. The Crimea wholly eva- cuated by the Allies, July 12. Russia : Alexander II. crowned emperor, Sept. 7. Raihcayx of 2600 miles contracted for by Government. Capital, 10UO millions of francs, Oct. 28. Naples : French and English ministers leave. Oct.. 23. 1856. Costa Rica : Schlessin- ger and Walker's invasion defeated, March 20. Walker defeats 3,000 Costa Ricans at Rivas, Ap. 11. Panama: Riot on the Panama R.R., 30 passengers killed, April 15. Gunpowder explosion at Salonica, Turkey, 700 k. and >., July 17. Earthquake in Egypt, Syria, and isles of Med. About 1200 lives lost, and many thousand buildings destroyed, Oct. 12. Granada, city of, de- stroyed by Walker, Nov. 20-25. 176* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XI. 46 years. A.D. PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. BRITISH EMPIRE. 1856 Revival of the African Slave Trade, recommended by Gov. Adams in 8. Ca. Arctic discovery ship Reso- lute presented to Queen Victoria by Lieut. Hart- stene for tho U. S. Govern- ment, Dec. 30. Death* in 1856 : 1856. Barrier Forts, near Can- ton, China, destroyed by U. S. squadron, for an at- tack on an American boat, Dec. 6. Resolution against the Slave Trade passed by H. of Reps. U. S., Dec. 15. U. S. J. M. Berrien. Ogden Hoff- man. Com Morris. J.G.Perceval. Jno. C. War- ren. J. M. Clayton, u. a. s. George Steers, naval archi- tect. T. Crawford, sculptor. Louis M'Lane. EUROPE. Jno. Braham, vocalist. Sir W. Hamil- ton, meta- physician. Von Biela, as- tronomer. LM Hardinge. Father Mat- thew. Hugh Miller. Sir Jno. Ross. Westmacott. Yarrell. PL Delaroche. 1857 Geo. Peabpdy gives $800,000 to establish a free Literary and Scientific Institute at Baltimore, Feb. 12. The Chief-Justice of the U. S. proclaims that negroes have no rights which white men are bound to respect, March 6. Dred Scot decision" de- nounced by the Legislature of N. Hampshire, June 25. The Atlantic Telegraph Ca- ble first joined at sea by the Niagara and Agamem- non, Aug. 5, but breaks Aug. 11. Loss of the Central America and 450 lives, Sept. 8. Mass meetings of unemployed workmen in N. Y., Nov. 2 and 10. Stm. Adriatic starts on first voyage to Liverpool, Nov. 28. 185T. Four members of H of Representatives of U. S, from N. Y. and Conn, ex- pelled for corrupt conduct, Feb. 19. Buchanan inaugurated President, March 4. Lord Napier recognise . FRANCE. EUBOPE, elsewhere. THE "WORLD, elsewhere. 1859 Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20. Battle of Solfcrino' June 24. Austrians under the Empe- ror in person defeated by the allies : great loss on both sides. China repulsed in an attack on I 25. They are aided by American! Treaty of Peace signed by the Emperors of France and Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. The Emperor returns to St. 1859. Tuscany : Council of Cloud, July 27. State votes in favour of Entrance of "the Army of] annexation to Sardinia, Italy" into Paris, Aug."l4. July 12. Political amnesty, Aug. 17. Treaty with Japan, ratified at Jeddo, Sept. 22. 1860 The Emperor advises Victor Emanuel a programme for the Regeneration of Italy, Oct. 20. Exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Zurich, Nov. 21. Zurich Conference at opened, August 8. Sardinia : Cavour dis- missed from the ministry, July 13. Tuscany: The Nation. Assem. decrees the perma- nent exclusion of the Aus- trian dynasty, Aug. 16. Mod-ena : Farini dicta- tor, opens the Nat. Assem- bly, Aug. 16, aud assumea government of Parma, Aug. 18. Rome : Concordat be- tween the Pope and Spain, Aug. 26. Russia : Schamyl taken prisoner in Caucasia, Sept 6. i Bologna : Assemb. Nat under pres. of Minghetti decree independence from the Pope. Sept. 7. Sardinia : The king receives deputations from Modena and Parma, ten- dering annexation to Sar- dinia, Sept. 15. Romagna : Decree of annexation to Sardinia, Oct. 7. Spain declares war against Morocco, Oct. 22. O'Donnell named com.-in- chief of Spanish army. Sardima .-Prince Ca- rignan made regent of Ro-~ magna, Parma, etc., Nov. 6, but declines in favor of Buoncompagni. 1859. Mexico : Juarez de- crees the confiscation of church property, July 12. Venezuela : Civil " wur ; downfall of Castro, the Pre- sident, July. Costa Rica : Revolution fall of Mora, Ang. 14. The Emperor's letter to the Pope, advising cession of Romagna, Dec. 31. Treaty with Nicaragua rati- fied, Jan. 11. France, signed at Paris by R. Cob- the French ministers, Jan. 23. 1860. Spain: The Moors defeated at Castellejor, Jan. Rome : The Pope re- plies to the Emperor, refus- ing to cede the Legations, Jan. 8. Sardinia: Cavour re- called to the premiership, Jan. 15. Buenos Ay res : Battle with the troops of Argen- tine Coni'ederation, Oct. 2&, 184* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period IX. 46 years. A.D. 1860 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. GREAT BRITAIN. Papal bull against agitators and reformers. Fight of Ileenan and Sayers for the championship of England, April 17. 'irst " Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight and a half days from Missouri ; and news thence by telegraph reaches San Francisco in nine days from New York. 1860. The "Covode Com- mittee 11 (House of Repre- sentatives) appointed to ex- amine alleged corruption of the government, March 5. U. 8. corvette Saratoga captures Miramon's vessels at Vera Cruz, March 7. Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco, March 28 ; at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at Phila- delphia, June 9 ; at New York, June 16. Sails for Ja- pan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. Tniversal Suffrage in Cen- tral Italy. 1860. French treaty ratified by 116 majority in the Com- mons, Feb. 24. Lord J. Russell proposes a new Reform Bill, March 2, but abandons it, June 11. Ministers defeated on a bill for repeal of paper duty passed by the Commons but rejected (89 majority) by the Lords, May 21. Review of 18,000 volun- teers by the Queen in Hyde Park, June 23. Democratic Convention at Charleston, April 23. Mr. McLane's treaty with Mexico (Juarrez) rejected! by the Senate, May 31. National Repub. Conven- tion at Chicago meets May 16, and nominates Abraham Lincoln for President, and Hannibal Hamlin for Vice- President of U. S. Law of Maryland prohibiting the inamimission of slaves takes effect, June 1. Tornado in Iowa and Il- linois destroys whole vil-; lages, June 3. Nat. Democratic Conven- tion (adjourned) at Balti- more, June 18, nominates Douglas and Fitzpatrick : a seceding Convention no-; minate Breckenridge and Lane, respectively for Pre- sident andV.-Pres. of U. S. The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from Southampton, June 28. Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails July 7. i Remarkable meteoric various northern states, July 20. Visit of the Prince of Wales to British North Ame- rica and the United States. He lai ds at St. John's, July 24 ; arrives at Quebec, August 18 ; Montreal, 24th ; Ottawa, Ausust 81; Ni.-igara, September 14; Detroit, Sept. 20 ; Washington, Oct. 8; Philadelphia, Oct. 9; New York, Oct. 11; Bos- ton, 17th; Portland, 20th; Plymouth, England, Nov. 15. Lincoln and Hamlin elected Pres. and V.-Pres. of the U. S. by the votes of all the northern states ex- cept New Jersey, which chose 4 electors for Douglas and 3 fir Lincoln, Nov. 6. This election is made the pretext for rebellion and " secession" of the cotton state* S. Carolina leading, and adopting in Convention an ordinance of secession from the U. S., Dec. 20. Deaths in 1860. U. S. J. A. Alexan- der. W. E. Burton. C. A. Good- rich. S. G. rich. Theo. Parker. J. K. Pauld- ing. W. C. Preston. Good- EUROPE. Sir C. Barry. Lady Noel Byron. G.P.R. James. Anna Jame- son. Jullien. Mi'W. Napier. Baden row- ell. II. II. Wilson. 1815-1861.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 185' A.D. 1860 Thouvenel foreign minister, Jan. 24. " V Univers" ultra-montane journal, suppressed, Jan. 29. Diplomatic correspondence of Antonelli, Feb. March. Negotiations respecting an- nexation of Nice and Sa- voy. Treaty for cession to France signed at Turin, March 24 ; but Switzerland protests. Nice votes for annexation to France 24,448 for, and 160 against. Savoy gives 131,744 for and 233 against. FRANCE. EUROPE, elsewhere. The Emperor refuses an ap- plication from Naples to act as mediator, June 7. French troops sent to Syria to punish the murderers of Christians, Aug. 5. A French fleet placed before Gaeta; for which side is not proclaimed. 1860. Spain : Decisive vic- tory over the Moors at Te- touan, Feb. 4. Sardinia : The army raised to 50,000, Feb. 26. Thouvenel with Cavour and Buoncompagni resigns as governor of Central Italy, March 3. Tuscany : Result of vot- ing on annexation to Sardi- nia pub., viz : For, 866,571 ; against, 14,925 (for sepa- rate kingdom) Austria advertises for new loan, March 24, and protests against Sardinian occupation of Tuscany, &c. Spain : Peace with Mo- rocco ratified, March 29. Home : Papal bull against revolutionists, Mar. 29. devolution in Sicily be- gins at Palermo, Messina, and Catania, April 4. Rome: Antonelli pro- tests against Sardinian an- nexation of Romagna. Sicily: Garibaldi lands at Marsala, with 2,000 men, from Genoa, May 10 Proclaims himself dictator on behalf of Victor Ema- nuel, 14th. Naples: Concessions pro- claimed to the people, May 19. Garibaldi takes Pa- lermo, May 27. A liberal ministry formed at Naples, June 28. The King grants new con- stitution and amnesty, J'ne 25. Garibaldi's victory at Me- lazzo, July 20-21. Sicily (excepting the ci- tadel of Messina) evacuated by the Neapolitans, July 30. Garibaldi's troops land in Calabria, Aug. 8. Enters Naples. The King of Naples re- tires to Gaeta, Sept. , and is besieged there by the troops of Garibaldi and Victor Emauuel. Garibaldi resigns his power to Victor Emanuel, and retires to Caprera. THE WORLD, elsewhere. 1860. Argentine ConfeA. Der- qui president, Feb. 5. Mexico : Miramon at- tacks Vera Cruz, March 7- 13. Japan : The Regent wounded in a riotous at- tack. Mexico : Zuloaga pro- claims himself president, and denounces Miramon. Mayl. Asia Minor : Horrible massacre of the Christians and Maronites, May. 3,000 killed at Damascus, July 9. Honduras: -W. "Walker the " filibuster," taken pri- soner and shot, Sept. 12. Syria : Fuad Pasha sent against the Druses, Aug. 5. 167 Moslems implicated in the massacres are executed at Damascus, Aug. 20. 186* THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. [Period XL 46 years. A.D 1861 PROGRESS OF SOCIETY, etc. UNITED STATES. BRITISH EMPIRE. 1861. This example followed byMississippi, Jan. 9,Alaba- ma, Jan. 11, Florida, Jan. 12, Georgia, Jan. 19, Loui- siana, Jan. 26. Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, Tenn., N. Caro- lina, Missouri, and Arkan- sas for secession defeated, Jan. March, 1861. Texas carried for secession, but a strong reaction for union follows. Gen. Twiggs sur- renders the U. S. forces in Texas, and the military stores, to the state, Feb. INAUGURATION OF LINCOLN (Kepub.) President U. 8., March 4 1815-1861.] THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 187* A.D. i FRAXCE. EUROPE, elsewhere. WORLD, elsewhere. 1861 1861. G-aeta surrenders to Victor Emanuers troops, Feb. 13. The King of Na- ples escapes on board a French frigate. END OF BOURBON RULE in Italy. The Italian Parliament declares VICTOR EMANUEL KING OF ITALY, Feb. 1861. ADDITIONS TO THE BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX. (INCLUDING ACCIDENTAL OMISSIONS IN THE FORMER EDITIONS, PAGE 657 ; AND ALSO INCLUDING PERSONS NOW LIVING (JAN. 1861.) NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Egypt. Abbas, Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt (grandson of Mehemet All) . Amer. Abbott, Benjamin, distinguished educationist .... Amer. Abbott, Jacob, author of historical, biographical, and religious works ............ Amer. Abbott, Jno. S. C., historian and biographer .... Ara. Abd-el Kader, Emir of the Bedouins, warrior and statesman . Turk. Abdul Medjid, sultan of Turkey Eng. A'Becket, Gilbert A., comic writer Amer. Abeel, David, missionary and author of travels .... Eng. Abinger. lord (Sir Jas. Scarlett), eminent lawyer and judge French. About, Edmond, novelist, traveller, &c French. Abrantes, duchess of, biographer Ital. Achilli, Giovanni G , protestant preacher Amer. Adams, Hannah, author of history of New England, &c. . Ger. Adelung, John C., philologist and lexicographer Eng. Adolphus, John, author of history of England, &c. Eng. JSlfric, archbishop of Canterbury, author of Anglo-Saxon works Sp.-Moor. Africanus, Leo. author of travels in Africa .... Eng. -Jew. Aguilar, Grace, novelist Pers. Ahasuerus, king of Persia (Artaxerxes, Long. ?), flourished Eng. Aikin, Lucy, biographer and historian French. Aime-Martin, Louis, writer on education Eng. Ainsworth, Win. Francis, traveller, geologist, &c. Eng. Ainsworth, Wm. Harrison, novelist Eng. Airy, Geo. B., astronomer-royal Ger. Albert, Prince, husband of the Queen of England Eng. Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne . Ital. Alboni, Marietta, eminent contralto singer .... Greek. Alciphron, author of Letters, &c. Amer. Alcott, A. Bronson, philosopher and educationist Amer. Alcott, Wm. A., writer on education and philosopher Amer. Alden, John, one of the 1st Plymouth colony .... Puiss. Alexander II. (became Emperor 1855) Eng. Alexander, A. H., claiming to be Earl of Stirling Amer. Alexander, Archibald, theologian and author .... Amer. Alexander, James W., theologian Amer. Alexander, J. Addison, theologian and commentator . Amer. Alexander, Stephen, astronomer Amer. Alexander, Wm. (" Earl of Stirling "), major-general in Revolution Amer. Allen, Wm., author of Amer. Biog. Dictionary .... Eng. Alleyn, Edward, actor and manager (temp. Shakspeare) . Eng. Almon, John, political writer .... . Mex. Almonte. Juan N"., general and statesman (abt) .... Amer. Alsop, Kichard, poet and linguist Eng. Althorp, Viscount, statesman and book-collector Mex. Alvarez, Juan, leader of Mexican revolution .... Ger. Amalie, duchess of Saxony, dramatic poet Amer. Ames, Nathan P.. machinist and bronze-founder Ger. Ammon, Christ. F. von. protestant theologian .... French, Ampere, Jean J., traveller and essayist Mex. Ampudia, Pedro de, general Dan. Andersen, Hans, poet and novelist Swe. Andersson. Chas. John, explorer in Africa Eng. Andre, John, British officer in American war .... A.mer. Angell, Jos. K., author of legal works . . . BORN. DIED. 1818 1854 1763 1849 ISflS 1805 1807 1822 1769 1732 1487- 1816- -1838 -1832 -1806 -1005 1S47 B. c. 456 1807- 1805- 1801- 1841- -1687 -1851 -1859 -1860 -1626 -1805 -1815 -1834 -1847 -1850 1805 -1856 -1780 -1857 696 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Eng. Anglesey, Henry W., marquis of. general at Waterloo, &c. French. Angoulerne, duchess d', daughter of Louis XVI. Aust. Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. of France . Eng. Anne Eoleyn, second wife of Henry VIII. . Eng. Anspach, Eliz., margravine of, author of memoirs Irish. Anster, Jno , translator of " Faust" Amer. Anthon, Charles, classical scholar and author . Ital. Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, premier of Pius IX. . . French, Anville, Jean B. d\ geographer Roin. Apicius, the name of three Roman epicures . Greek. Apollodorus, the name of several writers and statesmen . Amer. A]>pleton, Jesse, president of Bowdoin college, and theologian , Rom. Apuleius, a Platonic philosopher and writer" French. Antgo, Dotn. Fr. Jean, astronomer and statesman Eng. Argall, Samuel, early colonist and deputy governor of Va. Scot. Argyle, duke of, chief of clan Campbell, statesman . Mex. Arista, Mariano, general under Santa Anna . Amer. Armstrong, Sam. T., book publisher and lieul-gov. of Mass. . Eng. Arnold, Matthew, poet, prof, of poetry, Oxon . Eng. Arnold, Thos. K., author of classical text-books Scot. Arnott, Niel, popular scientific writer Flem. Artevelde, Philip van, revolutionary popular leader Amer. Arthur, Timothy T., author of tales and essays . Eng. Asbury, Francis, first methodist bishop in U." S. . Eng. Askew, Anne, protestant, burned at Smithfield . Greek. Aspasia, the accomplished wife of Pericles Amer. Atchison, David R., senator U. S. from Missouri Swiss. Aubigne, J. H. Merle d 1 , historian of Reformation Amer. Audubon, John James, naturalist and traveller . Ger. -Jew. Auerbach, Berthold, novelist Aurungzebe, last Mogul emperor in India Eng. Austen, Jane, novelist Eng. Austen, Sarah, essayist and translator, (abt) . Amer. Austin, Stephen F., founder of first American colony in Texas Ital. Avezzana, Joseph, patriot soldier, refugee ia New York . Scot. Aytoun, Win. E., professor, essayist, and poet . French, Azais, Pierre H., philosophic writer Ital. Azeglio, Massimo T., marquis d', statesman and author . French. Babeuf, Franc N., agrarian and socialist author . Amer. Bache, Alex. D., scientific engineer and writer . Amer. Bachman, John, naturalist and theologian Amer. Bacon, Leonard, theological writer and preacher Eng. Baffin, Wm., navigator, discoverer of Baffin's bay Amer. Bailey, Jacob W., professor of chemistry, botany, &c. Eng. Bailey, Philip Jas., poet, author of Festus .... Eng. Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician and political essayist Eng. Baillie, Joanna, poet and novelist Amer. Baird, Robert, D.D., author of travels ..... Span. Balboa, Vasca Nunez de. early navigator to South America Irish. Balfe, Michael Wm., musical composer . Scot. Baliol, intriguing rival of Robert Bruce .... Amer. Ballon, Hosea, universalist minister and author . French. Balue, Jean do la, cardinal, premier of Louis XI. Amer. Bancroft, Aaron, cong. min., author of life of Washington . Amer. Bancroft, George, historian of the U. S., secretary of navy, fec. Amer. Bangs, Nathan, D.D., minister of methodist church and author Amer. Banks, Nath. P., speaker of House of Rep. U. S., gov. of Mass. French. Baraguay-d'Hilliers, Achille, marshal of France . French. Barante, A. G., P. B., baron, historian .... Amer. Barber, Francis, officer in revolutionary army . Eng. Barham, Kich. Henry, humorist (Ingoldsby Legends) Amer. Barker. Joseph, noted financier Amer. Barnard, Henry, distinguished educator .... Amer. Barnes. Albert, theologian and commentator Eng. Barre, Isaac, col., M. P., friend of America .... Irish. Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer and author .... Amer. Barrow. James, commodore (in the all'air of the Chesapeake) Eng. Barrow, Sir John, traveller, author, secretary to Admiralty Eng. Barry, Sir Charles, architect of houses of Parliament . Irish. Barry, John, the first American commodore 17S2 . A. D.. 1st Cent. c. 5th to 2d Cent. 1772 A. D. 2d Ci-nt. 1786 I>o3 1572 1639 ISIS 1546 1807- 1794- 17SO- 1812- 1775- 1800- 1797- 1813- I7ri6- 1793- 1806- 1790 1836 -1S45 -1797 1745 1808 ADDENDA. G97 NATION. Ger. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. French. Amer. Amer. Hung. Hung. Ger. Ger. Amer. Amer. Ger. French. Amer. Ger. Eng. Russ. Eng. Ital. Amer. Scot. Amer. Eng. Amer. Pol. Ger. Eng. Amer. Sp.-Jew. Amer. Amer. French. Egypt. Amer. French. French. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Irish. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Scot. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Ital. Ital. Eng French. Eng. Ital. Amer. Irish. French. French. Amer. Amer. Eng. French. NAME AND PROFESSION. Earth, Henry, traveller in Africa Bartlett, John E., author explorations, &c. Bartlett, Josiah, statesman, gov. N. H., &c. .... Barton, Bernard, the Quaker poet Baskerville, John, eminent printer and publisher Bastiat, Frederick, political economist ..... Bates, Edward, statesman and jurist Bates, Joshua, banker (Baring Bros ) Batthyani, Kasimir, count, statesman, Batthyani, Lajos, statesman (shot by Haynau) .... Bauer, Bruno, an audacious opposer of Christianity . Baur, Ferd. Christ., professor of theology and author Beck, Lewis C., chemist and mineralogist Beck, Theo. Romeyn, author of medical jurisprudence Beckmann, Johann, hist, of inventions. &c. .... Becquerel, Antoine Caesar, natural philosopher .... Bedell, Gregory T., D.D., eloquent pulpit orator Behaim, or Behem, Martin, navigator and geographer Behn, Aphra, dramatic writer Behring, Vitus, arctic navigator . Belcher, Sir Edw., admiral, arctic navigator .... Belgiojoso, Christina, princess of, accomplished and philanthropic Belknap, Jeremy, D.D., historian of New Hampshire Bell, Henry, first successful steam navigator in Europe . Bell, John, statesman Bellingham, Rich., royal governor of Massachusetts . Bellows, Henry W., Unitarian clergyman and author Bern, Josef, general in Hungarian war against Austria Bengel, Johann A., Lutheran theologian and philologist . Benger, Eliz. Ogilvy, author of hist. "memoirs .... Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer, and journalist .... Benjamin of Tudela, rabbi, traveller in the east .... Bennett, Jas. Gordon, journalist Benton, Thomas Hart, statesman and historian .... Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet Berenice ; the name of seven different queens of Egypt and Syria Berrien, John Macpherson, statesman . . . Berry, Chs. F., duke of, 2d son of Charles X. (assassinated) Berry, duchess of (wife of th,e above), intriguing politician Bethune, Geo. W., D.D., theologian and poet .... Betterton, Thomas, famous actor Betty, Wm. Henry W., actor, " the Young Roscius" Bewick, Thos., naturalist and wood engraver .... Bickerstaff, Isaac, dramatist Bickersteth, Edward, theological writer Bigelow, Jacob, medical writer Bird, Robt. M., M.D., novelist Birney, James G., anti-slavery politician Bishop, Sir Henry R., musical composer Bissell, Wm. H., governor of Illinois, volunteer in Mexico Black, Adam, publisher, M. P., provost of Edinb. Blackwell, Eliz., first female M.D. in the U. S Blair, Francis P., journalist and politician Blair, Francis P., Jr., leader of Missouri free-soilers . Bloomfield, E. V., classical scholar Booth, Junius Brutus, tragedian Borgi, Giovanni, originator of ragged schools .... Borgia, Lucrezia, infamous daughter of Pope Alex. VI. . Borrow, George, author of Gypsies of Spain, &c. Bosquet, Marie Jos., marshal of France Bosworth, Joseph, D.D., Anglo-Saxon lexicographer . Botta, Carlo G. G., historian ... ... Botts, John Minor, politician Bourcicault, Dion, dramatist Bourdon, Pierre L. M., mathematician Boussingault, Jean B., VD., chemist . Bouvier^ John, jurist and legal author Bowen, Francis, biographical and metaphysical author . Bowles, Wm. Lisle, poet ... .... Boyer, Abel, lexicographer BORN. 1821- 1S05- 1729- 1784- 1706- 1801- 1790- 178 187- DIED. -1795 -184^ -H75 -1550 -1354 -1S49 1809- 17L2- 1800- 1791- 1739- 1783- 1793- 14 9- 1640- 16SO- 1759- 1S08- 1744- 17H7- 1797- 1684- 1814- 17S 16>7- 1778- 1809- -1853 -1S55 -1311 -18*14 -1506 -1689 -1741 -1793 -1S30 1800- 1782- 1780- -1672 -1850 -1752 -1827 -1173 1858 -1857 B. c. 1-3 Cent. 1781 1856 -1820 1810 1828 1850 1854 1857 1855 1788 1796 1736 15th Cent. 1846 1852 1802 1837 1802 1822 1799 1802 1787 1811 176-' 1667 -1854 -1851 -1850 1729 698 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. NATION. Amer. Greek. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. N. A. led. French. Hex. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Arner. Eng. French. Eng. Ger. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Irish. Irish-Am. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Scot. Eng. Scot. Amer. Eng. Eng. Arner. Eng. Eng. Euss. Eng. Araer. Ger. Amer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. Atner. En?. Eng. Aust. Scot. -Am. Ger. Amer. Swiss. Ger. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. NAME AND PROFESSION. Bozman, John Leeds, historian and jurist . , Boz/:aris. Marco, patriotic leader ....... Brace, Charles Loring, philanthropist and traveller . Brackenridge, Henry M., jurist and diplomatist . Braddoek, Edward, general, defeated and killed in Va. Bradford, Alden, author of hist, of Massachusetts . Bradford, Andrew, printer, publisher of first newspaper in Phila. . Bradford, Wm., first printer in Pennsylvania . . Bradstreet, Anne, poetess (daughter of Gov. Dudley) Brant, Joseph (Thayendanega), a Mohawk chief . Brantome, Pierre de B., biographer and chronicler .... Bravo, Leonardo, revolutionary patriot ..... Bray, Anna Eliza, novelist (abt.) Breckenridge, John, D.D., theologian Breckenridge, John C., Vice-President U. S Breckenridge, Eobt. J., D.D., presbyt, theologian . Brewster, Wm., elder of the Plymouth pilgrims . . . . Bridgwater, Francis II. E.. duke of, founder of " Treatises " Briggs, Charles F., novelist and journalist . Brigham, Amariah, writer on insanity and philan Bright, John, " reform " politician and M.P Brinvilliers, Marie, marchioness of, poisoner Brittan, John, architectural and antiquarian writer .... Brock haus, Fried. A., founder of the publishing house Brodhead, John E., author of Hist, of New York .... Brodie, Sir Bcnj. C., P.E.S., surgeon and surgical author . Bronte, Charlotte, novelist . Brooke, Sir Jas., rajah of Sarawak, and author Brooks, Charles T., author of translations from German . Brooks, Erastus, journalist and politician Brooks, James, journalist and politician Brooks, Maria, poetess (Maria del Occidente) . Brougham, John, actor and author Brown, Alex., father of the eminent merchants, " Brown Brothers" Brown (Blackwell), Antoinette L., preacher and philanth. Brown, Goold, grammarian Brown. Henry Kirk, sculptor Brown, James, eminent publisher Brown, Nichobs, principal patron Brown Univ. .... Brown, Samuel, chemist and poet Brown, Thomas, satirist . . Brown, Thomas, metaphysician Brownell, Thos. C., Prot.'Epis.Bp. of Conn Browning, Eliz. Barrett, poet Browning, Robert, poet Brownson, Orestes A., metaphysical writer Brummell, Geo. Bryan, "Beau Brnmmeir' Brunei, Isambert K., engineer of Gr. Western and Great Eastern . Brunnow. Baron, diplomatist Brunton, Mary B., novelist (" Discipline," &c.) .... Bryant, Wm. Cullen, poet, traveller Buch, Leopold von, geologist Buchanan, James, i 5th President of the United States Buckingham, James Silk, traveller and author Buckingham, Joseph T., journalist and author Buckland, Win., D.D., geologist Buckminster, Joseph, D'.D.. theologian Buckminster, Jos. S., author of sermons, &c Buckstone, John B., actor and playwright Biilwer. Eos., Lady Bulwer Lytton, novelist Buol-Schauenstein, K. F., count, statesman Burden, Henry, inventor and mechanic Burger, G. A., poet Burges, Tristam, statesman and orator Burlamqui, Jean J., writer on civil law, Biirnu-ister, Herman, naturalist .... Bumap, Geo. W., clergyman and author ... Burnet, Jacob, pioneer of Cincinnati, and author Burnet. John, engraver, painter, and art critic . Burritt, Elihu, "the learned blacksmith," 1 and philanth. . BORX. 1757- 1789- DIED. 18-13 -1823 1786- 1715- 1765- 1686- 1659- 1612- 1742- 1540- 1792- 1800- 1797- 1821- 1800- 1560- 1756- -1753 -1843 -1712 -1752 -1672 -1807 -1614 -1S54 -1841 1793- 1811 1771 1772 1814 1.83 1816 1808 1818 1815 1810 1795 1S1C 1764 1825 1791 1814 1800 17C9 1817 1663 177S 1779 1809 1812 1803 1778 1806 1797 1778 1794 1774 1791 1784 1779 1784 1751 1784 1800 18(17 1797 1791 1748 1770 1694 1807 1802 1776 1784 1811 -1644 -1826 -1849 -1676 -ls.57 -1S23 -1855 -1845 -1S57 -1855 -1841 -1856 -17U4 -1&20 -1S40 -1S59 -1818 -1853 -1855 -1856 -1812 -1812 -1794 -1853 -1748 -1859 -1853 ADDENDA. 699 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BO-IN. Dir.ll. Amer. Burroughs, Stephen, notorious adventurer 1765 Is40 Eng. Burton, Win. E., actor and author i.-r.-j. 1860 Amer. Bush, tieorae, D. L>., theological and philosophical writer . . 1795 1859 Amer. Bushnell, Horace, L'.U., theol. and metaphys. author . . . 1st 2 Mex. Bustauiente, .-\ nastasio, President of Mexico ..... 17S2 1S51 Amer. Butler, Andrew P., U. S. senator from South Carolina . . . 1796 Eng. Butler, Charles, catholic historian and jurist 175:; 1832 Amer. Butlvr, Wm. Allen, poet Ib25 Amer. Butler, William O., statesman and general 1793 Eng. Buxton, Sir Thomas 1'owell. legisl. and philanth 178's 1S45 Amer. Byles, Mather, clergyman and author 17u; 1788 French. Cabet, Etienne, cominunist 17bS 1&56 Ital. Cabot, John, navigator and discoverer of iNorth America . . . Irish. Cade, John, the noted rebel "Jack Cade" = 1450 Amer. Cadwallader, John, oSleer in the Revolution 1743 17--G Ital. Cagliostro, Ales., count, swindling adventurer 1743 1795 French. Cailliaud, Frederic, traveller 17:7 Eng. Calumy, Edmund, presbyterian divine and author .... 1600 16G Amer. Caldwell, Charles, eminent physician and author .... 1772 1853 Amer. Caldwell. Uev. Jas., revolutionary patriot 1734 17sl Amer. Cahert, Geo. Henry, belles-lettres, author 18l3 French. Campan. .Jeanne L. H. G., educationist and author . . . 17.2 1S22 Amer. Campbell, Alex., founder of a religious sect ]792 Scot. Campbell, Sir Colin, British com. in India, &c. (now Lord Clyde) . 1791 French. Canrobert, Franc. C. de, general in Crimea, &c. ... . ISi 9 Ital. Cantu, Cesare. historian, poet, and philos. ... . 1805 Greek. Capo d'Istria, president of Greece, 1827-31 . . . 1776 1S31 Eng. Cardigan, J. P. I!., earl of, general of cavalry at Balaklava . 1797 Amer. Carey," Alice, author of poems and tales 1&2J Amer. Carey, Henry C., political economist 1793 Irish. Carleton, Wm., novelist . 179- Eng. Carlisle, G. W. F., 7th earl of, statesman and author Span. Carlos, don Maria Isidor, pretender to throne 178s 1855 Eng. Carpenter, Lant. Unitarian minister and author . . . 1780 Eng. Carpenter Wm. B., physiologist 18 Gua. Carrera, Rafael, ruler o'f Guatemala . Amer. Can-oil, Chas., last surviving signer of the Dec. of Indep. . . . 17o7 1832 Eng. Cartwright, Thos., puritan divine . . . . ' . . . 1E35 1603 Amer. Cass, Lewis, statesman and diplomatist 17S2- Amer. Cassin, John, ornithologist Port. Castro, Ines de, wife of Pedro king of Po-tugal . 1355 Sp.-Eng. Catherine of Arr.igon, wife of Henry VIII 1483 1536 Ital.-Fr. Catherine de Medici, wife of Henry "II. of France .... 1519 15S9 Eng. Catherine Parr, 6th and last wife of Henry VIII 1548 Amer. Catiin, George, artist and traveller among- Indians . French. Caulaincourt, A. A., duke of Vicenza, diplomatist . . 1773 1807 French. Cavaignac, Louis E.. gen., chief of Republic of 1848 . . . . 18o2 1857 Ital.-Eng. Cavallo, Tiberius, electrician, author of Nat. Philos 174^ 18,9 Eng. Cave, Edward, printer. I ookseller and author 1C91 1754 Ital. Cavour, Camillo di, count, Sardinian statesman 1S09 Eng. Cecil, Kob., earl of Salisbury, statesman (abt.) ...... 1550 1612 Eom. Cecil::\ a saint of the Reman Catholic church, patron of music . 2d Cent. Greek. Cecrops. 1st king of Athens (about) B. c. 1500 Ital. Cellini, Benvenuto, artist, jeweller, and author 1500 1570 Ital. Cenci, Beatrice, Roman maiden, tragically famed .... 1599 Ital. Cesare, Giuseppe, cavaliere di. historian 17S3 IslC Scot. Chambers, William, publisher and author . . . . IS.iO Scot. Chambers, Cobt., publisher and author 18--2 French. Chambord, H., count of. last scion of the house of Bourbon . . 1>20 Ger. Chamisso, A. von, author of "Peter Schlemihl," &c 1781 Amer. Channing, Edward T., essayist and reviewer 179U 1556 Amer. Channing, Wm. Henry, unitarian minister and author . . . 1810 Amer. Chapin, Kdwin II., eloquent clergyman and orator .... 1814 Eng. Charles, Edward, grandson of James II., and Pretender . . . l7i ; 1783 Amer. Chase, Philander, bishop of Prot. Epis. church, Ohio . . 1775 1852 Amer. Chase, Salmon P., senator of U. S. and yov. of Ohio . . . 1808 French. Chasles, V. E. I'hilarete, misc. writer ' 1799 French. Chastellux, F. J., marquis de, general and author .... 17-4 1788 Amer. Cheever, Geo. B., cong. clergyman and author 1S07 Amer. Cheesebro, Caroline, novelist" and essayist 700 THi: \VOKTJV3 PKOGKESS. NATIOX. AllKT. EBg. Anicr. Kntr.-Am. Eng. Ens! AiiHT. Ainer. Amer. Ainer. Eng. lioin. A raer. Ainer. Ainer. Amer. Amer. A uier. Crook. Greek. 8 wits. Fr.-Am. A in or. Amer. Amer. Fiench. Mex. Ainer. French. Ainer. Span. Amer. Eng. Ainer. French. Scot. Irish-Am Eng. Eng. Eng. Amor. Amer. Amer. Amer. French. Eng. Amer. Irish. Eng. Fr.-Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Cor. Scot Ainer. Irish. Irish. Eng. Eng. Amer. Beat. Scot. NAME AM) PROFESSION. CHlld, Lydia Maria, author of various works Cliillingvrorlh, Wm.. theologian and author Choate, i.'ufus, advocate, jurist and senator . . . . Choules. John Overton, L>.D., baptist minister and author . Cl.ii o. John, poet ... Clarendon, (j. \\' . F. Villiers, earl of, statesman ... Clark, Louis Gay lord, editor of "Knickerbocker" ... Chirk, \Vm., general, explorer of Rocky Mts Clarke, .las. Freeman, clergyman and author Clarke, McDonald, "the crazy poet 11 . . . C'larke, Mary Cowden, author of Concordance to Shaks., &c. . C-laudius, Appius, decemvir Clay, Cassias M., anti-slavery politician ..'.. Clay, Clement C., ex-senator of U. S. from Alabama . . Cl.iy, llenry, statesman and diplomatist Cl a ton, . I ohn M., senator and secretary of state ... Cloaveland, I'arkor, mineralogist and chemist .... Clemens, Jeremiah, U. S. senator from Alabama ... Clement, the name o? 14 popes, and 3 anti-popes ... Clement of Alexandria, a ' father of the church " Cleo:), an Athenian politician and demagogue .... CK-rc, Jean le, theological writer ...... Clere, Laurent, the oldest living teacher of deaf mutes Colton, Calvin, clergyman and political writer .... Colton, Geo. li., author of " Tecumseh, 1 " &c ..... Colton, Walter, liev., author of voyages and travels . Comines, Philip do, statesman and historian .... Comonfort, Youncio, president of Mexico . ... Comstock, John L.. author of popular schoolbooks Comptc. Auguste, metaphysician, founder of "positivism" Conant, Thos. J., D.D., biblical scholar and critic Concha, Jote de la, captain-general of Cuba Cone, Spencer Houghton. baptist clergyman .... Congreve, Sir Wm.. inventor of " Congreve rocket" Conrad, liobrrt T., judge, politician and poet .... Considerant, Victor, socialist philosopher ..... Constable, Archibald, publisher of Scott's poems, " Miscellany," &c. Con way, Thos., maj.-gen. in Kevolution, and "cabaler," &c. Conybeare, \Ym. D., clergyman and geologist .... Conybeare, W. G., son of "above, author of Life of St. Paul, Cook, Eliza, poetess ...... . Cooke. Philip P., poet ......... Cooke, John Ksten, novelist ar.d poet ..... Cooper. James Fenimore, novelist, traveller, and hist. Cooper, Peter, merchant and philanthropist, founder of Institute Corday d 1 Annans, M. Charlotte de^ guillotined in revolution . Cornbury, Ed. Hyde, lord, governor of New York Corwin, Thomas, statesman, sec. of treas., gov. of Ohio Costello, Louisa Stuart, author of memoirs, &c ..... Cotton, Charles, humorist and poet ...... Courayer, P. F. le, Koman Catholic theologian .... Cowper, Wm., lord chancellor (see page 66S) .... Cox, Samuel Hanson, presbyterian clergyman and author Cox, Arthur Cleveland, episcopal clergyman and poet Coxe, Tench, writer on political economy ..... Coz/ens, Fred. S., author of essays and poems .... Crabb. George, philologist, author of synonyms Craneh, Wm., jurist, judge U. S. District Court, D. C. . Crashaw. Kichard, poet and divine ...... Creuzer. Geo. Fred., philologist and antiquary .... Criehton. James. " the admirable Criehton " .... Crittenden. John J., statesman, U. 8. senator from Kentucky . CiM'Siis, king of Lydia, famed for riches ..... Croker, John Wilsmi, statesman and author .... Crokcr, Thos. Crofton, author of Fairy Legends, &c. Ciowo. Catherine, autlior of "IsMghtsidu of Nature" . Crnikshank. Geo., humorous artist ...... Cuffee, J'aul. philanthropic negro sea captain C'umniing, John, jtopular preacher and theol. author . Cummiug, iiouallyu W. G., sportsman, traveller, and author . BTED. 180C 1770 1810 1798 188 -1843 1810- 17;-9- 1777- 3796- 17&C- 1814- 165 178 1769- 181 S 1797 1445 1M2 17: 9 179S 18C2 1800 17 1772 1810 18C5 1776 B. c. 450 -1852 is:o -1653 229 o. 44% 1730 -1857 1847 -1509 -1853 -IboT 17S7- -1855 -1823 -1856 -1827 -1857 Ib57 1850 1851 1793 -1723 1687 177G B. c. 6th Cent. 1780 -I 57 17 1 J8 185-1 17.9- -1518 1820- ADDENDA. 701 XATION. Amer. Ainer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. -Am. Amer. Pers. Pers. Pol. French. Amer. S\ve. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Venet. Amer. French. Ital. Eng. Ainer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. French. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Ger.-Am. Eng. Amer. Swiss. Swiss. Pol. Greek. Mace. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. French. S-pan. Swe. Eng. Ger. Amer. Span. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Ger. Eng. NAME AND PROFESSION. Curtis, Benj. R., jurist and judge of Supreme Court, U. S. Curtis, Geo. Ticknor, political writer and jurist Curtis, Geo. Wm., essayist, traveller, and critic . dishing, Caleb, 'statesman and jurist Cushman, Charlotte S., actress Cushman, Robert, one of the founders of Plymouth . Cusris, Geo. W. Parke. adopted son of Washington . Cyril of Alexandria, saint and patriarch, and theol. writer Cyril of Jerusalem, saint and archbishop, and author Cyrus, the Elder, founder of the Persian empire . Cyrus, the Younger, (son of Darius Nothus, king of Persia) Czartoryski, Adam, prince, head of the Polish nation Daguerre, Louis J. M., inventor of u daguerreotyping" Dahlgreen, John A., naval officer and author Dahlinan, Fred. C., historian Dale, Richard, commodore in Revol. war Dallas, Geo. M., vice-pros. U. S. and diplomatist . Dallas, Kobt. Charles, author Dana, James D., mineralogist, geologist, &c Dana, Richard H., poet and essayist Dana, Richard H., jr., advocate and traveller .... Dana, Sainl. L., agricultural chemist Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice Dane, Nathan, jurist and legal author Danton, Geo. Jacques, leading revolutionist .... Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet and dramatist (d, at N. Y.) . Darling, Grace, famed for rescue of nine persons wrecked Darlington, Wm., botanist and politician Darwin, Charles, naturalist Daubeny, Chas. G. B., natural philos. and geologist . Davenant. Sir \Vm., dramatist Davies, Charles, mathematician Davis, Andrew J., clairvoyant and writer on " spiritualism " . Davis, Chas. H., mathematician and naval officer Davis, Jefferson, general and U. S. senator from Mississippi . Davis, John, gov. Mass., U. S. senator from Mass. . Davis, Matthew L., biographer of Burr, &c Davoust, Louis N., one of Bonaparte's generals Day, Stephen, the first printer in New England Dayton, Win. Lewis, jurist and statesman .... De Bow, J. D. B., journalist and statistician .... Decker, Thomas, dramatic poet Dee, John, mathematician and astrologer De Kalb, John, baron, major-general m Am. revol. army Dela Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist De Laircey, Wm. H., epis. bishop of western New York . De Lolme, Jean L., author of a work on the English constitution Deluc, Jean Andre, natural philosopher Dembinski, Henry K., general in Hungarian revolt . Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian orator and statesman . . B. Demetrius Poliorcetes, one of the successors of Alex, the Great De Morgan, Augustus, mathematician . . . . . Denman, Thos., "lord, chief justice of Ensland .... Dennie, Joseph, author, and editor of " Portfolio," &c, Dennis, John, critic, embalmed in "Dunciad" .... De Quincey, Thomas, essayist and critic Derby, Edw. G. S. Stanley, 14th earl of, statesman . Desmoulins, Canaille, revolutionist and author .... De Solo, Fernando, discoverer of the Mississippi De Vere, Maximilian Schele. philologist and essayist Devereux, Robt, 3d earl of Essex, parliamentary general De Wette, Win. M. L., theologian and biblical critic . . Dewey, Orville, Unitarian divine and essayist .... Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, adventurer and chronicler (about) Dickens, Charles, novelist Dickinson, Daniel S., statesman Dickinson, John, statesman, author of " Farmer's Letters'" Dic.kson, Saml. Henry, physician and medical author Dietfenbach, John Fred., surgeon and surgical author Dilke, Chas. W., journalist, editor of Athenaeum DIED. B. c. 559 B. c. 400 1770 1860 1789 1851 -1828 -1324 -1205 -1835 -1794 -1838 -1843 -16S8 -1S54 -1850 -1823 -1663 -1633 -16C6 -1780 -1S55 B. C. -1806 -1817 -1S54 -1812 -17S3 -1359 -1543 -1646 -1S49 -1808 -184T 702 THE WORLD'S PEOGEESS. NATION. Eom. Swiss. Greek. Greek. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Span. Ital. Ital. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng.-Arn, Eng. Eng. French. Scot. Eng. Rom. Amer. French. French. Eng. -Am Amer. Amer. Scot. Swiss. French. Amer. Eng. French. French. Scot. Eng. A mer. Eng. Scot. Eng. Amer. Amer. Ger. Amer. Amer. Scot. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. NAME AND PROFESSION. Diocletian, Valerius, emperor Diodati, Giovanni, theologian, trans, of Bible . Dionysius of Alexandria, saint, and bishop of the church . Dionysius the Areopagite, learned Athenian Christian Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of Syracuse Dix, Dorothea L., philanthropist, founder of asylums Dix, John Adams, U". S. senator from New York, &c. Dixon, Wm. Hepworth, author and critic Doane, Geo. W., prot. epis. bishop of New Jersey, poet, &c. Dobell, Sydney, poet Dodsle} 7 , Kobt., publisher and author ...... Dominic de Guzman, founder of preaching friars Donatello (Doneto di Belto di Bardi), sculptor .... Donizetti, Gaetano, musical composer. ..... Donne. John, poet and theologian Donovan, Edw., writer on natural history Dorr, Thos. W., politician, elected (?) governor of Ehode Island Douce, Francis, antiquarian, author Douglas, Sir Howard, general, military and naval author . Douglas, Stephen Arnold, 7J. S. senator from Illinois Douglas, Frederick, abolitionist, politician, and editor Dow, Lorenzo, an eccentric preacher Downes, John, commodore in IT. S v Navy Downing, Andrew J., author of works on landscape gardening, horticulture Dowse, Thos., a leather-dresser, collector of a rare library Drake, Jos. Bodman, poet, Drake, Samuel G., historian of the Indians, "Boston," &c. Draper, John W., chemist and physiologist .... Drayton, Michael, poet, " Poly-olb'ion " Drew, Samuel, inethodist divine, and theological author . Drouyn de Lhuys, Edward, statesman Drummond, William, poet Drummond, Sir William, scholar, author, and diplomatist Drusus, Claudius Nero, general in Gaul and Germany Duane, W r m., politician and editor of "Aurora" Ducange, Chas. du Fresne, historian and philologist . Ducas, Michael, Byzantine historian Dudevant, Amantine, L.A.D. ("Geo. Sand"), novelist Dudley, Thos., Joseph, Paul, royal governors of Mass. Duer, John, judge of Sup. court, N. Y Duer, Wm. Alex., jurist, president of Columbia college . Duff, Alex., D.D., missionary in India Dufour, Guil. Henri, general and military author Dufrenoy, Pierre A., geologist and mineralogist Duganne, Augustine J. H., poet, novelist, and politician . Dugdale, Sir Win., antiquarian author Duhalde, Jean B., geographer Dumas, Alex, (the younger), novelist and dramatist . Dundas, Henry, viscount Melville, statesman . Dundouald, earl of (" lord Cochrane "), admiral Dunglisson, Kobley, M.I)., medical author Dunning, John, lord Ashburton, lawyer Duns Scotus, John, scholastic theologian . Dunstan, saint, abbot of Glastonbury, and politician Durand, A sher Brown, painter and engraver . Durbin, John P., inethodist divine and author . Durer, Albert, painter and engraver ...... Duyckinck, Evert Aug., author and critic Duyckinck, Geo. Long, author and critic .... Dyoc, Alex., author and critic Dyer, John, poet ("The Fleece") Dymond, Jona., writer on ethics and philanthropist . Eastburn, Manton, episcopal bishop of Mass Eastlake, Sir Chas. L., painter and art critic . Eaton, Wm., military otficer and consul in Africa Eckford, Henry, eminent shipbuilder Edwards, John W., jurist and writer on Spiritualism Edwards, Bela B., theologian and miscellaneous author . . A. r>. 1st Cent. B. c. 430 867 and 1573- -1.-37 B. c. 38- 1760- -1688 15th Cent. 1782 -1S58 -1857 -1811 796- -1528 -1811 ADDENT5A. 703 NATION. Amer. Amer. Ainer. 1-lem. Amer. En:;. Kng. A mer. ling. Ainer. Eng. A mer. Amor. Eng. Ainer. Eng. Eng. Ens. Eng. Eng. French. Dutch. A mer. A mer. A mer. Eng.-Am Ger. French. Greek. Swe.-Am, Scot. Assyr. Spun. French. Eng. Span. A mer. Arner. A mer. Ger. Eng -Am Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ital. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. French. French. French. Amer. Eng. Amer. Scot. Scot. Amer. Amer. Ger. Ger. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. AND PROFESSION. EOTCN. DIED. Edwards, Jona. (the younger), president Union college and theolog, 1745 1801 Edwards, Tryon (grandson of the last), theological and historical author Edwards, Justin, clergyman and author ...*... Egmont, Lamor;;], count, patriot, and martyr ..... Eliot, Samuel, author of History of Liberty Elleiiborough, Edw. Law, lord, chief justice Ellenboroagh, Edw. L., earl of. gov.-gun. of India .... Ellery, Win., signer of Declaration of independence .... Ellesmere, Fr. Egerton. earl of, statesman and author Ellet, Eliz. F., biographer and critic Elliotson, John, physician and physiologist (about) .... Ell. ott, l'h:is. Wyllys, anlhor of History of Mew England . Elliott, Chas. Loring, portrait painter Elliott, Ebenezer, poet (* Corn Law Ehymes ") .... Ellis, Geo. E., Unitarian clergyman and author ..... Eliis, Sir Henry, antiquary and author Ellis, \Vm., Rev., missionary and author (about) .... Elliston, lLobt. AY., actor Elmes, James, architect and author Elphinstoue, Mount Stuart, hist, of India Elssler, Fanny, danseuse ......... Elzevir, Louis, M. G. B., and A., printers 16th Emerson, Geo. B., educator and author Emerson, Ralph AYaldo. poet and essayist Eminons, Nathaniel, D.D., theologian and author .... Endicott, John, gov. of Massachusetts Endlicher, Stephen L., botanist and linguist ..... Enghien, Louis H. de Bourbon, duke of (executed) .... Eratosthenes, astronomer, geologist, poet, and philosopher . B. c. Ericsson, John, inventor and engineer Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian Esarhaddon, son and successor to Sennacherib, king of Assyria Espartero, J. B., duke of Vittoria, statesman and soldier .' Estaing, Chas. IT., count d', naval commander Etheredge, Sir George, comic author and dramatist .... Eugenie, Marie de Guzman, empress of France IS'26 Evans, Oliver, inventor and engineer 17*5 1819 Evarts, Jeremiah, sec. Amer. B. C. For. Missions .... 1781 liol Everett, Edward, statesman, diplomatist, and author . . . 179-1 Ewald, Geo. II. A. von, orientalist and theologian ..... 1803 Ewbank, Thos., writer on practical mechanics . ... 1792 Ewing, Thos., statesman and jurist 1789 Exmouth, Edw. Pellew, viscount, admiral 1757 1833 Faber. Fred. AVm., Roman Catholic priest, and theological author . 1815 Fabyan, Robert, chronicler 1450 1515 Facciolato, or Facciolati, Jac., philologist Fairfax, Edw., poet, translator of Tasso Falkland, Lucius Cary, viscount, politician and author Fanshawe, Sir Richard, poet and diplomatist . Farmer, Hugh, theologian . Farrar, John, mathematician and author Faucher, Leon, political economist Fauriel, Claude, historian and belles-lettres author . Favre, G. C. Jules, lawyer and politician Fay, Theo. S., author and diplomatist Fellows, Sir Charles, traveller in the East Felton, Cornelius C., scholar and critic, pres. of Harvard college Fergusson, Jas., architect and writer on art .... Ferrier, Mary, novelist Fessenden, Thos. Green, author and journalist .... Fessenden, Wm. Pitt, IT. S. senator from Maine Feuerbach, Ludwig, philosopher and author .... Fichte, John G., philosopher 1762 1814 Field, David Dudley, jurist and advocate 1805 Field, Cyrus AV., promoter of Atlantic telegraph .... 1819- Field, Henry Martyn, clergyman, journalist, and author . . . 1822 Fielding, Copley Vandyke, painter in water colors . Fillmore, Millafd, 13th president U. 8 Finney, Chas. G., preacher and theological writer . . . 1831 and 17th Cent. 1797 180,3 1589 1665 1804 1849 1772 lSr4 27(5 196 1803 1680 1756 B. c. 7th Cent 1792 1729 1794 1C86 1C94 -1337 704 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. Pers. Amer. Amer. Eom. Eom. Eng. Scot. Scot. Eng. Eng. Ger. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Ital. Amer. Ger. Eng. Ital. Ital. Ger. French. Amer. Eng. Amer. Ital. Savoy. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Ger. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Ger. Swiss. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eom. Eng. -Am Amer. Amer. Euss. Buss. Jew. Span. Eng. Ital. Amer. Eng. Eng. French. French. Span. Amer. Bwe. Eng. Eom. French. French. French. NAME AND PROFESSION. Firdusi, or Ferdusi, poet, author of 60,000 verges Fisk, Wilbur, pres. Vesleyan Univ., " Travels," &c. . Fitch, John, inventor, pioneer of steam navigation Flaminius, Titus Quintus. general and consul Fluminins, Cains, general, consul, and censor of tribune Flamsteed, John, first astronomer-royal Fleming, .John, naturalist BORN. 940- 1792- 1743- c. 230- Fletcher, Andrew, " of Saltoun," statesman and author Fletcher, Giles, poet Fletcher, Phineas, poet Flugel, John G., lexicographer Forbes, Edward, naturalist and author Forbes, John, M.D., medical writer Force. Peter, journalist and historian . Ford, Richard, author of works on Spain Foresti, E. Felice, patriot and literateur Forrest, Edwin, actor ..... Forster, John It., traveller and naturalist . Forster, John, journalist and author Foscari, Francesco, 45th doge of Venice Foscolo, Nicol Ugo, poet and musical author Fouque, Fried. 11. K. de la Motte, author of" Undine," &c. Fourier, Francois M. C., writer on social science . Fowler, Orson S., phrenologist Fox, Sir Charles, engineer, builder of Crystal Palace . Francia, Jose G. E., dictator of Paraguay ...... Francis, John W., physician and author Francis, Saint, founder of " Franciscans" ...... Francis de Sales, saint and bishop Franklin, Sir John, admiral and Arctic explorer . Freeman, James, D.D., first Unitarian minister in U. S. . Frelinghuysen, Theo., statesman Fremont, Chas. James, explorer and statesman Freneau, Philip, poet and journalist Frere, John Hookham, poet and diplomatist Froebel, Julius, traveller and author . . Frothingham, Eichard, Jr., historian and jo-nrnalist . Fry, \Vm. Henry, composer and journalist Fuller, Eichard, D.D., baptist preacher and author . Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist Furness, Win. Henry, D.D., Unitarian preacher and author Furst, Julius, orientalist and philologist Fuseli, Henry, painter, and writer on art Gadsden, Christopher, revolutionary statesman Gadsden, James, statesman and negotiator Gage, Thos., last royal governor of Massachusetts Gaius, or Caius. jurist and legal w r riter Gales, Joseph, founder of National Intelligencer Gallagher, W m. D., journalist and poet . ... Gallaudet, Thos., founder of the first American Asylum for Deaf and Dumb Gallitzin, the name of several distinguished princes . Gallitzin, Demetrius Aug., a noble, missionary priest Gamaliel, a Pharisee, doctor of the law . . Garcilasso de la Vega, one of the conquerors of Peru Gardiner, Stephen, Eoman Catholic prelate Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriotic general and leader Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, politician Garth, Sir Samuel, physician and poet Gaskell, Elizabeth C., novelist Gaston de Foix, duke of Nemours, general " Gavarni," real name Sulpice Paul Chevalier, caricaturist Gayangos, Pascual de, oriental scholar and historian . Gayarre, Chas. A., historian Geyer, Eric Gustaf, historian and poet Gell, 8ir Wm., scholar and antiquary, (Pompeii and Eome) Gellius, Aulus, grammarian Genest, or Genet, Edward C., dip!6matist . Gooffroy Saint Ullairo, Eticnue, zoologist . Gerard, Etienne Maurice, connt, marshal of France . -1853 -1858 -1793 -1457 -1827 -1843 -1837 1840 1226 -1622 -1847 -1835 -1832 -1846 1787- -1805 -1858 178T 1st Cent. -1851 16th to 19th Cent. . 1770 1840 83 1559 . 1483 1555 . 1SO . 1805 . 171* . 1820 . 1489 1512 . 1801 . 1809 . 1805 . 1783 184T . 1777 1886 . A. D. 2d Cent. . 1765 1834 1T72 1844 1778 1352 ADDENDA. 705 NATION. NAME AXD PEOFK8SION. Amer. Gerstacker. Fried., novelist and traveller Ger. Gervinus. Geo. Gottfried, historian and politician .... Ger. Gesenius, Fried. Hein. Win., orientalist and bib. critic Swiss. Gesner. Konrad von, naturalist Amer. Gibbes. Eobt. Wilson, physician and author ... Amer. Gibbs, Josiah W., philologist Eng. Gibson, Thos. Milner, statesman .Anier. Giddings, Joshua Eeed, statesman <&er. Gieseler, John K. L., church historian Scot. Gilfillan, Geo., clergyman and author Amer. Gillespie, Win. M.. professor, and author on engineering . Eng. Gilray, James, engraver and caricaturist Amer. Gilman, John T., noted governor of New Hampshire Amer. Gilinan, Samuel, Unitarian clergyman and author .... Ital. Gioberti, Vincenzo, philosopher, priest, and statesman Sw.-Am. Girard, Charles, naturalist Fr.-Am. Girard, Stephen, merchant, banker, millionaire French. Girardin, Emile de, journalist Eng. Gladstone. Win. Ewart, statesman and author Eng. Glanvill, Joseph, divine, philosopher, and author .... Ei!.'. Gleig, Geo. liobt., clergyman and author Welch. Grlendower, Owen, chieftain Eng. Gliddon, G*. Robins, Egyptologist and author Ger. Gluck, Christop. W. von, musical composer Eng. Godolphin. Sidney, earl of, statesman Span. Godoy, Manuel de, statesman, " prince of the peace "... Amer. Godwin, Parke, journalist and historian Eng. Good. John Mason, physician and author Amer. Goodrich. Chauncey A., scholar and divine Amer. Goodrich, Samuel Griswold, "Peter Parley," voluminous author Amer. Goodrich, Frank B. (son of the last), author Amer. Goodyear, Charles, inventor, and india rubber patentee . Eng. Gordon, " lord George," political agitator Eng. Gordon, Wm., author of history of the United States Eng. Gore, Catherine G., novelist . Eng. Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, " lord-proprietor of Maine " . Hung. Gorgey, Arthur, general in the revolution (supposed traitor) . Euss. Gortchakoff, Michail, prince, general in Crimea, &c Euss. Gortchakoff, Alex., prince, diplomatist Amer. Gorton, Samuel, enthusiast and author Eng. -Am. Gough, John B., lecturer on temperance Irish.- Gough, Hugh, viscount, general in India, &c Amer. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist and physician Amer. Gould, Hannah F., poet (about) Eng. Gould, John, naturalist and author French. Gourgaud, Gaspard, baron, one of Napoleon's generals Scot. Graham, John, viscount of Dundee, lord Grahame of Claverhouse, general French. Grammont, Count Philibert, licentious author of " Memoirs" . French. Granicr, Adolphe, journalist and historian Scot. Grant. James, journalist and author Scot. Grant, James, novelist Span. Granvelle, Ant. Pierr., cardinal de, statesman Eng. Granville, G. G. Leveson-Gower, 2d earl of, statesman . Irish. Grattan, Thomas Colley, novelist Amer. Gray, Asn, botanist .... Amer. Gray, Henry Peters, painter Eng. Gray. John' Edward, naturalist (about) Amer. Graydon, Alex., author of Revolutionary "Memoirs" Amer. Greeley, Horace, journalist and politician Amer. Green, Ashbel, D.D., clergyman and author Amer. Green, Horace, physician/author of medical works . Amer. Greene, Geo. Washington, scholar and critic Amer. Greene, Nathaniel, author and journalist .... Amer. Greene. Chas. G, journalist and politician . Eng. Greene. Eobt. dramatist Amer. Greenleaf, Simon, jurist and author ." Amer. Greenough, Horatio, sculptor and author Eng. Greville, Sir Folke (lord Brooke), statesman and author Amer. Griffin, Edw, D., D.D., theologian BOEX. 1816 1805 1786- 1516 1809 1790 1807 1795- DIED. -1842 -1565 1854 -1815 -1828 -1858 -1S52 -1831 -16SO -1827 -I860 -1860 -1793 -1807 -1647 -1677 -1852 -1689 -1707 -1586 706 THE WORLD'S PKOGKESS. NATION. Irish. Ainer. Ainer. Ainer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Ital. French. Priffl f- ,J Griffin, Gernld. novelist Griscom. John, educator, philanthropist ***** Grose, Francis, antiquary and author Gross, Samuel D. physician, surgeon, and author Grote, George, author of History of Greece ;uerrazzi. Francesco D., author and politician Guillotm, Joseph J., benevolent phy s ician, inventor of theW g;, fs^^jaaa^^^\ ; :|s=sj fe S^^^^^^SS^!^^ ' : = fewe. Gustavus III., kins of Sweden ^~ -1500 Gustavus IV., Adolphus, king of Sweden - 1 ' 92 pSn'h uthric V JameS ' sec Wv of the tre^nrv to Pierce ~ 1S3T ciJC/Q \j" 11 von J t 1 in n i 1 A f T^ fi *i i *i \ r ++ * * w , 9 ^ .1 ( y5 - Eng. Guyon, Richard D General in scVvke^fH :eacher and writer 16 43 1717 Sw.-Am. Guyot, Arnold H., Writer on phvsical geo-rinhv 1 " 70 " ' ' ?! J 5 185G : ! IIEE>- Amer. Hackett, Horatio B., bib'lical 'critic ' ] ? 5 1645 Amer. Hackett, James H., actor ' ] 8^ Hagenbaeh, Karl K., ecclesiastical' historian Hahn, August, theological writer ' ' 1;>01 Amer. SSSSS^t^^S^^&Sf^ ' '' ^ == 1848 A YYI i M TT 1 f~v J * " ^J* "f ^i 1 " ^^ " *-! ^" V J.^'il Vltl 1 Oil TT1 "I I 1 ^i" ft "ill 11 /I i -f* XT T*" T * A 3r I ^"~ ^~ ~ Amer. Hale, John Parker' U s senif f- ^i " onrna l of Commerce . 1791- 1849 Hale, Nathan, iournalist (Boston Daily AdV ) ' 1776 ^^V S a ! 6 ' Sar r h G " P et and P ros e writer . French. Halevy, J. F. C., musical composer = i iifcu. F^. er * n a ii' J r &me ^ ? eolo ? ist and paleontologist ' a , Joseph bishop of Norwich, tbeofosrica'l author ' Hall, Samuel Carter, author and iournalist * 1656 Amer. Ilalleck, Fitz-Greene poet ... . 1-00- Am^r SoffTvV^ 8 Orch "d, ar'chffiologist and author ^iLiiL-r. JlflllOCK. (jrCrrirn Pnitnr nf T'iu**nnl .4Po * * i J-O2 >-t ii TJ M T> fouriJcH *^i v omincrc6 N Y tcn/i ^artu. riamiicar, liurca, a Cftrtha*inian o'pnen] * * Amer. Hamilton. Janic* 5 st'itesnnn T T ^ * ... B. c. 2*29 Hamilton, Sir Wm./diplonSt t and an" tZu^f ^ C 1 ' JIJJ- bcot. Ham, ton, Sir AVm., nu-taphvsician Hamilton, WilMam Bichard/archteolorfst * ]-~ " 56 fe SSSistt- : ; j^ Carth. Hannibal, or Annibal, general a-ainst ROTTIA ' ' 7oC 1SS5 Hanno, navigator B - c - 247 183 Hanno, the Great, general and statesman ' Bp ' 5th Cellt fr- KSjS%5r^ : .- : , Amer. Harding, Chester, portrait painter 22 S' gj^Jj&Jg- ' artist and author on art .' .' ' ^799 Eng. Hare, Julius Chas. archdeacon theolmH i ' -f '^ ^859 Amer. Harper James John J \V "'f " : ; ; }^ :;?g ADDENDA. 707 STATION. Ger. Ger. French. Lug. Amer. Eug.-Am A uier. Jing. Auier. Aiaer. Eng. Aiiier. Eug. Eng. Eng. Kng. Amer. Amer. Lug. Ger. Aiiier. Eiig.-Am. Amer. Ger. Rom. French. Eng. French. Eng. Eng. Flem. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Port. Amer. Rom. Eng. Eng. Eug.-Am Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Hex. Eng. Eng. Kuss. Eng. Ainer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Greek. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Hung. >-AME AND PROFIvSSIOX. Kase, Karl Aug., theological author Hasenclever, Jno. Peter, painter (Dusseldorf school) . H. .&'.-, Ik-ne Just, iiiiiicniloirist Has clock, Henry, general in India Haven, Alice t>., author of juvenile books Haviland. John, architect Ilawes, Joel, congregational clergyman and author . Hawkins, Sir Jno.. author of "History of Music, 11 &c. Hawks, Francis Lister, episcopal divine and historian Hawthorne. Nathaniel, novelist Haydon, lienj. A., histor. painter Hayut/s, Lemuel, colored preacher and patriot .... Hay ward. Abraham, translator of Faust Hazlitt, Y\'in (i he younger! editor and translator, &c. Head, Sir Francis B., ajithor of Travels, &c Head, Sir Geo;, author of " Koine," &c. ..... Headley. Joel T., author of biographies and histories Heath, Wm., maj. gen. in Revolution, author of Memoirs . Ileber, Richard, bibliomaniac and book collector Hecker, Fred. K. F., politician Hecker, Isaac T., Roman Catholic clergyman and author . Ileckwelder, John, Moravian missionary and author . Hedge, Fred. H., clergyman and author Heineccius, Jno. G., juridical author Helena, St., wife of Constantins Chlorua, emperor Heloise, abbess of the Paraclete, famed for intrigue with Abelard Helps, Arthur, essayist and dramatist Helvetius, Claude A., philosopher Henlrey, Arthur, botanist Henley. John, clergyman and author, "Orator Henley" . Hennepin, Louis, missionary and explorer of N. A. . Henningsen, Chas. Fred., author and soldier .... Henry, Caleb 5;., clergyman and author Henry, Joseph, physicist, director of Smithsonian Institution . Henry. Matthew, author of comment, on the Bible . Henry the Navigator, prince (3d son of John I.) ... Hcntz, Caroline Lee. novelist ....... Heraclius (born in Cappadocia), emperor of the East Herbert. Edward, lord of Cherbury, diplomatist and philosopher Herbert, George, clergyman and poet Herbert, Henry Win., novelist and miscellaneous author . Herbert, Sidney, statesman Herbert, Win. (3d earl of Pembroke), poet .... Herbert, Wm., dean of Manchester, poet and philosopher llerndon, Wm. L., naval commander and explorer . Herod the Great, king of the Jews Herod Agrippa I., king of Judea, (grandson of last) . . . i Herrera, Jose J. de, President of Mexico Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer Hervey, Thos. K., poet and prose writer ..... Herzen, Alex., publicist, editor, and author .... Heywood, Thos., humorist and dramatist . . Hickok, Laurens P., metaphysical author ..... Hicks, Elias, preacher of the Society of Friends Hildreth, Richard, author of History of the United States Hill, Rowland, Rev., eccentric clergyman Hill, Rowland, viscount, general in Spain and Waterloo . Hill, Rowland, author of cheap postage in England . Hil lard, Geo. S., author and journalist Hind, John Russel, astronomer Hinton, John Howard, author of History of United States Hipparchus, astronomer Hippolytus, Saint, ecclesiastical writer Hitchcock, Edward, D.D., theologian and geologist . Hobhouse, John Cam, 1 >rd Broughton. author and statesman . Hodge, Charles, Rev., theological writer Hoe, Richard M., an inventor of printing presses Hoffmann. Chas. Fenno, poet and novelist H oilman, David, lawyer and author Hoaenlohe, prince o prelate and alleged miracle-worker DIED. IT 2 13C5 18.4 17-7 1814 1773 1833 -1S23 -1TT1 -1756 -IGliQ -1830 -1833 -1842 B. c. 2d Cent. A. D. 3d Cent. 1793 1797 1812- im: 6 1TS4 ISM 1793 1&49 708 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. Anier. A mer. Eng. Anier. En- Eng.-Am Amor. Ainer. Ainer. Ainer. A mer. Flein. Eng. Eng Eng. Koin. }; elich. Fi ench. Fi ench. A mer. Anier. Aim-r. Ainer. Eng. Eng. ft g- Eng. Swiss. French. Ger. French. Irish-Am, A men Ger. Eng. A mer. A mer. A mer. Eng. Anier. Eng. A mer. Eng. Eug. A mer. A mer. Eng. A mer. Ger. French. Greek. Jew. Turk. A mer. A mer. Scot. Greek. Kng. Ainer. A mer. A mer. Ainer. Anu-r. Span, NAME ANI> PROFESSION. Holbrook, John E., naturalist Holland, Josiah G., journali-st, poet, and essayist Holman, James, a blind traveller and author .... Holmes, Oliver Wendell, physician, poet, and essayist Hooker, Jos. D., physician and botanist Hooker, Thos., theological writer and preacher .... Hopkins, Esek., first conm.odore U. S. Navy .... llopkiLB. John II.. protest, epis. bishop of Vermont, and author Hopkins, Mark, clergyman and author Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration of Independence liopkinson, 1 rancis, signer of Dec. of Independence, and author Lorn, Phil, do Mont., count of, soldier and statesman IU;ine, Lichard H., poet ami essayist Home, '] hoinas Hartwell, biblical critic and historian Homer, Francis, statesman and essayist ..... Iiortensius, i^uintus, orator Houdin, Lobert, conjurer ........ Houclon. Jean Antonio, sculptor Houssaye, A re&ne, miscellaneous writer Houston, bam., general, goveinor, and ex-president of Texas . Howard, John Eager, revolutionary soldier and statesman Howe, Elias, Jr., inventor of tewing machines .... House, Samuel G., physician and philanthropist Howe, Lichard, eail, admiral Howe, Geo. Aug., general in colonial war Howe, bir Win., coiiimundcr-in-chicf in America liowell, James, author of "Letters" ...... liowitt, Win., traveller, essayist, &c. Howitt, Mary B. (wiiV of \\iii.), novelist and poet . II u her, Francois, naturalist Hue, Kvariste K., cath'. Span. Isabella II., queen of Spain liSO Heb. Isaiah, the greatest of the Hebrew prophets .... French. Isambert, Franc A., politician and jurist . .... Amer. Ives. Levi S., ex-protestant episcopal bishop of North Carolina Amer. Izard, Ralph, statesman (of South Carolina) Amer. Jackson, James, eminent physician Amer. Jackson, Patrick T., eminent merchant Amer. Jackson, Charles T., chemist, mineralogist, geologist French. Jacquard, Jos. M., inventor of the Jacquard loom French. Jacquemont, Victor, traveller and naturalist Amer. James. Henry, philosophical writer . .... Eng. James, John Angell, congregational clergyman and author Eng. Jameson, Anna, essayist and writer on art Scot. Jameson. Robert, naturalist and author Pers. Jami, or Djami, poet Scot. Jamieson, John, D.D., miscellaneous author .... Ital. Januarius, patron saint of Naples Amer. Jarves, James J., traveller and author Amer. Jarvis, Samuel F., D.D., historian and theologist Amer. Jasper, William, heroic soldier of the Revolution .... Amer. Jay, Wm., judge, anti-slavery philanthropist Eng. Jay, Wm., D.D., religious writer Eng. Jeffreys, Geo., an twi'amous judge ....... Hindoo. Jejeebhoy, Sir Jainsetjee, Parsee merchant and philanthropist . Aust. Jellachich, de Buzim, J., baron, ban of Croatia Scot. Jerdan, William, journalist Eng. Jerrold, Douglas Win., essayist Hoi. Johannes Secundus (Johannes Everard) poet French. Johannot, Tony, artist and -designer Pol. John III., Sobieski, king of Poland and general Ger. John, king of Saxony and author . . > . ... Eng. John of Gaunt (or Ghent), duke of Lancaster Heb. John the Evangelist Amer. Johnson, Alex. B., philologist and miscellaneous writer . Amer. Johnson, Andrew, IT. S. senator from Tennessee .... Amer. Johnson, Reverdy, jurist and statesman Amer. Johnson, Rich. M., general and statesman, vice-president Amer. Johnson, Samuel, first president Columbia college and author . Amer. Johnson, Walter R., physicist Ir.-Amer. Johnson, Sir Wm., general and governor in North America Amer. Johnson, Wm., judge of Supreme Court, U. S., and author Scot. Johnston, Alex. K., geographer Scot. Johnston, Geo., writer and naturalist Scot. Johnston, Jas. F. W., chemist and agricultural author French. Joinville, Jean, sire, chronicler French. Joinville, Franc, prince de, third son of Louis Philippe Fr.-Am. Jolliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the Mississippi Amer. Jones, Anson, last president of the Republic of Texas Amer. Jones, Jacob, commodore in the U. S. Navy Eng. Jones, Owen, architect and decorator ... ... Eng. Jones, Thus. Ryiner, writer on anatomy and physiology . Ice. Jonsson, Finnur, Icelandic historian . .... Irish. Jordan, Dorothy, actress, mistress of William IV Dan. Jorgenson, Jorgen, adventurer and author Heb. Joshua, successor of Moses as leader of the Israelites Heb. Josiah, 17th king of Judah B. Jovianus, Flavins C., emperor Mex. Juarez, Benito, statesman and president Juba, king of Numidia Juba, king of Mauritania and historian Amer. Judd, Sylvester, author of "Margaret " Amer. Judson, Adoniram, missionary in India Amer. Judson, Ann Hazeltine, first wife of above Amer. Judson, Sarah Boardman, second wife of above Amer. Judson, Emily Chubbuck, third wife of above and author, ("Fanny Forester" 1 ) Jugurtha, a Numidian king Swiss. Jullien, Louis G., musical composer, &c Hindoo. Jung Bahadoor, prime minister of Nepaul Ger. Jung-Stilling, John H., mystic author DIED. B. c. (about) 800 17!>2 1857 1797 1742 1SC4 1777 17.-0 1847 1752 1F34 ISO! 183:2 -lf-5-i -If, 2 - 305 -1689 -1857 -1852 -1850 -1772 -1 ^52 -1774 -1834 -1 = 55 -1819 1779 is3J B. c. 150) c. 647 61 9 64 1807 B. c. 46 B. c. IS 1853 1834 B. C. 1' 4 1^60 1817 710 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION*. Greek. Greek. Swe. Amer. French. Ens. Irish. Eng. Eng. Eng. Irish. French. French. En;,'. Eng. Eng. Ger. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Irish-Am Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. EL,'. Arner. Eng. Amer. Eng. Hung. Ger. Anier. Eng. Eng. Irish. Dan. Ger. Hung. Hung. Pol. Ger. Ger. Euss. Ger. French. Ital. Eng. French. French. liom. French. French French. Scot. Amer. Ital. NAMK AND PROFESSION. Justin. Flavins. A. J., "the elder," By/.antine emperor . Ji.st uian I. (Fliv. A.J.), "the Great," Byzantine emperor Kalm, Peter, traveller and botanist Kauiehameha (or Tamehumeha) 1., first king of the Sandwich Is- lands, (about) ... Kamehameha II., king (introduced Christianity) Kamehameha III., king, introduced Constitution . Kauiehimeha IV.. (Alex Liholiho) . . . Kane, Elisha Kent., arctic explorer and author Karr, J. B. Alphonse. miscellaneous author .... Kater, Henry, mathematician Kavanagh, Julia, novelist ......... Kean, Charles John, actor . Kean. Ellen Tree, wife of C J. Kean, actress Keble, Jhn, divine and poet Keiirhtley, 1 hos., miscellaneous author Kellerman, Franc. C., duke of Valmy, general Kellerman, Franc. Etienne (son of above), general Kemble, Charles, actor Kemble, Frances Anne, actress and author Kemble. John M., scholar and historian Kemi'elen, Wolfgang, baron, inventor of th Kent, Thos., bishop and theological author Kendall, Amos, statesman and author Kendall, George W., journalist and author Kendrick, Asahel C., Greek scholar and author Kennedy, John Pendleton, statesman and novelist Kenick, Francis 1'., Catholic prelate and author Kent, William, judge, esteemed jurist Kenyon, Lloyd, lord, jurist . Kenyon, John, poet .... Keppel, Aug., viscount, admiral . Key, Francis S., author of "Star Spangled Banner Kidd, Wm., noted pirate, executed Kimball, Kichard B., author King, Thomas Starr, author . King, Wm. E., diplomatist, senator, and vice-president Kinglake, Alex. Wm., M.P., author of Kingsley, Charles, clergyman, novelist, and poet Kip, Wm. Ingraham, protestant episcoj Kir by, Wm., naturalist Kirkiand, Caroline M., author of travels and essays . Kitto, John, biblical scholar and author ..... Klapka, Gyorgy, patriot, general, and author .... Knapp, Geo. Christ., theologian Knapp, Samuel L., miscellaneous writer Knight, Charles, publisher, editor, and author .... Knight, Kichard Payne, miscellaneous writer .... Knowles, Jas. Sheridan, dramatic author and actor . Koppen, Adolp. Louis, historical writer and lecturer Kohl, Johann Geo., traveller and author ..... Kossuth, Lujos (Louis), late governor of Hungary Kraitsir, Charles, philologist ....... Krasinski, Valerian, count, author Krummacher, Freid. Adolph., poet and theologian . Krurnmacher, Freid. Wm., religious writer, (living, 1860) Krusenstern, Adam Jean, navigator Kugler, Franz Theo., writer on art, &c Labat, Jean B., missionary and historian Lablache, Luigi, renowned vocalist Labouchere, Henry, baron Taunton, statesman .... La Bruydre, see Bruyere. Lacordaire, Jean B. IL, catholic theologian and author Lielius, Cains, publicist, tribune, praetor, and consul . . B Lafarge, Marie C., notorious as a poisoner Lafitte, Jean, corsair, privateer, or pirate La Gueronniere, Louis E. A., viscount de, publicist . Laing, Malcolm, historian ... .... Lamar, Mirabeau B., second president of the Republic of Texas Lamballe, Marie, princess of, victim of the Revolution BORN. 450- 4S2- 1715- DTKT). - 527 1779 1800- 1831- 1S2C- ls>08 1717- 1824 -1854 -li5T -1835 3SS . J. J.1 1805 1790 isoo sral general . e automaton chess-player thor . . novelist .... ithor .... Banner". ce-president lothen " d poet .... bishop and author . 189ft 177A 1HRS 177 s ) 1854 1C1 1 1 cf 57 n~-.A . . is or 1711 17C.O ,. 1810 IftfO 179.3 1707 1fifi1 1-^0 1 Ci O 17*5 n-n 17S6 104(1 17111 1010 1824 178(5 1S02 101(1 1853 1Q1-I 1 7r.O . . iKn 1854 1S25 1838 1824 1860 1655 1845 1846 1858 1788 1858 ADDEXDA. 711 NATION. Ens:. French. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ainer. Amer. Eng. French. Ital. French. Ger. Irish. French. French. Eng. Eng. Amer. French. Scot. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Arner. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. French. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. French. Amer. Amer. Pol. French. Eng. French. Hul. Eng. French. Ger. Ger. Ger. Ger. Horn. Ger. Kuss. French. French. Eng. Scot. French. Ger. A mer. Eng. French. French. Irish. Amer. French. Amer. Eng. Amer. NAME AND PROFESSION. Lambert. Daniel, noted for corpulency, (739 pounds) Lamoriciere, Christ. L. J. de, general" BORN. 1770 DIED. IfinQ . IS". 6 -1839 -1 ;KO Landon (Maclean), Letitia E., poet and novelist Landur. \Valter savage, poet and essayist . 1802 . 1775 Landseer, John, engraver and author Lane. Jos., general, U. S. senator from Oregon .... Langdon, John, governor of Xew Hampshire, U. S. senator, &c. Langhorne, John, miscellaneous author 17 t p tern 1789 1^10 1 73") 17^9 Lanues, Jean, duke of Montebello, marshal of France Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art La Perouse. Jean F. de, count, navigator Lappenberg, Johann M., historian .... 1 7i'0 i cr o 1 7 -: ? ICIf) 1741 17SQ 1794 Lardner, Dionysius, writer on physical science .... Larrey, Dominique J., baron, surgeon, and author La Salle, Kob. ., Sieur de, navigator and author Latham, John, ornithologist 17QQ 1v-.Q 17(5fi 1 xJO . 1635 1740 1687 1857 Latham, Eobt. G., philologist and ethnologist .... Laurens, John, lieut. col. in Revolutionary war La Valliere, F. L. de, duchesse. mistress of Louis XIY. . Law, John, financier of the -'Mississippi Bubble" Law, Win., religious and mvstical author .... 1s12 _ 17 ! SH 1 7^ 1 M 1 1710 1rt7l U.;Q . ii3s6 1761 1855 Lawrence. Abbott, merchant and diplomatist 179 9 Lawrence, Amos, merchant and philanthropist .... 1786 1852 Lawrence, Sir Henrv M., general in India .... 1-H6 1S57 Lawrence, James, captain in U. S. Navy .... 1781 1813 Lea. Isaac, naturalist and publisher 179 1 Leake, Win. M.. traveller and philhellenist .... 1777 1860 Lear, Tobias, secretary to Washington, diplomatist . Le Conte, John, naturalist . . . . 1 TC\Cl l vOC 17S4 Le Conte, John L., M.D., naturalist, (son of preceding) . Le Conte. John, M.D., naturalist, (Georgia) .... Ledru-Kollin, Alex. A., iurist and politician . . i < ^ f >'. 181S . 18' 8 17Q7 Lee, Francis Lightfoot, signer of Declaration of Independence . Lee, Henry, general, in Revolutionary War .... Lee, Eliza B., miscellaneous writer, (about) 1701 . 1756 1800 1S16 Lee, Samuel, D.D., oriental scholar 17S3 1 6 1793 Lemon. Mark, humorist, editor of "Punch" .... L'Knclos, .Ninon de. noted courtezan Lennep, Jan Van, poet and novelist Lennox, Charlotte, authoress, (born in Xew York) . Lenormand, Marie A., fortune-teller and biographer . Leo, the name of twelve Popes, and six Byzantine Emperors . Leopold I., king of the Belgians 111 1fil T 170=5 1Sft % 2 17lo 1S04 177 1i4Q 1790 - Leopold I., emperor of Germany Leopold II., emperor of Germany Ifi 10 17flT 1717 1792 Leopold II., grand duke of Tuscany 1^97 Lepidus, noted Roman family Lepsius. Karl Rich., traveller and Egyptologist Lermontoff, Michail, poet .... BP ^) 11 1. . Sfi 1^11 1S11 J841 Leroux, Pierre, philosopher and socialist Lerov de St. Arnaud, A. J., general in chief T7Q- IS'H 1854 Leslie. Charles Hob., artist and author 17"4 1S59 Leslie. John, bishop, theological writer .... 1570 1671 Lesseps. Ferdinand de, diplomatist .... 1805 Leasing, Gotthokl E., critic and author 1729 1781 Lester, (.'has. E., miscellaneous author ..... L'Estrange. Sir Roger, political writer Leuret, Francois, anatomist Le Vaillant, Franc., traveller and ornithologist . Lever, (. has. Jus., novelist ... ... Levereit, Fred. I'., classical scholar and author . Leverrier. Urbain J. J., astronomer Le Vert. Octavia \V.. authoress Lewes, Geo. Henry, miscellaneous author . . Lewis, Francis, signer of the Declaration of Independence Iftl T 1 i (\ 1~fM 1707 1 -^11 n- o 1 x->4. IQi R t *,< '? 1 ;c !fi l C11 1 i>O-~. m- 1710 IQp.Q 712 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. Erg. Lewis, Sir Geo. Cornewall, author and statesman Ainer. Lewis, Meriwether. soldier, explorer, and author Amer. Lewis, Samuel, educationist Ainer. Lewis, Tayler, classical scholar and author . Scot. Leyden, John, author French. L'Hopital, Michel de. chancellor of France . Ainer. Lieber, Francis, publicist, political philosopher (born in Berlin) Ger. Liebig, Justus, baron, chemist Kuss. Lieven, Dorothea, princess cf. diplomatist Ital. Liguori, Alfons M. de. saint and theological writer . Ei;g. Lilly, John, the Euphuist, dramatic Eng. Lilly, "VVm.. astrologer Eng. Lilly. George, dramatist V\mer. Lincoln, Abraham, statesman, 16th Pres. of the TJ. S. Amer. Lincoln, Benj., maj. gen. in the revolutionary war . Amer. Lincoln, Levi, attorney general of the II. S., (from Mass.) Amer. Lincoln, Levi, governor of Massachusetts Swe. Lind (Goldschmidt). Jenny, vocalist Eng. Lindley, John, botanist Eng. Lindsay. Alex. W. Crawford, lord, author of Travels, &c. . Scot. Lindsay. Sir David, poet, (about) Swe. Ling. Peter H.. physiologist and poet Eng. Liston, John, comic actor ........ Eng. Littleton, Sir Thos., jurist Amer. Livermore, Abiel A., clergyman, journalist, and author Amer. Livingston, Philip, signer" of the Declaration of Independence . Amer. Livingston, Win., governor of New Jersey .... Amer. Livingston, Brockholst, eoldier and jurist Amer. Livingston, liobt. K., statesman and jurist . Scot. Livingstone, David, traveller and missionary in Africa Span. Llorente, Don Juan, antiquarian, historian, &c. .... Eng. Lloyd, Henry, soldier and author Ind. Logan, English name of a famous Indian chief . Amer. Logan, James, colonial statesman and author .... Irish. Lola Montez, Maria, countess of Landsfeldt, adventurer . Amer. Long, Stephen H,, engineer, traveller, and author Amer. Longfellow, Henry W., poet and novelist Eng. Longman, Thos., founder of the publishing house Amer. Longstreet, Aug. B., jurist and author French. Longueville, Anne G., duchess, politician Ainer. Longworth, Nicholas, extensive wine manufacturer . .Amer. Loomis, Elias, physicist, astronomer French. Lorraine, Charles de. cardinal and politician .... Amer. Lossing, Benson J., historian and artist French. LOUISI he name of eighteen kings of France. Louis I., the Debonnaire Louis IX., Saint Louis XL, 6th of house ofValois Louis XII.. 8th do. do Louis XIII., 2d Bourbon Louis XIV., 8d do. Louis XV., 4th do. Louis XVI., Louis XVII., Louis XVIII., French. Louis Philippe, king of the French French. Louis Napoleon. See imapart6. Scot. Lovat, Simon Fraser. lord, executed for treason .... Irish. Lover, Samuel, novelist ano song writer Irish. Lowe. Sir Hudson, general, jrulor of Napoleon . Amer. Lowell, John, lawyer and philanthropist Amer. Lowell, John, Jr., founder of Lowell Institute . Amer. Lowell. Charles, clergyman and author Amer. Lowell, Mary (Mrs. Putnam), of Boston, authoress . Amor. Lowell, Jas. Russell, poet and critic . . . . . Amer. Lowndes, Ilawlins. statesman, (opposed the Union) . Amer. Lowndes, Win. J., statesman Span. Loyola, Saint Ignatius de, founder of the Jesuits Eng. Lucun, G. C. Bingham, earl of, general in Crimea Ger. Lucke, Gott. C. F., theologian DIED. 1607- 1797- 1769- m.9- 1799- 1782- ls:0- 1819- 1722- 17-2- 1491- 180- 1792- -1811 -157-3 -1810 -1820 -1J555 -1839 -1S46 -1481 -IS 23 -17S3 -1861 -1679 -1825 -1S50 -1747 1S44 -18!0 -18?6 -1801 -18-J2- -1855 ADDENDA. 713 ITATION. Eng. Span. Ainer. Eng. Ainer. Amer. Eiig. Ainer. Auier. Eug. Greek. French. Scot. Irish. Eng. Scot. Irish. Auier. Irish. Ainer. Anier. Scot. Scot. Scot. Scot. Ainer. Auier. Scot. Scot. Amer. Aust. Scot. Ainer. Irish. Irish. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Irish. French. Scot. Irish. Amer. Eng. Eng. Ger. Welsh. Span. Ital. Amer. French. Amer. Ital. Swiss. Amei. French. French. French. Scot. Swiss. Eng. Eng. Ital. Eng. Ital. Ital. Amer. Eng. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. T nllv,' 1 ? -ii m< iiiH " thp pnlifhti'Tipd doftor " 1235 -Iol5 1R7T 14.fi! Lydgate, Jonn, poet (Benedictine rnouk) Lynch, Thos. J.. signer of Declaration of Independence . Lynch, Win. P., capt. U. S. .Navy, author of '-Uead Sea," &c. . Lyudhurst, lord, statesman and jurist (born in Boston) 1 T,(O -1779 1805 n-o 1797 -1S49 Lyon, Matthew, politician Lyons, Ldmund, lord, admiral 1-7,114 mo-> 1"OH _-ie=)a 360 *81 Mabillon, Jean, ecclesiastical author Macadam, John, originator of Macadamized roads .... Macartney, Geo., earl of, diplomatist -|cpo I7o7 1756 1797 -1336 1 -.(K) 1733 1S19 1814 10. ,7 -1791 Macbeth, a chieftain of the llth century Macclure, Sir K. J., discoverer of North-west passage 1826 1sTo Maccorst, David J., political writer Maccosh James clei >cp vm'in and author 1707 IblO Macrie, 1'hoi., clergyman and author ....... i^acdiarmid, John, author Macdonald, Flora, an adventurous heroine ..".... 1 TTO -3 -1815 Macdume, Geo., U. S. senator from South Carolina .... 17bS I79o 1-07 -1851 -1852 mfi7 Macgregor, John, statistical and political author .... Mackintosh. Maria J., novelist (about) Mack von Liebenich Jvarl baron general IQIfl 17i2 3828 Mackay, Charles, poet and miscellaneous writer .... Maekean, Thos., jurist, statesman, signer of Dec. of Ind. . Mackenzie Kob S journalist &c .... 1OIO 1734 18i9 -1817 Macklin Charles actor and dramatist ... 1690 1796 1786 17'nT -1857 Maclean, John, statesman, judge of U. S. Supreme Court . 1774 1821 -1S33 Maclise Daniel historical pointer .... 1311 MacMahon, M. E. P., duke of Magenta, marshal .... -|c 1O. u> 1"7Q -IOO-J 1804 1~on -1-57 IfifiQ -lC-10 714 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. Eng. Scut. Ital. Ital. Eom. Kom. Amer. French. French. Ger. Dan. French. Span. Ger. Ger. 1'rench. Ger. French. Ital. Eng. French. French. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. French. Amer. Eng. Eng. Span. Eng. Eng. Eng. En- Scot. Eng. Eng. Amer. Airier. Amer. Ind. Eng. Scot. Amer. Irish. Amer. Eng. French. Eng. Amer. Hoi. Eng. Eng. Amer. Greek. Ger. Amer. Ger. Eng. Amer. Amer. Ital. Amer. Eng. --1793 -1574 -1597 - 208 -1857 -1549 -1481 -1530 -1412 -1015 -1642 -17SO -1793 -1E93 1675 -1852 NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. Mansel, Henry L., metaphysical and theological writer . . . 1815 Mansfield, Win. Murray, earl of. jurist and statesman . . . 1705- Manutius, Paulas (son "of Manutius), printer 1512- Manutius, Aldus, the Younger, printer and author .... 1547- Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, general B. c. 267- Marcus Aurelius. See Antoninus. Marcy, Wm. Learned, statesman 1786- Margaret of Angouleme, queen of Navarre 141:2- Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI., of England . . . . 1429- Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maxill. I., and Mary of Burgundy 1480- Margaret, queen of Denmark, &c., "the Semiramis of the North" 1853- Margaret of Valois, queen of Henry IV., of France .... 1;~52- Maria Christina, queen dowager of Spain (born at Naples) . . 18i6- Maria de Medici, queen of Henry IV., of France .... 1574- Maria Theresa, empress of Germany 1717- Marie Amelie, queen of the French (Louis Philippe) . . . . 1782 Marie Antoinette, queen of France (Louis XVI.) .... 1755- Mariette, Aug. E., Egyptologist and explorer ..... 1S21- Mario, Giuseppe, marquis of Candia, vocalist 1S10- Marlowe, Christ., or Kit, dramatic poet 15i Marquette, Jacques, early explorer of the Mississippi . . . 1637- Marrast, Armand, journalist and politician 1800- Marsh, Anne, novelist, (about)j 1800 Marsh, Geo. Perkins, philologist and diplomatist .... 1801 Marshman, Joshua, missionary in India and author .... 1767 1837 Marston, John, poet and dramatist (about) 1570 1634 Martin, Benj., optician and author 17C4 Martin, Ban Louis Henri, historian 1810- Martin, Franc. Xavier, jurist and historian 1764 1846 Martineau, Harriet, miscellaneous authoress 1802 Martineau, Jas. (brother of Harriet), clergyman and author . . 1800 Martinez de la Rosa, Franc., statesman and poet . 1789- Martyn, Henry, missionary in India and Persia .... Marvell, Andrew, author and statesman ..... Mary I., first queen regnant of England Mary II., queen regnant (with W T m. of Orange) .... Mary Stuart, queen of Scots Maseres, Francis, "baron," mathematician .... Massinissa, king of Numidia (about) Maskeleyne, Nevil. astronomer Mason, Jeremiah, lawyer and statesman Mason, John, maj. gen. Connecticut colonial forces . Mason, Lowell, musical teacher and composer .... Massasoit, a sachem of the AVampanoags Massey, Gerald, poet Masson, David, biographer and essayist Mather, Increase, clergyman and author Mathew. Theobald, " the Apostle of Temperance" . . Mathews, Cornelius, humorous author 1817 Mathias, Thos., author of " Pursuits of Literature" . . . . 1750 Matter, Jacques, philosopher and historian 1791- Matthew of Westminster, historian " Matthias " (Robert Matthews), a religious imposter, (about) . Maurice, count of Nassau and prince of Orange, stadtholder Maurice, Jno. Fred. D.. clergyman and author .... Maurice, Thos., Rev., history of Hindostan, fec. .... 17."5- Mauricius. Flavins Tib., Byzantine emperor ..... 589 Maury, Matthew F., naval officer, astronomer, &c 1806 Mavrocordato, statesman 1790 Maximillian 1., emperor of Germany . 14C9 1519 Maxim in as, Cains J. A r ., emperor of Koine 238 Mayer, Brantz, lawyer and historical writer 18C9 Mayer, Johann T., astronomer 1723 1762 Mayhew, Henry, Edward, Thomas, and Horace, brothers, humorous and miscellaneous writers (about) 1812 Mayhew. Jonathan, clergyman and author 1720 1766 Mayo. Win. S., novelist " 1812 Mazzlni, Guiseppe, democratic politician (Genoa) .... 1809 Meade, Win., episcopal bishop of Virginia and author . . . 1789 Medhurst, Walter 11., oriental scholar and missionary . . . 17i)C 1857 . 1621 . 1515 . 16C2 . 1542 . 1781 B. c. 24 . 1732 . 1768 . 1600 . 17S 182, . 1823 . 1C39 -1812 -1678 -1558 -1694 -1587 -1824 -143 -1811 -1848 -1672 1661 1723 -1856 -1S35 13th Cent. 1790 183 1567- 1025 1805 -1521 - 602 ADDENDA. 715 NATION. Dal. Ital. Eng. Eng. Eng. Scot. Ainer. Scot. Ger. Ger. Port. Span. Ger. Ger. Russ. Russ. Ger. Ainer. Eng. French. Ger. Eng. Rom. French. Ger. French. Pol. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Scot. Amer. Eng. Amer. Eng. Amer. En?. French. Eng. Amer. French. Amer. Bom. Mex. French. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Ger. Ger. Scot. Hoi. Eng. Span. Scot. Swiss. Swiss. Eng. Eng. Eng. French. French. French. Mex. Mex. French. NAME AXD PROFESSION. Medici, Cosmo de, >; the Great, 4 ' * pater patriot" (Florence) Medici. Piero. successor of Cosmo, patron of Arts Melbourne. Wm. Lamb, viscount de, statesman Melmoth, Wm., "religious life" Melmoth, Wm., ''Letters," translation of Cicero, &c. Melville. Andrew, religious reformer Melville, Herman, author of travel-romances . . . . Melville, Sir Jas., soldier, statesman and author Mendelssohn, Moses, Jewish scholar and philosopher Mendelssohn-Eartholdy, Felix, musical composer Mendez-Pinto, Fernam, adventurer, unjustly famed for lying . Mendoza, Diego H. de, scholar, author, statesman Mengs, Anton Rafael, painter and writer on art Menno-Simonis, reformer, founder of "Mennonites" Mentchikoff, Alex., prince, statesman Mentchikoff, Alex. 8., admiral ....... Menzel, Wolfgang, critic and historian Mercer, Hugh, general in the Revolutionary war Merivale, Charles, historian Mery, Joseph, poet and novelist ... ... Mesmer, Fred. A., founder of "Mesmerism " . Metcalfe. Charles T., baron, gov. in India and Canada Metellus, The name of several famous plebeians Miehaux, Andre, botanist, (" Sylva Americana") Michelet, Karl Ludwig, philosophical writer .... Michel, Francisque, archaeologist . , Mickiewicz, Adam, poet Mickle, Wm. J., poet, translator of "Lusiad," &c. Middleton, Thomas, dramatist Mifflin, Thomas, general in Revolutionary war .... Milburn, Wm. Henry, "blind preacher," and author . Mill, John Stuart, political philosopher Millais, John Everett, " pre-Raphaelite " painter Miller, Hugh, geologist Miller, James, general at Chippewa, TED. 14(i9 1779 1848 1666 1743 1710 1799 -1622 IT'S 179S 1720 1777 -1815 1846 - 69 1S02 1830 1776 1810 1802 3d Cent. 1854 1S55 1S51 1741 716 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. Eng. Eng. French. Scot. Amer. Amer. Amer. Scut. Scot. Eng. Amer. Amer. French. Amer. Amer. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Scot. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. French. Amer. Amer. Swiss. Ger. Assyr. Assyr. Eng. Eng. Span. Eng. Amer. Greek. Greek. Amer. Ger. Ger. -Am. Amer. Eng. Anier. Amer. Irish. Rom. Irish. Dan. Eng. Eng. Amer. Irish. Span. Bar. Irish. French. Amer. Scot. Egypt. Ger. Ger. Eng. Span. Welch. Amer. Eng. Amer. French. NAME AND PROFESSION. Monfort, Simon de, earl of Leicester, statesman Montgomery, Robert, poet . Monttnorency. Noble family of France Montrose, Jas. Grahame, marquis of, military leader Moore, Jacob Bailey, journalist and author .... Moore, Geo. H., author Moore, Frank, author Moore, John, miscellaneous author Moore, Sir John, general (son of preceding), killed at Corunna . More, Henry, mystical divine and philosopher .... Morfit, Campbell, chemist and author Morgan, Daniel, brig. gen. in Revolutionary "War Moray, Chas. A., count de, minister of Louis Napoleon Morphy, Paul Charles, famous chess-player .... Morris, Lewis, signer of the Declaration of Independence . Morrison, Robert, D.D., missionary and philologist . Morse, Samuel F. B., artist and inventor of telegraph Morse, Sidney E., journalist and geographer .... Morton, John, signer of the Declaration of Independence (Penn.) Morton, Jas. Douglas, earl of, regent . . ... Morton, Samuel Geo., anatomist and ethnologist Morton, Wm. T. G., dentist, discoverer of the use of ether (?) . Motley, John Lothrop, historian ....... Mott, Lucretia, minister of " Friends," and philanthropist Mott, Valentine, surgeon and author Motte Cadillac, Ant. de la, founder of Detroit .... Moultrie, Wm., general and statesman Mowatt (Ritchie), Anna Cora, actress and authoress, (about) . Merle cTAubigne, J. H., D.D.. historian Munchausen, J. C. F., proverbial for " Stories" .... Nabonassar, first king of the Chaldeans, f. Nabopolassar, king of Babylon, f. Napier, Chas. Jas., general in India, &c Napier, Sir Charles, admiral Narvaez, don Ramon, duke of Valencia, statesman . Nash, Richard, styled " Beau Nash ",..... Neal, John, novelist Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople founder of Nestorians . Nicephorus, Greg., Byzantine historian Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, politician, and author Noehden, G. H., grammarian and miscellaneous writer Nordheimer, Hebrew scholar and author Norton, Andrews, theological (Unitarian) author Norton, Hon. Mrs., poetess Nott, Eliphalet, D.D., president of Union college, and author . Nott, Abner Kingman, remarkable Baptist preacher . Nugent, lord, author of Life of Hampden, &c Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, f. O'Brien, Wm. Smith, political agitator Oersted, Hans Ch., discoverer of electro-magnetism . . Oglethorpe, J. E., general, founder of Georgia .... Oldcas-tle, Sir John, lord Cobham Olin, Stephen, D.D., Methodist theologian and author O'Keefe, John, dramatist Olivan, don Aless. de, publicist Omar, third Caliph, founder of the Mosque O'Meara, Barry, surgeon to Napoleon, and author Orleans, L. J. P., duke of (" Egalit6 "), guillotined . Osgood, Samuel, D.D., Unitarian divine and author . Ossian, Gaelic bard, supposed to have lived in the 3d century. Osymandias, king of Egypt, (about) Otho I., king of Greece (born in Bavaria) Overbeck, Fred., founder of modern "Religious School of Art" Overbury, Sir Thos., poisoned in the Tower Oviedo, J. G., bishop of, author of Voyages in West Indies Owen, Robert, political theorist Owen, Kobert Dale, statesman and author ..... Owen, Richard, surgeon and naturalist Paine, John Howard, dramatist, " Home, sweet Home " . Paixhans, general, inventor of guns bearing his name BOKN. DIED. 1265 . 1807 1865 10th to 19th Cent. . 1612 1651 -1853 1797- 1802 1809 16S7 1802 1790- 1773 1834 14th Cent. -1851 -1826 -1835 B. c. 150< 1815 1789 1581 1771- -1613 -1540 -1860 ADDENDA. 717 NATION. Eng. Eng. Ger. Eng. French. Irish. Eng. Eng. Amer. Euss. Eng. Eng. French. Amer. Port. French. French, Ital. Ital. Eng. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. Amer. French. Ger. French. Eng. Jew. Ital. Swiss. Eng. Amer. Ital. . Eng. Eng. Irish. Eng. Eng. Amer. Amer. Ger. Eng. Pol. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Ger. Eng. French. Eng. French. Hung. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. NAME AND PROFESSION. Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquarian author Palmerston. Henry Temple, viscount, statesman .... Panzer, G. "W. F.. bibliographer Pardoe, -Julia. Miss, novelist ... Paris, count of, Louis Ph. Al , grandson of Louis Philippe Parnell, Thos.. poet and divine " . Parr, Thomas, lived 152 years Parr, Samuel, learned divine and philologist Parton, Mrs Sara, li Fanny Fern," authoress Paskewitch, Ivan, prince of Warsaw, general Putmore, Coventry, poet Paxton, Sir Joseph, horticulturist and archive ?t Paul, St. Vincent de, Catholic missionary Panlding, James Kirke, novelist and essayist Pedro V., king of Portugal (son of Donna Maria II.) .... Pellissier, A. J. J., duke of Malakoff, marshal Pelouze, Theo. Jules, chemist Pepe, Florestan, general Pepoli, Charles, litterateur Penn, Wm., admiral, father of founder of Pennsylvania ... Pepys, Samuel, secretary to Admiralty, author of Diary . Perceval, Spencer, prime minister, assassinated ..... Percival, James Gates, poet, geologist, and critic .... Perkins, Thos. H., eminent merchant and philanthropist . Perkins, Hugh, eccentric preacher and roundhead (executed) . Perry, Oliver Hazard, commodore in U. S. Navy . . . Persigny, Jean G. V., politician and diplomatise .... Petermann, Augs. H., geographer Philidor, Andrew, writer on chess ....... Phillips, Ambrose, poet and dramatist Philo-Judaeus, learned Jewish writer of Alexandria, f. Piazzi, astronomer Pictet, Benedict, theological and historical writer .... Piozzi, Hester L., miscellaneous writer, friend' of 'Dr. Johnson Pierce, Franklin, general, 14th Pres. of the U. S Pius IX., Pope, Giov. Mastai Ferretti Planche, James E., dramatist and miscellaneous writer . Plnyfair, Lvon, chemist (born in Bengal) Plunket, W. C., lord chancellor of Ireland ...... Pocock, D. E., learned critic and commentator Pocock, D. R., learned prelate and traveller Poe, Edgar A., poet critic, and novelist Poinsett, Joel E., statesman, diplomatist, and author Poggendorf, John Chris., physicist and chemist .... Polvcarp, Bishop of Smyrna, Christian martyr and author . Poole, John, author of "Paul Pry," &c Poniatowski, Stanislaus Aug., last king of Poland .... Porter, David, commodore in IT. S. Navy Potter, Alonzo, D.D., episc. bishop of Penn., and educational author Potter, Horatio. D.D., episc. bishop of New York . Pradt, Abbe, Dominique de, political writer Preble, Edward, commodore in U. S. Navy ..... Prentiss, Sargeant S., lawyer and politician, famed for eloquence Prescott, Wm. Hickling, historian Preston, Wm. C., U. S. senator from South Carolina ..... Price, Dr. E., writer on Civil Liberty Pritchard, J. C., ethnologist, ''Natural History of Man' 1 . Priessnitz, founder of Hydropathy Proctor,- Bryan W. (" Barry Cornwall"), poet and critic . Proudhon, Pierre Jos., political theorist Prynne, learned lawyer, political writer and antiquary Psalmanazar, George, literary imposter Pulszky, Francis, politician and author Purchas. Samuel, divine, editor of Voyages and Pilgrimages . Pusey, Edw. Bour., D.D., theologian, founder of "Puseyites" Puttenham, Go., poet and critic"( u Art of Trnar. Poesie") . Pye, Henry James, poet laureate . Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, a famous warrior Quarles, Francis, poet, author of " Emblems " Quin, James, actor .... DIED. 1SC8- 1746 1759- 1S10- 1796- 1794- 1723- 1799- 1787- 1809- 1609- 1679- 1814- 1577- 1800- 4812 1669 -1860 1795 1749 A. D. 40 18-29 1655 1724 1789 1321 1804 1792 1819 1765 1854 1604 1691 1704 17G5 1811 1856 1778 1S51 1796 168 1798 -1S37 -1S50 -1859 -1791 -1849 -1851 -1669 -1763 -1628 1600 1^8 B. c. 272 1592 1644 1698 1766 718 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. Amer. Amer. Span. French. A us. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. Heb. French. Ger. Eng. Eng. Eng. Scot. Amer. French. Ger. Irish. Scot. Eng. Eng. Turk. Ens. Eng. Eng. Eng. Scot. Scot. Eng. Span. Ital. Eng. Eng. Scot. Amer. Scot. En- French. Eng. Arner. Eng. Eng. French. Eng. Ger. Span. Span. Ger. Ger. Ital. Eng. Eng. Ital. Ger. -Jew Ital. Ger. Amer. Amer. Eng. Scot. Eng. Irish. Dutch. Eng. Eng. NAME AND PROFKSSION. Quincy, Josiah, ex-pres. Harvard Univ. and author .... Quincy, Josiah, Jr., ex-mayor of Boston and financier Quintana, Jose Manuel de, poet and historian . Rabelais, Francis, wit and satirist Radetzkv, Joseph, count, commander in Italy . Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, author of " History of Java," &c. Raffles, Rev. Thos., independent minister and collector . Raikes, Robt, printer, founder (?) of Sunday Schools Ranke, Leopold, historian ... ... Raphall, Morris J., learned rabbi and preacher . Rapin de Thoyras, author of History of England Raumer, Fred. L. G. von, historian Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., geographer and orientalist Reade, Charles, novelist Redding, Cyrus, journalist and author Reach, Angus B., journalist and author .... Redneld, Wm. C.,'meteorologist Regnault, Henri Viet., chemist Reichenbach, Charles, baron de, naturalist . Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist Reid, Col. Sir Wm., engineer and meteorologist . Rennel, Major J., geographer and traveller Repton, Humphrey, landscape gardener Reschid, Pasha, statesman, premier of Turkey . Ricardo, David, writer on political economy and finance . Rich, Obadiah, bibliographer Richard I. , Cffitir de Lion, king of England Richard III., king, killed at Bosworth Richardson, James, traveller in Africa Richardson, Sir John, naturalist and Arctic explorer . Ridley, Nicholas, bishop and protestant martyr Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, duke of, soldier, statesman, poet, &c. Ristori, Adelaide, actress Ritson, Joseph, lawyer, antiquary, and critic Ritchie, Leitch, journalist and author Roberts, David, landscape painter and author .... Robinson, Edward, D.D., biblical geographer and philologist . Rob Roy (Robert Macgregor), highland freebooter (about) Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman .... Rochambeau, J. B. D., count de, marshal Rogers, Henry, theologian and critic Rogers, Henry Darwin, naturalist, professor in Glasgow , Rogers, Samuel, poet ... Roget, Peter Mark, physiologist and philologist Roland, M. J. P., Madame, martyr of the revolution .... Romilly. Sir Samuel, jurist and statesman Ronge, Johannes, educational and religious reformer Rosa, Francisco Martinez de la, statesman, poet, historian, &c. Rosas, don Juan Manuel de, ruler of Buenos Ayres .... Rose, Gustave, chemist Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., metaphysician, professor of philosophy . Rosetti, Gabriele, poet, artist, and critic Ross, Sir James Clark, Arctic explorer Rosse. Wm. Parsons, earl of, astronomer Rossini, Joachimo, musical composer . Rothschild, Meyer Anselm, founder of the great banking house Rothschild, Anselm, at Frankfort; Nathan, at London (d. 1886); and Solomon, sons of Meyer Anselm Rothschild Rothschild. Lionel Nathan, baron de, M. P. (son of Nathan) Rubini, tenor vocalist Ruckert, Frederick, poet ......... Ruschenbcrger, W. S. W., author of voyages and scientific works . Rush, Richard, diplomatist and author ...... Ruskin, John, writer on art . . Russell, John Scott, engineer, builder of "Great Eastern" Russell, Lord John, statesman and author Russell, Win. II., "Times correspondent," and author Ruyter, M. A. de, admiral Ryruer, Thomas, antiquarian, "Federa" Sabine, Maj. gen., Edward, physicist DIED. 1787- 1500- 1791- 1S21- 1802- 1725- 1806- 1760- 1779- 17 1757- 1818- 1793- 1795- 1805- 1788- 1800- 18(1 1792- 1823 1850 1199 1485 Ibol -1555 -1803 1793 1818 -1854 -1821 -1854 -1679 ADDENDA. 719 NATION. Eng. Eng. French. French. Eng. Eng. Phoe. Mex. French. Eng. Ital. Dan. French. Ital. French. Ger. Ger. Ger. Ger. Ger. Amer. Ger, Amer. French. Amer. Ger. Eng. Eng. Amer. Span. Amer. Eng. Eng. Eng. Irish. Eng. Amer. Amer, Scot. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. Scot. Greek. Span. Eng. Eng. Eng. Ger. French. Amer. French. Eng. Eng. Greek. Amer. Eng. Dutch. Ger. Eng. Amer. Amer. Amer. Eng. Eng. Amer. Eng. Eng. -1814 -1748 -1493 -1208 -1609 -1660 -1829 -1854 -1586 -1701 -1654 -1852 -1553 NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. DIED. Sacheverell. Henry, divine, impeached for sedition .... 1672 1724 Sadler, Sir Ealph. diplomatist and historian 1567 1587 Saintine, Xavier Bon., writer of tales . . .... 1790- Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de. author of Paul and Virginia, &c. . . 1736- Sala, Geo. Augustus, journalist and author 1827- Sale, George, historian, and translator of the Koran .... 1736 Sanconiatho, philosopher and historian, flourished .... B. c. 760 Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, general and ex-president . . . 1793 Saulcy, Louis F. J., count de, antiquarian 1807- Savage, Richard, poet ... . 1697- Savonarola, Jerome, a monk famed for zeal and eloquence . . 1452- Saxo-Grammaticus, historian Say, Horace Emilie, political economist (son of J. B. Say) . . 1794- Scaliger, Joseph Justus, critic and historian 1540- Scarron, P., comic poet and satirist 1610- Schadow, Julien Gottfried, sculptor 17( Schlegel, Fred., critic and historian 1772- Schelling, Fred. W. J., philosopher 1775- Schlos3cr, Fried. Christ., historian 1776 Schomburgk, Sir Bobt. H., naturalist and traveller .... 1804 Schoolcraft, Henry B., traveller and historian of the Indians . . 1793 Schwartzenberg, prince F., premier of Austria 1779 1851 Scott, Winfield, lieut. gen., commander-in-chief TJ. 8. Army . . 1786 Scribe, Eugene, dramatist Sedgwick, Catherine M., Miss, novelist and philanthropist . 1790- Secundus, John, Latin poet 1511- Sedley, Sir Charles, poet .... .... 1639- Selden, John, antiquary and historian 1584- Sergeant, John, jurist and statesman 1779- Servetus, Michael, polemical writer against Calvin .... 1509- Seward. Wm. H., statesman, TJ. S. senator from N. T. . . 1801- Shadwell, T., poet laureate 1640- Shelley, Mary W. (widow of P. B., the poet) novelist . . . 1798- Sherwood, Mrs., novelist 1775- Shiel, Eichard Lalor, statesman and dramatist 1792- Shirley, James, dramatist 1594- Silliman, Benj., chemist and geologist . .... 1779- Simms, Wm. Gilmore, novelist and poet 1806- Sinclair, Catherine, authoress 1800- Skelton, John, poet laureate to Henry VIII Smith, John Pye, theological writer Smith, T. Southworth, writer on Sanitary Eefonn Smith, Wm., classical scholar and author Smith, Alex., poet Socrates, an ecclesiastical historian Soils, Antonio de, historian of Mexico .... Somers, Lord John, chancellor and political writer . Somerville, Wm., poet, "The Chase," .... Somerville, Mrs. Mary, astronomer Sontag, Henrietta, vocalist Sorbonne, E. de, theologian, founder of the S. college at Paris . Soule, Pierre, U. S. senator from Louisiana, and diplomatist . . Soult, marshal, duke of Dalmatia, soldier, and statesman . . . 1769 1851 Soulouque, Faustin, ex-emperor of Hayti ...... 1789 Southerne. J., dramatic writer and poet . . . 1662- Southey, Mrs. Bobt. (Caroline Bowles), poet Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian . Sparks, Jared, historian and biographer (about) . . . 1794- Spelman, Sir Henry, historian and antiquary 1561 1648 Spinoza, Bened., metaphysician (atheist ?). ...... 1633 1677 Spohr, Louis, musical composer '. . 1783 Spurgeon, Eev. Charles, popular Baptist clergyman .... 1834 Sprague, Charles, poet . 1791 Sprague, Wm. B., D.D., Presbyterian clergyman and historian . 1795 Squier, E. Geo., traveller and antiquarian ."....-. 1820 Stanfield, Clarkson, marine painter . 1798 Stanhope, Ph. Hen., ea"rl of, known as Lord Mahon, historian . . 1805 Stewart, Charles S., Eev.. chaplain in U. S. Navy, and author . . 1798 St. Leonards (E. B. Sudgen), lord chancellor Stillingtieet, Dr. E.. bishop of Worcester and author . . . 1633 1699 -1692 -1851 -1852 -1351 -1666 -1529 -1851 1774- 1790 1814 1S30 5th Cent. A.D. 1610 1686 1650 1716 1692 1743 1790 1804 1854 1201 1274 -1746 -1854 - 450 720 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. Eng. Stephenson, George, engineer .... ... 1803 Eng. Stephenson, Robert, engineer .... ... Scot. Sterling, Wm., M. P., biographer and critic . ... 1818- Ger. Sternberg, Alex., baron von, miscellaneous author . . . 1806 Eng. Stow, John, antiquary and historian ... ... 1525 Amer. Stowe, Calvin E.. biblical critic .... ... Amer. Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Mrs., novelist . . ... 1814 Ger. Strauss, Ger. Fried. Alb., professor of theology, and author . . 1786 Ger. Strauss, Dav. Fried., author of skeptical Life of Jesus . . . 1808 Eng. Stratford de Eedcliffe, viscount, diplomatist 1738 Eng. Strickland, Agnes, historian of " Queens of England" . . . 1806 Eng. Strype, John, theologian, biographer, and historian .... 1787 Euss. Struve, Fred. Geo. Wm., astronomer Amer. Stuart, Moses, theologian and philologist 17SO Eng. Suckling, Sir John, poet and dramatist 1613- French. Sue, Eugene, novelist 1808 Amer. Sully, Thomas, portrait painter 1783 Amer. Sumner, Charles, U. S. senator from Massachusetts, orator and philanthropist 1811 Eng. Sumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canterbury and author Eng. Swain, Charles, poet 1803 Swe. Taglioni, Maria, danszuse 1804 Eng. Talfourd, Thomas Noon, jurist, dramatist, and essayist . . . 1795 Amer. Taney, Roger B., chief justice of the United States .... 1777 Span. Tapia, Eugenio, miscellaneous writer Eng. Taylor, John, "the Water Poet" 15SO- Amer. Taylor, Zachary, general, victor of Buena Vista, and Pres. of U. S. . 1784 Amer. Taylor, Bayard, traveller, poet, and lecturer . 1825 Eng. Taylor, Tom, dramatist 1817 Eng. Tennyson, Alfred B., poet laureate 1810 Eng. Tennent, Sir James Emerson, statesman and writer .... 1804 Eng. Thackeray, Wm. Makepeace, novelist and essayist . . . .1811 Ger. Thalberg, Sigismnnd, pianist 1S12 Greek. Theodoret, ecclesiastical historian 386 Eng. Thesiger, Sir Frederick, attorney general of England . . . 1794 French. Thierry, Jac. Nic. Augustus, historian 1795 French. Thierry, Amedee S. D.. historian 1797 French. Thiers, Adolphe, politician and historian 1793- Ger. Thirlwall, Dr. Conop, bishop of St. Davids, historian . . . 1797 Ger. Tholuck, Fred. Augus., theologian 1799 Eng. Thompson, Col. Thos. Peyronnet, political reformer and author . 17S3 Eng. Tickell, Thomas, poet and essayist (in Spectator) .... 1686 Ger. Tieck, Ludwig, poet and novelist Amer. Ticknor, George, historian of Spanish literature Russ. Todleben, Fr. Edw., general of engineers .... Irish. Tone, Theobald Wolfe, general in the Irish rebellion Amer. Torrey, John, botanist and chemist Amer. Totten, Joseph G., military engineer 1788- Eng. Trench, Rev. Rich. Trevenix, poet, philologist, and theologian . 1807- Eng. Trollope, Mrs. Frances, novelist and traveller 1791- Eng. Truro, Thos., baron (Sir T. Wilde), ex-lord chancellor . . . 1782- Jew-Am. Truro, Judah, wealthy philanthropist . 1776- Jew. Tudela, Benj. de. rabbi, traveller, flourished .... Eng. Tupper, Martin Farquhar, poet and essayist ..... 1810- Amer. Turner, Wm. W., printer and philologist 1810- Eng. Tusser, Thos., author of "500 points of good husbandry " . . 1500- Amer. Tyler, John, ex-president of the United States 1790- Eng. Tyndale, Wm., reformer and first translator of the Bible into English 1500- Amer. Tyng, Stephen H., D.D., episcopal divine and author . . . 1SOO- Scot. Tytler, Patrick Fraser, historian 1790- Ger. Uhland, Ludwig, poet 1787- Amer. Van Buren, Martin, ex-president of the United States . . . 1782- Eng. Vandenhoff, John, actor 1790- Amer. Vanderlyn, John, historical painter 1776- Swiss. Vattel, F. de, jurist, author of Law of Nations 1714- Eng. Vaughan, Rev. Robt., D.D., "dissenting" divine and historian Span. Vega, Lopez de, dramatic poet 1562- French. Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., eminent surgeon ... . 1795- Ital. Verdi, Giuseppe, musical composer 1814- French. V T ernet, Horm-f, historical painter . . . 1789- DIKD. -1606 -1851 -1641 -1S5 -1654 -1S50 45T -1740 1773 1791 1818 1763 1798 -1S54 12th Cent. -1859 -1586 -1536 -1849 -176T -1635 ADDENDA. 721 NATION. NAME AND PROFESSION. BORN. French. Veron, Louis Desire, author and journalist 1798 Amer. Yerplanck, Gulian C., scholar and critic Ital. Victor Emanuel II., king of Italy 1820- Eng. Victoria, queen of Great Britain 1819 French. Vieuxtemps, Henri, violinist 1820 French. Vigny, count, Alfred, poet and critic 1799- French. Villemain, Abel Fr., politician and author 1791 Ger. Voss, J. G., historical writer 1577 Ger. Waagen, Gustave Fried., art critic Ger. Wagner, Rudolph, physiologist Pol.-Fr. Walewski, Florian, count, statesman Amer. Walker, Eobert J., politician, ex-secretary of Treasury Irish. Wallace, Wm. Vincent, musical composer .... Amer. Walworth, Eeuben H., jurist, ex-chancellor of New York Eng. Warburton, Eliot, traveller and historian .... Scot. Wardlaw, Eev. Ealph, theologian Amer. Ware, Wm., novelist, "Zenobia," &c. 1797- Eng. Warren, Samuel, jurist and novelist, "10,000 a Year" . . . 1807- Eng. Warwick, E. Neville, earl of, general and statesman, " king-maker" Eng. Waterland, Eev. Dr., theological and polemical writer . . . 1683- Eng. Watts, Alaric Alex., poet and journalist 1799- Amer. Wayland, Francis, D.D., metaphysician, theol. and polit. econ. . 1796- Amer. Webster, Daniel, statesman 1782- Eng. Wedgewood, J., scientific manufacturer of porcelain . . . . 1731- Eng. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, duke of, mil. com., and statesman . 1769- Eng. Whateley, Eich., archbishop of Dublin, theological and educational writer 1787- Eng. Wheatstone, Charles, electrician 1S02- Eng. Whewell, Eev. Wm., theological, scientific, and educational writer . 1795- Amer. Whipple, Edwin P., critic and essayist 1819- Amer. Whittier, Jno. Greenleaf, poet and essayist . . 1808- Amer. Whittingham, Wm. E., epis. bishop of Maryland, and author . . 1805- Eng. Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford, and author .... 1805- Eng. Wilkinson, Sir Jno. Gardner, Egyptologist .... 1797- Eng. Williams, maj. gen., Sir Fenwick, defender of Kara .... 1800- Amer. Willis, Nath. Parker, poet, novelist, essayist, critic, and journalist . 1807- Eng. Wilson, Horace H., orientalist, professor of Sanscrit . . . . 1808- Scot. Wilson, John (Christopher North), poet, critic, and essayist Aust. Windischgratz, Alfred, prince de, generalissimo Eng. Winslow, Forbes, physician and writer on insanity .... Eng. Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, " court painter " Eng. Wiseman, Nicholas, cardinal, Eoman Catholic theologian and author Eng. Wither, George, poet Eng. Wood, Antony, antiquary and biographer . Amer. Woodbury, Levi, statesman and jurist Amer. Woods, Leonard, theologian . Amer. Wool, John E., major general U. S. Army . Eng. Wotton, Sir Henry, statesman and poet Eng. Wright, Thos., antiquarian author Eng. Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect and author Amer. Young, Brigham, leader of the Mormons . Ger. Zumpt, Karl G., author of Latin Grammar .... 1792 BIZD. -1649 -1851 -1858 -1852 -1852 -1795 -1S52 -1854 -1667 -1695 -1851 -1851 -1689 THE WORLD'S PBOGBESS, 1850- -1861. ADDENDA THE WORLD'S PROGRESS, 1850-61. (INCLUDING FACTS OMITTED IN FOEMEE YEAES.) ABATTOIRS, or large public slaughter-houses in Paris, were built in 1812. The charge for the slaughter of an ox is $1.20; and 150,000 are killed annually. ABB A.SIDES. A Mohammedan dynasty, held the power of the Caliphs for 400 years until 1258. The Caliph Haroun al Rashid was of this line. ABECEDARIANS. A sect appearing in the 16th century, held that it was better not to know how to read, as the Holy Spirit would convey a direct understanding of the Scriptures. ABSTINENCE, TOTAL, from stimulating beverages : First temperance organiza- tion in the United States is said to have been effected by Dr. B. J. Clark, of Moreau, N. Y., 1808 ; "members fined 50 cents for intoxication." American Temperance Union formed in Boston in 1826. Total abstinence from distilled spirits except when prescribed as medicine, proposed at a meeting in Philadelphia in 1833, but voted down. See Temperance. Tetotalkrs in England organized in Lancashire, 1834. ABYSSINIA. A large country in north-east Africa. Its ancient history is very uncertain. The kingdom of Auxumitae (from its chief town Auxume) flourished in the 1st and 2d centuries after Christ. About 960, Judith, a Jewish princess, murdered a great part of the royal family, and reigned forty years. The young king escaped ; and the royal house was restored in 1268 in the presence of his descendant. Icon Amlae. In the middle ages it was said to be ruled by Prester John, or Prete Janni. The Portuguese missions commenced in the 15th century, but they were expelled about 1632 in con- sequence of the tyranny of Mendez and the Jesuits. The encroachments of Gallas and intestine disorders soon after broke up the empire into petty governments. The religion of Abyssinia is a corrupt form of Christianity introduced in the 4th century by Trumentius. Missions were sent from England in 1829 and 1841. Much information respecting Abyssinia has been given by Bruce, (1790,) Salt, (1805-9,) Ruppell, (1838,) and Parkyns, (1853). AC ADI A. Now called Nova Scotia, settled by the French in 1604. and finally ceded to the English in 1713. It was three times conquered by the English and as often restored by treaty. Expulsion of French settlers (see Long- fellow's Evangeline) 1755. ACTS OF THE APOSTLES were probably written by Luke, A. D. 62 to 68. 726 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. ADMINISTRATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES.- sident Taylor, July 9, 1850* -(p. 152.) On the death of Pre- MILLAKD FILLMOKE, of New York (Vice-Pyesident) became President. He appointed, soon after, the following Cabinet, viz. : Massachusetts, Secretary of State Ohio, Secretary of Treas'y. Louisiana, -Secretary of War. North Carolina, Sec'ry of the Navy. Virginia, Sec'ry of Interior. New York, Post Master General. Kentucky, Attorney General. Alabama," was elected Pres't of the Senate, and became Acting Vice-Pres't of U. S. Daniel Webster, Thomas Corwin, Charles M. Conrad, William A. Graham, A. H. H. Stewart, Nathan K. Hall, John J Crittenden. William K. King, Howell Cobb, Linn Boyd, Georgia (continued in office), \ Kentucky, December, 1851. ) Speakers of H. Reps. FRANKLIN PIERCE, of New Hampshire, inaugurated March 4, 18?3, President. Vice-President vacant, by death of Hon. Wm. E. King, April 18, 1853 William L. Marcy, James Guthrie, Robert M'Clelland, James C. Dobbin, Jefferson Davis, James Campbell, Caleb Gushing, James L. Orr, TUB CABINET New York, Kentucky, Michigan, North Carolina, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, South Carolina, Secretary of State. Secretary of Treasury. Secretary of Interior. Secretary of Navy. Secretary of War. Post Master General. Attorney General. Speaker of H. Keps. JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania, inaugurated March 4, 1857, President. JOHN C. BRECKENRIDGE, of Kentucky, Yice-President. Lewis Cass, John Black, Isaac Toucey, Jas. B. Floyd, Joseph Holt, Howell Cobb, Philip Thomas, John A. Dix, Jacob Thompson, Joseph Holt, Horatio King, John Black, E. M. Stanton, Nathl. P. Banks, Wm. Pennington, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Virginia, Kentucky, Georgia, Maryland, New York, Mississippi, Kentucky, Maine, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Appointed Dec. 1860, Appointed Jan. 1861, Appointed Dec. 1860, Appointed Jan. 1861, > Secretary of State. Secretary of Navy. > Secretary of War. [Secretary of Treasury. Secretary of Interior. Post Master General. Jan. 1861, Dec. I860, Attorney General. } Speaker of H. Reps. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, inaugurated March 4, 1861, President. HANNIBAL HAMLIN, of Maine, Vice-F'resident Wm. H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, Simon Cameron, Gideon Welles, Caleb B. Smith, Montgomery Blair, Edward Bates, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, Missouri, Secretary of State. Secretary of Treasury. Secretary of War. Secretary of Navy. Secretary of Interior. Post Master General. Attorney General The salary of each member of the Cabinet was raised in 185S, from $6,000 to $8,000. * OMISSIONS on page 152 " World's Progress" Hugh S. Legare, John C. Calhoun, Geo. M. Bibb, William Wilkins, Thomas W. Gilmer, John Y. Mason, S. Carolina, S. Carolina, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Virginia, May 9, died June 20, 1843, March 6, 1841, to Mar. 1, 1845, June 15, 1844, to Maroh 3, 1 845, Se. of Treas. Feb. 15, 1844, to March 3, 1845, Sec. of War. j-Secs.ofStatei Feb. 15, 1 844, died Feb. 28, 1844, 1 a March 14, 1844, to Mar. 8, 1845. I of N>. ADDENDA. 727 ADULTERY IN ENGLAND, (p. 155.) By 20 Victoria, c. 85, (1857,) the "action for criminal conversation " was abolished, and the " Court for Divorce and Matri- monial Causes" was established, which has power to grant divorces for adultery and ill usage. See Divorce. ADVERTISEMENTS IN NEWSPAPERS. ENG. (p. 145.) The duty on them was altogether abolished in the United Kingdom, August 4, 1853. For a copious article on this subject see Appletorts Cyclopcedia. ADVERTISING VANS, in 1853 a great nuisance, were prohibited in England. They have recently appeared in New York and other places in the United States. AFRICA, (p. 15.) Richardson explored the great Sahara in 1845-'6, and in 1 849, (by direction of the government,) he left England to explore Central Africa, accompanied by Drs. Barth and Overweg. Richardson died March 4, 1851, and Overweg September 27, 1852. Dr. Vogel was sent out with reinforce- ments to Dr. Barth Feb. 20, 1853. Dr. Barth returned to England, and received the Royal Geographical Society's medal May 16, 1856. His travels were published in five volumes in 1858. Dr. David Livingstone, a mission- ary traveller, returned to England in December, 1856, after an absence of sixteen years, during which he traversed a large part of the heart of South Africa, and walked about 11,000 miles, principally of country hitherto unex- plored. His book was published in November, 1857. In February, 1858, he was appointed British consul for the Portuguese possessions in Africa, and left shortly after. He has been recently heard from, (1859.) Accounts of the assassination of Dr. Vogel were received in 1857. Lieutenant Burton's Explorations of the Eastern Coast, 185- ; his journey from Zanzibar to the interior, 1858 ; and his account of it published in London and New York, 1860. AFRICAN INSTITUTION. Founded in London, in 1807, for the abolition of the slave trade, and the civilization of Africa. Many schools have been established with success, particularly at Sierra Leone, where the number of schools, male and female, is said to approach 2,000. Leigh, AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. In England, Sir Humphry Davy delivered lectures on this subject (afterwards published) at the instance of the Board of Agriculture, in 1812 ; but it excited little attention till the publication of Liebig's work in 1840, which made a powerful impression. Boussingault's " Economie Rurale," an equally important work, appeared in 1844. The immoderate expectations from this study having been somewhat disappointed, a partial reaction has taken place, and much controversy ensued. Liebig's " Letters on Agriculture " appeared in 1859. AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS. The earliest attempt at one was the Abbe Rosier at Chambord, France, 1775. In 1844 Mr. Colman found but nine agricultural schools in existence " worth notice." Seven years after, (1851,) Professor Hitchcock enumerated no less than 352 in Europe, of which five were in England, sixty-three in Ireland, and seventy-five in France. Among the first in the United States is that at Ovid, Seneca county, New York, founded in 1856. The Westchester N. Y. Farm School, founded 1856, was the first private institution exclusively agricultural. There are now (1860) agricultural professorships in Virginia, Georgia, &c., as well as in Yale College. An annual course of thirty lectures on agriculture established in 1850, at New Haven by Professor Norton. Michigan Agricultural College, established by the legislature in 1850. AGRICULTURE. Statistics of 1851 : 728 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. FRANCE. UNITED STATES. RUSSIA. 72,000,000 118,000,000 243,000,000 576,000.000 100,000,000 1,400.000,000 9,000.000 *1 9,800,000 25,000,000 2,818.000 5,000.000 18.000,000 82,000.000 22.000,000 50.000.000 5,000.000 30,000,000 12,000.000 86,000,000 23,000,000 68,000,000 GREAT BRITAIN. Acres of Land in Cultivation, 22,000,000 Bushels of Wheat, av. per annum, 836,000,000 Number of Horned Cattle, 18,000.000 Number of Horses, 1,600,000 Number of Sheep and Goats, 50,000.000 Number of Swine, 19,000,000 Population of each country, 27,000,000 AIR OR ATMOSPHERE. In 1858, Dr. R. Angus Smith made known a chemical method of ascertaining the amount of organic matter in the air. The re- searches of Dr. Schonbein, a German chemist of Basel, led to the discovery of two states of the oxygen in the air, which he calls zone and antozone. See Ozone. ALABAMA. (P. 158.) The governor in his message, November 1851, recom- mends a discriminating tax on all articles from those states that continue slave agitation. Population in 1850: white, 426,515; free colored, 2,250. Total free, 428,765; slaves, 342,894. In 1855: white, 464,456; free colored, 2,466; slaves, 374,784. Population, 1860; white, 520,444; slaves, 435,473. The slaves have increased more rapidly than the whites. Ordi- nance passed "seceding" from the United States January 7, 1861. ALDINE PRESS. That of Aldus Manutius of Venice, at which were printed many of the first editions of the Classics, etc., commencing in 1494 with Musseus. ALEPPO. A large city of Syria, called by the natives Haleb, and anciently Beroea. The pachalic of Aleppo is one of the five governments into which Syria is divided. It was taken by the Turks, A.D. 638; by Saladin, 1193; and sacked by Timour, 1400. The depopulation occasioned by the plague has frequently been dreadful; 60,000 persons were computed to have perished by it in 1797. Aleppo suffered severely from the terrible earthquakes in 1822 and 1830. It has often been the scene of fanatical massacres. One was caused by an attack of the Mahometans upon the Christian inhabitants numbers falling victims to their merciless assailants, who burnt everything in their way ; three churches were destroyed, five others were plundered, and the total loss of property amounted to about a million sterling; no inter- ference was attempted by the pacha or the Turkish soldiers, Oct. 16, 1850. ALIWAL, BATTLE OF, India, between the Sikh army (24,000) and the British under Sir H. Smith (12,000). Sikhs defeated with loss of 6,000, Jan. 28, 1846. ALGIERS. (P. 162.) An insurrection of the Kabyles was subdued by tho French in Oct. 1857. In 1858 the government was entrusted (for a short time) to Prince Napoleon. ALHAMBRA. A Moorish palace and fortress near Granada in Spain, founded by Mohammed I. of Granada about 1253. It surrendered to the Christians, Jan. 6, 1496. The remains have been described in a magnificent work by Owen Jones and Jules Gowry, published 1 842-5. There is a fac-simile in a court of this name in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, near London. ALIENS. (P. 162.) The rigour of the Alien laws in England was much mitigated by 7 & 8 Viet. c. 66, 1844. ALLIANCE, TREATIES OF, (p. 162) between the high European powers: Alliance of England, France, and Turkey (signed at Constantinople) March 12, 1854 Alliance of England and France, ratified April 8, 1854 Alliance of Sardinia with the western powers (signed at Turin'). . Jan. 26, 1855 Alliance of Sweden with the western powers, Dec. 19, 1855 ADDENDA. 