THE 
 
 SCHOLAE'S COMPANION 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 EXERCISES 
 
 IN THE 
 
 , jJtribation, anfc Classification 
 
 OP 
 
 ENGLISH WORDS. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION AND A COPIOUS INDEX, 
 
 BY 
 
 RUFUS W. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, THOROUGHLY RE' 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 
 
 1870. 
 
OmcE OP THE CONTROLLERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 
 FIRST SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Philadelphia, May 28lh, 1863. 
 
 At a meeting of the Controllers of Public Schools, First District of Pennsylvania, held 
 at the Controllers' Chamber, on Friday, January 2d, 1863, the following Resolution was 
 adopted : 
 
 Kesolwd, That THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION shall be the only Text-Book on the subject of 
 Etymology to be used in the Schools of the District : and that the study of Definitions, 
 and the Questions to be asked at the High School Examinations, shall be confined to 
 words derived from roots, to be found in said work, and that all technical terms shall be 
 excluded. 
 
 From the Minutes. 
 
 JAMES D. CAMPBELL, 
 Secretary. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, 
 
 Baltimore, Md., July 22d, 1865. 
 
 At a meeting of the State Board of Education, held this day, " THE SCHOLAR'S Cou- 
 as adopted as a Text-Book to be used in the Public Schools throughout the 
 
 W. HORACE SOPER, 
 Clerk. 
 
 Entered, according to 'Act of Congress, in the jear 1841, by HEN'RY PERKINS, in the Clerk's Offioa 
 of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by CLARK & HESSER, in the Clerk's Office 
 of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S54. by E. H BUTLER & Co.. in the Clerk's Office 
 of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the' year 1863, by 
 
 E. H. BUTLER & CO., 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the Eastern 
 District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 CAXTOW PRESS OP 
 SHERMAN * CO., PHILADELPHIA. 
 
INTBODUCTION. 
 
 THE "SCHOLAR'S COMPANION" has been too long before the public, 
 and too widely endorsed, to require a labored defence as a text -book for 
 schools. The sale of half a million of copies in more than a hundred 
 editions, with an increasing demand, is sufficient indication of the esti- 
 mate in which it is held. In revising it for a new edition, it has not 
 been thought best to attempt any alteration in the plan or arrangement 
 of the text. This, besides the doubtful utility, would render the new 
 edition unfit to be used with those already in extensive use in the schools. 
 Some more marked distinctions in the old arrangement, with a copious 
 index for easy reference, with an improved typography and style of 
 mechanical execution, is all the Publishers deem necessary to meet 
 the wishes of its numerous patrons. These improvements have been 
 effected at considerable expense, and it is hoped they will be acceptable. 
 
 Part I. embraces a large and judicious selection of cognate words, 
 requiring the particular attention of the learner to their orthography 
 and orthoepy ; also a list of equivocal words, or words spelled and 
 pronounced alike, but used in different significations, and a corrected 
 list of others that are improperly spelled and used. These selections 
 are not unnecessarily multiplied, and yet they are fully sufficient for 
 all practical purposes. 
 
 Part II. treats of the composition and the derivation of words. The 
 learner who makes himself familiar with the prefixes and suffixes, as 
 here presented in a few pages, will hardly need more for all practical 
 purposes to enable him to recognise readily their proper force and 
 effect. 
 
 The etymology of words derived from the Latin and the Greek is of 
 leading importance, because such words are the most numerous. 
 
 Language, in its principles and its structure, is necessarily, and 
 everywhere, the same. The Latin and Greek scholar has the advantage 
 of the mere English scholar in this only, a facility in tracing the ety- 
 
 (iii) 
 
v INTRODUCTION. 
 
 mology of a large class of our words which have been derived from 
 those languages. Yet by a careful study of the etymology of the words 
 whose derivation is traced in the following pages, the English scholar 
 will find his only compensation for the lack of that classical learning 
 which can be obtained only by a long course of study. To the classi- 
 cal scholar, these exercises will be doubly useful and interesting. 
 
 Part III. embraces the important study of synonyms. The import- 
 ance of this branch of the study of words can be duly appreciated only 
 by those who have pursued it critically. It is indispensable to a correct 
 use of language, and has contributed essentially to place the few who 
 have attained the highest eminence in scholarship above the others of 
 high position. Augustine said of Cicero, " Ille verborum vigilantissimus 
 appensor ac mensor" a skilful mint-master, a subtle watcher and -weigher 
 of words. Of all masters of the English language, none perhaps deserves 
 BO nearly a comparison with Cicero as Daniel Webster. All who have 
 ever aided him in placing his thoughts upon paper and he was often 
 obliged to employ amanuenses can testify how critically he watched 
 and weighed his words, how accurately he discriminated, how he would 
 discourse on the nice shades of distinction when he required the change 
 of a word, how he was capable of showing clearly, etymologically, 
 historically, eloquently, and convincingly, a difference where ordinary 
 scholars had discerned only a simple synonym. This made his defini- 
 tions and opinions of authority, and will for ever place his written dis- 
 cussions in every department among the most cherished classics of 
 English literature. 
 
 The subject is fairly opened in these pages, and enough is here col- 
 lated for a class-book ; enough, too, to awaken an interest which may 
 lead the inquiring mind to pursue the subject in more elaborate treatises. 
 These may be found at hand in "Roget's Thesaurus of English words," 
 revised and edited by Dr. Sears, a work of sterling merit and priceless 
 value to L ne scholar who would attain to accuracy in writing or speaking 
 his mother-tongue. " Trench on the Study of .Words" may also be 
 recommended as a book which unites the interest of a novel with a 
 most critical and discriminating philological discussion. 
 
 "How often," says Trench, "do the great masters of style in every 
 tongue, perhaps none so often as Cicero, the greatest of all, pause to 
 discriminate between the words they are using ; how much care and 
 labor, how much subtlety of thought they have counted well bestowed 
 on the operation ; how much importance do they avowedly attach to it ! 
 Not to say that his works, even where he does not intend it, will be a 
 continual lesson in this respect, a great writer, merely in the accuracy 
 With which he employs words, will always be exercising us in synony- 
 mous discrimination. 
 
INTRODUCTION. "V 
 
 " Nor is this habit of discrimination valuable only as a part of our 
 intellectual training ; but what a positive increase is it of mental wealth 
 when we have learned to discern between things which really differ, 
 but have been hitherto confused in our minds ; and have made these 
 distinctions permanently our own in the only way by which they can be 
 secure, that is. by assigning to each its appropriate word and peculiar 
 sign. 
 
 " What a help, moreover, will it prove to the writing of a good English 
 etyle, if instead of having many words before us, and choosing almost 
 at random and hap-hazard from among them, we at once know which, 
 and which only, we ought in the case before us to employ, which will 
 be the exact vesture of our thoughts. It is the first characteristic of a 
 well-dressed man that his clothes fit him ; that they are not too small 
 and shrunken here, too large and loose there. Now it is precisely such 
 a prime characteristic of a good style that the words fit close to the 
 thoughts: they will not be too big here, hanging like a giant's robe on 
 the limbs of a dwarf; nor too small there, as a boy's garment into which 
 the man has with difficulty and ridiculously thrust himself. We do not 
 feel in one place that the writer means more than he has succeeded in 
 saying ; in another, that he has said more than he means ; in a third, 
 something beside what his intention was and all this from a want of 
 dexterity in employing the instrument of language, of precision in 
 knowing what words would be the exactest correspondents and fittest 
 exponents of his thought." 
 
 Words are to be considered principally in two relations, viz. : in their 
 definite meaning, and in their grammatical construction. In their latter 
 aspect, we learn the structure of language, the different classes of words 
 with their philosophical uses and relative importance in the former, 
 the force and distinct signification of each separate word. This requires 
 an accurate knowledge of their origin and authorized use. 
 
 In tracing the etymology of words, we go first to the original words 
 in the language where they have been first employed, or to their first 
 formation, if original, in our own language. Thence we trace their 
 related meanings, the modified uses to which they have been applied, 
 and the new significations which, in process of time, have been assigned 
 to them. Sometimes a word is entirely changed from its original mean- 
 ing, and is used not only in varied but in opposite senses. Words are 
 constantly manufactured too for the times, for the new things that are 
 made the subject of thought, or for the new modes of thought that are 
 entertained. They are also formed by the combination of different 
 words; by affixes and suffixes. They are thus, at different periods, 
 changed or modified in meaning, and new words are invented. 
 
 Language, the first necessity of the mind, is not only the instrument 
 
v INTRODUCTION. 
 
 but the nutriment of thought, " essential to the activity of our specu- 
 lative powers, modifying, by its changes, the growth and complexion 
 of the faculties it feeds." 
 
 The importance of language, then, is readily perceived in its necessity, 
 its controlling influence, and its uses. It is necessary to the develop- 
 ment of mind and to civilization. The language of a nation or of an 
 individual tests the character as accurately as the thermometer tests 
 the elevation of the temperature, or as the consols of England indicate 
 the value of money in the market. 
 
 Thought is the capital deposit of the mind ; Language the medium 
 of exchange and intercommunication. The consols of the race man 
 consist of the united stock of all these separate deposits, where the 
 value of each is set forth and certified in language, the instrument of 
 thought. Books written become the indentures of a common partner- 
 ship. Here, the treasures "unhedged, lie open in one common field, 
 and bid all welcome to the vital feast," 
 
 The study of language as a mental discipline, is, perhaps, of greater 
 influence than any other study : not generally so considered, only, per- 
 haps, because like everything common, its true position and true influ- 
 ence are lost in the subtle involution of its power with any study that 
 is new, startling, or difficult. We must analyze the mind's operations 
 in the solution of problems in science, or labored results in philosophy, 
 before we can detect the nice distinctions required, and sought out, and 
 discovered in the words and forms of speech which we use to define our 
 propositions and elucidate our arguments. Here is a field for philosophy, 
 for logic, for mental enterprise, for keen analysis, and nice discrimina- 
 tion. Here, in the clear exhibition of results to others requiring the 
 logic, the philosophy, the illumination of language a mental activity 
 is exercised more important to a healthful discipline than in most, per- 
 haps than in any, other profound investigations prosecuted in thought. 
 
 The study of words is the study of philosophy, of history, of morals. 
 We may read a nation's history in a nation's words. Mind is there 
 stereotyped in form and feature like the reality of life. There is often 
 more of true history to be learned in a Dictionary, which cannot lie, 
 than in written annals, which may be framed by prejudice, pride, affec- 
 tation, misconception, or intended falsehood. Tradition is shadowy ; 
 memories may be partial ; history, even, is often poetic, mixed with 
 fiction. But a nation's language is itself, the record of the day and 
 the hour, and the honest reality of its acting, thinking, speaking. 
 Words are things. In everything, therefore, which they fairly indicate, 
 they are reliable. 
 
 The study of words, then, becomes something more than a detail of 
 vocables, a tissue of sounds : " 'Tis food, 'tis strength, 'tis life." 
 
INTRODUCTION. yii 
 
 The study of words has never yet had its proper place in the educa- 
 tional course. If pursued at all, it has been a study of definitions 
 merely, disconnected with etymology. We here trace the stream to its 
 sources, explore its fruitful branches and its delta, where, by a hundred 
 mouths, it brings down accumulated treasures to a common reservoir 
 of human thought, whence, as from the ocean, is exhaled a healthful 
 influence that refreshes the whole face of the earth. 
 
 "Word warriors" have caused more bloodshed and misery than all 
 the executioners of martyrs to truth and principle. Books have been 
 written, treasures squandered, controversies exasperated, eternal hatred 
 engendered, armies brought into deadly conflict, and nations revolu- 
 tionized or destroyed, for a word: more than this, for a word misun- 
 derstood, for an illusion. 
 
 " One word interposed 
 Makes enemies of nations that had else, 
 Like kindred drops, been mingled into one." 
 
 Theological controversies, political asperities, judicial litigations, per- 
 sonal animosities, have their origin and vitality most often in the mis- 
 understanding of words. This, unperceived by the contending parties, 
 is often obvious to the disinterested observer sometimes apparent to 
 the combatants themselves after all the mischief has been done, past 
 remedy. 
 
 That which is so often fatal to truth and to right in social life, is also 
 injurious to the individual mind in all its own inquiries and activities. 
 We think in words. Hence these words must truly represent their 
 antitypes, else the mind deceives itself, and is at war with its own 
 opinions. Thus the mind becomes its own tormentor, biting and devour- 
 ing itself; or urged on to conflict without an object, it builds a man of 
 straw, applies the faggot, and is consumed by the fire it has wantonly 
 kindled ; or like the viper bites itself to death, a suicide without a 
 cause. 
 
 Thus it is not without a philosophical reason the Saviour said to the 
 Pharisees: "By thy words thou shalt be justified, and by thy words 
 thou shalt be condemned." The connection between the words we utter 
 and the moral emotions, is palpable to every man who has studied the 
 mental processes of his own consciousness. Physiologically, the con- 
 nection between the vocal organs and the brain is known to be delicately 
 sensitive and powerfully reciprocal. The same may be true, meta- 
 physically, between the verbal definitions in our mental activities and 
 the permanent impressions of principles on the mental and moral emo- 
 tions. In the spiritual state, these verbal' mental processes place in 
 permanent forms what words, uttered or written, stereotype in vocables. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 They are then ours, adopted, attach to the mind as a part of itself, and 
 become permanently operative A man's thoughts, which are words 
 uttered in himself, are the record by which he may read himself as 
 truly as the opinion, written or spoken and defended, reveals him to 
 others. Habits of thinking are as important, often more important, on 
 permanent forms of character than habits of speaking. Hence the 
 wisdom of that caution, "Be careful of thy words, whether in thought 
 or utterance." 
 
 Definitely, the study of words is the object of this treatise, intended to 
 initiate the young learner early into the habit of a critical definition of 
 the language he uses. Beyond mere orthography and correct pronun- 
 ciation, it is designed to introduce the young mind into the inner life 
 of words, and thus into the inner life of the soul It is a spelling- 
 book, but that is not all. It teaches correct pronunciation, but that is 
 not all. It is a defining Dictionary, but still more, it discriminates 
 the nicest shades of difference in words, in thought, and contributes 
 eminently to form the mind to truth, and the character to uprightness, 
 and the soul for its immortal destiny. 
 
 If we may have contributed to awaken the minds of Teachers and 
 educationists to the true dignity, importance, and influence of the study 
 of words, we have installed our subject in its proper place, and accom- 
 plished the object of this brief Introduction to the SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 K. W. BAILEY. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OP WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY AND 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 PAQE 
 
 CHAP. I. Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differ- 
 ently ; arranged according to the sound of the prin- 
 cipal vowel, ........ 9 
 
 CHAP. II. Words of similar pronunciation. 
 
 1. The first of each pair having the sound of s, the second 
 
 of z, .19 
 
 2. The first of each pair ending in ts, . . . . 20 
 
 3. ending in le, .... 21 
 
 4. having an /, the latter aw,. . 21 
 
 5. ending in er or or, the second in 
 
 ure or eur, .... 21 
 
 6. The second of each pair aspirated, .... 22 
 
 7. beginning with h, . .22 
 
 8. The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat ; the 
 
 second of e in met, 23 
 
 9. Several sounds of a and e compared, .... 24 
 
 10. The first of each pair having the sound of e in mete, . 24 
 
 11. Sounds of e and i compared, 25 
 
 12. The first of each pair having the sound of o in more, . 25 
 
 13. Several sounds of o and other vowels compared, . . 26 
 
 14. The first of each pair having the sound of o in move, . 26 
 
 15. Words to be carefully distinguished, .... 26 
 
 16. Words often confounded from improperly introducing or 
 
 omitting the sound of r, . . . . .29 
 
 17. Dissyllables differing in accent, ..... 30 
 
 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently, . . 33 
 
 CHAP. III. Equivocal words, .35 
 
 CHAP. IV. Improprieties heard in conversation, ... 44 
 
 CiiAP. V. Rule in orthography, 46 
 
 (ix) 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 DERIVATION. 
 
 CHAP. I. General account of derivation and composition, . . 48 
 
 Prefixes, 50 
 
 Suffixes, 53 
 
 CHAP. II. Words derived from the Latin, 57 
 
 CHAP. III. Words derived from the Greek, .... 171 
 
 CHAP. IV. Miscellaneous tables, 202 
 
 1. Corresponding derivatives, .... 202 
 
 2. Greek and Latin plurals, 203 
 
 3. Latin words and phrases, 205 
 
 4. French words and phrases, .... 209 
 
 5. Abbreviations, . 213 
 
 6. Words derived chiefly from classical proper 
 
 names, 216 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ENGLISH SYNOXYWS, .... 223 
 
THE 
 
 Library, 
 
 SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS ACCORDING TO ORTHOGRAPHY 
 AND PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 To the Teacher. In using Part I., various modes of study and recitation 
 may be employed, and it will usually be found best to pursue no oue mode 
 exclusively. But it is earnestly recommended to the teacher to employ a 
 variety of written, as well as oral exercises, in the classes which are studying 
 this Part. Let the pupils be required (for instance), to form sentences which 
 shall contain the words of the lesson ; and let the plan of the composition be 
 simple or more difficult, according to the age and attainments of the class. 
 Written exercises of this kind may be varied to almost any extent, and will 
 be found on many accounts advantageous in the prosecution of such studies- 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Words pronounced exactly alike, but spelled differently ; arranged according 
 to the sound of the principal vowel. 
 
 A as in mate. 
 ALE, a malt liquor. 
 
 AIL, to affect unpleasantly. 
 ATE, did eat. 
 
 AIT, a small island in a river. 
 
 EIGHT, a number. 
 A'TE, the goddess of mischief. 
 
 EIGH'TY, fourscore. 
 BA'CON, smoked pork. 
 
 BAK'EN, cooked in an oven. 
 BALE, a pack of goods. 
 
 BAIL, a surety. 
 BATE, to deduct. 
 
 BAIT, an allurement. 
 BAY, a color ; a tree. 
 
 BEY, a Turkish governor. 
 
 BAYS, [pi. of Bay] a garland. 
 
 BAIZE, a kind of cloth. 
 BRAID, to plait. 
 
 BRAYED, did bray. 
 BRAKE, fern ; a thicket. 
 
 BREAK, to part by force. 
 CANE, a walking stick. 
 
 CAIN, a man's name. 
 CHASTE, pure. 
 
 CHASED, pursued. 
 DANE, a native of Denmark. 
 
 DEIGN, to condescend. 
 DAY, a period of time. 
 
 DEY, the governor of Algiers 
 FAINT, languid; weak. 
 
 FEINT, a pretence. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 FANE, a temple. 
 
 FAIN, willingly; gladly. 
 
 FEIGN, to pretend. 
 FRAYS, quarrels. 
 
 FRAISE, a kind of fortification. 
 
 PHRASE, a mode of speech. 
 GAGE, a pledge. 
 
 GAUGE, a measuring rod. 
 GATE, a sort of door. 
 
 GAIT, manner of walking. 
 GRATE, a range of bars. 
 
 GREAT, large. 
 GRA'TER, a sort of rasp. 
 
 GREAT'ER, larger. 
 HALE, strong; healthy. 
 
 HAIL, frozen rain ; to salute. 
 HAY, dried grass. 
 
 HEY! an exclamation. 
 LADE, to load. 
 
 LAID, placed. 
 LANE, a narrow road. 
 
 LAIN, remained. 
 MADE, finished. 
 
 MAID, an unmarried woman. 
 MALE, a he animal. 
 
 MAIL, armor; a post-bag. 
 MANE, of a horse. 
 
 MAIN, principal; chief. 
 
 MAINE, name of a state. 
 MAZE, an intricate place. 
 
 MAIZE, Indian corn, [wheel. 
 NAVE, the centre or hub of a 
 
 KNAVE, a rogue. 
 NAY, no. 
 
 NEIGH, the voice of a horse. 
 PALE, whitish. 
 
 PAIL, a wooden vessel. 
 PANE, a square of glass. 
 
 PAIN, uneasiness. 
 PLACE, a situation. 
 
 PLAICE, a flat fish. 
 PLANE, a carpenters tool. 
 
 PLAIN, manifest; even. 
 PLATE, a shallow dish. 
 
 PLAIT ; a fold. 
 
 PRAY, to beseech. 
 
 PREY, plunder; booty. 
 RAIN, water from the clouds. 
 
 REIN, of a bridle. 
 
 REIGN, to rule. 
 RAZE or RASE, to demolish. 
 
 RAYS, sunbeams. 
 
 RAISE, to lift ; to elevate. 
 RA'ZOR, a shaving tool. 
 
 RAIS'ER, a lifter. 
 SALE, a selling. 
 
 SAIL, the canvas of a vessel. 
 SAIL'ER, a sailing vessel. 
 
 SAIL'OR, a seaman. 
 SANE, sound in mind. 
 
 SEINE, a river in France. 
 SETA'CEOTTS, set with br.stles. 
 
 CETA'CEOUS, of the whale 
 SLAY, to kill. [kind. 
 
 SLEIGH, a vehicle on runners. 
 
 SLEY, a weaver's reed. 
 STAKE, a small post. 
 
 STEAK, broiled meat. 
 STATIONARY, fixed. 
 
 STA'TIONERY, paper, penSj&c. 
 STRAIT, a narrow pass. 
 
 STRAIGHT, not crooked. 
 TALE, a story. 
 
 TAIL, the end. 
 YALE, a valley. 
 
 VAIL, or VEIL, a curtain j a 
 
 covering. 
 VANE, a weathercock. 
 
 VAIN, proud; fruitless. 
 
 VEIN, a blood vessel. 
 WALE, a ridge. 
 
 WAIL, to lament. 
 WANE, to decrease,. 
 
 WAIN, a wagon. 
 WASTE, useless expenditure. 
 
 WAIST, a part of the body. 
 WAIT, to stay for. 
 
 WEIGHT, heaviness. 
 WAVE, a billow. [off. 
 
 WAIVE, to relinquish ; to put 
 
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 11 
 
 WAY, a manner ; a road. 
 
 WEIGH, to ascertain weight. 
 WADE, to walk in water. 
 
 WEIGHED, did weigh. 
 
 A as in care. 
 
 AIR, the atmosphere. 
 
 HEIR, an inheritor. 
 BARE, naked. 
 
 BEAR, to support. 
 FARE, food ; price of passage. 
 
 FAIR, beautiful; honest. 
 GLARE, splendor. 
 
 G-LAIR, white of an egg. 
 HARE, an animal. 
 
 HAIR, of the head. 
 PARE, to shave off the outside. 
 
 PAIR, a couple. 
 
 PEAR, a fruit. 
 STARE, to gaze. 
 
 STAIR, a step. 
 TARE, an allowance in weight. 
 
 TEAR, to rend. 
 THEIR, belonging to them. 
 
 THERE, in that place. 
 WARE, merchandise. 
 
 WEAR, to diminish by use. 
 
 A as in mat. 
 
 ADDS, increases. 
 
 ADZ, a kind of hatchet. 
 AN, a particle. 
 
 ANN, or ANNE, a woman's 
 
 name. 
 AN'NALIST, a writer of annals. 
 
 AN'ALYST, one who analyses. 
 AN'KER, a liquid measure. 
 
 AN'CHOR, of a vessel. 
 AS'PERATE, to make rough. 
 
 AS'PIRATE, to give the sound 
 
 of h. [sure. 
 
 CAL'ENDER, to polish by pres- 
 
 CAL'ENDAR, an almanac. 
 
 CAL'LOUS, hardened ; insensible. 
 
 CAL'LUS, a hardening of the 
 
 fibres. 
 CAN'DID, frank ; ingenuous. 
 
 CAN'DIED, turned to sugar. 
 CAN'NON, a large gun. 
 
 CAN'ON, a Lw; a rule. 
 CAN'VASS, to examine. 
 
 CAN'VAS, coarse cloth. 
 DAM, a wall across a stream. 
 
 DAMN, to condemn. 
 DRAM, a small weight. 
 
 DRACHM, an ancient coin. 
 JAM, a conserve of fruit. 
 
 JAMB, a supporter. 
 LACK, to want. 
 
 LAC, a sort of gum. 
 MAN'NER, mode; custom. 
 
 MAN'OR, the land belonging 
 
 to a nobleman. 
 MAN'TLE, a kind of cloak. 
 
 MAN'TEL, the chimney piece. 
 NAG, a little horse. 
 
 KNAG, a knot in wood. 
 NAP, a short sleep. 
 
 KNAP, a protuberance. 
 PAL'LET, a little bed. 
 
 PAL'LETTE, or PAL'LET, a 
 
 painter's board. 
 PAN'NEL, a rustic saddle. 
 
 PAN'EL, a square of wainscot. 
 RAP, to strike. 
 
 WRAP, to fold. 
 TACKS, small nails. 
 
 TAX, a rate imposed. 
 
 A as in mart. 
 
 ANT, an insect. 
 
 AUNT, a relative. 
 ARK, a chest. 
 
 ARC, part of a circle. 
 BARD, a poet. 
 
 BARRED, closed with bars. 
 CAST, to throw. [doos. 
 
 CASTE, rank among the Hin 
 
12 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 CAST'ER, a small bottle. 
 
 CAST'OR, a beaver. [tion. 
 DRAUGHT, a drink; a delinea- 
 
 DRAFT, an order for money. 
 HART, a sort of stag. 
 
 HEART, the seat of life. 
 MARK, a line; an impression. 
 
 MARQUE, license for reprisals. 
 MAR'SHAL, to arrange. 
 
 MARE'SCHAL, a chief com- 
 mander. 
 
 MAR'TIAL, warlike. 
 
 A as in all. 
 
 ALL, every one. 
 
 AWL, a sharp pointed tool. 
 AL'TER, to change. 
 
 AL'TAR, that on which sacri- 
 fices were offered. 
 AU'GUR, a soothsayer. 
 
 AU'GER, a boring tool. 
 AUGHT, anything. 
 
 OUGHT, should. 
 BALL, a spherical body. 
 
 BAWL, to cry out. 
 BALD, without hair. 
 
 BAWLED, did bawl. 
 CALL, to name. 
 
 CAUL, a membrane. 
 CAUK, a sulphate of barytes. 
 
 CAULK, to stop leaks. 
 CAUF, a box for live fish. 
 
 COUGH, a convulsion of the 
 
 lungs. 
 CLAWS, talons. 
 
 CLAUSE, part of a sentence. 
 CORD, a small rope. 
 
 CHORD, a musical harmony. 
 GALL, bile; bitterness. 
 
 GAUL, a Frenchman. 
 HALL, a large room. 
 
 HAUL, to'pull. 
 MALL, a wooden hammer. 
 
 MAUL, to beat; to bruise. 
 
 NAUGHT, bad ; worthless. 
 
 NOUGHT, or NAUGHT, no, 
 
 thing. 
 PAUL, a man's name. 
 
 PALL, a covering for the dead. 
 PAWS, a beast's feet. 
 
 PAUSE, a stop. 
 PSAL'TER, a psalm book. 
 
 SALT'ER, more salt. 
 WALL, a partition. 
 
 WAWL, to cry as a cat. 
 
 E as in mete. 
 
 ARREAR', what is unpaid. 
 
 ARRIERE', last body of an 
 
 army. 
 BE, to exist. 
 
 BEE, a stinging insect. 
 BEECH, a tree. 
 
 BEACH, the sea shore. 
 BEER, malt liquor. 
 
 BIER, a carriage for the dead. 
 BEET, an eatable root. 
 
 BEAT, to strike. 
 BREACH, a breaking. 
 
 BREECH, of a gun. 
 DEER, an animal. 
 
 DEAR, beloved; expensive. 
 DISCREET', prudent. 
 
 DISCRETE', separate. 
 FEET, plural of foot. 
 
 FEAT, an exploit. 
 FLEE, to run away. 
 
 FLEA, a biting insect. 
 FREEZE, to congeal with cold. 
 
 FRIEZE, coarse woollen cloth 
 GREECE, a country of Europe. 
 
 GREASE, soft fat. 
 HEEL, of the foot. 
 
 HEAL, to cure. 
 HEAR, to hearken. 
 
 HERE, in this place. 
 KEY, for a lock. 
 
 QUAY, a mole, or wharf. 
 
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 13 
 
 LEA, or LEY, a meadow. 
 
 LEE, opposite to the wind. 
 LEAF, part of a plant. 
 
 LIEF, willingly. 
 LEEK, a sort of onion. 
 
 LEAK, a slow escape of fluid, 
 MEED, reward. 
 
 MEDE, a native of Media. 
 
 MEAD, a liquor made from 
 
 honey. 
 MEAN, paltry; low. [pect. 
 
 MIEN, air; deportment; as- 
 MEET, to come together. 
 
 MEAT, animal food. 
 
 METE, to measure. 
 ME'TER, one who measures. 
 
 ME'TRE,or ME'TER, measure; 
 
 verse. 
 NEED, want; necessity. 
 
 KNEAD, to work dough. 
 PEACE, quiet; tranquillity. 
 
 PIECE, a part. 
 PEAK, a point ; the top. 
 
 PIQUE, a grudge. 
 PEEL, a rind, or skin. 
 
 PEAL, a loud sound. 
 PEER, a nobleman. 
 
 PIER, the support of an arch 
 
 or bridge. 
 PLEAS, excuses. 
 
 PLEASE, to gratify; to delight. 
 QUEEN, a king's wife. 
 
 QUEAN, a worthless woman. 
 REED, a plant. 
 
 READ, to peruse. 
 REEK, to emit vapor. 
 
 WREAK, to inflict. 
 SEE, to view ; to behold. 
 
 SEA, the ocean. 
 SEAL, an impression. 
 
 CEIL, to make a ceiling. 
 SEALING, fixing a seal. 
 
 CEIL'ING, of a room. 
 SEED, of a plant. 
 
 CEDE, to give up ; to resign. 
 
 SEEM, to appear. 
 
 SEAM, a joint. 
 SEEN, viewed; beheld. 
 
 SEINE, a fishing net. 
 
 SCENE, a sight ; a view. 
 SEER, a prophet. 
 
 SEAR, to burn ; to wither. 
 
 CERE, to cover with wax. 
 
 SEIR, name of a mountain. 
 SEAS, great waters. 
 
 SEES, views; beholds. 
 
 SEIZE, to lay hold of. 
 SEN'IOR, elder. 
 
 SEIGN'OR, a lord. 
 SHAGREEN', a sort of fish skin. 
 
 CHAGRIN', vexation. 
 SHEER, pure; unmixed. 
 
 SHEAR, to clip. 
 
 SHIRE, a county. 
 SLEEVE, covering of the arm. 
 
 SLEAVE, untwisted silk. 
 STEEL, carbonized iron. 
 
 STEAL, to thieve ; to pilfer. 
 SWEET, fitted to gratify the 
 taste. 
 
 SUITE, [generally written 
 and pronounced SUIT] re- 
 tinue. 
 TEAL, a water fowl. 
 
 TEIL, a kind of tree. 
 TEAR, water from the eye. 
 
 TIER, a rank ; a row. 
 TEAS, plural of tea. 
 
 TEASE, to torment. 
 TEEM, to abound. 
 
 TEAM, animals harnessed to- 
 gether. 
 THE, the definite article. 
 
 THEE, thyself. 
 WEEK, seven days. 
 
 WEAK, feeble; infirm. 
 WEEN, to think. 
 
 WEAN, to alienate. 
 WHEEL, a circular body. 
 
 WHEAL, a pustule. 
 
14 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 E as in met. 
 
 ASSENT', agreement. 
 
 ASCENT', a going up. 
 BELL, a hollow sounding body. 
 
 BELLE, a gay young lady. 
 BER'RY, a small fruit. 
 
 BUR'Y, to put under ground. 
 BET'TER, superior. [g ers - 
 
 BET'TOR, one who lays wa- 
 BRED, brought up. 
 
 BREAD, food made from corn. 
 CEN'SOR, a critic. 
 
 CEN'SER, a vessel for incense. 
 CONSES'SION, a sitting together. 
 
 CONCES'SION, a yielding. 
 FER'RULE, a metallic band. 
 
 FER'ULE, a wooden pallet. 
 GUESSED, conjectured. 
 
 GUEST, a visitor. 
 HERD, a drove. 
 
 HEARD, did hear. 
 INTEN'TION, design; purpose. 
 
 INTENSION, the act of strain- 
 JES'SY, a woman's name. [ing. 
 
 JES'SE, a man's name. 
 LED, conducted. 
 
 LEAD, a metal. 
 LES'SEN, to make less. 
 
 LES'SON, a task ; a lecture. 
 LEV'Y, to raise money, &c. 
 
 LEV'EE, a concourse ; a bank. 
 PEN'CIL, for writing. 
 
 PEN'SILE, hanging. 
 PEN'DENT, hanging. 
 
 PEN'DANT, a small flag. 
 RED, a color. 
 
 READ, did read. 
 REST, repose. 
 
 WREST, to take violently. 
 SELL, to deliver for a price. 
 
 CELL, a small cavity; a hut. 
 SEL'LER, one who sells. 
 
 CEL'LAR, a room under 
 ground. 
 
 SENSE, feeling; perception, 
 
 CENSE, a public tax. 
 SENT, participle of send. 
 
 CENT, a coin. 
 
 SCENT, odor. 
 SES'SION, a sitting. 
 
 CES'SION, a yielding. 
 WETH'ER, a sheep. 
 
 WEATH'ER, state of the air. 
 WRETCH, a worthless person. 
 
 RETCH, to attempt to vomit. 
 
 / as in pine. 
 
 BITE, to seize with the teeth. 
 
 BIGHT, one round of a cable 
 BY, with ; near. 
 
 BUY, to purchase. 
 CLIME, a climate. 
 
 CLIMB, to mount up. 
 DIE, to expire ; a stamp. 
 
 DYE, to color. 
 FIND, to discover. 
 
 FINED, punished by fine. 
 GUISE, appearance. 
 
 GUYS, ropes. 
 HIDE, to conceal. 
 
 HIED, did hie. 
 HIGH, lofty. 
 
 HIE, to make haste. 
 I, myself. 
 
 EYE, the organ of sight. 
 I'LL, I will. 
 
 ISLE, an island. 
 
 AISLE, passage in a church. 
 INDITE', to compose ; to write. 
 
 INDICT', to accuse. 
 LIE, a wilful falsehood. 
 
 LYE, liquor from wood ashes. 
 LI'ER, one who lies down. 
 
 LI'AR, one who tells lies. 
 MI'NER, a worker in a mine. 
 
 Mr NOR, one under age. 
 MITE, a little insect. 
 
 MIGHT, power; ability. 
 
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 15 
 
 NIGHT, darkness. 
 
 KNIGHT, a title of honor. 
 PRI'ER, a close inquirer 
 
 PRI'OR, former; previous. 
 PRIES, inquires into. 
 
 PRIZE, a reward ; a premium. 
 PRIDE, self-esteem. 
 
 PRIED, past tense of pry. 
 QUIRE, 24 sheets of paper. 
 
 CHOIR, a band of singers. 
 RICE, a species of grain, 
 
 RISE, elevation. 
 RIME, hoar frost. 
 
 RHYME, agreement of sound. 
 RITE, a ceremony. 
 
 WRITE, to form letters. 
 
 RIGHT, straight; correct. 
 
 WRIGHT, a workman. 
 RYE, a kind of grain. 
 
 WRY, crooked; distorted. 
 SIDE, the margin. 
 
 SIGHED, did sigh. 
 SINE, a geometrical line. 
 
 SIGN, a mark; a token. 
 SI'ON, name of a mountain. 
 
 CI'ON, or SCI'ON, a sprout. 
 SITE, a situation. 
 
 CITE, to summon ; to quote. 
 
 SIGHT, a view ; a vision. 
 SIZE, bulk, magnitude. 
 
 SIGHS, expressions of grief. 
 SLIGHT, to neglect. 
 
 SLEIGHT, an artful trick. 
 STILE, a stairway over a wall. 
 
 STYLE, manner of writing. 
 TIDE, rush of water. 
 
 TIED, fastened. 
 TIME, duration; season, 
 
 THYME, an aromatic herb. 
 TiREj of a wheel ; to weary. 
 
 TYRE, an ancient city. 
 VI'AL, or PHI'AL, a small bottle. 
 
 VI'OL, a musical instrument. 
 VICE, sin. 
 
 VISE, a kind of press. 
 
 / as in pin. 
 
 BEEN, participle of be 
 
 BIN, a large box. 
 BRIT'ON, a native of Britain. 
 
 BRIT'AIN, England and Scot- 
 land. 
 Dis'cous, broad and flat. 
 
 Dis'cus, a quoit. 
 FIL'LIP, to hit with the finger. 
 
 PHIL'IP, a man's name. 
 FIL'TER, to strain liquors, 
 
 PHIL'TER, a love charm. 
 FIS'SURE, a cleft ; a crack. 
 
 FISH'ER, one who catches fish 
 GILD, to adorn with gold. 
 
 GUILD, the name of an asso- 
 ciation. 
 GILT, adorned with gold. 
 
 GUILT, wickedness; sin. 
 GRIS'LY, frightful; hideous. 
 
 GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray. 
 HIM, that man. 
 
 HYMN, a sacred song. 
 IN, within. 
 
 INN, a public-house. 
 KILL, to take away life. 
 
 KILN, a sort of stove. 
 LIMB, a member. 
 
 LIMN, to draw or paint. 
 LINKS, connecting rings. 
 
 LYNX, an animal. 
 MIL'LINERY, goods of a milliner 
 
 MIL'LENARY, consisting of a 
 
 thousand. 
 MIST, a fine rain. 
 
 MISSED, did miss. 
 NIT, an insect's egg 
 
 KNIT, to weave with neediest 
 RIG'GER, one who rigs. 
 
 RIG'OR, severity; sternness. 
 RING, a circle ; to sound. 
 
 WRING, to twist. 
 SIG'NET, a seal. 
 
 CYG'NET, a young swan. 
 
16 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 SILI'CIOUS, flinty. 
 
 CILI'CIOUS, made of hair. 
 SIL'LY, simple; foolish. 
 
 SCIL'LY, name of islands. 
 SIN'GLE, alone. 
 
 CIN'GLE, a girth. 
 SINK, to fall down. 
 
 CINQUE, five. 
 SIT, to rest on a seat. 
 
 CIT, a citizen. 
 STICKS, small pieces of wood. 
 
 STYX, a fabulous river. 
 
 as in no. 
 
 BLOTE, to dry by smoke. 
 
 BLOAT, to swelL 
 BOLL, a pod. 
 
 BOLE, a kind of earth. 
 
 BOWL, a basin. 
 BORE, to make a hole. 
 
 BOAR, a male swine. 
 BORED, pierced. 
 
 BOARD, a thin plank. 
 BORNE, carried; supported. 
 
 BOURNE, a limit; a boundary. 
 Bow, an instrument. 
 
 BEAU, a gay gentleman. 
 BROACH, to open ; to utter. 
 
 BROOCH, a jewel. 
 COLE, a sort of cabbage. 
 
 COAL, a kind of fuel. 
 COARSE, rough; gross. 
 
 COURSE, order; progress. 
 CORE, the inner part. 
 
 CORPS, a body of troops. 
 DOE, a female deer. 
 
 DOUGH, unbaked bread. 
 DOZE, to slumber. 
 
 DOES, female deer. 
 FORE, preceding. 
 
 FOUR, twice two. 
 FORTH, forward. 
 
 FOURTH, next after the third. 
 GOURD, a vegetable production. 
 
 GORED, pierced with a horn. 
 
 GROAN, to sigh deeply. 
 
 GROWN, increased. 
 GRO'CER, a dealer in groceries 
 
 GROSS'ER, coarser. 
 Ho, a cry to attend. 
 
 HOE, a garden tool. 
 HOARD, to lay up. 
 
 HORDE, a tribe. 
 HOLE, a hollow place. 
 
 WHOLE, entire ; unbroken. 
 HOME, one's dwelling. 
 
 HOLM, the evergreen oak. 
 Lo, behold. 
 
 Low, not high. 
 LONE, retired ; solitary. 
 
 LOAN, to lend. 
 MOAN, to lament. 
 
 MOWN, cut down. 
 MODE, manner. 
 
 MOWED, cut down. 
 MOTE, a particle of dust. 
 
 MOAT, a ditch. 
 No, not so. 
 
 KNOW, to understand. 
 NOSE, a part of the face. 
 
 KNOWS, understands. 
 ! or OH ! alas ! 
 
 OWE, to be indebted. 
 ODE, a poem, 
 
 OWED, did owe. 
 ORE, unrefined metal. 
 
 OAR, a pole to row with. 
 
 O'ER, over. 
 POLE, a long stick. 
 
 POLL, the head. 
 PORE, a minute tube. 
 
 POUR, to cause to flow. 
 PORT, a harbor. 
 
 PORTE, the Turkish court. 
 ROAN, a color. 
 
 ROWN, impelled by oars. 
 
 RHONE, a river in France. 
 ROADS, highways. 
 
 RHODES, an island in the Le- 
 vant 
 
WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 
 
 17 
 
 ROBE, did ride* 
 
 ROWED, did row. 
 
 ROAD, a way. 
 ROE, a female deer. 
 
 Row, to impel with oars. 
 ROES, female deer. 
 
 ROSE, a flower. 
 ROME, a city of Italy. 
 
 ROAM, to wander ; to rove. 
 KOTE, a round of words. 
 
 WROTE, did write. 
 SHONE, did shine. 
 
 SHOWN, exhibited. 
 SLOE, an animal ; sort of plum. 
 
 SLOW, tardy ; not quick. 
 So, in such manner. 
 
 Sow, to scatter seed. 
 
 SEW, to work with a needle. 
 SOLD, did sell. 
 
 SOLED, furnished with a sole. 
 SOLE, only. [man. 
 
 SOUL, the immortal part of 
 SORE, tender; painful. 
 
 SOAR, to rise high. 
 SWORD, a weapon. 
 
 SOARED, did soar. 
 THROE, extreme agony. 
 
 THROW, to cast ; to heave. 
 THRONE, a seat of state. 
 
 THROWN, cast. 
 TOE, part of the foot. 
 
 Tow, dressed hemp ; to drag, 
 TOLD, did tell. 
 
 TOLLED, rung. 
 TOLE, to allure. 
 
 TOLL, a kind of tax. 
 
 as in not. 
 
 COD' LING, a sort of apple. 
 
 COD'DLING, parboiling. 
 COL'LAR, covering for the neck. 
 
 CHOL'ER, anger; rage. 
 CoM'pLiMENT,atoken of respect. 
 
 COMPLEMENT, the full num- 
 ber. 
 
 LOCK, a tuft of hair; a fastening. 
 
 LOCH, or LOUGH, a lake. 
 NOT, a word of negation. 
 
 KNOT, a tie. 
 ON'ERARY, fit for burdens. 
 
 HoN'oRARY,conferring honor, 
 PROPH'ET, a foreteller. 
 
 PROF'IT, gain; advantage. 
 SOR'REL, a color. 
 
 SOR'EL, a buck in the third 
 year. 
 
 as in move. 
 
 COOM, a species of soot 
 
 COOMB, a measure. 
 To, unto ; towards. 
 
 Too, likewise. 
 
 Two, a couple. 
 
 Oo as in book. 
 
 HOOP, of a barrel. 
 
 WHOOP, a shout. 
 WOOD, the substance of trees- 
 
 WOULD, was willing. 
 
 U as in tube. 
 
 BLUE, a color. 
 
 BLEW, did blow. 
 BREWS, does brew. 
 
 BRUISE, to hurt. 
 BRUTE, a beast. 
 
 BRUIT, noise ; a report. 
 CREWS, ships' companies. 
 
 CRUISE, to sail up and down. 
 CREW'EL, a ball of yarn. 
 
 CRU'EL, savage ; inhuman. 
 DUE, owed. 
 
 DEW, moisture. 
 EWE, a female sheep. 
 
 YEW, an evergreen tree. 
 FEUD, a quarrel. 
 
 FEOD, a tenure. 
 FLUE, a chimney pipe. 
 
 FLEW, did fly. 
 
18 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 HUE, a color, or tint. 
 
 HEW, to cut down. 
 
 HUGH, a man's name. 
 JU'RY, a set of men sworn to 
 give a true verdict. 
 
 JEW'RY, the land of Judea. 
 LU'SERN, a lynx. 
 
 LU'CERNE, a sort of clover. 
 Mu'cous, slimy. 
 
 Mu'cus, a viscid fluid. 
 MUE, or MEW, to moult. 
 
 MEW, a fowl; an enclosure. 
 MULE, a beast. 
 
 MEWL, to cry like an infant. 
 NEW, fresh ; novel. 
 
 KNEW, understood. 
 SU'ER, one who entreats. 
 
 SEW'ER, a drain. 
 THREW, did throw. 
 
 THROUGH, from end to end. 
 USE, to employ. 
 
 EWES, female sheep. 
 
 U as in tub. 
 
 BUR'ROW, the cell of an ani- 
 mal. 
 
 BOR'OUGH, a corporation. 
 BUT, except. 
 
 BUTT, to push with the head. 
 CHUFF, a blunt clown. 
 
 CHOUGH, a sea bird. 
 COUS'IN, a relative. 
 
 COZ'EN, to defraud; to cheat. 
 CULL'ER, a selector. 
 
 COL'OR, hue. 
 CUR'RENT, a stream ; flowing. 
 
 CUR'RANT, a fruit. 
 DUN, to ask for a debt. 
 
 DONE, finished. 
 DUST, powdered dirt. 
 
 DOST, contraction of doest. 
 FUN'GOUS, growing as a fungus. 
 
 FUN'GUS, a spongy excres- 
 cence. 
 
 FURS, skins of beasts. 
 
 FURZE, a wild shrub. 
 JUST, honest; upright. 
 
 JOUST, or JUST, a mod 
 
 fight. 
 LUMP, a shapeless mass. 
 
 LOMP, a roundish fish. 
 PLUM, a fruit. 
 
 PLUMB, a leaden weight. 
 RUFF, a plaited collar. 
 
 ROUGH, coarse; uneven. 
 RUNG, did ring. 
 
 WRUNG, twisted. 
 SKULL, the bone of the head. 
 
 SCULL, a small boat. 
 SUCK'ER, a young shoot. 
 
 SUC'COR, relief; help. 
 SUM, the whole ; the total. 
 
 SOME, a part. 
 SUN, the fountain of light. 
 
 SON, a male child. 
 SUT'LER. a seller of provisions. 
 
 SUBT'LER, more cunning. 
 SUT'TLE, neat weight. 
 
 SUBT'LE, cunning; artful. 
 TUN, a large cask. 
 
 TON, 20 hundred weight. 
 WON, gained. 
 
 ONE, a single thing. 
 
 Sound of u in turn> 
 
 BERTH, a sleeping place in i 
 vessel. 
 
 BIRTH, coming into life. 
 COL'ONEL, a military oflicer. 
 
 KER'NEL, the seed. 
 FUR, soft hair. 
 
 FIR, a tree. 
 HERD, a drove or flock. 
 
 HEARD, did hear. 
 PEARL, a precious substance. 
 
 PURL, to murmur. 
 CIR'CLE, a round figure. 
 
 SUR'CLE, a shoot ; a twig. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 19 
 
 SERGE, a kind of cloth. 
 
 SURGE, a swelling sea. 
 URN, a vessel. 
 
 EARN, to gain by labor. 
 WERT, past tense of be. 
 
 WORT, an herb. 
 
 Sound of ou in out. 
 
 Bow, to bend. 
 BOUGH, a branch. 
 
 BROWS, brinks, or edges. 
 
 BROWSE, to eat shrubs. 
 FOUL, unclean. 
 
 FOWL, a large bird. 
 OUR, belonging to us. 
 
 HOUR, part of the day. 
 ROUT, a rabble ; to defeat. 
 
 ROUTE, a way. 
 TOUS'ER, one who tears. 
 
 TOW'SER, the name of a dog. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 1. In this section, the first of each pair has the sound ofs, and the other 
 that ofz. 
 
 ADVICE', counsel. 
 
 ADVISE', to give advice. 
 BOD'ICE, a kind of waistcoat. 
 
 BOD'IES, material substances. 
 CEASE, to leave off. 
 
 SEIZE, to take hold of. 
 COP'PICE, a wood of small 
 growth. 
 
 COP'IES, imitations. 
 DACE, a kind of fish. 
 
 DAYS, plural of day. 
 DECEASE', death. 
 
 DISSEIZE', to dispossess. 
 
 DISEASE', sickness. 
 DEVICE', contrivance. 
 
 DEVISE', to contrive. 
 DICE, small cubes. 
 
 DIES, expires. 
 DIVERSE', different. 
 
 DI'VERS, several. 
 DOSE, a portion of medicine. 
 
 DOZE, to slumber. 
 Fuss, a bustle. 
 
 Fuzz, to fly off in particles. 
 
 FRAN'CIS, a man's name. 
 
 FRAN'CES, a woman's name. 
 GLA'CIERS, fields of ice. [glass. 
 
 GLA'ZIERS, workmen who set 
 GRACE, favor; elegance. 
 
 GRAZE, to eat grass. 
 GREECE, a country of Europe. 
 
 GREASE, to smear with fat. 
 GRIST'LY, cartilaginous. 
 
 GRIZZ'LY, somewhat gray. 
 HEARSE, a carriage for the dead. 
 
 HERS, belonging to her. 
 Hiss, the noise of a serpent. 
 
 His, belonging to him. 
 INSI'TION, a grafting, [thing. 
 
 INCIS'ION, a cut into any 
 JUICE, the fluid part. 
 
 JEWS, Hebrews. 
 LEASE, a contract for houses, &c, 
 
 LEES, dregs. 
 LOOSE, slack; untied. 
 
 LOSE, to be deprived of. 
 MACE, a sort of spice. 
 
 MAZE, an intricate place. 
 
20 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 MUS'CLE, a shell fish. 
 
 MUZ'ZLE, to bind the mouth. 
 PEACE, quiet; tranquillity. 
 
 PEAS, a kind of pulse. 
 PENCE, coins; pennies. 
 
 PENS, writing implements. 
 PRE'CEDENT, an example. 
 
 PRESIDENT, a governor. 
 PRICE, the estimated equiva- 
 lent. 
 
 PRIZE, reward. 
 
 PRIN'CESS, the daughter of a 
 king. 
 
 PRIN'CES, plural of prince. 
 
 RACE, a contest in running. 
 
 RAISE, to elevate. 
 RA'CER, a racing horse. 
 
 RA'ZOR, a tool for shaving. 
 RICE, a sort of grain. 
 
 RISE, to get up. 
 SINK, a drain. 
 
 ZINC, a metal. 
 
 ~V f- the name of a mount 
 
 TRUTH'S, belonging to truth. 
 
 TRUTHS, plural of truth. 
 TREA'TISE, an essay. 
 
 TREA'TIES, plural of treaty. 
 
 2. The first of each pair ending in ts. 
 
 AC'CIDENTS, unexpected events. 
 
 AC'CIDENCE, rudiments of 
 
 grammar. 
 ACTS, deeds. 
 
 AXE, a chopping tool. 
 ADHE'RENTS, partisans. 
 
 ADHE'RENCE, fidelity. 
 ASSISTANTS, helpers. 
 
 ASSISTANCE, help. 
 ATTENDANTS, those who attend. 
 
 ATTEND' ANCE, attention; ser- 
 vice. 
 CHANTS, sacred melodies. 
 
 CHANCE, fortune ; accident. 
 CORRESPONDENTS, persons who 
 correspond. [ment. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE, agree- 
 COURTS, halls of justice. 
 
 COURSE, race; career. 
 DENTS, hollow marks. 
 
 DENSE, thick ; close. 
 DEPENDENTS, subordinates. 
 
 DEPEND'ENCE, connection ; 
 reliance. 
 
 FAULTS, defects; errors. 
 
 FALSE, untrue. 
 IN'NOCENTS, harmless beings. 
 
 IN'NOCENCE, purity. 
 IN'STANTS, moments. 
 
 IN'STANCE, example. 
 INTENTS', purposes. 
 
 INTENSE', powerful. 
 PARTS, portions. 
 
 PARSE, to analyse sentences. 
 PA'TIENTS, sick people. 
 
 PA'TIENCE, forbearance. 
 PRES'ENTS, gifts. 
 
 PRES'ENCE, immediate view. 
 PRINTS, impressions. 
 
 PRINCE, a sovereign, or chief, 
 SCENTS, perfumes. 
 
 SENSE, feeling; reason. 
 SECTS, parties in religion. 
 
 SEX, male, or female 
 TAL'ENTS, natural powers. 
 
 TAL'ONS, claws. 
 TENTS, canvas houses. 
 
 TENSE, strained to stiffness. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 21 
 
 3. The first of each pair ending in le. 
 
 A'BLE, of sufficient power. 
 