729 ALMA, BATTLE OF, in the Crimean war, between the allied British and French armies (48,000) and the Russians under Menschikoff (46,000). Latter defeated with loss of 5,000. Allied loss about 3,000, killed, wounded, and missing. ALPACA. A species of the S. America quadruped the Llama, the soft hairy wool of which is now largely employed in the fabrication of clothes. It was introduced into England, about 1836, by the Earl of Derby. A gigantic factory, etc. (covering 11 acres) for this manufacture was erected at Saltaire, near Shipley in Yorkshire, by Mr. Titus Salt, in 1852. ALPS. Roads over Mount Cenis and the Simplon were constructed by order of Napoleon between 1801-6, connecting France and Italy. See Simplon. A sub-alpine tunnel between France and Piedmont was in progress in 1858. In 1859 the "Alpine Club," which consists of eminent British travellers in the Alps, published their first work, "Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers." AMBER. It is considered by Berzelius to have a resin dissolved in volatile oil. It often contains delicately formed insects. Sir D. Brewster concludes it to be indurated vegetable juice. When rubbed it becomes electrical, and from its Greek name electron the name Electricity is derived. AMERICA, CENTRAL, including the states of Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador, and Costa Rica (formerly the Spanish viceroyalty of Guatemala) which declared their independence Sept. 21, 1821, and separated from the Mexican confederation. Ju*ly 21, 1823. The states made a treaty of union between themselves, March 21, 1847. There has been among them since much anarchy and bloodshed, aggravated greatly by the irruption of Ameri- can filibusters under Kenney and Walker, 1854-5. See Nicaragua, Darien, and Panama. AMERICAN FLAG. Previous to 1776, the colors used by the American army, exhibited a snake with thirteen rattles, in a crimson ground interlaced with white. On the 14th June, 1777, Congress resolved, "that the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars, white, on a blue field representing ' a new con- stellation.' " ANNUAL REGISTER, a summary of the history of each year (beginning with 1758, and continued to the present time) was commenced in London by R. and J. Doclsley. The somewhat similar but more elaborate work, the Annuaire de Deux Mondes, first appeared in Paris, in 1850. ANAESTHETICS. Substances to alleviate pain: Carbonic acid gas, recommended by Dr. Hickman 1828 Chloroform or its use discovered nearly at the same time by Dr. G. Guthrie, Sackets Harbor, N Y., M. Soubeiran in France, and Prof. Liebig in Germany 1831 Use of ether to relieve pain, first effected at the instance of Dr. W. T. G. Morton at the Mass. Hos- pital Oct. 16, 1846 Patent for it secured by Dr. Mor- ton "... Nov. 12, 1846 Dr. Chs. T. Jackson appeared as claimant of the discovery, Jan. 2, 1847 and a controversy on the respec- tive claims was continued for several years. Bill introduced in U. S. Senate to purchase Dr. Morton's patent for $100,000 Aug. 28, 1852 Claim of the widow of Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, Conn , that he originated the use of ether previ- ous to Morton. (These various claims fully discussed in Morton's Statements of Evidence. ISoS, and LittelFs Living Age, vols. 16 & 17.) Use of chloroform first proposed for same purpose as sulphuric ether, by Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh 1847 ANNUALS, the name given to richly bound volumes, published annually, contain- ing poetry, tales, and essays, by eminent authors, and illustrated by engrav- ings. They first appeared in London in 1823. They were imitations of 730 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. similar books in Germany. The duration of the chief of these publications is here given Forget-me-not (Ackerman's) 1823-48 Friendship's Offering 1824-44 Literary Souvonir (first as The Graces) 1824-34 Amulet 1827-34 Keepsake 1826-66 Hood's Comic Annual 183l'-36 ANONYMOUS LETTERS. In England, the sending of threatening or libellous anonymous letters was made felony by several acts, 1722, 1827, 1847. Punishment transportation, imprisonment, and whipping. ANTIGUA. A West India island, discovered by Columbus in 1493 ; settled by the English in 1632. AQUARIUM, or AQUAVIVARIUJL A vessel containing water (marine or fresh) in which animals and plants may co-exist, mutually supporting each other; snails being introduced as scavengers. In 1849, Mr. N. B. Ward succeeded in growing sea- weeds in artificial sea-water. In 1850, Mr. R Warington demonstrated the conditions necessary for the growth of animals and plants in jars of water; and in 1853 the glass tanks in the zoological gardens, Kegerit's Park, were set up under the direction of Mr. D. Mitchell. In 1850 Mr. Gosse published, "The Aquarium." Mr. W. A 1 ford Lloyd, of Portland Road, London, by his enterprise in collecting specimens, has done much to increase the value and interest of aquaria. Mr C. E. Hammett, Jr., of New- port, R. L, published 1859 his observations and experiments with Aquaria, which were very remarkable. Aquaria have been introduced into several public museums in the U. S., and they are also largely cultivated in private houses. AQUEDUCT. (P. 171.) The greatest of modern or perhaps of any time is the Croton aqueduct, which supplies the City of New York with water from Croton lake, 40 miles distant. It was commenced 1837 ; its completion was publicly celebrated in 1842; its cost was $10,375,000. It is carried across the Harlem river on a bridge 100 feet high. Chief engineer John B. Jervis; contractor for the bridge, Geo. Law. The aqueduct which supplies Boston from lake Cochituate, 23 J miles, was commenced in 1846; its completion celebrated Oct. 25, 1848; cost $5,370,818. That which supplies the city of Brooklyn, L. L, was finished 1858 ; engineer J. P. Kirkwood; cost $640,828. ARCHITECTURE. (P. 173.) Dates of notable buildings : Egyptian Pyramids, B. c. 1500 Solomon's Temple begun B. c. 1000 Temple of Jupiter, Rome, B. o. 616 Babylon built B. c. 600 Parthenon finished B. c. 438 Pantheon at Rome.. . A. D. 13 Coliseum A. D. 70 Basilicas at Rome A. D. 830-9; H) StSophia's, Constantinople.begun A.D. 582 Canterbury Cathedral A. . 61 2 Mosque of Omar A. n. 637 York Minster begun A. D. 741 ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. See North- West Passage, and franklin's Expedition. Lt. Hartstene with the Arctic and release leaves Brooklyn, May 31, 1855. and finds Dr. Kane at Lieve- ley, Greenland. Sept. 18, 1S55; and returns to N.York with him Oct.ll. 1855 Steamer Fox, Capt. McCliniock, sails from Aberdeen (sent by Lady Franklin) in search of remains of Franklin's expedition July 10, 1857 Capt McClintock returns, bringing relies and remains of Franklin's Expedition, and ascertaining his fate . .1859 ARIZONA, known as the Gadsden purchase, a territory of 30,000 square miles purchased from Mexico by the U.S. for $10,000,000, in 1855. It had in 1856 about 5,000 inhabitants, chietly Mexicans. ADDENDA. 731 ARGENTINE (or La Plata) CONFEDERATION. Originally fourteen, now thir- teen, provinces, Buenos Ayres having seceded in 1853. This country was discovered by the Spaniards in 1517; settled by them in 1553, and formed part of the great vice-royalty of Peru till 1778, when it became that of Rio de la Plata. It joined the insurrection in 1811, and became independent in 1816. It was at war with Brazil from 1826 to 1828, for the possession of Uruguay, which became independent as Monte-Video. It was at war with Prance from 1838 0. Urquiza was chosen President for six years in 1854. See Buenos Ayres. ARTESIAN WELLS (from Artesia, now Artois, in France, where they frequently occur) are formed by boring through the upper soil to strata containing water, which has percolated from a higher level, and which rises through the boring tube to that level. The fountains in Tralalgar Square in London are supplied by two of these wells. The great well at Paris was completed in 184] , after eight years of exertion, by M. Mulot, at an expense of about 12,000. It yielded 880,000 gallons of water, at the temperature of 81 Fahr., in twenty- four hours. The well at Kissingen was completed in 1850. These wells are now becoming common in various parts of the world. Tens of thousands of them are said to have existed in China from an early age. The U. S. govern- ment have contemplated making them in the vast western plains on the over- land route to California. ASCENSION DAY. This day, also called Holy Thursday, is that on which the Church celebrates the ascension of our Saviour, the fortieth day after his resur- rection from the dead, May 14, A. D. 33 ; first commemorated, A. D. 68. Some Christian writers affirm that Christ left the print of his feet on that part of Mount Olivet where he last stood ; and St. Jerome says that it was visible in his time. ASHANTEES. A warlike tribe of negroes of West Africa. In 1807 they con- quered Fantee, in which the British settlement Cape Coast Castle is situated. On the death of the king who had been friendly to the English, hostilities began, and on Jan. 21, 1824, the Ashantees defeated about 1000 British under Sir Charles M'Carthy at Accra, and brought away his skull with others as trophies. They were subdued in 1826 by Col. Pardon. ASSEMBLY OF DIYIXE3, held at Westminster, London, July 1, 1643, con- voked by order of Parliament to consider the liturgy, government, and doc- trines of the church. Two were elected f<3r each county. They adopted the Scottish Covenant, and drew up catechisms now authorized by the Church of Scotland. ART-UNION. For distributing works of art by lot. The first was in Germany founded at Munich in 1823; followed by those of Berlin (1828), Dresden, Leipzic, Bremen, Dusseldorf, Frankfort, Yienna, etc. " Roman Catholic Art- Unions" were started in 1851. London Art-Union founded 1837 ; its receipts increased in nineteen years from $500, to $90,000 per ann. The first in the U. S., the American Art-Union (originally the Apollo Association) was founded at N. Y., 1839. It continued thirteen years, purchasing and distri- buting works to the amount of $453.853. It was closed in 1851 as being forbidden by the state laws against lotteries. ASTRONOMY. For the planets recently discovered, see Planets. The Dudley Observatory at Albany, chiefly the gift of Mrs. B. Dudley, inaugurated Aug. 28, 1856. The progress of this science in the U. S. has been much accele- rated by the labors of W. C. Bond at Cambridge, 0. M. Mitchell at Cincinnati, and Miss Mitchell at Nantucket. 732 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH. See Submarine Telegraph. ATMOSPHERIC RAILWAY. The first experiments in England at Wormwood Scrubs, 1840. First in Ireland near Dublin, 1843, given up 1855. AUGUSTINS, a religious mendicant order, which ascribes its origin to St. Augus- tine, who died A. D. 430. These monks really first appeared in the 12th Cen- tury, and the order was constituted by Pope Alexander IV., in 1256. Its rule requires strict poverty, humility, and chastity. Martin Luther was an Augustin monk. The Augustins held the doctrine of free grace, and were the rivals of the Dominicans. AURICULAR CONFESSION. The confession of sin at the ear (Latin auris) of the priest must have been an early practice, since it is said to have been forbidden in the fourth century by Nectarius, archbishop of Constantinople. It was first enjoined by the Council of Lateran in 1215. It was one of Six Articles of Faith enacted by Henry VIII. in 1539, and by the Council of Trent; but was abolished in England at the Reformation. Its revival in England was attempted by the Church party called Puseyites or Tractarians, but without success. AURORA BOREALIS, or NORTHERN LIGHTS. The most remarkable exhibitions of this phenomenon on record are those of 1560 in London, in the form of burn- ing spears; 1574 (described by Stow), and the close of the 18th century; again in 1835, 1886, and 1837. In Northern Europe, this phenomenon now very common, was very rare previous to the 18th century. In 1859-60, the Aurora was very brilliant at several times, in different parts of the United States, and the telegraph wires were sensibly affected by the electricity. AUSTRALIA, the smallest continent or largest island in the world, about one- sixth the size of North and South America, and ten times larger than Borneo, its area being about 3,000,000 square miles. Its colonization by convicts Avas first proposed at the close of the American war of Independence. It is now divided into four provinces: New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria (or Port Philip), and Western Australia (or Swan River). Capt. Cook landed at Botany Bay .. 1770 Sydney founded 1788 Gov. Bligh for his tyranny deposed by an insurrection 1803 AUSTRIA. See p. 184. Trial by jury abolished 1852 Marriage of the emperor to Eliza- beth, daughter of Maximilian, duke in Bavaria A pr. 24, 1854 Alliance with England and France on the Eastern Question. . .Dec. 2, 1S54 Degrading Concordat with Koine Aug. 18, 1855 Diplomatic relations wi'h Sardinia broken off on ace. of attacks of Sardinian Press March, 1857 Excitement on the Address of Napo- leon III. to Austrian, minister. Hubner Jan. 1, 1859 Preparations for war Banks of the Ticino fortified... Feb. and March, 1859 Anotrin demands that Sardinia dis- arm. Refused Apr. 26. 1859 Austrians crtm the Ticino.. Apr. 26, 1859 First Ch. of Eng. Bishop (Brough ton) 1886 Melbourne founded Nov. 1857 Transportation suspended 1839 Transportation ceased 1853 French troops reach Genoa..Apr. 27, 1859 French emperor declares war.. May 3, 1S59 Austrians defeated at Montebello, May 20, 1859 do do Palestro, May 30-1, 1859 do do Magenta, June 4, 1859 do do Marignano,June8, 1859 Death of Prince Metternicb. set. 86, June 11, 1859 Austrians def. at Solferino, June 24, 1859 Armistice Agreed upon July 6, 1859 Emperors of France and Austria meet July II, 1859 Preliminaries of peace at Villa Franca, Lombardy to belong to Sardinia July 12, 1859 Fruitless conference of envoys at Zurich Aug. 8, to 'Sept. 1859 ADDENDA. 733 B. BAALBEC, OR HELTOPOLIS, both of which mean " City of the Sun." An ancient city of Syria, of which magnificent ruins remain, described by Wood (in 1757) and others. Its origin (referred to Solomon) is lost in antiquity. Antoninus Pius is stated to have built a magnificent Temple of Jupiter here. The city was sacked by the Moslems, A. D. 748, and by Timour Bey, 1400. BADEN. (P. 186.) 1852. Frederic (born September 9, 1826), regent to Sept. 5, 1856, when he was declared grand duke, and still remains so (1861). Heir, his son, Frederic William, born July 9, 1857. BALAKLAVA (small sea-port in the Crimea), Battle of. Russians about 12,000, commanded by Gen. Liprandi, British by Lord Raglan. In this battle Lord Cardigan's cavalry made the famous "charge of the light brigade;" only 198 out of 607 returning from the charge, Oct. 25, 1854. Another engage- ment here, Russians defeated, losing 2000, Allies losing 600, March 22, 1855. Electric telegraph between this place and London completed April, 1855. BALLOON. (P. 187.) An Italian aeronaut ascended from Copenhagen, in Den- mark, Sept. 14, 1851 ; his corpse was subsequently found on the sea-shore in a contiguous island, dashed to pieces. On June 23, 1859, Mr. Wise and three others ascended from St. Louis in a balloon. After travelling 1150 miles they descended in Jeft'erson county, New York, very narrowly escaping with their lives. A monster balloon, constructed by Mr. Lowe lor the professed intention of an air- voyage to Europe, was inflated and exhibited at New York, May 1860, and again in Pennsylvania, but the weather or accident defeated the project. BALLOONS. EQUESTRIAN ASCENTS were made by Green in London in 1850, and stopped by law, 1852. In France ascents on horses in balloons have been frequently made since 1850. BALLOT. Secret voting was practised by the ancient Greeks. A tract entitled " The* Benefit of the Ballot," said to have written by Andrew Marvell, was published in England in the " State Tracts," 1693 The ballot-box was used in a political club which met in 1659 at Mile's coflee-house. Westminster. It was proposed to be used in the election of members of Parliament in a pam- phlet published in 1705. The ballot has been an open question in British Whig governments since 1835. On June 30, 1857, the House of Commons rejected the ballot, 257 being against, and 189 for it. It became part of the electoral law of Victoria, Australia, in 1856. Secret voting existed in the chamber of deputies in France from 1840 to 1845, and was employed also after the coup d'etat in 1851. In the U. States the ballot is used in all public elections. BALTIC EXPEDITION, against Russia, from England, under Sir Charles Napier, consisting of a large fleet, sailed March, 1854. Captured Bomarsund, Aug. 16. Second expedition,85 ships, under Admiral Dundas, with 16 French ships, under Pernaud, sailed April 4, 1855 ; returned in August, without important results. BALTIMORE. (P. 187.) Population in 1860, 214,037, including 2,213 slaves. BANKRUPTS in ENGLAND. (P. 189.) The number in 1850 was 1298; in 1857 it was 1488; in 1858 there were 1346. In Scotland, there were 453 in 1857. In Ireland, 73. BANKRUPTCY in the U. S. A general bankrupt law was passed by Congress, April 4. 1800, and repealed 1803. Another was passed Aug. 19, 1841, and repealed 1843. See Commercial Failures. 734 THE WORLD'S PKOGIJESS. BANKRUPTCY LAWS (p. 189) in England. A Court of Bankruptcy was first esta- blished 1831. An important act relating to the subject was passed 1849, amended 1854, and further discussed for amendment 1859. BAPTISTS, U. S. A. (P. 190.) In 1858 they had 12,000 churches with 1,500,000 members. In 1762, they had 56 churches only; 1792, 1000; 1812, 2432; 1832, 5322; 1852, 9500. BATTLES. (P. 192.) In the British and French (allies) war with Russia: Silistria June 13-15, 1854 Alina Sept 20, 1854 BalakliiVii Oct. 25, L-54 Inkerman Nov. 5, 1854 Eupatoria (Turks and K.). .Feb. 17, 1S55 Sebastopol March 22-4, 1855 Tchernaya Aug. 16, 1855 Ma akott' taken by the French, Sept.8, 1855 Ingour (Kuss. and Turks).. . Nov. 6, 1855 Baidar (Kuss. and French). . .Dec. 8, 1855 In British war against mutineers in India : Cawnpore, victory of Conflicts before Delhi, May 30 to July 23, 1S57 Havelock's victories before Cawn- pore, &c July 12 to Aug. 16, 1857 Assault and capture of Delhi. Sep- tember 16-20, 1857 Allied (French and Sardinian*} against Austrians in Italy : Austrians cross the Ticino, April 27, 1859 Montebello (Allies vict.) May 20, 1S59 Palestro do .... May 30, 1859 See Sardinia, Naples, &c. Campbell, Dec 6, 1857 Lucknow taken March 14-19, 1858 Gwalior (Rose victorious). . June 17, 1858 Begum of Oude defeated Feb. 10, 1S59 Magenta (Allies vict.) June 4, 1859 Malignant) do June 8, Is59 Solfel-ino do June 24, 1859 Naval conflict in China : Mouth of the Peiho June 25, 1859 | French and English attack on Pekin, 1860 BEDOUINS. Wandering tribes of Arabs, living on the plunder of travellers, &c. They profess a form of Mahommedanism, and are governed by sheikhs. They are said to be descendants of Ishmael, and appear to fulfil the prophecy respecting him, B. c. 1911, Gen. xvi. 12. They are the scourge of Arabia and Egypt. BENEVOLENCE OF BRITISH CHRISTIANS. During 1859 there were 'contributed to about thirty of the principal religious societies of Great Britain $1,262,435, an average of $82,000 a week, over $11, 000 a daj-, and nearly $500 an hour. And yet this is but a portion of the amount given in that country for evan- gelical and benevolent purposes. The income of the British and Foreign Bible Society was $774,530; of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, $645,380; of the Church Missionary Society, $610,440; of the Religious Tract Society, $489,490; of the London Missionary Society, $366,440. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. (P. 199.) The receipts of some of the principal benevolent societies of New York, for the year ending April 30, were : 1856 1857 1858 1859 I860 Amer. Tract Society $848 049 ' Bible 393,163 441.805 890,759 415,011 429 799 ' B. C. For. Miss 307318 888,932 3:34 000 850815 435 956 1 Home Missionary Soc 19354* 178,060 175 970 1SS 139 185216 1 Sunday School Union (sales') 202,426 234,436 k and For. Christ. Union ' Bapt. Home Missions Society. ' Seaman's Friend Society ' Soc. for Melior. cond. of Jews. New York Stte Colonization Society " Children's Aid Society .... 10,524 12,148 15,662 17,399 12,685 ADDENDA. 735 BIBLE SOCIETIES. The first that ever existed was established by some Roman Catholic prelates, in France, in 1774. Chambers' 's Ed. CL The British aud Foreign Bible Society distributed, during the forty-live years ending Jan. 1, 1851, more than twenty-three millions of copies, in one hundred and forty dif- ferent languages. BIBLIOGRAPHY, THE SCIENCE OF BOOKS. The following works on this subject are highly esteemed : Peignot, Manuel, 1823 ; Home, Introduction to the Study of Bibliography, 1814; SCRIPTURAL. Orme, Bibliotheca Biblica, 1824; Darling, Cyclopaedia Bibliographica, 1854-8; CLASSICAL, the works of Fabri- cius, Clarke, and Dibdin; ENGLISH, Watts' Bibliotheca Britannica, 1824; Lowndes, Manual, 1834 (new edition by Bohn, 1857-61); FRENCH, Querard, 1828 et seq. As a general work of reference, Brunet's Manuel du Libraire, 1842, is exceedingly valuable. The most important work on English and American bibliography is Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, 2 vols. R. 8vo. 1859-61. BILL OF EXCEPTIONS. In England, the right of tendering to a judge upon a trial between parties a bill of exceptions to his charge, his definition of the law, or to remedy other errors of the court, was provided by the second statute of "Westminster, 13 Edw. I. 1284. Such bills are tendered to this day, and the practice is recognised in American courts of law. BIRDS. Divided by Linnseus into six orders (1735) ; by Blumenbach into eight 1805); and by Cuvier into six (1817). The most remarkable works ever published on Birds are those by our American Audubon, and those by John Gould in England ; the latter will consist of 31 folio volumes of colored plates, &c. Each set, bound, will cost about 500. Audubon's great work on Birds of America was engraved and published by him in Edinburgh, in four huge folios, about 1835 ; the subscription price was $800. It was reproduced in 7 smaller vols. in 1840, and in the original form in 1859-60 at New York. BLOW-PIPE. The origin of this indispensable chemical apparatus is unknown. It was employed in mineralogy, by Andrew von Swab, a Swede, about 1733, and improved by Wollaston and others. In 1802, Prof. Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, increased the action of the blow-pipe by the application of oxygen and hydrogen. By the agency of Newman's improved pipes, in 1816, Dr. E. D. Clarke fused the earths, alkalies, metals, &c. The best work on the blow-pipe is by Plattner and Muspratt, 1854. BOLIVIA, a republic in South America, formerly of Peru, was declared indepen- dent, Aug. 6, and took the name of Bolivia, in honor of General Bolivar, Aug. 11, 1825. The insurrection of the ill-used Indians, under Tupac Amaru Andres, took place in 1780-2. Slavery was abolished in 1836. General Sucre governed ably from 1826-8; Santa Cruz ruled from 1828 to 1834; after which many disorders occurred. In 1S53 free trade was proclaimed. General Cordova president, 1855-7, was succeeded by Jose Maria Lenares. Population in 1855, 2,326,126. BOLOGNA. (P. 208.) During the Italian war of 1859, the Romagna threw off the temporal sovereignty of the Pope, and voted for annexation to Sardinia. On Oct. 2, the provisional government at Bologna decreed that all public acts should be headed " under the reign of Victor Emmanuel." BOOK-TRADE, UNITED STATES. (P. 211.) The number of new books recorded as published during one year ending June 30, 1851, was 1261. No accurate statistics have been compiled in recent years. In 1855 the number of new works and new editions recorded as then first published in the U. S. was about 2400. There are in the U. S. (1860) about 3,000 booksellers and 400 publishers. 736 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. BOOK-TRADE of GREAT BRITAIN. (P. 210.) Number of new publications in 1850, 4400. In 1859 there were 5507 different works entered for copyright, and 4066 volumes and pieces of music. This is an increase of 700 per cent, on the returns of 1828: about 400 per cent, on those of 1836, and about 50 per cent, on those of 1854. BOOK-TRADE, FRANCE. (P. 210.) The value of books imported in 1855, was 1,829,470 francs. Value of exports, 12,344,855 francs: increase of exports since 1851, 30 per cent. BORNEO, an island of the Indian Ocean, the largest in the world except Austra- lia, was discovered by the Portuguese in 1526. The Dutch traded here in 1604, established factories in 1776, and still remain on the island. The Bri- tish chastised Bornean pirates in 1813, and again 1843, and in 1846 they took possession of a part of the island. Sir James Brooke being appointed "Rajah of Sarawak," an English bishop for the island consecrated at Cal- cutta, Oct. 18, 1855. Insurrection of Chinese in Sarawak, Feb. 18, 1857; subdued by Brooke, and 2000 insurgents killed. British government urged to purchase Sarawak, Nov. 1858, but declined. BOSTON, U. S. A. (P. 212.) The population in 1850 was 136,881; in 1855, 160,508; in 1860, 177,902. Free Public Library, a noble institution, first opened 1858. BOUNDARY QUESTIONS between the U. S. and England. The " North-East Boundary" between Maine and the British possessions, adjusted by the Webster- Ashburton Treaty at Washington, 1842. The Oregon Boundary, adjusted by treaty at London, June 18, 1856. BRAZIL. (P. 216.) First Steam-Ship line to Europe 1850 Slave trade suppressed 1852 Railways commenced 1852 Eio Janeiro lighted with gas 1854 BRIBERY at Elections in England. (P. 217.) Borough of St. Albans disfranchised for bribery, 1852. Elections at Derby and other places declared void by bribery in 1853, and at other places 1857-9. BRIDGEWATER TREATISES. The Rev. Francis, Earl of Bridgewater, died in April, 1829, leaving, by will, 8000 to be given to eight persons, appointed by the President of the Royal Society, who should write each an essay on the power, wisdom, and goodness of God as manifested in the Creation. The essays (by Sir Charles Bell, Drs. T. Chalmers, John Kidd, William Buckland, William Prout, J. M. Roget, and the Revs. William Whewell and William Kitty) were published in 1834-37. BRITISH ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. It holds annual meetings, the first of whiclr was held at York in 1831. One of its main objects is to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate science. A volume containing reports of the proceedings is published annually. BRITISH COLUMBIA. In June, 1858, news came to California that in April gold had been found in abundance on the mainland of North America, a little to the north and east of Vancouver's Island. A great influx of gold-diggers (in a few weeks above 50,000) from all parts was the consequence. Mr. Doug- las, Governor of Vancouver's Island, evinced much ability in prest-rvin.u; order. The territory was made a British province with the above title, and placed under Mr. Douglas. The colony was nominated, :nd the government settled, Aug. 1858. For a dispute in July, 1859, see United Slate?. (Tables.) BRITISH MUSEUM. (P. 220.) In 1846 the Right Hon. Thos. Grenville bequeathed to the Museum his library, consisting of 20,240 vols. The ADDENDA. 737 Assyrian sculptures and other treasures were collected by Mr. Layard between 1847-50. In Nov. 1858 a large number of antiquities from Hali- carnassus were added, which had been obtained by Mr. C. Newton. See Nineveh. Great additions to, and improvements in, the buildings have lately been made by the munificence of Parliament, independently of a large annual grant for scientific purposes. A gigantic iron railing, inclosing the frontage, was completed in 1852. The present magnificent reading-room was opened to the public. May 11, 1857. It was erected by Sidney Smirke, according to a plan by Antonio Panizzi, the present librarian (1859), at a cost of about 150,000. The height of the dome is 106 feet, and the diameter 140 feet. The room contains about 80,000 vols., and will accommodate 300 readers. The library contains above 562,000 vols. exclusive of tracts, MSS., &c. The alphabetical catalogue was completed from A to H in May, 1858 in above 1000 folio vols. BROOKLYN, on Long Island, but really a suburb of the city of New York, in 1800 had but 3298 inhabitants; in 1830 it had 15,292 ; in 1855 (then consoli- dated with Williamsburgh) it had 205,250. In 1860, it had 273,425. BUDDHISM, the religion formerly of India, and now of a large part of Asia beyond the Ganges and Japan, from which Brahminism is derived. Buddha, or the "Wise, flourished about 1000 or 1100 B. c. The Buddhists believe that the soul is an emanation from God, and that, if it continues virtuous, it will return to him on the death of the body ; but if not virtuous, it will undergo various changes of abode. Buddhism was expelled from India about A. D. 596. BUENOS- AYRES, S. America, (P. 222.) The independence of the province was declared July 19, 1816, and it was recognised in February, 1822, as forming part of the Argentine Confederation ; but for some years past the country has been a prey to civil war under various leaders, among whom were Oribe, Urquiza, and Rosas. The last was defeated in battle, Feb. 3, 1852, by Urquiza, to whom Buenos- Ayres capitulated, and Rosas fleeing to England, arrived at Plymouth, April 25, 1852. General Urquiza having been deposed Sept. 10, 1852. invested the city, Dec. 28. He defeated his opponent's squa- dron, April 18, 1853, but withdrew his forces, July 13, and the civil war ended. In 1853, Buenos- Ayres seceded from the Argentine Confederation, and has been generally recognised as an independent state. Dr. D. Pastor Obligado was elected governor, Oct. 12, 1853. Dr. Valentin Alsina was elected governor for three years, May, 1857. Population in 1854 about 350,000. BUILDING SOCIETIES, for mutual benefit of persons of limited means who would build or buy their houses economically, are said to have originated at Kirkcudbright, Scotland. A large number were organized in New York in 1848-49, but they do not appear to have been generally sustained. BURMESE or BIRMAN EMPIRE. For the events of war with England, and of the Burmese war, commenced in 1851, see India. The province of Pegu annexed to British empire, Dec. 20, 1852. War declared at an end, June 20, 1853. 0. CABINET, U. S. See Administrations. CABRIOLET. One-horsed cabriolets (vulgo, cabs) were introduced in London as 738 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. public conveyances in 1823, when the number in use was 12. In 1831 they had increased to 165. In 1859 there were in London 5500 cabs of which about 1500 ply on Sundajr. Hackney-coaches there are now almost extinct. In 1853 the legal fare was made 6d. per mile. In New York and other Amer. cities, a clumsy style of cab was introduced in 1844-5, but not being a desirable shape they were not popular, and soon disappeared. Proposals for introducing a better pattern were published by the Superintendent of Central Park, N. Y., 1860. CALIFORNIA. (P. 230.) In 1831 the population (Mexican) was estimated at 23,000. By the census of 1850 the number was 92,597 ; by that of 1852 it was 264,435, of whom only 22,193 were white females. In 1856 the popu- lation was 518,380, of whom 336,380 were Americans; 15,000 Mexicans; 10.000 Irish ; 10,000 Germans ; 2000 English, and 15,000 various (white) nationalities ; 50,000 Chinese ; 65,000 Indians. From 1849 to 1857 inclusive, 75,301 Chinese arrived at San Francisco, of whom 17,524 returned during the same time. CALORIC ENGINE. First reduced to practice by John Ericsson in London in 1833, and then considered a success, but not made practically available till 1852. In that year it was introduced in a ship of 2000 tons which it pro- pelled from New York to Alexandria in the Potomac and back in very rough weather, February, 1853. This achievement created great excitement in the scientific world, but the speed attained was not commercially sufficient. Subsequently Ericsson devised an engine that for all purposes requiring a moderate power, has proved entirely successful, and is now extensively used in the United States, Cuba, Canada, and in many South American and Euro- pean States. It is inexplosive, entirely free from danger, consumes but little fuel, and requires no water. Innumerable motors have been planned and patented by men of science during the last hundred years, but the only one (other than steam-engines) that has become an article of use and commerce is Ericsson's Caloric Engine, patented in the United States, Dec. 14, 1858. It establishes an epoch in the history of motive power. CANADA. (P. 232.) Ottawa, formerly Bytown, was appointed the capital in 1858. A regiment of the line (the 100th) spontaneously raised in 1858. The upper and lower provinces united and designated Canada East and Canada "West. Sir Edmund Head gov. gen. . Grand Trunk Railway 850 miles long, from Quebec to Toronto, with branch to Portland, Maine, opened Nov. 12, 1856. Victoria Bridge at Montreal completed 1860, and opened with great ceremony by the Prince of "Wales, 1860. Population in 1852: Upper Canada, 952,004; Lower Canada, 890,261. In 1857 it was estimated thus: Upper Canada, 1,305,923; Lower, 1,220,514. The value of exports in 1857 was 6,751,656. CANALS. (P. 233.) The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (Md.), cost $10,000,000, completed ; the Lachine Canal, in Canada, 3f miles, cost $235,934 per mile ; the Erie Canal cost $19,679 per mile. CANCER. A hospital to receive persons suffering from this fearful disease, was founded by Miss Burdett Coutts, at Brompton, near London, on May 30, 1859. CANNON. (P. 234.) In 1820 the maximum size of guns in American forts was a 24-pounder; in 1850 the largest was 10-inch bore carrying balls of 124 lbs A vol. of reports of experiments in gunmaking was published by the U. S. Ordnance Department in 1856. The largest cannon ever made was one made by Horsfall, Liverpool, for the British government in 1856. It weighed ADDENDA. 739 21 tons 18 cwt. The guns cast for the new steam frigates of the U. S. were invented by Capt. Dahlgreen, U. S. N., and bear his name. CANTON. (P. 235.) In consequence of an outrage on a British vessel the forts guarding the city were captured, and Canton was bombarded, Oct. 29, 1856, by order of Sir J. Bowring, who was afterwards censured by a vote of ihe House of Commons. Canton taken by the British and French,. Dec. 29, 1857, and Yeh, the governor, was sent to Calcutta a prisoner. CAOUTCHOUC, or INDIA RUBBER. (P. 235.) Goodyear's first patent for hard rubber as a substitute for horn and tortoise-shell, for combs, paper-knives, veneer, walking-sticks, was taken in 1839. The value of the raw material imported in 1857 was about $1,000,000. Value of exports of the manufac- tured articles about $1,200,000. CAPITOL of the UNITED STATES. The corner-stone of the original edifice was laid by Washington, Sept. 18, 1793. It was burnt by the British 1814; restored 1818. Corner-stone of the new wings laid by Pres. Fillmore, July 4, 1851. The present structure is 751 feet long, and covers 3^ acres. CARICATURES. The modern caricatures of Gilray, Rowlandson, (H. B.) (John Doyle j^HB), R. Doyle and J. Leech are justly celebrated. The well-known " Punch" was first published in 1841. The most eminent writers of fiction (Douglas Jerrold, Thackeray, A'Becket, Professor E. Forbes, &c.) have contributed to this amusing periodical. "Vanity Fair," commenced in New York, 1860, has enlisted some of the best American talent in this department. CARNIVAL. (Carni vale, Italian, i.e. Flesh, farewell /) A well-known festival time in the Roman Catholic Church, observed in Italy, particularly at Venice, about Shrove-tide or beginning of Lent. This is a season of mirth and indul- gence, and numbers visit Italy during its continuance. CAROLINA. See N: Carolina, S. Carolina. CAUCASUS. (P. 241.) The subjugation of the Caucasian tribes has long been the object of the Russians, and seems now almost achieved by the capture of Schamyl (.Sept. 7, 1859), who has been honorably received by the czar. CA"WNPORE, a town in India, during the mutiny in 1857 was garrisoned by native troops under Sir Hugh Wheeler. They revolted and were joined by Nana Sahib, who captured the place, June 26. and massacred great numbers of the British without regard to age or sex. Cawnpore was retaken by Havelock, July 17. CAYENNE. (P. 242.) Many political prisoners have been sent here by the French emperor since 1852. CENSUS, The, of the U. States (p. 243) is taken by the general government every ten years, that of New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Florida is by those states taken decennially at intermediate periods, thus giving returns every five years. Other states have different periods for a census. See U. States. CHALDEA, the ancient name of Babylonia, but afterwards restricted to the S. W. portion of it. The Chaldeans were devoted to astronomy and astrology. See Dan. ii., &c. CHANCERY, COURT OF, England. In 1852 two very important acts were passed to amend the practice in the Court of Chancery, and relieve the suitors in that court, and others in 1853-55. In the U.S. federal courts equity and law are both administered, and this system was adopted by the State of New York in her Constitution of 1846. CHANCELLORS, LORD, England. (P. 1M.'.) 740 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Sir Thomas Wilde, created Lord Robert Mousey Rolfe, created Lord 1852 Truro 1850 Cranworth Sir Edw. Sugden, created Lord St. Sir Fred. Thesiger, created Lord 1858 Leonards 1852 Chelmsford John, Lord Campbell 1859 CHANTING-. Chanting the psalms was adopted by Ambrose from the pagan ceremonies of the Romans, about A. D. 350. Lenglet. Chanting in churches was introduced into the Roman Catholic service in 602, by Gregory the Great, who established schools of chanters, and corrected the church song. Dufres- noy. Chanting is now adopted by some dissenters (1859). Haydn. CHEMICAL SOCIETIES. One was formed in London in 1780, but its meetings were not long continued. The present society was established in London in 1841. It includes the most eminent chemists of the day, and publishes a quarterly journal. CHERBOURG. Opening of the great Napoleon docks, and naval display in presence of Queen Victoria and the English and French courts, Aug. 4 and 5, 1858. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. The growth of this place has been of a remarkable and extraordinary character. In 1831 it contained about a dozen families. The "town" was organized by the election of five trustees, 1833, there being in all 28 voters. First census, 1837, showed a population of 4170. Population in 1850 was 28,269; in 1855 it was 83,509 ; 1857, 130,000. It is now the largest primary grain depot in the world. More than 100 trains of cars arrive and depart daily. Receipts of grain in 1857 were $21,856,000. CHILI, S. America, (P. 248.) The present president (1859), Don Manuel Moutt, was elected Oct. 18, 1856. Population in 1855, 1,439,120. Civil war was going on in 1859. Population in 1857 was 1,553,458. Exports in 1857 amounted to $20,126,461. CHINA. (Page 249.) Death of Taon-Kwang Feb. 25, 1850 Rebellion bleaks out in Quang-si, Aug., 1850 Rebel emperor or pretender Tien- teh appears March, 1851 Rebels take. Nankin,March 1 9, Amoy, May 19, Shanghae, Sept. 7, 1853 Rebels besiege Canton unsuccess- fully Nov. 1854 Canton forts taken by the British 1856 1857 1869 (see Canton) .............. Oct. 8, Americans capture 3 forts . . Nov. 21, 1856 Chinese burn European factories, and murder English sailors ...... Dec., 1856 Lord Elgin " sent out as British envoy .................... March, British destroy the Chinese fleet, June 1, 1857 British blockade Canton ....... Aug., 1857 Canton taken by English and French ................ Dec. 28-9, 1857 Yeh, gov. of Canton, who is said to CHLOROFORM. See Anaesthetics. CHOLERA-MORBUS. (P. 251.) In Sept. 1853, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Hexham, Tynemouth, and other northern towns of England, suffered much from cho- lera, and in the autumn of ] 854 it made great ravages in Italy and Sicily ; above 10,000 are said to have died at Naples; it was also very fatal to the allied troops at Varna. At London, in August and September, it was very severe for a short time have beheaded 100,000 rebels, sent to Calcutta Jan. 1858 Forts at mouth of Peiho captured by the English and French. . .May 20, 1858 Treaty of peace signed by Keying, Lord Elgin, and Bar.Gros, June 28, 1858 [Principal articles : Ambassadors to be at both courts ; freedom of trade; Christianity to be tole- rated ; expenses of war paid by China; tariff to be revised; Chinese epithet of "barbarian" no longer to be applied to foreigners.] Mr. Bruce, British envoy, stopped at the month of the Pei-ho. Admiral Hope attempting to force the pas- Sage defeated, losing 81 killed, 800 wounded June 25, Pekin taken by the allied French and English forces, and the empe- ror's palace sacked 1860 ADDENDA. 74] CHORUS-SINGING, is very ancient, and was early practised at Athens. Stesi- chorus, whose real name was Tysias, received this appellative from his having been the first who taught the chorus to dance to the lyre, 556 B.C. Quintil. Inst. Orat. Hypodicus of Chalcides carried off the prize for the best voice, 508 B.C. Parian Marbles. CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON, founded by Edward VI., 1552. CHROMO-LITHOGRAPHY. See Printing in Colors. CHRONOLOGY. The following works are much esteemed : Playfair's Chrono- logy, 1784; Blair's Chronology, 1753 (new editions by Sir H. Ellis in 1844, and by Mr. Rosse in 1856). ''The Oxford Chronological Tables, 1838. Sir Harris Nicolas' Chronology of History is very useful. CHURCH of ENGLAND. (P. 253.) The number of churches in England for Protestant worship, in 1851, was 14,077. CHURCH RATES in England in 1854 amounted to 318,200. Bill to abolish them passed by the House of Commons but defeated by the H. of Lords, 1858. CINCINNATI, OHIO. (P. 254.) Population in 1850 was 115,000; 1860, 160,060, although only 70 years old. CINQUE PORTS, England, S. E. coast. They were originally five : Dover, Hastings, Hythe, Romney, and Sandwich ; "Winchelsea and Rye were after- wards added. They are governed by a particular policy and are under a Lord Warden. The Duke of Wellington filled that office from 1828 to his death, 1852. CIRCASSIA. (P. 255.) By the treaty of Adrianople, in 1830, Circassia was sur- rendered to Russia by Turkey. But the Circassians, particularly under a native chief named Schamyl, have ever since carried on a war of indepen- dence with varying success against the whole power of Russia. In June, November, and December, 1857, the Circassians were defeated by the Rus- sian governor, Prince Orbelliani, who also in April, 1858, conquered a large tract of country, and expelled the inhabitants. On Sept. 7, 1859, Schamyl was captured by the Russians, and treated with great respect. The Circas- sians became Mahometans in the 18th century. CIRCLE. The quadrature, or ratio of the diameter of the circle to its circum- ference, has exercised the ingenuity of mathematicians of all ages. Archi- medes, about B. c. 221, gave it as 7 to 22 ; Abraham Sharp (1717), as 1 (and 72 decimals) to 3 ; and Layny (1719), as I (and 122 decimals) to 3. CIRCULATING LIBRARY. Of the subscription libraries belonging to indivi- duals, that of Mr. C. Mudie, in London, is the most remarkable for the quan- tity and quality of the books, several hundreds, sometimes thousands of copies of a new work being in circulation. It was founded in 1848, when the first two vols. of Macaulay were published, for which there was an unprecedented demand, which this library supplied. CLERMONT (France), Council of. The celebrated council in which the crusade against the infidels was determined upon, and Godfrey of Bouillon appointed to command it, in the pontificate of Urban II., 1095. In this council the name of pope was first given to the head of the Roman Catholic Church, exclusively of the bishops, who used until this time to assume that title. Philip I. of France was (a second tune) excommunicated by this assembly. Henault. CLOACA MAXIMA. The chief of the celebrated sewers in Rome, the construc- tion of which is attributed to king Tarquinius Prisons (B. c. 588), and his successors. 742 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. CLOCK. The great Westminster (London) clock set up, May 30, 1859. The London watchmakers established the Horological Institute in 1858, which publishes a journal. In 1857, 266,750 clocks and 88,621 watches were imported into the United Kingdom. Clockmaking of a cheap kind, on a large scale, was commenced in Connecticut in 18 . The American watch companies, founded 1850, at Waltham, Roxbury&c, make large quantities of superior watches. CLUBS in NEW YORK : The Union, founded in Broadway, 183-, now 5th Avenue. The Century, founded in 1848 in Broad- way, now in 15th St. The Nrw York, founded in 18 In Broadway. The Athenceum, founded in 1859, Fifth Avenue. The Century and Athenseum were intended primarily for gentlemen con- nected with literature and art. One of the oldest in America is the "Wistar Club in Philadelphia. CLUBS, FRENCH. The first of these arose about 1782. They were essentially political, and were greatly concerned in the revolution. The Club Breton became the celebrated Club des Jacobins, and the Club des Cordeliers com- prised among its members Danton and Camille Desmoulins. From these two clubs came the Mountain party which overthrew the Girondists, in 1793, and fell in its turn in 1794. The clubs disappeared with the Directory in 1799. They were revived in 1848 in considerable numbers, but did not. attain to their former eminence. They were suppressed by decrees, June 22, 1849, and June 6, 1850. Bouillet. COAL. The quantity mined in Great Britain in 1854 was stated to be no less than 64 millions of tons. The amount exported in eight monthes of 1858 was 4,539,708 tons, of which 249,995 were to the U. States. The "Statistics of Coal," by R C. Taylor, published 1854, give a full and reliable account of coal products in all parts of the world. COCHINEAL. The properties of this insect, which derives its color from feeding on the cactus, became known to the Spaniards soon after their conquest of Mexico, in 1518. Cochineal was brought to Europe about 1523. It was not known in Italy in 1548, although the art of dyeing then flourished there. See Dyeing. In 1858 it was cultivated successfully in the Teneriffe, the vines having failed through disease. The import into England in 1850, 2.360,000 Ibs. In the United States the importation in 1858 amounted to $221,332. CODE NAPOLEON. The Civil Code of France, promulgated from 1803 to 1 810. This was considered by the emperor as his most enduring monument. It was prepared under his supervision by the most eminent jurists, from the 400 systems previously existing. COFFEE. Quantity imported into the U. States in 1856 was 240,676,227 Ibs; in 1857, value of importation, $22,386,879; in 1858, $18,341,081. Quantity imported into England, in 1843, was 29,979,404 Ibs; in 1850, 31,166,358 Ibs.; in 1857, 34,367,484 Ibs. COINAGE, U. S. (P. 262.) The aggregate coinage of the mints, from 1793 to June 30, 1859, has been $689,189,679.95. Of this amount, $470,341,478.46 of gold, and $3,290,368.33 of silver, were derived from mines of the United States. COLONIES. The population of the British colonies in all parts of the world was estimated, in 1852, at 182,983,672, of which 176,028,672 belong to the East Indies. ADDENDA. COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OP. (P. 265.) Population in 1850 was 51,687, including 3687 slaves. In 1860, Washington city had 61,403. COMBAT, SINGLE, IN ENGLAND. It commenced with the Lombards, A.D. 659. Introduced into England, and allowed in accusations of treason, when no other evidence was produced, 1096. The last combat proposed was prevented by the king in 1631. COMETS. (P. 264.) Donati's comet, so called from its having been first observed by Dr. Donati, of Florence, June 2, 1858, being then calculated to be 228 millions- of miles from our earth. It was very brilliant in England in the end of September and October following, when the tail was said to be 40 millions of miles long. On the 10th of October it was nearest to the earth; on the 18th it was near coming into collision with Yenus. COMMANDERS IN CHIEF, U. S. army. Jacob Brown 1821 I Winfield Scott 1841 Alexander Macomb 1S35 j COMMANDERS IN CHIEF, British Army. Duke of Monmouth 1674 Dnke of Marlborough 1690 Duke of Schomberg 1 691 Duke of Ormond 1711 Earl of Stair 1744 Fieldmarshal Wade 1745 Lord Ligonier 1757 Marquess of Granby 1766 Lord A.mherst 1778 Hon. Geo. Conway 17*2 Duke of York 1795 Sir David Dundas 1909 Duke of York again. 1811 Duke of Wellington 1827 Lord Hill 1828 Duke of Wellington again 1842 Lord Hardinge . . . . ; 1852 Duke of Cambridge 1S6 COMMERCE. See Exports and Imports, Navigation and Shipping, &t. COMMERCIAL FAILURES. The circular of Dun, Boyd, & Co. of N. York gives the following statistics of failures in the U. States : 1857 1853 1859 1861 Failures.. 4.937 4.225 8,918 8.676 Amount.... 1291,750,000 $95,750,000 $64294,000 $79,807,000 Of the 3676 failures in 1860, 695 are set down as swindlers; their debts amounting to $10,664,000. CONCEPTION, IMMACULATE, of the Virgin. On the 8th of September, 1854, the pope promulgated a bull with great solemnity and pathos, declaring this dogma to be an article of faith, and charging with heresy those who should doubt or speak against it. The Conceptionists were an order of nuns in Italy established in 1488. CONCORDANCE. (P. 268.) Mrs. Cowden Clarke's Concordance to Shakspeare, a remarkable monument of a woman's intelligent and patient industry, was completed in 1844, after ten years' labor. CONFESSIONS of Faith, or Creeds. See Apostles, Athanasian and Nicene creeds. Angsburgh Confession. Confession of Divines at Westminster agreed to, 1643. Congregational confession of Faith adopted in England, 1833. CONNECTICUT. (P. 270.) Population in 1850, 370,792; in 1860, 460,670. COPTS, in Egypt, the supposed descendants of the ancient Egyptians, mingled with Greeks and Persians. Their religion is a form of Christianity, derived from the Eutychians, a sect of the fifth century. COPYRIGHT OF DESIGNS, for Manufactures, in ENGLAND, first granted 1787 for 2 months, extended in 1794. Copyright on sculpture conferred for 14 years, 1814. Copyright on other designs extended to 12 months, 1839. Ormamental designs, of all kinds fully protected, from 9 mos. to 3 years, by act of 1842, and still further, in 1850." 744 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. COPYRIGHT OF BOOKS, PRODUCE OF (P. 274.) The most profitable copyrights in the U. 8. have been those on school-text-books, many of which have yielded large sums to the authors. Of literary and historical works the most profitable have been the works of Prescott, Bancroft, Irving, Longfellow, and Mrs. Stowe. COPYRIGHT, INTERNATIONAL. In England in 1838 and 1S")2 nets were passed to secure to authors, in certain cases, the benefits of international copyright (1 & 2 Viet. c. 59, and 15 Viet. c. 12.), and conventions were in conse- quence entered into with France, Russia, Saxoiry, &c. Up to 1854, Ameri- can and other authors were (informally) allowed a copyright in England when their works were first or simultaneously published there; but the House of Lords, in the case of Jeffrey vs. Boosey, decided in 1854 that the privilege should be enjoyed only by authors of those nations which recipro- cated it, unless the author resides in England. COPYRIGHT, U. S. (P. 274.) The law of 1831 gives an author exclusive right to his works for 28 years, and a right of renewal to himself, his wife and children for 14 years more, making 42 years in all. No foreigner can secure copyright unless residing in the U. S. So far' (Jan. 1861) the American government has refused or failed to respond to the British offer of recipro- city in literary copyright. A treaty for this purpose was framed by Mr. Everett in 1854, but never acted upon. COSTA RICA. A republic in Central America established in 1848. It has been much disturbed by filibusters from the U. States. See Nicaragua and Central America. On Aug. 14, 1 859, the President Juan Mora was suddenly deposed, and Dr. Jose Montealegre made president. COSTUME. (P. 277.) An attempt to introduce a semi-masculine female costume known as Bloomers (from Mrs. Bloomer of Seneca, N. Y.) was made in 184-, but with very limited success. It was overshadowed by the other extreme, the crinoline, ascribed to the empress Eugenie, originating a few months before the birth of the heir to the French throne (about 1854) and still (1860) prevailing, though threatened with decline. COTTON. (P. 278.) The exports of cotton since 1821, have thus advanced (stated in millions of pounds weight) : 1821 124 millions, average pric 16 cts. 1830 298 " " " 9 ' 1840 743 " " " 14 " 1849 1026 " " " 6 " 1850 635 " " "11 1855 109S millions, average price 8 cts. 1S56 1351 " " " 9 " 1857 1048 " " " 12 " 1858 1113 " " " 11 " 1S59 1386 ' " " 11 .. Total value of cotton exported in 39 years, 2383 millions of dollars. Value in 1859, 161 millions. The ratios of cotton imported by Great Britain in the 5 years 1844-9. were as follows: U. States 78| per cent. ; India iO ; Brazil 7; Egypt 3i; TV. Indies, &c. \ per cent. In England a cotton supply asso- ciation to obtain cotton from Africa, India, &c., was formed at Manchester about 1857. Lieut. Burton, who explored the interior of Africa in 1859, states that cotton grows there in great profusion, and a decent kind of cotton cloth is manufactured by the natives. COTTON MANUFACTURES, U. S. (P. 278.) The number of spindles employed in 1840 and 1850 is thus stated: 1S40: If 50: In 5 New England states 1.597.894 _ $2.751.073 In 11 other states 157,314 236,480 COTTON SPINDLES in operation in Europe and America, 1851. The following is the estimated number of spindles in actual operation: Great Britain, ADDENDA. 745 17,000,500; France, 4,300,000; United States, 2,500,000 ; Zollverein States, 815,000; Russia, 700,000; Switzerland. 650,000 ; Belgium, 420,000 ; Spain, 300,000; Italy, 300,000. Total, 29,985,000. COTTON-GIN". This invention, in 1793, by Eli Whitney of New Haven, gave an extraordinary impetus to the culture of cotton in the U. S. It cleans and prepares 300 Ibs. per day ; by the old mode only a single pound a day could be cleaned. CREDIT MOBILIER. A joint-stock company with this name was established at Paris, Nov. 18, 1852, by Isaac and Emile Pereire, and others. It takes up or originates trading enterprises of all kinds, applying to them the principle of commandite, or limited liabilities, and is authorized to supersede or buy in any other companies (replacing their shares or bonds in its own scrip), and also to carry on the ordinary business of banking. The funds were to be obtained by a paid-up capital of 2f millions sterling, the issue of obligations at not less than 45 days' date or sight, and the receipt, of money on deposit or current account. The society has apparently prospered, but is never- theless considered by experienced persons as a near approach to Law's bank of 1716, and likely to end disastrously. In Sept. 1857, several of the direc- tors failed ; and in May, 1858, no dividend was paid. CRIME NEW YORK CITY. Who Furnish our Criminals and Paupers. A recent publication states that of the criminals in New York city for twenty-one months, 31.088 were natives of this country, while 89,589 were foreigners; of whom 60,442 were Irish, 9,488 Germans, and 4000 English. Of 28,821 persons admitted to the alms-house in ten years, 22,468 were foreigners; 15,948 were Irish. 1,240 Germans, and 1.297 English. During the same time, of 50,015 admitted to Bellevue hospital, 41,851 were foreigners. Of 4,335 inmates of the lunatic asylum, 3,360 were foreigners. Of 251,344 com- mitted to the city prison, only 59,385 were natives, while 86,431 professed to be members of the church of Rome. CRIME IN ENGLAND. The number of convictions by trial in England and "Wales was, in Persons. Capital Offences. 1849 21,001 66 1855 19,971 50 1858 13,246 53 Since 1848 there has been no commitment for political offences, such as trea- son or sedition. In 1856 there were 2,666 persons liberated on ''tickets of leave." Expenses of criminal prosecutions in 1856 were 194,912. CRIMEA, OR CRIM TARTARY. War having been declared by England and France against Russia^ March 28, 1854, large masses of troops were sent to the East, which after remaining some time at Gallipoli, &c., sailed for Varna, where they disembarked May 29. The expedition against the Crimea having been determined on, the allied British, French, and Turkish forces, amounting to 58,000 men (25,000 British), commanded by Lord Raglan and Marshal St. Arnaud, sailed from Varna, Sept. 3, and landed on the 14th, 15th. and 16th r without opposition, at Old Fort, near Eupatoria, about 30 miles from Sebas- topol. On the 20th they attacked the Russians, between 40 and 50.000 strong (under Prince Menschikoff), entrenched on the heights of Alma, sup- posed to be inassailable. After a sharp contest the Russians were totally routed. See Alma and Russo- Turkish War. Peace was proclaimed in April, 1856, and the allies quitted the Crimea in July following. CRYSTAL PALACE IN NEW YORK, built chiefly of iron and glass, in form or a cross, with a dome, was commenced Oct., 1852. Exhibition opened to the 746 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. public (Pres. Pierce being present) August, 1853. The building destroyed by tire, with its contents, as exhibited by Amer. Institute, Sept., 1859. CRYSTAL PALACE, HYDE PARK, LONDON, built for the Exhibition of the World's Industry in 1851. Its length was 1851 feet, width, 408 feet, with additional projection. Entire area, 772,784 square feet, or about 19 acres. Building commenced Sept. 26, 1850, and finished and opened May 1, 1851. Closed to the public Oct. 11, same year. It cost 176,030. THE CRYSTAL PALACE AT SYDENHAM, near London, built chiefly of the materials used in the foregoing, was commenced August 5, 1852. Capital of the company 1,000,000, in shares of 51. each. Area of grounds 300 acres. In its erection 6,400 men were engaged at one time. It was opened by the Queen, June 10, 1854. Great Handel festival held there, June 20-4, 1859. In 1857 the receipts were 115,627 ; expenditures, 87,872. CUBA. (P. 284.) Second expedition of Lopez, in connection with Col. Critten- den, of Kentucky, Aug. 1851, defeated; Lopez taken and garotted at Havanua, Sept. 1. Crittendeu and 50 companions shot, August 16. Other prisoners sent to Spain and were pardoned by the Queen. Dec. 1851. See Oatend Conference A proposition to place $30,000,000 in the hands of the Pres. of the U. S., with reference to the purchase of Cuba, was introduced by Mr. Slidell, in U. S. Senate, 1859. CUSTOMS DUTIES, U. S. (p. 285.) Amounts collected during years ending June 30. Stated in millions of dollars, omitting fractions. 1849 23 millions. 1852 47 millions. 1855 53 millions. 185S 41 millions. 1850. ...39 " 1853. ...58 " 1856. ...64 1859. ...49 " 1851.... 49 " 1854.... 64 " 1857.... 64 I860.... CYMRI, OR KIMRI (from which comes Cambria), the name of the ancient British who belonged to the great Celtic family, which, coming from Asia, occupied the greater part of Europe, about 1500 B.C. About A.D. 640 Dyvnwal Moel- mud reigned " King of the Cyrnry." See Wales. D. DACIA. A Roman province, now part of Hungary. After many contests it was subdued by Trajan, A.D. 106, when Decebalus, the Dacian leader, was slain in battle. DAGUERREOTYPES, (p 286.) In 1855 not less than 15,000 persons were engaged in this business in the U. S. In 1860 the number must be much greater. The art of photography on paper, however, is rapidly superseding the former use of metal plates. See Photography. DALMATIA. An Austrian province, N.E. of the Adriatic Sea, was finally con- quered by the Romans, 34 B.C. The emperor Diocletian erected his palace at Spalatro, and retired there A.D. 305. Dalmatia was held in turns by the Goths, Hungarians, and Turks, till its session to Venice in 1699. By the treaty of Campo Formio, in 1797, it was given to Austria. In 1805 it was incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, and gave the title of duke to Marshal Soult. In 1814 it reverted to Austria. DAMASCUS, (p. 287.) Horrible massacres of the Christians there July 9, 1860. DANUBIAN PRINCIPALITIES: Wallachia and Moldavia ; capitals, Bucharest and Jassy. These provinces formed part of the ancient Dacia, which was conquered by Trajan, about A.D. 103, and abandoned by Aurelian about 270. ADDENDA. 747 For some time after they were alternately in possession of the barbarians and Greek emperors; and afterwards of ihe Hungarians. In the 1 3 th century they were subdued by the Turks, but permitted to retain their religious cus- toms, &e. In 18 1 2 part of Moldavia was ceded to Russia The provinces having participated in the Greek insurrection in 1821, were attervvards severely treated by the Turks, but by the treaty of Adiianople in 1829. they were placed under the protection of Russia. In June, 1849, the Purte appointed as hospodars, prince Stirbey for Wallachia, and prince Ghika for Moldavia, who retired from their governments when the Russians crossed the Pruth, and entered Moldavia in July 2. 1853. See Rnsso-Turkish War. The Russians quitted these provinces in Sept., 1854, and an Austrian army entered (by virtue of a convention between the Sultan and Austria) and remained there till March, 1857. The government of the principalities settled at the Paris conference, Aug. 19, 1858. DARDANELLES, PASSAGE OF THE. (p. 287.) The allied English and French fleets passed the Dardanelles at the Sultan's request, Oct. 1853. DARK AGES, a term applied to a period of time called also the Middle Ages, which, according to Mr. Hallam, comprises about 1000 years from the inva- sion of France by Clovis, A.D. 486, to that of Naples by Charles VIII. in 1495. During this time learning was at a low ebb. DEAF AND DUMB. In 1851, there were in Great Britain, 12,553 deaf and dumb out of a population of 20,959,477. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDKNCE. The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence (North Carolina) was passed in May, 1775, two months before that drawn up by Jefferson at Philadelphia. DECIMAL SYSTKM of Coinage, Weights, &c , was established in France in 1790, and shortly after in other countries. The subject was brought befure the English Parliament in 1824, 1838, 1843, 1853, 1854, 1855. The decimal cur- rency was adopted in Canada, 1858. International Decimal Association formed at London, 1855. DEDICATION. The dedication of books was introduced in the time of Maecenas, 17 B.C., and the custom has been practised ever since by authors to solicit patronage, or to testify respect. Maecenas was the friend and counsellor of Augustus Ca?sar, and was so famous a patron of men of genius and learning, that it has been customary to style any one imitating his example, the Maecenas of his age or country. The Scriptures speak of the dedication of the Tabernacle, u.c. 1490, arid of the Temple, B.C. 1004. The Christians under Constantino built new churches, and dedicated them with great solemnity, in A.D. o31 tt stq. DELAWARE (p. 289.) Population in 1850, 89,242, and 2,290 slaves; in 1860, 110,548, and 1,805 slaves. DELHI, (p 290.) May 10. 1857. a mutiny arose among the Sepoy regiments at Meerut. It was soon checked ; but the fugitives ned to Delhi, combined with other troops there, seized on the city, and proclaimed as king a descendant of the Mogul, committing frightful atrocities. Delhi shortly alter was besieged by the British, not taken till Sept, 20. The old king and his sons soon after captured. The latter were shot ; the former, after a trial, was sent for life to Rangoon. See India, 1857. DELPHIN CLASSICS. A collection of the Latin authors, originally made for the use of the Dauphin (in wsum Dttyhini), son of Louis XIV, ediu-d by Huet, bishop of Avranches, Madame l)acier. and others. Each author is illustrated by valuable notes, with an index containing every word in the 748 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. work The number of volumes published was sixty, printed between 1647 and 1601. except Ansonius in 1750. A new edition with additional notes, published by Mr. Valpy of London < j arly in the present century. DEMOCRACY of England, France, and the United States, compared (1850): Country. Pop. No. Votes. England.... 17.000.000 630,721 Wales 850,000 37.S-24 Scotland.... 8.800.000 72.T.'0 Ireland 8.000,000 98,006 Votes to Pop. 1 in 26 1 in 23 1 in a8 linSl N Votes Pop. * to Pop. 128,650,000 839.371 1 in 42 France 34,000,000 250.000 1 in 1ST* United States.. 20.01)0,000 2,750,000 1 in Country. Great Britain DEMOCRATS. Advocates for government by the people themselves peojjle. and kratein, to govern), a term adopted by the French republicans in 1790 (who termed their opponents aristocrats (from aristos, bravest, or beat). DENMARK. Frederick VIE., son of Christian VIII, succeeded to the throne 1849. Danes defeat the Holsteinersatldstedt, July 25, 1850. Friedrichstadt bombarded by Holsteiners. Sept. 29-Oct, 6. 1850. Treaty of European powers t\>r settlement of succession to Danish crown. May 8, 1852 New constitution oflered by the king, adopted Oct. 1, 1855. Sound dues abolished for a compensation, March 14, 1857. DEODAND. (Latin, "to be given to God.") In England formerly anj'thing (such as a horse, carriage, &c ) which had caused the death of a human being, became forfeit to the sovereign or lord of the manor, and was to be sold for the benefit of the poor. The forfeiture abolished 1846. DEPUTIES, CHAMBER OF. The title given to the French legislative assembly, from 1814 till 1852, when it took the name of Corps-Legvslatif. DIAMONDS. The Kohinoor, or "Mountain of Light," found at Golconda in 1550, belonged to Nadir Shah and other Afghan rulers, brought to England and presented to the Queen, 1850 Its original weight 800 carats, reduced by cutting to 279 carats ; in shape and size like the pointed half of a small hen's egg; value about two millions sterling. DICE The invention of dice is ascribed to Palamedes, of Greece, about 1244 B.C. The game of Tali and Tersera among the Romans was played with dice. DICTIONARY, (p. 293.) The revised edition of Webster's Dictionary, in one vol. quarto, was issued by its present proprietors (Messrs. Merriam) in 1844-5. Worcester's English Dictionary, in quarto, was pub. 1860. See Encyclopaedia. DILETTANTI. SOCIETY OF. Established in 1734 by several noblemen, desirous of encouraging a taste for art in Great Britain. It aided in publishing Stuart's Athens (1762-1816), Chandler's Travels (1775-ti), and other works. DIPHTHERIA (from the Greek diphthtra, a membrane), a disease developing a false membrane on the mucous membrane of the throat. So named by Bre- tonneau of Tours, in 1820. It has been fatally prevalent in many parts of the U. S., particularly among children, 1859-60. DIPLOMACY OF THE U. S (p. 294.) Since 1850 the ministers plenipo. of the United States to Great Britain and France, have been GREAT BRITAIN. FKANCK. 1852 James Buchanan, of Pa. 1858 James II. IniriTso'.l, of Pa. 1856 Geo. M. Dallas, of Pa. 1858 John Y. Mason. Va. I860 Charles J. Faulkner, Va. * In France the present emperor decreed universal suffrage in 1852, when he was Delected" emperor by 7,824.189 votes against 253,145 opposed. In Savoy, Tuscany, Central Italv, and Naples, the people, in 1S60, were allowed by Victor Emanuel to vote in regard to annexation as freely as we do in the U. b. ADDENDA. 749 By Act of Congress, 1856, the salary of ministers plenipotentiary was raised as follows: Min. Plen. to England, $17,500; to France, $17,500; to Russia, Spain, Prussia. Mexico, Brazil, Chili, and Peru, each $12,000. The " outfits " were abolished at the same time. Ministers Resident to 19 other countries are paid $7,500. DIRECTORY, NEW YORK CITY. The earliest published was in 1786: a small volume of eighty-two pages, printed by Shepherd Kollock, Wall street. The names of the individuals and firms include about 900, and occupy thirty-three pages, the remainder being filled with general statistics of the city, United States Government, Post Office regulations, etc. In his address, the editor states it was the "first directory ever attempted in this country." The New York Historical Society possesses a complete set, from its first publication. DISPENSATIONS. First granted by Pope Innocent III., in 1200. These exemptions from the law and discipline of the church led eventually, with indulgences, absolutions, and remissions of sins, to the Reformation in Ger- many, in 1517, and subsequently to that in England, 1534 et seq. DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS, the absolute and unqualified claim of sovereigns to the obedience of their subjects, was defended in England by many persons of otherwise opposite opinions, e. g. by Hobbes, the free-thinker, in 1642, and by Sir Robert Filmer, in his Patriarchy in 1860, and by the High Church generally. DIVORCE FOR ADULTERY. In England the bill to prevent women marrying their seducers was brought into Parliament in 1801. In April, 1853, the commissioners on the law of divorce issued their first report. The above mentioned act was amended by acts passed in 1858 and 1859, in consequence of the increase of the business of the court. In this country, adultery is a ground of divorce in all the states. In Mass., Maine, and New Jersey, wilful desertion for five years, and in some other states, desertion for two and three years, and some other causes, are ground for divorce. Divorce has been granted most frequently in Vermont, Conn., and Indiana. DUBLIN INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION, opened by the lord lieut, May 12, 1853 ; closed Nov. 1, same year. DUELLING, (p. 300.) Duel between the duke of Wellington and the earl of Winchelsea, March 21, 1829 ; fifteen noted duels have since occurred in Eng. The most noted American affairs of the kind were these : two during the Revolution, viz., Gen. Charles Lee and Col. Jno. Laurens ; and Gen. Cad- wallader and Conway (1778); Gen. Greene was challenged by a Capt. Gunn, of Geo., but refused to fight, and his refusal was approved by Washington. Gen. Hamilton killed by Aaron Burr, July 11, 1804. Com. Decatur killed by Com. Barren, Mar. 22, 1820. Henry Clay encountered John Randolph, April 8, 1826. Gen. Jackson killed Mr. Dickinson, and had other duels. Col. Ben- ton killed a Mr. Lucas, and had other duels. Cilley, of Maine, killed by Graves, of Kentucky (both mem. of Cong.), 1838. Dewitt Clinton exchanged five shots with John Swartwout, 1802. See Millingen's Hist, of Duelling, and Sabine's Notes on Duels, 1855. E. EAGLK. (p. 301.) An ancient coin of Ireland, made of a base metal, and current in the first-years of Edward I., about A.D. 1272. The American gold coinage of eagles, half-eagles, and quarter-eagles, began Dec. 6, 1792 ; an eagle is of the value of ten dollars. 750 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. EAST INDIA COMPANY. (Brit.) Chartered originally by queen Elizabeth, in 1600, with a capital of 30,000, was rechartered and extended its operations until in 1856 it maintained a military force at an annual expense of more than 10,000,000. By the act of Parliament, " for the better government of India," Aug. 2, 1858, the Company's jurisdiction in India was surrendered to the queen. See India. EARTHQUAKES, (p. 303.) An elaborate catalogue of Earthquakes, with com- mentaries on the phenomena, by R. P. W. Mallett, was published by Brit. Association, 1858-9. Earthquake at Capo Haytien, St. Domingo, 5,000 lives lost, May 7, 1842. At Ehodes and Macii. mountain crushing a village, 600 lives lost, March, 1851. At Valparaiso. 400 houses destroyed, April 2, 1851. In South Italy, Melfi destroyed, 14,000 lives lost, Aug. 14. 1S51. At Phillipine isles, Manilla nearly destr. Sept-Oct., 1852. N. W. of England, slight, Nov. 9, 1S52. Thebes in Greece, nearly dest. f Sept., 1853. St. Salvador, 8. America, destroyed, April 16, 1854. Onasaca, in Japan ; Simoda, in Niphon, nearly dest., Dec. 23, 1854. Jeddo nearly destroyed, Nov. 11, 1855. Island of Sander (Moluccas), 3,000 lives lost, March 12, 1856. In Calabria, several towns destroyed, 22,000 lives lost, Dec. 16, 1856. Corinth, nearly destroyed, Feb. 21, 1S58. Quito ; much injured, and 5,000 livea lost, March 29, 185ft EDDYSTONE LIGHT-HOUSE, off the port of Plymouth, first built 1696; destroyed by tempest. 1703; rebuilt, 170-6 ; burnt, 1155; rebuilt by Smeaton and finished, Oct. 9. 1759, and his structure still stands, 1861. EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY. Founded by James VI. (I. of Eng), 1582. New buildings erected 1789. Lord Brougham's discourse as Chancellor of the Univ., 1860. EDUCATION. Some of the most noted educational theorists were Fenelon and Rousseau, in France, 18th century; Basedon, Walke, and Pestalozzi (Swiss), Fellenberg, Jacotot, and others, in Germany ; Joseph Lancaster (d. 1839), in England. In Prussia, all children from 7 to 14 are compelled by law, and under penalty, to attend school ; but this governmental system does not appear greatly to advance practical civilization and progress among the people. In France, a national system was adopted by Guizot, in 1833, from reports of the Prussian system by Cousia. EDUCATION IN ENGLAND, (p. 306.) See Oxford, Cambridge, and Eton. lu the reign of queen Anne numerous " Chanty " schools were founded, and many others by " Society " effort, in 1641 et seq. Jos. Lancaster started his "Monitorial" system, 1186, and originated the Brit and For. School Soc. t 1808. The Gov. grant of 20,000, in }834, for public education, was increased to 150.000 in 1852. and 450,900 in 1856. In 1851 there were 2,466,481 day scholars. Educational Conference, June 22, 1857, prince Albert presiding. Industrial School Act passed 1857. EDUCATION IN THE L T . S. has been largely promoted and systematized since 1835, by the efforts and publications of Horace Mann, Henry Barnard, Dan P. Page, Alonzo Potter, Barnas Sears, and others. See Colleges and Schools. ELECTRIC CLOCK AND BALL. Alexander Bain, of London, is said to have first conceived the idea of working clocks by electricity in 1837; his clocks, as well as those of Mr. Shepherd, appeared in the exhibition! of 1851. An elec- tric clock with four dials, illuminated at night, was set up in front of the office of the Electric Telegraph Company, in the Strand, London, July, 1852. A time ball was set up by Mr. French, in Cornhill, in 1856. A time ball ecn- ADDENDA. 751 nected with the observatory at Albany, placed on the Custom House, New York, 1860. ELECTRICITY, (p 308.) Oersted's discovery of electro-magnetism, 1820. Far- raday (Loud) discovered magnet-electricity in 1831, and published "Researches," in o vols., 1833-55. Sir Win. Snow Harris received 5.000 for his invention of lightning conductors for ships. Important contributions to the knowledge of electricity and its uses, have been made by Prof. Jos. Henry and Prof Page, of Washington, Prof. Draper, of New York, &c. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, (p. 308.) Prof. Morse's services to the world as the originator of the practical application of electro-magnetism to telegraphing, were acknowledged by the French government in 1859. by the voluntary pre- sentation to him of 80,000(7); and by public honors and rewards from other governments of Europe in 1860. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH LINES. In 1860, in America, 45,000 miles; in England, 10.000; in France, 8,000; in Germany and Austria. 10,000; in Prussia, 4,000; in Russia, 5,000; in the rest of Europe, 7,650; in India, 5,000; in Australia, 12,000; elsewhere, 500. Total in 1858, 96,850. Over all the lines in the United States the number of messages per year is estimated at 4,000,000. It is supposed that a telegraph could be laid around the globe for less than half the cost of the Erie railroad. See Submarine Telegraph. ELECTRO-MAGNETISM. The electro-magnetic force was applied by M. Bre- guet of Paris, in the manufacture of theodolites and the finer kind of mathe- matical instruments in 1855. ELECTRO-PLATING. Carried to great perfection by Elkinton and Mason, of Birmingham, England, and the process has been introduced successfully into New York, 1858-9. ELECTRO-TINT. Mr. Palmer, of Newgate street, London, has patented an invention by which engravings may not only be copied from other engraved plates, but the engraving itself actually produced by electrical agency. There are several processes by which this is accomplished, one of which, also pro- tected by a patent, Mr. Palmer called Glyphography (about 1842). EMIGRATION FROM GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 309,) increased from 129,851, in 1846, to 335,000 in 1851, and 368,000 in 1852; and then fell off as follows: in 1853, 329,000; in 1855, 176,000; in 1857, 212,000. About three-fifths of this emigration is to the United States ; one-eighth to Brit. America ; remainder to Australia. EMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES. The total number of alien immigrants who arrived in the U. S. from 1819 to 1856, was 4,212,624. From 1784 to 1819, the number did not probably exceed 150,000: in all, say 5,000,000 arrived from 1784 up to January, 1859. Of this number about 2,600,000 came from Great Britain and Ireland ; 1,600,000 from Germany ; 200,000 from France; 50,000 from Sweden and Norway; 40,000 from Switzerland, and 18 000 from Holland. Appletorfs Cycle. ENCYCLOPEDIA. (P. 310.) The Iconographic Cyclopedia, 6 vols., based on a German work, published at New York, 1853^4. The English Cyclopedia (Charles Knight), based on the Penny Cyclopedia, 1855-60. The 8th edition of Enc.yclop. Britannica completed 1860. Appleton's Cyclopedia, 1857-62 (N. York). EPIC POB^LS (from Greek epos, a song)j narratives in verse. Some of the most famous are : 752 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" (Greek), between 8th and 9th cen- tury, before Christ. Virgil's "JEneid" (Latin), about B.C. 19 Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (Latin), about A.D. 1 Dante (died 1821) "Divina Comine- dia" (Italian) A.D. 1472 Ariosto, " Orlando Fnrio8o"(Ital.) A .D. 1516 Camoens. "Lns-iad" (Porti-gneee). .. 1569 T:isso, "Jerusalem Deliveied"(Ital.) 1581 Milton, " Paradi.se Lost" 1667 Voltaire, "Henriade" (French) 172S "Walter Scott, "Lay of the Last Minstrel" 1S05 The chief American epic which has hitherto been recognised as at all worthy of a national fame is Barlow's " Columbiad." EPIPHANY. The feast of the Epiphany (Jan. 6), called Twelfth Day, celebrates the arrival of the wise men of the East, and the manifestation to the world of the Saviour, by the appearance of a blazing star, which conducted the Magi to the place where he was to be found. Instituted A.D. 813. Wheattey. Pardon says, " The heathens used this word to signify the appearance of theii gods upon the earth, and from the heathens the Christians borrowed it " EPITAPHS. They were used by the ancient Jews, Greeks, Romans, and others. Mr. T. J. Pettigrew has published, in England, a collection called Chronicles of the Tombs, in 1857. ERASTIANISM, a term applied to the opinions of Thomas Lieber (latinized Erastus), a German physician (1523-84) who taught that the Church had no right to exclude any person from the ordinances of the Gospel, or to inflict excommunication. ERASURES. In England, by order of Sir John Romilly, Master of the Rolls in 1855, no document corrected by erasure with the knife is to be henceforth received in the Court of Chancery. The errors must be corrected with the pen. ETHIOPIA. The name was applied anciently rather vaguely to countries the inhabitants of which had sun-burnt complexions, in Asia and Africa ; but is now considered to apply properly to the modern Nubia, Sennaar, and northern Abyssinia. Many pyramids exist at Napata, the capital of Meroe, the civilized part of ancient Ethiopia. the Ethiopian Ethiopia invaded by Cambyses with- out success between B.C. 322-825 Candace, Queen of Meroe, advancing against the .Roman settlements at Elephantine, defeated and subdued by Petronius A.D. 22-28 Zerah, the Ethiopian defeated by Aza B.C. 941 A dynasty of Ethiopian kings reigned over Egypt from B.C. 765-715 Terhakah, king of Ethiopia, marches against Sennacherib B.C. 710 ETHNOLOGY. The study of the relations of the different divisions of mankind to each other. It is of recent origin. Balbi's Ethnographic Atlas was pub- lished in 1826, and Dr. Prichard's great work, Researches on the Physical His- tory of Mankind, 1841-7. The London Ethnological Society, established in 1843, publishes its transactions. -Dr. R. S. Latham's works, on the Ethno- logy of the British Empire, appeared in 1851-2. The American Ethnolo- gical Society was founded in New York in 184-. Albert Gallatin was its first president. It has published 3 or 4 vols. of " Transactions." The works of Schoolcraft on the history of American Indians are copious and valuable. The belief in the original unity of the human race has been opposed in the works of Nott and Gliddon (Ethnological Researches), Agazziz and others, 1854-9. ETNA, MOUNT (Sicily). Here were the fabled forges of the Cyclops. Eruptions are recorded by Thucydides as occurring 734, 477, and 425 B.C. Eruptions occurred 125, 121, and 43 5.0. Livy. Again A.D. 40, 254, 420. Carrera. Awful one which overwhelmed Catania, when 16,000 persons psrisbsd, 1169. ADDENDA. 753 Many others are recorded since, the worst being in 1669, 1830, 1832, and 1852, which were all disastrous and fatal. ETEURIA, or Tuscia, hence the modern name Tuscany, an ancient province of Italy, whence the Romans in a great measure derived their laws, customs, and superstitions. Herodotus asserts that the country was conquered by a colony of Lydiaus. It was most powerful under Porsena of Clusium, who attempted to reinstate the Tarquins, 506 B.C. Yeii was taken by Camillus in 396 B.C. A truce between the Romans and Etruscans for forty years was concluded, 351 B.C. The latter and their allies were defeated at the Vadi- monian Lake, 283 B.C., and totally lost their independence about 265 B.C. The vases and other works of the Etruscans still remaining show the degree of civilization to which they had attained. See Tuscany. Etruria, the site of Mr. Wedgewood's porcelain works, was founded 1771. EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE, England, founded by Sir Culling Eardley Smith and others in 1845, with the view of promoting unity among all denomina- tions of Christians. It holds annual meetings. It met Sept. 1857 at Berlin, in 1858 at Liverpool ; 1859 at Belfast. EXCHEQUER BILLS. In England the government securities so called, were first issued in 1697, and first circulated by the bank in 1796. About 20,000,000 of these are often in circulation. EXCISE Revenue in Great Britain in 1855, 16,389,486; in 1858, 17,902,000. (See p. 316.) EXTENSION of TERRITORY of U. S. Since the formation of the government in 1787, the following additional territory has been acquired : Square Square Miles 599.599, Louisiana. . Carolina passed an ordinance of scression from the United States, Dec. 20, ItSGU. and adopted the palmetto tree as a device for her Hag as a "sovereign state." FLORIDA, (p. 32'2.) Passed an ordinance of secession from the U. S.. Jan. 11, 1861. and seix.ed the U. S. Navy Yard at Pensacola. Population, 1SGO, 87.445. In I860, 81,885 free, and 63 800 slaves. FOREIGN LKGION. Foreigners have frequently been employed as auxiliaries in the pay of the British government. An act for the formation of the Foreign Legion as a contingent in the Russian war(l S55) was passed Dee. 'J3, 1854. The endeavor to enlist for the legion, in 1854. in the United States, gave great offence to the American government. Mr. L'rampton was dis- missed, and Lord Napier sent out as English representative. FRANCE, i p. 326.) For the succession of events in France, see Chronological Tables, page 65 tt stq. GOVERNMENT : Tha emperor proclaimed Dec. 2, 1852 Empress: MARIE KC;EMK (H Spa- niard), born May 5, 1826, m.-uricd Jan. 29, 1S53 Heir : NAPOLEON-EUGENE-LOUI'S- Jean- Joseph, born Man h 16. 1856 Heir presumptive, in , Capt. Mcdintock (found remains of the Franklin Expedition), sailed July 1. 1857 20. 4th. AMERICAN exped. (in search of Polar sea), under Dr. Hayts (sursreon to Kane exped.), sailed fromBostou July I860 756 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. FROND?], Civil wars of the, in France, in the minority of Louis XIY. (1648-53), during the government of th queen, Anne of Austria, and Cardinal Mazarine, between the followers of the court and the nobility, and the Parliaments and the citizens. The latter were called Frondturs ^slingers), it is said, from au incident in a stieet quarrel. FUGITIVE SLAVE BILL, introduced in the U. S. Senate by Mr. Mason of Va, and passed, tfept. 1850. It imposes a tine of $1 QUO and 6 mos. imprisonment on any person harboring fugitive slaves or aiding their escape. It was declared by the aup. Court of Wisconsin to be unconstitutional, Feb. 3, 1855. G. GALAPAGOS. Islands on the coast of Ecuador (N. Pacific), ceded to the United Slates by Ecuador, Nov. 3, 1854, the British, French, and other powers pro- testing against it. GAME LAWS (p. 330) have been enacted in several states for the protection of game during certain seasons, to prevent its entire destruction. GAS. (p 332.) Introduced in Boston, 1822(7); New York, 1823 (N. T. Gas Light Co.) ; now used in nearly every large town of the United States. Used in 43 towns of N. Y. State 1860. Price in 1860 ranged from $1 50 per cubic foot in Pittsburgh, to $7 in Belfast, Me. and other places. GAMUT. The invention of the scale of musical intervals (commonly termed do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si), for which the first seven letters of the alphabet are now employed, is ascribed to Guido Aretino, a Tuscan rnonk, about 1025. GAUL. Gallia, the ancient name of France and Belgium. The natives were termed by the Greeks, Galatte, by the Romans, Galli. or Celtaj. They came originally from Asia, and invading eastern Europe, were driven westward, and settled in Spain (in Gallicia), North Italy (Gallia CisalpinaX France and Belgium (Gailia Transalpina), and the British isles (the lands of the Cymry or Gitii). They gave great trouble to the rising Roman republic by their fre- quent invasions, 528 to 391 B.C. !he Gauls under Brennus defeated the Romans and sacked Rome, but were expelled by Camillas, B.C. 390. They overran Northern Greece, B.C. 2bO. Gaul invaded by Julius Ca?sar and subdued in eight campaigns, B.C. 58 50. Christianity introduced in Gaul. A D. 160. Franks and other invaders defeated by Aurelian. A i>. 24.1. Julian proclaimed emperor at Paris. 360. Invasion and settlement of Burgundians, Franks, Visigoths, &c, 406-450. Huns under Attila defeated near Chalons. 451. Paris taken by Childerick, the Frank, 464 Frank kingdom, established, 476. History of Gaul by Parke Godwin, pub. New York, 1860. GAUN i LET. An iron glove, first introduced in the loth century, perhaps about 1225 It was a part of the full suit of armor, being the armor for the hand. It was commonly thrown down as a challenge to an adversary. GAUZE. This fabric was much prized by the Roman people, about the beginning of the first century. "Brocadoes and damasks, and damasks and gauzes, have been lately brought over " (to Ireland). Deau Swift, in 1698. The manufacture of gauze and articles of a like fabric, at Paisley, in Scotland, where tliey maintain great repute, was commenced about 1759. GENEALOGY (from the Greek, gmea, birth, descent), the art of tracing pedi- grees, &c. The earliest pedigrees are those contained in the 5th, 10th, and ADDENDA. 757 llth chapters of Genesis. The first book of Chronicles contains many genealogies. The pedigree of Christ is given in Matt. I. and Luke LI. Many books on the subject have been published in all European countries ; one at Magdeburg, Theatrum Genealogicum, by Henninges, in 1598; Ander- son, Royal Genealogies, London. 1732 ; Sims's Manual for the Genealogist, Air, 1856, will he found a useful guide. The works of Collins (1756 tt *tq.), Edmondson (1764-84), and Nicolas (1825), on the British peerage are highly esteemed. The Genealogical Society. London, was established in 1853. The New England Hist, and Genealogical Soc., founded 184-, publishes a quarterly magazine on those subjects. A vol. called American Genealogies, pub in Albany, 1855, and numerous private publications of family genealogies have been printed in New England. Savage's Genealogical Hint, of N. England. 4 vols. 8vo., Bost. 1860-1. GENOA (N. ITALY), (p. 333.) April, 1849, the city was seized by insurgents, who. after a murderous struggle, drove out the garrison, and proclaimed a republic, but soon after surrendered to General Marmora. Genoa warmly supported its sovereign. Victor Emanuel, in the struggle with Austria (1859), and furnished many volunteers for Garibaldi's demonstration in Naples, I860. GERMANY, (p. 335.) German National Assembly elected the king of Prussia emperor of Ger- many (but declined) March 28s 1849 Treaty between Austria and Prus- sia Sept. 30, 1S49 Treaty of Munich betw. Bavaria, Sax- ony, and Wurtemburg Feb. 27, 1850 German Confederation Assembly, at Frankfort Sept. 2, 1S50 Austrian and Bavarian demonstration Conference at Dresden, for settling German affairs... Dec. 1850 to May, Great excitement throughout Germa- ny in regard to French successes in Lombardy ; apprehension of French designs on German territory May-June, 159 Meeting of new Liberal Party at F.ise- nach, in Saxe Weimar, proposing a strong central gov'J. (no practical results) ........ ". .......... Aug. 14, 1859 against Hesse-Cassel Nov. 1, 1850 GIPSIES. See Gypsies. GIRONDISTS. The name of a party, which played an important part in the French revolution, and was principally composed of deputies from the depart- ment of the Gironde. At first they were ardent republicans, but alter the cruelty of Aug. and Sept. 1792, they labored strenuously to restrain the cruelties of the Mountain party, to whom they succumbed. Their leaders, Brissot, Vergmand, and many others were guillotined, Oct. 13, 1793, at the instigation of Robespierre. Lamartine's eloquent " Histoire des Girondins," published in 1847, tended to hasten the revolution of 1848. GLASGOW, SCOTLAND, (p. 337.) Erected into a burgh, A.D 1180. Its pros- perity dates from the union of the kingdoms in 1707, and was much increased by American trade. Population in 1707 about 12,000; in 1859, about 420,000. GNOSTICS, (from the Greek, gnosis, knowledge.) "Heretics," who appeared from the first rise of Christianity, and who endeavored to combine the simple principles of the Gospel with the Platonic and other philosophies. They were so called because they pretended to extraordinary illuminations and knowledge. Priscillian, a Spaniard, was burnt at Treves, as a heretic, in 384, for endeavoring to revive Gnosticism. GOLD MINES, (p. 339.) On April 28. 1858. a nugget from Australia, said to weigh 146 pounds, was shown to Queen Victoria. In 1858 gold was dis- covered in what is now termed New Columbia, British America. Said to have been found in Vermont, 1859. Australia produced as follows: 1S61. 1852. 1856. 1S57. 90T,000 ,7B3,# 12,7400,000 Hottentot 500,000 Mongolian 300,000,000 Malayan 120,000,000 Telingan 60.000,000 Netrro 55.000.000 Ethiopian 5,000,000 HYDROPATHY. A terra applied to a treatment of diseases by water, com- monly called the cold water cure. The system was suggested in 1828 by Vincenz Priessnitz. of Grafenberg, in Austrian Silesia ; and though he is con- sidered as its founder, the rational part of the doctrine was understood and maintained by the eminent Dr. Sydenham, before 1689. Priessnitz died Nov. 26, 1851. JBrande. Hydropathic Society formed in London, 1842. First Hydro, establishment in U. S., at 63 Barclay st , N. Y., 1844. Those at New Lebanon, N. Y., and Brattleboro, Yt., opened 1845. I. ICE. (p. 361.) In 1854, Boston shipped 156,540 tons. In New York in 1855, 305,000 tons were stored up. IDIOTS, EDUCATION OF. The first efforts for the education of idiots in America, were in 1839. In that year, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in New York received a mute boy, who was instructed for three years, by Professor Morris, with favorable results. The same year, Dr. Howe of Boston treated and greatly improved a blind idiotic child, and afterwards two others. Two or three children were also under instruction at the American Asylum at Hartford before 1848. ILLINOIS, (p. 362.) Population in 1850, 851,470; in 1860, 1,691,233. Increase 1840-50, 80 per cent.; 1850-60, 99 per cent IMPORTS into GREAT BRITAIN. (P. 363.) In 1850, 95,252,684. In 1856, 172,544,154. In 1857, 187,646,335. IMPORTS into the UNITED STATES. See Exports. INCOME TAX, BRITISH (p. 304), was doubled during the Crimean war (1854). It produced in 1855, 13,718,185. In 1856, 15,717,155. In 1858, 11,396,435. INDEPENDENTS, (p. 305.) In 1851 they had 3244 chapels in England and Wales. INDIA, (p. 366.) Mutiny and war against the British, 1857. Begun nt Barrnckpore March, 1857 Mutiny at Meerut near Delhi, May 10, 1857 Martial law proclaimed May, 1S57 Mutiny at Lucknow May 30, 1857 Cawupore surrenders to Nana Sahib, who kills the garrison,&c.,June 28 ; he is defeated by General Have- lock, July 16, who recaptures Cawnpore July 17, 1857 Assault of Delhi begins, Sept. 14 ; the city taken, Sept 20 ; the king cap- tured, Sept. 21 ; and his son and grandson slain by Colonel Hodson Sept. 22, 1857 Havelock marches to Lucknow and relieves the besiesed residency; retires nnd leaves Otitram in com- mand; Noill killed.. . Sept. 2o, 26, 1857 Sir Colin Campbell (since Lord Clyde) nppolnted commander-in- chief, July 11 ; arrives at Cawn- pore Nov. 8, 1857 Havelock dies of dysentery at Alum- bagh Nov. 25, Trial of king of Delhi ; sentenced to transportation. Jan. 27 to March 9, Sir C. Campbell marches to Luck- now, Feb. 11 ; the siege com- mences, March 8, taken by suc- cessive assaults; the enemy re- treat; Hodson killed. March 14-19. The government of the East India Company ceases Sept. 1, The ex-king of Delhi sails for the Cape of Good Hope. Dec. 4-1 1 ; the colonists refuse to receive him ; he is sent to Rangoon Defeat of the Bogum of Onde and Nana Sahib by General Horsford Feb. 10. Thanksgiving In England for pacifi- cation of India May 1, 1857 1S58 185S 1858 1S58 1859 1859 762 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. In consequence of the mutiny of 1857, and the disappearance of the Com- pany's army, the government of India was transferred to the crown : by the act 21 & 22 Viet. c. 106, which received the royal assent, Aug. 2, 1858. The Board of Control was abolished, and a Council of State for India was insti- tuted. The Company's political powers ceased on Sept. 1 : and the queen was proclaimed as Queen of Great Britain and the Colonies, &c., in the prin- cipal places in India, on Nov. 1, amid much enthusiasm. The India-house was built in 1726, and enlarged in 1799, when a new front was erected. INDIA COMPANY. See East India Co. INDIA RUBBER, (p. 366.) See Caoutchouc. 1NKERMANN, BATTLE OF, Crimean war, Nov. 5, 1854. See Battles. INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. In 1793, the Academies of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres and of the Sciences, were combined in one body under the above title. INUNDATIONS (p 371.) Disastrous one in the centre and south-west of France, on the Loire, &c., damage over 4,000,000 sterling, Oct. 1846. In South of France with immense damage, May and June, 1856. At Hamburgh, the city half flooded, Jan. 1, 1855. IONIAN ISLANDS (on W. coast ofrGreece), the Republic of the Seven Islands, Corfu. Cephalonia, Zante, Ithaca, St. Maura, Cerigo, and Paxo, which were colonised by the lones, and partook of the fortunes of the Greek people ; were subject to Naples in the 13th century, and in the 14th to Venice, which ceded them to France, in 1797, by the treaty of Campo-Formio. They were seized by the Russians and Turks in 1800; and formed into a Republic. They were restored to the French in 1807, but retaken by the English in 18(>9. A new and very liberal constitution was granted in 1845. They are now among the free states of Europe ; Corfu is the seat of government. Population, in 1856, 49,663. IOWA, one of the IT. States (territory 183S), admitted into the Union as a state, Dec. 28, 1846. Population, in 1840, 42.924; in 1850, 191,881 ; in 1856, 519.148, and 271 colored; in 1860, 682,000. IRVINGITES. or the followers of the Rev. Edward Irving in England, who now call themselves the " Holy Catholic Apostolic Church." They use a liturgy (framed in 1842, and enlarged 185:?), and have church officers named apos- tles, angels, prophets, &c. In 1852, lights on the magnificent altar and burning of incense during prayers were prescribed. Their Gothic church or cathedral in Gordon square was solemnly opened Jan. 1, 1854. It is said that all who join the church offer a tenth of their income for its support and extension. They had 30 chapels in England in 1851. IRON. (p. 372.) The value of the annual product of the U. S. is about $7,000,000, or about 1,200,000 tons. ITALY, (p. 374.) "Napoleon III. et 1'Italie" published Feb. 1859 The Austrian ultimatum rejected by Sardinia ................ A ril 26 ' The Ausniuns cross the Ticino, April 27; and the French entor Genoa ................... May 3, Peacfful revolutions at Florence, April 27 ; Parma, May 3 ; Modorui, June 15, 1859 The Austrian* defeated at Mmite- bello, May 20; Pulestro, May 30- 1859 81 ; Mnsentn, June 4 ; Marignano, June 8;So!ferino June 24, 1859 Provisional governments established at Florence, April 27; Parma, May; and Modeua. [The sove- reigns retire.} June 15, 1859 Insurrections in the Papal States: Bologna. Ferra-a. &c. . ..Juno, 13-15, 1S59 Massacre of the Insurgent.-* at Peru- gia by the Swiss troops.. June 20, 1859 Armistice between Austria and France July 6, 1S59 ADDENDA. 763 ITALY, continued. Preliminaries of pence cigned at Villafranc-i; Lombardy surren- dered to Sardinia July 12, 1859 Italy dismayed at first at the peace; freat agitation at Milan, Florence, loilena, Parma, &c July, 1859 Grandduke of Tuscany abdicates about July 28, 1S59 The pope appeals to Europe against the king of Sardinia July 12, 1859 Garibaldi becomes commander of the Italian army, and exhorts the Italians to arm July 19, 1859 Constitutional assemblies meet at Florence, Aug. 11, and at Modena, Aug. 16, 1859 Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Itomagna declare for annexation to Piedmont. . Sept. 8-7, 1859 Cruel assassination of Col. Anviti at Parma Oct. 5, 18c9 Gaiibal'li appeals to the Neapolitans; subscriptions in Italy and else- where to supply arms for the Ita- lians Oct., 1859 Tuscany, &c., choose the Prince Eu- gene of Carignnn-Savoy, as regent of central Italy, Nov. 5 ; the king of Sardinia refusing his consent, the prince declines the office, but recommends the chevalier liuon- campagni Nov. 14, 1S59 Garibaldi, with a force of about 1200 men in two small steamers em- barks from near Genoa for Sicily, May 6, I860 Garibaldi lands at Marsala, May 10 ; and after several victories takes possession of Palermo, May 27; and establishes a provisional gov. for Sicily, which is entirely evacu- ated by Neapolitan troops. June 8, 1860 Garibaldi victorious at Molazzo, July 20-1, 1360 Garibaldi lands in Calabria, Aug. 8; enters Salerno, August; enters Naples Aug., 1860 Francis II., king of Naples, retires to Gaeta, August ; sieg> of Gacta commenced by Victor Emmanuel Oct., 1860 Gaeta capitulates Feb. 14, 1861 JAPAN, (p. 376.) U. States exped. under Com. Perry (7 ships of war) entered the Bay of Yeddo, Feb. 1854; to demand protection for American seamen and ships wrecked on the coast, and to e&'ect a treaty of commerce which was agreed upon, March 31. A British squadron for the same purpose reached Nagasaki, Sept. 1854, and effected a treaty. The Russians followed; and the Dutch made a new treaty, Nov. 9, 1855. Mr. Townsend Harris, consul- general for the U. S., made a new treatj r . June 17, 1857, by which Nagasaki, Simoda, and Hakodadi were opened to American trade. Harris was received in Yeddo in 1858, and effected another treaty. Lord Elgin's treaty opening several ports to British trade, Aug. 26. 1858. Death of the Tycoon, August 1858. Japanese embassy to the U. S. (with attendants 70 persons) reaches San Francisco, March 28, 1860; Washington, May 14; Philadelphia, June 9 ; New York, where they were received with a great military display, June 16; embarked for home in U. S. frigate Niagara, July 1 ; reached Yeddo, Nov. 10, 1860. JEDDO, or YEDDO. (p. 376). Severe earthquake?, Dec. 23, 1854. and Nov. 11, 1855 ; during the latter 57 temples, 100,000 houses, and 30,000 persons were said to have been destroyed. JESUITS, (p. 377.) In 1851 this body published in Italy a " Catechismo Filo- sofico" or dialogue on Monarchical Constitutions, containing instructions for kings, how far they may go with a safe conscience in breaking promises made to their people. JEWS. (p. 378.) Alderman Salomons first Jewish Lord Mayor of London. 1855. Seizure of Mortara, a Jewish child, by the Catholic Archb. of Bologna, June 24. 1858. Baron Rothschild takes his seat as M.P. for London (first Hebrew in Brit. Parliament), July 24, 1858. JUGGERNAUT, (p. 380.) The stnW allowance to the temple was suspended by the Indian government in June, 1851. 764 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. K. KAFFRARIA, an extensive country in South Africa extending from the north of Cape Colony to the south of Guinea. ' The Kaffirs or Caffres first invaded the British colony at the Cape, in 1831, and continued a warfare up to Dec. 20, 1852, when they were defeated and sued for peace. KARS, a town in Asiatic Turkey, defended 5 mos. by the Brit, under Gen. Wil- liams against a Russian siege, June 18 to Nov. 28, 1855. KANSAS, one of the United States (the 34th) organized as a territory, May 1854, and by the same act the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was declared " inopera- tive and void'' in both Kansas and Nebraska. Emigrant companies from Mass, began to arrive in July and founded the town of Lawrence. An asso- ciation formed in Missouri, July 29, to "remove all emigrants" coming " under the auspices of northern emigrant aid societies ;" another formed Aug. 1 2, to introduce slavery. A. H. Reeder of Pa., app. governor, arrived Oct. 6. Election for delegate to Cong., Nov. 29 ; the polls mobbed by armed bands from Missouri : of 2871 votes cast 1729 were estimated illegal. Another election, March 20, 1855, similarly controlled. Reeder removed, July 26. Wilson Shannon of Ohio, his successor, assumed office Sept. 1. Topeka [" free state"] Convention promulgates a Constitution, Nov. 11. Col- lisions with bloodshed between the " free-state" and " pro-slavery" people commenced at this time, and continued more or less for many months. Topeka Const, accepted by the people, Dec. 15, and under it Chas. Robinson chosen governor, Jan. 15, 1856. Armed men from Geo., Alabama, &c., arrived in the territory, April, 1856. Report of H. Repres. of TJ. S. on Kan- sas affairs, proving fraud and violence of pro-slavery invaders. Robinson arrested for treason. May 5, and imprisoned 4 months for taking office under Topeka Constitution. Raid of pro-slavery men on the town of Lawrence, May 21. Fight at Potawatamie, May 26, and several other collisions for several months. Free-state legislature at Topeka dispersed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. Shannon removed and John W. Geary of Pa, appointed in his stead, Aug. A party led by Ex-senator Atchison of Mo. repulsed in an attack on Osawatomie, Aug. 29. Free-state men driven by Missourians from Leavenworth, Sept. 1. Robinson and others released on bail, Sept. 8, and Geary promising protection to free-state men they gave up their arms. Topeka legislature met, Jan. 6, 1857 ; the Speaker and others arrested by U. S. Marshal. Pro-slavery legislature at Lecompton provides for a convention. Geary resigned in consequence of illegal acts of Lecompte, U. S. judge, 1857. Rob. J. Walker appointed governor, and F. P. Stanton of Tenn., secretary, June. M. J. Parrott elected delegate to Cong. Lecomp- ton Constitution promulgated, and caused great excitement, Dec. 1857. Walker denounces it as a fraud, and resigns because the Const, is approved by the President. J. W. Denver of Calif, app. governor, Dec. 1857. Lecomp- ton Const, submitted to the people, and repudiated by 10,226 votes. Con- vention at Wyandot adopts a Const, prohibiting slavery, July 27, which is ratified by the people (4000 majority), Oct. 4. Under it Chas. Robinson chosen governor, Dec. 6. A famine and great suffering prevails in the terri- tory, 1860, relieved by contributions from many states. Kansas admitted into the Union under the Wyandot Constitution, Jan. 29, 1861. Population in 1859, 69,950; in 1860, 143,645. KENTUCKY, (p. 382.) Population in 1850, 771,424, and 210,981 slaves. In 18(30, 933,707, and 225,902 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 19 per cent, inc. of slaves 7 per cent. ADDENDA. 765 KNOW-NOTHINGS, or the "American party," a political organization in the U. States, 1853. Chief principles as follows: 1. The Americans shall rule America. 2. The Union of these States. 8. No North, no South, no East, no West. 4. The United States of America as they are one and inseparable. 5. No sectarian interferences 5n our legis- lation or the administration of Ame- rican law. 6. Hostility to the assumptions of the Pope, through the bishops, &c.. in a republic sanctified by protestant blood. 7. Thorough reform in the naturalization laws. 8. Free and liberal educational institu- tions fi>r all sects and classes, with the Bible, God's holy word, as a uni- versal text-book. L. LACE. (p. 388 ) This manufacture has been so advanced by improvements that a piece of lace which about 1809 cost 17, may now be had for 7s. Ure. LANGUAGE. Hon George P. Marsh, in a recent lecture, stated that there were nearly 100,000 English words found in use by good writers, but that no single writer employed more than a very small proportion of the whole. Few scholars used as many as 10,000 English words, and ordinary people not more than 3000. In all Shakespeare there were not 15,000 words, and in all Milton but 8000. There were but 800 of the Egyptian hieroglyphics. LAW. (p. 391.) The number of lawyers in the United States, in March, 1851, was 21.979, or about one to every fifteen hundred inhabitants. Monthly Law Magazine. Estimating their average receipts at $1000 per annum, their aggregate income would reach within a fraction of twenty-two millions of dol- lars. In 1851 there were in New York, 4740 lawyers; in Pennsylvania, 1848; in Ohio, 2031; in Massachusetts, 1132; in Kentucky, 1066; and in Georgia, 908. Livingston's Law Register. LIBERIA, (p. 395.) The number of American Africans in 1860 was about 10,000; natives under jurisdiction of the republic about 250,000. In 1856 the sugar cane was introduced, and in May, 1860, a cargo of sugar was sent to N. Y. Palm oil exported in 1859, $500,000. A college, several schools, 2 newspapers, and several churches had been established (1859). LIBRARIES, (p. 397.) The Astor Library, founded by the late J. J. Astor, who left, by will, $400,000 " for the establishment of a public library in New York," "which should be open at all reasonable hours, free of expense, to persons resorting thereto." The original building opened to the public Jan. 9, 1854. Another building of similar style and extent was added by "W. B. Astor, 1860. The whole contained in 1860 about 120,000 volumes, including the most valuable, rare, and costly works purchasable. The free Public Library in Boston, opened Sept. 17, 1858, is a noble institu- tion of a similar kind founded at a similar expense by several munificent citizens. It is wholly free to the public, and about 30,000 volumes are pro- vided which may be taken from the library by any resident of Boston. It is a remarkable fact that these 30,000 volur :s had thus been freely loaned to all comers without loss or damage to the amount of $100 in 2 years. LIGHTHOUSES, (p. 398.) In 1859, there were 491 light stations on the coasts of the U. S. including the Pacific and the lakes, the annual cost to gov. being $932.000. The No. of buoys and beacons .vas about 5000. LOMBARDY (p. 402), war in, 1859. See Italy. LONDON, (p. 402.) The population of L. in 1859 was said to be 2,600,0001 766 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. LOTTERIES. In N. Y. and Pa., lotteries have been declared by law to be " public nuisances," and to be indictable as such. The Am. Art Union was pronounced illegal, as a lottery, 1851. About 1820 there was a lottery at Natchez for building a Presbyterian church. At other times colleges, roads, ferries, hospitals, &c. have been aided by lotteries. They are still tolerated in Maryland, Georgia, and perhaps other states (1861). LOUVRE, (p. 404.) The magnificent buildings of the New Louvre begun by Napoleon I., and completed by Na,poleou III., were inaugurated by the latter in great state, Aug. 14, 1857. LOUISIANA, (p. 404.) Population in 1850, 517,762. In 1855, by state census, 587,774 including 244,000 slaves. In 1860, 666,413 including 312,186 slaves. Ordinance of secession from the U. S. passed by Convention, Jan. 26, 1861. Motion to submit the question to the people was defeated by a large majority. M. MACCABEES, a family of patriotic Jews, who commenced their career during the persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes, B.C. 167, when Mattathias, a priest, resisted the tyranny of the governor. His son Judas Maccabeus defeated the Syrians in three battles, B.C. 166,' 165; but fell in an ambush, BC. 161. His brother Jonathan made a league with the Romans and Lacedemonians, and after an able administration, was treacherously killed at Ptolemais by Tryphon, B.C. 143. His brother and successor, Simon, was also murdered, B.C. 135. John Hyrcanus, son of Simon, succeeded. His son Judas, called also Aristobulus, took the title of king, B.C. 107. The history of the Macca- bees is contained in five books of that name, two of which are included in our Apocrypha, and are accounted canonical by the Roman Catholic Church but not by Protestant communions. MACADAMIZING. The inventor of this system of repairing roads (Mr. John M'Adam), received a grant from Parliament in 1825 as a reward. MADAGASCAR, (p. 411.) The French were defeated in an attack on this island, Oct. 19, 1855. The native Christians have suffered much persecution, although the prince, the son of the reigning queen, embraced Christianity in 1846. The Rev. W. Ellis in 1858 published an interesting account of his three visits to the Island, on behalf of the London Missionary Society in 1854-5-6. MADEIRA, (p. 408.) Since 1852, the vintages here have been totally ruined by the vine-disease. MAGAZINE. See Reviews and Magazines. MAGENTA, a small town in Lombardy, memorable for the victory of the French and Sardinian army over the Austrians, June 4, 1859. The emperor Louis Kapoleon commanded, and ho and the king of Sardinia were in the thickest of the fight. It is said that 55,000 French and Sardinians, and 75,000 Aus- trians were engaged. The former are asserted to have lost 4000 killed and wounded, and the Austrians 10,000, besides 7000 prisoners; these numbers are still doubtful. The Austrians fought well, but were badly commanded. The emperor and king entered Milan on June 8 following. M'Mahon and Regnault d'Augely were created marshals of France for gallantry in thia action. MAGNETISM. In 1831 electricity was produced from a magnet by Professor Faraday, who has since published his researches on the action of the magnet ADDENDA. 767 on light, on the magnetic properties of flame, air, and gases (1845). on dia- magnetism (1845), on magne-crystallic action (1848), on atmospheric magnet- ism (1850). and on the magnetic force (1851-52). In the present century our knowledge of the phenomena of magnetism has been greatly increased by the labors of Arago. Ampere, Hansteeu. Gauss, Weber, Poggendorff, Sabine, Lament, Tyndall, Du Moncel, &c, MAINE, (p. 410) Population in 1850, 583,169: increase in 10 years, 16 per cent. Pop. in 1860, 619,958: increase in 10 years 6| per cent. MALAKHOFF, a hill near Sebastopol on which was situated an old tower, which the Russians strongly fortified during the siege in 1854-5. The allied French and English attacked it on June 17 and 18, 1855, and after a conflict of 48 hours were repulsed with severe loss; that of the English being 175 killed and 1126 wounded; that of the French 3338 killed and wounded. On Sept. 8, the French again attacked the Malakhoff ; at 8 o'clock the first mine was sprung, and at noon the French flag floated over the conquered redoubt. In the Malakhoff and Redan were found 3000 pieces of cannon of every calibre, and 120,000 Ibs. of gunpowder. MARONITES. A body of Christians in Asiatic Turkey, who recognise the authority of the pope. They live near Mt. Lebanon, and in Aleppo, Damas- cus, and other places. They suffered severely in the massacre by the Druses in 1860, and some accounts make the Maronites the original aggressors. MAROONS. A name given in Jamaica to runaway negroes. When the island was conquered from the Spaniards a number of the negroes, abandoned by their former masters, fled to the hills and became very troublesome to the colonists. A war of eight years' duration ensued, when the Maroons capitu- lated on being permitted to retain their free settlements, about 1730. In 1795 they again took arms, but were speedily put down and transported to Nova Scotia. Brande. They were also sent to Sierra Leone; and many of them are among the Dutch of Surinam. MARQUESAS ISLANDS (Polynesia), were discovered in 1595 by Mendana, who named them after the viceroy of Peru, Marquesa de Mendoca. They were visited by Cook in 1774, and were taken possession of by the French admiral Dupetit Thouars, May 1, 1842. MARRIAGE (p. 414.) The number of marriages in England and Wales in 1750 was 40,800 1820 was 96,883 1 S50 was 152 744 1800 " 78,223 1840 " 121.083 185? " 156,207 Of these marriages, in 1850, it is stated, in the registrar's returns, that 47,570 men and 70,60] women could not write, and that they signed the marriage register with their marks.* See Divorce. It has frequently been attempted to legalise a marriage with a deceased wifds sister, without success. A bill for this purpose passed the Commons, July 2, 1858, but was rejected by the Lords, July 23 following. In the case of Brooke v. Brooke, April 17, 1858, it was decided that such a marriage celebrated in a foreign country was not valid A bill to suppress irregular marriages in Scotland was passed in 1856 MARSEILLAISE HYMN. The words and music of this hymn are ascribed to Rouget de Lille, a French engineer officer, who composed it at the request * In France, the marriages were 208.893 in 1S20; 243,674 in 1825; nml 259.177 in 1830. As respects Paris, the statistics of that city, which are very minute and curious, furnish the fol- lowing classes as occurring in 7754 marriages: Bachelors and maids, 6456; bachelors and widows, 368; widowers and" maids, 708 ; widowers and widows. 22-2. 768 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. of Marshal Lucknow, in 1791, to cheer the spirits of the conscripts of the army then at Strasburg. The hymn derived its name from the circumstance of some troops from Marseilles marching into Paris to the time at a time when it was little known there, in 1792. Brands. MARYLAND, (p. 415.) Population, 1850, 583,034 including 74,723 free colored, and 90,368 slaves. Increase in 10 years 24 per cent. In 1860, the population was 646,183, and 85,382 slaves. Increase of free persons in 10 years 11 per cent. ; decrease of slaves 6 per cent. MASSACHUSETTS, (p. 146.) Population in 1850, 994,514; increase in 10 years 34 per cent. Population in 1855 (state census) 1,132,369; increase in 5 years 16 per cent. These returns placed Mass, the 6th in the Union in population. In I860 the population was 1,231,494. Increase in 10 years 24 per cent. Total industrial production in 1 855, 295 millions of dollars. Exports, 1859, 18 millions. Railroads, 1602 miles, which cost 63 millions. MEDICI FAMILY, illustrious as the restorers of literature and the fine arts in Italy, were chiefs or siynori of the republic of Florence from 1434, in which year Cosmo de' Medici, who had been banished from the republic, was recalled, and made its chief, presiding over it for thirty years. Lorenzo de' Medici, styled "the Magnificent," and the "Father of Letters," ruled Florence from 1469 to 1492. John de' Medici (Pope Leo X.) was the son of Lorenzo. Roscoe. From 1569 to 1737 the Medici family were hereditary granddukes of Tuscany. MEMPHIS, an ancient city of Egypt (" of which the very ruins are stupendous") is said to have been built by Menes, 3890 B.C. ; or by Misraim, 2188 B.C. It was erected by Alexander, 332 B c ; and restored by Septimus Severus, A.D. 202. The invasion of Cambyses, 526 B.C., began, and the founding of Alexan- dria, 332, completed, the ruin of Memphis. MENU, INSTITUTES OF, the very ancient code of India. Sir W. Jones, who translated them into English (1794), considers their date should be placed between Homer (about 962 B c.) and the Roman Twelve Tables (about 449 B.C.) Haughton's translation appeared in 1825. MEROVINGIANS. The first race of French kings, 418-752. MESMERISM. So called from Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a German physician, of Mersburg. He first made his doctrine known to the world in 1766; con- tending, by a thesis on planetary influence, that the heavenly bodies diffused through the universe a subtle fluid which acts on the nervous system of ani- mated beings. Quitting Vienna for Paris, in 1778, he gained numerous pro- selytes to his system in France, where he received a subscription of 340,000 livres. The government at length appointed a committee of physicians and members of the Academy of Sciences to investigate his pretensions. Among these were Franklin and Dr. Bailly, and the result of their inquiries appeared in an admirable paper drawn up by the latter, exposing the futility of animal magnetism, as the delusion was then termed, and the quackery of Mesmer. Mesmerism excited attention again about 1848, when Miss Harriet Martineau and others announced their belief in it.* METEOR. Remarkable instances of the phenomenon are recorded by the Chinese as early as 644 B.c. ; by Greeks and Romans (a few only); by Kepler (1623), Halley, Humboldt, Cavallo, Bowditch. and others, 1676, 1719, 1783, 1819. A meteor passed over N. Y., Conn., R. L, Delaware, &c., July 20, 1860. * In 1859 the Mesmeric Infirmary issued its tenth animal report, Archbishop "Whately being president, and the earl of Carlisle :ind Mr. Monckton Milnes among the vice-presidents. ADDENDA. 769 Extraordinary meteoric display in Nov. 1833, partially recurring every Nov. till 1839, and again in 1841 and 1846. These were described by Prof. Olm- sted of New Haven. METHODISTS, (p. 422.) The first Methodist organization in the U. S. was at Baltimore, 1784, Wesley sanctioning it as the " Meth. Episcopal Church of America." Introduced in S. Carolina and Georgia, 1785. Secession of Anti- episcopal brand), 1830. Secession (on account of the slavery question) of the " Methodist Episcopal Church South," 1844. The northern branch had in 1860, 956,555 members, and 13,000 preachers, under 51 ''annual con- ferences," 24 colleges, 2 biblical institutes, and 120 seminaries The " M. E. Church South" in 1845, had 6 bishops, 24 conferences, 330,710 white mem- bers, 124,811 colored members, 2978 Indians. In 1859 the total membership was 721,023, with 2! colleges for males, 28 colleges and 27 high schools for females ; and a publishing house at Nashville which issued 600 million pages in 5 years. The Meth. Prot. Church in 1858 had 90,000 members and 2000 ministers. MEXICO, (p. 423.) Herrera, president, 1848; succeeded by Gen. Arista, Jan. 15, 1851 ; who was compelled by revolution to resign, 1853, and Santa Anna was recalled and made president with unlimited powers. Insurrection of Alvarez, Jan. 1854; flight of Santa Anna, Aug. 1855, and elevation of Car- rera for 27 days. Alvarez made president by a Junta, but after a few weeks resigned in favor of Comonfort, who confiscated Church property. March 1856. New constitution promulgated by Congress, March 1857, opposed by the army, and a new revolution (Jan. 1858), suppressed Comonfort, and elevated Zuloaga to the presidency. Juarez (chief justice) claims this post, and retires to Vera Cruz, May 4, 1860. assuming there to be the "Constitutional presi- dent." Zuloaga deposed, and Gen. Miramon as chief of the Conservatives or Church party, leads a war against Juarez, which ends in the triumph of Jua- rez, Jan. 1861. MICHIGAN, (p. 423.) Population 1850, 399,654; in 1860, 754,291. Increase in 1840-50, 87 per cent. ; 1850-60, 89 per cent. MICHAELMAS. The feast of St. Michael, the reputed guardian of the Roman Catholic Church, under the title of " St. Michael and all Angels." St. Michael is supposed by the Roman Catholics to be the head .of the heavenly host. This feast is celebrated on the 29th of September, and the institution of it, according to Butler, was A.D. 487. MILITIA, (p. 424.) In England a volunteer militia was raised during the Cri- mean war, 1854, and again during the Indian mutiny, 1857. MILITIA, (p. 425.) The militia force of the United States in 1860, as near as can be ascertained from official reports, consists of 53,589 commissioned offi- cers, and 2,036,520 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates ; a total of 2,727,486 men. MINCIO, a river of Lombardy. Here the Austrians were defeated by the French under Brune, Dec. 26, 1800 ; and by Eugene Beauharnais, Feb. 8, 1814. The provinces of Verona and Mantua are watered by the Mincio. MINES, (p. 425.) The deepest coal-pit in England has recently been opened, after nearly 12 years' labor. The shaft is 6864- yards deep, and its sinking cost some $500,000. The seam of coal is 4 ft. 8-i in. thick, and is calculated to yield 500 tons a day for 30 years. The shaft is 12 feet in diameter, and near the bottom 19 feet. Here it meets an "incline" nearly half a mile long. MINlfi RIFLE, invented at Vincennes. about 1833, by M. Minie (born about 1800). From a common soldier he raised himself to the rank of the chef 33 770 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. d'escadron. His ritte is considered to surpass all made previous to it, foi accuracy of direction and extent of range It is adopted by the French, and with various modifications by the British army in 1852. MINNESOTA, (p. 425 ) Made a territory, 185-, admitted into the Union as a state, 1858. Population, 1850, 6077; 1860, 176.535. MINT. (p. 426.) In England, first regulated by Athelstan, about A.D. 928. See Coinage. MISSIONS, PROTESTANT. The number of Protestant missionaries in the world is 1369 who are distributed as follows: North America, 125; South Ame- rica, 11; the Antilles and Guiana, 218; Northern Africa, 6; West Africa, 107 ; South Africa, 152; Western Asia, 74 ; India and Ceylon, 419 ; Burmah and Siam, 39; China, 72; Oceanica, 146. To the above must be added 934 assistant missionaries, and 2737 native helpers (1860). Modern missionary effort has given to 20 millions of people the benefits of a written language, 20 dialects of Africa have been thus supplied, and 500,000 persons enjoy oral teaching. MISSIONS, ROMAN CATHOLIC. The receipts of the great Romish missionary society, the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, for 1857, from all parts of the globe, amounted to $838.000. Their expenditures in Europe were about $159,000; in Asia. $284,000; in Africa, $54,000 ; in America, $1 77,000 ; in the South seas, $73,000. The whole amount contributed on this continent was about $32,000. It is stated that Protestants in the U. States alone, give more for foreign missions than the one hundred and fifty millions of Catholics in all parts of the world. MIRRORS, (p. 427.) In 1851 Mr. Pettigrevv made known a mode of silvering glass by a solution of silver, thus avoiding the deleterious use of mercury. MISSISSIPPI (p. 426.) This state repudiated $5,000,000 of its bonds, in 1839(?) Population 1850, 6()6,326; 1860, 836,658; increase from 1840 to 1850, 61 per cent, " Ordinance of Secession " from the U. S., passed Jan. 9, 1861. MISSISSIPPI. The literal translation of the aboriginal name is Great River; the Indian title is written variously by the early journalists; Marquette spells it " Missoissippy. ;" Hennepiri " Meschasipi" Sape is river, running water; the prefix means "great," "&/'(/" MISSOURI, (p. 427 ) Pop. in 1850, 682,044, including 87,422 slaves. I 1856, 911.001, including 101,605 slaves. Increase in 10 years, 77 per cent. From 1830 to 1840, it was 133 per cent. Pop. I860, 1,201,214, including .115,619 slaves MODENA. (p. 426.) 1S46. Francis V. (born June 1, 1S19) suc- ceeds, Jan. 21. His subjects rose against him soon after the Italian war broke out, in April, 1S59. He fled to Verona, esta- blishing a regency, which was abolished June 18; Farini was appointed dictator in July ; a constituent assembly was im- mediately elected, which offered the duchy to the king of Sardinia, Sept. 15, following. Future government unde- cided, Nov. 1859. OLUCCA&- an archipelago (the chief, Amboyna) in the Indian Ocean, discovered by the Portuguese, about 1511, who held them secretly till the arrival of the Spaniards, who claimed them till 1629, when Charles V. yielded them to John III. for a large sum of money. The Dutch conquered them in 1607, and have held them ever since except from 1810 till 1814, when they were subject to the English. MONACHISM (from the Greek, monos, alone). Catholic writers refer to the pro- phet Elijah, and the Nazarenes mentioned in Numbers, ch. vi., as early ADDEXDA. V71 examples. The first Christian ascetics appear to be derived from the Jewish sect of the Essenes, whose life was very austere, practising celibacy, &c. About the time of Constantine (A.D. 306-322) numbers of these ascetics with- drew into the deserts, and were called hermits, monks, and anchorets ; of whom Paul, Anthony, and Pachomius were most celebrated, feimeon. the founder of the Stylitie (or pillar saints), died A.D. 456. He is said to have lived on a pillar 30 years St. Benedict, the great reformer of monachism, published his Rules and established his monastery at Monte Cassino, about A.D. 529. The Carthusians, Cistercians, &c., are so many varieties of Bene- dictines. In 964, by decree of king Edgar, all married priests were to be replaced by monks. See Abbeys and Benedictines. MONROE DOCTRINE, a term applied to the determination expressed by James Monroe, president of the United States, 1817-24, not to permit any European power to interfere in restraining the progress of liberty in North or South America, MONTEBELLO, a village in Piedmont, where Lannes defeated the Austrians* June 9, 1800, and acquired his title of duke of Montebello ; and where (May 20, 1859), after a contest of six hours, the French and Sardinians defeated the Austrians, who lost about 2000 killed and wounded, and 200 prisoners. The French lost about 700. including general Beuret. MONUMENT OF LONDON, begun in A.D. 1671, and finished in 1677. The pedestal is forty feet high, and the edifice altogether 202 feet, that being the distance of its base from the spot where the fire which it commemorates com- menced. It is the loftiest isolated column in the world. Its erection cost about 14,500. MORAT (Switzerland), where Charles the Bold of Hungary was completely defeated by the Swiss, June 20, 1476. A monument, constructed of the bones of the vanquished, was destroyed by the French in 1798, who erected a stone column in its place. MORETON BAY (New South Wales), a new .British colony, constituted in 1859. The capital to be called Queen's Town ; the first governor, Sir G. Bowen, and the title of the Bishopric to be Brisbane. MORMONS, (p. 430.) In Utah, their chief settlement, Brigham Young, their leader, was made Governor by Pres. Fillmore in 1850. The U. S. chief jus- tice being repudiated by Young, and the U. S. laws disowned, Col Steptoe, U. S. A , was appointed governor in place of Young, and sent with a batta- lion to enforce the U. S. authority, Aug. 1854. His authority being defied he resigned. Alfred Cuinmings appointed gov. by Pres. Buchanan, and arrived with 2.500 U. S troops, Oct 5. His trains were attacked and open rebellion proclaimed; but in March, 1858, the Mormon leaders submitted and order was restored. Army withdrawn May 1860. In April, 1851. their elders and preachers were gathering converts to their principles in Italy and Switzerland, and especially among the Waldenses ; also at Paris. Their celebrated " Bible," professed to have been delivered to Joe Smith, was really written by Rev. Sol. Spaulding, about 1812. as a supposed history of some ancient mounds in Ashtabula Co., Ohio. The MS. is said to have been bor- rowed by one of the Mormons, who copied it. and subsequently printed it. The number of Mormons in Utah, in 1860, was said by them to be 80,000 or 100,000. By others it was estimated at 50,000. In Europe they nuni- 1 er perhaps 100,000 ; and some are reported in Asia, Africa, and Polynesia. MOROCCO, (p. 430.) The Spaniards, who possess several places on the coagt of Morocco (Ceuta, Penon de Yalez, &c.), having suffered much annoyance by 772 THE WORLDS PROGRESS. Moorish pirates, declared war against the sultan in Oct. 1859. Negotiations had proved fruitless; the Spanish government increasing their demands as the sultan yielded. The English interference was in vain. See Spain. Peace restored, 1860. MORTAR (p. 430.) On Oct. 19, 1857, a colossal mortar, constructed by Mr. Robert Mallett, was tried at Woolwich; with a charge of 70 Ibs. it threw a shell weighing 2550 Ibs. 1| mile horizontally, and about mile in height. No bomb-proof arch or iron ship could resist such a missile. MOSQUITO COAST (in Central America). The Indians inhabiting this coast have been long under the protection of the British, who held Belize and a group of islands in the bay of Honduras. The jealousy of the United States has long existed on this subject. In April, 1850, the two governments cove- nanted not to "occupy, or fortif}*, or colonise, or assume, or exercise any dominion over any part of Central America." In 1855 the United States charged the British government with an infraction of the treaty ; on which the latter agreed to cede the disputed territory to the republic of Honduras, with some reservation.