 A'BEL, a man's name. 
 BRI'DLE, a curb. 
 
 BRI'DAL, relating to marriage. 
 CHRON'ICLE, a record ; history. 
 
 CHRON'ICAL, of long duration. 
 GEN'TLE, mild. 
 
 GEN'TILE, one who is not a 
 
 Jew. 
 I'DLE, unemployed. 
 
 I'DOL, an image. 
 
 MED'DLE, to interfere. 
 
 MED'AL, a piece of metal 
 
 stamped like a coin. 
 MET'TLE, spirit; courage. 
 
 MET'AL, iron, silver, &c. 
 PED'DLE, to sell as a pedler. 
 
 PED'AL, a part of an organ, 
 PRIN'CIPLE, elementary part. 
 
 PRIN'CIPAL, chief. 
 RAD'ICLE, a young root. [root. 
 
 RAD'ICAL, pertaining to the 
 
 4. The first of each pair having an f, the latter a v. 
 
 BEHOOF', advantage. 
 
 BEHOOVE', to be fit. 
 HALF, one of two equal parts. 
 
 HALVE, to part equally. 
 LEAF, green part of a plant. 
 
 LEAVE, permission. 
 
 OFF, at a distance. 
 
 OF, [sound of </,] concerning. 
 PLAIN'TIFF, the complainant. 
 
 PLAIN'TIVE, complaining. 
 REFEREE', one referred to. 
 
 REV'ERIE, irregular musing. 
 
 5. The first ending in er or or ; the latter in ure qr eur. 
 
 OAP'TOR, one who seizes. 
 
 CAP'TURE, a seizure. 
 CEN'SOR, a critic. 
 
 CEN'SURE, blame. 
 COUL'TER, a plough iron. 
 
 CUL'TURE, cultivation. 
 DICTA'TOR, one with absolute _ 
 authority. [dictator. [ 
 
 DICTA'TURE, the office of a ! 
 FLEX'OR, a contracting muscle. | 
 
 FLEX'URE, a bending. 
 GRAND'ER, more grand. 
 
 GRAND'EUR, magnificence. 
 IMPOS'TOR, a deceiver. 
 
 IMPOS'TURE, a cheat. 
 JEST'ER, one who jokes, [tion. 
 
 GES'TURE, a significant mo- 
 
 JOINT'ER, a long plane. 
 
 JOINT'URE, a wife's estate. 
 LEGISLATOR, a law giver. 
 
 LEG'ISLATURE, the assembly 
 
 which enacts laws. 
 LIQ'UOR, a fluid. 
 
 LIQ'UEUR, a spirituous cor- 
 dial. 
 OR'DER, method. 
 
 OR'DURE, filth. 
 PAS'TOR, a shepherd. 
 
 PAST' URE, grazing land. 
 SCULP'TOR, a carver. 
 
 SCULPT'URE, carved work. 
 TEN'OR, part in music; purport. 
 
 TEN'URE ; manner of holding 
 land. 
 
22 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 6. Words pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair is aspirated 
 
 AR'DOR, zeal. 
 
 HARD'ER, firmer. 
 AR'RAS, tapestry. 
 
 HAR'ASS, to vex ; to plague. 
 ART'LESS, without art. [rage. 
 
 UEART'LESS, wanting cou- 
 AWE, reverence. 
 
 HAW, fruit of the hawthorn. 
 AWL, a sharp pointed tool. 
 
 HAUL, to pull. 
 AXE, a chopping tool. 
 
 HACKS, plural of hack. 
 COW'ARD, a fearful person. 
 
 COW'HERD, one who tends 
 ED'DY, a whirlpool. [cows. 
 
 HEAD'Y, rash; heedless, 
 EIGHT, a number. 
 
 HATE, to dislike. 
 E'THER, a volatile fluid. 
 
 HEATH'ER, the plant heath. 
 ERR, to mistake. 
 
 HER, that woman. 
 EYE, the orsran of sight. 
 
 HIGH, tall ; lofty. 
 ISL'ANDS, lands in the sea. 
 
 HIGH'LANDS, elevated re- 
 gions. 
 
 OWE, to be indebted. 
 
 HOE, a gardening tool. 
 OWES, is indebted. 
 
 HOSE, stockings, &c. 
 OWN, to acknowledge. 
 
 HONE, a whetstone. 
 WALES, part of Great Britain. 
 
 WHALES, large sea animals. 
 WARE, merchandise. 
 
 AVHERE, in what place. 
 WAY, a road. 
 
 AViiEY, the thin part of cur- 
 dled milk. 
 WEAL, prosperity. 
 
 WHEEL, of a machine. 
 WEATH'ER, state of the air. 
 
 WHETH'ER, which of the two. 
 WEX, a fleshy excrescence. 
 
 WHEN, at what time. 
 WET, moist. 
 
 WHET, to sharpen. 
 WILE, a trick. 
 
 WHILE, as long as. 
 WINE, a fermented liquor. 
 
 WHINE, to moan. 
 WIT, shrewdness; humor. 
 
 WHIT, a bit. 
 
 7. Words spelled and pronounced alike, excepting that the latter of each pair 
 begins with the sound of H. 
 
 AIL, to affect unpleasantly. 
 
 HAIL, frozen rain. 
 AIR, the atmosphere. 
 
 HAIR, covering of the head. 
 AFT. behind. 
 
 HAFT, a handle. 
 ALE, a malt liquor. 
 
 HALE, strong; healthy. 
 ALL, every one. 
 
 HALL, a large room. 
 
 AL'TER, to change. 
 
 HAL'TER, a rope. 
 AM, I am. 
 
 HAM, a kind of smoked meat 
 AND, also. 
 
 HAND, part of the body. 
 ANK'ER, a liquid measure. 
 
 HANK'ER, to long after. 
 AR'BOR, a bower. 
 
 HAR'BOR, a shelter. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 23 
 
 ARK, a chest. 
 
 HARK ! listen. 
 ARM, a limb ; a branch. 
 
 HARM, hurt; mischief. 
 AR'ROW, a pointed weapon. 
 
 HAR'ROW, a farming imple- 
 ment. 
 ART, skill ; a trade. 
 
 HART, a male deer. 
 As, like. 
 
 HAS, possesses. 
 ASH, a timber tree. 
 
 HASH, minced meat. 
 ASP, a serpent. 
 
 HASP, a fastening. 
 AT, ih ; near to. 
 
 HAT, cover for the head. 
 ATE, did eat. 
 
 HATE, to dislike. 
 AUNT, a relative. 
 
 HAUNT, to frequent. 
 EAR, the organ of hearing. 
 
 HEAR, to hearken. 
 EAT, to consume. 
 
 HEAT, warmth. 
 EAVES, the edges of the roof. 
 
 HEAVES, throws. 
 EDGE, the sharp border. 
 
 HEDGE, a fence of bushes. 
 EEL, a fish. 
 
 HEEL, part of the foot. 
 
 I ELL, a measure of length. 
 
 HELL, the eternal abode of 
 
 the wicked. 
 ELM, a tree. 
 
 HELM, that by which a vessel 
 
 is steered. 
 EW'ER, a kind of pitcher. 
 
 HEW'ER, one who cuts down. 
 IDES, a Roman term of time. 
 
 HIDES, skins of animals. 
 ILL, badly; unwell. 
 
 HILL, a mount. 
 IRE, rage; anger. 
 
 HIRE, wages. 
 Is, it is. 
 
 His, belonging to him. 
 IT, that thing. 
 
 HIT, to strike. 
 OAR, a pole to row with. 
 
 HOAR, white. 
 OLD, aged ; ancient. 
 
 HOLD, to keep ; to possess. 
 O'RAL, delivered by mouth. 
 
 HO'RAL, relating to the 
 
 hour. 
 O'SIER, a sort of willow. 
 
 HO'SIER, a dealer in hosiery. 
 OT'TER, an amphibious animal. 
 
 HOT'TER, warmer. 
 OWL, a bird. 
 
 HOWL, to cry as a dog. 
 
 The first of each pair having the sound of a in mat; the second that of e 
 in met. 
 
 ABOLI'TION, an abolishing. 
 
 EBULLI'TION, a boiling. 
 ACCEPT', to take ; to receive. 
 
 EXCEPT', to leave out 
 ACCESS', an approach. 
 
 EXCESS', more than enough. 
 AF'FABLE, ready to converse. 
 
 EF'FABLE, utterable. 
 
 AFFECT', to move the passions. 
 
 EFFECT', consequence. 
 ASSAY', to test or try. 
 
 ESSAY', to attempt. 
 AR'RANT, infamous. 
 
 ER'RANT, wandering. 
 CAR'AT. a small weight. 
 
 CA'KET, a mark in writing. 
 
24 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 CATCH, to seize. 
 
 KETCH, a kind of vessel. 
 EXPANSE', an extension. 
 
 EXPENSE', cost; charge. 
 EXTANT', in being. 
 
 EXTENT', space ; length. 
 MUS'CAT, a sweet grape. 
 
 MUS'KET, a small gun. 
 
 PAR'ISH, a district. 
 
 PERISH, to die. 
 RAD'ISH, an eatable root. 
 
 RED'DISH, somewhat red. 
 SAL'ARY, wages. 
 
 CEL'ERY, a vegetable. 
 TAR'RIER, a delayer. 
 
 TER'RIER, a sort of dog. 
 
 9. Several sounds of a and e compared. 
 
 APPRIZE', to set a price on. 
 
 APPRISE', to give notice. 
 CAR' AT, a small weight. 
 
 CA'RET, a mark in writing. 
 CHAIR, a movable seat. 
 
 CHEER, to encourage. 
 COMMAND', to order. 
 
 COMMEND', to praise. 
 DU'AL, expressing two. 
 
 DU'EL, combat between two. 
 FAIR, beautiful. 
 
 FEAR, dread. 
 HA'LO, a bright circle. 
 
 HAL'LOW, to make holy. 
 HA'VEN, a harbor. 
 
 HEA'VEN, the state of the 
 
 blessed. 
 MED'LAR, a fruit. 
 
 MED'DLER, a busy-body. 
 
 MO'DAL, formal. 
 
 MOD'EL, a pattern. 
 PAL' ACE, a princely house. 
 
 PAL'LAS, a heathen deity. 
 PAL' ATE, the roof of the mouth. 
 
 PAL'LET, a little bed. [son. 
 PAR'SONAGE, the house of a par- 
 
 PER'SONAGE, an important 
 
 person. 
 RAI'SIN, a dried grape. 
 
 REA'SON, a faculty ; a cause. 
 RARE, scarce. 
 
 REAR, the hinder troop. 
 STAR'LING, a bird. 
 
 STER'LING, genuine. 
 WEAR, to consume by use. 
 
 WERE, past tense of be. 
 YARN, spun wool. [thy. 
 
 YEARN, to feel strong sympa- 
 
 10. The first of each pair having the sound of e in mete. 
 
 BEA'CON, a kind of signal. 
 
 BECK'ON, to make signs. 
 CAVALIER', a horseman. 
 
 CAV'ILLER, a captious person. 
 CE'RATE, salve made of wax. 
 
 SER'RATE, formed like a saw. 
 CLEAV'ER, a butcher's tool. 
 
 CLEV'ER, expert. 
 
 CREEK, a small bay. 
 
 CRICK, a cramp. 
 CRITIQUE', a criticism. 
 
 CRIT'IC, a judge of literature. 
 DEFORM'ITY, unsightly shape. 
 
 DIFFORM'ITY, variety of form. 
 DESCENT', a going down. 
 
 DISSENT', disagreement. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 25 
 
 EAS'TER, the anniversary of our 
 Lord's resurrection. 
 
 ES'THER, a woman's name. 
 ELIC'IT, to draw out. 
 
 ILLIC'IT, unlawful. 
 ELUDE', to escape from. 
 
 ILLUDE', to deceive. 
 KRUP'TION, a breaking out. 
 
 IRRUP'TION, a breaking into. 
 JMPE'RIAL, of an emperor. 
 
 EMPYR'EAL, pure; aerial. 
 
 INGE'NIOUS, skilful. 
 
 INGEN'UOUS, open; candid. 
 LEAST, smallest. 
 
 LEST, for fear. 
 LEAP'ER, a jumper. 
 
 LEP'ER, a leprous person. 
 NEI'THER, not either. 
 
 NETH'ER, lower. 
 TIERCE, [sometimes pronounced 
 like terse,'] a kind of cask. 
 
 TERSE, neat; elegant. 
 
 11. Sounds of e andi compared. 
 
 COUN'SEL, advice. 
 
 COUN'CIL, an assembly. 
 DEF'ERENCE, respect. 
 
 DIFFERENCE, disagreement. 
 EM'INENT, conspicuous ; noted. 
 
 IM'MINENT, threatening. 
 POSSES'SION, property. 
 
 POSI'TION, situation. 
 
 RAB'BET, a joint in carpentry. 
 
 RAB'BIT, a small animal. 
 SET, to place. 
 
 SIT, to take seat. 
 SHELL'ING, taking off shells. 
 
 SHIL'LING, twelve pence. 
 WHETH'ER, which of the two. 
 
 WHITH'ER, to what place. 
 
 12. The first in each pair having the sound of o in more. 
 
 BOARD'ER, one who boards. 
 
 BOR'DER, a boundary. 
 BOAT, a small vessel. 
 
 BOUGHT, purchased. 
 BORNE, carried ; supported. 
 
 BORN, brought into life. 
 BIN'OCLE, a kind of telescope. 
 
 BIN'NACLE, a compass box. 
 BOAR, a male swine. 
 
 BOOR, a clownish person. 
 COLA'TION, the act of straining. 
 
 COLLA'TION, a repast, [hair. 
 COMB, an instrument for the 
 
 COOMB, a corn measure. 
 DOE, a female deer. 
 
 Do, to perform. 
 DOGE, a magistrate of Venice. 
 
 DODGE ; to start aside. 
 
 DO'LOR, grief. 
 
 DOL'LAR, a coin. 
 DOME, an arched roof. 
 
 DOOM, a sentence. 
 FOLKS, people. 
 
 Fox, a cunning animal. 
 GROPE, to feel about. 
 
 GROUP, a cluster. 
 GROVE, a small wood. 
 
 GROOVE, a channel. 
 HOARSE, having a rough voice. 
 
 HORSE, an animal. 
 LOAM, a rich earth. 
 
 LOOM, a weaver's frame. 
 MOURN, to lament. 
 
 MORN, morning. 
 POUL'TRY, fowls. 
 
 PAL'TRY, mean. 
 
26 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 13. Several sounds ofo and other vowels compared. 
 
 BAR'ON, a nobleman. 
 
 BAR'REN, unfruitful. 
 CAR'ROT, a root. 
 
 CAR' AT, a weight. 
 COF'FER, a chest. 
 
 COUGH'ER, one who coughs. 
 CON'SORT, a companion, [tion. 
 
 CON'CERT, union ; combina- 
 CAP'ITOL, a public edifice. 
 
 CAP'ITAL, principal ; chief. 
 CONFORMATION, shape. 
 
 CONFIRMATION, strengthen- 
 ing. 
 
 DEPOSITORY, a place of safe 
 keeping. 
 
 DEPOSITARY, a person to 
 whom any thing is com- 
 mitted, [spirits. 
 EX'ORCISE, to cast out evil 
 
 EX'ERCISE, employment. 
 FOND'LING, one caressed. 
 
 FOUND'LING, an infant found. 
 
 GLUT'TONOUS, greedy. 
 
 GLU'TINOUS, sticky. 
 G-ROT, a pleasant cave. 
 
 GROAT, four pence. 
 GAM'BOL, a frolic. 
 
 GAM'BLE, to practise gaming. 
 HOI/LOW, a cavity ; not solid. 
 
 HAL'LOW, to make holy. 
 I'DOL, an image ; a favorite. 
 
 FDLE, not industrious. 
 OP'POSITE, contrary. 
 
 AP'POSITE, suitable; proper. 
 OR'ACLE, counsel supernaturally 
 given. 
 
 AU'RICLE, the external ear. 
 PI'LOT, he who guides a ship. 
 
 PI'LATE, a man's name. 
 ROT, to decay. 
 
 WROUGHT, worked. 
 SYM'BOL, a sign ; a type. 
 
 CYM'BAL, a musical instru- 
 ment. 
 
 14. The first in each pair having the sound of o in move. 
 
 BROOD, to sit over. 
 
 BREWED, did brew. 
 CHOOSE, to select. 
 
 CHEWS, masticates. 
 Do, to perform. 
 
 DUE, owed. 
 
 [knot. 
 
 NOOSE, to catch with a running 
 NEWS, tidings. 
 
 POOR, not rich ; lean. 
 
 PURE, clear; innocent. 
 ROOD, a measure of land. 
 
 RUDE, rustic. 
 BOOT'Y, plunder. [ance. 
 
 BEAU'TY, pleasing appear- 
 SHO'ER, a fastener of shoes. 
 
 SURE, certain. 
 
 15. Words which have some similarity in pronunciation, but which ought fa 
 be carefully distinguished. 
 
 ARRAIGN', to bring to trial. 
 ARRANGE', to put in order. 
 HARANGE'. a formal oration. 
 
 AR'RANT, infamous; bad in a 
 
 high degree. 
 ER'RAND, a message. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 BAL'LAD, a song. 
 
 BAI/LOT, secret voting. 
 BEE'TLE, an insect. 
 
 BEA'DLE, a parish officer. 
 
 BEA'GLE, a small hound. 
 BILE, a liquid substance. 
 
 BOIL, to bubble by heat. 
 BREATH, respiration. g 
 
 BREADTH, width. 
 CAREER', a course. 
 
 CAR'RIER, one who carries. 
 CEN'TAURY, a plant. 
 
 CEN'TURY, a hundred years. 
 
 SEN'TRY, a guard. 
 CHOKE, to suffocate. 
 
 JOKE, a jest. 
 CLOSE, to shut ; to end. 
 
 CLOTHES, garments. 
 CLOTH, a texture of wool, &c. 
 
 CLOTHE, to dress, 
 COALS, plural of coaL 
 
 COLDS, plural of cold. 
 COAT, a garment. 
 
 QUOTE, to cite. 
 COL'ORS, plural of color, [cles. 
 
 COLURES', geographical cir- 
 COM'EDY, a play. 
 
 COM'ITY, civility. 
 
 COMMIT'TEE, a body of man- 
 agers. 
 COM'FORT, convenience; ease. 
 
 COM'FIT, a dry sweetmeat. 
 CONCUR', to agree. 
 
 CON'QUER, to overcome. 
 COR'PORAL, an officer. 
 
 CORPO'REAL, not spiritual. 
 CUR'RIER, a leather-dresser. 
 
 COU'RIER, a messenger. 
 CUR'RANT, a small berry. 
 
 COURANT', a newspaper. 
 DESCENT', going down. 
 
 DE'CENT, becoming. 
 DESERT', to forsake. 
 
 DESSERT', fruit, &c. after drn- 
 ner. 
 
 DILU'TION, making weaker. 
 
 DELU'SION, a deception. 
 DIRE, dismal. 
 
 DY'ER, one who dyes. 
 DISEASE', a disorder. 
 
 DECEASE', death. 
 DISA'BLE, to weaken. 
 
 DISHABILLE', an undress. 
 DOE, a female deer. 
 
 DAW, a chattering bird. 
 DRONE, an idle bee. 
 
 DROWN, to suffocate in water. 
 
 DRAWN, pulled. 
 EAR, a member. 
 
 YEAR, a twelvemonth. 
 EAST, where the sun rises. 
 
 YEAST, barm. 
 EI'THER, one of the two. 
 
 E'THER, a volatile fluid. 
 E'RA, a fixed point of time. 
 
 HEAR'ER, one who hears. 
 EX'ECUTER, one who performs. 
 
 EXEC'UTOR, a trustee. 
 ELIS'ION, act of cutting off. 
 
 ELYS'IAN, very delightful. 
 EW'ER, a kind of pitcher. 
 
 YOUR, belonging to you. 
 EM'ANANT, flowing from. 
 
 EM'INENT, high; exalted. 
 FILE, a rasping tool. 
 
 FOIL, to defeat. 
 
 VILE, base; wicked. 
 FLOUR, meal. 
 
 FLOWER, a blossom. 
 FOUGHT, contended. 
 
 FAULT, error; mistake. 
 GAUL, a Frenchman. 
 
 GOAL, a starting place. 
 
 GAOL, a prison. 
 GE'NIUS, a peculiar talent* 
 
 GE'NUS, a kind. 
 HIRE, wages. 
 
 HIGH'ER, loftier. 
 HOAR, white. 
 
 HO'ER, one who hoes. 
 
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 HO'LY, free from sin. 
 
 WHOL'LY, entirely. 
 
 HOL'LY, an evergreen tree. 
 I'DOL, an image. 
 
 I'DLE, unemployed. 
 
 I'DYL, a pastoral poem. 
 IM'POTENT, weak; powerless. 
 
 IM'PUDENT, insolent. 
 
 IMPER'TINENT, intrusive. 
 ISLE, an island. 
 
 OIL, an unctuous matter. 
 INCIDE', to cut into. 
 
 IN'SIDE, within. 
 INCITE', to urge. 
 
 IN'SIGHT, discernment. 
 JEST, a joke. 
 
 JUST, nearly. 
 KINE, cows. 
 
 COIN, stamped money. 
 
 QUOIN, a kind of wedge. 
 LEASE, a kind of contract. 
 
 LEASH, a line, or strap. 
 
 LEECH, a bloodsucker. 
 LICK'ERISH, dainty; nice. 
 
 LIC'ORICE, a sWeet root. 
 LINE, a string; a row. 
 
 LOIN, part of the body. 
 LIN'EAMENT, a feature. 
 
 LIN'IMENT, an ointment. 
 LIGHT'NING, the flash which 
 precedes thunder. 
 
 LIGHTENING, unloading. 
 LIV'ER, one of the entrails. 
 
 LI'VRE, a French coin. 
 LOATH, unwilling. 
 
 LOATHE, to dislike. 
 LUKE, a man's name. 
 
 LOOK, to see. 
 
 LUCK, chance or fortune. 
 LORE, learning. 
 
 LOW'ER, deeper. 
 LYRE, a musical instrument. 
 
 LI'AR, a teller of lies. 
 MARSH, a swamp. 
 
 MASH, to crush. 
 
 MESH, the opening in a net. 
 
 MAR'VEL, to wonder. 
 
 MAR'BLE, a sort of stone. 
 MAT'IN, belonging to the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 MAT 'TING, stuff for mats. 
 MES'SAGE, an errand. 
 
 MESS'UAGE, a house and 
 
 grounds. 
 ME'TRE, verse. 
 
 ME'TEOR, a fiery body. 
 MIN'ISTER, an agent. 
 
 MIN'STER, a monastery. 
 MIS'SILE, thrown by hand. 
 
 MIS'SAL, a mass book. 
 
 MIS'LE, to rain in small drops. 
 MORE, a greater quantity. 
 
 MOW'ER, one who mows. 
 MOUNT' AIN, a great hill. 
 
 MOUN'TING, rising. 
 MUS'LIN, fine linen. [mouth. 
 
 MUZ'ZLING, tying up the 
 MUS'CAT, a sweet grape. 
 
 MUSK'CAT, an animal. 
 NICK, a notch. 
 
 NICHE, a hollow for a statue. 
 OFT'EN, frequently. 
 
 OR'PHAN, a parentless child. 
 OR'DINANCE, a law. 
 
 ORD'NANCE, cannon. 
 
 OR'DONNANCE, disposition of 
 
 figures in a picture. 
 OR'ISON, a prayer. 
 
 HORI'ZON, the line which 
 
 bounds the sight. 
 PELISSE', a coat, or habit. 
 
 POLICE', internal government. 
 PETRIFAC'TION, conversion into 
 stone. 
 
 PUTREFAC'TION, decomposi- 
 
 tion. 
 PINT, a measure. 
 
 POINT, the small end. 
 PISTOLE', a Spanish coin. 
 
 PIS'TOL, a small hand gun. 
 POP'ULACE, the common people. 
 
 POPULOUS, full of people. 
 
 /> X . 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 29 
 
 PRE'SCIOUS, foreknowing. 
 
 PREC'IOUS, of great value. 
 PROPH'ECY, a prediction. 
 
 PROPH'ESY, to predict. 
 PUM'ACE, ground apples. 
 
 PUM'ICE, a kind of cinder. 
 RE'AL, true; genuine. 
 
 RAIL, a bar. 
 
 REEL, to stagger. 
 REL'ICT, a widow. 
 
 REL'IC, that which remains. 
 RID'ICULE, derision. 
 
 RET'ICULE, a net bag. 
 ROAR, to cry with great voice. 
 
 ROW'ER, one who rows. 
 RUM, an alcoholic liquor. 
 
 RHOMB, a quadrangular figure* 
 SAT'YR, a sylvan god. 
 
 SAT'IRE, pointed remark. 
 SE'RIES, succession; order. 
 
 SE'RIOUS, solemn; grave. 
 
 SIR'IUS, the dog-star. 
 SHAWL, a garment. 
 
 SHALL, will. 
 SMILE, a look of pleasure. 
 
 SIM'ILE, a comparison. 
 SOAR, to rise. 
 
 SOW'ER, one who sows. 
 
 STAT'UTE, a law. 
 
 STAT'UE, an image. 
 
 STAT'URE, height of a per- 
 son. 
 SUR'PLUS, remainder. 
 
 SUR'PLICE, a white robe. 
 TALC, a transparent mineral. 
 
 TALK, to converse. 
 TOW'ER, a strong building. 
 
 TOUR, a journey. 
 TRACK, a path. 
 
 TRACT, a short treatise. 
 TIN'CAL, a mineral. 
 
 TIN'KLE, a sharp quick 
 
 noise. 
 TREBLE, a part in harmony. 
 
 TRIPLE, or TREBLE, consist- 
 ing of three. 
 TROUGH, a long vessel. 
 
 TROTH, faith ; fidelity. 
 THROUGH, from side to side. 
 
 THOR'OUGH, complete. 
 VER'DURE, greenness. 
 
 VER'GER, a mace bearer. 
 VIR'GIN, a girl. 
 
 VERG'ING, tending. 
 You, thyself. 
 
 YEW, a tree. 
 
 16. Words often confounded either from giving the sound of r where it doe 
 not belong, or omitting it where it should be given. 
 
 AH ! an exclamation. 
 
 ARE, plural of is. 
 ALMS, gifts to the pool*. 
 
 ARMS, weapons. 
 AWE, reverence. 
 
 OR, a conjunction. 
 BAA, the cry of a sheep. 
 