* The matter was finally settled in Feb. 1857. MOUNT VERNON The home of Washington, on the Potomac; purchased for the nation for the sum of $200,000, raised by ladies' associations, originated by Miss Pamela Cunningham, of South Carolina, 1858-60. MUNICH, the capital of Bavaria, and one of the most beautiful sites in Germany, was founded, it is said, A.D. 962. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in 1632; by the Austriaus in 1704, 1741, and 1743; and by the French, under Moreau, July 2, 1800. Munich abounds in schools, inetitu- tions, and manufactories. The University was founded by the king Louis in 1826. NAPLES, (p. 434.) N. A martial anarchy prevails yDec. 1849 The chiefs of the liberal party arrested in 1849 Settembrini, Poerio,Carafa, and others, after a mock trial are condemned, and consigned to horrible dungeons for life June, 1850 After remonstrances with the king on his tyrannical government (May), the English and French ambassa- dors are withdrawn Oct. 28, 1856 Attempted assassination of the king by Milans Dec. 1856 The Cagliari seized June, 1S57 Italian refugees, under count Pisao cane, landing in Calabria, are defeat- ed, and their leader killed June 27-July 2, 185T Death of Ferdinand II., after dreadful sufferings May 22, 1859 Accession of Francis II The city of Naples surrenders to Garibaldi without a struggle, and the king retires to Gaeta ...Sept., S60 Gaeta surrenders to the Sardinians and the king takes refuge in a French vessel Feb. 13, 1861 See Italy and Sicily. NASSAU, now a German duchy, was made a county by the emperor Frederic I., about 1180, for Wolrarn a descendant of Conrad I. of Germany; from whom are descended the royal house of Orange now reigning in Holland (see Orange and Holland), and the present duke of Nassau. Population of the duchy in 1857, 434.064. Wiesbaden was made the capital in 1839. 1788. Count Frederic-William joins the 1814. William-George, Aug. 20. Confederation of the Khine, and is made 1889. Adolphus - William - Charles, born duke in 1806. July 24, 1817; the present duke (1861). * St. Juan del Norte (Grcytovni) was held by the British on behalf of the Mosquitoes till the American adventurers, under Col. Kinney, took possession of it in Sept. 1^55. He joined Walker ; and on Feb. 10, 1856, their associate Kivas, the president, claimed and annexed the Mosquito territory to Nicaragua. ADDENDA. 773 NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN (at New York), founded 1826; the first President was Samuel F. B. Morse. NATIONAL DEBT OF EXGLAXD. The annual interest in 1850 was 23,862,257 ; and the total interest, including annuities, amounted to 27,699.740. On Jan. 1, 1851, the total unredeemed debt of Great Britain and Ireland was 769,272,562 : the charge on which for interest and management was 27,620,449. On Jan. 1, 1852, it was 765,126,582 ; the charge, 27,501,783. NATURE PRINTING. This process consists in impressing objects, such as plants, mosses, feathers, &c., into plates of metal, causing these objects, as it were, to engrave themselves ; and afterwards taking casts or copies tit for printing from. Kniphof, of Erfurt, between 1728 and 1757, produced his Herbarium vivum by pressing the plants themselves (previously inked) on paper; the impressions being afterwards colored by hand. In 1833, Peter Kyhl made use of steel rollers and lead plates. In 1842, Mr. Taylor printed lace. In 1847, Mr. Twining printed ferns, grasses, and plants; and in the same year Dr. Branson suggested the application of electrotyping to the impressions. In 1849, Professor Ley dolt, of Vienna, obtained, by the able assistance of Mr. Andrew Worring, impressions of agates and fossils. The first practical application of this process is in Von Heufier's work on the Mosses of Arpasch, in Transylvania ; the second (the first in England) in "The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland," edited by Dr. Lindley; the illus- trations to which wer prepared under the superintendence of Mr. Henry Bradbury, in 1855-6, who also in 1859 commenced the printing of the British Sea-weeds, edited by W. G. Johnstoue and Alex. Croall. NAVAL ACADEMY (U. S.) at Annapolis, Md., founded during the Presidency of Mr. Polk, chiefly at the instance of Geo. Bancroft, Sec. of the Navy. NAVY OF ENGLAND, (p. 440.) In July, 1856, it consisted of 271 sailing vessels, carrying 9,594 guns; and 258 steam vessels, carrying 6,582 guns; also 155 gunboats, and 111 vessels on harbor service. NAVY OF FRANCE (p. 440) has been greatly increased by the present empe- ror. In L859 it consisted of 51 ships of the line (14 sailing vessels and 37 steamers), and 398 other vessels, in all 449. NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES, (p. 439.) In 1860, consisted of 10 ships of the line, 10 frigates, 21 sloops of war, 3 brigs, 8 steamers, first class, 6 screw do. 2d class, 15 do. 3d class, 9 side-wheel steamers, 3 storeships, 6 receiving ships. Total, 91 vessels. NEW GRENADA (South America), visited by Columbus, and in 1536 conquered and settled by the Spaniards. It formed part of the new republic of Bogota, established in 1811; and, combined with Caraccas, formed the republic of Colombia in 1819. After several reunions and dissolutions the republic of New Grenada, in June. 1858, merged into the Grenadine Confederation, which includes Bolivar. Antioguia, Panama, and other small states. The president (1859) M. Ospina, entered on office April 1, 1857. NEW HAMPSHIRE, (p. 441.) Population in 1850, 317,976; increase in 10 years, 11 per cent. In 1860, 326,072, increase, 3 per cent. NEW JERSEY, (p. 442.) Population in 1850, 488,552, including 22,269 colored persons. In 1860, 676,084. Increase in 10 years 35 percent. NEWSPAPERS, (p. 445.) There are 3,364 newspapers published in the United States and territories, of which 613 are in New York, 419 in Pennsylvania, 382 iu Ohio, 221 in Illinois, and 219 in Massachusetts. There are 50 in Canada, 5 in the Sandwich Islands, and 2 in New Brunswick. In England 774 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. and Wales there are 272; in Scotland, 66; in Ireland, 113; and in the British Isles and Jersey, 17. There are about 1,500 in Germany, about 600 in France, 30 or 40 in Spain, very few in Italy, 13 in Constantinople, and about 100 in Russia (1860). NEWSPAPERS, GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 445.) In 1855 the stamp duty on news- papers was abolished, except for postal purposes. In 1857, 71,000,000 newspapers passed through the London post-office. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PRESENT PRINCIPAL LONDON NEWSPAPERS. Public Ledger 1759 I Times. Daily. .1788 Morning Chronicle 1770 | Sun. . . .1792 Morning Post 1772 Morning Herald 1781 Observer 1792 Bell's Messenger 1796 Weekly Dispatch 1801 Examiner 1 *-f;8 Literary Gazette 1817 John Bull.. ..1820 Morning Advertiser 1803 Globe 1803 Weekly. Bell's Life in London . .1820 Sunday Times 1 822 Atlas 1826 Athenaeum 1S28 Spectator 1S28 Illustr'd London News.1842 Standard 1827 Daily News 1846 Daily Telegraph 1 SS5 Morning Star 1866 Lloyd's Weekly Paper. 1842 News of the World 1S4S Economist 18-13 Leader 1850 Press 1S53 Saturday Review 185- NEW YORK, STATE OF. (p. 443.) Population in 1850, 3,097,394 ; increase in 10 years, 26 percent. In 1860,3,851,563; increase in 10 years 24 per cent. No. of school districts, 11.621. Pupils in public schools, 851,533. Volumes in school libraries 1.360,507 (1860). NICARAGUA, a state in Central America, which see. At the commencement of 1855 it was greatly disturbed by two political parties: that of ihe president Chamorro, who held Grenada, the capital, and that of the democratic chief Castellon, who held Leon. The latter invited Walker, the filibuster, to his assistance, who in a short time became sole dictator of the state. By the united efforts of the confederated states the filibusters were all expelled in May, 1857. OH May 1, 1858, Nicaragua and Costa Rica appealed to the great European powers for protection. . NICOLAITAXES. This sect '(mentioned Rev. ii. 6, 15) is said to have sprung from Nicolas, one of the first seven deacons. Nicolas is said to have made a vow of continence, and in order to convince his followers of his resolve to keep it, he gave his wife (who was remarkable for her beauty) leave to marry any other man she desired. His followers are said afterwards to have main- tained the legality of a community of wives, as well as holding all other things in common, and are accused of denying the divinity of Christ. NINEVEH. The capital of the Assyrian Empire (see Assyria), founded by Ashur, who called it after himself, about 2245 B.C. Ninus reigned in Assyria, and called this city also after himself, Nineveh, 2069 B.C. Abbe Lengkt. Jonah preached against Nineveh (about 862 B.C.), which was taken by Nebuchad- nezzar, 606 B.C. The discoveries of Mr. Layard and others in the neighbor- hood of Mosul, the supposed site of this ancient capital, since 1839, have in a manner disinterred and repeopled a city which for centuries has not only ceased to figure on the page of history, but whose very locality had long been blotted out of the map of the earth. The forms, features, costume, 7 - eligion, modes of warfare, and ceremonial customs of its inhabitants, stand before us distinct as those of a living people; and it is anticipated that, by help of the sculptures and their cuneiform inscriptions, the researches of the learned may go far in filling up the vast blank in Assyrian annals. Among the sculptures that enrich the British Museum may be mentioned the winged bull and lion ADDENDA. 775 aiid numerous hunting and battle-pieces; but perhaps the mnt interesting- a? confirmatory of the truth of Holy Scripture, is the bas-relief of the eagle- headed human figure, presumed to be a representation of the Assyrian god Nisroch (fro:n N^r. an wyle or liawk}. whom Sennacherib was in the act of worshipping when he was assassinated by his two sons, about 7 10 B.C. 2 Kings xix. 37. In 1848 Mr. Layard published his ''Nineveh and its Remains," and in 1853 an account of his second visit in 1849-50. NITROGEN, OR AZOTE (from the Greek a no, and zw, I live), an irrespirable elementary gas. Before 1777 Scheele separated the oxygen of the air from the nitrogen, and almost simultaneously with Lavoisier discovered that the atmosphere is a mixture of these two gases. Nitrogen combined with hydrogen forms the volatile alkali ammonia so freely given off by decom- posing animal and vegetable bodies. NORTH CAROLINA, (p. 449.) The population was as follows: Whites. Slaves. Free Col. Total. 1840 434,b7u 245.817 22,732 758,419 1850 553,C2S 288.54S 27,463 862,039 I860 679.965 328,377 1,008,342 It was at Mecklenburgh, in this state, that the first declaration of independence of the British crown was made, as early as May, 1775. NORTHWEST PASSAGE, (p. 448.) The honor of actually effecting the north- west passage was achieved by Capt. McClure, in the British ship Investigator, which sailed with the Enterprize, Capt. Colliuson, Jan. 20. 1850. Admiralty chart showing the discovery published 1853. NOVARA (SARDINIA). BATTLE OF, March 23, 1849, when the Austrian marshal Radetzky totally defeated the king Charles Albert and the Sardinian army. The contest began at 10 A.M. and lasted till late in the evening; the Aus- trians lost 396 killed, and had about 1850 wounded; the Sardinians lost between 3,000 and 4.000 men, 27 cannons, and 3, 000 prisoners. The king of Sardinia soon after abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel, the pre- sent king (1861). NUMIDIA (N. Africa), the seat of the war of the Romans with Jugurtha, which began 111 B.C., and ended with his subjugation and captivity, 106. The last king, Juba, joined Cato and was killed at the battle of Thapsus, 46 B.C., when Numidia became a Roman province. NUMISMATICS, the science of coins and medals, an important adjunct to the study of history. In England Evelyn ( 1697), Addison (1726), and Pinkerton (1789) published works on medals. Ruding's Annals is the great work on British coinage (new edition, 1840). The Numismatic Society in London was founded by Dr. John Lee in 1836. It publishes the Numismatic Chronicle. Mr. Yonge Akerman's Numismatic Manual (1840), is a useful introduction to the science. Other foreign works are numerous. Eckfeldt and Dubois' work on the coins of the U. S., pub. 1842, with later editions. "\Vorks by Bushnell, Prime, and others, published at N. York, and by Snowden at Philad. 0. OATH. (p. 451.) In England Jews were relieved from part of the oath of alle- giance, 1858. OBSERVATORIES. rni an administration, and obtained the support of Lord Pahnerston, but not Lord John Russell : the two last then united to form the present cabinet, which came into office July 18, 18.V.I. PANAMA. The isthmus which joins North and South Arn<-ncn. \ TK-W state, named Panama, was formed out of New Grenada in isr>f,. Tlu- pusi-nt, president ( !<;<)) is .Jos< ; nV Osbaldin. Tin- Panama Railroad opened 1855. PAPAL AGSION," in Kn-lnnd strongly protested against in lHf*Ooh the 33* 778 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. appointment by the pope uf Cardinal "Wiseman to be "Lord Archbishop of Westminster.'' 670o addresses against this " usurpation" sent to the queen; and a bill was. passed, August, 1851, "prohibiting the constitution of bishops of pretended provinces under a penalty of 100." This bill does not appear to have been enforced. PAPER (p. 460). The manufacture of printing and writing papers in the United States has been greatly advanced in the last 15 years. Printing paper is now made, especially in Conn., Mass , Maine, N. J., and Pa , fully equal in quality to the best in England. The amount of capital employed in this business is estimated at $20,000,000. The quantity produced cannot be precisely calculated, but it is now (I860) probably greater than the product of Great Britain. PAPIER MACHE. This manufacture (of paper pulp combined with gum and sometimes China clay) has- existed for above a century. Martin, a German tmuff-box maker, is said to have learnt the art from one Lefevre about 1740. In 1745 it was taken up by Baskerville, the printer at Birmingham, and soon \ipread over that district. Papier mache is now largely employed in orna- menting the interior of buildings, &c. PARADISE LOST, the great epic of Milton, appeared first in 10 books in 1667; in 12 books in 1674. The author received for it the sum of 10, and his widow 8 more as full payment for the copyright. PARAGUAY, a province in South America, discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1526 : and conquered by Alvarez Nunez in 1535, and civilized by the Jesuits, who established an exclusive government, which they held till their expul- sion in 1768. Paraguay rose against the Spanish yoke in 1811. In 1814 Dr. Francia was elected dictator, succeeded on his death in 1840 b} r Vival. From 1814 to 1844 the country was rigidly closed against foreigners. The present (1859) president, C. A. Lopez, was elected in 1844. Paraguay was recognised as an independent state by the Argentine Confederation in 1852, by Great Britain in 185,% by the U. States in 185-. PARIS (p 461.) Immense improvements at great expense by Louis Napoleon, 1853-6. Great Industrial Exhibition opened by him May 15, 1855; visited by Queen Yictoria and Prince Albert, Aug. 24, 1855, the first visit of an English sovereign to Paris since that of the infant Henry VI. in 1422. PARKS, (p. 461.) The great " Central Park," N. Y. city, originated 18M by the suggestions of the late A. J. Downing, and first officially recommended by A. C Kingsland, then mayor. It was authorized both by the Common Coun- cil and by the Legislature, within 100 days after: the award of the Com- missioners of Assessments, made July 2, 1855. The park came into posses- sion of the city, Feb., 1856. It originally extended from 59th to 106th St. : in 1859 it was extended to 110th St., and then included in all 843 acres; being 2- miles long, | mile wide. The cost before extension was $5,444.369. of which $1,657,590 was assessed on adjoining property ; the net cost being greater than was ever before known to be expended on a public park. It is now more than twice the size of Hyde Park in London ; but of its area 142 acres is occupied by the two Croton reservoirs. Preliminary surveys by Mr. Yiele (1856) were followed by the adoption of plans by Olmsted and Vaux, April 28, 1858, and the appointment of Mr. F. L. Olmsted as Super- intendent and " Architect-in-chief. " Work on this plan commenced June 1, 1858. since which from 500 to 3500 persons have been employed to this time (1861) under the general direction of commissioners appointed by the Legis- lature. ADDENDA. 779 Public Park at Baltimore opened 1860. The " Common" at Boston, Mass., though small in extent, is one of the most beautiful city inclosures in the world. PATENTS (p 463.) The number of patents granted by the office at Washington from 1790 to 1850 inclusive was 16,296. In 1854 there were 1800, and the yearly number since then has been about 2000. PARISHES, The boundaries of parishes in England were first fixed by Hono- rius, archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 636. They were enlarged, and the num- ber of parishes was consequently reduced in the fifteenth century, when there were 10.000. The parishes of England and Wales now amount to 11,077. Parish-registers were commenced A.D. 1538. PARLIAMENT, (p. 462.) The Peers took possession of their house, that portion of the palace being ready April 15, 1847 The members of the Commons' Honse of Parliament assembled in their new house Nov. 4, 1852 Barou L. Rothschild, the first Jew admitted July 26, 1858 PARMA, (p 462.) When the war in Italy began in 1859, the Parmesans rose, and established a provisional government, May 3 ; the duchess-regent retired to Switzerland. On Sept 3, the annexation to Sardinia was voted. On Oct. 5, Col. Anvity, a former obnoxious police minister, having rashly returned, was cruelly murdered by the mob. The Dictator Farini is endea- voring to punish the assassins (Nov. 1859). PASSAU, TREATY OF. A celebrated treaty whereby religious freedom was established, and which treaty was ratified between the Emperor Charles V. and the Protestant princes of Germany, Aug. 12, 1552. By this pacification the Lutherans were made at ease in regard to their religion. Henault. In 1662 the cathedral and greatest part of the town were consumed by fire. PAWNBROKERS, (p. 464.) The three golden balls suspended from the doors of pawnbrokers were the arms of the Lombard merchants, who were the first to publicly lend money on chattel securities, and who gave the name to the present street of bankers in London. They have been humorously described as meaning that there were two chances to one that the things pledged would never be redeemed. PEACE SOCIETY, AMERICAN. The first peace society in the world was founded at N. York in Aug., 1815. A similar society was founded at Paris in 1821. PEACE SOCIETY in England was founded in 1816 for the promotion of univer- sal peace. It held its 43rd anniversary on May 17, 1859. A congress of the friends of peace, from all parts of the world, commenced its sittings at Paris, Aug. 22, 1849. It met in London, at Exeter Hall, Oct. 30 following; and at Frankfort, in St. Paul's Church, Aug. 22, 1850 ; at Birmingham. Nov. 28, 1850; and at Exeter Hall, July 22, 1851. A meeting was held at Man- chester, Jan. 27, 1853, and at Edinburgh, Oct. 12, 1853. Mr. Bright and Mr. Cobden are among the most conspicuous members of this society. A deputation from the Peace Society consisting of Messrs. J. Sturge, Pease, and another quaker friend, stated their views to the Emperor of Russia at St. Petersburg, at an interview granted them in Feb. 1854. PELASGI. the primitive inhabitants of Greece and Italy appear to belong to the Indo-Germanic race. They were in Greece about 1900 B.c and in Italy about 1600 B.C. They have been termed Tyrrheni, Sicani or Siculi. Apuli, &c From the Pelasgi come the Dorians, uEolians, and lonians ; all three being Hellenes or Greeks. "780 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. PENSIONERS, U. S. The whole number of pensioners of all classes on tin rolls in I860, was 11,585; and the aggregate amount required per annum for their payment, $1,183,141. Of revolutionary soldiers, 165 only are now on the rolls (18(50). PENS. STEEL. The largest factories are Gillot's, of Birmingham, who employ nearly 1,000 hands for the conversion of 2 tons of steel into 35,000 gross of pens weekly ! In 1820-1, the first gross of three slit pens was sold wholesale for 7 4s. ; in 1851, a superior, article could be furnished at 3s. 6d. to 5s. per gross, while the commonest pens can be rendered at twopence the gross. Steel pens of a superior quality are now made to a large extent in the U. S. PERSEPOLIS, the ancient splendid capital of Persia. Alexander has been falsely accused of setting fire to it, while intoxicated. 331 B.C. The fire is said to have been accidental and not extensive. Remains of this city still exist. PERUGIA, a city of the Papal States, anciently one of the Etruscan Confedera- tion. It allied itself with the Samnites, but was ruined by two defeats by the Romans, 309 and 295 B.C. It was taken by Octavius Ca?sar from the adherents of Antony ; many of whom were immolated on altars by their vic- tor. Leo X. took Perugia from the rival families Oddi and Baglioni, in 1520. An insurrection here against the pope was put down by the Swiss with great cruelty, June 20, 1859. An American family who suffered by the violence of Papal soldiers were afterwards indemnified. PESTH. (Hungary), was repeatedly taken and besieged in the wars of Hungary, particularly in the long contests with the Turks. The last time it changed masters, was in 1684, after the raising of the famous siege of Vienna by Sobieski. Buda-Pesth, in the war just closed, was taken by the Imperialists, Jan. 5, 1849. The Hungarians afterwards defeated the Austrians, who were obliged to evacuate it, April 18, same year. See Hungary. PETROPAULOVSKI, a fortified Russian town, on the east coast of Kamtschatka, attacked by English and French fleets, which were repulsed, Aug. 30, 1854. It was afterwards deserted and the fortifications destroyed. PEWS in churches were not in use in England till long after the Reformation: about the middle of the seventeenth century. The earliest reading-paw with a date is one at Geddington St. Mary, Northamptonshire, dated 1602. Hook. PHARMACY : the knowledge of the chemical and medicinal properties of drugs and all other things employed medicinally. The Pharmaceutical Society of London was founded in 1841, mainly by the exertions of Mr. Jacob Bell, and obtained its charter in 1843. It publishes a monthly journal. PHILOSOPHY, (p. 470.) 1770-18W; Scientific, Fichte. 1800-14. Absolute Identity. Schellins, 1800-20; Absolute, IdeaUxm, Hegel, 1810-30; Utilitarian, Benthain, 1790-1830; Posi- tive, Comte, 1830. MORAL AND INTELLKCT0AL PHILOSOPHY. ANCIENT SCHOOLS. Pythagorean, about B.C. 500: Platonic (the Academy), by Plato, 374 ; Peripatetic (the Lyceum), by Aristotle, 334; Sceptic, by 'Pvrrho, 884; Cynic, by Diogenes. 330; Epicu- rean, by Epicurus, 306: Stoic, by Zeno, 290; Miff die Academy, by Arcesilaus, 278; New Academy, bv Carneades, 160. MODERN PYSTKMS. Rational, Bacon, aVt A.T>. 1624; Cartesian, Descartes, about 1C50 ; ltefl.e<-tiue or f'ircej'tire, Lork\ 1690; Ideatittic, Berkeley. 1710 ; K/ec- tite, Leibnitz, 1710; Common Sentse, Reid, 1750-70; Transcendental, Kant, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. Greek and Latin. Thales, about B.C. 600; Pythagoras, 590; Aristotle and Plato, 850; Euclid, 300; Archimedes. 287 ; Hip- parohns. 150; Lucretius*, about 100; Julius Caesar, 50; Ptolemy, A.D. 150. Middle Age*. Arabians: I'cn Musa. 800; Alhazen, &c.. 1100. (Herbert, Decimals, 959. Koger Bacon, Opu# Maju*, 1266. ADBEXBA. 781 PHILOSOPHY, continued. Inductive Philosophy : Copernicus's system published 1543 Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Kepler's Laws 1609-13 Bacon's JVo*t Organum 1620 Galileo's Dialogue* 1 682 Royal Society begins (which see). . .1645 Otto Guericke Air pump 1654 Huyghens on Pendulums 1658 Newton Fluxions, 1665; Analysis of Light, 1669; Theory of Gravi- tation. 1634; Principia published 1687; death 1727 Bradley discovers aberration 1727 Euler on Perturbation of the Pla- nets., 1743 Black on Heat 1762 Laplace on Tides 1 775 Lagrange. Mecaniqne Anuli/tiqueAtSS Galvani's and Yplta's researches... .171*1 Laplace, Mecanique Celeste. 1799 (:?ee Astronomy, Optics, Chemis- try, Electricity, 4 ' m. For the year ending June 30, 1859: number of post-offices, 28,539; increase during the year, 562; mail routes, 8,723; aggregate length, 260,052 miles; annual transportation, 82,308.402 miles; of which by railroads, 26,010 miles total, 27,268,384 miles, at 11.9 cents per mile ; by steamboats. 19,209 miles, total, 4.569,902, at 25.3 cents per mile; by coaches, 63.041 miles, total 23,448,498 miles, at 13.3 cents per mile; by inferior modes, 151,792 miles; total, 27,021,658, at 7.1 cents per mile Expenditures of the department for 1859, $14,964,493; revenue, $7,968,484; deficiency, $6.996,009. See Table in Appendix. Nearly 2,000,000 "dead letters" annually fail to reach the persons addressed. POST OFFICE, BRITISH. The net revenue was in 1853, 1,104,000; in 1857 1,293,971. Rowland Hill's penny postage was broached in 1837, and adopted in 1839. The number of letters in the last year of the old system was, 82,470,596. The number in 1856 was 478 millions; in 1858, it was 523 millions. In 1855, books and pamphlets were first allowed to be sent by post, at the rate of Id. for 4 oz. POST OFFICES. The number of letters annually passing through the Post-offices of Great Britain, with the uniform one penny postage system, is four times as great as in the United States, as by the following table : No. of Letters per Postal Postal Countries. Population. letters. 1,000 persons, expenses. revenues. United States 25,000,000 102,139,148 4,084 $12.722.470 $7,486.792 Great Britain 30.000,000 410.81 7. 489 13.693 14.Sb4.SOO 9.245,- 00 France. 40,000,000 150,000.000 3,750 6,023.915 9.321.900 Spain 14.000,000 30,775,686 2.209 1,095.398 1,281.761 Belgium 4.600,000 11.521.955 2,603 327,128 355,648 Holland 3,200.000 13.349.553 4.357 156.785 2SS,162 Switzerland 2,300,000 19,773,671 8 : 299 341,028 447,752 PRAETORIAN GUARDS were instituted by the emperor Augustus (B.C. 13), and their numbers enlarged by Tiberius, Vitellius, and his successors. At- first supporters of the imperial tyrants they eventually became their masters, actually putting up the imperial diadem for sale (as in A.D. 193 when it was bought by Didiu.s Julianus). They at times committed many atrocities, and were finally disbanded by Constantino, in 312. PRESBYTERIANS, (p. 488.) The Presbyterian church in the United States was divided into the "Old School," and the New School, 184-. In 1850, the aggregate No. of churches was 4,584, accommodating 2,040,000 persons. PRINTING, (p. 490.) In the United States this important art has made great advances during the last 10 years (1861). The best presses of Boston, and Cambridge, Mass., of New York, and of Philadelphia, have produced speci- * In millions, round numbers. ADDENDA. V85 mens, nearly or perhaps fully equal to the best in England or France. Excellence has been especially aimed at of late in this countrj-, while econo- my and cheapness have been more studied in England. PRINTING TYPES first electrofaced with copper, about 1850. PRINTING IN COLORS was first commenced by the employment of several blocks, to imitate the initial letters in MSS. (for instance, the Mentz Psalter of Faust, A.D. 1457, which lias a letter in three colors). Imitations of chiaroscuro soon followed (' Kepose in PJgypt," engraving on wood, after Louis Crauach, 1519, in Germany: others, by Ugo da Carpi in Italy, 1518). In England, j. B. Jackson (1720-1754) attempted, without success, to imitate water-color drawings and to print paper-hangings. About 1783, John Skippe, an amateur, printed some chiaroscuros. In 1S19-22, Mr. William Savage produced his remarkable work, " Hints on Color Printing," illustrated by imitations of chiaroscuro, and of colored draw- ings, which are still greatly admired, giving details of the processes employed. In 1836, Mr. George Baxter produced beautiful specimens of Picture-Printing, and took out a patent, which expired in 1855. In some of the illustrations to the "Pictorial Album" (1836), he has employed twenty different blocks. Since then great improvements have been made in the art. It has been applied to Lithography (hence, Chromolithography). In 1849, Mr. G. C. Leighton produced imitations of water-color-drawings, by means of modifica- tions and improvements of Savage's processes. In 1851, he commenced color-printing by machinery, and has since availed himself of aqua-tinted plates; and also of electrotyped silver and copper surfaces to obtain purity of color as well as durability. Haydn. This art is also practised considerably in the United States, but has not been prominently recognised. Chromo- lithography. i. e. printing from stone in colors, introduced in N. Y. and Phil., about 1 848, has been carried to great perfection. PRINTING PRESSES, (p. 488.) The largest presses more recently constructed by Hoe & Co., of New York, will throw oft' 25,000 impressions per hour. These are the " ten cylinder type-revolving printing machines." Two of these have been supplied to print the London Times, and a similar one is used by four daily newspapers in New York. The cost of each press is about $30,000. Of the eight and six cylinder machines Hoe & Co. have supplied 20 in Great Britain, 4 in Paris, and 2 in Australia ! The Adams printing presses are now manufactured by Hoe & Co. PRIVATEER. A vessel belonging to one or more private individuals, sailing with a licence from Government in time of war, to seize and plunder the ships of the enemy. The practice first became general during the war between Spain and the Netherlands, about the end of the seventeenth cen- tury, and was very general during the last French war. Privateering was abolished by the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty, March 30, 185H : but the U. S government declined to join in this treaty. During the war of 1812, there were ''50 privateers commissioned by the U. S., of which 58 were from Baltimore. 55 from New York, 40 from Salem, and 31 from Boston. During that war 2,000 British vessels were captured by the Americans, a large por- tion being by privateers. About 500 American vessels were captured or destroyed by the British. See CoggeshalPs Hist of Am. Privateers. PROBATE COURT, ENGLAND. Kstablished in 1857 by 20 & 21 Viet. c. 77, which abolished all power exercised by the Ecclesiastical Courts in the grant- ing of probates of wills, &c. The first judge appointed (Jan. 5, 1858), was Sir Cresswell Cresswell, who took his seat Jan. 12. Probate is the exhibiting and proving a will before the proper authority. 786 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. PRUD'IIOMMES. COXSEILS PE (from pntdtn* kcnno, a prudent raanX trade tribu- nals iu France, composed of makers and workmen, instituted in 1806, by Napoleon, to arbitrate on trade disputes. Similar bodies with tin's name existed as far back as 1452. at Marseilles, and at Lyons, in 1464. PRUSSIA, (p. 494.) The king takes the oath required by the new constitution Feb. 6. 1S50 Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark July 2. 1S50 , e. cu M ii;;_r .>ut the whole Prus- sian annv. .: infantrv. 3S.OOO But agrees to a commercial treaty. . Feb. "19. Continues neutral in the -war Sept. 21, Oct. IS. 1S54 Excluded from the conferences at Vienna Feb. 1855 cavalry, ar.d 'J9.000 artillery, with , Alarming illness of the kins, the 10S) field-piett s N..-V. 7. 1850 The Pru>v . b ; - i-ommeuce thtir retreat fn 'in li el. ..Dec. 5. 1550 The king celebrates by a grand ban- quet the 150th anniversary of the Prussian monarchy ".Jan. IS, 1S51 The king revives the council of state as it existed before the revolution prince of Prussia appointed resent for three months Oct." 28. 1857 Prince Frederick William of 1'ru married to the princess r<-yal of England Jan. 25. 1 SC 3 Prince of Prussia made permanent recent <>ct. ". J Jo? Prussia declares its neutralitv. but of 1S4S Jar.. 12. 15*52 arms to protect Germ'y. May miles an hour, carrying nine stone two pounds. He died in 1741, aged 26 years. Eclipse was the fleetest horse that ran in England since the tim.e of Childers ; he was never beaten, and died in February, 1759, aged 25 years. His heart weighed 14 Ib. which accounted for his wonderful spirit and courage. Christie White t Hist, of the Turf. "RAGGED SCHOOLS. Free schools for outcast destitute ragged children, sot up in large towns. In these schools the instruction is based on the Scriptures, and most of the teachers are voluntary and unpaid. They existed in some parts of London previous to 1844. but did not receive their name till that year, when the "Ragged School Union" was formed, principally by Mr. >. Stacy, and Mr. Win. Locke (since Hon. Secretary). The earl of Shaftesburv is chairman In 1856, there were 150 Ragored-schonl institutions: 788 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 123 Sunday schools with 16.937 scholars. 93 Day schools with 13,057 scholars. 117 Evening schools with 8,085 scholars. 84 Industrial classes with 3,224 scholars. 163 Paid teachers in day schools. 126 Paid teachers in week night schools. 43 Paid refuge and industrial masters. 21o9 Voluntary teachers. There were in 1856, 16 refuges, where 500 inmates are fed, lodged, clothed, and educated. Upwards of 500 boys and girls have emigrated to the colo- nies. In New York and other large cities of the U. S. " Ragged Schools " have been established by benevolent individuals, to the great benefit of many thousand destitute children, who would otherwise have received no instruc- tion. "Mission Schools" also have gathered in thousands from the cellars and gutters, who have been provided not only with oral teaching, but with lodging, food, and raiment. The "Fourth Ward" and "Five Points" Mis- sions are of this character. RAILWAYS, (p. 502.) In England, the capital invested in railway undertakings has reached a most astonishing amount. Up to 1840 it was 69 millions ; and, according to the acts of parliament which sanctioned railways, the share capital and borrowing powers of all the British railway companies amounted, on March 1, 1853, to 363 millions sterling. The railway mania and panic year was 1846, when 270 railway acts passed. Up to 1858 the sum of 308,824,851 had been invested in railways. An act for the better regula- tion of railways, 17 & 18 Viet. c. 31, was passed July 10, 1854. In 1859 an act was passed to enable railway companies to settle their differences with other companies by arbitration. RAILWAYS, EXTENT OF. June 1858 (from Captain Galton's Report). Miles. Austria 2086 Belgium 813 Denmark 220 France 4509 Germany (without Aus- tria and Prussia) 2930 Great Britain: England 6706 Scotland.. ..1243 Miles. Ireland 1070 Holland 182 Naples 64 Portugal 29 Prussia 2544 Eussia 715 Sardinia 390 Spain 456 States of the Church . . 12 Miles. Sweden and Norway. . . 88 Switzerland 810 Tuscany 150 Total 24,592 U. S. of America 17,481 Grand Total 42,073 TTNITED KINGDOM LENGTH OF RAILWAY OPENED, NUMBER Of PASSENGERS, AND TOTAL RECEIPTS. I Year. Miles opened. Travellers. Receipts. Year. Miles opened. Travellers. Receipts. 1845... 2343 83,791,258 1854.... 5692 111.206,707 9.174,945 1849... 4355 68,841,539 6,277,892 1858(iy) 9540 76,529,202 12,825,826 PERSONS KILLED BY RAILWAY ACCIDENTS ENGLAND. Total By causes beyond their own control 1854. 222 12 1S55. 246 10 1856. 1857 1858. 281 128 123 27 12 1 It has been calculated that out of 16,168,459 travellers by railway one person is killed ; and out of 458,370 one is injured by causes beyond their own control. RAILWAYS, U. S. (p. 502.) In June, 1859, the length of railways in operation in the U. S. was stated to be 27.857 miles; cost, $961,047.364. Increase since 1847, 24,057 miles. ADDENDA. 789 RAILWAY TRAVELLERS. The statistics on this subject prove that this mode of travelling is much safer than the old modes. Thus in the French post system there were nearly seven times as many deaths as in an equal number of miles by railroad. Yet the number of accidents is inexcusably great, especially in the United States. The summary of several years shows Passengers. In Prussia, killed or wounded 1 in 1.294,075 In Belgium, " u In France, " " 1,611,237 " 375,092 Passengers. In England killed or wounded 1 in 311.340 In United States, 188,459 The railroad travelling is more than six times as dangerous here as in Prus- sia, probably because the responsibility here exacted is less in nearly that proportion. RAILWAY DISASTERS. On Great Western (Canada) R R., 42 killed, Oct. 27, 1854; Chicago and Rock Island, 40 k. and w., Nov. 1, 1854; Camden and Amboy, at Burlington, N J., 23 k., 60 w., Aug. 29, 1855 ; Pacific R. R., near St. Louis, 25 k., 50 w., Nov. 1, 1855 ; Panama R. R., 43 k., 60 w., May 6, 1856 ; N. Penn. R. R,, 60 k., 78 w., July 17, 1856; Crank Trunk R. R., Canada, 70 k., March 12, 1857; Central R. R., Utica, 8 k., 30 w., May 11, 1858 ; Michigan Southern, near South Bend, 38 k., 50 w., June 27, 1859. RAILWAY ACCIDENTS, 79 in. number occurred in the United States during the year 1859, at which 129 persons were killed and 411 injured. Total in 7 years, 903 accidents, 1,109 killed, 3,611 injured. REBELLIONS IN U S. Shay's Rebellion in Western Massachusetts, 1786. The " Whiskey Rebellion " in Pennsylvania, 1794. South Carolina troops fire on the steamer Star of the West, having U. S. troops on board, bound for fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, Jan. 9th, 1861. See Secession, Treason. REBELLIONS IN BRITISH HISTORY. The most important were : Of the Barons, April, 1215. Compro- mised by the grant of Magna Charta, June 15 following. See Magna Charta. Of Walter the Tyler, of Deptford, vulgarly called Wat Tyler, occasioned by the brutal rudeness of a tax-collector to his daughter. Having killed the collector in his rage, he raised a party to oppose the tax itself, which was a grievous poll- tax, 1381. Of Jack Cade in favor of the duke of York, against Henry VI., 1450. Under Perkin Warbeck, 1492, which ended in the execution of Warbeck. Under the duke of Monmouth, 1685 ; it ended in his death. Of the Scots in favor of the Old Pretender 1715; quelled in 1716. Of the Scots, under the Young Pretender, 1745 ; suppressed in 1746, when lords Lovat, Balmerino, and Kilmarnock were beheaded. Of the Americans, on account of taxation, 1774. This rebellion led to a disastrous war, to the loss of the chief North Ame- rican colonies, and to the independence of the United States, 1782. Canadian Insurrection, December, 1837, to Nov. 1838. Of Chartists, Nov. 8, 1839. Smith O'Brien's Irish rebellion ; termi- nated in his defeat, Tipperary, July 29, 1848. RECORDER, the first judicial officer of great corporations. The first recorder of the city of London was, Jeffrey de Norton, alderman, 26 Edw. I., 1298. The salary, originally 10 per annum, is at present 2.500, enjoyed for life. RECORDS, PUBLIC, IN ENGLAND, began to be regularly preserved A.D. 1100, by order of Henry I. The repositories which possess materials the most ancient and interesting to the historian are, the Chapter-house of Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London, and the Queen's Remembrancer's offices of the Exchequer. The early records of Scotland, going from London, were lost by shipwreck in 1298. In Ireland the council-chamber and most of the recorda were burned, 1711. 790 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. REFORM IN PARLIAMENT (ENGLAND), (p. 504 ) A new Reform bill, introduced by Lord J. Russell, 1854, but withdrawn. Another by Mr. D'Israeli, rejected March 31, 1859. REGENT'S PARK, LONDON. It originally formed part of the grounds belonging to a palace of queen Elizabeth. Since 1600, the property has been let to various persons, but the leases having expired it reverted to the crown ; and in 1814 improvements were commenced under the direction of Mr. Nash, which have rendered this park the most beautiful part of London. It is nearly circular, and consists of about 450 acres, laid out in shrubberies, adorned with a fine piece of water, and intersected by roads which are much frequented as promenades. In the inclosure are several villas, and round the park noble ranges of building in various styles of architecture. RENTS IN ENGLAND, were first made payable in money, instead of in kind, A.D. 1135. Numerous statutes have been enacted in various reigns to define the relations and regulate the dealings between landlord and tenant. By the act 8 Anne, no goods are removable from tenements under an execution until the rent shall have been paid to the landlord by the sheriff, 1709. In Eng- land, the duke of Sutherland received his rents in the value of corn, and in Scotland in the value of wool and sheep. The rental of England, including land, houses, and mines, was six millions about the year 1600, and twelve years' purchase the value of land. About 1690, the rental amounted to fourteen millions, and the land was worth eighteen years' purchase. Dave- mint on the Revenues. The present rental of the United Kingdom has been estimated lately in parliament at 127 millions. See Land, &c. RESTORATION, THE, emphatically so called, being that of king Charles II. to the crown of England, after an interregnum of eleven years and four months, between Jan. 30, 1649, when Charles I. was beheaded, and May 29, 1660, on which latter day the exiled monarch was restored, and entered London, amidst the enthusiastic acclamations of the people. See England. REVENUE, PUBLIC, OF ENGLAND. In 1859 the revenue was 66,070,469. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OP THE U. S., for years ending June 30, 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1S57. 1858. 1859. Revenue* 31 m. 43 m. 52 m. 49 m. 61 m. 73 m. 65 m. 73 m. 68 m. 46 m. 53 m. Expenditures* . 57 m. 43 m. 48 m. 46 m. 43 in. 75 m. 66 m. 60 m. 64 m. 81 m. 83 m. REVIEWS AXD MAGAZINES, (p. 508.) Putnam's Monthly (N. T.), commenced Jan. 1853 ; sold to new publishers, 1855, ceased Sept. 1857. Atlantic Monthly (Boston), commenced 1857 (Dec.). Russell's Magazine (Charleston), commenced 1858, ceased 1860. REVIEWS AND MAGAZINES, BRITISH, (p. 507.) Tail's Magaz., founded. 1833 Dublin University North British Review. 1844 New Quarterly Review Household Words (Dic- kens) 1S52 All the Year Round Once a Week 1859 Cornhill Mag. (Thacke- ray) 1860 Temple Bar Mag. (Sala) 1860 (Dickens) 1S58 REVIVALS OP RELIGION. Remarkable interest and excitement on religious sub- jects in the United States in 1858 and 1859, extended in the latter year to Scotland and Ireland. RICE. In 1696, a Dutch brig, from Bombay to Charleston, S. C., touched at Madagascar for supplies. The rice there obtained was very large and full ; and the captain gave half a bushel of it to Governor Thomas Smith, of South Carolina, who divided it for seed among his friends. The rice thus introduced * Stated in round numbers of millions of dollars, omitting fractions. ADDENDA. 791 into the Carolinas and Georgia still retains its superiority in all the markets of the world. From 1821 to 1859 the U. S. exported rice to the value of $85,287,112 RHODE ISLAND, (p. 509.) Population 1860, 174,621. ROADS AND PAY KM KNTS. The first general repair of the highways of England was directed in 1288. Acts were passed for the purpose in 1524 and 1555, followed by others in Elizabeth's and the succeeding reigns. Roads through the Highlands of Scotland were begun by general Wade in 1746. Loudon M' Adam's roads were introduced about 1818 ; he prescribes the breaking of stones to six ounces weight and calculates the expense of breaking stones at a shilling a ton ; clean flint and granite clippings answer best Wooden pavements were tried with partial success in the streets of London; at Whitehall in 1839, and in other streets in 1840. Asphalt pavement soon after. In New York and sorn-e other American cities the best pavements have been those of square blocks of granite on a cement foundation ; parti- cularly that known as the Russ pavement. In 1855, an iron pavement was introduced which has proved satisfactory. ROBBERS. First punished in England with death by Edward I.'s laws, which directed that the eldest robber should be hanged. The punishment was pecuniary till that time. The most remarkable robbers were Robin Hood, in England, A.D. 1189, and Claud Du Val, "executed at Tyburn," says an historian, quaintly, "to the great grief of the women," Jan. 1670. In Ireland, the famous Mac Cabe was hanged at Naas, Aug. 19, 1691. Galloping Hogan, the rapparee, flourishing at this period Freney, the celebrated highwayman, surrendered himself, May 10, 1749. In later times the accomplished Bar- rington was transported, Sept. 22, 1790. ROCHELLE (W. France), a sea-port on the Atlantic. It belonged to the English for some time, but finally surrendered to the French leader, Du Guesclin, in 1372. It became a stronghold of the Calvinist party in France; and was vainly besieged by the Duke of Anjou, in 1573 It was taken after a remarkable siege of thirteen months by Cardinal Richelieu in 1628. The Duke of Buckingham was sent with a fleet and army to relieve the besieged ; but they, from distrust, declined to admit him. ROMAGNA, a province of the Papal States, comprised in the legations of Forli and Ravenna. It was conquered by the Lombards ; but taken from them by Pepin, and given to the pope, A.D. 753. Ca?sar Borgia held it as a duchy in 1501, but lost it in 1503. In 1859 the Romagna threw off the temporal authority of the pope, and annexed itself to Piedmont. Its fate awaits the decision of a Congress of European Powers in 1861. ROME. (p. 511.) The pope Issues the bull establishing a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England (see Papal Aggre^idon) Sept. 24, 1850 Important concordat with Austria Aug., 1855 The pope visits different parts of his dominions June, 1857 Insurrection in the Romagna, at Bo- logna and Ferrara June, 1S59 They declare for adhesion to Pied- mont Sept., 1859 Accept Buoncompagni as Governor- General Nov. 1859 ROMAN-CATHOLICS ix THE UNITED STATES, in 1839, 1849, and 1859; from the Metropolitan Catholic Almanac for 1859. 1S89 1849 1859 Provinces 1 8 7 Dioceses 16 80 48 Bishops 18 26 45 1839 1849 1859 Priests 478 1000 2108 Churches.. 418 966 2884 792 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. RONCES\ r ALLE (in the Pyrenees), where, it is said, Charlemagne was surprised and defeated by the Gascons, and his renowned paladin, Roland or Orlando, slain, A.D. 778. ROSKTTA STONE, discovered by the French in 1799, and brought from Rosetta in a French vessel, from whence it was taken by Mr. Wm. R. Hamilton, who deposited it in the British Museum. In 1841, Mr. Letronne published the text and a translation of the Greek inscription. It is a piece of black basalt, about three feet long, and 2^ feet wide, with an inscription in three languages, viz. hieroglyphics, modified hieroglyphics (enchorial), and Greek, setting forth the praises of Ptolemy Epiphanes (about 194 B.C.). It has been subjected to the investigation of Dr. T. Young and Champollion. ROTTERDAM, the second city in Holland. Its importance dates from the thir- teenth century. The commerce of Antwerp was transferred to it in 1509. It suffered much from the French revolutionary wars, and from inundations in 1775 and 1825. Desiderius Erasmus was born here in 1467. ROUEN, an ancient city (N. France), became the capital of Normandy in the tenth century. It was held by the English king till 1204; and was retaken by Henry V. Jan. 19, 1419 ; Joan of Arc, the maid of Orleans, was burnt here May 30, 1431. With Normandy, it was subdued by the King of France in 1449. It was besieged 1562, and 1591. The archbishopric was founded A.D. 260. ROYAL ACADEMY, England, (p. 512.) PRESIDENTS. 176S. Sir Joshua Reynolds. 1792. Benjamin West. 1820. Sir Thomas Lawrence. 1830. Sir Martin A. Shee. 1850. Sir Charles Eastlake, now PRESI- DENT (1861). ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON. The foundation of the original edifice was laid by sir Thomas Gresham, June 7, 1566, on the site of the ancient Tun prison. Queen Elizabeth visited this Exchange in January, 1571, and by the sound of trumpets her herald named it the Koyal Exchange. Hume. This grand fabric was totally destroyed by the great fire in 1666, precisely a cen- tury after its erection. Charles II. laid the foundation of the next edifice, Oct. 23, 1667, which was completed by Mr. Hawkesmoor, a pupil of Sir Christopher Wren's, in about three years ; it was repaired and beautified in 1769. This last also became a prey to a destructive fire, Jan. 10, 1838, and was burned to the ground with a number of public offices and adjoining houses. The new Royal Exchange, commenced in 1842 under the direction of Mr. Tite, was opened by the queen, in state, accompanied by her ministers and a grand civic procession, Oct. 28, 1844. ROYAL SOCIETY, (p. 512.) PRESIDENTS. 1660-8. Sir Robert Moray. 1663-77. Lord Brouncker (the first under the charter). 1680-2. Sir C. Wren. 1684-6. Samuel Pepys. 1698-1708. John Lord Somers. 1708-27. Sir I. Newton 1727-41. Sir Hans Sloane. 1778-1820. Sir Joseph Banks. 1S20. Dr. W. H. Wollaston. 1820. Sir H. Davy. 1827. Davies Gilbert. 1830. Duke of Sussex. 1S88. Marquess of Northampton. 1848. Earl of Eosse. 1854. Lord Wrottesley. 1858. Sir Benjamin C. Brodie (NOW PM- BIDKNT, 1860). ADDEND A. 793 RUSSELL administrations and history. England. Lord Jolin Russell, 3rd son of John, Duke of Bedford, was born Aug. 19, 1792; M. P. for Tavistock. 1813; for London, since 1841 ; was paymaster of the forces, 1830-34; secretary for home department, 1835-9; for the Colonies. 1839-41; first minister, July 1846 to March 1852 ; secretary for Foreign affairs. Dec. 1852 to Feb. 1853 , president of the council, June 1854 till Feb. 1855 ; secretary for the Colonies, March to Nov. 1855. His motion for Reform in Parliament was negatived in 1822; adopted March 1, 1831; he introduced the Registration bill, and a New Marriage bill in 1836. RUSSIA, (p. 513.) Russia demands the expulsion of the ! The czar meets the Emperor Napo- Hungarian and Polish refugees leon at Stutgardt, Sept. 25 ; and from Turkey (see 7'?t/-fo>y) Nov. 5. 1849 ] the Emperor of Austria at Wci- They are sent to Koniab, in Asia mar Oct. 1, 1857 Minor Jan., 1 850 Harbor of Sebastopol completed.Ft- b. 1S50 The czar concentrates his forces on the frontiers of Turkey Feb. 1853 Origin of the Russo-Turkish war, Emancipation of the serfs decreed, July 2, 1858 A Russian naval station established at Villa Franca, on the Mediterra- nean, creates some political excite- (which see) March. 1858 | ment Aug. 1858 The czar issues a manifesto to his i New Commercial treaty with Great subjects : he will only combat for Britain Jan. 12, 1859 the faith and Christianity, April 23. 1854 Russia reproves the warlike move- Death of the Czar Nicholas; no change of policy March 2, 1855 Most extensive levy ordered by the czar (at Nicolaieff ) Nov. 3, 1S55 He visits his army at Sebastopol, Nov. 10, ia55 Amnesty granted to the Poles, May 27; political offenders. &c.. Sept. 7, 1856 Alexander II. crowned at Moscow, Sept. 2, 1856 ments of the German confederation during the Italian war May 27, 1859 Alexander II., son of Nicholas, born April 29. 1818; succeeded at his father's death. March 2. 1^55; mar- ried April 28, 1841, Mary, Princess of Hesse ; the PRESENT emperor of Russia 1860 Heir : his son Nicholas, born Sept. 20, 1843 RUSSO-TURKISH WAR with France and England. The Russian and French governments having each taken a side in the dispute between the Greek and Latin Churches as to the exclusive possession of the Holy Places in Palestine, the Porte advised the formation of a mixed commission, which decided in favor of the Greeks, and a firman was promulgated accordingly. March 9, 1853: to this decision the French acceded, although dissatisfied. The Rus- sians now made further claims, and Prince Menschikoff (who arrived at Con- stantinople, Feb. 28, 1853), by various notes (between March 22 arid May 18), demanded that a convention should be signed by the sultan granting to the czar such a protectorate over the Greek Christians in Turkey, as the sultan considered inimical to his own authority. Menschikoff's ultimatum was rejected, and he quitted Constantinople, May 21. On June 6, the sultan issued a hattischeriff confirming all the rights and privileges of the Greek Christians, and appealed to his allies. On June 13, the English and French fleets anchored in Besika bay. On June 26, the czar published his manifesto, and his troops crossed the Pruth and entered Moldavia, July 2. Negotia- tions to preserve peace were commenced at Vienna, July 24, by England, France, Austria, and Prussia, without effect. The sultan, with the advice and consent of a grand national council, after demanding the evacuation of the principalities, Oct. 3, declared war against Russia, Oct. 5. The Russian declaration followed Nov. 1, 1853. France and England declared war against Russia, March 27 and 28. 1854. Hostilities ceased, Feb. 29, 1856, and peace was proclaimed in April following. 34 794 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. RUSSO-TURKISH WAR, continued. Two English and two French ships enter the Dardanelles Sept. 14, 1853 The Sultan declares war against Kussia Oct. 5, 1853 Turks (in Asia) defeated at Bayan- dur, Atskur, and Achaltzik. Nov. 14, 18, 26, 1853 Turkish fleet destroyed at Sinope, Nov. 30, 1853 At the request of the Porte (Dec. 5.) the allied fleets enter the Black Sea Jan. 4, 1854 Keply of the Porte to the note of Dec. 5, containing 4 points as bases of negotiation : viz. 1. The prompt- est possible evacuation of the prin- cipalities. 2. Revision of the trea- ties. 3. Maintenance of religious privileges to the communities of all confessions. 4. A definitive settle- ment of the convention respecting the Holy Places (dated Dec. 31), approved by the four powers, Jan. 13, 1854 Ultimatum of England and France Sent to St. Petersburg Feb. 27, 1854 The czar "did not judge it suitable to give an answer' March 19 1854 Baltic fleet sails, under Sir C. Napier March 11, 1854 Treaty betw-een England, France, and Turkey March 12, 1854 France and England declare war against Kussia March 27. 28, 1854 Gen. Canrobert and French troops arrive at Gallipoli. soon after fol- lowed by the English. . .March 31, 1854 Russians defeated by the Turks at Karakui May 30, 1854 Bombardment of Odessa by allied fleet April 22, 1854 Severe conflict before Silistria, the siege raised June 18-26, 1854 Bombardment and surrender of Bo- marsu nd Aug. 1 6, 1854 The Russians defeated by Schainyl in Georgia about Aug. 28, 1854 They begin to evacuate the princi- palities Aug. and Sept. 1854 Battle of the Alma Sept. 20, 1854 Russians sink part of their fleet at Sebastopol Sept. 23, 1 854 Death of Marshal St. Arnaud, Sept.29 1854 General Canrobert appointed his successor Nov. 24 1854 Siege of Sebastopol commenced grand attack (without success) Oct. 17, 1854 s. Battle of Balnklava galm/t charge of the light cavalry under Lord Cardigan, with seveie loss, Oct. 25. 1854 Battle of liikerin.-m ; defeat of th Russians Nov. 5, 1854 Miss Nightingale and nurses arrive at Scutari Nov. 6. 1854 Great tempest in the Black Sea. loss of the Prince, and many other vessels with stores. .. Nov. 14-16, 1854 Omar Pacha arrives in the Crimea (followed by the Turkish army from Varna) Jan 5. 1855 Sardinia joins England and France, Jan. 26. 1855 Death of Emperor Nicho as. and ac- cession of Alexander II. (no change of war policy .... March 2. 1855 Sortie from the Malakhoff tower (15,000 men) repulsed.. ..March 22. 1855 Resignation of Gen. Canrobert, suc- ceeded by Gen Pelissier. .May 16, 1855 Expedition into the sea of Azoff (un- der Sir E. Lyons and Sir G. Brown) : destruction of Kertch and large amount of stores, May 24 to June 3. 1855 Unsuccessful attack ou the Malakhoff tower and Kedan June 18, 1855 Death of Lord Uaglan ; succeeded by Gen. Simpson June 23, 1855 Russians invest Kars in Armenia, defended by Gen.Williams.July 15. 1855 The French take the Malakhoff (which see) by assault; the Eng- lish assault the Kedan without success ; the Russians retire from Sebastopol to the North Forts, and the allies enter the city ; the Rus- sians destroy or sink the remainder of their fleet Sept. 8, &c., 1855 Explosion of 100,000 Ibs. of powder in the French siege-train at Inker- man, with great loss of life, Nov. 15, 1S55 Capitulation of Kars to Gen. Moura- vieff, after a gallant defence by Gen. Williams Nov. 26, 1855 Council of war at Paris .. . Jan. 11, 1856 Destruction of Sebastopol docks com pleted Feb. 1, 1856 Peace conferences open at Paris, an armistice till March 31, asreed on ^Feb. 25, 1856 Proclamation of peace in the Crimea, April 2 ; in London April 29, 1856 The Crimea evacuated July 9, 1856 SABBATH SCHOOLS. The first "Sabbath school" was founded by Ludwig Hacker between the years 1740 and 1747 at Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pa., among the German Seven-day Baptists there. The school-room was used as an hospital after the battle of Brandy wine, fought in 1777. This event occa- sioned the breaking up of the schools about five years before the first Sunday- school was instituted in England, at Gloucester, by Robert Raikes, about 1782. ADDENDA. 795 SACRAMENT (from sacramentum, an oath, obligation, also mystery), a name given to the ordinance of the Lord's Supper by the Latin fathers. The wine was laid aside, and communion by the laity under one form alone, that of bread, took its rise in the West, under Pope Urban II., 1096. M. de Jlarca. Communion in one kind only was authoritatively sanctioned by the council of Constance, in 1414. Dr. Hook. Henry VIII. of Germany was poisoned by a priest in the consecrated wafer, 1314. The sacramental wine was poi- soned by the grave-digger of the church at Zurich, by which sacrilegious deed a number of persons lost their lives, Sept. 4, 1776. In 1614, by the Test Act, all members of both houses of Parliament were ordered to take the sacrament, as a guard against the introduction of Roman Catholics. ST. DOMINGO, a city of Hayti The Republic of St. Domingo was established in 1801. It has been frequently assailed by the rulers of Hayti, particularly by Faustin I., dethroned in 1858. ST. GEORGE. This patron saint of England was a tribune in the reign of Diocletian, and being a man of great courage, was a favorite with the empe- ror ; but complaining to the emperor of his seventies towards the Christians, and arguing iu their defence, he was put in prison, and beheaded, April 23, 290. ST. HELENA (an island in the South Atlantic Ocean) was discovered by the Portuguese, under Juan de Nova Castilla, on the festival of St. Helena, May 21, 1502. The Dutch were afterwards in possession of it until 1600, when they were expelled by the English. The British East India Company settled here in 1651 ; and the island was alternately possessed by the English and Dutch, until 1673, when Charles II., on Dec. 12, assigned it to the company once more. St. Helena was made the place of Napoleon's captivity, Oct. 16, 1815 ; and it became the scene of his death, May 5, 1821. ST. LUCIA (West Indies). First settled by the French in 1350. Taken by the British several times in the subsequent wars. Memorable insurrection of the French negroes, April 1795. In this year Guadaloupe, St Vincent's, Gre- nada, Dominica, St. Eustatia, and St. Lucia, were taken by the British. St. Lucia WHS restored to France at the peace of 1802 ; but was again seized by England the next year, and confirmed to her by the treaty of Paris in 1814. ST. MARK'S CHURCH at Venice erected 829 ; St. Mark's Place, 1592. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL (London). The noblest Protestant church in the world. The best authority that exists illustrative of the origin of this church, is its great restorer, Sir Christopher Wren. His opinion, that there had been a church on this spot, built by the Christians in the time of the Romans, was confirmed when he searched for the foundations for his own design. He explodes the notion of there having been a temple of Diana. The first church is supposed to have been destroyed during the Diocletian persecution, and to have been rebuilt in the reign of Constantine. This was demolished by the pagan Saxons, and restored by Severt in 603. It was destroyed by the great conflagration in 1086, after which Mauritius, then bishop of London, com- menced the magnificent edifice which immediately preceded the present cathedral. On April 2, 1631, a commission was granted to Laud, then bishop of London, to restore the cathedral; which was totally destroyed by the memorable fire of 1666. The first stone of the present edifice was hud June 21, 1675. and the choir was opened for divine worship, Dec. 2, 1697. The whole edifice was completed in 1710. Money having been subscribed to adapt St. Paul's for the purpose, evening services began on Sunday, Nov. 28, 796 THE WOT?T.T>'S PROC.RFSS. 1858. wlien above 4000 persons were present The total cost (including 200 tons weight of iron railing) was !.511,202/. The k-ngth of St. Paul's from the | The exterior diameter of the dme 145 fret grand portico to the cast end is 510 feet The breadth, from the north to The height from the ground to the top of the cross 404 the south portico 282 " ST. PETERSBURG-. The new capital of Russia. Peter the Great first began this city in May 27, 1703. He built a small hut fur himself, and some wretched wooden hovels In 1710, the Count Golovkin built the first house of brick; and the next year, the emperor, with his own hand, laid the foun- dation of a house of the same material. From these small beginnings rose the imperial city of St. Petersburg; and in less than nine years after the hovels had been erected, the seat of empire was transferred from Moscow to this place Here, in 1736, a fire consumed 2000 houses; and in 1780, another fire consumed 11,000 houses; this last fire was occasioned by lightning. Again in June, 1796, a large magazine of naval stores and 100 vessels were destroyed The winter palace was burnt to the ground, Dec. 29, 1837. The railway to Moscow was finished in 1851. ST. PETER'S CHURCH, Rome. Originally erected by Constantino, A.D. 306. About the middle of the fifteenth century, Pope Nicholas V. commenced a uew church. The present magnificent pile was designed by Bramante ; the first stone was laid by Pope Julius II. in 1506. In 1514 Leo X. employed Raphael and two others to superintend the building. Paul III. committed the work to Michael Angelo, who devised the dome, in the construction of which 30,000 Ibs. of iron was used. The church was consecrated Nov. 18, 1626, the building having occupied 176 years. The front is 400 feet broad, rising to a height of 180 feet, and the majestic dome ascends from the centre of the church to a height of 324 feet: the length of the interior is 600 feet, forming one of the most spacious halls ever constructed. The length of the exterior is 669 feet ; its greatest breadth within is 442 feet ; and the entire height from the ground 432 feet. St. Peter's is the most sumptuous Roman Catholic church in the world. SANDWICH ISLANDS, (p. 517.) Karnehameha IV. (or Tamehameha) when 20 years old, succeeded his uncle, Dec. 15, 1854. SANITARY REFORM, U. S. (p. 517.) The ventilation of buildings has been greatly improved since the publication of Perry's Essay on School Houses, 1833. and Barnard's School Architecture, 1838. This reform was specially needed in printing offices, bookbinderies, and manufactories generally. SANITARY LEGISLATION, England. To Dr. Southwood Smith is mainly attributable the honor of commencing the agitation on the subject of public health, about 1832 ; his " Philosophy of Health" having excited much atten- tion. Since 1838 he has published numerous sanitary reports, having been much employed by the government. SARDINIA, (p. 518.) Bill for suppression of convents passed March 2. 1855 Convention with England and France signed, a contingent of 15.000 troops to be supplied against Kussia April 10, 1855 10,000 troops under General La Mar- mora, arrive in the Crimea. May 8. 1S55 Who distingui>h themselves in the battle of the Tchernaya.. Auir. 16, 1855 The king visits London, &.c. Nov. 30, &c. 1855 Important note on Italy from Count Cavour to England April 16, 1856 Count Cavour declares in favor of free-trade June, 1857 Preliminaries of peace signed at Villa Franca; Count Cavour re- signs July. 1859 Treaty of peace signed at Zurich. Nov. 18o9 Sardinian troops besiege the King of Naples at Oaeta Sept. 1800 Gaeta capitulates to Victor Emma- nuel Feb 13, 1861 ADDENDA. 797 SAVOY, (p. 520.) Annexation to France voted for by 130.533 against 235, April 2, 1860. The annexation completed, 1860. SAXB-WEIMAR. Saxe- Weimar became a grand duchy in 1815. The dukes have greatly favored literature, and their capital, AVeimur. has been called the Athens of Germany. Population of the duchy in 1858, 267.112. GEAND-DUKE8. 1815. Charles Augustus. 1828. Charles Frederic. 1858. Charles Alexander, born July 8, the (1861) grand-duke. Heir : Charles Augustus, born July 81, 1844. SAXONY, (p. 520.) 1854. John, Aug. 9. (born Dec. 12, 1801), Heir: His son, Frederic Augustus Albert, the PRESENT (1861) king. born April 23, 1828. SCANDINAVIA. The ancient name of Sweden, Norway, and great part of Den- mark, whence proceeded the Northmen or Normans, who conquered Nor- mandy (about A.D. 900), and eventually England (1066). They were also called Sea-Kings or Vikings. They settled Iceland and Greenland, and, it is thought, the northern regions of America, about the ninth century. SCANDINAVIANS. The Scandinavian population of the United States is esti- mated at 180.000: namely, 150,000 Norwegians, 25,000 Swedes, and 5000 Danes (I860).' SCHOOLS, PUBLIC, IN ENGLAND. In 1851, there were 2310 schools in con- nexion with the Education Committee actually inspected in England and Scotland. They included: 1713 Church of England schools in England and "Wales; 282 Protestant Dissenting schools in England and Wales; 98 Roman Catholic schools in Great Britain; and 217 Presbyterian schools in Scotland, whereof 91 were of the Free Church ; the whole affording accommodation for 299,425 scholars. In the same year (1851) the estimated sums voted for education were: for Great Britain, 150,OOOZ., for Ireland, 134,560^. SCHOOLS, PUBLIC, in UNITED STATES, (p. 520.) Schools both English and clas- sical were almost instantly established by the first settlers of New England on their arrival ; were soon made obligatory by law, and have since grown with the population, being, however, fewer and worse in the southern states. The present era of public schools commenced about 1800. Its important dates are: Connecticut school fund, established 1795; first state school sup't., New York, 1812; first state school system, Ky., 1821; ColburrTs arithmetic, 1821; school movement of 1825-40, commenced by publications of Carter, Gallaudet, and Johnson ; Cousin's report on Prussian schools, published here 1835 ; Horace Mann, sec'y of Board of Education in Mass., 1 837 ; Stowe's report on European schools, 1837; first normal school, at Lexing- ton, Mass., 1839. From 1840 to 1860, the improved principles and methods thus introduced have been increasingly put into practice. The following totals for the United States are approximate for 1858 : children of school age, 6,933,441 ; public schools, 97.621 ; school funds. $49,324.384; expended for public schools ia the year, $20,159,268. PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN UNITED 6TATE8. [Estim. in ( ) ] Annual exp. No. children No. schools School fund Alabama 1859-60 $271,580 178,095 2,597 1,425,000 Arkansas no returns. California 185S-9 427.004 48,676 523 10,000,000 Connecticut 185^-9 479.081 105,464 1,785 2,046,397 Delaware 1856 78.253 11.468 233 440,505 Florida 1858 6,542 20, 85 (300) Georgia 1859 179.0?0 107,826 1,777 290,900 798 THE WORLDS PROGRESS. PUBLIC SCHOOLS, continued. Annual exp. No. children No. schools School fund Illinois 1S5S 2,705,052 457,113 10,238 4,6fi6.P19 Indiana 1859 335,736 495.019 6,548 4.<:29,S66 Iowa 1857 364.053 233,927 2,200 2,303,6.76 Kansas no returns. Kentucky 1857 304.933 267.712 (4.000) 1,455,3-2 Louisiana 1860 650.000 96,125 (1,400) 1,106,113 Maine 1859 617,S>9 239,796 (8,400) 149,OS5 Maryland 1859 24.450 Massachusetts.. 1859 1.567.171 220,379 4,444 1,523.319 Michigan 1860 467,286 206,014 (3,000) 1,183,580 Minnesota no returns. Mississippi no returns. Missouri 1-57 628.046 341.121 8,382 678,967 New Hampshire 1859 282.842 86.708 8,362 New Jersey.... 1859 539,532 187.799 1,690 460.804 New York 1859 3.664.617 1,272.486 11.576 5,752917 North Carolina. 1-59 240.000 186.175 2,758 2,181,850 Ohio 1859 3.225,129 865.914 9,762 Oregon 17,828 Pennsylvania.. Is59 2,103.293 575.251 11,485 Ebode Island .. 1859 162.687 52.452 400 245,100 South Carolina . lsf>9 74.400 16,841 1.414 Tennessee 1859 230,430 294.497 (4.500) 1,500,000 Texas 1858 110,000 86,782 (1.000) 2,192,000 Vermont no returns. 8,847 Virginia 1858 1,833,420 Wisconsin 1859 419,172 278,871 (1,000) 3,001,297 SCREW-PRO FELLER consists of two or more twisted blades, like the vanes of a wind-mill, set on an axis, running parallel with the keel of a vessel, and revolving beneath the water at the stern. It is driven by a steam-engine. The principle is as old as the wind-mill. It was shown by Hooke in 1681, and since by Du Quet, Bernouilli, and others. Patents for propellers were taken out by Joseph Bramah in 1784; by Wm. Lyttelton in 1794; and by Edward Shorter in 1799. But these led to no useful result. However, in 1836 patents were obtained by F. P. Smith and Captain John Ericson, and to them the successful application of the screw-propeller must be attributed. The first vessels with the screw, the Archimedes and the Rattler, were con- structed in the U. States. The latter was tried in England in 1845. Since then the screw-propeller lias been largely employed in this country and in Europe. SEBASTOPOL, or SEVASTOPOL, a town and once a naval arsenal, at S. W. point of the Crimea, formerly the little village of Aktiar. The buildings were com- menced in 1 784. by Catharine II., after the conquest of the country. The town is built in the shape of an amphitheatre on the rise of a large hill flat- tened on its summit, according to a plan laid down before 1794, which has been since adhered to. The fortifications and harbor were constructed by an English engineer, Colonel Upton, and his sons, since 1830. The population in 1834 was 15,000. This place will be memorable hereafter for its eleven months' SIEGE, by the English and French in 1854 and 1855. Immediately after the battle of the Alma, Sept. 20, 1854, the allied army marched to Sebastopol, and took up its position on the plateau between it and Balaklava, and the grand attack and bombardment commenced Oct. 17, 1854, without success. After many sanguinary encounters by day and night, and repeated bombardments, a grand assault was made on Sept. 8, 1855, upon the Malak- hoff tower and the Redans, the most important fortifications to the south of the town. The French succeeded in capturing and retaining the Malakhpff. The attacks of the English on the great Redan and of the French upon the little Redan were successful, but the assailants were compelled to retire after a desperate struggle with great loss of life. The French lost 1646 killed, of ADDENDA. 799 whom 5 were generals, 24 superior, and 11G inferior officers; 4500 wounded, and 1400 mining. The English lost 385 killed (29 being commissioned and 42 non-commissioned officers); 1886 wounded; and 176 missing. In the night the Russians abandoned the southern and principal part of the town and fortifications, after destroying as much as possible, and crossed to the northern forts. They also sank or burnt the remainder of their fleet. The allies found a very great amount of stores when they entered the place. The works were utterly destroyed by April 1856. " SECESSION, 1 ' U STATES. The election of Lincoln, the "Republican" candidate for president, Nov. 6, I860, was made the pretext for the secession of several southern states for another Union ; the resignation of Federal officers in those states, and of members of the cabinet at Washington, and of several officers of the army and navy ; and the seizure of Government moneys, forts, and arse- nals. The chief incidents ot these treasonable or revolutionary proceedings were the following: Resignation of S. Ca, senators of the U. States Nov. 9-11, I860 U. S. H. of Rep. appoints a com. of 83 on the state of the Union, Dec. 6. I860 Resignation of Howell Cobb, Sec. of Treas., U. S Dec. 10, 1860 U. S. stocks (5 per cent) sold for 89, Dec. 10, 1860 Resignation of Mr. Cass, Sec. of State Dec. 14, 1860 South Carolina Ordinance of Seces- sion passed Dec. 20, I860 Maj. Anderson transfers the U. States garrison at Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumpter, in Charleston harbor, Dec. 26, I860 S. Carolina authorities seize Fort Moultrie and other U. States pro- perty Dec. 28, 1860 J. B. Floyd, U. S. Sec. of War, re- signs Dec. 29, 1860 Forts Pulaski and Jackson, in harbor of Savan nah, seized by Go v. Brown of Geo Jan. 3, 1861 S. Ca. commissioners 1 demands re- fused by the President Jan. 3, 1861 Fast-day observed in the U. S. Jan.4, 1861 Fort Morgan, Mobile, seized by the state Ian. 4, 1861 Steamer Star of the West with U. S. troops for Fort Sumpter, fired into by the rebels Jan. 9, 1S61 Mississippi secession passed, Jan. 9 ; and U. S. forts and property seized there Jan. 10, 1861 Alabama secession passed. . . Jan. II, 1861 Florida secession passed, and U. S. forts at Pensacola seized. . Jan. 12, 1861 SEPOYS (a corruption of Sipdlii, Hindostanee for a soldier), the term applied to the native troops in India. Under able generals they greatly aided in esta- blishing British rule in India. For their mutinies, see India, 1857. SEPTENNIAL PARLIAMENTS in England commenced 1716. Parliaments had been triennial from 1688 to that date. SERVIA, a principality nominally subject to Turkey, south of Hungary. The Servians are of Slavonic origin. They embraced Christianity about A.D. 640. The Emperor Manuel subjugated them in 1150; but they recovered their independence in 1180, and were ruled by princes, generally named Stephen, Georgia secession passed. . . Jan. 19, 1861 Mississippi, Alabama, and Floiida senators of the U. States, resigned Jan. 21, 1861 Louisiana secession passed. . Jan. 2S, 1861 Texas secession passed Feb. 1. It61 " Peace Conference" at Washington, Feb. 4, 1861 Louisiana delegation excepting Mr. Bouligny withdraws from Con- gress..." Feb. 5, 1861 Congress of seceding states at Mont- gomery. Ala., Feb. 6; elects Jeffer- son Davis of Miss. Pres., and Alex- H. Stephens of Ga. Vice-pres. Feb. 9, 1861 Tennessee votes against secession Feb. 9, 1861 Resolution guaranteeing non-inter- ference with slavery in any state passed unanimously in H. of Reps. Feb. 11, 1861 Jefferson Davis inaugurated Pres. of Southern Confederacy . .Feb. 18, 1861 The u Peace Conference" at Wash- ington agrees on proposition fur compromise, and adjourns March 1, 1861 Gen. Twiggs, having surrendered the U. States forces and property in Texas, is dismissed from the U. S. army as a traitor. . . .March 1, 1861 Missouri votes against secession, in convention March 1. 1861 Lincoln inaugurated Pres. of United States March 4, 1S61 800 THE -WORLD'S PROGRESS. till their country was linally subdued by the Sultan Mahomet II. in 1459. Population in 1854. 1)85,000." KX CHURCHES OF ASIA, to the angels (ministers) of which the Apostle John was commanded to write the epistles contained in the 2d and 3d chapters of his Revelation, viz Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis. Philadelphia, and Laodicea, A.D. 96. 1. Epheavs. Paul founded the church here, A D. 57, and in A.D. 9, was in great dangi-r from a tumult created by Demetrius. To the elders of this church lie delivered his warning ad- dress, A.D. 60 (Acts xix., xx.). Ephesus was in a ruinous state even in the time of Justinian (A.D. 521). and still re- mains so. 2. Sniyrnd, Now an important commer- cial city and seaport of Ionia. Poly- carp, its first bi.^hop. suff.-red martyr- dom. A.D. 175. 8. PergnmoK. Capital of the kingdom of the saim* natne. founded by Pliiletse- rus, B.C. 283, and part of Bithynia, It was renowmd for its library. Attalus III., the last king, bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman people, B.C. 133. It is still an important place called Bergamo. Parchment is >aid to have been invented here. 4. TliytTtira. Now a mean town of 2000 houses, called Ak hissar, White Castle." 5. iSurdis. Formerly the capital of Ly- dia, the kingdom of Croesus (.B c 560), is now a miserable village, named S-irt. 6. Philadelphia. Was built by Attains Philadelphus, king of Pergamos (about B.C. 159-138) : was taken by Bajazet I. A.D. 1390. It is now called Allah Shehr, ' The city of God," and is a miserable town oi'3000 houses. 7. Laodicea. In Phrygia, near Lynja, has suffered much from earthquakes. It is now a deserted place called Eske- hissar, "The old Castle." SEWING-MACHINE. The tirst practical sewing-machine was the invention of Elias Howe, ;ui American mechanic. It is now known under an improved form as Thomas' shuttle machine, by whom it was introduced into England in 1846. Two threads are wrought into the fabric to be sewn, by a needle and shuttle, which interlace the threads and Ibrm a strong seam. In some machines now in extensive use, two needles are employed to make with two threads a double chain stitch, and a more simple machine makes by the aid of one needle and a hook, the common single chain stitch with one thread. These machines are all of American origin. Haydn. To America unques- tionably belongs the honor of giving to the world the tirst practical sewing machine. Here also, it has received its fullest development. Mr. Howe's patent was granted in 1846. Very little advance was made for the next six years. Since that period the sales of reliable machines have been as follows: 1853, 2509: 1854, 4469; 1855, 3515; 1856, 7225; 1857,12,715; 1858, 17,589 ; 1859, 46,245. The machine has been improved, and adapted to all branches of sewing. Indeed it has revolutionized, and developed, every department of needlework; introduced new branches of industry ; rendered healthful, pleasant, and profitable an employment hitherto proverbially unhealthful, and proved itself the most beneficial invention of the age. In the domestic world it ranks as do railroads and telegraphs in the commercial. The importance of this invention to the manufacturing interests of the U. States is estimated at $342,000.000 annually. The annual sewing of the machine in the city of New York on men's and boys' clothing alone, is $7,500,000; on hats and caps, $462,500; on shirt bosoms, $832,750; on boots and shoes in Massachusetts alone, $7,500,000. The following table exhibits the economy of the sewing machine in stitching the various parts of the following garments. BT MACHINE BY HAND Hours Minutes Hours Minutes Gentlemen's shirts 1 16 14 26 Frock coats 2 38 16 85 Satin vests 1 14 7 19 Bilk dress , . . . 1 13 8 2T Merino dress : . . . 1 4 8 JT ADDENDA. 801 Seams of considerable length are ordinarily sewed with the best machines at the rate of a yard a minute, and that, too. in a manner far superior to hand- sewing. The Manufacture of sewing machines has become a \vell established branch of industry. The capital invested is immense, employing an army of mechanics, and extending the reputation of American science and mechanical skill over the globe. SHIPPING AND SHIP BUILDING IN THE UNITED STATES, (p. 524.) The total tonnage of the United States, June 30, 1858, was 5,049,808 tons; of which registered for foreign trade, 2,499,741 ; enrolled and licensed, 2,502,086 ; steam navigation, 729,390. Increase for the year, 108,965 tons. SHAKSPEARE'S NATIVE PLACE, Stratfbrd-upon-Avon, Warwick. Shak- speare was born at Stratford, April 23, 1564, and died there on his natal day, 1616. A project was originated in 1820 for the erection of an edifice to hia memory in the nature of a museum, cenotaph, or temple, but it failed ; another attempt to honor Shakspeare was made with better success in 1835, and a Shakspeare festival was held at Stratford, April 23, 1836. In 1847, a num- ber of persons of distinction interested themselves for the preservation of the house in which Shakspeare was born, then actually set up for sale. In the end Shakspeare's house was sold at the Auction Mart in the city of London, where it was " knocked down" to the United Committee of London and Stratford for the large sum of 3000i, Sept. 16, 1847. In 1856, a learned oriental scholar, John Shakspeare, no relation to the poet, gave 2500Z. to pur- chase the adjoining house, that it might be pulled down, in order to insure the poet's house from the risk of fire. SHIBBOLETH. The word by which the followers of Jephthah tested their oppo- nents the Ephraimites, on passing the Jordan, about 1143 B.C. Judges, ch. xii. The term is now applied to any party watchword or dogma. SIAM, a kingdom in India, bordering on the Burmese empire. Siam was re-dis covered by the Portuguese in 1511, and a trade established, in which the Dutch joined about 1604. A British ship arrived about 1613. In 1683, a Cephalouian Greek, Constantine Phaulcon, became foreign minister of Siam, and opened a communication with France; Louis XIV. sent an embassy in 1685 with a view of converting the king, without effect. After several ineffectual attempts, Sir John Bowring succeeded in obtaining a treaty of friendship and commerce between England and Siam, which was signed April 30, 1855, and ratified April 5, 1856; and one with France in August following. Two ambassadors from Siam arrived in England, Oct. 1857, and had an audience with the queen to deliver magnificent presents on Nov. 16 A treaty with the U. States negotiated by Townsend Harris, 1859. SIAMESE TWIN'S. The two persons known under this name, are twins, born about 1811, enjoying all the faculties and powers usually possessed by sepa- rate and distinct individuals, although united together by a short cartilaginous band at the pit of the stomach. They are named Chang and Eng, and were first discovered on the banks of the Siam river by an American,, Mr. Robert Hunter, by whom they were taken to New York, where they were exhibited, and were afterwards consigned to the care of Captain Coffin, by whom they were brought to England, and publicly shown. No connexion exists between them but this band, and their proximity seems in no way to inconvenience either. They are perfectly straight and well-made, and walk with a gait like other people: being perfect in all their parts, and having all their functions distinct. After having been exhibited for several years in England and the United States, the Siamese Twins went to Georgia, where they settled on i\ farm, married sisters, and now 'I860) have sevetal children. 34* 802 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. SICILY. See Italy SIC VOX, an ancient Grecian kingdom in the Peloponnesus, founded it is said about 2080 B c. In 252 it became a republic and joined the Achaean league formed by Aiatus. Jt was the country of Polycletes (48(5) and Lysippus (238), the sculptors. SI DON (Syria), a city of Phoenicia, to the north of Tyre. Jt was conquered by Cyrus 'about 537 : and surrendered to Alexander, 332. See P/iceuicin. The town was taken from the pacha of Egypt by the troops of the sultan and of his allies, assisted by some ships of the British squadron, under Admiral the Hon. Sir Robert stopford and Commodore Charles Napier, Sept. 27, 1840. SIEGES (p. 529) of Koine, 1849; of Sebastopol, 1854-5; of Kars ? 1855; Delhi, 1857 ; Gaeta, Oct. 1860 to Feb. 13, 1861. SIKHS. See Punjab and India. SILISTRIA, a strong military town in Bulgaria, European Turkey. It was taken by the Russians, Sept. 26, 1829 T after nine months' siege, and held some years by them as a pledge for the payment of a large sum by the Porte ; but was eventually returned. In 1854, it was again besieged by the Russians, 30,000 strong, under Prince Paskiewitch, and many assaults were made. Russians commenced their retreat, as Omar Pacha was drawing near. SILVER COIN, U. S. (p. 529.) The silver coinage of the IT. S. mint, for one year, ending June 30, 1859, was $7,336,609. From 1793 to 1859 inclusive, it amounted" to $122,694,836. In England, in the first ten years of Victoria, the amount of silver coined was $2,440.614. It is supposed that the silver coinage of the world amounts to 1200 millions of dollars. SIMPLON. A mountain road leading from Switzerland into Italy, constructed by Napoleon in 1801-7. It winds up passes, crosses cataracts, and passes by galleries through solid rock. It has eight principal bridges. The number of workmen employed at one time varied from thirty to forty thousand. SINKING FUND, IN ENGLAND. First projected by Sir Robert Walpole, whose act was passed in 1716. The act establishing the sinking fund of Mr. Pitt was passed in March. 1786. A then estimated surplus of 900,000 in the revenue was augmented by new taxes to make up the sum of one million, which was to be invariably applied to the reduction of the national debt. In July 1828 the sinking fund was limited to the actual surplus of revenue. SINOPE (SixouB) An ancient seaport of Asia Minor, formerly capital of the kingdom of Pontus. said to have been the birth-place of Diogenes, the cynic philosopher. On Nov. 30, 1853, a Turkish fleet of 7 frigates, 3 corvettes, and 2 smaller vessels, was attacked by a Russian fleet of 6 sail of the line, 2 sailing vessels, and 3 steamers, under Admiral Nachimoff, and totally destroyed, except one vessel, which conveyed the tidings to Constantinople. Four thousand lives were lost by lire or drowning, and Osman Pacha, the Turkish Admiral, died at Sebastopol of his wounds. In consequence of this event, the Anglo-French fleet entered the Black sea, Jan. 3, 1854. SKATING. Invented probably by the Scandinavians, who used the sharp-edged shank bones of sheep or deer, or strips of fir wood, though Olaus Magnus (d. 1555) mentions the use of iron. At first the skater pushed himself about by an iron shod pole. Wooden skates with iron blades were invented in Holland. From 1855 to 1861 various means were contrived to improve skates, by attaching a shoe to the wood, making it wholly of steel, jointing the wood, setting it on springs, &c. A skate ibr floors has been invented, running on small wheels of India rubber. ADDENDA. 803 SLAVERY, (p. 530.) There were 400,000 slaves in Attica, 317 B.C. In Rome slaves were often chained to the gate of a great man's house, to give admit- tance to the guests invited to the feast. By one of the laws of the XII. Tubles, creditors could seize their insolvent debtors, and keep them in their house?, till by their services or labor they had discharged the sum they owed. C. Pollio threw such slaves as gave him the slightest offence into his tish ponds, to fatten his lampreys, 42 B.C. Ca?cilius Isodorus left to his heir 41 1C slaves, 12 B.C. The first Janissaries were Christian slaves. 1329. Serfdom, a modified form of slavery, was abolished by Frederic I. of Prussia, in 1702 ; by Christian VII. of Denmark, in 1766, by the emperor Joseph II. in his hereditary states in 1781; and by Nicholas I. of Russia, on the imperial domains, in 1842 : whose successor, Alexander II., is effecting its total aboli- tion throughout his empire, amid much opposition (1860-1). SLAVE TRADE, U. S. Since 1855 the proposition to re-open the slave trade has been discussed in several conventions and public assemblies in the southern states. This infamous traffic is denounced in the " Republican plat- form" (Chicago, June 1860), and is repudiated also by the congress of the "Southern Confederacy" (Feb. 1861), but the latter' abolished the death penalty affixed to its prohibition by the laws of the U. S. In defiance of these laws a large number of slavers have been fitted out, chiefly in N. Y. and other northern ports, during the years 1858, '59, '60; several have been seized before sailing, and many others captured with slaves. SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES, (p. 532.) Before the war of independence all the states contained slaves. In 1783 the statement in the Massachusetts Bill of Rights, "All men are born free and equal," was declared in the supreme court at Boston to bar slave-holding in that state. Before 1790 the further introduction of slaves had been prohibited in five other states. In July 13, 1787, Congress passes unanimously the celebrated ordinance "for the government of the territory to the N. W. of the Ohio," which contained an " unalterable " article forbidding slavery or involuntary servitude in the said territory. After 1800, several of the states prayed without effect to be relieved of this prohibition. In 1803 Louisiana was purchased, which act was considered by many as fatal to the constitution. In Feb. 1820, the cele- brated Ifissouri Compromise, drawn up by Mr. Clay, was carried, by which slavery was permitted in that state, but was prohibited in all that part of it to the north of 36 30' N. Lat. In 1845 a fresh contest arose between the slave-holders and their opponents at the annexation of Texas. The utmost the advocates of freedom could obtain was a similar division to that of Mis- souri, Dec. 25. 1845. In 1850 another compromise was effected: California was admitted as a free state ; but the Fugitive Slave Act w r as passed (which see). In 1854 the Missouri compromise was abrogated with the admission of Nebraska and Kansas as slave-holding states ; in the latter of which civil war ensued. See Kansas ; United States. An insane attempt to create a slave rebellion took place in Virginia, headed by John Brown, and failed, in Oct. 1859. Number of slaves in 1850, 3,204,313 ; in 1860, 3,999,283. SNUFF-TAKING, (p. 623.) In England, in 1858, 2,573,925 Ibs. of snuff and cigars were imported. See Tobacco. SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS, Literary and Scientific, in the U. S. (See Acade- mies, p. 147.) American Ethnological Society at N. Y American Oriental Society at New Ha- ven. American Geographical and Statistical So- ciety, N. Y. American Institute (for Agriculture and Useful Arts), N. Y. 804 THE TVORL1VS PROGRESS. In nearly every State of the Union there is an Historical Society, devoted to the collection and preservation of historical records, printed and in MS., seve- ral of them have published Transactions and Collections. That of the Mass. Hist. Soc. comprises about 30 vols. ; the N. V. Hist. Soc. has published 6 or 7 vols. SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS, Literary and Scientific, in Great Britain All in the list below are in London, except otherwise stated. An act was passed Aug. 11, 1854, "to afford facilities for the establishment of Institutions for the promotion of Literature and Science," by grants of land, &c . and for their regulation. The Royal and London Institutions are exempted from the ope- ration of the act. SOCIETIES, INSTITUTIONS, Institute of Actuaries 1843 Arundel Society 184.) Meteorological Society 18M Photographic Society". 1 853 Horological Institute 1S58 SOLFERIXO (in Lombard}-), celebrated as the site of the chief struggle on the great battle of June 24, 1859, between the allied French and Sardinian army commanded by their respective sovereigns, and the Austrians under General Hess; the emperor being present. The Austriana after their drfent at Magenta, gradually retreated across the Mincio, and took up a position in the celebrated quadrilateral, and was expected there to await the attack. But the advance of Garibaldi on one side, and of prince Napoleon and the Tus- cans on the other, induced them to reeross the Miucio and take the offensive, which they did on June 23. The conflict began early the next morning, and lusted Fifteen hours. At first the Austrians had the advantage ; but the successful attack of the French on Cavriana and Solferino changed the fortune of the day, and the Austrians were, after desperate encounters, compelled to retreat. The French attribute the victory to the skill and bravery of their emperor and the generals M'Mahon and Kiel; the Austrians, to the destruc- tion of their reserve by the rifled cannon of their adversaries. The Sardinians maintained a fearful contest of fifteen hours at San Martino, it is said against double their number. Loss of the Austrians, 9,4 ;0 L>56 _____ ...... 21,255,100 6,358,500 Value of Sugar Duty paid 1857 41,596.200 12,478.800 ls58 18.916.600 4,557,200 1 859 2S,345,300 6,802.800 I860 28,931, 100 6,943.400 Total ten years $205,557,800 $57,118.700 The sugar crop of Louisiana last year was valued at $24,988,000. The average for five years has been $17,000,000 (18G1). SUEZ CANAL. A plan for a canal between the head of the Red Sea and the Bay of Pelusium was brought forward by M. De Lesseps in 1857. The Egyptian, Turkish, Russian, French, and Austrian governments are in favor of the scheme, which is at present opposed by the British. The cost is esti- mated at 8,000,0002. SUNDAY LAWS (p. 547.) In the state of New York, the laws against selling liquors, and against certain theatrical performances on Sundays, have caused much discussion, and some resistance, chiefly on the part of the German and Irish population, but are still enforced (1861). SUNDAY SCHOOLS. See Education and Sabbath Schools. SURNAMES. See Sirnames. (p. 548.) SUSPENSION BRIDGES, (p. 548.) See Bridges. SWEDEN, (p 549.) Death of Bernadotte, whose son, Oscar, ascends the throne, March 8, 1844 Treaty of alliance with England and France Nov. 21, 1S55 Bani.-.liincnt decreed against Catholic converts from Lutheranism. . .Oct. 1857 Oct. 81, 1851 SWITZERLAND. Demonstration in favor of Italian Independence Dec. 17, 1SS9 Charles XV. (born May 3, 1826), the PRESENT (1861) king of Sweden and Norway July 8, 18"9 Heiress : Princess Louisa, born Declaration of neutrality in the coin- ing Italian war March 14, 1859 Mutiny and punishment of the Swiss T. mercenary troops at Naples ; the confederation forbid foreign enlist- ment July and Aug. 1859 TABERNACLE. The Holy Place of the Israelites, till the erection of Solomon's temple, was constructed by divine direction, 1491 B.C. When the Jews were settled in Canaan, the tabernacle was set up at Shiloh by Joshua, 1444 B.C. It was replaced by the temple erected by Solomon, 004 B.C. The chapel erected for George Wliittield in Moortields in 1741, being of a temporary nature, received the name of Tabernacle, winch was afterwards given to the'r chapels by the Calvinistic Methodists. Whitfield's tabernacle in Tottenhnrn- court-road was erected in 1750, and enlarged in 1700. His lease expired in 1828; and the chapel was opened by the Independents in 1830 A very large Tabernacle for the ministrations of Mr. H. Spurgeon, a Baptist, ia ADDENDA. F09 now erecting near the Elephant and Castle, Kermington-road, Sunvy. The Tabernacle in Broadway, X. York, built 18 , was taken down lNf)7. and a new edifice built in 38th St. TALBOTYPK. See Photo The duty upon tea had been gra- dually reduced from 2s. '2$d to one shilling only per pound, in 1858. TKA, in UNITED STATES Value imported in the years ending June 30, 1S55 1S56 1857 1858 1859 $6,i;K9>6 $6,898,891 f 5,757,860 $6,777,295 $7,306,916 TELEGRAPH. See Electric Ttl and Submarine. Td. TENNESSEE, (p. 556.) Population in 1850, 763,154, and 239,460 slaves ; in lMi(), 859,528, and 287,112 skives. TEXAS, (p. 557.) Population in 1850, 154.131, and 58,101 slaves; in I860, 410,000, and 184,956 slaves. "Ordinance of Secession" from the United States passed Jan. 1861. THEOLOGY (from the Greek Thr-os, God). The science which treats of the nature and attributes ofGod, of his relations to man, and of the manner in which they may be discovered. It is generally divided into two heads. 1 . J>if>pired( including the Holy Scriptures, their interpretation, &c.); 2. Naturnl , which latter Lord Bacon calls the lirst part of Philosophy. Butler's Analogy of Religion (1736) and Paley's Natural Theology (1802), are eminent books on the latter subject. The " Summa Totius Theologian" by Thomas Aquinns (born about 1224), a standard Roman Catholic work, was printed with com- mentaries, &c., in 1596. THESSALONICA, a city in Macedonia (now Salonica). Here Paul preached, AD. 53: and to the church here he addressed two epistles in 54 In conse- quence of seditions, a frightful massacre of the inhabitants took place in 3'.ti), by Order of the Emperor Theodosius. Thrssaloniea partook of the changes of the Eastern empire. It was sold to the Venetians by the Emperor Andro- nicus in 1425 ; taken by the Turks in 1430; burnt, July 11, 1856. 810 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. TIARA. The triple crown of the pope, indicative of his civil rank, as the keys are of his ecclesiastical jurisdiction: and on the death of a pope, his arms nre presented with the tiara alone, without the keys. The ancient tiara was a high round cap Pope Damasus II. first caused himself to he crowned with a tiara A.D. 1053. John XIX. was the first who encompassed the tiara with a crown, 1276. Boniface VIII. added a second, 1295; and Benedict XII. formed the tiara about 1334. TILES were originally flat and square, and afterwards parallelogrammic, &c. First made in England about A.D. 1246. They were taxed in 1784. The number of tiles taxed in England in 1820 was 81.924,626 ; and in 1830, 97,318,264. The tax was discontinued as discouraging house-building and interfering with the comfort of the people, in 1833. TIMBER-BENDING-. Apparatus was invented for this purpose by M. T. Blan- chard. of Boston (U. S.), for which a medal was awarded at the Paris Exhi- bition of 1855. A company was formed for its application in England in 1856. TIMES NEWSPAPER, London. On Jan. 13, 1785, Mr. John Walter published the first number of the Daily Universal Register, price 2-Jd., printed on the logographic system (invented by Henry Johnson, a compositor), in which types containing syllables and words were employed instead of single letters. On Jan. 1, 1788, the name of the paper was changed to the Times In 1803, when Mr. Walter gave up the paper to his son, the circulation was about 1000; that of the Morning Post being 4500. Dr. Stoddart (satirised as Dr. Slop, by Moore, the poet), became editor in 1812, but live years after retired and set up in opposition the New Times, an unprofitable speculation. Dr. Barnes was the next editor. On Nov.. 28, 1814, the Times was first printed by steam power. The powerful articles contributed by Edward Sterling gained the paper the name of the Thunderer. On Jan. 29, 1829. the first double number appeared. In July 1834. an attack of Mr. O'Connell in the House of Commons on the correctness of the reports of the debates in the Times was signally defeated. Shortly after began the convenient summary of the debates, written in the first instance by Mr. Horace Twiss. In 1841 the Times was instrumental in detecting and exposing a scheme organized by a company, to defraud by forgery all the influential bankers of Europe. This brought on the proprietors an action for libel (in the case Bogle v Lawson). The jury found the charge to be true, giving a verdict of one farthing damages, but the judge refused costs. Subscriptions were set on foot in all parts of Europe to reimburse the proprietors for their immense outlay in defending the action. This they firmly declined ; and the money was expended in esta- blishing Times Scholarships at Oxford and Cambridge, and at Christ's Hos- pital, and other schools ; marble tablets also, commemorating the event, were set up in the Royal Exchange and in other places. These were the greatest honors ever conceded to a newspaper. In Oct. 1845, the Times express was for the first time conveyed to India overland, by the agency of Lieut Wag- horn. Of the number of the Times for Nov. 19, 1852, containing the life of the Duke of Wellington, 69,000 were sold the ordinary number being then 36.000; the present~circulation is stated to vary from 47 000 to 56.000(1860). In 1854 the proprietors sent Mr. W. H. Russell as their special correspon- dent to the seat of war in the Crimea, and in 1857 to India. TITHES (p. 560.) Abolished in England, 1860. TOBACCO. In a recent lecture in England, the Dean of Carlisle stated that in 1856, 33,000,000 pounds of tobacco were consumed in that country, at an ADDENDA. 811 expanse of $40,000,000, over $26,000,000 of which went in duties to the government. In 1821 the average annual consumption was 1 If ounces to each person; in 1853 it had risen to 19 ounces. In France much more is consumed in proportion to the population, the emperor clearing $20.000,000 annually by the government monopoly. In Denmark the annual consumption averages 70 ounces to each person, in Belgium 73 ounces, aud in America the average is vastly higher. It is calculated that 2,000,000 tons, or 4.480,000, OOU pounds of tobacco are annually used in the world, at a cost sufficient to pay for all the bread corn used in Great Britain. It is boasted that 100,000,000 of the human race are smokers. In New York city it is stated that there are about 200,000 smokers, each using two cigars daily, making, at an average of four cents each, the sum of $16.000 daily, or $5.840,000 a year, wasted in smoking in this city alone. There are about 900.000,000 cigars manufactured in the same city annually, amounting, at the same price, to $36,000,000. The total e*xports of tobacco from the United States in 39 years (1821-59) amounted to $339,274,520. TRACTARIANISM. This term is applied to certain opinions on church matters propounded in the "Tracts for the Times," of which ninety numbers were published, in England, 1833-41. The principal writers were the Revs. Dr. E. Pusey. J. H. Newman, J. Keble, J. Froude, and I. Williams. TRANSYLVANIA, an Austrian province, was part of the ancient Dacia. In 1526, John Zapoly rendered himself independent of the Emperor Ferdinand I. by the aid of the Turks. His successors ruled with much difficulty till 1699, when the Emperor Leopold I. finally incorporated Transylvania into the Austrian dominions. TRAVELLING- IN ENGLAND. In 1707, it took in summer one day, in winter nearly two days, to travel from London to Oxford (46 miles). In 1817, the journey was accomplished in six or seven hours. By the Great Western Railway express (63 miles) it is done in 1 hour. In 1828, a gentleman travelled from Newcastle to London (273 miles) inside the best coach in 35 hours, at an expense of 61. 15s. 3d., or 6d. per mile (including dinner, &c.). In 1857, the charge of the Great Northern Railway (275 miles) first class express (6 hours) was 505. Qd. (Say $12.50.) TREATIES, (p. 565.) Constantinople, treaty of May 8, 1854 "Washington, Eeciprocity treaty be- tween Great Britain and the U. S., respecting Newfoundland fishery, commerce, &c July 2, 1854 Paris, treaty of (and .Russian war) April, 1856 Paris (settlement of Neufchatel affair) May 26, 1857 Zurich (Austria, France, and Sardi- nia) Nov. 10, 1859 TREATIES OF THE UNITED STATES, (p. 566.) Treaty with China signed at Tien Tsin June 13, 1858 Treaty with Japan, negotiated by Com. Perry, signed Another treaty with Japan, by Townsend Harris, signed Treaty with. Mexico, negotiated by Mr. McLane, but rejected by the U. S. Senate . 1860 TRIESTE, an Austrian port on the Adriatic, declared a free port in 1750. It was held by the French in 1717, 1797, and 1805. Since the establishment of the overland mail to India, it has risen to great commercial importance. TROWSERS. Distinguished by looseness from "pantaloons," which were ori- ginally cut to sit tight to the leg, from thigh to ancle. Pantaloons began to supersede small clothes during the French revolution ; the loose trowser began to be worn after 1815 ; and has become as decidedly a normal form of garment, as were the " breeches" of the last century. 812 THK WORLD'S PROGRESS. TRUCE OF GOD (7'reuga Dei), a term given to a cessation of the private feuds and conflicts so general, during the middle ages, all over Europe. The clergy strenuously exerted their influence for the purpose. A synod at Rou.ssilon, A.D. 1027, decreed that none should attack his enemy between Saturday eve- ning (at nones) and Monday morning (at the hour of prime). Similar regula- tions were adopted in England, 1042 (sometimes Friday and Wednesday being chosen for the time). The truce of God was confirmed by many coun- cils of the Church, especially the Lateran Council, in 1179. TUBULAR BRIDGES. The Britannia Tubular Suspension Bridge, then the most wonderful enterprise in engineering in the world, was constructed about a mile southward of the Meriai Strait Suspension Bridge. The Conway Tubu- lar Bridge (1846-8) is a miniature copy of the Britannia, and therefore requires no description. The principal engineers were Mr. Robert Stephensou and Mr. Fairbairn. At Chepstow is a railway tubular bridge, erected in 1852. A bridge or viaduct on the tubular principle (called the Albert Yiaduct) over the river Tamar at Plymouth, was opened by the Prince Consort, May 2, 1859. The most stupendous tubular bridge in the world is that over the St. Lawrence, Canada (see Bridges). TUNIS. In July 1856, the Bey agreed to make certain constitutional reforms. The Bey died Sept. 22, 1859; and no disturbance ensued on the accession of his successor. TURKEY, (p. 571.) Christians admitted to office in Tur- key June, 1849 The Turkish government refuses to surrender the Hungarian and Po- lish refugees on the joint demand of Russia and Austria Sept. 16, 1849 Russia suspends intercourse with the Porte Nov. 12, 1849 Treaty with France respecting the Holy Places (which see).. Feb. 13, 1852 Russian manifesto against Turkey June 26, 1858 War declared against Russia (see Ruisso- Turkish War} Oct. 5, 1853 TUSCANY, (p. 572.) The Tuscan army demand alliance with the Sardinians ; the grand- duke refuses, and departs to Bo- logna : the King of Sardinia is pro- claimed dictator, and a provi- sional government formed, April 27; the king assumes the com- mand of the army, but declines the dictatorship , April 30, 1859 Prince Napoleon arrives at Leghorn, addresses the Tuscans, and erects his standard May 23, 1859 Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, many years English ambassador at Con- stantinople, returned to England, Jan. ; he is succeeded by Sir H. Lytton Bulwer ; accredited July 12, 1853 Massacre of Christians at Jedda July 25, 1853 Turkish financial reforms begun, Aug. 1853 The fhst Turkish railway opened (from Aden to Smyrna).. Sept. 19, 1853 Base coinage called in ; a fictitious Turkish coinage begun at Bir- mingham, and is suppressed.. Oct. 1S8 Great agitation for financial reform Oct. 1859 The Tuscan constituent assembly meets Aug. 11, 1859 It declares against recalling the house of Lorraine, and votes for annexation to Sardinia Sept. 1859 Prince Eugene of Savoy-Carignan, elected governor-general of Cen- tral Italy ; he declines, but recom- mends Buoucompagni, Nov. ; who is accepted by the Tuscans, Dec. 8, 1859 The Grand-Duke Leopold II. abdi- cates in favor of his son Ferdinand July 21, 1S59 TYROL, the eastern part of ancient Rhetia, now a province of the Austrian empire (to the north of Bavaria). It was ceded to the house of Hapsburg in 1359, by Margaret, the heiress of the last Count TJTO!. The province became an appanage of the younger (or Tyrol) branch of the imperial house, which branch came to the throne in the person of Maximilian II. in 1618. The French conquered the Tyrol in 1808 and united it to Bavaria; but in 1809 an insurrection broke out, headed by the courageous Andrew Hofer, an inn- keeper. He drove the Bavarians out of the Tyrol, and thoroughly defeated some ADDENDA. 813 French detachments: but laid down his arms at the treaty of Vienna. He was subsequently accused of corresponding with the Austrians, captured and sent to Mantua, and there shot by order of the French government (to its great disgrace) Jan. 28, 1810. The Austrian emperor ennobled his family in 1819, and erected his statue at Inspruck in 1834. The Tyrolese riflemen were very effective in the Italian war in 1859. U. UMBRELLA, (p. 573.) An umbrella was found by Layard in his researches sculptured on the walls of the Assyrian palace at Nineveh. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, (p. 575.) For succession of events, see tables page 138 to 185. The following thirteen states formed the Union at the decla- ration of independence in 1776: New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Khode Island. Connecticut. New York. New Jersey. Pennsylvania. | Delaware. Maryland. Virginia. North Carolina, South Carolina. Georgia. The following have been added: Vermont (from New York) 1791 Tennessee (from North Carolina) . . . 1796 Kentucky (from Virginia) 1796 Columbia district (under the imme- diate government of Congress) Contains Washington, the seat of government 1800 Ohio (admitted) 1802 Louisiana (bought from France in 1803) 1812 Indiana (admitted) 1816 Mississippi (from Georgia) 1SJ 7 Illinois (admitted) 1S18 Alabama (from Georgia) 1819 Maine (from Massachusetts) 1820 Missouri (from Louisiana) 1821 Michigan 1886 Arkansas 1836 Iowa 1845 Texas 1845 Wisconsin 1846 California 1848 Florida 1854 Minnesota 1858 Oregon 1859 Kansas 1861 New Mexico (territory) 1S48 Ttah (territory) 1850 Washington (territory) 1853 Nebraska (territory) 1854 POPULATION. 1776 2,616,800 I 1810 7,239,903 , 1851 1800 5,300.000 I 1831 12,856,171 I 1860 23,347,884 31,646,b69 POPULATION OF THE FREE STATES. Population. Population, New Apportion- States. 1850. I860. ment for Congress. Maine 583.169 619,958 5 Nw Hampshin j . 817,976 820.072 8 Vermont 814,120 315,827 3 Massachusetts . . . 994,514 1,231,494 10 Rhode Island . . . . 147.545 174,621 1 Connecticut 870.792 460,670 4 New York 8,097.394 3.851.563 80 Pennsylvania . . .. 2.311.786 2.916,018 23 New Jersey 489,888 676.034 5 Ohio 1,980.427 2.877,917 19 Indiana 918,416 1,850,802 11 Illinois 851,470 1,691.233 18 Michigan 897.654 754,291 6 Wisconsin 305.391 768,485 6 Iowa 192,214 6S2,090 5 Minnesota 6.077 172.793 1 Oregon 13,294 52.566 1 California 92,597 8S4J70 8 Kansas 148,645 1 Total 13,454,169 18,950,759 150 Increase iu ten years 5,496,590 814 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. States. Delaware Maryland Virginia . . . .. N. Carolina... S. Carolina. . . Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi . . Louisiana . . . Arkansas. .. . Texas Tennessee .. . Kentucky . . . Missouri. . POPULATION IN THE SLAVE STATES. -Pop illation in 1 850, r-Pop illation in 1 860-^ Free. 89 242 492.636 949.133 oSO.491 283.523 524,503 48.135 428.779 296.648 272.953 162,79T 154,431 763,154 771,424 594,522 Slave. 2.290 9<),368 472. .'23 28-3,548 384.984 881,682 39309 342.892 309,878 244,809 47,100 58,161 239,460 210.9S1 S7,422 Free. 110.548 646.183 1.097.373 679 965 808186 615.633 81.885 520,444 407,051 354,245 331.710 413.000 859,528 920,077 1,085,595 Slave. 1.805 85.382 498.826 32S.377 407.185 467,400 63.800 435,473 479.607 312.186 I(i9.0(j5 184.956 287,112 225.490 115,619 Apportionment Old 1 6 13 9 6 8 1 7 4 5 1 6 11 7 4 7 1 6 5 4 8 4 8 8 9 10 10 7 Total 6,412.503 3,200,412 7,434,126 3,999,283 84 89 Total population, free and slave, in 1850 9,612,915 " " " " I860 11,433,409 Increase in ten yerrs 2,820,494 POPULATION OF TERRITORIES. Territories. Population in 1850. Population in 1860. Nebraska 28.893 New Mexico 61,547 93.024 Utah 11,354 60,000 Dacotah 4,839 Washington 11,624 District of Columbia 48,000 75,821 Total 120,901 262,701 Increase in ten years 141,800 RECAPITULATION. 1850. 1860. Total population of free states 13,454,169 18,950,759 " " " slave states 8,612.969 12,433,409 " " " territories 120,901 261,701 Total population of U. States 23,191,876 31,646,869 Increase in ten years 8,454,998 NEW TERRITORIES. The following are the proposed new territories, viz. : Arizona (chiefly New Mexico) about Idaho (" Gem of the Mountains"), 200,000 square miles. Population the " Pike's Peak Territory." Po- 1860 about 8,000 pulation 1860 about 20,000 Nevada (west of Utah), about 175,000 Chippewa. Area about 180,000 square square miles. Pop. 1860 about. . 10,000 miles. Population 1860 about . . . 10,000 See Secession, Rebellion, Ac. Also see Separate States. UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. One of the six points of the charter in England (see Chartists}, was adopted by the French in the election of their preisdent in 1851, and of their emperor in 1852. URUGUAY a republic in South America, recognised in Oct. 1828. The present president of the executive (1860) is G. A. Pereyra, elected in 1856. UTAH. (p. 576.) See Mormons. ADDENDA. 815 V. VANCOUVER'S ISLAND, in the North Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Oregon. Settlements were made here by the English in 1781 ; which were seized by the Spaniards in ] 789 ; but restored. By a treaty between the British government and that of the United States in 1846 this island was secured to the former. It has become of much greater importance since the discovery of gold in the neighboring mainland in 1858, and the consequent establish- ment of the colony of British Columbia (which see). Victoria, the capital, was founded in 1857. VEHMIC TRIBUNAL (Vehmgerichte}. Secret tribunals established in West- phalia to maintain religion and the public peace. Their proceedings were enveloped in a profound m} r stery. They had their origin in the time of Charlemagne; and rose to importance about 1182, when Westphalia became subject to the Archbishop of Cologne. These courts became very trouble- some, persons of the most exalted rank being subjected to their decisions. The emperors endeavored to suppress them, but did not succeed till the 16th century. Sir W. Scott has described them in " Anne of Geierstein." VENEREAL DISEASE. Lues Venerea, Morbus Gallicus. This disease is said to have broken out in the French army, at the siege of, Naples, in 1494 ; whence the French term it mal de Naples. In the Netherlands and in Eng- land it obtained the appellation of mal de France; though in the latter coun- try it was known so early as the twelfth century. About the same period, too, at Florence, one of the Medici family died of it. Most writers suppose, that the followers of Columbus brought the disorder with them from the new to the old world, 1493: others maintain that it prevailed among the Jews, Greeks, and Romans, and their descendants, long before the discovery of America. VENTILATORS. Invented by the Rev. Dr. Hales, and his account of them read to the Royal Society of London, May 1741. The ventilator for the use of the king's men-of-war was announced in London by Mr. Trievvald, in Novem- ber, same year. The marquess of Chabanne's plan for wanning and venti- lating theatres and houses for audiences was applied to those of London in 1819. The systems of Dr. Reid (about 1830) and others followed. Dr. Arnott's work on this subject was published in 1838. VERMONT, (p. 579.) Population, in 1850, 314,120; in 1860, 315,827. VESUVIUS, Mr. (p. 580.) Eruptions in May 1855, May and June 1858, and June 1859, caused great destruction. VICTORIA, formerly PORT PHILIPP (Australia), situated between New South Wales and South Australia, the most successful British colony in that region. In 1798, Bass, in his whale-boat expedition, visited Western Port, one of its harbours; and, in!802, Flinders sailed into Port Philipp Bay. In 1804, Colo- nel Collins landed with a party of convicts with the intention of founding a settlement at Port Philipp, but afterwards removed to Van Diemen's Land. The colony made rapid progress. In 1837, the colonists (450 in number) possessed 140,008 sheep, 2500 cattle, and 150 horses In 1839, the colony was named Victoria, and its prosperity brought great numbers to it, and induced much speculation and consequent embarrassment and insolvency in 1841-2. In 1851, the province was declared independent of New South Wales. In the same year a reward of 2001. was offered for the discovery of gold in Victoria, which was soon after found near Melbourne, and was profi- 816 THE WORLD'S PKOGKESS. tably worked in August. In Oct. 1700 persons were at Ballarat, and in Nov. 10,000 round Mount Alexander. From Sept. 31 to Dec. 31, 1851, 30,311 ounces of gold were obtained from Ballarat; and from Oct. 29 to Dec. 31. 94,524 ounces from Mount Alexander total, 124.835 ounces. In 185 ( J the production was still, very great. Immense immigration to Melbourne took place in 1852. In 1855, a representative constitution was granted to this colony, and on Nov. 26, 1857, the parliament was opened in state. The pre- sent governor is Sir Henry Barkly, appointed in 1856. Population of the colony in 1836, 224; in 1841, 11,738; in 1846, 32,879; in 1851, 77,345 ; Dec. 31, 1852, about 200,000; in March 1857 there were 258,116 males and 145,403 females; in all 403,519 ; in 1859, 517,366. VICTORIA RAILWAY BRIDGE, on the tubular principle, over the St. Law- rence, Montreal, erected under the superintendence of Mr. Robert Stephenson, and Mr. A. M. Ross, engineers, was completed and opened Nov. 24, 1 859. It is the greatest work of the kind in the world, and forms part of the Grand Trunk Railway, which connects Canada and the seaboard states of North America. The length is about sixty yards less than two English miles, and about 7-J times longer than Waterloo bridge, and ten times longer than new Chelsea bridge ; the height sixty feet between the summer level of the river, and the under surface of the central tube. The cost 1,400,000/. On Jan. 5, 1855, the bridge was carried away by floating ice, but the stonewurk remained firm. VILLA FRANCA (in Lombardy). Here the emperors of France and Austria met on July 11, 1859 (after the great battle of Solferino) ; on the next day they signed the preliminaries of peace, the basis of the treaty of Zurich (which see). VINE DISEASE. It is a whitish mildew, and totally destroys the fruit. The spores of this oldiwn were found in the vineries at Versailles in 1847. The disease soon reached the trellised vines, and in 1850, many lost all their produce. In 1852, it spread over France, Italy, Spain, Syria, and in Zante and Cephalonia attacked the currants, reducing the crop to one-twelfth of the usual amount. Through its ravages the wine manufacture in Madeira ceased for several years. Many attempts have been made to arrest the progress of the disease, but without much effect. It has much abated in France, but not in Portugal. VIOLIN, (p. 583.) The violin is the most expressive instrument, though sur- passed by many in sweetness, richness, and volume. The best were made at Cremona about A.D 1600 by Amiti and Straduarius ; those of the former excel in sweetness, of the latter in power. They now command enormous prices. VIRGINIA. According to the census returns, the real estate, &c., of Virginia, 1850, was $530,000,000, viz. : Real estate, $278,000,000; value of slaves, $147,000,000; other personal estate, $105,000,000. The returns further show that nearly 83,000 white persons over the age of 21, can neither read nor write! The new constitution of this state, adopted in 1851, in the lllth article has the following clause : " And no person shall have a right to vote who is of unsound mind, or a pauper, or a non-commissioned officer in the ser- vice of the United States." Population of 1850, 1,421,081, including 473,026 slaves. In 1860, 1,593,199, including 495,826 slaves. VISIGOTHS. Separated from the Ostrogoths about A.D. 330. The Emperor Valens, about 369, admitted them into the Roman territories upcu the con- dition of their serving when wanted in the Roman armies; and Theodosius the Great permitted them to form distinct corps commanded by their own ADDENDA. 81 7 officers ; an impolitic measure, which separated their interests from those of the state at large, and enabled them upon every occasion of real or supposed offence to shake the empire to its centre. Jn 400, under Alaric, they invaded Italy, and in 410 took Rome. They began their kingdom of Toulouse, 414; and" conquered the Alains, and extended their rule into Spain, 414, and expelled the "Romans in 468 : and finally were themselves conquered by the Saracens under Mua, in 1711, when their last king, Roderic, was defeated and slain in an obstinate engagement. Their rule in France ended with their defeat by Clovis at Vougle, in 507. VIVARIUM See Aquarium. VOLTAIC PILE, OK BATTERY, an apparatus which was constructed in conse- quence of the discoveries of Galvani (see Galvanism). The principle was discovered by Alessandro Volta, of Como (born 1745), for thirty years pro- fessor of natural philosophy, at Pavia, and announced by him to the Royal Society of London in 1793. The battery was first set up in 1800. Volta was made an Italian count and senator by Napoleon Bonaparte, and was otherwise greatly honored. While young he invented the electrophorus, electric pistol, and hydrogen lamp. He died in 1826, aged 81. The form of the Voltaic battery has been greatly improved by the researches of modern philosophers. The nitric acid battery of Mr W. R Grove was devised in 1839 ; the carbon battery of Mr. Robert Bunsen in 1842. The former is very much used in England ; that of Bunsen in other parts of Europe. See Elec- tricity. VOLUNTEERS, MILITARY, IN ENGLAND. This species of force was formed in England, in consequence of the threatened invasion of revolutionary France, 1794. The English volunteers were, according to official accounts, 341,600 on Jan. 1, 1804. In May 1859, in consequence of the prevalence of the fear of a French invasion, the formation of Volunteer Corps of riflemen commenced under the auspices of the government, and by the end of the year many thou- sands were enrolled in all parts of the kingdom VULGATE (from Vulgatns, published), a term applied to the Latin version of the Scriptures, which is authorised by the Council of Trent, and which is attri- buted to St. Jerome, about A.D. 384. The older version, called the Italic, is said to have been made in the beginning of the second century. Critical editions of the Vulgate were printed by order of Pope Sixtus V. in 1590, and of Pope Clement V. in 1592 and 1593. (The former was suppressed as imperfect.) The Latin Bible called the Mentz Bible was printed in 1460. W. WAGER OF BATTEL. The trial by combat anciently allowed bylaw, whereby the defendant in an appeal might fight with the appellant, and make proof thereby whether he was guilty or innocent of the crime charged against him. Repealed by statute 59 Geo. III., 1819. WAGES IN ENGLAND, (p. 585.) Harvest men, 1857, 5s. WALHALLA (the Hall of Glory), a temple near Ratisbon, erected in 1842, by Louis, king of Bavaria, to receive the statues and memorials of the great men of Germany. The name is derived from the fabled meeting-place of Scandi- navian heroes after death. WALKING. &c. FEATS IN. In England. Capt. Barclay for a wager (on which many thousands of pounds depen led), walked 1000 miles in 1000 successive 35 818 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. hours ; in forty-two days and nights (less 8 hours). His task was accom- plished on July 10, 1809. In May, 1758, a young lady at Newmarket won a wager, having undertaken to ride 1000 miles in 1000 hours, which feat she performed in little more than two-thirds of the time. Richard Hanks, a native of Warwickshire, undertook (in imitation of Captain Barclay) to walk 1000 miles in 1000 hours: the place chosen was the Barrack tavern cricket- ground, in Sheffield; he commenced on Honday June 17, 1850, and com- pleted the 1000 miles, July 29, following, winning a considerable sum. WALTZ, the popular German national dance, was introduced into England by baron Neuman and others in 1813. Raikes. WAR Cost of that in the Crimea. The cost to England, for two years, was $200,000,000. The whole cost is estimated at 1000 millions of dollars. WARS OF GREAT BRITAIN, (p. 588.) War with Russia, March 27, 1854. Peace of Paris, March 31, 1856. For the wars with India, China, and Persia, see those countries respectively. WATER COLOR PAINTING in England has been raised from the hard dry style of the last century, to its present brilliancy, by the efforts of Nicholson, Copley, Fielding, Varley, and the great Turner ; by Pyne, Cattermole, Prout, &c., within the present century. The exhibition was founded in ] 805. WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. The original MS. was sold at auction in Philadelphia, to a citizen of New York, for $2,300, February 12, 1850. WATERWORKS. The Roman aqueducts were only artificial streams led at a regular slope from an elevated source ; and were enormously expensive. Louis XIV. erected enormous machines merely to supply ornamental foun- tains at Versailles. London is said to have had water-pipes laid in it as early as A.D. 1236, and is now supplied with about 50,000,000 gallons of water 3 day, by seven companies, one bringing water from a distance of forty miles. Philadelphia was first supplied by works commenced in 1799, and succeeded by those at Fairmount in 1819 ; New York by the Croton aqueduct, finished in 1844; Boston first from Jamaica Pond, by a company organized in 1795, and afterwards from Cochituate Pond, by works begun in 1846, and opened for use in 1848. WHALE FISHERY IN 1858. (p. 594 ) Vessels employed: 500 ships and barks, 19 brigs, 45 schooners, total 195,115 tons: 8,033 tons less than last year, owin^ to the increasing scarcity of whales. Imports 81,941 barrels sperm oil. 182.223 barrels whale oil, 1,540,600 Ibs. bone. Exports 33,336 barrels sperm, 19,5u3 barrels whale, 1,049,466 Ibs. bone. This business appears to be decreasing. WHIGS. See Tory. In England numerous authors trace the origin of these designations to various occasions and various epochs. Referring to wh;cot- land ; and the other was given by the country party to that of the court, comparing them to the Tories, or Popish robbers in Ireland. Baktr. This distinction ef parties arose out of the discovery of the Meal-Tub plot in 1678. Upon bringing .up the Meal-Tub plot before parliament, two parties were formed: the one "being those who called the truth of the whole plot in question; and this party styled those who believed in the plot Whigs. The other party, crediting the truth of the plot, styled their adversaries, Tories. But in time these names, given upon this occasion as marks of opprobrium, became dis- ADDENDA. 