 BAR, an obstacle. 
 BALM, a plant. 
 
 BARM, yeast. 
 Bo' A, a sort of serpent. 
 
 BOAR, a male swine. 
 
 Bust, a half-length statue; 
 
 BURST, to break open. 
 CALVE, to bring forth a calf. 
 
 CARVE, to cut. 
 CIN'NA, a Roman consul. 
 
 SIN'NER, an evil doer. 
 DUST, powdered substances. 
 
 DURST, dared. 
 FA'THER, a male parent. 
 
 FAR'THER, more distant. 
 FEL'LOW, a companion. 
 
 FELL'ER, one who cuts down. 
 
30 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 FOMENT', to excite. 
 
 FERMENT', to work as beer. 
 FOR' M ALLY, ceremoniously. 
 
 FOR'MERLY, in times past. 
 FUST, a mouldy smell. 
 
 FIRST, foremost. 
 GNAW, to eat by degrees. 
 
 NOR, neither. 
 GO'A, an Indian island. 
 
 GORE, clotted blood. 
 LAUD, to praise. 
 
 LORD, a nobleman. 
 LA'VA, discharge from a volcano. 
 
 LA'VER, a washing vessel. 
 LAWN, fine linen. 
 
 LORN, forsaken. 
 MA, mamma. 
 
 MAR, to spoil. 
 MAN'NA, a kind of gum. 
 
 MAN'NER, method. 
 Moss, a vegetable. 
 
 MORSE, a sea-horse. 
 NO'AH, a man's name. 
 
 NORE, the entrance of the 
 Thames. 
 
 PA, papa. 
 
 PAR, equality. 
 PALM'ER, a pilgrim. 
 
 PAR' MA, a city of Italy. 
 PASS, a passage. [cally. 
 
 PARSE, to analyse grammati- 
 PETI'TION, supplication. - 
 
 PARTI'TION, separation. 
 PIL'LOW, a cushion for the head. 
 
 PIL'LAR, a column. 
 Pus, purulent matter. 
 
 PURSE, a money bag. 
 QUAR'TAN, fourth day ague. 
 
 QUAR'TERN, a fourth of a 
 
 pint. 
 QUO'TA, a proper share. 
 
 QUO'TER, one who quotes. 
 SOUGHT, searched after. 
 
 SORT, a kind. 
 STALK, a stem. 
 
 STORK, a bird. 
 STRA'TA, layers. 
 
 STRAIGHT'ER, less crooked. 
 TAUGHT, instructed. 
 
 TORT, mischief. 
 
 There is an error, which may be noticed in this connection, that should be 
 carefully avoided; it consists in inserting an r between words, when the formei 
 ends and the latter begins with a rowel. Thus the sentence, " a boa is a sorl 
 of serpent," would be read by some as if it were, "a boar is a sort of serpent." 
 
 17. Dissyllables spelled alike, but differing in accent. 
 
 Signification when the accent is 
 on the first syllable. 
 
 Not present. 
 An abridgment. 
 Stress of voice. 
 A particle added to a ) 
 word. } 
 
 An increase. 
 The eighth month. 
 A great gun. 
 A partner. 
 A short prayer. 
 
 ABSENT, 
 
 ABSTRACT, 
 
 ACCENT, 
 
 AFFIX, 
 
 Signification when the accent Is 
 on the second syllable. 
 
 To keep away. 
 To take from. 
 To mark the accents. 
 
 To subjoin. 
 
 AUGMENT, To increase. 
 AUGUST, Grand. 
 BOMBARD, To attack with bombs* 
 COLLEAGUE, To unite with. 
 COLLECT, To gather. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 31 
 
 Signification when the accent is 
 on the first syllable. 
 
 An agreement. 
 
 COMPACT, 
 
 A confederacy. 
 
 COMPLOT, 
 
 Behavior. 
 
 COMPORT, 
 
 A mixture. 
 
 COMPOUND, 
 
 A bolster of linen used 
 in surgery. 
 
 I COMPRESS, 
 
 A musical performance. 
 
 CONCERT, 
 
 A mass formed of parts. 
 
 CONCRETE, 
 
 Behavior. 
 
 CONDUCT, 
 
 A boundary. 
 
 CONFINE, 
 
 A struggle. 
 
 CONFLICT, 
 
 A sweetmeat. 
 
 CONSERVE, 
 
 Companion. 
 
 CONSORT, 
 
 Thing contained. 
 
 CONTENT, 
 
 A dispute. 
 
 CONTEST, 
 
 A bargain. 
 
 CONTRACT, 
 
 Opposition. 
 
 CONTRAST, 
 
 Discourse. 
 
 CONVERSE, 
 
 One who embraces a 
 new opinion. 
 
 ! CONVERT, 
 
 A person found guilty. 
 
 CONVICT, 
 
 Attendance for defence. 
 
 CONVOY, 
 
 A tune. 
 
 DESCANT, 
 
 A compend. 
 
 DIGEST, 
 
 A body guard. 
 
 ESCORT, 
 
 An attempt. 
 
 ESSAY, 
 
 Commodity sent out. 
 
 EXPORT, 
 
 Essence drawn out. 
 
 EXTRACT, 
 
 A tumult. 
 
 FERMENT, 
 
 Contrivance. 
 
 FORECAST, 
 
 Anticipation. 
 
 FORETASTE, 
 
 Happening often. 
 
 FREQUENT, 
 
 Signification. 
 
 IMPORT, 
 
 Mark ; stamp. 
 
 IMPRESS, 
 
 Printer's name in the 
 title of a book. 
 
 j- IMPRINT, 
 
 A kind of perfume. 
 
 INCENSE, 
 
 "Wood formed to inlay. 
 
 INLAY, 
 
 Natural impulse. 
 
 INSTINCT, 
 
 Insolence 
 
 INSULT, 
 
 A thing acted on. 
 
 OBJECT, 
 
 Complete. 
 
 PERFECT, 
 
 3 
 
 
 Signification when the accent to 
 on the second syllable. 
 
 Firm; solid. 
 To conspire. 
 To suit. 
 To mingle. 
 
 j To force together. 
 
 To contrive together. 
 To unite into one body. 
 To manage ; to guide. 
 To limit ; to restrain. 
 To contest. 
 ' To candy fruit. 
 To associate with. 
 Satisfied. 
 To dispute. 
 
 To shorten ; to bargain. 
 To put in opposition. 
 To talk. 
 
 {To turn from one con- 
 dition to another. 
 To prove guilty. 
 To accompany by sea. 
 To discourse. 
 To concoct. 
 
 To guard on a journey. 
 To endeavor. 
 
 {To carry out of the 
 country. 
 To draw out. 
 To be in commotion. 
 To form schemes. 
 To taste before. 
 To visit often. 
 To bring into. 
 To print. 
 
 j To fix in the mind. 
 
 To enrage. 
 
 To insert. 
 
 Animated. 
 
 To treat with contempt. 
 
 To oppose. 
 
 To finish ; to complete. 
 
32 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 Signification when the accent is 
 on the first syllable. 
 
 A particle put before a 
 
 word. 
 
 An introduction. 
 A prognostic. 
 A declaration against. 
 Passage back. 
 Sale by small lots. 
 One under dominion. 
 A kind of verbal noun. 
 The family name. 
 A view ; measure. 
 Pain; anguish. 
 A conveyance. 
 A vessel of carriage. 
 A negligent dress. 
 
 PREFIX, 
 
 PRELUDE, 
 
 PRESAGE, 
 
 PROTEST, 
 
 REGRESS, 
 
 RETAIL, 
 
 SUBJECT, 
 
 SUPINE, 
 
 SURNAME, 
 
 SURVEY, 
 
 TORMENT, 
 
 TRANSFER, 
 
 TRANSPORT, 
 
 UNDRESS, 
 
 Signification when the accent is 
 on the second syllable. 
 
 To put before. 
 
 To introduce. 
 
 To forebode. 
 
 To declare solemnly. 
 
 To go back. 
 
 To sell in small lots. 
 
 To put under. 
 
 Negligent; careless. 
 
 To add another name. 
 
 To overlook. 
 
 To vex ; to torture. 
 
 To convey; to remove. 
 
 To banish; to enrapture. 
 
 To take off the clothes. 
 
 Words spelled alike, but different both in accent and sound. 
 
 CEMENT, sticky matter. 
 
 CEMENT', to agglutinate. 
 CON'JURE, to practise charms. 
 
 CONJURE', to intreat. 
 DES'ERT, a wilderness. 
 
 DESERT', to forsake. 
 EN'TRANCE, place of entering. 
 
 ENTRANCE', to put into an 
 
 ecstasy. 
 EX'ILE, banishment. 
 
 EXILE', slender. 
 GAL'LANT, high spirited. 
 
 GALLANT', attentive to la- 
 dies. 
 MIN'UTE, a short space of time. 
 
 MINUTE', small. 
 
 PRES'ENT, a gift. 
 
 PRESENT', to offer. 
 PROD'UCE, product. 
 
 PRODUCE', to bring forth. 
 PROG'RESS, motion forward. 
 
 PROGRESS', to advance. 
 PROJ'ECT, a scheme. 
 
 PROJECT', to jut out. 
 REB'EL, a revolter. [thority. 
 
 REBEL', to rise against au- 
 REC'ORD, a register. 
 
 RECORD', to put on record. 
 REV'EL, a noisy feast. 
 
 REVEL', to retract. 
 TRAJ'ECT, a ferry. 
 
 TRAJECT', to cast through. 
 
 AT'TRIBUTE, quality. 
 
 ATTRIB'UTE, to ascribe. 
 INVAL'ID, of no force. 
 
 IN'VALID, a sick person. 
 0'vERCHARGE,toohigh a charge. 
 
 OVERCHARGE', to oppress. 
 
 PREC'EDENT, an example. 
 
 PRECE'DENT, going before. 
 PREM'ISES, positions assumed. 
 
 PREMI'SES, explains before. 
 SEV'ERER, one who separates 
 
 SEVER'ER, more rigorous. 
 
WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 ' 18. Words spelled alike but pronounced differently. 
 1st. In which ow has the sound of o in so, or of ou in thou. 
 
 33 
 
 an instrument to shoot 
 arrows. 
 
 Bow, to bend ; to stoop. 
 LOWER, to bring down. 
 LOWER, to appear dark. 
 
 Mow, to cut down. 
 
 Mow, a heap of hay or grain 
 Row, a rank or file. 
 
 Row, a tumult; an uproar. 
 Sow, to scatter seed. 
 
 Sow, a female swine. 
 
 2d. In which s has the sound of s or of z. 
 
 ABUSE', the ill use of a thing. 
 
 ABUSE', to use ill. 
 As, a Roman coin. 
 
 As, so; like. 
 , CLOSE, shut fast; narrow. 
 
 CLOSE, the conclusion. 
 CRUISE, a small cup. 
 
 CRUISE, a voyage for plunder. 
 I^F'FUSE, scattered. 
 
 DIFFUSE', to spread- 
 EXCUSE', an apology. 
 
 EXCUSE', to pardon. 
 GREASE, soft fat. 
 
 GREASE, to smear with 
 grease. 
 
 HOUSE, a place of abode. 
 
 HOUSE, to shelter. 
 LEASE, a kind of contract. 
 
 LEASE, to glean. 
 MISUSE', a bad use. 
 
 MISUSE', to misemploy. 
 MOUSE, a little animal. 
 
 MOUSE, to catch mice. 
 REF'USE, that which is rejected, 
 
 REFUSE', to reject; to denj, 
 RESIGN', to sign again. 
 
 RESIGN', to relinquish. 
 RISE, beginning; increase. 
 
 RISE, to ascend. 
 USE, purpose; convenience. 
 
 USE, to employ 
 
 3d. Various. 
 
 A'TE, the goddess of mischief. 
 
 ATE, devoured. 
 AX'ES, plural of axe. 
 
 AX'ES, plural of axis. 
 COUR'TESY, civility. 
 
 COURTESY [kurtfse], the re- 
 verence made by women. 
 DENI'EB, one who denies. 
 
 DENIER', a French coin. 
 
 DOES, female deer. 
 
 DOES, \duz] doth. 
 DOVE, did dive. 
 
 DOVE, a bird. 
 GILL, a quarter of a pint. 
 
 GILL, a fish's organ of respi- 
 ration. 
 GOUT, a disease. 
 
 GOUT, [goo] taste. 
 
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 HIN'DER, to prevent. 
 
 HIND'ER, backward. 
 IN'TIMATE, to hint. 
 
 IN'TIMATE, familiar. 
 I'RONY, contrary meaning. 
 
 IR'ONY, partaking of iron. 
 JOB, a piece of work. 
 
 JOB, a man's name. 
 LEAD, to conduct. 
 
 LEAD, a metal. 
 LEARN'ED, intelligent; skilful. 
 
 LEARNED, did learn. 
 LIVE, alive. 
 
 LIVE, to exist. 
 LIVES, plural of life. 
 
 LIVES, does live. 
 MANES, plural of mane. 
 
 MA'NES, departed spirits. 
 MOD'ERATE, to regulate. 
 
 MOD'ERATE, temperate. 
 NUM'BER, reckoning. 
 
 NUMB'ER, more torpid. 
 POL'ISH, to brighten. 
 
 PO'LISH, belonging to Poland. 
 POLL, the head ; a tax. 
 
 POLL, a parrot's name. 
 PUT, to place. 
 
 PUT, a clowa. 
 
 RA'VEN, a large black bird. 
 
 RAV'EN, to devour greedily. 
 READ, to peruse. 
 
 READ, perused. 
 READ'ING, perusing. 
 
 READ'ING, a town. 
 SEP' AR ATE, to part. 
 
 SEP'ARATE, disjoined. 
 SEW'ER, one who sews. 
 
 SEW'ER, a drain. 
 SING'ER, one who sings. 
 
 SIN'GER, one who singes. 
 SLOUGH, a deep miry place. 
 
 SLOUGH, to fall off. 
 STAVES, plural of staff. 
 
 STAVES, parts of a cask. 
 TAR'RY, to wait ; to stay. 
 
 TAR'RY, smeared with tar. 
 TEAR, water from the eye. 
 
 TEAR, to rend. 
 TI'ER, one who ties. 
 
 TIER, a long row. 
 WIND, air in motion. 
 
 WIND, to twist. 
 WOUND, twisted. 
 
 WOUND, a hurt. 
 WORS'TED, woollen yarn. 
 
 WOEST'ED, defeated. 
 
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 35 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EQUIVOCAL WORDS : or words whose different significations have either no 
 connection with each other, or none which can be easily traced. 
 
 NOTE. As the words of our language have been derived from various other 
 languages, it has often happened that two or more words entirely distinct in 
 their origin and signification, have taken the same spelling and pronunciation 
 in English. Thus, from the Saxon word beorcan, is derived the English word 
 bark, signifying to make the noise of dogs ; from the French word barque, is 
 derived bark, a vessel ; and from the Danish word bark, is derived bark, the 
 covering of a tree. Words which thus have the same form while they are 
 of different derivation and signification, are sometimes called paronymotis. 
 Many of the words in the following chapter are of this class. The remaining 
 words are such as have significations which are very different, although they 
 are to be traced to a common origin. 
 
 ^T* The abbreviation a. before a word, stands for adjective; adv. for 
 adverb; conj. for conjunction; part, for participle; prep, for preposition; 
 pron. for pronoun; s. for substantive; and v. for verb. 
 
 ADDRESS', v. to accost. s. deportment ; dexterity, direction of a 
 
 letter ; a speech. 
 
 AIR, a melody ; that which we breathe ; appearance. 
 AN'GLE, s. a corner. v. to fish with a rod and hook. 
 APPA'RENT, plain, visible; seeming, not real. 
 ARCH, *. a curved roof. a. mirthful; chief. 
 ART, s. skill. v. thou art. 
 
 Ax'is, that on which any thing revolves ; an animal. 
 BACH'ELOR, an unmarried man ; a university degree. 
 BAIL, a surety ; the handle of a bucket, or kettle. 
 BAIT, s. a temptation ; refreshment. v. to worry with dogs. 
 BALL, a sphere ; an entertainment of dancing. 
 BANK, a heap of earth ; a financial institution. 
 BAR, a rail used to stop a passage ; the place where the criminal 
 
 stands in court. 
 BARK, s. the rind of a tree ; a stout vessel. v. to make the noise 
 
 of dogs. 
 
 BASTE, to pour the dripping over roasting meat ; to sew slightly. 
 BASE, a. vile, worthless ; s. the foundation. 
 BAT, a stick to strike a ball ; a flying animal. 
 BAY, s. a tree; a small gulf; a color. v. to bark. 
 BEAM, a large piece of timber; a ray of light. 
 BEAR, v, to carry. s. a rough savage animal. 
 BECOME', to enter into a new condition ; to befit. 
 
36 THB SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 BEE'TLE, an insect ; a heavy mallet. 
 
 BILL, the beak of a bird ; an account of money. 
 
 BIL'LET, a small stick of wood ; a note. 
 
 BIT, a small piece ; the iron put into a horse's mouth ; a boring 
 
 tool. 
 
 BLADE, the cutting part of a tool ; a leaf of grass. 
 BLOW, s. a stroke. v. to puff; to blossom. 
 BOARD, s. a thin plank. v. to live with another for a certain price. 
 BOOT, covering for the leg ; profit ; advantage. 
 BOUND, s. a limit; a leap. v. did bind. 
 BOWL, s. a concave dish ; a ball. v, to roll. 
 Box, s. a tree; a case, or chest; a slap on the ear. v. to fight 
 
 with the fists. 
 
 BRACE, v. to strengthen, to make firm. s. a couple. 
 BRAKE, a fern ; a thicket; an instrument for breaking flax, or 
 
 hemp ; the lever by which a pump is worked ; the lever by 
 
 which the wheels o? a carriage, or railway car, are checked. 
 BRAZIER, or BRASIER, a worker in copper; a pan to hold coals. 
 BROOK, s. a rivulet. v. to endure. 
 BUTT, s. a liquid vessel ; a kind of hinge ; a person made the 
 
 object of sport. v. to strike with the head. 
 CALF, the young of a cow ; the thick part of the leg. 
 CAN, s. a metallic cup, or bottle. v. to be able. 
 CAPE, a headland ; a collar-piece. 
 CA'PER, v. to skip and jump. s. a bud of a plant. 
 CARD, s. a piece of stiff parser; a kind of advertisement. v. to 
 
 comb wool. 
 
 CASE, a covering; state of things; variation of nouns. 
 CAST, v. to throw; to form in a mould. s. a moulded form. 
 CAT'ARACT, a waterfall; a disease of the eye. 
 CHARGE, care; command; accusation; expense; attack. 
 CHASE, to hunt. [ENCHASE] to engrave with punches. 
 CHORD, a line connecting the extremities of an arch; harmony 
 
 of sounds; the string of a musical instrument. 
 CLEAVE, to adhere; to separate; to split off. 
 CLUB, a heavy stick ; an association. 
 COCK'LE, a shell fish ; a weed. 
 
 COLLA'TION, comparison ; a repast between full meals. 
 COMB, an instrument for the 2iair; the crest of a cock; the waxen 
 
 structure in which bees put honey. 
 
 COMMIT', to intrust; to be guilty of a crime; to send to prison. 
 CONCORDANCE, agreement; an index to words in the Bible. 
 OONSIST'ENCY, agreement with one's self; thickness. 
 COP'Y, a model to be imitated; an imitation. 
 CORD, a small rope; a measure of wood. 
 
EQUIVOCAL WORDS, 37 
 
 CORN, s. grain; a hard substance on the foot. v. to salt. 
 COUNT, v. to reckon. s. an earl; a point in an indictment. 
 OOUNT'ER, s. a table in a shop. a. contrary. 
 COURT, v. to solicit. s. seat of justice; space before a house 5 
 
 residence of a prince; a little street. 
 CRAB, a shell fish; a wild apple. 
 CRAFT, cunning; small sailing vessels. 
 CRANE, a long legged bird; an engine to raise weights; a bent 
 
 tube to draw liquor out of a cask. 
 C/RICK'ET, a chirping insect; a game with bat and ball. 
 CROP, s. the harvest; the craw of a bird. v. to cut short. 
 Cuoss, s. a straight body laid at right angles over another. a. 
 
 peevish. v. to thwart; to pass over. 
 
 CROW, a large black bird ; an iron lever j the voice of a cock. 
 CRY, v. to proclaim loudly; to lament aloud. s. the call of an 
 
 animal. 
 
 CUE, a braid of hair; a suggestion; a turn of mind. 
 DAM, the mother of an animal; a bank to confine water. 
 DATE, a time ; the fruit of the date tree. 
 DEAL, s. quantity; a kind of timber. v. to traffic; to treat with; 
 
 to distribute. 
 
 DEAR, beloved; expensive. 
 DECK, s. the floor of a ship. v. to dress. 
 DESERT', s. merit. v. to forsake. 
 DESPATCH', s. hasty execution. v. to put to death. 
 DIE, v. to pass from life ; to tinge. s. a stamp ; a little cube. 
 DI'ET, course of food ; an assembly of states. 
 DI'VERS, s. they who plunge under water. a. several. 
 DOCK, s. a place where ships are built, or moored; an herb. v, 
 
 to cut off. 
 
 DOWN, s. soft feathers; an open plain. adv. not up, 
 DRAW, to drag; to let out a liquid; to delineate. 
 DRILL, to bore holes; to exercise recruits. 
 DRUG, a medicinal substance; an unsaleable thing. 
 DUN, a. dark colored. v. to call for payment. 
 EAR, the organ of hearing; a spike of corn. 
 ELD'ER, a. older. s. the name of a shrub. 
 ELLIP'SIS, an omission of words; an oval. 
 ENGROSS', to occupy the whole ; to copy law writings. 
 ENTERTAIN', to amuse; to hold in the mind. 
 E'VEN, a. level; equal. s. evening. adv. so much as. 
 EXACT', a. accurate. v. to require authoritatively. 
 EXPRESS', v. to utter ; to squeeze out. a. definite. 
 FAIR, a. beautiful ; just ; favorable. s. a sale. 
 FARE, price of passage by land, or water ; provisions. 
 
88 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 FAST, a. firm ; swift. s. abstinence from food. 
 
 FAWN, s. a young deer. y. to court servilely. 
 
 FEED, v. to supply with^food. part, rewarded. 
 
 FELL, v. did fall; to cut down. a. cruel. 
 
 FEL'LOW, an associate ; one of a pair ; a mean wretch ; a trustee 
 
 of a college. 
 
 FEL'ON, a criminal ; a whitlow. 
 
 FELT, v. perceived. s. a substance of which hats are made. 
 FER'RET, a sort of weasel ; a kind of narrow ribbon. v. to drive 
 
 out of a lurking place. 
 
 FIG'URE, shape; a statue; a numerical character; a kind of simile. 
 FILE, a rasping tool; a line on which papers are put; a line of 
 
 soldiers ; a series. v. to exhibit officially. 
 FIL'LET, a band ; the thick part of a leg of veal. 
 FINE, a. thin; clear; splendid. s. a forfeit; the end. 
 FIRM, . strong ; steady. s. the name of a house of trade. 
 FIT, a. proper ; suitable. s. a paroxysm. v. to suit. 
 FLAG, s. a water plant; a paving stone; an ensign, or standard. 
 
 v. to hang loose; to grow spiritless. 
 FLAT'TER, a. more flat. v. to praise falsely. 
 FLEET, s. a navy. a. nimble. 
 
 FLOCK, a company of birds, or beasts; a lock of wool. 
 FLUE, a chimney ; soft fur, or down. 
 FOIL, leaf metal; a blunt sword. v. to defeat. 
 FOLD, an enclosure for sheep ; a double. 
 FOOT, a member of the body ; a measure of twelve inches. 
 FOR, prep, instead of; on account of. cow/, because. 
 FORGE, v. to form by the hammer ; to counterfeit. s. a furnace 
 FOR'MER, a. before in time. s. a maker. 
 FORT, a fortified place ; a strong side. 
 FOUND'ER, s. one who establishes; a caster. v. to sink to the 
 
 bottom; to fall. 
 
 FRIEZE, a term in architecture ; the nap on cloth. 
 FRET, to be peevish ; to wear away by rubbing. 
 FRY, s. a swarm of young fishes. v. to cook food in a pan. 
 FULL'ER, a. nearer full. s. a cleanser of cloth. 
 GALL, an excrescence on the oak; a secretion of the body; ma- 
 lignity. 
 
 GAME, sport; a single match of play; animals chased. 
 GIN, a snare ; an alcoholic liquor. 
 GLOSS, superficial lustre ; a comment. 
 GORE, s. clotted blood. v. to pierce with a horn. 
 GRAIN, corn; any minute particle; a small weight. 
 GRATE, s. a range of bars. v. to wear away by rasping ; to make 
 
 a harsh noise. 
 
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 39 
 
 GTRATE'FTJL, thankful; agreeable, pleasing. 
 
 GRAVE, s. the place of burial. a. not acute in sound ; serious. 
 
 v. to carve figures. 
 
 GRAZE, to feed on grass ; to touch lightly in passing. 
 GREEN, colored like grass ; fresh ; immature. 
 GROSS, a. large; coarse. s. the chief part; twelve dozen. 
 GROUND, s. earth; the first coat of paint. v. to found. -part. 
 
 sharpened by grinding; reduced to powder. 
 H AB'IT, state of a thing ; custom ; dress. 
 HAIL, s. frozen rain ; an exclamation. v. to salute. 
 HAM'PER, s. a large packing basket. v. to perplex. 
 HAUT'BOY, a wind instrument ; a sort of strawberry. 
 HEAV'EN, the eternal abode of the good ; the sky. 
 HELP, to assist ; to avoid. 
 HIDE, v. to conceal. s. the skin of an animal. 
 HIND, a. backward. s. a female deer; a peasant. 
 HOP, v. to jump. s. a climbing plant. 
 HOST, the master of a feast ; landlord of an inn ; an army ; any 
 
 great number ; the sacrifice of the mass. 
 HUE, a color ; a clamor. 
 
 IN'STANCE, a case occurring ; suggestion ; urgency. 
 IN'STANT, a. urgent ; immediate ; s. a moment. 
 JAM, s. a conserve of fruits. v. to wedge in. 
 JAR, a kind of vessel ; a rattling sound ; discord ; the state of a 
 
 door not quite shut. 
 