819 tinctions much boasted of by parties wearing them Hume. The Whig Club was established ty Charles James Fox ; and one of its original and most dis- tinguished members was the great Francis, duke of Bedford, who died in 1802. In the U. S. the name was assumed by the party opposed to the "Democratic," in 1832. PRINCIPAL WHIG MINISTERS IN ENGLAND. Viscouiit Mordaunt's, 16S9. | Lord Grenville's ("All the Talents"), 1806. Lord Godolplnirs, 1699 and 1T02. Earl of Halifax, 1714. Sir li. Walpole's, 1715 and 1721. Marquess of Kockingham's, 1782. Earl Grey's, 1830. Viscount Melbourne's, 1834, 1S35. Lord John Kussell's, 1846 and 1S51. Viscount Palmerston's, 1855 and 1S59. WIDOWS. The Jewish law required a man's brother to marry his widow (1490). For the burning of widows in India, see Suttees. In numerous countries widows are devoted to great privations from the time their husbands die ; and at the isthmus of Darien, when a widow dies, such of her children as, from tender age, cannot provide for their own subsistence, were buried in the same grave with her. Abbe Raynal WINES IN ENGLAND, (p. 597.) In 1856, the customs duties on wines produced 2,073,694; in 1858, 1.721,742. In 1800, 3,307.460 gallons of wine were imported into England. IMPORTATION OF WINES OF ALL KINDS INTO THE UNITED KINGDOM. Gallons. Actual value. 1854 10,875,855 3.616,369 1857 10,336,485 4,080,678 Gallons. 1845 . . .8,469,776 1850 9,304,312 WISCONSIN, (p. 597.) Population in 1850, 305.391; increase in 10 years 900 per cent. 1860, 768,485, increase in 10 years, 152 per cent, "WIVES See Marriage. In England by the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act, passed in 1857, the condition of married women has been much bene- fited. When ill-used they can obtain a divorce or judicial separation ; and even while in the latter state any property they may acquire is secured to them personally, as if unmarried By another act passed in the same year, they are enabled to dispose of reversionary interests in personal property or estates. WONDERS OF THE WORLD, THE SEVEN. 1. The pyramids of Egj-pt. 2. The mausoleum or tomb built for Mausolus, king of Caria, by Artemisia, his queen. 3. The temple of Diana at Ephesus. 4. The walls and hanging-gardens of the city of Babylon. 5 The vast brazen image of the sun at Rhodes, caiLd the Colossus "6. The rich statue of Jupiter Olympus 7. The pharos or watch tower, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. WOOLSACK. The seat of the lord high chancellor of England in the house of lords, is so called from its being a large square bag of wool, without back or arms, covered with red cloth. Wool was the staple commodity of England in the reign of Edward III., when the woolsack first came into use WORKING MEN'S COLLEGES, IN ENGLAND. The first was established in Sheffield, by wokingmen. The second, in London, by the Rev. Professor Frederic D. Maurice, as principal, in Oct. 1854; a third in Cambridge, and in 1855, a fourth in Oxford; all, wholly fur the working classes, and undertaking to impart such knowledge as each man feels he is most in want of. The col- leges engage to find a teacher, wherever 10 or 12 members agree to form a class ; and also to have lectures given. They are highly successful. WORSHIP IN ENGLAND. Places of worship in England and Wales in 1851 : 820 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Places of Worship. Sittings. Church of England 14,077 5,317,915 Wcsleyan Methodists 5.579 2.191293 Independents 3244 1,007, ".GO Baptists 2,789 752,343 Roman Catholics 570 1 86. 1 1 1 Society of Friends 371 91.5! 9 Unitarians 229 68,554 Scottish Presbyterians... 160 86,692 Latter-day Saints (Mor- mon ites) 222 30,783 Brethren (Plymouth) 132(?) 18,529 Jews 53 8.438 Places of Worship. Sittings. New Church (Swedenbor- gians) 50 12,107 Moravians 82 9,305 Catholic and Apostolic Church (Irvingites) 32 7,437 Greek Church 3 291 Countess of Huntingdon's Connection 109 85,210 Welsh Calvinistic Metho- dists 828 198,242 Various small bodies, some without names. .. 546 105,557 with the fog, WRECKS, (p. 602.) Arctic, U. S. mail steamer, by collision in a Vesta, French steamer, off Newfoundland; above 300 lives lost, Sept. 27, 1854. City of Philadelphia, Liverpool to Philadelphia, Sept. 17, 1854. U. s! sloop of war Albany, from Aspinvvall, Sept. 28, 1854, never heard from. City of Glasgow, steamer, with 480 persons on board, disappeared in 1854. Pacific., Collins 1 steamer, from Liverpool to New York, Jan. 23, 1856, dis- appeared and never heard of. John Ratkdge, from Liverpool to New York, ran on an iceberg and was wrecked; many lives lost, Feb. 20, 1856. Lyon nais, French steamer, New York to Havre, collision with barque Adriatic, 134 lives lost, Nov. 2, 1856. Austria, steamship, Hamburgh to New York, burnt in the middle of the Atlantic ; of 538 persons on board, only sixty-seven were saved, Sept. 13, 185 . Royal Charter, screw steamer, on the Anglesea coast; 459 lives lost; the vessel contained gold amounting in value to 700,000, Oct. 26,1859. Steamer Niagara, burned on lake Michigan ; 60 lives lost, Sept. 24, 1856. Central America, steamer, Lieut. Herndon, Aspin- wall to New York, founders, 427 lives lost, and $2,000,000 in gold, Sept 8, 1857. Russian line of battle ship in the Baltic, founders, all on board (825) lost, Sept. 1857. The total number of American sea-going vessels reported during 1859, as lost or missing, was 402, valued at $5,599,000, being an increase over the previous year of 114 vessels, and $1,128,000 in value. Of the whole number 8 were steamers, 84 ships, 48 barks, 64 brigs, and 198 schooners. Y. YACHT. The ancient thalamegus or navis lasorice was a vessel for pleasure, like the modern yacht. The English are very fond of yachting. Their yachts are commonly cutter-rigged, and with one mast. Yachting has come into vogue in the United States only since about 1830. The American yachts are sloops or schooners. The yacht America, modelled and built by the remarkable genius George Steers, of New York (d. 1856, aged 35) beat all the English yachts in a regatta at Cowes, Aug. 22, 1851. She was a schooner, with her greatest breadth abaft the beam, and with " hollow lines " forward. YANKEE The derivation of the word is generally accredited to the Indian pro- nunciation of the word English, which they render Yengeese. In New York it is applied to the New Englanders ; in the South to all Northerners; and in Europe to all Anglo-Americans. In a curious book on the Round Towers of Ireland, published some years ago, the origin of the term Yankee Doodle, was said to have been traced to the Persian phrase Yanki douniah, or " Inhabi- tants of the New World." Layard, in his "Nineveh," also mentions Yankhi- duuia as the Persian name of America. ADDENDA. 821 Z. ZOLLVEREIN. (Customs 1 Union.) The name given to the German commercial union, ot which Prussia is the head. It began in 1818, and was gradually joined by nearly all the German states, except Austria. On Feb. 19, 1853, an important treaty of commerce and navigation, between Austria and Prus- sia, to last from Jan. 1854 till Dec. 1865, was signed, to which the other states of the Zollverein gave in their adhesion on April 5, 1853. ZOUAVES AND FOOT CHASSEURS. When the French established a regency at Algiers, they hoped to find the employment of native troops advantageous, and selected the Zooaoua-s, a congregation of Arab tribes, famous for daring and skilful courage. In time numbers of red republicans, aud other enthu- siastic Frenchmen, joined the regiments, adopting the costume. &c., and eventually the Africans disappeared from the ranks, and no more were added, they having been frequently guilty of treachery. The French Zouaves formed an important part of the army in the Crimean war, 1854-5. ZURICH, (p. 608.) Conference of the representatives of Austria, France, and ' Sardinia, held at Zurich (after the truce of Villa Franca), August 8, 1859, and continued several months. ZUTPHEN, ix HOLLAND. At a battle here in 1568, between the Spaniards and the Dutch, the amiable Sir Philip Sidney, author of the "Arcadia," was killed. He was serving with the English auxiliaries, commanded by the earl of Lei- cester. PAPER MANUFACTURE, U. S. In 1855 there were 750 paper mills, 3,000 engines, producing 280,000 Ibs., which at 10 cts. per Ib. would amount to $28,000,000. PAPER CURRENCY. In 1857 the Bank of England had $98.800,000, other banks in England $89,585,000, total, $188,385,000; France, '$121,070,000; United States, $148,929.000. PATENTS, U. S. The Patent Office of the U. S. at Washington, an extensive and imposing edifice, was completed 1858. The number of patents issued has rapidly increased during the last seventeen years, being nearly nine times as great in 1856 as in 1843. The numbers in some of these years are thus stated : Years. 1843 Applied for. 819.... Granted. 531 Years. 1857 . . Applied for. 4771 Grunted. 2710 1&50 2193 995 1853 5864 3710 1855 4435 2024 1S59 6225 ...4538 1856.. ..4960.. ..2910 The receipts of the office increased from $35,315, in 1843, to $245.942, in 1859 Of the patents granted in 1859, 4,491 were to citizens of the U. S. (1,231 being from N. Y.), 23 to British subjects, 16 to French, and 8 to other foreign applicants. PROPERTY IN THE U. S. In 1856, the real and personal property of the U. S. was estimated by Mr. Guthrie, Sec, of the Treasury, at $11,317,611,672 (more than 11,000 millions). APPENDIX. APPENDIX CENSUS TABLES. 825 CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Houses and population of England and Wales, of Scotland, and of the Islands in the British seas, March 31, 1851 : Honaes. i Population. * Inhabited. Uninhabd. Building. Persons. Males. Females. England and Wales 3,280,961 152,898 26 534 11,922,768 8,762 583 9 16'> 180 Scotland 366 650 11,956 2 378 2 870 784 1,363 622 1 5(>7 162 Islands in the British Seas . 21.826 1,077 202 142,916 66,511 76,405 Total . . 3.669.43T 165.931 29.114 2H.936.468 10.192.721 10.743.747 Great Britain, and Islands in the British seas, and Scotland. Population, in- crease, and rates of increase, in the fifty years from 1801 to 1851 : Persons. 1801. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851. Gt. Britain and Islands in the British Seas 10,267,893 12,047,455 1,479,562 14 15,180,351 2,132,896 18 16,364,893 2,184,542 15 18,658,372 2,260,749 U 20,936,468 2,227,438 12 10,317,917 93 1.87 2,870,784 245,237 10 ; 2,865, 121 78 1.16 Increase in the intervals Decennial rates of increase per cent Actual increase in 50 yrs. Increase per ct. in 50 " Annual " " Scotland 1,608,420 1,805,864 197,444 12 2,091,521 285,657 16 2,364,386 272,885 13 2,620,184 255,798 11 Increase in the intervals Decennial rates of increase Actual increase in 50 yrs. Increase per ct. in 50 " Annual " " " Males in Great Britain and Islands in the British Seas 5,025,035 739,091 5,542,856 869,329 5,735,957 826,296 6,311,498 979,568 6,873,671 982,623 7,306,590 1,108,898 7,934,201 1,114,456 8,430,692 1 249,930 9,077,004 1,241,862 9,581,368 1,378,322 10,192,171 1,363,622 10,743,747 1,507.162 Males in Scotland Females in Great Britain and Islands in the British geas Females in Scotland.. England and Wales. Houses Comparative statement of, in the fifty years from 1801 to 1851 : Houses. 1801. 1811. 1821. 1831. 1841. 1851. England l Inhabited 1,575,923 1,797,504 2,088,156 2,481,544 2.948,935 3,280,961 and V Uninhabited .. Wales. \ Buildine . . 57,476 51,020 16.207 67,707 19,274 119,915 24,759 173,247 i 152,S9S 27,444 i 26,534 There are in the tables no returns of houses published for Scotland and the islands in the British seas, except for 1851. The French census of 1851 shows a total population of 35,500,000. The number of foreigners domiciled, of all nations, exceeds 1,000,000, of which 75,000 are British, or about one half the British residents previous to the revolution of 1848. * Exclusive of part of the army, navy, and merchant seamen, belonging to Great Britain, but out of thewuntry when the census was taken, estimated (from returns) at 167,604 persons. S20 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. CENSUS OF GREAT BRITAIN continued. Abstracts of the Census of Ireland of 1841 and 1851 : 1841. Provinces. HOUSES. Inhabited. Uninhabited. Total. 1851. Inhabited. Uninhabited. Total. Building. Built Building Built. Leinster Munster. ... Ulster 306,459 364,637 414,551 243,1<>2 12,320 12,005 21,590 6,293 1.272 1,023 626 392 320,051 377.665 436,767 249,877 259,252 266936 351,973 169,574 17,588 19,277 20,5SO 7,714 632 513 606 312 2,1"! 3 277,522 286.726 373,159 171,600 Con naught . Total I,328 r 839 52,208 ! 3,313 1,384,360 1,047,735 65,159 l,f 15,007 [ 1841. Provinces. FAMILIES, PERSONS, AND SEXES. Families. Persons. Male. Female. \ Total. 362,134 415,154 439,805 255,694 963,747 1,186,190 1,161.797 707,842 1,009,934 1,209,971 1,224,576 711,017 1,973,731 2.396,161 2,386,373 1,418,859 Ulster Connaught Total 1,472,787 321,991 320,250 380,731 184,030 4,019,576 811,623 893,491 974,235 497,373 4,155,548 856,158 938,326 1,030,054 514,539 8,175,124 1,067,771 1,831,817 2,004,289 1,011,917 1851. Ulster . Connaught Total.. 1,207.002 3,176,727 3,339,067 6,515,794 The decrease per cent, from 1841 to 1851, of Leinster, was 15.5 ; of Munster, 23.5 ; of Ulster, 16 ; of Connaught, 23.6. Total, 20.9. The date of the census of 1851 being sixty-eight days earlier than that of the preceding one, 5,481 persons should be added to the gross population of 1841, that being the number of harvest laborers who, as was ascertained, left Ire- land previous to the 7th of June in that year. The abstracts for either years do not include the army serving in Ireland, The total decrease of persons from 1841 to 1851, exclusive of 5841 harvest laborers above mentioned, was 1,659,330. The highest per cent, of decrease was in Roscommon, where it was 31 per cent. The number of persons enumerated in 1821, was 6,801,827 ; in 1831, 7,767,401; in 1841, 8,175,124; in 1851, 6,515,794; being 286,033 lew than in 1821, thirty years before. APPENDIX CENSUS TABLES. 827 CENSUS OF THE U. S. Population of the United States, according to the Seventh Census, and Representatrves in Congress.* Statoa. White Popula- tion. Free Colored Popu- lation. Total Free. Slaves. Federal Represen- tative Popula- tion. a* w = of? 62 = fc ft u E g clj - J-. _ 0_|J Frac- tions over. Maine 581,813 817,456 313,402 985,450 148,875 363,099 3,048,325 465,513 2,258,463 71,169 417,943 894,800 553,028 274,5(57 521.572 47,211 426,486 295,718 255,491 154,034 162,189 756.753 761,417 592.004 1,955,108 395,097 977,628 846,035 304,758 191,879 91,632 1,356 520 718 9,064 3,670 7,693 49,069 23,820 53,323 18,073 74,723 54,333 27,463 8,956 2,931 924 2,293 930 17,462 397 608 6,401 10,007 2,618 25,319 2,557 10,788 5,435 633 335 965 583,169 317,976 314,120 994,514 147.545 370,792 3,097,394 489,333 2,311,786 89,242 492,666 949,133 580,491 283,523 524,508 48,135 428,779 296,648 272,953 154,431 162,797 763,154 771,424 594,622 1,980,427 397,654 988,416 851,470 305,391 192,214 92,597 ' 222 '2,290 90,368 472,528 288,548 38-1,984 381,682 39,309 342,892 309,878 244,809 58,161 47,100 239,400 210,981 87,422 583,169 317,976 314,120 994,514 147,545 370,792 3,097,394 489,466 2,311,786 90,616 546,886 1,232,649 753,619 514,513 753,512 71,720 634,514 482.574 419,838 189,327 191,057 906,830 898,012 647,075 1,980,427 397,654 988,416 851,470 305,391 192,214 92,597 6 3 3 11 2 4 33 5 25 1 6 13 8 6 8 1 T 5 4 2 2 10 10 7 21 4 11 9 3 2 t2 1 1 1 +1 Hi +1 2 1 1 +1 \ +2 1 22,631 37,707 33,851 60.284 54,122 90,523 14,435 22,351 69,634 79,771 18,150 6,235 47,398 6,128 73,976 15.495 46,146 2,481 4,211 66,023 57,205 86,537 18,544 23,962 54,186 10,663 25,122 5,368 New Hampshire . Vermont Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. . .. Delaware Maryland Vir'nnia Nortl Carolina .. South ."'Molina... Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Missouri Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Iowa California Total 19,423,915 88,027 6,038 61,530 13,038 11,330 423,384 9,973 39 17 206 24 19,847,301 48,000 6,077 61.547 13,294 11,354 3,200,634 3,687 "26 21,767,673 234 Dist. of Columbia Minnesota New Mexico .... Oregon Utah Total 19,553,928 433,643 19.987,573 3,204,347 BKCAPITULATION. Divisions. Total Free Pop. in 1840. Slaves in 1840. Total Free Pop. in 1850. Slaves in 1850. Represen- tative Pop. in 1850. Rep. in 1850. Gain or loss. Free States 9,654,865 1,102 13,434,798 222 13,436,931 143 -fl Slaveholding States . . . Districts and Territories 7,290,719 117,769 2,481,532 4,721 6,412,503 140,272 3,200,412 3,713 8,330.743 90 1 Total . . 17.063.353 2.487.355 19.987.573 3.204.347 21.767.673 238 * The aggregate representative population (21,767,673) divided by 233 the number of re- presentatives established by law gives 93,423 as the ratio of apportionment among the seve- ral States. But this gives only 220 members, leaving 13 to be assigned to the States having the largest residuary fractions. t By the act of July 30, 1852, an additional Representative is assigned to California, making the whole number of Representatives 234. The ratio of representation remains unchanged. The last published census tables differ slightly from the above, but as the apportionment of representation was made by tbe above table, we continue it. 828 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. ANTHRACITE COAL TRADE OF THE UNITED STATUS. The following Table exhibits the quantity of Anthracite Coal sent to market from the different regions in Pennsylvania, from the commencement of the Trade, in 1820, to 1854, inclusive, together with the Annual Increase: Years. 5--huylkill Lehigh. Lncka'na. Pittston. Other Regions. Aggregate Annual Increase. Aggregate in ench pe riod ot 5 yenni. Av. nnnu.'il delivery for r Hi-h period. Av. nnnniU increase BH. jieiiod over (lie preceding. 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1S28 1829 1830 1831 1832 183? 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 365 1,073 2,240 5,823 9,541 28,393 31,280 32,074 30,232 25.110 41,750 40,96ti 70,000 123.i>0;> 1*16,244 131,250 148.211 223,9,12 213,615 221,025 225,318 143,037 272516 2(17.703 377,002 429,453 523,002 643,973 680,746 801,246 722,622 9S9.296 1,114,026 1,080,544 1,246,418 365 1.073 2,240 5,823 9,541 34,893 48,047 63,434 77,516 112,083 174,784 176,820 363,871 487,748 376,63(i 5 10,758 682,428 881.476 739.293 819,327 865.414 958,899 1,108,001 1,263,539 1,681,669 2,023,052 2,3 3,992 2 932,303 3,Or9.23S 3 242,541 3.254,321 4.377,130 4,925.695 5,114,^91 5,753,369 19,042 8,809 6,500 16,767 81,360 47.284 79,973 89,984 81.854 209,271 252,971 226,692 339,5f 8 432,045 523,152 433,875 442,608 452,291 584.692 540.892 (577,295 839,934 1,083,796 l,237.oi ! 2 1.583.374 1,652.835 1,605.126 1,712.007 2,184,240 2,452.026 2,470,913 2,895,208 25,352 13,154 15,837 14,082 34,567 62,651 2,086 187,051 123 877 7,000 43,000 51.000 84,600 111,777 43700 90,000 103.861 115,387 78.207 122,300 148.470 192,270 205.253 227,605 251.005 273,435 320,000 383,200 437,500 454,240 432,339 472,478 497,839 494,327 438,406 835,973 67,194 13,488 decrease 184,122 121,670 199,048 decrease 80,084 46 087 93.485 149.102 155,538 36S.130 391.783 320.940 : 638317 106.929 153.403 11.7SO 1,122.809 548,565 1SS796 638,878 1,579,809 815,961 49,758 ll',930 15,505 21.463 57,346 68,000 127,993 188,401 205,075 299,302 256.627 303,736 276.339 415.099 439,342 556,018 676,689 8,683,282 736,656 84,139 5,827'.552 1,165,504 85,769 111,014 316,017 426,164 512,659 496,648 13,681,132 2,736,2L'6 314,144 4,085,001 389,755 23,425,006 COAL. The very general substitution of coal for wood as fuel, and its employ- ment in the manufacture of iron, and in the production of steam and gas, have, of late j'ears, given an amazing impulse to the trade in this article. Thirty years ago, the coal trade in this country was limited to 365 tuns of anthracite, brought from the Lehigh mines to Philadelphia; now, the annual production of anthracite greatly exceeds three millions of tuns. This rapid increase is not confined to the United States. In the twenty years from 1825 to 1845, the exports of coal from Great Britain increased 713 per cent. ; the production of coal in France, 181 per cent. ; in Belgium, 111 per cent. ; in Prussia, 124 percent. In the distribution of coal, the United States are highly favored. Exclusive of Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon, all of which are known to contain coal, the area of coal formations in the United States is estimated by Mr. Taylor to be 133,132 square miles, while the total area of these formations in Great Britain, Ireland, and the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, is, according to the same authority, less than thirty thousand square milea Nearly the APPENDIX COAL TABLES. 829 whole of this vast area is occupied by bituminous coal. The total area ol the anthracite region of Pennsylvania is estimated at less than four hundred square miles ; yet more tuns of fuel are now annually produced, from this small area, than from the almost boundless fields of bituminous coal scattered over twelve states. The railroads and canals, built to develop the wealth of this region, had cost, in 1847, about $40,000,000. Anthracite seems, indeed, to have superseded bituminous coal on nearly the whole of our Atlantic sea- board. The freedom from smoke of anthracite is alone sufficient to account for the preference given to it for domestic purposes. In steam navigation, it admits of much closer stowage, and is not liable to spontaneous combustion, as is the case with bituminous coal. In war-steamers, there is this additional advantage, that no smoke betrays the motions of steamers burning anthracite, whereas steamers burning fat, bituminous coal, can be " tracked" seventy miles, before their hulls become visible, by the black smoke trailing along the horizon. The preference given to anthracite may be illustrated by a comparison of the importations of coal into Boston, in the years 1840 and 1847, which stand thus : Pennsylvania anthracite, American bituminous coal, - Foreign " Thus, while in 1840 the excess of anthracite was but 20,551 tuns, in 1847 it was 188,336 tuns. TABLE I. Comparative view of the areas of coal lands, and the production in 1845 of the six principal producing countries : 1840. 73.847 tuns. 8,299 " 49,997 " 1847. 258,093 tuns. 4,554 " 65,203 " Countries. Square Miles of Coal For- mations. Tuns of Fuel produced in 1S45. Relative Parts of 1000. Official estimated Value at the Places of Production. American Dollars. Pounds Sterling. Great Britain 11,859 519 133,132 1,719 not defined. i> u 31,500,000 4,960,077 4,400.000 4,141,617 3,500,000 659,340 642 101 89 84 70 14 45.738,000 7,6S'i,900 6,650,000 7.663.000 4,122,945 800,000 9,450,000 1,660.000 1,373.963 1,603,106 856,370 165.290 Belgium United States France Prussian States . . . Austrian States . . . Total 49,161,034 1000 72,663,845 15,108.729 As to the area of coal formations in France, it is to be remarked, that the area of the "concessions," or grants made for working, is all that is given. The difference in the amount of carbon, volatile matter, and ashes, is very striking between the bituminous coals and anthracite. Anthracite has now been successfully introduced in the manufacture of iron in Pennsylvania and in South Wales. In 1842, but four furnaces used this coal in Pennsylvania. In 1846, nearly one third of all the iron manufactured in that state was made by anthracite, as may be seen by the following statement : Furnaces employing charcoal, " " anthracite, Number. Tuns made annually. 274 248.569 43 119,487 In Swansea Valley, South "Wales, there were, in 1847, twenty -three furnaces using anthracite, producing annually 59,800 tuns, wbiJe ten years before there were but three or four furnace*. 830 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS, "OAL continued. TABLE II. The importations of coal from Great Britain, British America, and all othe places into th United States : Year. Total Impor- tation in Tuns. Av'agc Value per Tun at the Shipping Ports. Year. Total Impor- tation in Tuns. AVage Vatoe per Tun at the Shipping Ports. 1830. 58,582 $3.49 1840.. 163,510 $ -2.37 1831. 36,509 1341.. 155,394 2.37 1832. 83,144 1842.. 141,521 2.63 1833. 92,432 2.61 1843.. 41,163 2.S3 1834. 91,632 2.18 1844.. 87.073 2.72 1835. 59,912 2.39 1845.. 85.776 2.60 1836. 108,432 2.27 1846.. 156,853 2.41 1837. 153,450 2.36 1847.. 148,021 2.50 1H38. 129,083 2.40 1848.. 196,251 2.76 1839. 181,551 2.29 1849. TABLE III. Production of Pennsylvania anthracite from the beginning of the trade in 1820 to 1S49: Years. Lehigh. Schuylkill. Lackawanna. Shamokin. Wyoming. Total. IQOfl 365 365 1821 1 073 1,073 1S22 2 440 2,440 1823 5823 5,823 1S24 9 541 9,541 ico5 28 396 6500 34,896 1S26 31 280 16767 48,047 1827 32,074 31 360 63,434 1823 30 232 47 284 77.516 1829 25 110 79973 7,000 112,083 1S30 41 750 89 984 42 700 17-1,434 1S31 40 966 81 854 54,000 176,820 1832 75000 209 271 84500 368.771 1S33 123 000 252 971 111.777 487,7*8 1S34 106 244 226 692 43 700 876,636 1885 131 250 339 508 98845 575,103 1836 146522 432 045 104,500 693,484 1837 225 937 59.3 152 115,387 887,632 1S33 214211 433 875 76,321 4104 751,181 1839 222 042 442 608 122 300 11 930 823,479 1840 225 591 452 291 148,470 15928 867,045 1R41 . 142 807 585 542 192 270 22154 964,255 1S42 271,913 541,504 205,253 10,098 47,346 1,107,732 1843 267,125 677313 227,605 9,870 57,740 1,262,532 1S44 376,363 840,379 251,005 13,087 114,906 1,623,459 1845 430,993 1,086,068 266,072 10,135 178,401 2,002,877 1846 522,518 1 236 581 318,400 12,646 183,003 2,333,494 1847 643,568 1,572,794 888,200 14,904 289,898 2,970,597 1848 680 193 1 652 834 434,267 287,271 3,063,503 1849 801,246 1,633,425 454,240 19,650 259,080 8,242,641 Tuns, 5,855,573 13,542,575 8,746,812 144,506 1,872,645 25,113,641 The column of totals, after the year 1834, includes, besides the product of the five locali- ties in the table, a considerable amount from Pine Grove and Lyken's Valley. Table IV. exhibits the retail prices of coal per tun in Philadelphia, New- York, and Boston. The tun, it will be seen, is different in Philadelphia from that of New-York and Boston : 3t APPENDIX COAL TABLES. 831 CO AL continued . TABLE IV. TEAKS. PHILADELPHIA. Per Tun of 2,240 Ibs. NEW- YORK. Per Tun of 2,000 Ibs. BOSTON'. Per Tun of 2,000 Ibs. Lehigh. Schuylkill White-ash. Schuylkill Red-ash. Schuylkill. Lehigh. Schuylkill White-a*h. Schuylkill Red-ash. 1838 $5.50 $ 6.UO 5.50 425 3.50 3.75 4.38 4.62 3.50 4.00 3.50 $ 8.70 8.58 8.00 8.45 7.16 5.96 5.56 6.50 7.00 6.50 1339 1840 5.50 1841 $ 8.87 7.21 5.75 $8.75 6.96 $ 9.21 7.58 1842 1843 1S44 1845 6.00 6.25 6..'5 ]846 4.50 5.00 3.62 3.75 *3.62 1847 6.75 6.50 5.75 5.50 6.75 5.00 5.75 5.00 7.00 5.50 6.00 5.25 1848 $3.25 3.75 8.25 1849 1850 New-York price of coal : Year 1850, . " 1851, .... 1852 ..... 1854, $4.50 to $5.00 5.00 to 5.50 5.50 to 6.50 6.50 to 7.00 7.50 COINAGE. It is lawful for any person or persons to bring to the Mint gold and silver bullion to be coined ; and the bullion so brought is there assayed and coined, as speedily as may be after the receipt thereof, and, if of the standard of the United States, free of expense to the person or persons by whom it has been brought. But the Treasurer of the Mint is not obliged to receive, for the purpose of refining and coining, any deposit of less value than one hundred dollars, nor any bullion so base as to be unsuitable for minting. And there must be retained from every deposit of bullion below the standard, such sum as shall be equivalent to the expense incurred in refining, toughening, and alloying the same ; an accurate account of which is kept, and of the sums retained on account of the same. Statement of the Coinage of the Mint of the United States and its Branches in the year 1853. Denominations. Pieces. Value. Denominations. Pieces. i Value. GOLD. Fine Bars, 4,576 $ 15 835 993 SILVER. Dollars, 46,110 $ 46,110 Double Eagles, . 1,832 326 26 646 5 - 20 Half-Dollars 4 86i> 708 2 430 354 Eag'es, 252 253 2 522 530 Quarter-Dollars 16 586 '220 4 146555 Half-Eagles, ... Quarter-Eagles, 461,019 1,407,836 2,305.095 3519615 Dimes, Half-Dimes 13.273,010 15 705020 1.326,301 785251 Dollars, 4,384,149 4,384 149 Three-cent Pieces 11 400 000 342 000 Total Gold, . . 7,842,169 55,213,907 Total 61,871,063 9,077,571 COPPER. Cents, 6,641,131 6641131 Half-Cents 129,694 648.47 Gold and Cop- per Coins, . . . 14,612,994 55,280,966.78 Total Coinage, in- cluding Fine Bars, 76,434,062 64,353,537.73 * To September, 1850. 832 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. COINAGE. continued. Coinage of the Mint of the United States, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch Mint*, from the commencement of their operations in 1838: GOLD. SILVER. COPPEK. WHOLE COINAGE. jfciirs* Value. Value. Value. No. of Pieces Value. 171)3-95 $71,485.00 $370,683.80 $11,373.00 1,834,420 $453,541 .80 1796 102,727.50 79,077.50 10.324.40 1.219.370 192,129.40 1797 103,422.50 12,591.45 9.510.34 1,095.165 125.524.29 1798 205,610.00 330,291.00 9.797.00 1,86S,241 545 698.00 1799 213,285.00 423,515.00 9.106.68 1,365,681 645.906.63 1800 3 1 7,7(5. i. 00 224,296.00 29,279.40 3,337,972 571.335.40 1801 422,570.00 74,758.00 13,628.37 1,571.390 51(>,9f>(>.37 1S02 423,310.00 58,343.00 34,422.83 3,615,8H9 51 6.075.S8 1803 258,377.50 87,118.00 25,203.03 2,780.83!) 370,69s.53 1804 258.642.50 100,340.50 12,844.94 2,046,839 371,821,94 1805 170,367.50 149,388.50 13,483.48 2,260,361 333.289.48 1806 324.505.00 471,319.00 5,260.00 1,815,409 8ol,(:84.00 1807 437,49o.OO 597,448.75 9,652.21 2,731,345 1,044,595.96 1S()8 284,665.00 684,300.00 13,090.00 2,985,888 982.055.00 1809 169,375.00 707,376.00 8,0(11.53 2,861,834 8S4,7.V2.53 1810 501,435.00 638,773.50 15,660.00 3,056.418 1,155.868.50 1811 4117,9(1500 608,340.00 2.495.95 1,649,570 1,108.740.95 1812 290.435.00 814,029.50 10,755.00 2,761,646 1,115,219.50 1813 477,140.00 620.951.50 4,180.00 1,755.331 1,10'2,275.50 1814 77,270.00 561,687.50 8,578.30 1,833,859 642,535.80 1815 8,175.00 17,308.00 69,8C7 20.4S3.00 1816 28,575,75 28,209.82 2,888.135 96.7-55.57 isir 607,783.50 39,484.00 5,163,967 647,267.50 1818 242,940.00 1,070,454.50 31,670.00 5,537,084 1,345,064.50 1819 258.615.00 1,140.000.00 26,710.00 5,074,723 1,425,325.00 1820 1,319,030.00 501,680.70 44,075.50 6,492,509 1,8 4,786.20 1821 189,325.00 825,762.45 3,890.00 8,139,249 1.018,977.45 1822 88,980.00 805,806.50 20,728.39 3,813,788 915,509.89 1823 72,425.00 895,550.00 2,16d,4S5 967,975.00 1824 93.200.00 1,752,477.00 12,620.00 4,780,894 1,858,297.00 1825 156,385.00 1,564,583.00 14,926.00 5,178,760 1,735,894.00 1826 92,245.00 2,002,090.00 16,344.25 5,774,43* 2,11o.679.2:> 1827 131,565.00 2.869,200.00 23,557.32 9,097,845 3.024,842.82 1828 140,145.00 1,575.600.00 25,636.24 6,196,853 1.741.381.21 18-29 295,717.50 1,994,578.00 16,580.00 7,67-1,51(1 2,306,875.50 1830 643,105.00 2,495,400.00 17,115.00 8,357,191 3,155.620.00 1831 714.270.UO 8,175,600.00 83,603.60 11,792,^84 8,928,473.60 1832 798,435.00 2,579,000.00 23,620.00 9,128,387 3,401,055.00 1833 978,550.00 2,759,000.00 28,160.00 10,307.790 3.76:>,710.00 1834 3,954,270.00 8,415,002.00 19,151.00 11,637,643 7.388,423.00 18:55 2,186,175.00 3,443,003.00 89,489.00 15,996,342 5,668.667.00 1836 4,135,700.00 3,606,100.00 23,100.00 13,719,333 7,764,900.00 1837 1,148,305.00 2,096,010.00 55,583.00 13,010,721 3,299,898.00 1838 1,809,595.00 2,333,243.00 53,702.00 15.780,311 4.20(5,540.00 1839 1,355,885.00 2,189,296.00 31,286.61 11,811,594 3,576,467.61 1840 1,675,3("2.50 1,726.703.00 24,627.00 10,558,240 8,42(5,632.50 1841 l,('91,. r )97.50 1,132,750.00 15,973.67 8,811,968 2,240,321.17 1842 1,834,170.50 2.332,750.00 23,833.90 11,743,153 4,190.754.40 1843 8,108,797.50 8,834,750.00 24,283.20 4,640,582 11,967.830.70 1844 2,230.00 2,235,550.00 23,987.52 9.051,834 7.687,767.52 1845 3,75(5,447.50 1,H73.200.00 38,948.04 1, SOli, 196 5,668,595 54 1846 4,034.177.00 2..*5S,580.00 41,208.00 10,133,515 6,633,965.00 1847 20,221,385.00 2,374,450.00 61.836.H9 15,392,344 22,657.671.69 1843 3,775,51250 2,04(t,(50.00 64,157.99 12,649,790 5,879,720.49 1849 9.007,761 50 2,114,950.00 41.984.32 12,666,659 11,164.695.82 1850 31,981,733.50 1,861), 100.00 44,467.50 14,. r >83.220 33,89-2,301.00 1851 62,614,492.50 774.397.00 99635.43 28,701.953 63.4HS,n24.93 1852 56,846,187.50 1,3011.555. 00 50,630.94 82,964.019 58,206,373.44 1853* 55.213,907.00 9,077,571.00 67,059.78 76,484,062 64,358,537.78 1854 66,302,388.86 41,072,400.00 j * The value of the Gold coinage for this year is given in the State of the Union, $46,998,945.60. D. Silver do. do. do. 6,996,255.00. APPEXDIX COIN TABLES. 833 COIN AND BULLION. Statement exhibiting the amount of coin and bullion imported and exported annually, from 1821 to 1854 inclusive; and also the amount of importation over exportation, and of exportation over importation, during the same years. Coin ai id Bullion. Years ending : Imported. Exported. Excess of impor- tation over exportation. Excess of expor- tation over importation. September 80, 1821 $ 8 064 890 $ 10 478 059 $ $ 2 413 169 1822 3.369 846 10,810.180 7 440 334 1823 5 097 S96 6,372 937 1 '275,091 1824 8 379 835 7,014,552 1,365,283 1825 6 150 765 8,935 031 2,781 269 1826 6 880 966 4,704,533 2,176,433 1827 8 151 130 8,014 8-0 136,250 1828 7,4S9 741 8 243 476 753 735 182y 7 403 612 4 924 020 2,479,5!>2 1830 8,155 964 2,178,773 5,977,191 1831 7 305 945 9,014 931 1,708 986 1832 5 907,504 5,656 340 251,164 1833 7 070 363 2,611 701 4,458,667 1834 17 911,632 2,076 758 15,834,374 1835 13 131 447 6,477 775 6,653,672 1836 13,400,831 4,324,336 9,076,545 1837 10 516 414 5,976 249 4,540,165 183S 17,747,116 3,508 046 14,239,070 1839 5595 176 8,776 743 8,181,567 1840 1841 8,882,813 4,953 633 8,417,014 10 033 332 465,799 5 045 699 1842 4 037 016 4,813 539 726,5-23 9 months to June 80, . . 1843 22 390,559 1,520 791 20,869,763 Year ending June 80 . . 1844 5 330 429 5,454 214 376,215 1845 4 070,242 8,606 495 4,536,253 1S46 3 777 732 3,905 263 127 536 1847 24 121,289 1,907 024 22,214,265 1848 6 360 224 15841 616 9,481,392 1849 6 651 240 5,404,048 1,246,592 1850 4 628 792 7 522 994 2 894.202 1851 5 453 592 29 472 752 24 019 160 1852 5 505 044 42 674 135 37,169,091 1853 4 201 332 27 4S6 875 23 285 493 1854 6 75S 587 41,197 300 34,433,713 Total, 285,433,702 334,355,370 112,361,545 161,278,213 COLORS MOST FREQUENTLY HIT DURING WAR. It would appear, from numerous observations, that soldiers are hit during battle according to the color of their dress, in the following order : red the most fatal color ; the least fatal, Austrian gray. The proportions are : red, twelve ; rifle green, seven ; brown, six ; Austrian bluish gray, five. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES : Years. Export of food to Great Britain and Ireland. Elsewhere. 1849-50 1850-51 1851-52 1852-53 Average, $11,717,000 9,504,000 11,701,000 15,796,000 $12.023,000 12,552,000 15,509,000 15,910,000 $12,180,000 $14,600,000 834 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued. Gross value of exports and imports from the beginning of the Government to the 80th June, 1854. Exports. Years ending : Imports total. Domestic Produce. Foreign Mer- chandise. Total. Sept. 80, 1790 $ 19,666,000 $ 539,156 $ 20,205,156 $ 23,000,000 1791 18,500,000 512,041 19.012,041 29,200,000 1792 19,000,000 1,753,098 20,753.093 31,500,000 1793 24,000,000 2,109,572 26.109,572 31,100',000 1794 26,500,000 6,526,233 33,026,233 84.600,000 1795 89,500,000 8,489,472 47,939,472 69,756,268 1796 40,764,097 26,300,000 67,064,097 81,436,164 1797 29,850.206 27,000,000 56,850,206 75,379,406 1793 28,527,097 33,000,000 61,527,097 68,551,700 1799 33,142.522 45,523,000 78,665,522 79,069,148 1800 31,840.903 39,130,877 70,971,780 91,252.768 1S01 47,473,204 46.642,721 94,115,925 111,363,511 1802 36,708,189 35,774,971 72,433,160 76,333,333 1803 42,205,961 13,594,072 65,800.033 64,666,666 1804 41,467,477 36,231.597 77,699,074 85,000,000 1805 42,357,002 53,179,019 95,566,021 120,600,000 1806 41,253,727 60,283.236 101,536,963 129,410,000 1807 48,699,592 59,643,558 108,343,150 138,500,000 1808 9,433,516 12,997,414 22,430,960 56.990,000 1809 31,405,702 20,797,531 52,203,233 59,400,000 1810 42,366,675 24,391,295 66.657.970 85,400,000 1811 45,294,043 16,022,790 61.316,833 53,400,000 1812 80,032,109 8,495,127 38,527,236 77.030.000 1813 25,008,132 2,847,865 27,855,997 22.005,000 1814 6,782.272 145,169 6,927.441 12.91)5,000 1815 45,974,403 6,583,350 52.557,753 113,041,274 1816 64,781,896 17,138,156 81,920,452 147,103.000 1817 68,313,500 19 358,069 87,671,560 99,150,000 1818 73,854,437 19,426,696 93,231,133 121.750,000 1819 50,976,838 19,165,683 70.142,521 87,125,000 1820 51,683,640 18,008,029 69,691,669 74,450.000 1821 43,671,894 21,302,488 64.974,382 62,585,724 1822 49,874,079 22,286.202 72,160,281 83,241,541 1823 47.155,408 27.543.622 74,099,030 87,579,267 1824 50,649,500 25,337,157 75,956,657 80.549.007 1825 66,944,745 82.590,643 99,535.383 96,340.075 1826 53,055,710 24,530,612 77,595.322 84.974,477 1827 58,921,691 23,403,136 82,324,327 79,434,063 1828 50,669,669 21,595,017 72,264,636 83,509,324 1829 55,700,193 16,658,478 72,353,671 74,492,527 1830 59,462,029 14,387,478 73,349,508 70,876,920 1831 61,277,057 20,033.596 81,310,533 103,191,124 1832 63,137,470 24,039.473 87,176.943 101,029,266 1833 70317,698 19,822,735 90,140.443 108,118,311 1834 81,024,162 23,312,811 104,336,973 126,521,332 1835 101.189,082 20,504,495 121,693,577 149,895,742 1836 106,916.680 21,746,360 123,663.040 189,930,035 1837 95.564,414 21,854,962 117,419,376 14d,939.'217 1838 96,033,821 12,452,795 108,436,616 113,717,404 1839 103,533,891 17,494,525 121,023,416 162,092,132 1840 113,895,634 18,190,312 182,085.946 107,141,519 1841 106,332,722 15,469.081 121,351,303 127,946,177 1842 92,969,996 11,721,538 104,691,534 100,162,087 1843 77,793,733 6,552,697 84,346,430 64,753,799 1844 99,715,179 11,484,867 111,200,046 103,435,035 1845 99,299,776 15,346,330 114,646,606 117,254,564 1846 102,141,893 11,346,623 113.433,516 121.691,797 1847 150,637,464 8,011,158 158,648,622 146,545,638 APPENDIX COMMERCE TABLES. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued. 835 Exports. Years ending : Domestic Produce. Foreign Mer- chandise. Total. Imports total. Sept. 30, 1843 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 * 132.904,121 132,666,955 136,946,912 196.6^9,713 192,368,934 213.41T.697 253,390,870 $ 21,123,010 13,083,865 14,951,308 21,693,293 17,239,332 17,558.460 24,350,194 $ 154,032,131 145,755,320 151,893,720 213,338,011 209,653.366 23>,976J57 273,241,064 $ 154,998,928 147,857,439 173.133,318 216,224.932 212,945,442 267.978,647 3J4,562,3S1 Total. . 4,573,714.067 1,321,203,831 5,894,917,393 6,721.432.934 NOTE. Prior to 1821, the Treasury reports did not give the value of imports. To that period their value, and also the value of domestic and foreign exports, have been estimated from sources believed to be authentic. From 1321 to 1354, inclusive, their value has been taken from official documents. Statement exhibiting a summary view of the exports of domestic produce, etc., of tne United States, during the years ending on the 30th June, 1847, 1843, 1349, 1350, 1851, 1352, 1853, the specie and bullion, and aggregate value in 1854: * Produce of Raw produce. Specie and bullion. Total value. The sea. The fo- rest. Agricul- ture. Tobacco. Cotton. Manufac- tures. $ 1847 3,463,033 18431,931,963 1349 2,547.654 13512,824,818 1851 3,294.691 1352 2,282,342 1853 3,279.413 1854 3,044,301 * 5,996,073 7.059,084 5,917,994 7,442,5'J3 7,847,022 7,864,22.) 7,915,259 11,646,571 $ 68,45:),333 37,731,446 33,358,2.14 26,547,158 24,369,210 26,378,872 33,463,673 66,900,294 $ 7,242,086 7,551,122 5,804,207 9,951,023 9,219,251 10,031,233 11,319,319 10,016,046 $ 53.415,848 61,993,294 66,396,967 71,934,616 112,315.317 87,975,732 109,456,404 93,596,220 $ 10,351,364 12,774,43 11,249,377 15,196,451 20,136,967 18,362,931 22,599,93:) 26,179,503 $ $ $ 2.102,333 62,620 i 150,637,464 1,053,320 2,700.412 132,9.:4,121 935,173, 956,374132.666.955 953,064 2.046,679 136.946.912 1,437.393 13,(i69,5S: 196,439.713 1,545,767 37.4J37.S37 192.363,984 1,835,264 23,543,535 213,417,697 2,6; 12,301 38,062.570 252,047,306 Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and domestic produce, etc., exported annually from 1321 to 1854 : Value of exports exclusive of specie. Tears ending : Foreign merchandise. Domestic Aggregate Specie and bullion. Free of duty. Paying duty. Total. produce. exports. $ $ $ $ $ $ Sept. 30, 1821 286,698 10,537,731 10,824,429 43,671,894 54.496,323 10,473.059 1822 874,716 11,101,306 11,476,022 49,874,079 61,350,101 10,310,180 1823 1,323.762 19,846,873 21,170,635 47,155,408 63.326,043 6,372,987 1824 1,100,530 17,222,075 28,822,605 50,649,500 63,972,105 7,014,552 1825 1,088,785 22,704,803 23,793,588 66,809.766 90,603,354 8,932,034 1826 1,036,430 19.404,504 20,440,934 52,449,855 72,890.739 4,704.533 1827 813,844 15,417,936 16,281.830 57,873,117 74,109,947 1 8,041,881) 1823 877,239 13,167,339 14,044,578 49,976,632 64,021,210 ! 8,253,476 1S29 919,943 11,427,401 12,847,344 55,087,307 67,434,651 I 4,924,020 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. continued. Statement exhibiting the value of foreign merchandise and domestic produce. continued. Value of exports exclusive of specie. Years ending : Foreign Merchandise. Specie and 11 Domestic Aggregate bullion. Free of duty. Paying duty. Total. produce. value of exports. Sept 80, 1830 $ 1,078,965 $ 12,067,162 $ 13,145,857 $ 58,524.878 71,670,735 $ 2,178,773 1831 642.586 12,434,483 13,077,069 59.218,583 72,295,652 9,014.931 1832 1,345,217 18,448,857 19,794,074 61,726,529 81,520,6(13 5,656,340 1833 5,165,9(i7 12,411,969 17,577,876 69,950,856 87,528,732 2.611,701 1834 10,757,033 | 10,879,520 21,636,553 80,624,662 102,260.215 2.076,758 1835 7,012,666 7,743,655 14,756,321 100,459,481 115,215,802 6,477,775 1836 8,534,895 9,232,867 17,767,762 106,570,942 124,338,7(4 4*824836 183T 7,756,189 9,406,043 17,162,282 94,280,895 111.443,127 5,976,249 1838 4,951,306 4,466,384 9,417,690 95,560,880 104,978,570 3.508.046 1839 5.618,442 5,007,698 10,626,140 101,625,533 112,251,678 8,776,743 1840 6,202,562 5,805,809 12,008,371 111,660,561 123,668,932 8,417,014 1841 3,953,054 4,228,181 8,181,235 103.636.236 111,817,471 10,084,332 1842 3,194,299 4,884.454 8,078,753 91,799,242 99.877,995 4,813,539 9ms. to J'e 80, 1843 1,682,763 3,456,572 5,139,335 77,686,854 82,825,689 1,520,791 Y'r to J'e 80,1844 2,251,550 3,962,508 6,214,058 99,531.774 105,745,832 : 5,454,214 1845 2,413,050 5,171,731 7,584,781 98,455,330 106.040,111 8,ft :6.495 1846 2,342,629 5,522,577 7,865,206 101,718,042 109,583,248 3,905,268 1847 1,812,847 4,353.907 6,166,754 150,574,844 156,741 ,59S I,9(i7.n24 1848 1,410,307 6,576,499 7,986,806 130,203,709 138.19(1,515 15,841.616 1849 2,015,815 6,625,276 8,641.091 131,710,081 140,351,172 5,404,648 1850 2,099,132 7.376,361 9,475,493 134,900,233 144,375,726 7,522.994 1851 1,742,154 8,552,967 10,295,121 178,620,138 188,915,259 29,472,752 1852 2,538,159 9,498,884 12,037,043 154,921,147 166,968.190 j 42,674.135 1853 1,894,046 11,202,167 13,096,213 189,869,162 202,965,375 27,486,S75 1854 3,260,451 18,500,686 21,761,137 253,220,074 274,981,211 41,422,428 Total, 99,497,701 j 348,647,235 448,144,936 3,310,611,724 3,758,756,660 j 334,58* i,493 Statement exhibiting the value of certain manufactured articles of domestic produce exported to foreign countries, from the 30th day of June, 1845, to June 30, 1854: Articles. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1S50. 1851. 1852. ! 1853. 1854. $ ' 200,420 9,597 83.012 126,062 187.335 19;, 848 229,382 S8,8BT 1,311,513 '2..,678 T6J,559 244,688 174.896 58.311 Wearing apparel Fire-engines and ap- paratus $ 45,140 9,802 43,798 25,375 63,567 124,597 90,860 14,234 8,660 10,613 317,407 87,712 74,722 24.857 $ 47,101 8,443 17,431 16,997 44,751 88.731 71,155 11,220 4,268 5.270 225,700 75,369 59,536 18.102 $ 574,834 7,686 30,403 88,508 75,193 78,807 76,007 22,466 6,241 6,126 297,358 89,963 55,493 27.485 $ 79,945 548 28,031 23,713 94,427 86.827 101,419 20,882 4,502 6,099 237,342 95,934 64,967 87.276 $ 207,642 8,140 89,242 24,634 119,475 99,r,96 186,682 84,510 4,583 10,370 278,025 95,722 8,671 20.893 * 1,211,894 8,488 71,401 55,700 153,912 155,664 185,486 41,449 68,639 12.207 362,830 199,4-21 108,768 80.100 * 250,228 16,784 47.781 67,733 217,809 119,535 194,634 57,240 20,832 15.035 130,182 172,446 80,458 47.937 239 788 9,052 82,250 52,397 142.601 122,212 170,561 47,628 11,873 27,148 7l4,:.r>G 184,497 91.261 48.229 Printing presses and tvnes. . Musical instruments Books and maps . Paper and stationery Manufactures of glass Manufactures of mar- ble and stone Manufactures of gold and silver, and gold leaf Trunks Household furniture Coaches and other carriages . Hate.. Saddlerv . APPENDIX EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS. 837 EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS. EDUCATION" (ix EUROPE). Austria. Austria has not received due credit for its gigantic efforts to establish a free and extensive system of education. In 1842 there were 20,293 primary day schools, besides 11,140 evening classes for adults and apprentices, employing in all 41, 809 teachers, and having a school attendance of over 2,500,000 pupils. Besides these schools, there were eight universities, with 353 professors and 13,871 students; twelve lycea; forty- nine theological schools; fifty -three philosophical colleges; 188 gymnasia, or higher classical schools; 126 special schools, and 1252 private schools. Bavaria. Bavaria has three universities ; nine lyceums, or colleges ; twenty- four gymnasiums ; seventy Latin schools ; three polytechnic schools ; thirty- two mechanic, or industrial schools; nine normal schools; and 6065 common, or primary schools. Belgium. There is now a very complete system of public instruction in suc- cessful operation in Belgium, organized in 1842, and modified in 1850. It embraces 1. Primary schools, of two grades ; 2. Secondary schools, of two grades ; 3. Superior schools, or universities ; 4. Special schools, of every kind ; 5. Societies for the advancement of science, the arts, and literature. All the schools are subjected to constant and intelligent supervision, and their con- dition reported to the public fully and frequently. There is one normal school to train professors for colleges and secondary schools, and two to train teachers for primary schools ; besides a normal course in the best primary school, of a superior grade, in each province, and a meeting of all the teachers of a given district every three months for discussion. Much attention is given to practical and scientific education in all the industrial occupations of Bel- gium ; and there are schools of commerce, engineering, agriculture, and the mechanic arts, in successful operation. No country in Europe is making more rapid educational progress. England and Wales. England is well supplied with the means of academic and collegiate education. The ancient endowments of grammar schools, colleges, and universities, exceed in amount those of any other country. The annual income of charitable trusts designed for grammar schools, alone, exceeds $800,000, and for schools not classical and elementary, over $1,000,000 ; and, if pi-operly managed, it is calculated, by Mr. McCul- loch, that these trusts would yield over $4,000,000. But these endowments educate to a very limited extent the mass of the poor in England, for whose special benefit they were left by their charitable and religious founders. The only effectual education provided for the poor and laboring classes, has been given through schools supported by religious bodies and voluntary societies, established since 1800, and only aided effectually since 1846, by governmental grants and inspection. It was recently stated, in a speech in Parliament, that, in respect to education, England is almost at the bottom of the scale Russia, Spain, and Italy, only being lower; that, out of the entire 838 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. number of children between five and fifteen years of age, in England, forty- two per cent, are at school, twelve per cent, are at work, and forty-six per cent, neither at school nor at work. There was also mentioned a fact, which seems really incredible, viz.: that nearly eight hundred school masters of mistresses in England were unable to write their own names ; and that, at the taking of the census, they signed their returns with a mark. The following are the most recent statistics of elementary education in England, gathered from Lord John Russell's speech, in 1863: Denomination of Schools. Number of Schools. Number of Pupils. Total Income. Church of England Schools, 17,015 955,865 817,081 British and Foreign do 1,500 225,000 161,250 \Vesleyan do. 397 38,623 27,347 Congregational do 89 6,839 4,901 Roman Catholic do 585 84,750 16,000 Kagged do. 270 20,000 20,000 Total. . 19,856 1.281.077 1,046.579 Public day schools, .... Number of persons on the school-books: Males, ...... Females, ..... Total, ...... Attending at the schools on the 81st March, 1851 : Males, ------ Females, - Privale day schools, 31st March, 1851, Number on the school books : Males, ------ Females, ----- Attending on March 81st, 1851 : Males, ..... Females, ..... 15,478 791,543 616,021 1,407,567 635,107 480,130 29,425 847,694 353,210 317,890 822,349 Proportion of scholars on the books to the (one scholar in 8 persons) popu- lation, 11.76 per cent. Number of scholars in attendance to school on books, 83 1-5 per cent. France. The system of public instruction in France embraces: 1. Primary schools of two grades, elementary and superior; of the first there are 37,000, and of the last 290, with 2,780,370 pupils. In all the primary schools, public and private, there are 3,164,297 pupils. 2. Supplementary classes or schools, for children and adults who cannot attend the primary schools. This grade of institutions embraces 1489 infant schools, with 96,192 pupils; and 6630 classes for adults, with 102,230 pupils. 3. Secondary schools; embracing fifty-seven lycea or classical high schools, with 20,372 pupils; 312 communal colleges and forty-six royal colleges, with an aggregate of 44,000 pupils ; besides some 50,000 pupils in private establishments of the same grade. 4. Superior schools ; or schools of law, medicine, theolog}*, science, literature, and the arts. There are six faculties of Catholic theology, and two of Pro- testant theology, with about GOOO students. There are nine faculties of law, at Aix, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Paris, Poitiers, Rennes, Strasbourg, and Tou- louse, with about 30^)0 students. There are three faculties of medicine, at Paris, Grenoble, and Montpelier, with seventeen secondary schools of medi- cine. The faculty of medicine in Paris includes about thirty professors and 4000 students. There are eight faculties of science and six faculties of letters ; APPENDIX EDUCATION IX EUROPE. five special schools, a. Normal schools for trail. nig teachers and professors: One superior normal school at Paris, for educating professors for colleges find lycea ; ninety-three primary normal schools, including the Institutes of the Christian Brothel's, and seminaries for female teachers, connected with reli- gious communities; one normal military school at Paris; one normal class for teachers and conductors of reform schools at Mettray. 6. Schools of en- gineers, military, civil, and naval: There are the Polytechnic School, and the School of Roads and Bridges, and the School of Mines, at Paris, c. Schools of arts and manufactures : 1. The central school, and the Conservatory of the Arts, at Paris ; 2. The schools at Chalons, Angers, and Aix, together with a large number of provincial and town schools and classes, for special instruc- tion in drawing, pattern, and model making, etc. d. Schools of agriculture, horticulture, etc.: There are forty-four model-farm schools; four regional, or district; one central institute at Versailles ; four veterinary schools, and one school of horticulture, e. Military schools : These are six 1. Military Gymnasium, at Paris ; 2. Special Military School, at St. Cyr ; 3. College, at La Fleche ; 4. School for Artillery, at Metz; 5. School for Staff-officers, at Paris; 6. School for Cavalry, at Saumur. f. Naval schools : Besides the two large schools at Brest and L'Orient, there are forty naval schools in the dif- ferent seaports, g. School of the fine arts: Aid is given to the Academy of Painting at Rome and Pari? to the Conservatory of Music, and to schools of Design at Paris and in the provinces, h. Institutions for the hlind, deaf mutes, and idiots: France was the earliest to establish public institutions for each of these unfortunate classes, and still makes annual appropriations in their behalf, i. Agricultural orphan homes and reform schools : There are ten reform-farm schools, and nineteen homes for orphans, with a farm and a garden attached, supported or aided by the government. Besides these institutions, there are a large number of societies and libraries, devoted to the advancement of a particular science or branch of knowledge, in aid of which the government makes annual appropriations. Grand Duchy of Baden. The Grand Duchy is one of the most advanced con- stitutional States of Germany, and the one best provided with educational institutions. With a population in 1844 of 400,000, there were Two uni- versities one at Heidelberg, with 710 students the other at Freiburg, with 485 students; fourlyceums, or high schools, a grade below the university; six gymnasiums, devoted mainly to high classical instruction ; six pedagogiunis, or schools preparatory to the lycea; fourteen Latin schools, preparatory to the gymnasium ; eight seminaries for young ladies ; four normal schools one at Carlsruhe, for Protestant teachers ; four normal schools one ut Carlsruhe for Catholic teachers; one institution for deaf mutes: one veteii- nary school ; one polytechnic school, with 200 pupils ; one trade school ; one military academy; 2121 common schools, each with different grade* or classes. Greece. The public educational institutions of Greece, and their statistics for 1851-2, are as follows: University of Athens, thirty-nine professors and 690 students classed as follows : of philosophy (sciences and belles-lettres), sixty-six; theology, ten ; law, 109; medicine, 278 ; pharmacy, thirty-seven. Of the 590, 281 are from the kingdom of Greece, and 309 from the Greek provinces. The annual expense of this institution is $23,560. Seven gymnasia (classical high schools), with forty-three professors and 1077 pupils, of whom 847 are from Independent Greece. Seventy-nine secondary schools (called. Hellenic, because based upon the study of Greek), with 133 professors and 3872 pupils; four private institutions and three supported by the communes, with twenty-five professors and 511 pupils; one seminary, witli four profes b40 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. sors and thirty students. One normal school, for training teachers for the communal schools, with seven professors and sixty students. 338 communal schools for boys, with 366 teachers and 33,864 pupils. Thirty-one communal schools for girls, with forty teachers and 4380 pupils ; seventeen private schools for girls, with twenty-five teachers and 1479 pupils; the school of the Philecpaideutic Society, for the higher instruction of girls, with thirteen professors and 464 pupils. One agricultural school, at Tiryns, with twenty scholars. One military school, with twenty professors and sixty-four pupils. There are, also, at Athens, a school called the Polytechnic School, being the beginning of a school of arts and trades ; a library, of about 70.000 volumes ; a rich cabinet of natural philosophy ; a museum of natural history ; an ana- tomical museum ; a museum of pathological anatomy ; an observatory ; a medical society ; a society of natural history ; an archaeological society ; a society of the fine arts, and a botanic garden. According to statistical returns of the kingdom of Greece, for 1853, the population is 1,002,112. Of this number, from 700 to 750 ai*e teachers or professors, and about 47,000 pupils, of whom about 6250 are females. The number of young Greeks studying in the universities of France, Germany, and Italy, is from 350 to 400. Of these, thirty-one, having finished courses of study in Greece, are maintained at the expense of the Greek government. Eleven of them are studying med-icine, six fine arts, six literature, one law, one physical and mathematical science, and six theology. Holland. The primary school system of Holland was first organized in 1806. The kingdom is divided into districts, for each of which there are school inspectors, who visit schools, examine and promote teachers, and give life to the whole system. There were 3214 primary schools in 1846, with 382,370 pupils, to which there were eighty inspectors, paid by the government. The schools are partly supported by the communes or parishes, and partly by the parents. Ireland. Prior to 1650, Ireland abounded with schools connected with reli- gious houses or the parish church. From the time of Henry VIII., to 1831, the legislation of England, in regard to Irish schools, was mainly directed to convert Irishmen into Englishmen, and Catholics into Protestants. It was even made an offense, punishable by transportation, to act as a schoolmaster, or for Catholic parents to educate their children abroad. In 1831, a Board of Commissioners of National Education for Ireland was organized, and an annual grant in the year 1848, amounting to over 125,000 was made to support public schools free of any denominational bias. This Board has aided in the erection and fitting up of over 3000 school-houses, and now supports over 4000 elementary schools, with 500,000 pupils, besides one normal school, one model-farm school, twenty-one district-farm schools, sixteen industrial schools, eighteen workhouse schools, and a large number of evening classes. Prussia. The educational system of Prussia embraces 1. Primary schools of two grades, elementary and superior, with a high school in the large towns ; 2. Secondary schools of two kinds gymnasia for classical training, and real schools for the business of life ; 3. Universities, with the most com- plete range of higher instruction in law, medicine, theology, science, and philosophy ; 4. Special schools, for the deaf and dumb, blind, idiots, and for engineers, farmers, artisans, and artists. In 1846, there were 24,080 ele- mentary schools, with 29,663 male teachers, and 1876 female, all of whom had been trained in normal schools, of which there are forty-six, including two for female teachers. To these should be added 1436 superior primary schools, with 91,818 scholars and 2729 teachers, and 100 town high schools, and 762 teachers, and 15,624 students APPENDIX EDUCATION IN EUROPE. 841 Russia. The public schools of Russia ma}' be classified as follows : L Schools and institutions subject to the supervision of the Minister of Public Instruc- tion. These embrace a. Primary schools, supported by the parishes, of which there are no returns, as to their numbers or the attendance ; b. Town high schools, of which there are over 2000, with 1 1'2, 000 pupils ; c. Gymnasia, or classical schools, seventy-seven, in all numbering about 3000 pupils, mostly sons of the nobility ; d. Boarding schools sanctioned by the government ; e. Six universities and three lycea, with professors and teachers, and 3521 students. 2. Military schools: a. Twenty-seven colleges, subject to the direct management of the emperor, or to his delegate, the grand duke, heir- apparent, with 865 professors and 9504 students ; b. Ten naval schools, with 3920 students and 337 teachers, under the direction of the Admiralty ; c. Elementary military schools, for children of soldiers in service, or whose fathers have been killed in war, tinder the management of the Minister of War. 3. Preparatory schools for the civil service of the empire : a. Eighty- five schools of commerce, with 461 teachers and 9779 pupils, belonging to the Minister of Finance ; b. Two schools of civil engineering, with eighty-five professors and 516 students; c. Three schools, with ninety-three professors and 591 students, under the charge of the Postmaster ; d. Six institutions, with ninety -six professors and 993 students, under the charge of the Secretary of State; e. Two law-schools, with ninety-three professors and 591 students. 4. Theological schools: a. Twent} T -one theological schools belonging to the Greek Church, with seventy-two teachers and 1201 students; b. Fourteen schools to the Armenian Church, with forty-five teachers and 728 students; c. Two schools to the Lutheran Church, with eight teachers and 668 students; d. Eleven schools to the Mahommedan creed, with 586 students ; e. One rab- binical school to the Jews. These schools are managed by the Synod of the Greek Church and the consistories of the other denominations. 