 JET, s. a black fossil ; a spout of water. v. to jut out. 
 JUST, a. right. adv. exactly; nearly. 
 KEN'NEL, a cot for dogs ; a watercourse of a street. 
 KEY, an instrument to open a lock ; that which solves a difficulty; 
 
 a finger-piece on a musical instrument. 
 KIND, a. ready to confer favors. s. a sort. 
 KITE, a bird of prey ; a paper toy to fly. 
 LACE, a string ; fine net work. 
 LAKE, a large body of inland water; a color. 
 LAP, v. to lick up ; to fold. s. the part formed by the knees in 
 
 a sitting posture. 
 LAST, a. latest. v. to endure. s. the mould on which shoes are 
 
 made ; a corn measure. 
 
 LAWN, an open space between woods ; a linen fab^c. 
 LAY, v. to place down ; to wager ; did lie. s. a song. a. not 
 
 clerical. 
 
 LEAGUE, a confederacy ; a distance of three miles. 
 LEAN, v. to incline^ s. muscular part of flesh. a. thin. 
 LEAVE, s. permission. -v. to forsake; to suffer to remain; to 
 
 intrust; to refer for decision. 
 
40 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 LEFT, a. pertaining to the left hand. part, not taken, 
 
 LET, v. to permit ; to lease. s. hindrance. 
 
 LET'TER, a vowel, or consonant; an epistle; one who lets. 
 
 LIE, v. to rest; to utter wilful falsehoods. s. a fiction, [settle. 
 
 LIGHT, s. illumination. a. not heavy; bright. v. to kindle; to 
 
 LIKE, a. resembling. v. to approve. adv. as. 
 
 LIME, an alkali ; a sort of lemon ; a sticky substance. 
 
 LINE, s. a string; a single verse. v. to cover inside. 
 
 LINK, s. a single ring of a chain ; a torch. v. to connect. 
 
 LIT'TER, a portable bed; straw laid under animals; a number of 
 
 things in disorder ; a birth of animals. 
 LOCK, a complicated fastening; a quantity of hair, or wool; a 
 
 contrivance to raise barges in canals. 
 LONG, a. protracted. v. to desire earnestly. 
 LOT, fortune ; a parcel ; a field. 
 
 LUTE, a stringed musical instrument ; a sort of cement. 
 MACE, an ensign of authority ; a kind of spice. 
 MAIL, armor ; a post-bag. 
 
 MAIN, a. chief. s. strength; the ocean; the continent. 
 MALL, a heavy beetle ; a public walk. 
 MAN'GLE, to smooth linen ; to cut and tear. 
 MARCH, s. the third month. v. to walk in procession. 
 MASS, a lump; the service of the Latin church. 
 MAST, the pole to which the sails of a ship are fixed ; the fruit 
 
 of the oak or beech. 
 MATCH, a thing that easily inflames; an equal; a thing that 
 
 suits ; a marriage alliance. 
 
 MAT'TER, material substance; subject of discourse; consequence. 
 MEAD, a meadow ; honey-wine. 
 
 MEAL, a repast; the flour of corn. [to signify. 
 
 MEAN, a. base; niggardly; middling. s. medium. v. to intend; 
 MEET, v. to encounter. a. proper, suitable. 
 MEW, s. a sea-fowl. v. to cry as a cat ; to shut up ; to change 
 
 the appearance. 
 
 MINE, s. a cavern dug for minerals. pron. belonging to me. 
 MINT, a plant; the place where money is coined. 
 MIN'UTE, the sixtieth part of an hour ; a short record. 
 MOLE, a little animal ; a spot on the skin ; a mound. 
 MOOR, s. a marsh, or fen ; a negro. v. to make fast a vessel to 
 
 the shore. 
 MOR'TAR, a vessel in which substances are pulverized ; cement 
 
 for bricks ; a short wide cannon for bombs. 
 MOULD, the ground in which plants grow; the shape in which 
 
 things are cast; a substance which gathers on bodies in a 
 
 damp place. 
 
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 41 
 
 MUST, v. to be compelled ; to grow musty. s. new wine. 
 NAIL, the horny substance at the end of the fingers and toes ; a 
 
 metal spike ; two inches and a quarter. 
 NAP, a short sleep ; the down on cloth, &c. 
 NEAT, s. an ox, or cow. a. elegant ; cleanly. 
 NERV'OUS, vigorous ; having weak nerves. 
 No, a. not any. adv. the word of refusal, or denial. 
 OBLIGE', to compel ; to please. 
 OR'DER, regularity; a command; a class. 
 
 OR'GAN, a natural instrument of sense ; a musical wind instrument. 
 OUNCE, a small weight; an animal like a panther. 
 PAGE, one side of a leaf; a young attendant on a prince. 
 PALE, a. wanting color; dim. s. a rail to enclose grounds; a space 
 
 enclosed, or limited. [insipid. 
 
 PALL, s. a mantle of state; a covering for the dead; v. to become 
 PAL'LET, a small bed ; a painter's board. 
 
 PALM, s. a tree; victory; the inner part of the hand. v. to im- 
 pose upon by fraud. 
 
 PAN'EL, a small board set in a frame ; a list of jurors. 
 PAN'IC, sudden fright; a plant. 
 
 PAR'TIAL, biassed to one side, or individual ; affecting only a part 
 PASTE, a mixture of flour and water; imitations of precious stones. 
 PA'TIENT, a. enduring. s. a sick person. 
 PECK, s. a quarter of a bushel. v. to pick up food with the beak ; 
 
 to strike with a pointed instrument. 
 PEER, an equal ; a nobleman. 
 PEN, a writing instrument; a small enclosure. 
 PERCH, a kind offish; a roosting place; 5 yards. 
 PET, a slight passion ; a favorite. 
 PIKE, a fish ; a long lance. 
 PILE, a beam driven into the ground; aheap; nap; the head 
 
 of an arrow. 
 
 PINE, s. a tree. v. to languish. 
 PIN'ION, s. a wing ; fetters for the arms ; a small toothed- wheel 
 
 on the same axis with a larger one. v. to shackle. 
 PINK, s. a flower ; a color ; the highest quality. 
 PITCH, s. thickened tar; degree of elevation. v. to fix; to throw; 
 
 to fall headlong ; to alight. 
 
 PLATE, a shallow dish ; wrought silver ; flatted metal. 
 POACH, to boil slightly; to steal game; to tread soft ground. 
 POLE, a long piece of timber; 5| yards in length; the extremity 
 
 of the earth's axis; a native of Poland. 
 POL'LARD, a tree lopped; a mixture of bran and meal. 
 PORT, a harbor ; a gate ; the gun-hole in a ship ; a sort of wine 
 
 from Oporto. 
 
42 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 POR'TER, a door-keeper; one who carries loads; strong beer. 
 
 POST, s. a piece of timber set upright; a messenger; office; a 
 station. v. to travel quickly; to transcribe into a leger. 
 
 POUND, s. twenty shillings; a weight; a prison for stray beasts. 
 v. to reduce to powder. 
 
 PREFER', to choose before another; to advance. 
 
 PRETEND', to represent falsely; to lay claim. 
 
 PRI'OR, former; the chief monk of a convent. 
 
 PRUNE, v. to lop trees. s. a dried plum. 
 
 PULSE, the throbbing of an artery; leguminous plants. 
 
 PUMP, an engine to raise water; a light shoe. 
 
 PUNCH, an instrument for cutting holes; a mixed liquor. 
 
 PU'PIL, the apple of the eye; a scholar; a ward. 
 
 PUR'CHASE, v. to buy. s. convenience for using force. 
 
 QUAR'TER, s. fourth part; mercy shown by a conqueror; eight 
 bushels. v. to lodge soldiers. 
 
 RACE, a generation ; a contest in running. 
 
 RAIL, s. a bar. v. to speak contemptuously. 
 
 RAM, s. a male sheep. y. to drive in violently. 
 
 RANK, a. luxuriant; rancid. s. a row; dignity. 
 
 RASH, a. hasty; s. a breaking out. 
 
 REAR, s. the hinder part. v. to raise up; to educate. 
 
 REFU'SAL, a denial ; the right of choice. 
 
 REN'DER, s. one who tears. v. to restore; to yield. 
 
 RENT, s. a tear; revenue. v. tore. part. torn. 
 
 RESOLU'TION, act of separating into parts ; determination. 
 
 REST, repose; remainder. 
 
 RIGHT, a. correct; straight; not left. s. justice; just claim. 
 
 RING, s. a circle. v. to sound; to fit with rings. 
 
 ROAD, a way; a place where ships may anchor at a distance from 
 the land. 
 
 ROCK, s. a vast mass of stone. v. to move backwards and for- 
 wards. 
 
 HOE, a female deer; the eggs of fish. 
 
 ROSE, s. a sweet scented flower. v. did rise. 
 
 Row, v. to impel with the oar; a rank, or file. 
 
 RUE, s. a plant. v. to regret. 
 
 RUSH, s. a plant. v. to move with violence. 
 
 SACK, s. a bag; a sort of wine. v. to pillage. 
 
 SAGE, s. a plant. a. wise. 
 
 SASH, a silken band; a window frame. 
 
 SAW, s. a toothed instrument for cutting; a proverb. v. did see. 
 
 SCALE, s. the dish of a balance ; graduation ; a little shell on a 
 fish's skin. v. to climb ; to peel off in thin pieces. 
 
 SEAL, the sea-calf; a stamp. 
 
EQUIVOCAL WORDS. 43 
 
 SEA'SON, . one of the four parts of the year ; a fit time. v. to 
 give a relish to. 
 
 SEE, s. the jurisdiction of a bishop. v. to view. 
 
 SET, v. to place ; to bring to a fine edge ; to fall below the hori- 
 zon. s. a number of things suited to each other. [riage. 
 
 SHAFT, an arrow; a narrow perpendicular pit; the pole of a car- 
 
 SHED, s. a slight covered building. v. to let fall, to spill. 
 
 SHEER, a. unmingled. v. to deviate. 
 
 SHOAL, s. a great multitude ; a sand bank. a. shallow. 
 
 SHORE, the coast ; a prop or support under a building. 
 
 SHRUB, a bush ; an alcoholic mixture. 
 
 SINK, s. a drain ; a reservoir. v. to go down. 
 
 SIZE, bulk ; a sticky substance. 
 
 SMELT, s. a small sea-fish. v. to melt ore ; did smell. 
 
 SOLE, s. the bottom of the foot ; a small sea-fish. a. only. 
 
 SOUND, s. a noise; a shallow sea; a probe. a. hearty; unin- 
 jured. v. to try depth. 
 
 SPIR'IT, the soul of man; courage; an inflammable distilled liquor. 
 
 SPRING, s. one of the four seasons; an elastic body; a leap; a 
 fountain. v. to arise ; to grow. 
 
 STEEP, a. precipitous. v. to soak. 
 
 STEER, s. a young bullock. v. to direct a course. 
 
 STEM, s. a stalk. v. to oppose a current. 
 
 STERN, a. severe. s. the hind part of a ship. 
 
 STICK, s. a slender piece of wood. v. to adhere ; to stab. 
 
 STILL, a. quiet. v. to calm. s. a vessel for distilling. adv. to 
 this time. conj. notwithstanding. 
 
 STRAIN, v. to filter; to sprain; to force. s. style; a passage of 
 music. 
 
 SUCCEED', to follow ; to prosper. 
 
 SUF'FER, to permit, to allow ; to endure, to bear. 
 
 SUIT, s. a set; courtship; prosecution. v. to 'fit. 
 
 SWAL'LOW, s. a bird. v. to take down the throat. 
 
 TA'BLE, an article of furniture ; an index, or list of particulars 
 methodically arranged. 
 
 TACK, v. to join ; to turn a ship. s. a little nail. 
 
 TAIL, the extremity ; a limited estate. 
 
 TA'PER, s. a wax candle ; conical form. 
 
 TEN'DER, s. an attendant. a. soft. v. to offer. 
 
 TILL, v. to cultivate. s. a money box. conj. to the time. 
 
 TIRE, s. a head dress; the hoop of a wheel. v. to weary. 
 
 TOLL, s. a tax on passengers, &c. v. to ring a bell. 
 
 TONE, sound ; elasticity, or vigor. 
 
 TOP, the highest part of any thing ; a toy. 
 
 TREAT, v. to negotiate ; to discourse. s. a feast. 
 
44 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 TUM'BLER, a posture master ; a large drinking glass. 
 
 TUR'TLE, a species of dove ; the sea tortoise. 
 
 USH'ER, v. to introduce. s. an under-teacher. 
 
 UT'TER, v. to speak ; to put forth. a. entire. 
 
 VAULT, s. a cellar. v. to leap. 
 
 VICE, wickedness. as a prefix, in the place of. 
 
 WA'GES, s. stipulated compensation for labor. v. carries on. 
 
 WEAR, s. the act of wearing ; a kind of dam. v. to impair by 
 
 friction ; to carry upon the person. 
 
 WELL, s. a deep narrow pit of water. a. in good health. 
 YARD, an enclosure by the side of a building; a measure of three 
 
 feet ; the support of the sails of a ship. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 IMPROPRIETIES HEARD IN CONVERSATION. 
 
 Some of the following improprieties are heard in the conversation of those 
 who are regarded as persons of refinement ; while others of them are heard 
 only among the most uneducated classes. Improprieties of the latter kind are 
 often imitated by children who do not hear them from the lips of their parents. 
 
 ACROST, for across. 
 ACTYVE, for active. 
 AFEARD, for afraid. 
 AGIN, for again [agen], 
 AGUR, for ague. 
 AlNT, for are not. 
 ALL'EZ, for always. 
 ARETHMETIC, for arithmetic. 
 ARRIV, for arrived. 
 ARTER, for after. 
 Ax, for ask. 
 
 BACHELDER, for bachelor. 
 BAGONET, for bayonet. 
 BEGRUTCH, for grudge. 
 BELLUSSES, for bellows. 
 BETTERMOST, for best. 
 BEYEND, for beyond. 
 BILE, for boil. 
 BIMEBY, for by-and-by. 
 SLOWED, for blew. 
 
 BRAN, for brand. 
 BRUSTLE, for bristle. 
 BUST, or BUSTED, for burst. 
 CATECHISE, for catechism. 
 CAUSE, for because. 
 CHAW, for chew. 
 CHEER, for chair. 
 CHIMBLY, for chimney. 
 CHIST, for chest. 
 CHUSE, for choose. 
 CLY, for cloy. 
 CLUMB, for climbed. 
 CORNISH, for cornice. 
 COWCUMBER, for cucumber. 
 CRITTER, for creature. 
 CUPELOW, for cupola. 
 DARE'SNT, for dare not. 
 DATER, [a as in far] for 
 
 daughter. 
 DONE, for did. 
 
IMPROPRIETIES. 
 
 45 
 
 DRAWED, for drew. 
 DREAN, for drain. 
 DROWNDED, for drowned. 
 EEND, for end. 
 EEN-A-MOST, for almost. 
 FAIBM, for firm. 
 FELLER, for fellow. 
 FIFT, for fifth. 
 FORRUD, for forward. 
 FOR'T-!-NUR, for for aught I 
 
 know. 
 
 FRIND, for friend. 
 FUR, for far. 
 FURDER, for further. 
 FUST, for first. 
 GAL, for girl. 
 GETHER, for gather. 
 GIN, for gave. 
 GlNERAL, for general. 
 GlNSANG, for ginseng. 
 GIM-ME, for give me. 
 GlT, for get. 
 GOWND, for gown. 
 GUARDEEN', for guar'dian. 
 HAINT, for have not. 
 HANDIRON, for andiron. 
 
 HENDER, for hin'der. 
 HERN, for hers. 
 HERTH, for hearth [harth.] 
 HIS'N, for his. 
 Hoss, for horse. 
 HOUSEN, for houses. 
 HOWSOMEVER, for however. 
 HUM, for home. 
 HUMBLY, for homely. 
 HUSBANT, for husband. 
 IDEE, for idea. 
 ILE, for oil. 
 
 INGIN, for Indian [Ind'yan.] 
 INGINE, for engine. 
 INWITE, for invite. 
 JANDERS, for jaundice. 
 JEST, for^Ms^. 
 JICE, for joists. 
 
 JINE, for join. 
 JINUARY, for January. 
 KETCH, for catch. 
 KITTLE, for kettle. 
 KlVER, for cover. 
 KNOWED, for knew. 
 LARNING, for learning. 
 LEAST, for lest. 
 LEM-ME, for let me. 
 LESS, for let us. 
 LETTIS, for lettuce. 
 LEVEN, for eleven. 
 LICKERISH, for licorice. 
 LINE, for lion. 
 LINNING, for linen. 
 LUTH'ER, for leather. 
 LOOM, for loam. 
 MAINT, for may not. 
 MASSACREE, for massacre. 
 MEDDLE, for medal. 
 MlLED, for mile. 
 MORE'N, for more than. 
 MORNIN, for morning. 
 MOST, for almost. [ows. 
 
 MOUNTANEOUS, for mountain- 
 MOUNTING, for mountain. 
 MUSHMELON, for muskmelon. 
 NARY, for neither. 
 NIGGER, for negro. 
 NORWEST, for northwest. \ous. 
 OBSTROPOLOUS, for obstreper- 
 ONCE'T, for once. 
 ORNERY, for ordinary. 
 OURN, for ours. 
 OUTCH, for Oh! 
 PARDNER, for partner. 
 PLETE, for plait. 
 POME, for poem. 
 POOTY, for pretfy. 
 POPPLE, for poplar, [ciation. 
 PRONOUNCEATION, for pronun- 
 QUATE, for quoit. 
 RALY, for really. 
 REMARKABLE, for remarkably- 
 RENSE, for rinse. 
 
46 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 RHEUM ATIZ, for rheumatism. 
 
 RIBBET, for rivet. 
 
 Riz, for risen. 
 
 ROZZUM, for rosin. 
 
 RUTHER, for rather. 
 
 SAFT, for soft. 
 
 SARCER, for saucer. 
 
 SARMON, for sermon. 
 
 SASSAGE, for sausage. 
 
 SAXAFRAX, for sassafras. 
 
 SCURSE, for scarce. 
 
 SECT, for sex. 
 
 SEEN, for saw. 
 
 SENCE, or SEN, for since. 
 
 SET, for sit. 
 
 SHAWL, for shall. 
 
 SHAY, for chaise. 
 
 SHEER, for share. 
 
 SHET, or SHOT, for shut. 
 
 SHUE, for shoe. 
 
 SIGH, for such. 
 
 SILE, for soil. 
 
 SITHE, for sigh. 
 
 SIXT, for sixth. 
 
 SKEERED, for scared. 
 
 SKROUGE, for crowd. 
 
 SMUDDER, for smother. 
 
 SOME'RS, for somewhere. 
 
 SPARROW-GRASS, for asparagus. 
 
 SPERE, for spire. 
 
 SPERIT, for spirit. 
 
 SQUINCE, for quince. 
 
 STIDDY, or STUDY, for steady. 
 
 STUN, for stone. 
 
 STUNTED, for stinted. 
 
 SuLLER, for cellar. 
 
 SURRINGE, for syringe. 
 
 SUT, for soot. 
 
 SUTHING, for something. 
 
 TAINT, for ft is not. 
 
 TENANT, for tenon. 
 
 THAT-ARE, for that. 
 
 THEIRN, for theirs. 
 
 THIS-ERE, for this. 
 
 TOTHER, for the other. 
 
 TOWER, for tour. 
 
 TURCLE, or TORTLE, for turtle,, 
 
 TWICE'T, for twice. 
 
 UMBERIL, or UMBERILLA, for 
 umbrella. 
 
 YYAGE, for voyage. 
 
 WANT, for was not. 
 
 WARNUT, for walnut. 
 
 WATERMILLION, for water- 
 melon. 
 
 WEAL, for veal. 
 
 WEEK, for wick. 
 
 WEN, for when. 
 
 WICH, for which. 
 
 WIDDER, for widow. 
 
 WlLLER, for willow. 
 
 WINDER, for window. 
 
 WINE, for vine. 
 
 WINEGAR, for vinegar. 
 
 WINEPIPE, for windpipe. 
 
 WRASTLE, for wrestle. 
 
 TENDER, for yonder. 
 
 YOURN, for yours. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 KULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 WORDS of one syllable, ending with a single consonant preceded 
 by a single vowel, double that consonant when they take an addi- 
 tional syllable beginning with a vowel. Words of more than one 
 
RULE IN ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 47 
 
 syllable, ending in the same manner, follow the same rule, when 
 they are accented on the last syllable. General usage allows 
 some words to double the final consonant on taking an additional 
 syllable, though the accent is not on the last syllable : as travel, 
 traveller ; worship, worshipping, &c. 
 
 In the following table, the several columns contain specimens of the several 
 classes of words which do, or do not double their final consonant. 
 
 BAR, Bare, Bait, Bark, BEFIT', Bal'lot. 
 
 BARKED, Bared, Baited, Barking, BEFITTING, Balloting. 
 
 CHIP, Chitne, Cheat, Cart, COMMIT', Car'pet. 
 
 CHIPPING, Chiming, Cheating, Carting, COMMITTED, Carpeted. 
 
 DIP, Dire, Dear, Damp, DEFER', Differ. 
 
 DIPPING, Direr, Dearer, Damper, DEFERRING, Differing. 
 
 DIG, Dive, Deal, Dark, DISTIL', Discom'fit. 
 
 DIGGER, Diver, Dealer, Darker, DISTILLER, Discomfited. 
 
 DOT, Date, Deaf, Dart, DETER', Dis'mal. 
 
 DOTTED, Dated, Deafer, Darting, DETERRING, Dismally. 
 
 FAT, Fade, Jail, Ink, IMPKL', Inhab'it. 
 
 FATTED, Faded, Jailer. Inky, IMPELLING, Inhabiting. 
 
 IN, Ice, Fail, Find, FORGET', Fer'ret. 
 
 INNER, Iced, Failing. Finder, FORGETTING, Ferreting. 
 
 JUT. Jade, Join, Jolt, JAPAN', Jab'ber. 
 
 JUTTING, Jaded, Joiner, Jolted, JAPANNING, Jabberer. 
 
 RUN, Race, Rain, Rend, REBEL', Ri'pen. 
 
 RUNNER, Racer, Raining, Rending, REBELLING, Ripening. 
 
 RED, Ride, Rail, Rest, REMIT', Rea'son. 
 
 REDDER, Riding, Railing, Rested, REMITTED, Reasoner. 
 
 RAP, Rise, Roar, Rust, REBUT', Recov'er. 
 
 RAPPING, Rising, Roaring, Rusted, REBUTTING, Recovering 
 
 RAG, Rage, Read, Right, REFER', Rob'ber. 
 
 RAGGED, Raging, Reading, Righter, REFERRING, Robbery. 
 
 TAN, Tune, Tear, Tight, TREPAN', Tam'per. 
 
 TANNER, Tuner, Tearing, Tighter, TRKPANNING, Tampering. 
 
 UP, Use, Vain, Urn, UNSHIP', Ut'ter. 
 
 UPPER, Using, Vainer, Urned, UNSHIP'PED, Uttering. 
 
 When cd is added to those words which double the consonant, the e may 
 be omitted in writing, and an apostrophe supply its place; but when the 
 consonant is not doubled, the e should be written; thus, robb'd for robbed; 
 but not rob'd for robed. 
 
 4 
 
PART II. 
 
 DERIVATION. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR USING PART II. The pupil should study Chapter L, so as 
 K> be able to recite it readily, (i. e. to state the substance of each of the prelimi- 
 nary observations, and to give an account of each of the Prefixes and Suffixes, 
 with the examples which illustrate their use,) before proceeding further. 
 
 The figures included in parentheses refer to the paragraphs of Chapters II. 
 and III. ; and in Chapter I., the references to Latin and Greek words are 
 distinguished by the letters L. and G. 
 
 It is desirable that Part II. should be studied, as a distinct exercise, before 
 it is used as a reference book. The pupils will thus become accustomed to 
 tracing the etymology of words, and will be prepared to discover, without 
 referring to the book, the derivation and signification of many words, on 
 meeting with them for the first time. Not only should the practice of tracing 
 English words to their Latin or Greek primitives be continued by all pupils 
 who have studied this Part, but those who are studying Latin or Greek should 
 be in the habit of ascertaining, and stating in their recitations, what English 
 words are derived from the Latin or Greek words which occur in their lessons. 
 
 CHAPTEK I. 
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION 
 OF ENGLISH WORDS. 
 
 1. THE words of the English language may be separated into 
 two principal classes, viz. : words of -Saxon origin, and words of 
 Latin origin. Words derived from the ancient Greek, belong, 
 in this general division, to the latter of the two classes ; although 
 they will be arranged by themselves, for the sake of convenience, 
 in the following pages. 
 
 Note. For an account of such words as are neither of Saxon nor Latin 
 origin, let the student consult Dr. Webster's large Dictionary. 
 
 2. A great part of the words which are classed as words of 
 Latin origin, were introduced into the English, not directly from 
 the Latin itself, but from the French, or from some other of those 
 modern languages which sprung from the Latin, and strongly 
 resemble it. For example, the word finish may have come into 
 our language from the French word finir ; but both are to be 
 traced back to the Latin word finis, (L. 176), signifying an end 
 or limit. 
 
 (48) 
 
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION. 49 
 
 3. By learning the derivation of a word, we often obtain a 
 clearer notion of its signification than we could obtain in any 
 other way. This is true of the following examples, viz. : contact, 
 which is from the Latin particle con, together, and the verb tango, 
 (participle tactus), (L. 526), to touch; Federal, fromfosdus, (L. 
 162,) a league, or treaty; Gradual from gradits, (L. 207), a 
 step; Induce from in, into, and duco, (L. 133), to lead. 
 
 4. As Latin and Greek words often vary considerably in form, 
 in their different cases, tenses, &c., and as the English word is 
 not always formed from that case or tense which is considered 
 the foundation of the others, it is often necessary to know more 
 than one of the forms which the Latin or Greek word may assume. 
 Thus, the word fluent is derived from the Latin verb fluo, (L. 
 185), to flow; while influx is from fluxum, the supine of the 
 same verb, and the preposition in. So the Latin adjective felix, 
 (L. 163), which has in its genitive case felicis, gives rise to the 
 English word felicity. 
 
 5. In arranging English words in families under the Latin or 
 Greek words from which they are derived, it is proper to place 
 under the several Latin or Greek words, not only the English 
 words derived immediately from them, but also those derived from 
 their derivatives. For example, under the Latin word nascor, 
 (L. 324), (part, natus^), to be born, should be classed the English 
 words nascent, natal, natural, nativity, and nation; although, 
 with the exception of the first, they are derived more immediately 
 from words in the Latin which are derivatives of nascor, viz. : 
 natalis, naturalis, nativitas, and natio. 
 
 6. Many English words are formed from other English words, 
 by means of prefixes and suffixes. A letter, syllable, or word 
 joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix; a letter or 
 syllable joined to the end is called a suffix. Thus, from tell is 
 formed foretell, by joining a prefix; and from do is formed doer, 
 by joining a suffix. A word may take two or more prefixes or 
 suffixes at the same time. Thus, r^roduce contains two prefixes, 
 re and pro ; wonder/w% contains two suffixes, ful and ly ; 
 Donnishness two suffixes, ish and ness. 
 
 7. Some of the prefixes and suffixes are of Saxon origin, and 
 others are of Latin origin. Some of them are words which may 
 be used separately, while the greater part are inseparable, i. e. are 
 never used by themselves. Many of the prefixes which are in- 
 separable in English, are separable in the languages from which 
 they are derived. 
 
 8. In learning our own language, we become so familiar with 
 the signification of most of the prefixes and suffixes, (although it 
 is not always easy to state that signification), that as soon as we 
 
50 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 have ascertained the meaning of any word which is new to us, we 
 can tell what would be the meaning of the several words formed 
 from it by such additions. Thus, after learning the meaning of 
 the word confirm, we know what must be the meaning of the 
 words confirmed, confirmation, confirmatory, confirmer, con- 
 firmedly, unconfirmed, &c., from the manner in which they are 
 varied from the word confirm. In some cases, the prefixes or 
 suffixes seem not to affect the signification of the word to which 
 they are joined. 
 
 9. When a prefix ends with a consonant, that consonant is 
 often changed or omitted, in order that the prefix may unite easily 
 with the word to which it is to be joined. In the words a/fix, 
 cohere, (L. 217), implant, and s?//fix, (for example), the prefixes 
 ad, con, in, and sub, are changed, for the sake of producing a 
 more agreeable sound. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 The following is a list of the most important prefixes used in forming 
 English words. The abbreviation (Lat.) shows that the prefix is from the 
 Latin; (Gr.) that it is from the Greek. Prefixes which are inseparable in 
 the languages from which they are derived, (as above explained, 7,) are 
 denoted by the abbreviation (insep.) 
 
 A, (when of English or Saxon origin), signifies in, on, or at; 
 as in the words abed, aboard, aloft, ashore, aside. 
 
 A, or AB, (Lat.), from; as, avert, (L. 579), to turn from; 
 absolve, (L. 497), to release from. 
 
 A, or AN, (Gr. insep.), destitute of; as, atheist, (Gr. 216), one 
 without a God ; anarchy, (G. 18), want of government. 
 
 AD, (Lat.), which may become, in composition, ( 9), a, ac, 
 af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, or at, signifies to; as ao'here, (L. 216), 
 to stick to; ascend, (L. 465), to mount to; aflot, to assign to; 
 attest, (L. 538), to bear witness to. 
 
 AM, or AMB, (Lat. insep.) round or about; as, ambient (L. 
 142), going round ; surrounding. 
 
 ANA, (Gr.) throughout, up; as, analysis, (G. 129), a loosening 
 throughout ; the solution of any compound ; a?iatomy, (G. 217) ? 
 a cutting up. 
 
PREFIXES. 51 
 
 ANTE, (Lat.) before; as antecedent, (L. 57), going before. 
 
 ANTI, or ANT, (G-r.), against; as, anta'christian, (G. 52), 
 against or opposed to Christianity; antarctic, (G-. 19), against 
 or opposite to the north ; southern. 
 
 APO, or AP, (Gr.),/rom; as, apostle, (G-. 205), one sent out; 
 aphelion, (Gr. 105), from the sun. 
 
 BE, (from the word 5y), signifies upon, over, about; as, be- 
 sprinkle, to sprinkle on or over. In some words, the prefix be 
 seems to be one of a different origin ; as in behead, besiege. 
 
 CATA, (G-r.), down, against; as, catarrh, (Gr. 195), a flowing 
 down; cataract, a dashing down. 
 
 ClRCUM, (Lat.), around, or about; as, circumnavigate, (L. 
 326), to sail around; circumjacent, (L. 238), lying around. 
 
 CON, (in Lat., CUM), with, or together. It takes several forms, 
 viz., co, cog, col, com, and cor ; as, connect, (L. 327), to bind to- 
 gether; cohere, (L. 216), to stick together; compress, (L. 410), 
 to press together. 
 
 CONTRA, (Lat.), against; as, contradict, (L. 117), to speak in 
 opposition. In many words it takes the form counter; as, coun- 
 teract, (L. 3), to act against. 
 
 DE, (Lat.),/rom, or down from; as, deduct, (L. 133), to take 
 from; descend, (L. 465), to go down from. 
 
 DIA, (Gr.), through; as, oYameter,(G. 137) the measure through, 
 
 Dis, and the forms di and dif, (Lat. insep.), asunder, apart, 
 away ; as, dissent, (L. 476), to be of a different opinion; advert, 
 (L. 579), to turn one aside. This prefix often has a kind of 
 negative meaning ; as in disadvantageous, not advantageous. 
 
 E, or Ex, (Lat. & Gr.), out, or out of; as, eject, (L. 239), to 
 cast out; exclude, (L. 77), to shut out. It also takes the forms 
 ec, and ef; as eccentric, (G. 44), out of the centre ; e/flux, (L. 
 185), a flowing out. 
 
 EN, or EM. See IN. 
 
 EPI, or EP, (Grr.), upon, over, for; as, epidemic, (Gr. 67), upon 
 a people; ephemeral, (G. 108), lasting for a day. 
 
 EXTRA, (Lat.), beyond; as, extraordinary, (L. 351), beyond 
 what is ordinary. 
 
 FORE, before ; as, foretell, to tell beforehand. 
 
52 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 HYPER, (Gr.), above, beyond; as, hypercritical, (G. 61), cri- 
 tical beyond reason. 
 
 HYPO, (Gr.), under; as, Tzypothesis, (G. 215), a supposition 
 taken as. the basis of a theory. 
 
 IN, or EN, (Lat. & Gr.), in, on, or into; as, insert, (L. 480), 
 to put in; incubation, (L. 99), sitting on; induce, (L. 133), to 
 lead into; engrave, (G. 99), to cut upon, or in. In may become 
 iff, il, im, or ir ; and en may become em. In and its equivalents 
 often denote privation or negation; as, zndecent, (L. 110), not 
 decent; ?71egal, (L. 256), not legal. Some words are written 
 with in or en indifferently; as, enclose, or Enclose. 
 
 INTER, (Lat.), between, or among ; as, interpose, (L. 399), to 
 place between. It sometimes takes the form enter ; as, entertain, 
 (L. 530). 
 
 INTRO, (Lat.), within ; as, introduce, (L. 133), to lead within. 
 
 META, or MET, (Gr.), after, beyond, from one to another; as, 
 metaphysics, (G. 180), the science which is after or beyond 
 physics; metonymy, (G. 156), a putting of one word or name 
 for another. 
 
 Mis, signifies wrong, erroneous, defective; as, misconduct, (L. 
 133), wrong conduct; misconception, (L. 47), an erroneous 
 notion. 
 
 NON, (Lat.), not; as, nondescript, (L. 468), not described. 
 
 OB, (Lat.) denotes opposition; as, object, (L. 239), to cast 
 against. In composition it may become oc, of, or op. 
 
 OUT, beyond ; as, outdo, to surpass. 
 
 PARA, or PAR, (Gr.), by the side of; as, parasite, (G. 201), 
 that which grows or feeds at the side of something; parish, 
 (G.75). 
 
 PER, (Lat.), through; as, pervade, (L. 565), to extend 
 through. 
 
 PERI, (Gr.), around ; as, perimeter, "(G. 137), the outer line, 
 or measure around anything. 
 
 POST, (Lat.), after; as, postscript, (L. 468), something writ- 
 ten after. 
 
 PRE, (Lat.), before; as, precede, (L. 57), to go before; pre- 
 judge, (L. 241), to judge before. 
 
SUFFIXES. 53 
 
 PRETJER, (Lat.), beyond ; as, preternatural, (L. 324), beyond 
 nature. 
 
 PRO, (Lat.), for, forth, forward; as, pronoun, (L. 334), a 
 word used instead of a noun ; provoke, (L. 596), to call forth ; 
 propel, (L. 373), to drive forward. It takes the form of pur, 
 in purpose, and par, in portray. 
 
 RE, or RED, {Lat. insep.), back again, anew; as, recall, to 
 call back; recommence, to begin anew; redeem, (L. 140), to 
 buy back ; to ransom. 
 
 RETRO, (Lat.), backward; as, retrospect, (L. 504), a looking 
 backwards. 
 
 SB, (Lat. insep.), aside, apart; as, secede, (L. 57), to with- 
 draw; seclude, (L. 77), to shut away, or apart. 
 
 SUB, or SUBTER, (Lat.), under; as, swoscribe, (L. 468), to 
 write under; swofcrfuge, (L. 197), a flying under. It also takes 
 the forms SMC, sw/, sug, sup, and sus. 
 
 SUPER, (Lat.), above, over, more than enough; as, superna- 
 tural, (L. 324), above nature ; supervision, (L. 586), overseeing. 
 It often takes the form sur ; as, surcharge, to overload. 
 
 SYN, (Gr.), with, together; as, synthesis, (Gr. 215), putting 
 together. It also takes the forms sy. syl, and sym. 
 
 TRANS, or TRA, (Lat.), over, through, beyond; as, transgress, 
 (L. 207), to go over a law, or rule; ^rcmsparent, (L. 362), clear 
 like glass ; traverse, (L. 579), to pass over. 
 
 UN, denotes privation or negation, (see IN); as, wwbind, to 
 take off a band; uncertain, (L 67), not certain. 
 
 UNDER, as, undermine ; tmrferrate, (L. 439). 
 
 WITH, as a prefix, usually denotes opposition, or separation; 
 as, leiYAstand, (L. 491), to stand against ; toiYAdraw, to retire. 
 
 SUFFIXES. 
 
 IN the following list of suffixes, examples are given, under 
 each suffix, of the several parts of speech which that suffix is 
 used to form. Thus, under Ate, the example preceded by the 
 abbreviation a. illustrates the manner in which ate is used to 
 
54 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 form adjectives; the example marked s. illustrates its use in 
 forming substantives. 
 
 The signification of the suffixes must be learned by observation. In many 
 cases, it is impossible so to state it, that the pupil can use the statement as a 
 general definition, in analyzing words. Should the teacher desire something 
 like a general definition, the words italicized in the explanations of the 
 examples given in this list, may be used for this purpose, as the sentences 
 are constructed with a view to such a use of the italicized portion. In ana- 
 lyzing words, with reference to their derivation, the pupil should be accus- 
 tomed to state what part of the word constitutes the suffix, what part or 
 parts of speech it is used to form and how it affects the signification of the 
 word in question. A careful study of the examples here adduced and 
 explained, will give the pupil facility in expressing the signification of the 
 suffixes in other cases. 
 
 Ac; a. demoniac, like a demon; cardiac, (G. 43), pertaining 
 to the heart. 
 
 ACEOUS; a. saponaceous, (L. 462), having the qualities of 
 soap. 
 
 ACY; s. obstinacy, (L. 491), the state or condition of being 
 obstinate. 
 
 AGE ; s. bondage, the condition of one bound ; coinage, the 
 doing of the work upon coins. 
 
 AL; a. persona/, (L. 379), relating to person. s. removal, 
 (L. 316), the act of removing. 
 
 AN, or IAN; a. a republican, (L. 441), belonging to a repub- 
 lic; barbarian, belonging to a barbarous people. s. historian, 
 one who writes history. 
 
 ANCE, or ANCY; s. ignorance, (G. 97), the state of leing 
 ignorant; consta??cy, (L. 491), the being constant. 
 
 ANT; a. abundant, (L. 561), being in abundance. s. dis- 
 putant, (L. 422), one who does the act or work of disputing. 
 
 AR; a. lunar, (L. 274), belonging to the moon; annular, (L. 
 15), resembling a ring. s. liar, one who does the act of lying. 
 
 ARD ; s. drunkaro 7 , one who does } or is guilty of intemperate 
 drinking. 
 
 ARY; a. rotary, (L 448), resembling a wheel; planetary, 
 (G. 182), pertaining to the planets. s. aviary, (L. 32), a place 
 
SUFFIXES. 55 
 
 where birds are kept; missionary, (L. 805), one who does the 
 work, or bears the responsibilities of a mission. 
 
 ATE; a. accurate, (L. 102), having the quality of accuracy. 
 8. a magistrate, (L. 277), one who does the duties of a ruler. 
 v. abbreviate, (L. 39), to make short; navigate, to perform the 
 act of sailing. 
 
 BLE; a. arable, (L. 26), thai can be plowed; lauda&te, (L. 
 251), that may be praised. 
 
 OLE; s. vesicte, a little cavity, or vessel; corpuscte, a little 
 body. 
 
 CULE, s. animalcwte, (L. 13), a minute animal. 
 
 DOM ; s. freedom, the condition of being free ; kingdom, the 
 realm* of a king. 
 
 EE ; s. referee, (L. 167), one who is referred to for a decision. 
 
 EER; s. engineer, one who does the work of managing an 
 engine. 
 
 EN ; v. blacken, to make black. 
 
 ENCE, or ENCY ; s. presence, (L. 520), the state of being pre- 
 sent; tendency, (L. 529), the act or quality of tending towards. 
 
 ENT; a. prudent, (L. 586), having the quality of prudence. 
 *. student, the person who studies. 
 
 ER ; s. carrier, one who does the work of carrying. a. broader, 
 more broad. 
 
 ERY; s. distillery, (L. 511), a place where distilling is carried 
 on. 
 
 ESCENCE; s. convalescence, (L. 567), state of growing or 
 becoming healthy. 
 
 ESCENT ; a. putrescenY, becoming putrid. 
 
 Ess ; a suffix denoting feminine gender; as, s. lioness, a female 
 lion. 
 
 FUL ; a. jojful, full of joy. 
 
 HOOD ; s. widow/iooa 7 , the condition of being a widow. 
 
 Ic ; a. heroic, like a hero, or having the quality of heroism. 
 
 ICE; s. cowardice, the quality of being cowardly. 
 
 Ics; s. optics, (G. 157), the science of vision; mathematics, 
 (G. 133), the science of quantity. 
 
 ID ; a. frigid, (L. 194), having the quality of coldness. 
 
56 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 ILE; a. fragile, (L. 191), that may be broken; -puerile, (L. 
 417), like, or pertaining to a boy. 
 
 INE; a. canine, (L. 45), pertaining to dogs; alkaline, like, or 
 having the qualities of an alkali. 
 
 ION; s. rebellion, (L. 35), the act of rebelling; expansion, 
 (L. 358), the act of expanding, or state of being expanded. 
 
 ISH; cr. whiti'sA, somewhat white; boyish, like a boy. v. 
 pubh'sA, (L. 400), to make public; vanish, to do the thing de- 
 noted by the word disappear. 
 
 ISM, or ASM; s. heroism, the state of being a hero; criticism^ 
 (Gr. 61), the practice of criticising; Hebraism, an idiom of the 
 Hebrew language. 
 
 IST ; s. artist, (L. 27), one who does work in any branth of 
 art; florist, (L. 184), one who practises the art of cultivating 
 flowers; Calvin^, one who is a follower of Calvin. 
 
 ITE ; s. favoriYe, one who is beloved ; Israelite, one belonging 
 to the nation of Israel. 
 
 IVE; a. instructive, (L. 515) 5% /?tfe<2 to give instruction; active, 
 (L. 3), having power or Jitness to act. 
 
 IZE, or ISE; v. fertilize, (L. 167), to make or render fertile. 
 
 LESS; a. fearless, without fear; penniless, destitute of a penny. 
 
 LET; s. stream^, a little stream. 
 
 LIKE; a. "warlike, resembling war. 
 
 LING; s. a suffix denoting littleness, as in sapling, jearling t 
 \ordling. 
 
 LY; a. "beastly, like a beast. adv. proudly, in a manner 
 exhibiting pride; fixed/y, (L. 172), in a manner unchanging or 
 unmoved. 
 
 MENT ; s. banishment, the state of being banished, or the act 
 of banishing ; accompanime?i, that which accompanies. 
 
 MONY ; s. acrimony, (L. 1), the quality of sharpness or se- 
 verity. In the words testimony, (L. 538), matrimony, (L. 284), 
 patrimony, (367), &c., the suffix mony is used with a singular 
 variety of signification. 
 
 NESS; s. firmjzess, (L. 177), the state of being firm; littleness, 
 the quality or circumstance of being little. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 57 
 
 OR ; s. governor, (L. 213), one who does that which is denoted 
 by the word govern. 
 
 ORY; a. preparatory, (L. 364), Jilted or designed to prepare. 
 s. observatory, (L. 483), a place where observations are taken. 
 
 OSE; a. verbose, (L. 575), abounding in words. 
 
 Ous; a. dangerows, partaking of danger; courageous, (L. 
 86), having the quality of courage. 
 
 SHIP ' } s. clerksA^p, the place, or offi.ce of a clerk ; friendship,! 
 the condition or relation of being a friend. 
 
 SOME ; a. quarrelsome, characterized by a disposition to quar- 
 rel ; burdensome, having the quality or character of oppressive- 
 ness. 
 
 STER; s. teamster, one whose business it is to drive a team. 
 
 TUDE; s. serviwc7e, (L. 483), the condition of slavery; forti- 
 tude, (L. 189), the quality of bravery. 
 
 TY; s. ability, (L. 215), the condition or state of being able. 
 
 URE; s. departure, (L. 365), the act of departing; postwre, 
 (399), the condition of being in a particular position ; furniture, 
 the thing furnished. 
 
 WARD ; adv. eastward, in the direction of the east. a. awk- 
 ward, having the quality of uncouthness. 
 
 Y ; a. dewy, covered with dew ; watery, partaking of water. 
 1 s. modesty, (L. 306), the quality or state of 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 WORDS DERIVED FROM 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. Latin words are usually pro! 
 Country, in accordance with the general principles of English 
 pronunciation. The following directions, however, are necessary 
 for those who have not studied Latin, and should be carefully 
 observed. 
 
 1. Every Latin word has as many syllables as there are vowels 
 or diphthongs in it. Thus, in the expression bonafide, in good 
 faith, the word fide, has two syllables, the e being sounded as e 
 
58 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 in me. In like manner the words voce,jure,parte, lege, &c., are 
 pronounced each with two syllables. 
 
 2. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first 
 syllable ; as a'cer, a' go, ar'bor. In this book the accented sylla- 
 ble is marked, in all Latin words of more than one syllable ; and 
 the manner in which the word is divided will generally show 
 what sound is to be given to the vowel of the accented syllable. 
 
 3. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that 
 letter is sounded as a in ah } except that the sound is not pro- 
 longed as cau'sa, cate'na. 
 
 4. The diphthongs ce and ce are sounded as simple e would be 
 in the same place ; thus, fcddus and cem'ulus, are pronounced as 
 if written fe' d us, em'ulus. 
 
 5. C and g are hard before a, o, and u, and soft before e, i, 
 and y ; thus, in the words ca'no, co'lo, and cu'ra, the c has the 
 sound of k ; in cefdo and cfvis it has the sound of s. So </, in 
 the words fuga'tus, li'go, and lon'gus, has the sound of g in give; 
 in the words ge'ro and gig 1 no it has the sound of g in gentle. 
 
 6. Ch always sounds like k. 
 
 For a full account of Latin pronunciation, see Andrews's and Stoddard's 
 Latin Grammar. 
 
 In the following chapter, a Latin word placed in a paren- 
 thesis immediately after another Latin word, as (acm) after Acer, 
 shows the form which that word assumes in the genitive case, if 
 it be a substantive or adjective; or in the supine, or some other 
 inflection, if it be a verb. 
 
 In the several paragraphs, the words are nof always arranged 
 in exact alphabetical order, because it is desirable that words 
 formed immediately and obviously from the Latin word should 
 be placed before those whose derivation is more remote. 
 
 1. A'cer, (a'crts), sour; pungent. Acutus, sharp. 
 
 ACER'BITY, sharpness of dispo- 1 ACID'ITY, sourness ; tartness. 
 
 sition. ACUTE', sharp-witted ; pointed. 
 
 AC'RID, of a biting taste, [ture. ACU'MEN, (Lat. acumen, a sharp 
 AC'RIMONY, sharpness ; ill-na- point), intellectual penetra- 
 ACID'ULATE, to flavor with acid. tion ; quickness of perception 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN, 
 
 2. Ager, (a'gri~}, a field. 
 AGRA'RIAN, relating to lands.* AGRICULTURIST, a farmer. 
 
 59 
 
 AG'RICULTURE, (82), the culti- 
 vation of the ground. 
 
 PER'EGRINATE, to travel in for- 
 eign lands. 
 
 * The agrarian laws of ancient Rome, which caused so much civil commo- 
 tion, related to the distribution of public lands among the people. 
 
 3. A' go, (ac'tum), to do ; to perform. 
 
 ACT, to behave ; to perform. 
 AC'TION, a performance. 
 ACTIV'ITY, AGIL'ITY, quickness 
 
 of motion. 
 
 AC'TUAL, real ; existing in act. 
 AC'TUATE, to put into action. 
 AC'TUARY, a register or clerk. 
 A'GENT, a doer; one intrusted 
 
 with business. 
 AG'ITATE, to put into motion or 
 
 excitement. 
 
 CO'GENT, forcible. 
 
 DAM' AGE, (107), injury. 
 
 ENACT', to decree. 
 
 EXACT', v. to take by authority 
 or force. 
 
 EXACT', a. accurate. 
 
 EX'IGENCY, pressing necessity. 
 
 MAN' AGE, (282), to carry on. 
 
 PROD'IGAL, wasteful. 
 
 TRANSACT', to conduct or per- 
 form. 
 
 4. A'lius, other; another. Alie'nus, foreign. 
 
 AL'IEN, foreign; estranged. 
 AL'IENATE, to transfer to ano- 
 ther; to estrange. 
 
 ALIENA'TION, estrangement. 
 INAL'IENABLE, that cannot be 
 transferred or alienated. 
 
 5. A'lo, (al'itum, or al'tum), to feed; to nourish. 
 
 AL'IMENT, nourishment. 
 ALIMENT' ARY, pertaining to 
 
 food. 
 
 COALESCE', (Lat. coales'co), to 
 
 grow together ; to unite. 
 CoALi'TiON,combination; union. 
 
 6. Al'ter, the other. Alter* nus, one after the other. 
 
 ALTERCA'TION, quarrelling; dis- 
 puting. 
 ALTERNATELY, one after the 
 
 other. 
 
 ALTERNATION, succession ; per- 
 formance by turns. 
 
 ALTERNATIVE, a choice of two 
 things. 
 
 AL'TITUDE, height. 
 
 7. Al'tus, lofty. 
 
 I EXALT', to raise up. 
 
60 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 8. Am'bulo, (ambula'tum), to walk. 
 
 AM'BULATORY, pertaining 
 the act of walking. 
 
 to 
 
 AM'BLE, to walk or run in an 
 
 artificial manner. [through. 
 
 PERAM'BULATE, to walk 
 
 9. A'niOj (ama'tum), to love. 
 AMATEUR', (Fr.), a lover of the ENAM'ORED, inflamed with love; 
 
 fine arts. fond. 
 
 A'MIABLE, lovely; worthy to be ! EN'EMY, one hostile to another; 
 
 loved. a foe. 
 
 AMIABIL'ITY, loveliness. EX'MITY, hatred ; hostility. 
 
 AM'ICABLE, friendly, peaceable. I INIM'ICAL, unfriendly; opposed. 
 AM'ITY, friendship; good-will. 1 
 
 10. Am'plus, large. 
 
 AM'PLE, large; liberal. 
 AM'PLY, largely. 
 AM'PLIFY, (152), to enlarge. 
 
 AMPLIFICATION, enlargement; 
 
 extension. 
 AM'PLITUDE, largeness. 
 
 AN'GER, wrath. 
 
 11. An' go, (anx'i), to vex. 
 
 ANXI'ETY, solicitude. 
 
 AN'GUISH, extreme pain. 
 
 ANX'IOUS, solicitous. 
 
 AN'GLE, a corner. 
 
 AN'GULAR, having corners. 
 RECT'ANGLE, (438), a right- 
 
 12. An'gulus, a corner. 
 
 QUAD'RANGLE, (426), a square. 
 
 EQUIAN'GULAR, (144), having 
 
 equal angles. 
 
 angled, four-sided figure. I MULTAN'GULAR, (317), many 
 TRI'ANGLE, (549), a three cor- cornered, 
 nered figure. 
 
 13. An'ima, the life, or spiritual principle. AriimuSj the mind. 
 
 AN'IMAL, a living creature. 
 
 ANIMAL'CULE, a minute animal. 
 
 AN'IMATE, to make alive. 
 
 ANIMADVERT', (579), to con- 
 sider or criticize. 
 
 INANIMATE, lifeless. 
 AXIMA'TION, liveliness. 
 
 AXI'MOSITY, violent hatred. 
 
 UNANIM'ITY, (563), agreement 
 
 in opinion. 
 
 UNANIMOUS, of one mind. 
 EQUANIM'ITY, (144), evenness 
 
 of mind. [of mind. 
 
 MAGXANIM'ITY, (278), great. 
 
 ness of mind. 
 PUSILLANIM'ITY, (Lat. pusff- 
 
 lus, weak), cowardice. 
 
 14. An'nus, a year. 
 
 AN'NUAL, happening yearly. I AXXU'ITANT, one who receives 
 ANNU'ITY, a yearly income. an annuity. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 61 
 
 ANNIVERSARY, (579), a stated 
 day, returning with the revo- 
 lution of the year. 
 
 AN'NALS, yearly records. 
 
 BIEN'NIAL, (37), of two years. 
 
 TRIEN'NIAL, (549), happening 
 every three years. 
 
 SEPTENNIAL, (478), of seven 
 
 years. 
 SUPERANNUATED, impaired by 
 
 old age. 
 PEREN'NiAL,continuingthrough 
 
 the year. 
 
 [years. 
 
 MiLLEN'NiUM,(297), a thousand 
 
 15. An'nulus, a ring. 
 
 AN'NULAR, in the form of a ring. 
 
 SEM'I-ANNULAR, having the 
 form of half a ring. 
 