5. Agricul- tural schools: a. An agricultural college, under the immediate supervision of the emperor, where 250 peasants are thoroughly instructed for four years, in scientific and practical agriculture, and then sent to model farms on the domains of the crown ; b. Twenty -five agricultural schools, with 124 teachers and 1591 students; c. 2696 industrial elementary schools, employing 2783 teachers for 18,907 pupils. Saxony. With a population of 1,809,023, in 1846, there was one university, with eighty-five professors and 835 students ; six academies of the arts and mining, with forty-three professors and teachers, and 1400 pupils ; eleven gymnasia, with 131 teachers and 1590 pupils ; six higher burgher and real schools, with eighteen teachers and 270 pupils ; three special institutions, for commerce and military affairs, with forty-three teachers and 240 pupils ; nine teachers' seminaries, with forty-one teachers and 362 pupils; seventeen higher schools of industry, or technical schools, with 72 teachers and 779 pupils; sixty-nine lower or technical schools, with teachers and 6966 pupils ; twenty- four schools for lace-making, with thirty -seven teachers and 1928 pupils; and 2155 common schools, with 2175 teachers and 273,022 pupils, besides one institution for the blind, one for deaf mutes, three orphan asylums, and a number of infant schools and private seminaries. Scotland, Public schools existed in Scotland for many centuries before the organization of the present system of parochial schools, by the Acts of 1615, 1633, and 1696. The growth of the population has, for more than a half century, made the parochial system entirely inadequate to meet the educa- tional wants of the country. Out of 4371 schools in operation in 1850, only 1049 belonged to the parochial system ; of the remainder, 823 were supported 'n part by the Church of Scotland ; 704 by the Free Church ; fifty by the 842 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Scotch Episcopa , sixty-three by Roman Catholics ; and 1684 were adventure schools, supported entirely by tuition. In all these schools there were about 225,000 scholars, leaving a large number of children not less than 125,000 of the proper school age, still to be provided for. The parochial schools of Scotland are supported partly by a charge on the property of the parishes, and partly by tuition paid by parents. Wirtemberg. Wirtemberg was one of the earliest of the German States to establish a graduated system of public instruction, from the common school to the university, and has always shared largely in all the educational move- ments of Germany. The framework of the school system in operation in 1848 was substantially the same as it was in 1538, enlarged, from time to time, to meet the demands of the age for new institutions, and a more liberal and practical instruction. With a population of 1,750,000, there were the fol- lowing institutions, aided by the government, in 1847 : One university, at Tubingen, with six faculties, seventy-one professors, and 800 students ; nine real schools, with seventy teachers ; six gymnasia, each with ten professors and three assistants that at Stuttgart has twenty-six professors ; five lycea, each with seven teachers ; eighty-seven Latin schools, in which eighty-six classical teachers, sixty-six real teachers, atid forty-four assistants, are em- ployed; one Protestant theological seminary, at Tubingen, with fifteen teach- ers, and four preparatory theological schools in other parts, each having six teachers and thirty pupils ; one Catholic theological seminary ; one poly- technic school, with twenty-one teachers, and a course of instruction em- bracing four years, for engineers, architects, etc. ; one institute for agriculture and forestry, at Ilohenheim, the most complete agricultural establishment in Europe, and five smaller schools; one veterinary school, with five professors; two orphan houses, each having 278 orphans; nine farm schools, for vagrant and criminal children; seven schools of art and drawing; one superior seminary for Protestant girls, at Obenstenfeld, with eleven teachers ; one superior seminar} 7 for Catholic girls, at Stuttgart, with thirteen male teachers and thirteen female teachers; one institute for deaf mutes and the blind; 1455 Protestant common schools; 787 Catholic schools; six teachers' semi- naries. These institutions, providing on a liberal scale for the educational wants of the whole community, are all in some way aided by the government, and subject to its supervision through the Home Department. Agricultural Education. Much attention is now paid in Europe, by govern- ments and by voluntary associations of the friends of agricultural improve- ments, in different countries, to schools and model farms, for special instruc- tion in the science and practice of agriculture. The first school of the kind was proposed by the Abbe Rosier, in France, in 1775, but established by Fellenberg, atHofwyl, in Switzerland, in 1799. It appears, from Mr. Barnard's book, that there are now in Europe twenty-five superior schools, sixty inter- mediate, and 2t'>0 primary schools of agriculture, besides a course of lectures on the science of agriculture in sixteen universities. Mr. Barnard gives a particular description of several of the most successful of thes< interesting institutions. Normal Schools. The first institution for the special instruction of teachers in the art of teaching, was established by the Abbe de Lasalle, in France, in 1681, and the second, by Franke, in Germany, in 1694. There are now nearly three hundred in successful operation. They exist, as part of the system, in every country where public schools are established and supported by law. Reformatory Farm Schools. A very interesting class of agricultural schools has been established in France, Germany, and England, within a few years, Tinder the name of " Reform Farm Schools," designed for delinquent children, APPENDIX EDUCATION. 843 EDUCATION (IN INDIA). Education always from the earliest period of their his- tory had been an object of public care and of public interest to the Hindoo governments in the peninsula of India. Every Avell regulated village under those governments had a publicschool and a public schoolmaster. The 53* stem of instruction in them was that which in consequence of its efficiency, sim- plicit3 T , and cheapness, was, a few 3 T ears ago, introduced from Madras into England, and from England into the rest of Europe. Every Hindoo parent looked upon the education of his child as a solemn duty which he owed to God and his country, and placed him under the schoolmaster of his village as soon as he had attained his fifth year. The ceremony of introducing him for the first time to the schoolmaster and his scholars was publicly recorded, and was attended with all the solemnity of a religious observance; a pra3*er being offered up to Ganesa, the Hindoo god of wisdom, which was at the, head of every Hindoo school, imploring him to aid the scholar in his endeavors to learn and become wise. EDUCATION" SCHOOLS OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. Whole Number of Schools, . 411 Whole Number of Scholars in same, 11,782 Whole Cost in 154, . $20,70532 Average Number of Scholars in each School, 23 4.10 Average Cost of each School for the year, . $50 25 Average Cost of each School for a day, $202 1.10 Select Schools supported wholly or in part by Government, including English and High Schools, 15 Number of Scholars in same, say ... 650 Number of Native Children learning English, about .... . 600 EDUCATION (IN THE UNITED STATES). Total of the School Fund of the States of the Union [For the details, see Finances], $26,509,820 COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS. Number of Colleges and Professional Schools in the United States, 119 Instructors in Do., 1,028 Students in Do . 11,732 (bf.ing 1 Instructor to 11.4 Students on an average.) Alumni of Do 62,128 " Volumes in Libraries of Do., . . 976,033 " Theological Schools, .... . . 44 " Professors in Do., ... 126 Students in Do., 1,372 (being 1 Instructor to 10.S9 Students on an average.) " Educated since Foundation of Do., 8,195 14 Volumes in Libraries of Do., . 201,547 Law Schools, .... 17 Professors in Do., 37 Students in Do. 473 (being 1 Instructor to 12.78 Students on an average.) Medical Schools, ... 87 " Professors in Do., . . 254 " Students in Do., . 5,181 (being 1 Instructor to 20.4 Students on an average.) Number of Graduates of Do., . 18,150 Normal Schools [see Normal Schools.] For the results of education, it may be instructive to compare the native white population, and the number of native white adults ignorant of letters in a few States 844 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. Nf:iine, .. North Carolina, Massachusetts, Tennessee, Ohio Virginia, Connecticut, Maryland Rhode Island, Louisiana, . New- York, Missouri, Populatio 54!), (574 550,267 819,044 749 661 l,732,09d 871,893 324,095 366,650 119.975 187,558 2,383,830 514,527 Ignorant Adult*. 1.994 73,226 77,017 51,963 75,863 726 17,364 981 14,950 23,241 34,443 It is worthy of remark that the two oldest colleges of the United States, Harvard and Yale, have independent chairs of Zoology ; while the two great Universities of England afford no means of instruction in those de- partments, except such as are derived from the casual lectures of the reader in Anatomy and Physiology. EMIGRATION STATISTICS GREAT BRITAIN. Return by the Land and Emigration Commissioners of the Emigration from the United Kingdom, during the Twenty-six years from 1825-50, inclusive.* Years. To the North American Colonies. To United States. To Australian Colonies and New Zealand. To all other Places. Total. 1825 8,741 5,551 485 114 14,891 1826 12,il8 7.063 903 116 20,900 1827 12,643 14,526 715 114 28,003 1823 12,084 12,817 1.056 135 26,092 1829 13.3D7 15,678 2,016 197 31,198 1830 30,574 24,837 1,242 204 56,907 1831 5S,n67 23,418 1,561 114 83,160 1833 66.339 32,872 3,733 196 103,140 1833 23,808 29,109 4,093 517 62,527 1834 40,060 33,074 2,800 238 76,222 1S35 15,573 26,720 1,860 325 44,473 1886 34.226 37J74 8,124 293 75,417 1837 29,334 36,770 5,054 826 72,034 1833 4,577 14,332 14,021 292 33,222 1839 12,653 33.536 15,786 227 92,307 1840 32,293 40,642 15,850 1,958 9..743 1841 33,164 45,017 32,625 2,786 118,592 1842 54,123 63,852 8.534 1,835 128,344 1S43 23,518 28,335 8,478 1,881 57,212 1S44 22,924 43,660 2,229 1,873 70,636 1845 31,803 58,533 830 2,330 93,501 1846 43,439 82,239 2,347 1,826 129,851 1847 109,680 142,154 4,949 1,487 258,270 184S 31,065 188,233 23,904 4,887 243,089 1819 41,367 219,450 32,191 6,490 29i,493 1850 32,961 223,078 16,037 8,773 280,849 1851 | to March > 81 I 56,534 Total, 2,622,617 * The Return does not distinguish the emigrants born in Great Britain irom thoso born in Ireland. APPENDIX - EMIGRATION FINANCES. 845 Report as at least $86,255.88. The following table shows the territorial increase of the United States since 1783, as given in the compendium of the last Census : Square Miles. 1783. Area of the Union at the peace, - - 820,630 1803. The purchase of Louisiana added about ... 899,579 1819. The acquisition of Florida added, - - 66.900 1845. Admission of Texas, (Emory's Map, 1844,) - - - 318,000 1846. Oregon Treaty, - - .... 808,052 1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, j 1853. With Mesilla Valley, f 1855. Total area of the United States, - - 2,963,666 The present area of the Slave States is 851,508 square miles; that of the Free States 612,597 square miles; total area occupied by the States, 1,464,105 square miles; area occupied by the territories, 1,494,561 square miles, or a little more than half of the entire Union. FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES. Statement of duties, revenues, and public expenditures, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, agreeably to warrants issued, exclusive of trust funds and Treasury notes funded: RECEIPTS. The receipts into the Treasury, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, were as follows From Customs, viz. : During the quarter ending September 30, 1853, . . . $19,718,82200 " " " December 31, 1853, . . . 13,587,821 27 " " " March 31, 1854, .... 16,896,724 83 " " " June 30, 1854, .... 14,020,822 17 --- $64,224.190 27 From sales of public lands, viz.: During the quarter ending September 30, 1853, . . . 1,439.562 05 " " December 31, 1853, . . . 2,223,076 39 " " " March 31, 1854, .... 2,012,908 36 " " " June 30, 1854, .... 2,745,251 59 -- 8.470,798 39 From miscellaneous and incidental sources, . .... 854,716 54 Total receipts, ........ . 73,549,705 20 Balance in the Treasury, July 1, 1853, . . . 21,942,892 50 Total means, ....... .... $95,492,597 76 EXPENDITURES, Total civil, .............. $4,649,384 93 " foreign intercourse, .......... 7,726,677 13 " miscellaneous, ............ 13,531,310 33 under Department of the Interior, ....... 2,609.05479 " under the "War Department, ......... 11,733,629 48 under the Navy Department, ........ 10,768,192 89 " public debt, . ........... 24,336,380 66 Total expenditures, . ....... $75,354,630 26 Balance in the Treasury, July 1, 1854, ....... $20,137,967 50 Receipts and cxpen13 8,937,793 8,923,236 10,891,640 $1,919,539 1,877,904 1,710,070 3,500,547 4.350.658 2,521,930 2,823.591 4,623,223 6,480,167 7,411,370 4.981,669 3,737,080 4,002,825 4,452,859 6,357,224 6,081.109 4,984,572 6,504,339 7.414,672 5,311,082 5,592,604 17,829,499 28,032,397 30,127,636 26,953,571 23,373,432 15,454,610 13,808,674 16,300,273 13,134,530 10,723,479 9,827,642 9.784,155 15,331,145 11,490,459 13.062,816 12,254.397 12,506,041 12.651,439 13,220,534 13.863,768 16,514,088 22.049,298 18,420.467 17,005,419 29,655,244 31,793,537 31,578,785 25,488.547 23,327,772 26,196,840 24,361,337 10,698,391 19,960,055 21,370,049 26,813,290 55,929,093 42,811,970 57,631,667 43,002,163 48,005,379 46,007,396 43,543,263 $3,797,493 12,083,205 21,338,351 17,174,433 23,927,244 86,147,857 108,537,086 58,693,087 45,665,421 49,313,213 56,249,879 87,130,423 112,188,691 81,216,623 146,924,403 194,647,610 * 1 or the year ending June 30. t Including the Department of the Interior for and since 1850. APPENDIX FINANCE TABLES. 847 Statement of the Receipts into the National Treasury, from Customs, Inttrnal Revenue, and Direct Taxes, and Sak-s of Public Lands, for 65 years, from 1739 to 1853 inclusive. Years. Customs. Internal and Direct Taxes. Sales of Lands and Mis- cellaneous. Aggregate of Kt/ceipts i In each Tear. In each I'eriod of Four Yi-ars. 1789-91 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1793 1799 1800 1301 1802 1303 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1309 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1813 1819 1820 1821 1322 1823 1324 1825 1826 1827 1828 ' 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1338 1839 1840 1841 1842 6 nio. of 1843 MS44 *1845 *1846 *1847 1848 *1849 *1S50 *1S51 *1S52 *1853 $4,399,473 3,443,071 4,255,306 4,801,065 5.588,461 6.567. 9 S3 7,549,650 7,10"6,062 6,61*1.449 9,! 130.933 10,75! 1,779 12,438,236 10,479,418 11,098,465 12,936,487 14,667,693 15,845,522 16,363,550 7,296,021 8,588,309 13,313,223 8,958,778 13,224,623 5,998.772 7,282,942 36,306.875 26,233,343 17,176,335 20,283,609 15,005,612 13,004,447 17,589,762 19,088,433 17,873,326 20,098,714 23,341,332 19,712,2.33 23,205.524 22,631,966 21,922,391 24,224,442 23,465,237 29.032,509 16,214,957 19,391,311 23,409.940 11,169,290 16.158,300 23,137,925 13,499,502 14,487,217 18,187,909 7,046,844 26,183,571 27,528,113 26,712.668 23,747,864 31,757,070 28,346,738 39,668.686 49,017,568 47,339,326 53,931,865 $208,943 337,706 274,090 337,755 475.290 575.491 644,^53 779,136 1,543,620 1,552,377 823,464 237,059 101,139 43,631 75.365 47,734 27,370 11,562 19,879 9,962 5.762 8,561 3.882,482 . 6,840,733 9,378.344 4,512,288 1,219,613 313,244 137,347 93,377 88.617 44,580 40,865 28,102 28,228 22,513 19,671 25,338 29,141 17,440 13,422 3,153 4,216 14,723 1,099 $4,836 83,541 11,963 444 167,726 188,628 165,676 4S7.527 540,194 765,246 460.163 647,939 442,252 696,549 1,040,233 710,423 835,655 1.135.971 1,237,959 1,717,935 1,991,226 2,606,565 3.274,423 1,635,872 1,212,966 1,8(13,582 916,523 984,418 1.216,090 1,393,735 1,495,945 1,013.309 1,517,175 2.329,356 3,210,815 2,623,331 3.967,632 4,857,601 4,757,601 4,877,130 6,863,556 8,214,134 7,261.118 3,494,356 1,470,295 1,456,053 1,018,482 2,320,948 2,241,021 2,736,579 2,598.926 8,679,679 2,727,603 8,707,112 3,295,412 2,339,060 2,405,709 $4.399,478 3,652.014 4,593,012 5,075,155 5,926,216 7,043,114 8,208,632 7,762.883 T,889,586 10.624,997 12,500,882 13,455,328 10,932.153 11,637,231 13,520,312 15,508,8119 Ki.359.469 17,1 '38,359 7,749.835 9.299,737 14,363,423 9.674,968 14,U68,889 11,017,225 15,411,634 47.4.2.204 32.786.802 21.002.563 23.^71.276 16.779.331 14,316,190 19,481.961 20,049.536 18.903.6',i9 21,848,906 24,763.345 21.23ii,641 24,248.504 24.224,979 --; 24.280,833 27,452.697 31,107,040 33.003,344 21,076,774 84,163,635 48,288,219 18,032,346 19,372,984 30,399,043 16.993,858 15,957,512 19,643,967 8,065,326 23,504,519 29,769,134 29,499,247 26,346,790 35,436,750 31,074,347 43,375,793 52,312.979 49,728,336 61,337,574 $3,051,437 22,642,497 83,985.617 48,575 694 62,427.449 41,087,963 S7,9')0,9f:2 94.440.032 72,750,896 91,580,396 107,065,604 136,531,972 84,798,731 72,171,824 121,051,921 176,491,510 For the year ending June 80. 848 THE WORLD S PROGRSS8. FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES continued. Statement of the Debt of the United States, the Total Value ol Imports and Exports, and th Total Tonnage, for 63 years, from 1791 to 1853, fractions excluded. Yeare. Debt. Imports. Exjorts. Tonnage. 1791 $75,463,476 $52,200,000 $19,012,041 502.146 1792 77,227,924 31,500,000 20,753,098 564,437 1793 80,352.634 31,100,000 26,109,572 491,780 1794 78,427,405 34,600,000 83,026,233 628,817 1795 80.747,557 69,756,268 47.989,472 747,964 1796 83,762,172 81,436,li4 67.064.097 831.900 1797 82.064,479 75,379.406 56.850,206 876,913 1793 79,228.529 63551-700 61.527,097 898,323 1799 78,40S;670 79,068,148 78.665,522 946,403 1800 82,976,294 91,252,763 70,971,780 972,492 1801 83,038,051 111,363,511 94 115,925 1,033.219 1802 80,712,632 7.1,333,333 72.433,160 392,101 1803 77,054,686 64,6(56,666 5.,800,033 949,147 1804 86,427.121 85,000,000 77,699,074 1,042.404 1805 82,312.150 120,000,000 95,566,021 1,140,369 1806 75,723,271 129.000,000 101,536,963 1,203,735 1807 69,218,399 138.500,000 108,343,150 1,268,548 1808 65,196,318 56,990,000 22,439,960 1,242,595 1809 57,023,192 59,400,000 52.203,231 1,350,281 1810 53,173,217 85,400,000 66,757.974 1,424,783 1811 48,005,588 53,400,000 61,316.831 1,232,502 1812 45,209,738 77,030.000 38,527.236 1,269.997 1813 55,962,823 22,005,000 27,855,997 1,666,623 1814 81,487,846 12,965,000 6,927,441 1,159,209 1815 99,833,660 113,041,274 52,557,753 1,368,127 1816 127,334,934 147,103.000 81,920,452 1,372.218 1817 123,491,965 99,250,000 87,671,569 1.399,912 1818 103,46(3,634 121,750,000 93,231,133 1,225,134 1819 95,529,643 87,125,000 70,142,521 1,260,751 1820 91,015,566 74,450,000 69,691,669 1,280,166 1821 89,987,423 62,585,724 64,974,382 1,298,958 1822 93,546,677 83,241,541 72,160,231 1,3-24,699 1823 90.875,877 77,579,267 74,699,030 1,336,566 1824 90,269,778 80,549,007 75,936,657 1,399,163 1825 83.738,433 96,340,075 99,535,383 1,423,112 1826 81,054,060 84,974,477 77,595,322 1,534.191 1827 73,987,357 79,484,068 82.324.827 J, 620. 603 1828 67.475,044 88,509,824 72,264,636 1,741,392 1829 58,421,414 74,492,527 72,353,671 1,260,798 1830 48,565,406 70,876,920 73,849,503 1,191,776 1831 39,123,192 103,191.134 81,310.583 1.267,347 1832 24,322,235 101,029,26i) 87,176,943 1,439,450 1833 7.001,699 108,113,311 90,140,438 1,606,151 1834 4,760.082 126,521,332 104,336,978 1,758,907 1835 37,733 149,895,742 121,693,577 1,324,940 1836 37,513 189,930,035 128,663,040 1,382,103 1837 1,878,224 140,989,217 117,419,376 1.896,686 1838 4,857,660 108,486,616 113,717.404 1,995,640 1839 11,983,738 121,028,416 162,092,132 2,096,330 1840 5,125,078 131,571,950 104,805,891 2,180,764 1841 6,737,398 127,946,177 121,851,803 2,130,744 1842 15,028,486 100,162,087 104,691,534 2.092,391 1843 26,898,953 64,753,799* 84,346,430* 2,153,603 1844 26,143,996 108,435,035f lll,200,046t 2,230,095 1845 16,801,647 117,254,564t 1 14,646, 606t 2,417,002 1846 24,256,495 121,691,797f 113,488,516t 2,562,085 1847 45,659,659 146.545,633t 158,648,622t 2,839,046 1848 65,804,450 154,977.92Sf 154,036,436t 3,154,042 1849 64,704,693 147,857,439f 145,755,S20f 3,334,015 1S50 64,228,233 178,133,31St 136,946,912t 3,535,454 1851 62,560,395 216,224,932t 218,338,01 It 3,772,439 1852 67,560,395 212,945,442f 209,641,625t 4,138,441 1853 56,336,157 267,978, G47f 230,976, 157t 4,407,010 Only nine months of 1S43. t For the year ending June 80. APPENDIX FINANCE TABLES. 849 FINANCES OF THE UNITED STATES continued. Public Debt of the United States, July 1, 1854. Loan of 1842, Loan of 1843, . Loan of 1846, ........... Loan of 1847, Loan of 1848, Texan indemnity, Texan indemnity not issued, Old funded and unfunded debt, Treasury notes outstanding, ........ Debt of the corporate cities of the District of Columbia, $5,217,420 81 27,900 00 2,647,213 26 16,745,350 00 12,889,741 80 4,480,000 00 5,000,000 00 114,118 54 113,261 64 7,200 00 $47,242,206 05 Interest paid during the fiscal year upon the public debt outstanding June 80, 1854, $2,717,140 15 Amount of stock redeemed during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1854, . 20,098,422 78 Amount of premium paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 2,991,668 69 Amount of interest paid on stock redeemed during the year, . . . 353,876 54 Principal, Premium, and Interest, paid of the Public Debt, from July 1 to November 20, 1854, and amount outstanding November 20, 1854. Loan. Principal. Premium. Interest. Outstanding. 1842, $394,250 00 $46,720 00 $7,577 93 $4,823,170 81 1843, 25,500 00 637 50 2,4CO 00 1844, . 379,200 00 11,976 00 5,172 86 2,263,013 26 1846 . 1,035,000 00 177,175 00 18,434 44 15,710,500 00 1848, 813,150 00 53,009 00 5,951 80 12,576,591 80 Texan indemnity, 116,000 00 7,680 00 1,614 93 4,364,000 00 Texan indemnity not issued, Old funded and unfunded debt, * * 6,000,000 00 114,118 54 Treasury notes, 50 00 4 05 113,061 64 Debt of corporate cities, .... 8,600 00 500 00 8,600 00 Total, 2,266,750 00 296,560 00 40,893 51 4-1,975,456 05 850 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. FINANCES l F THE UNITED STATES continued o J-l QO _ Sg Sta- ll " of H C d 3 o *-> "S to" > VJ j a-- " f^- i CM ^3 O 3^ -s y d 22 ^ 3 Q^ ^ "s -s, ^ C3 -a o a^ o Q *^ Q = 5=3 1 .=i i . 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"S | : :g.: ::&:::::: :S,g- : : , S'U *S. 5 .en...to 1 a 4 CO -TH T^ ^ . -O 1 oi S ::&::: b :::::: :~~ : :-= !? * 3 3 '*< O ai c S 2 OT CS cs CO, H<" > OOlOOSCMCStOCSCOt-^Ot COiOOr-itOlOlOCO^O^ ^OICC 1 '* I r-cd t- O CO to <~/D T)< to r)< CO I 1C t6 CO OS CSJ S O C-1 h-. l h- *t b rj< ^ -I- to OCOO-^fCStOOt>iOSt 'M'^O-1'tO -rt lOOCO(Nh-tCt-CS'JC'COCOtO-r; <#-. co 1 o o t- oo _ coWcTifi'co't-^' CO CX i-* . c.* X * o t tO TH CO -f =0 IT- - GI CC X t CM ' TH ~- i CO * CO ? S5 GO '-O 00 CO ! TH O - - to CO ^_O CO O7^ t -* CO CSI -T O SM OSil. lc^-fCloO:/)TH~-r)'CSlODTH-}< t 'O ~ to TH Ol 00 ; W 1Q T-I O4 O 00 TH l- Cl* ' CO O rf t ft CC^ C^THCOCCioCOCSlCOCOTHCOCOCMtOtOO 5 ^ * O t- co o 03 _c, '3 t* "3 4-a o O 35 S3 TH tO CO '/5 T-I CM 5O i O CO "* O Cl ] TH CO to OO '3O-tf-Oil .2 c SP -s ? ^ .= 2 " r C ~ eo tl 2" o CO o -*-i CO o o o o c =: O Si T-I CO !O t- O . . T"COCSOCOtOTHCl SOO-Tf OC1OO o f-; -i" CO 3 I hi 10 c 3 o o 03 2 .2* "3 o hi o - Z a *3 H 2, O lyicOTHO-^ -HTfcof cio TH t Cl O CO Tt< CO CO - TH TH O O 0-f ClCO-fH-lfttOtOGOCOCM-t O to Xt> T ' CO CTl CO tO to 't ^ t TfOCOSMt TtCOOClCM COT-5OCOb-O- ~ h- O t- CO 01 I- CO C4 S^ to O CO Tf O 1 no cc iA TH t-. C c.5 cotoiocooi COO^T- itoco ci- -^ CM CM iO CO CM Cl Cl t-* "*& T^ <____ _ __ _ ___ __ _ O O O O t C t iNOCi t-^T CM_tO CM CO CS_CO 5i C; b T-^CO O Cl CO ci'-^'cT to'T-T CO p of CO ~ Cl CO S.S o CO CO O lO O CO O 5 iO IM (N-rlOlCOT C5 t O CO CO o to eo" ta' c I ft s -f 3 .2 '3 of T- ! P. T tJD S o r . . . . i . . . . . 3 01 c 5 99 :t| ::::::: : o! _ " % e ? 0,1 i s! -3 3-3 :::::: :g ^ ; OO H C o C1 tOciCOTH-r>COCO^COt-Ob-tOCO OO CIClt-X TH TH CM TH TH sq TH TH TH CM CS> CM 4 CO O4 CO <* * O CO ft 5 eo; a ao oo oo ao 3S O TH, T i ?', i OlOTH -Ml TJI f 15 O O 1 06 < ao oo i 82* I 852 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. FINANCES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION, COMPARATIVE VIEW OF. Ordinary ann expenditure , f ls exclusi ebts Asc OOO OOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOQQO' ooooooooooooooooooo< o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o"o"c: OOOOr-KN O O O O GO T-I T-* fc*> ie "i o o" co ecYira LI c O -s .' ' I " rH to CM t-eo ** 00 CO id CO OS esfoT I- Os rH_00_ t-^io~ : it . lO , " >o "*~! T-I CO CO CO CO :: CO -t Oi OOCiOSCOOcOcO TO Amount of School fund CO Tt* I ^1 CO CO O CO ^O ^* > ^OOrHOOOt -OrfO ; jcfcTco' - (M c; co cd 1-1 >r * CO"b- Tf fffii O OJ CC IO O OS O Oi rM OO O CD co co cfl rt< c-i M OOOCOfjbifSCOCOiQ -M O I t CO 1C Tp O OO T-ci ri 3S r- Ifi CD' Iff co r- COco -OOO o 0^ ' OS ' O O T-I Tjl CO 00 C: OO "* O rH(Mff>tT-l> OO" THOSr-COOJCSOCOOO IOO..CO. COIOrHCOCOffatM GO o CO CO O t- 1 1-1 CO ~l "H" OS O OS O OS C d OsOO'-^t cot OOt g 9 3 BQ o a 2 5 ~ iC "C 1C O T -f -* ^ OOOOOOOCOOOOOOOO rX r' OiH APPENDIX LIBRARY TABLES. 853 FINANCES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION continued. Amount of the securities of the several States, etc., held in England and other foreign countries, June 30, 1858. State. State bonds. City, town, and county bonds. Bank capital. Capital in insurance companies. Railroad stock and bonds. Maine $ None. None. None. 4,000,000 None. None. 6,758,700 None. 26.584,671 None. 8,537,917 3,075,909 Not known. 937,777 72,000 None. 4,397.666 8,000,000 Not known. Not known Not known Not known 40,000 Not known. 2,570,960 7,750,000 Not known. None. None. 195,907 $ $ 48,500 100 16,145 438,150 7,000 23,500 1,774,995 2,750 167,420 $ $ 510,000 196,700 .New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts, 4,000,000 8,000 5,105,496 Khocle Inland . Connecticut. 140.000 9,919,900 3,541,750 12,076,526 New York, 4,109,372 350.000 1,201,500 192,352 New Jersey Pennsylvania, 101,020 Dels ware Maryland 323,426 26,000 I,d65,000 626,032 835,779 1,914,444 69,100 "Virginia 125,000 North Carolina South Carolina, 165,925 55,550 Georgia 35,018 Florida Alabama 442,856 4,000,000 604,100 2,548,400 81,800 500,000 74,000 Louisiana Arkansas, Mississippi Tennessee .... 15,000 1,036,000 841,500 79,200 40,300 48,000 200,000 Kentucky fidissouri Illinois 75,000 50,000 5,707,000 2,016,5nO 1,708,466 3,637,884 1,314.(M)0 600,000 Indiana, Ohio Michigan . "Wisconsin Iowa. Texas District of Columbia, Total, Not known 25,015 6,69S,99l> 72,931,507 21,462,322 878,172 1 43,169,777 United States stocks held abroad 30th June, 1853 : Total, Held by foreigners, - - $58,205,517 27,000,000 854 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. GOLD, CONSUMPTION OF $ 3 I c cj I O * C 13 oo . to o O 10 1*1 s s I S 3 C ) .2 '3 .s <6 S oooo OOirt ooo ICO t -* I OO iC-I^COOSb-O-lO iCO'Ht b-OCOGOOS rf"-^"t-^os ai"o CO ^^ ^J^ *O CO Ob- Tf CO SO O TO Tf c :$ : . co" . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o t- CO O CO ci < OO r- Tf m CO^CO^ r-t 1 ^ *ft CO CO CO i"^ CO 1 CO t-i GO co * ^n o co O Tf 'M CD OO OJ O SO _ eo" 03 - 09 1 o o eo OH- cot-rj< TT O O5 T-l 00 rf~ CO ^^b O-lT (OSCMi "C co o 10 c^ co T~* iO ^ II 5| C a Periods. i(^co_^co^t- cq^o_ , t** O1 Oi ^^ O^ ^^ CO G-l 1O i"^ TH CO r-( OCOCOCOCO O CD ^fOi'O Oi Oi COo oo o o o ooo Oi COOS iTTjOJ(J OS OS OO *1 *1 '/3 t C4 CO 'O i" O b* t' CO O CO CO I OS T cd iftCOt COO 8 eo 1 * aTo oTs- co'io ; & CO h- CO b- O CO eo ift^t-^o_ao ^""od"co"o ; r S CO cT o o O . CO CO Tj( . . . OS t- 00 C^ CO C3 i- co"-* co r-t ; CO 40 t-i' t- (M t- o> t-o> b^ & rf b- CO < eo co TH S oT co i eo coco - T_J TPr-l CO T-( rH iH i~i S '. '. ' '. ' '. '.I . '' '* t~ +> *f - G. s . - ; - .1 o . . .0 * *J 3" "o EH oo co'oTo i c^i co * eoT^-TfOioiftiOo ooooooaoaocoooao ^ TH r-( r* i rH vH rH APPENDIX POPULATION TABLES. 855 LIBRARIES. Approximate Tabular View of the Libraries containing 10,000 Volumes or upwards, acces- sible to the Public, in the several States of Europe ; also, the whole Number of Libraries in said States, and the Number of Volumes and of Manuscripts contained therein in 1S43. Name of State. ** >~ 2 p! ' S B 2 S & ^ aj o *--5 <~o 6 ^ o" S <" Whole Number of Lib- raries. Aggre- gate Num- ber of Volumes of Printed Books in 1848. . No. of Vol- umes of Mr-S.in 184S. Anhalt, 1 11479 20,000 170 2 25700 Austrian States, 49 1,443,187 2,408,000 167 49 2 408,000 41.103 Baden, 5 72 960 404,300 540 5 404 300 3 170 Bavaria, 18 373,337 1,268,500 339 18 1,268,500 30.156 Belgium, 14 538 564 509,100 95 14 509 1UO 20,728 Bieinen, 2 42 000 36,000 86 2 36000 Brunswick, 1 8,500 200,000 2,353 6 223,000 4,580 Cracow, 2 37,000 52,000 141 2 52,000 2,210 Denmark, 5 156 692 647,000 412 5 647 000 3,200 France, 109 3,183 120 4,092,695 129 186 4,510,295 119,119 Frankfort-on-the-Maine, . . Great Britain and Ireland,* Hamburg,* 1 34 6 66.244 3,344.916 128 000 62.000 1,771,493 200,367 94 53 148 1 34 6 62.HOU 1,771,493 200 367 55: ) 62,149 5,1100 Hanover, 5 61,700 492,000 813 5 492 '(ICO 5,743 Hesse, 4 88700 265.000 299 5 273 '?00 400 Hesse-Darmstadt, 2 30,300 280,000 924 3 282.600 5,26S Hildburghausen, 1 10 200 12,000 118 1 12 000 Holland, 5 349 010 219,000 63 7 228 310 12.000 Lippe-Detmold, 1 2500 21,500 860 1 21 500 100 Lubec, 2 26000 52,000 200 2 5 000 400 Lucca, 1 24JI92 25000 104 1 25 i KlO Luxemburg, 1 12,000 19,600 163 1 19,6:10 162 Mecklenburg, 2 26 634 84,000 315 3 854 HI Mecklenbursj-Strelitz, 1 4500 50,000 1,111 1 50,000 Modcna 1 27 000 90,000 333 1 90 000 3.000 Naples and Sicily, 8 550 453 413,000 66 8 413 000 3'ooo Nassau, Oldenburg, 1 1 15,000 5564 50,000 60,000 OQQ ooo 1,078 * i 1 5:),000 60 000 Papal States, 15 85S 600 953 000 266 16 957 (.011 33,495 Parma, 3 71 500 146 000 804 3 146 000 Portugal, 7 363 "ltd 276.000 76 7 276 (100 7.5S7 Prussian States, 44 989,613 2,008,350 200 53 2 040 450 15,417 Reuss, 1 5 000 Rudolstadt, 1 4,000 46,000 1,150 1 46 OiiO Russian Empire, 12 1 063 823 852 090 80 12 852 090 21,6 4 Sardinia ;md Piedmont,. . . Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 9 3 302.497 35579 286,000 247,000 94 61 S 11 5 297,000 247 in 'ii 4.5HO 5,0,10 Snxe-Meiningen, 1 6000 32 000 533 1 32 000 Saxe- Weimar, 2 17029 180 000 1 057 [VI rtlli 2,000 Saxonv.* 9 132 927 570 500 417 9 57') 50,1 7.950 Spain,". IT 65' 1359 6S7 550 106 27 711 tifjii -V2C-2 Sweden and Norway, 8 120,528 353,000 309 8 353 000 9,300 Switzerland, 13 137 083 480.300 350 13 48' ' 300 12.734 Tuscan v, 10 153466 4ol 000 261 10 4ol 000 3J,000 Waldeck Pyrmont, ....... 1 1 500 30 000 2 HOG 1 3 i 000 Wurtembere. . 5 67999 427 000 628 6 433 000 5200 In thee States the enumeration embraces libraries of less extent than 10,000 volumes. 856 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. The principal libraries of the several capital cities of Europe, in the order of their magnitude, in 1848, stood as follows: *Paris, National Library, "Munich, Royal do., . Petersburg, Imperial do., "London, British Museum *Copenhagen, Royal do., * Berlin, Royal do., *Vienna, Imperial do., . *Dresden, Royal do., . Madrid, National do., Wolfenbuttal, Ducal do., Stutgard, Royal do., Paris, Arsenal do., do., . Volumes. . 824,000 600,000 . 446,000 435,000 . 412,000 410.000 . 313,000 800,000 . 200,000 200,000 . 187,01)0 180,000 Volumes. *Milan, Brera Library, . . . 170,000 Paris, St. Genevieve do., . . 150,000 Darmstadt, Grand Ducal do., . 150,000 Florence, Magliabecchian do., . 150,000 *Naples, Royal do 150,000 *Brussels, Roya! do., . . . 133,500 Rome, Casanate do., . . . 120,000 *Hague, Royal do., . . . 100,000 Paris, Mazarin d<>., .... 100,000 Rome, Vatican do., . . . 100.000 *Parma, Ducal do., .... 100,000 The oldest of the great libraries of printed books is probably that of Vienna, which dates from 1440, and is said to have been open to the public as early as 1575. The town library of Ratisbon (in Bavaria) dates from 1430; St. Mark's library at Venice, from 1468 ; the town library of Frankfort, from 1484; that of Hamburg, from 1529; of Strasburg (France), from 1531; of Augsburg (Bavaria), from 1537 ; those of Berne and Geneva, from 1550; and that of Basel or Basle, from 1564. The Royal Library of Copenhagen was founded about 1550. In 1671, it had 10,000 volumes; in 1748, about 65,000; in 1778, 100,000; and in 1820, 300,000. The National Library of Paris was founded in 1595, and was made public in 1737. In 1640, it had about 17. French < 322 121 145 Port Roval St. Martin's, N. side ' 21 2 200 St. Martin's, S. sido. . . ; i 11 8,500 Dutch Curacoa, etc > ( 580 26811 Wilhemstadt, Santa Cruz, etc j ( 81 85000 Christianstadt. SL Thomas v Danish < 37 8,000 St. John's ) ( 72 3,000 St. Bartholomew's (Swedish) . 25 9 000 La Car en age. Total 91,812 8,868,919 860 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. POPULATION OF THE EUROPEAN STATES. With the form of govern- ment and square miles, according to McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, with corrections ; and the population (chiefly), from the Almanack de Gotlta for 1S53. States and Titles. Andorra, Pyrenees, Republic Anhalt-Beruburg, Duchy.. *AnliaIt-C6tl)ent " *Anlialt-Dessau " *Austria, Empire .......... *Baden, Grand Duchy ...... *Bavaria, Kingdom ...... Belgium " ........ *Brernen. Free City ........ *Brunswick, Duchy ........ Church. States of, Popedom. Denmark, Kingdom ........ France, Empire ............ *Franklbrt, Free City ...... Great Britain, Kingdom ____ Greece, Kingdom .......... 'Hamburg, Free City ...... *H;mover, Kingdom ........ *Hesse-Cassel, Electorate. . . *Hesse-Darmstadt, G. Duch. *Hesse-Hoinburg, Landgvte. Holland, with Luxemburg.. Ionian Islands, Republic ---- *Liehenstein, Principality . . *Lippe-Detmold *Lippe-Schaumburg " *Lubec, Free City ......... *Mecklin.-Schwerin, G. Due. *Mecklenburg-Strelitz " Modena and Massa, Duchy . Monaco, Principality ...... *Nassau, Duchy ........... *Oldenburg, Grand Duchy., Parma, Duchy ............. Portugal, Kingdom ........ *Prussia ................... *Reuss, Principalities of. ... ^Russia (in Europe) Empire San Marino, Republic ...... Sardinia, Kingdom ......... *Saxon y " ......... *Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy *Saxe-Coburgand Gotha " *Saxe-Mein.-Hildburgh. " *Saxe-Weiin.-Eisenach " *Sch war/burg- Rudolst., Pr. *Schwarzburg-Sondersb., " Sicilies, The Two, Kingdom Spain, Kingdom ........... Switzerland, Republic STurkey, Empire ...... . Tuscany, Grand Duchy *Waldeck, Principality "Wurtemberg, Kingdom Republic ; senate and assembly Limiied sovereignty ; one chamber Absolute sovereignty Limited monarchy ; with prov. states Constit. mon.; senate and legislat. body "epublie; senate and assembly Limited monarchy; lords and commons Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . . Republic; senate and assembly Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . . Limited sovereignty; two chambers. . 44 hi Absolute sovereignty ; one chamber . . Limited monarchy ; two chambers Under Brit, protec.; council and chamb. Limited monarchy ; with one chamber Form of Government. With two syndics and a council States having limited powers. . . Absolute monarchy , Limited sovereignty ; two chambers Limited monarchy ; two chambers.. , Sq. Mis. 4. it Republic; senate and assembly Limited sovereignty; wtth one chamb. 44 41 Absolute sovereignty u u Limited sovereignty ; two chambers . . U 44 Absolute sovereignty Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . . 44 44 Limited sovereignty ; one chamber Absolute monarchy Senate and council of ancients Limited monarchy ; two chambers . . . 41 .1 Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . . Lim. sov. ; one chamber for each duchy Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . . Absolute monarchy Limited monarchy; with a legislature. 44 44 \ I Confederation of republics ; a diet Absolute monarchy 44 .4 Limited sovereignty ; one chamber . . . Limited monarchy ; two chambers. . . . Total . . 190 339 31S 36u 255,226 5,71-2 28.435 11,313 11-2 1.525 17,u4S 21,856 203,736 91 116,701; 18,244 149 14,6oO 4.430 3J61 206 13.890 1,097 52 445 205 142 4,701 997 2,073 50 1.736 2,470 2,184 34,500 107,3' !0 58S 1 2,120,397 21 23,83 t 5,705 401 790; 963! 1,403 4"5: 358 41,521 176,4Sti 170.715, 121,725 15,261 189,920' 8.712 Pop. Date. 50,411 43,120, 63,7o<' 36,514,466 1,362,77-J 4,5111.54.; 4.359.091 79.i;47 268,943 2,9 '8,1 15 2,296,597 35,781,628 27,435^-25 993,266 188,054 1,758,847 754,590 852.524 24.203 3,267,638 230.000 6,351 104... 74 28,837 47,742 543,328 6,2f3 566,453 7,000 423,218 278,030 497.34:i 3,41 2,5' H) 16,346.625 112,17:. 60,362,31$ 7,6. .11 4,916,081 1,81)4,431 131,780 149.753 1 63.323J 261.370' 6H,65 ij 60,002 8,681,289 14,21 6/21 ;)l 3.433.8):) 1,323.471 2,390,116 15,500,000 1,761,140, 58,219 7,563 1,802.252 37T&T506 2< 3,517,521 185o 1850 1849 1851 18-19 1850 1.-49 1849 1846 1342 /1 850 MS51 1849 1351 1851 1343 1346 18-19 1S46 1851 1352 1 8 42 1849 1848 1851 1351 1848 1850 1851 1851 1841 1846 1S46 . 1843 1349 1 JS > 1849 IS 49 1849 1349 1851 1349 is 19 1S45 ISoo 1844 I Sol 185U 1850 * Member of the Confederation of Germany. t United to Anhalt-Dessau and Bernburg, since November 23, 1847. $ Including Poland and Finland. | Including Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia, containing respectively 2.600,000, 1,400,000 ami 1,000.000 inhabitants. a Exclusive of Iceland, with a population of 60,000, and an area of 32,00(.i square miles. & Exclusive of Algeria, which contains a pop. of 246,531, and has an are* or 100,000 sq. APPENDIX SHIPPING. 861 POPULATION OF RUSSIA. The first census of All the Russias, or as the Russians themselves call it, "The first Revision of the Population," was ordered by Peter I. in 1720, and from that time to 1851 seven revisions have taken place, according to which the variations of the total population of Russia at different epochs may be stated as follows: 1722, 1742, 1762, 14,000.000 16,000.000 19,000,000 1792, . 1796, 28,000.000 36,000,000 The population of Russia according to the census of the year 1851, is as follows : Divisions. Area in geo. square miles. Population. Density of population on square miles. European Russia, 100.429.46 60,098.821 598 Asiatic Russia, 247 73(3 43 5 06n,76S 20 Russian America, 27,247.33 54.000 2 Total Russian Emnire. . 375.413.27 65.21 3.589 174 As to the population of the towns, there exist, according to the recent census, in the whole Russian Empire but thirty-four towns with more than 20,000 inhabitants. We give a list of these towns after the tables in the St. Peters burg Almanac for 1854: Towns. No. inhab. Year. Towns. No. inhab. Year. St. Petersburg 533.241 1852 Tiflis, 30.925 1848 Moscow ! 373 SOO 1850 Nishnij-Novgorod 3 X710 1849 Warsaw . . . 167 000 1847 Kursk 3D.469 1849 Odessa, 71.392 1850 Vitebsk, 29.832 1851 Ri-a. 57906 1849 Kal u sea, 29,580 1850 Tula, 54,626 1850 Charkow, 29.395 1842 "Wilna, 52,286 1850 Ismael or Tutshkow, . . . 26.243 1S49 Ki-ff, 47,424 1842 Ore], 25,630 1851 Astrachan 44,793 1849 Cronstadt, 25,120 1849 AVoronesh 43 800 1842 Telez (Gov. Orel 1 ) '24 34" 1851 Kiscliinevv, 42,613 1849 Cherson, 24.338 1850 Sara tow, 42 237 1842 Reval, 24,041 1842 Ka^fin 41 304 1842 Atin^k ... 23 602 1842 Sevastopol 41 153 1842 Ta^anro" 1 , 22,472 1342 Nikolaje . . . . 39 338 1850 Poltawa, 20,071 1851 BerditschewfGov Kieff) 35,592 1842 Lodsi, 20,000 1,841 05 474. 1851 Taroslawl. . 84.913 1842 i Total Don. of 34 towns.. 2.1 75.602 This last table affords a striking illustration of the social condition of Ilussia. In the United States, for instance, a country much newer than Russia, and with only about one-third of her population, there are thirty towns of 20,000 and upwards, whose aggregate population is 2,291,609. This contrast shows how exclusive!}" the people of Russia are still devoted to agriculture, and how much must be done in order to raise them to a high place in the list of civilized nations. These figures are given in German geographical square miles, each of which is equivalent to 21.2325, or nearly 21 square English miles. The figures given as geographical square miles are for European Russia 100,4.29.46, for Asiatic Russia 247,736.48, and for Russian America 27,247.33 ; total, 375,413.27. Multiply each of these sums by 21^, and youhave the areas in square English miles. The difference between the German and 862 THE WORLD S PROGRESS. English square miles will be better appreciated, when seen in juxtaposition, as follows : Divisions. Area in square miles. Population in 1851. Population to sq. mile. German. English. German. English. European Russia, . 100,429.46 247,736.48 27,247.33 2,132,363.5 5,260,064.8 578,523.9 60,098.821 5,060,768 54,000 593 20 2 28.18 0.96 0.09 Russian America, .. Total. . 375.413.27 7.970.962.2 65.213,589 174 8.18 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. States. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1350. Maine 96,540 151,719 223,705 293,335 399,955 501,793 533.169 New Hampshire. Vermont 141,899 85,416 183,762 154.465 214 36;) 217,713 244,161 235,764 269,328 280,652 284,574 291,948 317,976 314,120 Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island Connecticut ... 378,717 69,110 238 141 423245 69,122 251,002 472,040 77,031 262 H42 523,237 83,059 275 202 610,4(18 97,199 297,665 737,699 103,83;) 309,978 994,514 147,545 370,792 New York 340,120 5S6,756 959,949 1 372 812 1,918,608 2,423,921 3,097.394 ^ New Jersey 184,139 211,949 249,555 277,575 320,823 373,306 489,555 Pennsylvania .... Delaware 434,373 59,098 602,365 64,273 810,091 72674 1,049,453 72,749 1,343,233 76,743 1,724,033 78,085 2,311,786 91.532 Maryland 319,728 341,548 38;) 546 407 350 447,04!) 470,019 583,034 Virginia 748,308 880,200 974 642 1,065,379 1,211,405 1,239,797 1,421,661 North Carolina. .. South Carolina. .. Georgia 893,751 249,073 82,548 478,103 345,591 162,101 555,500 415,715 252,433 633,829 502,741 340,937 737,937 531.135 516,323 753,419 594,393 691,392 869,039 663,507 906,185 34,730 54,477 87,445 Alab'ima 20845 127.901 309,:">27 590,756 771,623 Mississippi 8,850 40,352 75,448 136,621 375,651 606,526 Tjouiskina 76556 153 407 215,739 352,411 517,762 Texas 212.592 Arkansas 14,273 30,388 97,574 209.897 Tennessee 30,791 105,602 261,727 422,813 6S1,9,')4 829,210 1,002.717 Kentucky 73,077 220,955 406,511 564,317 687,917 779,828 992.405 Ohio 45,365 230 76;) 581,434 937,903 1,519.467 1,930,329 Michigan 4,762 8,396 31.639 212.267 397,654 Indiana 4,875 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866 983,416 Illinois 12,282 55.211 157,455 476,183 851,470 Missouri 20,845 66,586 140,445 383,702 682,044 Wisconsin 80,945 305,391 Iowa 43,112 192,214 Dist. of Columbia California 14,093 24,023 83,039 89,834 43,712 51,687 92,597 Total 3,929,872 5,305,952 7,239,814 9,633.131 12,866,920 17,063,353 23,191,876 SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES. States. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont 158 17 8 o 1 Massachusetts . . Rhode Island Connecticut 952 2759 881 951 108 810 48 97 17 25 5 IT New York 21,324 20,843 15,017 10,088 75 4 New Jersey 11 423 12,422 10,851 7,657 2,254 674 *286 Pennsylvania Delaware 8,737 8,887 1,706 6,153 795 4,177 211 4,509 408 8,292 64 2,605 2,293 * Apprentices by the State Act to abolish slavery, of April 18, 1846. APPENDIX SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE. 803 SLAVES IN THE UNITED STATES Continued. States. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. Maryland 108,036 105 635 Ill 502 107 398 102 294 RP 737 00 3fi3 Virginia 203,427 345 796 392518 425 153 469 757 448 9S7 472 523 North Carolina. . South Carolina. . . Florida 100,572 107,094 133,296 146,151 168,824 196,365 295,017 258,475 235,601 315,401 15 501 245,817 327,038 25 717 238,543 384.984 39 310 Georgia 29,264 59,404 105 218 149 656 217 531 280*944 881 682 Alabama 41 879 117549 253 532 342 844 Mississippi ... 3 489 17 088 32 814 65 659 195 211 8i>9 878 Louisiana 34 660 69 064 109 5SS 168452 244809 Texas 58,161 Arkansas 1,617 4576 19935 47,100 Tennessee . 3,417 13584 44535 80 107 141 603 183 059 239 459 Kentucky 11,830 40343 80561 126 732 165 213 182,258 210,981 Ohio 3 Michigan 24 32 Indiana 135 237 190 8 Illinois 168 117 747 831 Missouri 8,011 10,222 25,081 58,240 87,422 Wisconsin 11 Io\va 16 California Dist. of Columbia 3,244 5,395 6,377 6,119 4,694 8,687 Total . . 697.897 893.041 1.191.364 1.53S.064 2.009.031 2.487.355 3,204,313 Population of some of the principal cities, according to the several censuses of the United States. Cities. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 1855. Portland, Me., - - 3,677 7,169 8,581 12,601 15,218 20,815 Ban^or. 850 1,221 2,867 8,627 14,432 Manchester, N. H., 615 761 877 3,235 13,932 Boston, Mass., - Lowell, 18,038 24,027 32,250 43,298 61,392 6474 93,383 20,796 136,831 33,383 160,000 Springfield " 2,767 3914 6 784 10,985 11,766 Balem, " - - Worcester " 7,921 9,457 12,613 12,721 13,886 15,052 7,497 20.264 17,049 Providence, R. I., - 7,614 10,071 11.767 16832 23,171 41,513 New Haven, Ct., - 5,772 7,147 10180 14,890 20,345 Hartford, " 3,955 4,726 7074 12,793 13,555 New York, N. Y., Brooklyn, 83,131 60,489 3,298 96,363 4,402 123,706 7,175 203,007 12 042 312,710 36,233 515.547 9R.R38 700,000* Albany, " Buffalo " 3,498 5,349 9,356 1,503 12,630 2,095 24,233 8653 33,721 18,213 50,763 42,261 57,883 Rochester 1,502 9269 20,191 36,403 44,403 TVilliamsbunr " 1 620 5680 80.780 Trov " 3,885 5,264 11,401 19.334 28.785 38,279 Syracuse 6,502 22.271 25,226 Utica, " 2,972 8,323 12,782 17,565 82,188 Newark N. J 6,507 10953 17,290 38,894 Paterson " 7,596 11,334 Philadelphia, Pa., - Pittsburg, " 42,520 70,287 1,565 96,664 4,763 108,116 7,248 167,183 12.542 253,037 21,115 408,762 46,601 * * Baltimore, Md., - - Washington, D. C., 13,503 26,614 3,210 46,555 8,208 62,738 13,247 80,625 18,827 102,313 23,364 169,054 40,001 * Richmond, Va., - - 5,537 9,735 12,046 16,060 20.153 27,570 .... Charleston, S. f j., Savannah Ga. 16,359 18,712 24,711 24,480 7,523 30,259 9,748 29,261 11,214 42,985 15,312 Mobile Ala 3,194 12,672 20,515 Nashville Tenn 5566 6,929 10,478 Louisville Ky 1,857 4.012 10 352 21 210 43,194 .... Cincinnati Ohio 750 2,540 9,644 24,831 46,333 115,436 Columbus " 2,435 6,048 17,832 Cleveland " 547 606 1,076 6,071 17,034 .... Detroit Mich - 1,422 2,222 9,102 21,019 Chicago 111 - - - 4,479 29,963 "Milwaukee \Vis 1,700 20,061 i * St Louis Mo 4,593 5,352 16,469 77,860 * New Orleans La. 17,242 27,176 46,810 102,198 116,375 San Francisco, Cal., 15,000 Estimated, 864 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. POST OFFICE. Number of Post Offices, Extent of Post Routes, and Revenue and Expenditures of the Post Office Department ; with the Amount paid to Postmasters and for Transportation of tlie Mail, since 1790. Year. No. of Post Offices. Extent of Post Routes in Miles. Revenue of the Department. Expenditures of the Department. Amount paid for Compensar tion of Postmasters. Transporta- tion of the Mail. 1790 75 1,875 $37,935 $32,140 $8,198 $22,081 1795 453 13,207 160,620 117,893 30,272 75,859 1800 903 20,817 280,804 213,994 69,243 123.044 1805 1,558 31,076 421,373 377,367 111,552 289,635 1810 2,300 36,406 551,684 495,969 149,433 327,966 1815 3,000 43,748 1,043,065 748,121 241,901 4S7J79 1816 3,260 48,673 961,785 804,422 265,944 521,970 1817 3,459 52,089 1,002,973 916,515 303,916 589,139 1818 3,618 59,473 1.130,235 1,035,832 346,429 664,611 1819 4,000 67.586 1^204,737 1,117,861 375,828 717,381 1820 4,500 72,492 1.111,927 1,160,926 352,295 782,425 1921 4,650 78,808 i;059,087 1,134,283 337,599 815.6S1 1822 4,709 82,763 1,117,490 1,167,572 355,299 788,618 1823 4,043 84,860 1,130,115 1,156,995 360,462 767,464 1S24 5,182 84,860 1,197,753 1,188,019 383,804 768,939 1825 5,677 94,052 1,306,525 1,229,043 411,183 785,646 1326 6,150 94,052 1,447,703 1,366,712 447,727 835,100 1827 7,003 105,336 1,524,633 1,468,959 436,411 942,345 1828 7,530 105,336 1,659,915 1,639,945 548,049 1,086,313 1829 8,004 115,000 1,707,418 1,782,132 559,237 1,153,646 1830 8,450 115,176 1,850,583 1,932,708 585,234 1,274,009 1831 8,686 115,486 1,997,811 1,936,122 635,023 1,252,226 1832 9,205 104,466 2,258,570 2,266,171 715,431 1,482,507 1833 10,127 119,916 2,617,011 2,930,414 826,283 1,894,633 1884 10,693 119,916 2,823,749 2,910,605 897,317 1,925,544 1835 10,770 112,774 2,993,356 2,757,350 945,418 1,719,007 1836 11,091 118,264 3,408,323 3,841,766 812,803 1,638,052 1837 11,767 141,242 4,236,779 3,544,630 891,852 1,996,727 1838 12,519 134,818 4,238,733 4,430,662 933,948 3,181,303 1839 12,780 133,999 4,484,657 4,636,536 980,000 3.285,622 1840 18,468 155,739 4,543,522 4,718,236 1,028,925 3,296.876 1841 13,778 155,026 4,407,726 4,499,528 1,018,645 3,159;375 1842 13,733 149,732 4,546,849 5,674,752 1,147,256 3,087,796 1843 13,814 142,295 4,296,225 4,374,754 1,426,394 2,947,319 1844 14,103 144,687 4,237,288 4,296,513 1.358.316 2,938,551 1845 14,183 143,940 4,289,841 4,320,732 1,409,875 2,905,504 1846 14,601 152,865 3,487,199 4,084,297 1,042,079 2,716.678 *1847 15,146 153,818 3,955,893 3,979,570 1,060,228 2,476,455 1843 16,159 163,208 4,371,077 4,326,850 . . 2,394,703 1849 16,749 163,703 4,905,176 4,479,049 1,320,921 2,577,407 1850 18,417 178,672 5,552,971 5,212,953 1,549,376 2,965,786 1851 19,796 196,290 6,727,867 6,278,402 1,781,686 3,538,064 *1852 20,901 214,234 6,925,971 7,108,459 1,296,765 4,225,811 1858 22,820 217,743 5,940,725 7,932,757 1,406,477 4,906,308 * The returns for 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, and 1851, are for th* six years under the lw of March 8, 1846. Those for 1852 and 1853 are for the two years us ler the new law. APPENDIX vSHlPPING. 865 SHIPPING, U. S. A Comparative View of the Registered nnd Enrolled Tunnage of the United States, showing the tunnage employed in the Whale Fishery; also, the proportion of the enrolled and licensed tunnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, an< Whale Fishery, from 1815 to 1854, inclusive. Years Regis- tered Tunnage. Enrolled Tunnage. Total Tannage. Regis- : Tunnage tcred employ- tunnage ed in" in Steam Whale Naviga- Fishery. tion. Proportion of the Enrolled Tun- nage employed in the Coasting .Cod Trade. Fishery. Mack- erel Fishery. !! *l 1815 854.294 513,833 1,368,127 43.'."66 26,510 1,229 1816 800.759 571,458 J.y72.2i> 479,979 37,879 .... 1,163 1817 809,724 590,186 1,399,921 8,471 431.457 53.99C . . . 349 1813 606,' iss 619,095 1,225,134 16,134 . . .V i3.140 58,551 .... 614 1819 612,930 647.821 1.260,751 31,700 .... 52:!,556 65,044 1536 1820 919,047 661,118 1. 230,166 35,391 539, oso 60.842 ! .... 1,053 1S21 619,896 679,062 1,298,958 26,070 .... 559,435 51,351 1,924 1822 623,15J 696,543 1,324.699 45,449 t 573,080 - 58.405 3,133 1823 639.920 696,644 1,336,565 89,913 24,879 566,408 67.6-21 535 1824 669,972 729,190 1,389,168 33.165 21,609 539,223 63,419 .... ISO 1825 700,787 722,323 1,423,110 35,379 23,061 537,273 70,626 ... t t 1826 737.973 796,210 1.534.189 41,757 34,058 666,420 63,761 .... 226 1827 747,170 873,437 1,620,607 45.653 40,197 732,937 74,048 828 1828 812,619 928.772 1,741,391 54,621 39,418 758,922 74,947 . ; . . 130 1829 650,142 610,654 1,260,797 57.284 54.036 508,853 101,796 . . 183D 576,675 615,311 1,191,776 38,911 64,471 516,978 61,554 35,973 792 1831 620,451 647,394 1,267,346 82,315 34,445 539,723 6n,977 46.210 i 431 1832 686,989 752.46') 1.439,450 72.863 90,813 649,627 54,027 : 47,427 377 1833 750,026 856.1 23 1,606,149 101,158 lol,S49 744,198 62.720 43,725 478 1834 857,438 9)1,463 1,753,907 108,060 122,815 733.613 54.4)3 61,082 364 1835 835.520 939.118 1,824,940 97,640 122,315 792,301 72.374 64.443 1636 897,774 984,328 1,820,132 144,630 145,556 873,023 62,307 64,42c 1.573 1837 810,447 1,086,238 1,896,685 127.241 154,764 956,980 80.551 46,310 1.394 1838 822,591 1.173,047 1,995,639 119,629 193,413 1,041,105 70,064 56.649 5,229 1S39 834.244 1,262.254 2,096,473 131. "-40 2ii4,93S 1,153,551 72.258 35.9-3 439 1840 899,704 1,230.999 2,180,764 136.926 202,339 1,176.694 76.o;;5 -JV269 1S41 845. s 3 1,184,940 2,130.744 157.405 175,088 I,lo7.067 66,551 11.321 1842 975,858 1,117,031 2,092,390 151.612 229,661 1,045,753 54,304 16.096 , 377 1843 1,009,305 1,149,297 2,158,601 152,374 236,867 1,076.155 ! 61,224 11.775 143 1844 1,068,764 1,211,330 2,230.095 168,293 272.179 l.loiUH $\224 10,170 321 1845 1 005,172 1,321,329 2,417,002 190,695 32f,,tils 1,190,898 69.825 21.413 2"6 1846 1,131,286 1,431.798 2,562,084 189,930 347.893 1,239,870 j 72,.Mt> 36.463 , 439 1^47 1.241.312 1.597,732 2,839.045 193,358 404,841 1,452,623 7='.177 -1.451 1 .. 1848 1,360,886 1.793,155 3.154.041 192.179 427,391 1,620,988 82,651 43.55S 432 1849 1.438,941 1,895,073 3,334,015 130.136 462,394 1.730,4lo 42,97" 73,853 185!) 1.535,711 1,949,743 < 3.535,454 146,016 525,946 1.755,796 So. 646 53,111 1851 1,726,307 2,046.123 3,772,439 181.614 533,607 1,354,317 87,475 5-1.539 : .. 1852 1,899,448 2.238,992 4,133,440 193,797 643,240 2,003.021 102.659 72,546 . .. 1853 2,103,674 2,303,336 4,407,010 193,203 514,097 2,1:34,256 Ili9,227 59,350 , . . 1854 2,333,819 2,469,083 4,802,902 181,901 676,607 2,273,900 102,194 .35,041 SHIPPING OF THE WOPJLD. Number Tunnage Number Tunnage of vessels of vessels Countries. Years. of vessels of vessels entered entered possessed. possessed. and and cleared. clear"': 1 .. British Empire 1844 833 039 32 426,337 u 1854 85 960 5043270 342 854 4--',573,869 United States, 1854 5 661 416 4o,000,000 France, . 1850 14354 688.180 6,610,719 866 THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. SHIPPING OF THE WORLD continued. Countries. Years. N umber of vessels possessed. Tunnasre of vessels possessed. Number of vessels entered and cleared. Tunnage of vessels entered and cleared. Franco 1854 14,354* 716,000* 10,000 000* Spain and Colonies. 1850 7,606 301,401 10,977 1 387,468 -. u 1854 7,986* 379.421* 11,526 1,456,841 Portugal 1S48 789 80525 11 1854 836* 86 156* Sardinia, Tuscany, Papal States, and Naples, including Sicily,.. . 1854 17,066t 546 021 1 Austria 1849 6,083 259.583 11 1S54 7600* 324 000* Greece, 1854 3,970 264,981 Turkey 1854 2,220 182,000 E a vpt 1854 230 38,790 Mexico, Brazil, and ail the States of Central and South America,. . 1854 1,530* 193,735* Sandwich and Society Islands,... 1854 100 3,00il Belgium 1850 149 30,577 4792 706605 11 1854 No incr'se 36,000* Holland, 1850 1.793 396.924 13,986 2,236 835 M 1854 2,048* 456.459* 15,771* 2,472,075* Hanover and Oldenburg, 1854 500* 40,000* Hamburg, 1852 369t 119,884 8,920 1.686 749 i> 2,0008 101,6645 Lubeck 70* 9,380 s 2 400* 430000* Bremen 8.000* 480,000" Mecklenburg, 150* Unknown. 1,000* Unknown. Prussia 1849 1,531 283.633 ib 1854 4,080* 368.800* 10,315 1, (ifi?., 736 1852 4,695 189 190 107,571 1 074 108 Norwav 1S51 86s,ttti' 1 9.447 1.9 23, 02 2 Sweden . 1852 8868 147,92S[| 1 372 672 Russia, 1852 800 or less. 17,022[ 8.09.1*14* ' The floating tunnage of the whole civilized world, (excluding only China and the East,) may consist of nearly 136,000 vessels of 14,500,000 tuns. * Estimated. t Reported, but not officially. $ Sea-going. Coasting. f Exclusive of coasting trado. ^ Russian vessels and tunnage about ono-dighth. APPET-'T>IX. SOVEREIGNS OF EUROPE. SOVEREIGNS (REIGNING) OF EUROPE. Name. Title. State. Date of Birth. Date of Accession. < ^ o :l *H Religion. Oscar I King . Sweden and Norway. . Russia July 4, 1799 Oct. 6, 1808 May 24, 1819 Feb. 19, 1817 Dec. 16, 1790 Oct. 15,1795 Dec. 12,1801 May 27, 1819 Feb. 28, 1823 Aug. 12. 1779 July 8, 1827 Apr. 25, 1800 July 24, 1817 June 24, 1818 June 21, 1818 Dec. 17, 1800 Sept. 16, 1S26 Oct. 1, 1794 Mar. 2, 1805 Nov. 6, 1793 Sept. 24. 1801 June 29, 1794 May 31, 1785 Sept. 1, 1821 Dec. 20, 17S4 Jan. 14, 1831 Apr. 26, 17S3 Sept. 9, 1826 Aug. 20, 1802 June 9, 1806 Sept. 7, 1S11 Feb. 16, 1801 May 2li, 1796 Sept. 27, 17*il Nov. 23, 1811 Aug. IS. 1830 Apr. 20. 1V1S Oct. 10, 183(1 Sept. 16 1^37 Mar. 8, 1844 1855 Jan. 20, 1848 June 20, 1837 Mar. 17, 1819 July 21, 1831 Juno 7, 1840 Aug. 10, lx>4 Nov. 18, 1851 Mar. 7, 1842 Nov. 6. 1816 Feb. 27, 1853 Apr. 25, 1831 Aug. 20. 1839 July 8, 1853 Jan. 29,1844 Dec. 24. 1803 Aug. 3, 1853 Aug. 9, 1817 Mar. 24, 1834 Apr. 28, I Mi? Sept. 3, 1835 Oct. 31, 1836 Apr. 17, 1818 Jan. 1, 1851 Feb. 13, 17s7 May 15, 1845 Sept. 8, 1848 Mar. 30, 1852 Xov. 2ii, 1847 June 16, 1848 Aug. 27, 184- Sept. 13, 1-3- Apr. 20,1836 Oct. 30, IS 16 Mar. 21, 1848 Dec. 2. 1848 Dec. '_', 1852 Sept. 29, 1833 Xov. 15, 1859 Mar. 23, 1S49 June IN 1-2-1 Mar. 27, 1854 Jan. 21, 1846 June 21, 184(5 Nov. S, 1830 Mav 7. 1832 July 2, 1839 Oct. 2. 1-11 June 16, 1849 June 16, 1849 45 39 18 32 4!' 16 52 33 19 37 _M; 25 22 35 26 3 27 22 29 13 34 42 33 30 2 14 65 26 45 42 37 37 40 35 37 18 n 3 10 29 26 5 2H 54 20 17 16 56 Lutheran Greek Chur. Lutheran Prot. Epis. Reformed Lutheran* Kvaneelioal Catholic* Evangelical Lutheran it cc u Evangelical Lutheran 1C CI tt Evangelical M Lutheran bl 1C 1C Reformed 1C Evangelical Reformed Evangelical Reformed Lutheran Catholic K Lutheran Catholic cc cc i i E c c i t 4 Catholic* Mahometan* Catholic Greek Chur. U Alexander II.. Frederic VII.. Victoria I William III.... Leopold I Fred. Wm. IV. John Emperor. . . Kinsr . Denmark Queen Great Britain King u u u u Grand Duke u cc Duke Holland or Netherlds. . Belgium Prussia Saxony George V .... Hanover Fred. Francis. George Mecklenburg-Schwer. Mecklenburg-Strelitz . Oldenburg Peter William Brunswick Adolphus .... Chs. Alexander Ernest II cc GC U cc 1C u 11 Prince .... u u (i it M U Landgrave . Prince Reg. Elector Grand Duke Prinoe Nassau Saxe-Weimar-Eisen . . Saxe-Cobiirg-Gotha. . . Saxe-Meiningen Bernard Ernest Saxe-Altenburg Leopold An halt-Dessau Alexander .... Gunther Anhalt-Bernbur 01 .... Schwarzburg-Rudolst. Schwaizbbrg Sondern Reuss, Elder Line Reuss, Younger Line. Lippe-Detmold Gunther Henry XX. . . . Henry LXII... Leopold George Lippe-Schaumburg. . . Waldeck George Victor. Ferdinand .... Fred evict Hcsse-Homburg Baden ... Frederic Wm. . Louis III Hesse-Cassel . . Hesse-Darmstadt .... Chas. Antony $ Frederick Alovs William I Maximilian II. Fran. Joseph I. Napoleon III.. Isabella II. Hohenzol'n-Sigmar'n . Hohenzol'n -Hechin'n . Lichenstein cc i Kinf W^urtemberg tt Emperor. . Ci Queen Kin^ Bavaria ... . Austria France Spain Portugal Pedro V. Viet, Eman. 11. Leopold II. ... Robert u Grand Duke Dukf> Sardinia Mar. 14, 1820 Oct. 3, 1797 Julv 9 1^43 Tuscany Parma Francis V Pius IX bb Popo Modena and Massa. . . . States of the Church . . Two Sicilies . . . June 1, 1819 May 13, 1792 Jan 12 l^ln Ferdinand II.. Otho I TCi r\ft tt Sultan June 1 1^15 Abdul Medjid Florestan Turkey Apr. 23, 1S23 Oct. 10, 1785 Prince .... Hospodar . . it Monaco . . Stirbeyi! ^Vullachia Ghikal Moldavia * The King of Belgium is a Protestant, though his subjects are mostly Catholics; the King of Saxony is a Catholic, though the greater part of his subjects are Protestants ; ami the King of Greece is a Catholic, though most of his subjects are of the Greek Church. Of the 15,500.000 European subjects of the Sultan of Turkey, 11,370,000 are of the Greek Church, and 260,000 are Catholics. Only 3,800,000 are Mahometans. t The Grand Duke of Baden is Louis, born Aug. 15, 1823, who is under guardianship by reason of insanity. i Dec. 7, 1849. These two princes abdicated in favor of the King of Prussia. The regent of the kingdom is Ferdinand, husband of the late queen, a prince .f Sale Coburg. I! Under the sovereignty of Turkey, and the protection of Russia. 868 PAINTING. PAINTING. Chronological Table of the most celebrated Painters, arranged in Schools and Ages, from the revival of the art, 1600, to the commencement of the Nineteenth Century. {From BelV$ Edition of Bredovfs Tables of Universal History.) 1. FLORENTINE SCHOOL. Style elevated and bold, seeking rather to be admired than to please; sometimes gigantic; neglects coloring and grace 1240, Cimabue; 1726, Giotto; 1211, Andrea Taffi; 1400. Massolino; 1402, Massacio; 1491, Filippo Lippi ; 1432, Andrea Verrochio, Andrea (Jastagna, Pisanello; 1443, Ghirlandajo ; 1445, LEONARDO DA VINCI; 1469, Bartolomtneo di San Marco; 1471, Baldassarre Per uzzi; 1474, Michael Angelo Buonarotti ; 1434, Dominico Beccafumi; 14S8, Andrea del Sarto ; 1493. Jacopo Carrucci'da Ponturmo; 149 i, Del Rosso; 1500, Perino del Vaga; 1509. Daniel da Volterra; 1510, Francesco Salviati; 1510, Giorgio Vassari ; 1545, Antonio Tempesta; 1559, Luigi Cardi; 1563, Francesco Vanni; 1578, Matteo Rosselli; 1596, Pietro Berretini, called Pietro da Cortona; 1611, Pietro Testa; 1615, Benvenuto da Garo- foli ; 1616, Carlo Dolci; 1666, Benedetto Lutti ; 1695, Giovan' Geronimo Servandoni; 1702, Pompeo Battoni. 2. ROMAN SCHOOL carries invention and design to the highest perfection by the analytical etudy of the antique and of nature; heads of the most sublime beauty; coloring and chiaro oscuro less perfect. 1513, Bernardino Pinturichio ; 1446, Pietro Perrugino; 14S3, Raffael ; 1488, G. F. Penni ; 1492, Giulio Romano ; 1528, Frederico Barocci; 1529, Taddeo Zucchero ; 1543, Frederico Zucchero; 1589, Dominico Feti; 1594, Nicholas Poussin : 1597, Giovan' Lorenzo Bernini; 1599, Andrea Sacchi; 1600, Claude Gelee, called Claude of Lorraine; 1602, Ceriozzi ; 1605, G. B. Salvi, called II Sassoferrato ; 1613, Gaspard Doghet, called Poussin or Guaspre; 1616, Luigi Scaramuccia; 1617, Francesco Romanell ; 1623, Giacinto Brandi ; 1623, Filippo Lauri; 1625, Carlo Maratti ; 1634, Giro Ferri ; 1694, Pietro Bianchi ; 1728, Raffael Mengs. 9. VENETIAN SCHOOL. Faithful imitation of well-chosen subjects of nature, excellent coloring, admirable effect ; design less perfect through the neglected study of the antique ; this school is now extinct. 1421, Gentile Bellini; 1431, Andrea Mantegna; 1478, Giorgione; 1477, TITIAN (Tiziano Vecelli da Cadore) : 1480, G. A. Regillo ; 14S5, Sebastiano del Piombo; 1510, Jacopo da Ponte; 1512, J. Robusti, called II Tintoretto; 1522, Paolo Farinati ; 1522, Andrea Bchiavone; 1528, Geronimo Muzziano; 1532, Paolo Cagliari; 1535, Giuseppe Ponta; 1539, Dario Varotari ; 1540, Felice Riccio ; 1540, Jacopo Palma (if Vecchio) ; 1544, Jac Palma ; 1549, Giov. Contarino; 1560, Maria Tintoretta; 1561, Leonardo Corona; 15S6, Tiberio Tinelli; 1590, Aless. Varotari: 1600, Aless. Turchi; 1635, Giov. B. Langetti ; 1642, Andrea Pozzo ; 1656, Franc. Trevisani; 1659, Sebast. Ricci ; 1666, Ant. Balestra; 1672, Rosa Alba Camera; 1675, Giov. Ant. Pellegrini: 16S2, G. B. I'iazztta; 1687, Ant. Canale; 1693, Giov. Bat. Tiepolo ; 1699, Giuseppe Nogari. 4. LOMBARD AND BOLOGXESK SCHOOLS. Correggio, born in Lombard}-, not having founded a permanent School, but having been imitated by the painters of Bologna, these t\vo Schools are conjoined. Correggio's distinguished characteristics are a seducing and voluptuous (though perhaps somewhat affected) grace in his figures and attitudes, and a magic harmony in his color- ing. Tibaldi and the Carracci introduce a more elevated character of design, and "many of their pupils unite therewith the fine coloring and the graces of Correggio. 1450, Francesco Franco ; 1490, F. Primaticcio; 1494, COHKKGGIO Antonio Allegri ; 1495, Polidori Caldari ; 1504, Fr. Maz- zuoli ; 1522, Pellegrino Tibaldi : 1546, Camillo Procaccini ; 1559, M. Angelo Amerigi, called Car- ravaggio; 1555, Lodov. Caracci: 1557, Agostino Caracci; 1560, Annibale Caracci; 1560, Bartol. Schidone; 1575, Guido Reni, called Guido; 1576, Lionello Spada; 1577, Aless. Tiarini; 1578, Francesco Albano; 15SO, Giacomo Ctivedone: 1581, Dom. Zamideri, called Domenichino; 15S1, Giov. Lanfranco; 1588, Frances Gessi ; 1590, G. F. Barbieri ; 1597, Lodov. Lana: 1600, Mic. Ang. Colonna; 16c6, Grimaldi ; 161S, Giorg. And. Sivani; 1612, Simone Cantarini ; 1624, P.Fran. Mola; 1625, Cianani; 1638, P. F. Caroli ; 1643, Lodov. Quaini ; 164S, Ant. Franceschini ; 1654. Guis. del Sole \ 1657, Fer. Galli Babiena; 16 i5, Guis. Maria Crespi ; 1668, Dom. Maria Viani; 1671, Donato Creti ; 1674, Giov. P. Zanotti ; 1691, G. P. Panini. (NEAPOLITANS, GENOESE, SPANIARDS. These nations are not regarded as having founded general Schools: their painters are formed on the masters of the great Italian Schools. Neapol- itan. The painters of this nation are reproached with being in general somewhat nfiVrU'd. Pietro and Tommaso Stefani, d. 1310 ; Fil del Tesauro, 1820 ; 1500, and Sal.butnni; 1560. GuU Cesare d'Arpino; IGoO, Aniello Falcone; 1603, Mario Nuzzi ; 1613, Matteo Petri ; 1615, Sal vator Rosa; 1631, Luca Giordana; 1657, Fran. Solimene; 1661, Nun/.io Fernjoli ; 1679, Sebst. Conea; 1693, Carl Corrado. Genoese are often incorrect in design. 1400, Nicli. da Vottri ; 1527. Carn- biasi; 1544, G. B. Pagsi; 1557, Bern. Castelli ; 1581, Bernardo Strozzi; 1590 Gio. Carlone ; 1618, Benedetto Castiglione; 1625, F. M. Borzoni; 1639, G. B. Gauli; 1664, Grog. Ferrari ; 1654, Bart. Guidoboni; 1660, II MoHnafetto; Spaniards. These painters hava especially imitated the Venetian School, and often display its brilliant coloring. 1400. Alonso Berragen'te; 1487, Blaiw PAINTING. 8(39 dePrado; 1519, Morales; 1525, Luis de Vargas ; 1532, J. F. Ximenez de Navarete; 15-V>, P:iblo de las Rovias; 15S9, Joseph Ribera; 1599, Don Diego Velasquez de Silva; 1601, Alonso Cano; 1610, Henrique de las Marinas; 1613, Bartolme Esteban deMurillo; 1617, Franc. Rizzi ; 1631, Hatias de Torres; 16-40, Pedro de Nunez; 1640, Juan