 16. An'tiquus, ancient. 
 
 AN'TIQUARY, one who seeks an- 
 cient things. 
 AN'TIQUATED, old ; out of date. 
 
 ANTIQUE', (Fr.), belonging to 
 old times ; a relic of ancient 
 
 AN'CIENT, old. 
 
 [times. 
 
 17. Ape'rio, to open. 
 APE'RIENT, laxative. | AP'ERTURE, an opening. 
 
 18. Ap'to, to fit or join. 
 
 APT, fit ; inclined to. 
 APT'NESS, fitness ; quickness of 
 apprehension. 
 
 AP'TITUDE, tendency; disposi- 
 
 tion. 
 
 ADAPT', to adjust; to fit one 
 thing; to another. 
 
 19. A' qua, water. 
 
 AQUAT'IC, living in or on the 
 
 water. 
 A'QUEOUS, watery. 
 
 AQ'UEDUCT, (133), a channel 
 for water. 
 
 TERRAQUEOUS, (536), consist- 
 ing of land and water. 
 
 20. Ar'biter, a judge or umpire. 
 ARBITRATOR, a judge appoint- ARBITRATION, determination 
 
 ed by opposite parties to de- 
 
 cide between them. 
 AE'BITRATE, to decide. 
 
 by an arbitrator. 
 AR'BITRARY, capricious; abso- 
 lute. 
 
 21. ASbor, a tree. 
 
 AR'BOR, a bower. 
 AR'BORIST, one who cultivates 
 trees and shrubs. 
 
 AR'BORICULTURE, (82), the art 
 of cultivating trees and 
 shrubs. 
 
62 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 22. Ar'ceOj to hinder or restrain. 
 COERCE', to restrain by force. | COER'CIOX, restraint. 
 
 23. Ardeo, (ar'si), to burn. 
 
 AR'DENT, burning; passionate. 
 
 AR'DOR, heat; earnestness. 
 
 24. Arguo, to argue. 
 
 AR'SOX, setting fire to a dwell, 
 
 AR'GUE, to reason ; to dispute. 
 AR'GUMENT, a reason offered; 
 
 ARGUMENTA'TION, reasoning. 
 ARGUMENTATIVE, containing 
 
 controversy. , argument. 
 
 25. Ar^ma, arms, weapons. 
 
 ARM, v. to take arms. 
 ARMS, weapons; war. 
 DISARM', to deprive of weapons. 
 AR'MY, a number of armed men. 
 AR'MISTICE, (491), a cessation 
 
 of hostilities. <r-^*'C-W 
 AR'MORER, one who makes arms. 
 AR'MOR, defensive weapons. 
 
 AR'MORY, the place where arms 
 are kept or made. 
 
 AR'MAMEXT, ARMA'DA, (Sp.),a 
 naval warlike force. 
 
 ARMO'RIAL, belonging to the es- 
 cutcheon of a family, [inarms. 
 
 ARMIP'OTEXT, (403), powerful 
 
 UXARM'ED, without arms. 
 
 26. A'ro, to plough. 
 
 AR'ABLE, capable of being 
 ploughed. 
 
 IXAR'ABLE, not arable. 
 
 27. Ars, (aStls), art, skill. 
 
 ART, skill, cunning; a trade. 
 ART'IST, a professor of an art. 
 ART'ISAX, ARTIFICER; a work- 
 man, an operative, [genuine. 
 ARTIFICIAL, made by art, not 
 
 ART'IFICE, (152), stratagem. 
 
 ART'FUL, cunning. 
 
 ART'LESS, unskilful ; without 
 
 fraud. 
 INERT', dull; motionless. 
 
 28. Articfulus, a joint or limb. 
 
 AR'TICLE, a single thing ; apart ARTIC'ULATELY, with distinct- 
 
 of speech. ness of sound. 
 
 ARTIC'ULATE, v. to speak dis- ARTICULA'TION, a juncture of 
 
 tinctly ; to join. 
 ARTIC'ULATE, a. distinct ; 
 branched out into joints. 
 
 bones ; the knots in the stalk 
 of a plant ; speech. 
 Ix ARTIC'ULATE, indistinct. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 63 
 
 29. As'per, rough. 
 ASPER'ITY, roughness. | EXAS'PERATE, to enrage. 
 
 30. Au'dioj (and? tum) } to hear. 
 
 AUD'IBLE, that can be heard. 
 AUD'IENCE, a hearing; the per- 
 sons assembled to hear. 
 AUD'IT, (Lat.), to examine an 
 
 account. 
 
 AUD'ITOR, a hearer; an ex- 
 
 aminer. 
 
 AUD'ITORY, an assembly of 
 hearers. [ing 
 
 OBE'DIENT, listening to; obey- 
 
 
 
 ; ob( 
 
 31. Au'gco, (autfi, auc'tum^), to increase. 
 
 AUGMENT', to increase. jAu'THOR, (the Latin word is 
 
 AUGMENTATION, enlargement.! cmc'for), an originator; a 
 AUC'TION, a sale by bidding | writer, 
 
 more and more. [auction. | AUTHORITY, legal power^ in- 
 AUCTIONEER', one who holds an j fluence. 
 AU'THORIZE, to give authority. AUXILIARY, helping. 
 
 32 A'visj a bird. Au'gur, Aus'pex, (aus'picis), a soothsayer. 
 A'VIARY, a place enclosed to ' INAUGURATE, to invest with an 
 
 keep birds in. 
 AU'GUR, s. one who predicted 
 
 by observing birds. 
 AU'GUR, y. to forebode. 
 AU'GURY, an omen or prediction. 
 
 office by solemn rites. 
 AUS'PICES, (Lat.), (504), the 
 
 oinens of an undertaking. 
 AUSPIC'IOUS, favorable. 
 INAUSPIC'IOUS, unfortunate. 
 
 33. Bac'chus, in heathen mythology, the god of wine. 
 
 BAC'CHANAL, one who indulges I BACCHANA'LIAN, pertaining tc 
 in drunken revelry. I drunken revelry 
 
 34. BedtuSj happy; blessed. 
 
 BEATIFIC, (152), fitted to bless I BEAT'ITITDE, blessedness; a 
 or make happy. I blessing pronounced. 
 
 y 
 
 35. Bel'lum, war. 
 
 BELLIGERENT, (203), waging I REB'EL, one who revolts, 
 war, I REBELLION, insurrection. 
 
 5 
 
64 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 36. Btbo, to drink. 
 
 BIB'BER, a tippler. 
 BIBA'CIOUS, fond of drinking. 
 
 BIB'ULOUS, absorbing. 
 IMBIBE', to drink in. 
 
 37. JBis, twice. 
 
 BISECT', (470), to cut into two BI'PED, (380), an animal hav- 
 
 equal parts. ing two feet. 
 
 BISECT'ION, division into two BI'VALVE, (Lat. vafvcs, fold- 
 
 ing-doors), a molluscous ani- 
 mal, having two valves or 
 
 equal parts 
 BIS'CUIT, (85), hard, dry, flat 
 
 bread. shells; an oyster; a mua. 
 
 COMBINE', (Lat. bi'ni, two by sel, &c. 
 
 two), to unite. 
 
 38. Be'ne, well. 
 BOUN'TY, (Lat. lo'nus, good), I BEN'EFICE, a church living. 
 
 generosity. 
 
 BENIGN', kind; favorable. 
 BENIG'NITY, graciousness. 
 
 (152), kind; 
 
 BENEFAC'TION, a benefit con- 
 ferred. 
 BENEFAC'TOR, one who confers 
 
 a benefit. 
 
 BENEDIC'TION, (117), a bless- 
 ing. 
 
 BENEV'OLENCE, (598), disposi- 
 tion to do good. 
 
 BENEF'ICENT, 
 doing good. 
 
 BENEF'ICENCE, active goodness. 
 BEN'EFIT, advantage. 
 BENEFI'CIAL, advantageous. 
 
 39. Br&'is, short. 
 
 BREVET', a commission without BREV'ITY, shortness. 
 
 seal, giving title and rank in ABBRE'VIATE, to shorten. 
 
 the army above that for which BRIEF, a. short; concise. 
 
 pay is received. ! BRIEF, s. a pleader's notes. 
 
 BREVET', taking rank by brevet. | 
 
 40. Ca'do, (ca'swT/i), to fall. 
 
 CA'DENCE, fall of the voice. 
 DECA'DENCE, falling; decay. 
 CASE, state of a thing. 
 
 CAS'UAL, happening by chance. 
 CAS'UALTY, accident.! 
 CAS'UALLY, accidentally; by 
 
 chance. 
 
 CASCADE', a waterfall. 
 AC'CIDENT, that which happens 
 
 COINCIDE', to agree. 
 COINCIDENCE, concurrence. 
 DECAY', to fall away. 
 
 DECID'UOUS, falling. 
 IN'CIDENT, s. an event. 
 IN'CIDENT, a. likely to happen 
 
 as an attendant event. 
 OCCA'SION, opportunity; time 
 
 of a particular occurrence. 
 
 unforeseen. [of conscience. OC'CIDENT, the west, where the 
 
 CAS'UISTRY, the science of cases 
 
 sun sets. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 65 
 
 41. Cce'do, (cc&'swm), to cut; to kill. 
 
 INCIS'ION, a cut into any thing. 
 EXCIS'ION, a cutting out. 
 EXCISE', a duty on goods.. 
 CONCISE', short, brief. 
 DECIDE', to determine. 
 DECIS'ION, determination. 
 DECI'SIVE, conclusive. 
 PRECISE', exact; strict. 
 PRECISION, exact limitation. 
 PRECISE'LY, exactly ; in exact 
 
 conformity to truth, or to a 
 
 model. 
 
 FRAT'RICIDE, (192), killing a 
 brother. 
 
 HOM'ICIDE, (220), manslaugh- 
 ter; a manslayer. 
 
 INFAN'TICIDE, (158), killing an 
 infant. 
 
 PAR'RICIDE, (367), killing a 
 father. 
 
 SUI'CIDE, (519), self-murder. 
 
 REG'ICIDE, (438), murder of a 
 king. 
 
 42. Cal'eoj to be warm or hot. 
 
 CAL'DRON, a boiler; a large ket- 
 
 CAL'ID, hot. 
 
 [tie. 
 
 CALOR'IC, the element of heat. 
 
 CALEFAC'TOR, (152), a small 
 
 kind of stove. [fluid. 
 
 SCALD, to burn with a boiling 
 
 43. Calx, (catfcis), chalk ; limestone. Cal'culus, a little pebble. 
 
 CALCINE', to expel all volatile 
 ingredients from a compound 
 by heat, (as water and car- 
 bonic acid from limestone in 
 the manufacture of lime ;) to 
 reduce to powder or ashes. 
 
 CAL'CULATE, to reckon. [An- 
 ciently pebbles were used in 
 numerical computation.] 
 
 INCALCULABLE, that cannot be 
 calculated ; beyond calcula- 
 tion. 
 
 44. Can'deo, to glow with heat. 
 
 CAN'DLE, a tallow or wax light. ; nification is derived figura- 
 IN'CENSE, s. perfumes burnt. tively from the light pertain- 
 
 INCENSE', v. to enrage. ing to a red-hot substance.] 
 
 INCEN'TIVE, inducement. CAN'DID, open, ingenuous. 
 
 INCEND'IARY, one who sets CAN'DIDATE, one proposed for 
 
 houses, &c., on fire. office, or preferment.* 
 
 CAN'DOR, sincerity. [This sig- CAN'DIDLY, without disguise. 
 
 * Among the Ancient Romans, those who sought the consulship wore robes 
 of remarkable whiteness, and were thence called' candidate. 
 
 45. Ca'nis, a dog. 
 
 CA'NINE, pertaining to dogs. CANIC'ULAR, pertaining to the 
 
 dog-star. 
 
66 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 46. Can'tus, a song. 
 
 CHANT, a kind of sacred music. 
 CHAN'TICLEER, (75), the cock 
 
 which crows. 
 CAN'TICLE, a song; the song of 
 
 Solomon. 
 
 CAN'TO,(It.),asectionofapoem. 
 CANT, a set phraseology used to 
 
 manifest religious zeal. 
 
 DESCANT', to discourse in a for< 
 mal manner. 
 
 AC'CENT, a modification of the 
 voice. 
 
 ENCHANT', to delight highly. 
 
 INCANTA'TION, charms by sing- 
 ing. 
 
 RECANT', to recall, to retract. 
 
 47. Ca'piOj (cap 1 turn), to take. 
 
 CA'PABLE, able to do or take. 
 CAPA'CIOUS, large, holding 
 
 much. 
 CAPAC'ITATE, to enable; to 
 
 qualify. 
 
 CAPAC'ITY, power of holding. 
 CAP'TIOUS, peevish; cavilling. 
 CAP'TIVATE, to take prisoners ; 
 
 to charm. 
 
 CAP'TIVE, a prisoner. 
 CAP'TOR, one who takes a 
 
 prize. 
 
 CAP'TURE, a seizure. 
 ACCEPT', to receive. P n g- 
 
 ACCEPTABLE, grateful; pleas- 
 ANTICIPA'TION, receiving or 
 
 doing beforehand. 
 CONCEIVE', to have an idea or 
 
 notion. 
 
 CONCEPTION, notion, idea. 
 DECEIVE', to cheat, to mislead. 
 DECEP'TION, a fraud, a cheat. 
 EMANCIPATE, (282), to set at 
 
 liberty. 
 
 EXCEPT', to take out. 
 INCIP'IENT, commencing. 
 
 INTERCEPT', to seize on the 
 ' way ; to stop. 
 
 OCCUPATION, possession; em- 
 ployment. 
 
 OC'CUPY, to possess. 
 
 PARTICIPATE, (365), to share. 
 
 PAR'TICIPLE, a word partaking 
 of the nature of an adjective 
 and of a verb. 
 
 PERCEIVE', to notice. 
 
 PERCEP'TIBLE, capable of being 
 perceived. 
 
 PRECEP'TOR, a tutor, a teacher. 
 
 PRE'CEPT, a rule given. 
 
 PRiN'ciPAL,(412),chief,capital. 
 
 PRIN'CIPLE, element ; ground 
 of action. 
 
 RECEIPT', a taking; acknow- 
 ledgment for money paid. 
 
 RECEIVE', to take, to admit. 
 
 RECEPTACLE, a thing which 
 receives or contains. 
 
 REC'IPE, a medical prescription.* 
 
 RECIP'IENT, one who takes. 
 
 SUSCEP'TIBLE, capable of being 
 affected or changed. 
 
 * Recipe is an imperative form of the verb recipio, and would be the first 
 word in a prescription written in Latin " Take," etc. In bocks of pharmacy 
 the word is usually represented by R. or some other character. 
 
 48. Cap'ut, (cap'itis), the head. 
 
 CAP'ITAL, chief; principaLf | CAPiTA'TiON,counting by heads, 
 f Capital crimes are those which are punishable by low of the head or life. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 67 
 
 CAPIT'ULATE, to surrender on PRECIP'ITATE, a. headstrong ; 
 
 conditions.* ; hasty. 
 
 CAPE, a head-land. P KECIP'ITATELY, headlong, has- 
 
 CAP'TAIN, a chief commander. ; tily, rashly. 
 CIIAP'TER, a division, or head. ; PREC'IPICE, a headlong steep. 
 DECAP'ITATE, to behead. . RECAPIT'ULATE, to repeat again 
 
 PRECIP'ITATE, v. to tumble (as the topics of a discourse.) 
 
 headlong; to hurry. 
 
 * The word arose from the stipulation being drawn up under heads. 
 
 49. Car'cer, a prison. 
 INCARCERATE, to imprison. | lNCARCERA ; TiON,imprisonment 
 
 50. Ca'ro (car'nii), flesh. 
 
 CAR'NAL, fleshy, not spiritual. ! CAR'NALLY, according to the 
 CAR'NAGE, (3), slaughter. flesh; not spiritually. 
 
 INCARNA'TION, the taking of a CAR'CASS, a dead body. 
 
 body of flesh. jCARNiv'oROUs, (601), feeding 
 
 INCAR'NATE, embodied in flesh, i on flesh. 
 CAR'NIVAL, (567), i n Roman CHAR'NEL-HOUSE, a place for 
 
 Catholic countries, a feastj depositing human bodies. 
 
 before Lent. 
 
 51. Car'po, to pluck. 
 
 CARP, to cavil ; to find fault. I INDISCERPT'IBLE, that cannot 
 CARP'ING, captious ; fault-find- \ be torn in pieces. 
 
 ing. j EX'CERPT, something culledout. 
 
 52. Cas'tiyo, to chastise. 
 CAS'TIGATE, to punish by stripes. | CASTIGA'TION, punishment. 
 
 53. Cate'na, a chain. 
 
 CONCATENATION, a series of 
 links; a successive order of 
 
 things depending on each 
 
 54. Cau'sa, a cause. 
 
 other ; (as, a concatenation of 
 causes.) 
 
 OAUSE, that which produces an 
 
 effect. 
 CAUSE'LESS, having no cause. 
 
 ACCUSA'TION, the act of charg- 
 ing with an oftence or crime. 
 EXCUSE', to pardon. 
 
 ACCUSE', to charge with a j BECAUSE', for this reason, 
 crime [RECU'SANT, making opposition. 
 
THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 55. Ca'veo, (cau'tum'), to beware. 
 
 CAU'TION, prudence in respect [!NCAU'TIOUS, heedless. 
 
 to danger. PRECAUTION, previous care. 
 
 CAU'TIOI/S, using caution. 
 
 56. 
 
 CAVE, a hollow place. 
 COX'CAVE, hollow, opposed to 
 
 convex. 
 
 is, hollow. 
 
 EX'CAVATE, to hollow out. 
 EXCAVA'TION, a cavity made by 
 digging. 
 
 57. Ce'do, (ces'swm), to yield ; to go away. 
 
 INTERCESSION, the act of inter- 
 ceding. 
 
 PRECEDE', to go before. 
 
 PREDECEASE', the decease of one 
 before another. 
 
 PRFCE'DENCE, priority, supe- 
 to riority 
 
 PREDECESSOR, one that was in 
 a place before another. 
 
 CEDE, to yield or give up. 
 
 CES'SION, a giving up ; resigna- 
 tion. 
 
 CEASE, to stop ; to leave off. 
 
 CESSA'TION, a stop, a discon- 
 tinuance. 
 
 ACCEDE', to assent to 
 agree. 
 
 ACCESS', approach. 
 
 ACCES'SION, a coming to; an ! PREC'EDENT, an example. 
 
 increase by the addition of PROCEED', to go forward. 
 
 something. 
 AC'CESSORY, rendering aid. 
 
 AN'CESTOR, (Lat. anteces'sor)^ 
 person from whom one is dis- 
 tantly a descendant. 
 
 ANTECE'DENT, going before. 
 
 CONCEDE', to admit, to grant. 
 
 DECEASE', departure from this 
 world; death. 
 
 EXCEED', to go beyond. 
 
 EXCESS', more than enough. 
 
 EXCES'SIVE, exceeding. 
 
 INCES'SANT, without pause. 
 
 INTERCEDE', to go between ; to 
 request in behalf of another. 
 
 PROCE'DURE, manner of 
 ceeding;. 
 
 pro- 
 
 PROC'ESS, progressive course. 
 PROCES'SION, a ceremonious 
 
 march. 
 
 RECEDE', to go back ; to retreat. 
 RECESS', a place or time of 
 
 retreat. 
 
 SECES'SION, a withdrawing from. 
 SUCCEED', to follow after; 10 
 
 prosper. 
 SUCCESS', prosperity; the event 
 
 of an affair. 
 SUCCES'SION, series. 
 SUCCES'SIVE, following in order. 
 
 58. Cel'eber, renowned, famous. 
 
 CEL'EBRATE, to praise; to com- 
 mend solemnly. 
 
 CEL'EBRATED, renowned, famous. CELEB'RITY, renown; fame. 
 
 CELEBRA'TION, a distinguishing 
 by ceremonies. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 69 
 
 59. Ce'ler, swift. 
 C LER'ITY, swiftness. | AccEi/RATE,to hasten forward. 
 
 60. CePla, a cellar. 
 CEL'LAR, an underground store. CEL'LARIST, a butler; one who 
 
 CEL'LARAGE, charge for storage 
 
 in a cellar. 
 
 has the care of the cellar. 
 
 61. Ceflo, to cover, to hide. 
 
 CONCEAL', to hide. 
 
 CONCEAL'MENT, the act, place, 
 or mode of hiding. 
 
 62. Coeflum, the heaven. 
 
 CELES'TIAL, heavenly. 
 
 SUBCELES'TIAL, beneath the 
 heavens. 
 
 63. Cen'seo, to judge or estimate. 
 
 CEN'SOR, an officer who exam- CEN'SURABLE, blame-worthy, 
 ines the works of authors be- CEN'SUS, (Lat.), an official enu- 
 fore they are allowed to be meration of the inhabitants 
 printed. of a country. 
 
 CENSO'RIOUS, judging severely. iRECEN'siON, a review, or re- 
 
 CEN'SURE, blame, reproach. | examination. 
 
 64. Cen'tum, a hundred. 
 
 CENTEN'NIAL, (14), occurring 
 once in a hundred years. 
 
 CEN'TURY, a hundred years. 
 
 CENTU'RION, an officer over a 
 hundred men. 
 
 CENTENA'RIAN, a person who is 
 a hundred years old. 
 
 PERCENTAGE, (3), a rate, al- 
 lowance, or estimate by the 
 hundred. 
 
 65. Cer'no, (ere* turn), to separate; to distinguish; to discern. 
 
 CER'TAIN, determined ; sure. v j DISCERN', to see; to distinguish. 
 CER'TIFY, (152), to assure. DISCREET', discerning, prudent. 
 CERTIFICATE, a written declara- DISCRETE', distinct, separate. 
 
 tion or testimony. jDiscEBN'iVJENT, judgment. 
 
 ASCERTAIN', to find out certainly. DISCRETION, judgment, pru- 
 CONCERN', business ; anxiety. dencc. 
 DECREE', (Lat. decei'no), to or- DISCRIMINA'TION, (Lat. discri- 
 
 dain or command. , men), distinction. 
 
 DECREE', an edict; a rule or law. DISCRIMINATING, acute. 
 
70 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 SECRETE', to put aside. SEC'RETARY, one who writes for 
 
 SE'CRET, concealed ; private. another.* 
 
 * So called from the private or secret affairs intrusted to him. 
 66. Cer'to, to contend; to vie. 
 
 CONCERT 7 , to contrive together. DISCONCERT', to disturb. 
 CON'CERT, union; a musical PRECONCERT'ED, contrived to- 
 entertainment. gether beforehand. 
 
 G7. Cer'tus, sure, (see Cer^no). 
 
 68. Ci'eo, (ci'tum), to rouse; to call forth. 
 
 CITE, to summon into a court; INCITE', to animate; to urge on. 
 
 to quote. IXCITE'MENT, impulse. 
 
 CITA'TION, a summoning; a RECITE', to repeat; to tell over. 
 
 quotation. RECITA'TION, repetition ; re- 
 
 EXCITE', to stir up, to encourage. hearsal. 
 
 EXCI'TABLE, easily stirred up. RECI'TAL, account ; narration ; 
 
 EXCITE'MENT, agitation. rehearsal. 
 
 RESUS'CITATE, to rouse or en- QUOTE, to repeat a passage from 
 
 liven again. | some author. 
 
 69. Cin'go, (cinc'tum), to gird. 
 
 lt; a girdle. (SUCCINCT', bro 
 PRE'CINCT, a limit or bound. | compass; compact; concise. 
 
 CIXCT'URE. a belt; a girdle. (SUCCINCT', brought into small 
 
 70. C?nis, (Cin'eris}, ashes. 
 
 CIN'DER, a burnt mass. INCIN'ERATE, to burn to ashes. 
 
 CINERA'TION, the reduction of INCIN'ERABLE, that may be re- 
 anything to ashes. duced to ashes. 
 
 71. Circus, a circle. 
 
 CIR'CLE, a round space, also the 
 
 line enclosing it. 
 CIR'CLET, a little circle. 
 CIR'CULAR, round like a circle. 
 
 CiRCu'iTOUS,going round about ; 
 
 not direct. 
 CIR'CUS, an open space for 
 
 sports. 
 
 CIR'CULATE, to move in a circle. ' EN CIR'CLE. to surround. 
 CIR'CUIT, (142), extent round j SEM'ICIRCLE, (474), half a circle, 
 about. 
 
 72. Ci'vis, a citizen. 
 
 Civ'lC, relating to civil honors. I CIV'IL, relating to the commu- 
 nity ; gentle, well bred. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 Tl 
 
 CIVIL'IAN, one versed in law or 
 political affairs, [or city. 
 
 CiT'iZEN.an inhabitant of a state 
 CIT'Y, a large corporate town. 
 Civii/iTY,gentleuess, politeness. 
 
 CIVILIZA'TION, the state of a 
 
 civilized people. 
 CIV'ILIZE, to reclaim from a 
 
 savage state. 
 UNCIV'IL, rude, clownish. 
 
 73. Clam, secretly. 
 
 CLANDESTINE, secret. 
 
 CLANDESTINELY, in a secret 
 manner. 
 
 74. Cla'mOy (clama'turn), to cry out ; to shout. 
 
 CLAM'OR, outcry; noise. 
 
 CLAM'OROUS, noisy; vociferous. 
 
 CLAM'ORER, a noisy person. 
 
 ACCLAMA'TION, a shout of ap- 
 plause. 
 
 DECLAMA'TION, discourse ad- 
 dressed to the passions; ex- 
 ercise of public speaking. 
 
 CLAIM, to demand. 
 
 CLAIM' ANT, one that demands 
 a right. 
 
 DISCLAIM', to deny the posses- 
 sion of any right or character. 
 
 EXCLAIM', to cry out. [ly. 
 
 PROCLAIM', to announce public- 
 
 PROCLAMA'TION, publication by 
 authority. 
 
 RECLAIM', to recall; to reform. 
 
 75. CZa'rus, clear, bright. 
 
 CLAR'ION, a shrill trumpet. 
 CLEAR, bright; evident. 
 DECLARE', to make known; to 
 proclaim. 
 
 CLAR'IFY, (152), to purify. 
 DECLARA TION, a proclamation; 
 open avowal. 
 
 76. Clas' sis, a class. 
 
 CLASS, a rank of persons, a set. 
 
 CLAS'SIC, CLAS'SICAL, relating 
 to authors of the highest rank, 
 particularly ancient Greek 
 and Roman authors. 
 
 CLAS'SIFY, (152), to arrange in 
 
 classes. 
 CLASSIFICATION, arrangement 
 
 in classes. 
 CLAS'SIS, (Lat.), a convention. 
 
 77 Claudo, (clau'sum), or Clu'do, (cln'sum^), to shut, to close, 
 
 CLOSE, to shut. 
 
 CLOS'ET, a small private room. 
 
 CONCLUDE', to come to a deci- 
 sion. 
 
 CONCLUSIVE, decisive. 
 
 CLAUSE, a subdivision of a sen- 
 tence, [nery. 
 
 CLOIS' TER, a monastery or nun- 
 
 EXCLUDE', to shut out. 
 
 SECLUDE', to shut up apart. 
 
 INCLUDE', ENCLOSE', to shut in; 
 to bring within certain limits. 
 
 PRECLUDE', to hinder or prevent 
 
 RECLUSE', one who lives in re- 
 tirement or seclusion. 
 
 SECLU'SION, retirement. 
 
72 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 78. Cle'mens, (clemen'tis), merciful, kind 
 
 CLEM'ENT, merciful, kind. 
 CLEM'ENCY, mercy. 
 
 INCLEM'ENT, unmerciful ; harsh. 
 INCLEM'ENCY, severity. 
 
 79. Cl?no, to incline or bend. 
 
 INCLINE', to bend, to lean. 
 
 INCLINATION, propensity. 
 
 DECLINE', to lean downwards; 
 to refuse. 
 
 DECLIV'ITY, (Lat. clfvus), de- 
 scent; inclination downwards. 
 
 ACCLIV'ITY, ascent, inclination 
 
 upwards. 
 
 PROCLIV'ITY, proneness. 
 RECLINE', to lean back. 
 CLIN'ICAL, relating to a couch 
 
 or bed.* 
 
 * Clinical lectures are medical lectures given at the bed-side of the patient. 
 
 80. Clfvus, an ascent; a hill. See derivatives under Ctfno. 
 81. Co'dex, (cocftet*), the trunk of a tree; a volume or roll. 
 
 CODE, a collection or digest of COD'ICIL, a supplement to a 
 laws. will. 
 
 82. Co'lo, (cul'tum), to cultivate. 
 
 COL'ONY, a settlement or plan- 
 tation abroad. 
 
 COL'ONIST, a settler in a colony. 
 
 COUL'TER, the sharp iron of a 
 plough. 
 
 CUL'TURE, improvement by la- 
 bor. 
 
 AG'RICULTURE, (2), husbandry, 
 farming. 
 
 HORTICULTURE, (222), garden- 
 ing. 
 
 CUL'TI VATE,to improve by labor. 
 
 83. Co'mes, (com'itis), a companion. 
 COM'ITY, kindness of manner. | CONCOMITANT, going with. 
 
 84. Concilium) an assembly ; a council. 
 
 COUN'CIL, an assembly held for 
 
 consultation. 
 CONCILIATE, (Lat. conctfio), to 
 
 bring together; to win to 
 
 friendship. 
 
 CONCILIATORY, fitted to allay 
 
 angry feelings. 
 RECONCILE', to conciliate again , 
 
 to render consistent. 
 
 85. Co'quo, (coc'tum), to cook. 
 
 CONCOCT', to prepare by digest- 
 ing -, to devise ; to plot ; (as^ 
 to concoct a scheme). 
 
 DECOC'TION, the act of boiling 
 
 any thing to extract its virtues. 
 
 COOK, to prepare food by heat. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 73 
 
 86. Cor, (coSd-tii), the heart. 
 
 CORE, the central part, as of : CONCORDANCE, an index of 
 
 fruit- words contained in the Bible. 
 
 COR'DIAL, a. sincere, hearty. !COUR'AGE, boldness. 
 
 COR'DIAL, s. anything that glad- i DIS'CORD, disagreement. 
 
 dens the heart. 
 CORDIALITY, sincerity. 
 CON'CORD, agreement. 
 
 RECORD', (Lat. Recor'dor, to 
 remember, call to mind), to 
 register. 
 
 87. Cor'nu, a horn. 
 
 COR NET, a musical instrument 
 blown with the mouth ; a sort 
 of trumpet. 
 
 CORNUCO'PIA, (Lat. co'pia, 
 , the horn of plenty. 
 
 plenty), 
 
 BTCOR'NOUS, (37), having two 
 
 horns or antlers. 
 U'NICORN, (563), an animal 
 
 having a single horn. 
 
 L Co j'na. a garland, or crown. 
 
 CROWN, the head ornament worn ; COR'ONET, an inferior crown 
 
 by kings. 
 CORONATION, the solemnity of 
 
 crowning a king. 
 COR'ONAL, a crown or garland. 
 
 worn by the nobility. 
 COR'ONER, an officer to inquire 
 
 into violent deaths.* 
 COR'OLLARY, an inference. f 
 
 The name was derived from the relation of the office to the crown. 
 So called because it crowns the leading proposition or argument. 
 
 89. Cor' pus, (cor'poris), a body. 
 
 COR'PORAL, the lowest officer 
 over a body of soldiers. 
 
 COR'PORATE, united into a body 
 or community. 
 
 CORPORATION, a body politic. 
 
 INCORPORATE, to embody. 
 
 COR'PUSCLE, a minute body. 
 
 CORPO'REAL. having a body; not 
 immaterial; relating to the 
 body. [body. 
 
 COR'PULENT, having a bulky 
 
 CORPSE, a dead body. 
 
 CORPS, (Fr.), (pronounced core), 
 a body of soldiers. 
 
 90. Cos'ta, a rib. 
 
 COAST, the margin of the land. INTERCOS'TAL, lying between 
 COS'TAL, pertaining to the ribs. the ribs. 
 
 91. Crasy to-morrow. 
 PROCRASTINATE, to put off. | PROCRASTINATION, deferring. 
 
74 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 92. Cre'do, (cred'itum), to believe. 
 
 CREED, articles of belief. 
 
 CRE'DENCE, belief. 
 
 CRED'IT, belief ; reputation ; 
 
 trust. 
 
 CRED'ITABLE, reputable. 
 CREDENTIAL, that which gives 
 
 title to belief. 
 
 CRED'IBLE, worthy of belief. 
 INCRED'IBLE, not to be believed. 
 CRED'ITOR, one who trusts 
 
 another for a debt. 
 CRED'ULOUS, apt to believe. 
 DISCREDIT, to disbelieve, [lief. 
 INCREDU'LITY, slowness of be- 
 
 93. Crefo, (crea'tuni), to create. 
 
 CREATE', to cause to exist. CREA'TOR, (Lat.), God. who 
 
 CREA'TION, the act of creating; gives existence. 
 
 the universe. RECREA'TION, amusement, di- 
 
 CREAT'URE, a created being. 
 CREA'TJVE, that can or does 
 create. 
 
 version, (because it re-creates 
 vigor\ 
 
 94. Cre'po, (crep' itum} to sound ; to rattle. 
 
 DISCREPANCY, literally, dis- 
 agreement of sound; incon- 
 sistency. 
 
 DECREP'IT,* wasted and worn 
 
 out with age. 
 DECREP'ITUDE,* the feebleness 
 
 of age. 
 
 * The derivation of this word is doubtful. If derived from crepo, its signi- 
 fication has reference to the rattling or creaking of anything which is broken, 
 or loosened from its place. 
 
 95. Ores' co, (ere' turn), to grow. 
 
 CRES'CENT, the shape of the DECREASE', to grow less, 
 new moon "\ INCREASE', to grow larger. 
 
 CON'CRETE, to coalesce into one RECRUIT', v. to raise new sol- 
 mass ; to coagulate. diers ; to gain new strength. 
 
 ExcREs'cENCEjSomethinggrow- RECRUIT', s. a newly enlisted 
 ing out of another. soldier. 
 
 j" So called from its change of size. 
 
 96. Crfmen, (crim'inis), an accusation ; a crime. 
 
 CRIME, an offence; a great fault. RECRIMINA'TION, return of one 
 CRIM'INAL, partaking of crime. accusation with another. 
 CRIMINA'TION, an accusing. RECRIM'IN ATE, to retort acharge. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 75 
 
 97. Cru'dus, raw, unripe. 
 
 CRUDE, raw; unripe; undi-;CRu'EL, (Lat. crude' lis), hard- 
 gested. hearted. 
 
 CRU'DITY, unripeness ; 
 gestion; crudeness. 
 
 indi- 
 
 CRU'ELTY, inhumanity. 
 
 98. Crux, (cru'cis), a cross. 
 
 CROSS, s. one straight body laid 
 
 across another. 
 CROSS, a. peevish. 
 CRUCIFIX'ION, (172), death on a 
 
 cross. 
 
 CRU'CIFIX, a cross bearing an 
 image of our Saviour. 
 
 CRU'CIAL, crosswise; transverse. 
 
 CRU'CIFY, (152), to put to death 
 by nailing to a cross. 
 
 EXCRU'CIATE, to extort by suf- 
 fering; to put to severe pain. 
 
 ExcRu'ciATiNG,extremely pain- 
 ful; torturing. 
 
 99. Cu'bo or cum' bo, to lie down. 
 
 ENCUM'BER, to oppress with a 
 burden ; to hinder. 
 
 ENCUM'BRANCE, a burden. 
 
 INCUBA'TION, the act of sitting 
 upon eggs. 
 
 IN ; CUBUS, (Lat.), the night- 
 mare ; a sense of weight. 
 
 INCUM'BENT, resting upon. 
 RECUM'BENT, lying; leaning. 
 PROCUM'BENT, lying down. 
 SUCCUMB', to yield; to sink 
 
 under a difficulty. 
 SUPERINCUM'BENT, lying on 
 
 the top of something. 
 
 CUL'PABLE, faulty; blamable. 
 CUL'PRIT, an accused person. 
 
 100. CuVpa, a fault. 
 
 Excui/PATE,toclear from blame. 
 INCUL'PATE, to blame. 
 
 101. Cu'midus, a heap. 
 CUMULATIVE, piled up. | ACCUMULATE, to heap up. 
 
 102. Ou'ra, care. 
 
 CURE, a healing. [dy. PROCURE', to obtain. 
 
 CU'RABLE, admitting of a reme-< PROCUREMENT, the act of pr 
 CU'RATE, a clergyman hired to ! curing; ; attainment, 
 do the duties of another. 
 
 CU'RIOUS, inquisitive. 
 CU'RATOR, a superintendent. 
 CURIOS'ITY, inquisitiveness ; a 
 
 rarity. 
 AC'CURATE, exact; done with 
 
 care. 
 
 curing 
 PROX'Y, (contracted from pro- 
 
 curacy), agency for another. 
 SECU'RITY, safety. 
 SI'NECURE, (Lat. si'ne, without), 
 
 a station which gives income 
 
 without employment. 
 
76 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 103. Cu/ro, (cu/sum), to run. 
 
 CUR'RENT, a. passing. 
 CUR'RENT, s. a running stream. 
 CUR'RENCY, circulation; money. 
 
 DISCOURSE', conversation ; a ser- 
 mon. 
 DISCUR'SIVE, roving ; by grada- 
 
 CUR'RICLE, an open chaise, with | tion of argument. 
 
 two horses abreast. 
 CUR'SORY, hasty. 
 CAREER', course. 
 COU'RIER. (Fr.), a messenger 
 
 sent in haste. [succession. 
 COURSE, race; passage; order of 
 COURS'ER, a swift horse. 
 CONCUR', to agree. 
 CONCURRENCE, combination of 
 
 circumstances ; agreement. 
 CON'COURSE, a confluence of 
 
 persons or things. 
 
 EXCURSION, an expedition ; a 
 
 digression. 
 
 INCUR'SION, inroad ; invasion. 
 INCUR', to become liable to. 
 OCCUR', to happen. 
 OCCURRENCE, an event. 
 RECUR', to happen again ; to go 
 
 back. 
 
 PRECUR'SOR, forerunner. 
 RECOURSE', application to for 
 
 help. 
 SUC'COR, help in distress. 
 
 104. Cur'vus, crooked; winding. 
 
 CURVE, a bent line. 
 CURV'ATURE, crookedness. 
 
 [CuR'vATED, bent; crooked. 
 INCUR' VATE, to bend. 
 
 105. Cus'tos, (custo'difT), a keeper. 
 CUS'TODY, watch, imprisonment. { CUSTO'DIAL, relating to custody. 
 
 106. Cu'tis, the skin. 
 CUTA'NEOUS, affecting the skin. | CU'TICLE, the thin outer skin. 
 
 107. Dam'num, harm, loss. 
 
 DAM'AGE, (3), injury. 
 
 ; CONDEMN', to give sentence 
 
 DAMNA'TlOH, the word used in against; to denounce, 
 
 the New Testament to signify INDEMNIFY, (152,) to relieve 
 
 condemnation to everlasting from loss, 
 punishment. 
 
 108. De'beo, (deb'ituni), to owe. 
 
 DEBT, that which is due. 
 DEBT'LESS, free from debt. 
 
 DEB'IT, v. to charge with debt. 
 DEBT'OR, one who is indebted. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 77 
 
 109. De'cem, ten. 
 
 DEC'IMAL, numbered by tens. ten ; (as, ten days, ten year& s 
 
 DEC'IMATE, to tithe; to take the or ten parts). 
 
 tenth ; to destroy a large but DECEN'NIAL, (14), happening 
 
 indefinite part of any aggre- j every ten years. 
 
 gate body. DECEM'VIRATE, (591), a body 
 
 DECIMA'TION, selection of every of ten magistrates. 
 
 tenth; a heavy loss of life DUODECIMAL, (Lat. duod'ecim, 
 from any cause in an army or twelve), reckoned by twelves. 
 other large body of persons. I DUODECIMO, (Lat.), a sheet 
 
 DEC'ADE, the sum or number of j folded into twelve leaves. 
 
 110. De'cet, to be becoming or proper. 
 
 DE'CENT, becoming. ' DEC'ORATE, to adorn. 
 
 BE'CENCY, propriety of manner. DEC'OROUS, observing propriety. 
 DECO'RUM, (Lat.), propriety of INDECO'RUM, (Lat.), impropri- 
 
 behavior. 
 
 ety. 
 
 111. Dens, (den'tis), a tooth. 
 
 DEN'TAL, belonging to the 
 
 teeth ; sounded by the aid of 
 
 the teeth. 
 
 DEN'TIST, a dental surgeon. 
 DEN'TIFRICE, (Lat./H'co, to rub 
 
 or chafe), tooth powder. 
 DENTI'TION, cutting the teeth ; 
 
 teething. 
 
 * So called from a custom of cutting notches in the edge of the paper or 
 parchment on which it is written. 
 
 INDENT', to make inequalities 
 like teeth. 
 
 TRI'DENT, (549), Neptune's 
 sceptre with three prongs. 
 
 INDENTATION, a notch. 
 
 INDENTURE, a species of con- 
 tract.* 
 
 112. Den'sus, thick, close. 
 
 DENSE, close, compact. 
 DENS'ITY, closeness, compact- 
 
 ness. 
 
 CONDENSE', to compress. 
 CONDENSATION, a thickening 
 or compression. 
 
 113. Dete'riorj worse. 
 
 DETERIORATE, to become I DETERIORATION, becoming 
 worse. worse. 
 
 114. De'us, God. Di'vus, a god. 
 
 DE'ITY, the nature and essence I DE'IST, one who believes in God, 
 of God. but denies revelation. 
 
78 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 DIVINA'TION, foretelling j DIVINE', v. to presage. 
 
 DIVINE', a. of the nature of God. j DIVIN'ITY, the nature of God'. 
 DIVINE', s. a theologian. theology. 
 
 115. Dcx'ter, pertaining to the right hand. 
 
 DEX'TEROUS, expert; ready. IDEX'TER, right as opposed to 
 DEXTER'ITY, expertness; ae- left', (as, the dexter cheek), 
 tivity; readiness. DEX'TEROUSLY, with dexterity; 
 
 | expertly. 
 
 116. Dfco, (died turn)) to devote; to show. 
 DED'ICATE, to devote ; to in- AB'DICATE, to give up right; to 
 
 scribe to. 
 
 resign. 
 
 IN'DICATE, to point out; to show. 'INDICATION, mark; token. 
 
 117. Di'co, (dic'tum), to say. 
 
 DIC'TION, language ; style. INDICT', to charge by formal 
 
 DICTIONARY, a book containing accusation. 
 
 the words of a language. INDITE', to draw up; to com- 
 
 DIC'TATE, to give directions pose. 
 
 authoritatively. INTERDICT', to prohibit. 
 
 DICTA'TOR, (Lat.), a Roman MALEDIC'TION, (279), a curse. 
 
 magistrate. PREDICT', to foretell ; to pro- 
 
 DICTATO'RIAL, authoritative. phesy. 
 
 BENEDIC'TION, (38), a blessing. PRED'ICATE, to assert. 
 
 CONTRADICTION, opposition ; PRED'ICABLE, that may be as- 
 
 inconsisteucy. serted. 
 CONTRADIC'TORY, implying con- ; YER.'DICT, (580), the decision 
 
 tradiction or denial. of a jury. 
 E'DICT, a proclamation. 
 
 118. Di'es, a day. 
 
 DI'ARY, a daily account. I MERID'IAN, (287), noon ; mid 
 
 DIUR'NAL, daily. day. 
 
 QUOTID'I AN, (Lat. quot, as many POST-MERID'IAN, relating to or 
 
 as), happening daily. being in the afternoon ; P. M. 
 
 DI'AL, a plate with the hours of NOCTIP'IAL, (336), comprising 
 
 the day marked on it. | a night and a day. 
 
 119. Diy'itus, a finger; a finger's breadth. 
 
 DIG'IT, a numerical figure ; \ DIG'ITATED, branched like fin- 
 three-fourths of an inch. gers. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 79 
 
 120. Dig'nus, worthy. 
 
 DIG'NITY, honor. INDIG'NANT, angry and dis- 
 
 DIG'NIFY, (152), to advance toi gusted. 
 
 honor. INDIGN A r TiON,anger mixed with 
 
 DEIGN, to think worthy; to con- contempt. 
 
 descend. 
 INDIG'NITY, unworthy treat- 
 
 ment. 
 
 CONDIGN', suitable; merited. 
 DISDAIN', to think unworthy. 
 
 121. Dimid'ium, half. 
 
 DEM'I-GOD, one esteemed as 
 half a god. 
 
 DEM'I-DEIFY, (114), to half 
 deify. 
 
 122. Dis'co, to learn. Discip'ulus, a learner. 
 
 DISCI'PLE, a learner; a fol- 
 lower. 
 
 DISCIPLINE, instruction; edu- 
 
 cation. 
 
 123. Dfvido, (586), (divtsum), to divide. 
 
 DIVIDE', to separate into parts. DIVI'SOR, the number given to 
 DIVIS'ION, the act of separating. divide by. 
 DIV'IDEND, the number to be DIVISIBLE, separable into parts, 
 divided. | INDIVIDUAL, a single being or 
 
 | thing. 
 
 124. Do, (da'tum), to give. 
 DO'NOR, a giver. ED'ITOR, one who prepares for 
 
 DONA'TION, a gift. 
 
 publication. 
 
 DONATE', to give; to contribute, i PAR'DON, to forgive. 
 ADD, (Lat. ad' do), to join to. PERDI'TION, destruction ; ruin. 
 ADDI'TION, increase. REN'DER, (Lat. red* do), to yield; 
 
 CONDI'TION, (Lat. con' do, to to furnish. 
 
 bring together), state. | RENDI'TION, the act of yielding 
 
 ED'IT, to give forth; to publish. | possession ; surrender. 
 
 125. Do'ceo, (doc'tum), to teach. 
 
 DOC'TOR, a man who has taken DOC'UMENT, a paper containing 
 
 the highest degree in divinity, -evidence. 
 
 law, or physic, viz., D. D., DO'CILE, teachable. 
 
 LL. D , or M. D. !DOCIL'ITY, readiness to be 
 
 DOC'TRINE. whatever is taught, j taught. 
 6 
 
80 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 126. Do'leo, to grieve; to be in pain. 
 
 DOLE'FUL, sorrowful. | CONDOLE', to sympathize with 
 
 DOL'OROUS, melancholy. the grief of another. 
 
 |!N'DOLENCE, laziness.* 
 
 * Literally, freedom from pain or trouble. 
 
 127. Dom'inus, a master or lord. 
 
 DOMIN'ION, supreme authority, j DOM'INANT, prevailing. 
 DOMINA'TION, power; tyranny. | DOMINEER', to rule with inso- 
 DOMAIN', (Lat ffomra'utm), lence. [the rest, 
 
 property; empire; dominion, j PREDOMINATE, to prevail over 
 
 128. Do'mo, (dom'itum), to suhdue; to tame. 
 INDOM'ITABLE, not to be sub- DOM'IFY, (152), to tame; to 
 
 dued. 
 
 domesticate. 
 
 129. Do'mus, a house ; a home. 
 
 DOME, a house; a spherical roof. DOM'ICIL, (Lat. domicil'ium, an 
 DOMES'TIC, belonging to the abode), a mansion or abode. 
 
 house or family. j DO'M AL, relating to a house. 
 
 DOMES'TICATE, to accustom to DOMICIL'IATE, to fix a resi- 
 
 the residence of man. dence. 
 
 130. Dor'mio, (dormi 1 turn) , to sleep. 
 DOR'MANT, sleeping; insensible. | DOR'MITORY, a sleeping-room. 
 
 131. Dor? sum, the back. 
 DOR'SAL, pertaining to the ENDORSE', to write on the back 
 
 back. 
 
 of a 
 
 paper. 
 
 132. Du'lius, doubtful. 
 
 DU'BTOUS, uncertain. 
 lNDu'BiTABLE,nottobedoubted. 
 
 DOUBT, uncertainty of mind. 
 
 133. Du'co, (duc'turn), to lead. 
 
 DUCT, a little channel or canal. ABDUC'TION, a leading away. 
 
 DUC'TILE, capable of being, ADDUCE', to bring forward, 
 drawn out into a thread orj AQ'UEDUCT, (19), a channel or 
 wire. tube for conveying water 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 81 
 
 CONDUCT', v. to lead or guide. > INTRODUCE', to bring or usher in 
 CON'DUCT, s. behavior ; manage- INTRODUCTION, the act of in 
 
 ment. troducing or ushering ; exor, 
 
 CONDUCE', to lead or tend. dium ; preface. 
 
 CON'DUIT, (Fr.), a water pipe INTRODUCTORY, serving to in- 
 
 or canal. troduce ; preliminary. 
 
 DEDUCE', to draw an inference. ! PRODUCE', to bring forward ; to 
 DEDUCT', to subtract. bear. 
 
 DEDUC'TION, an inference. PRODUCTIVE, capable of pro- 
 
 DUKE, a leader; a noble. 
 EDUCE', to draw out. 
 
 ducing. 
 REDUCE', to bring down; to 
 
 ED'UCATE, to lead by instruc-' subject. 
 
 tion and discipline. SEDUCE', to draw aside into 
 
 INDUCE', to lead by motives ; error or crime. 
 
 to bring on ; (as, a disease). SEDUC'TIVE, fitted to entice. 
 INDUCE'MENT, a motive. TRADUCE', to calumniate. 
 
 134. Du'o, two. 
 
 DU'AL, relating to two or a pair. 
 DU'EL, a combat between two. 
 DUET', a piece of music in two 
 
 parts. 
 
 DOUB'LE, consisting of two. 
 DU'PLICATE, (392), two-fold. 
 DUPLIC'ITY, double dealing ; 
 deception. 
 
 135. Du'rus, hard. 
 
 DU'RABLE, lasting. OB'DURACY, hardness of heart; 
 
 DU'RANCE, imprisonment. stubborn impenitence. 
 
 DURA'TION, continuance. |(_)B'DURATE stubborn; hard- 
 
 ENDURE , to bear ; to last. hearted. 
 
 136. Eb'rius, drunken. 
 
 EBRI'ETY, drunkenness. 
 INE'BRIATE, an habitual drunk- 
 
 ard. 
 
 SOBRI'ETY, (Lat. stfnc), freedom 
 from intoxication ; dignity of 
 deportment. 
 
 137. jE'des, (cddis}, a house or building. 
 
 ED'IFICE, (152), a building. j ED'IFY, to build up in knowl- 
 edge or faith. 
 
 138. E'do, to eat. 
 EDAC'ITY, greediness. | ED'IBLE, eatable. 
 
82 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 139. Ego, I. 
 
 E'GOTISM, talking much of one's EGOTIST'ICAL, self-conceited ; 
 self. opinionated. 
 
 140. ffmo, (emp'tum), to buy. 
 
 EXEMPT', (literally, bought off,) PROMPT/]- ready ; quick. 
 
 not liable. I REDEEM', to buy back ; to ran- 
 
 EXEMP'TION, freedom from a! som. 
 
 task or burden. [lute. REDEMPTION, the act of rc- 
 
 PER'EMPTORY,* positive ; abso- 1 deeming. 
 
 * The Latin word peri'mo, signifies to take away wholly; to destroy,- and 
 peremp'tor, signifies a destroyer. 
 
 f From pro' mo, (promp'tum), which is compounded of pro and emo, and 
 signifies to bring or put forward. 
 
 141. JEm'ulus, a rival. 
 
 EMULA'TION, a desire to vie or EM'U LOUS, rivalling; competing. 
 compete with another. EM'ULATE, to strive to equal or 
 
 to excel. 
 
 142. Ho, (iVvm), to go. 
 
 AM'BIENT, surrounding. PER'ISH, to die. 
 
 AMBI'TION.J a desire of honor. PER'ISHABLE, subject or liable 
 
 CIR'CUIT, (71), (Lat. ciVcM/n), to decay. 
 
 extent round about. SEDI'TION, a going into a sepa- 
 
 EX'IT, (Lat.), a going put; a rate or rebellious party. 
 
 departure. TRANSIENT, soon past; mo- 
 
 INI'TIAL, placed at the entrance mentary. 
 
 or beginning. TRANS'ITORY, passing quickly ; 
 
 INI'TIATE, to give entrance to, not permanent. 
 
 (as to a custom or society) ; to TRANSMIT, a passing over. 
 
 admit to the knowledge of; TRANSI'TION, the act or state 
 
 to introduce. [sion. of passing from one condition 
 
 INITIA'TION, reception; admis- to another. 
 
 OBIT'UARY, (Lat. ob'itus, de- TRANS'ITIVE, in grammar, 
 
 cease), relating to the decease passing over upon some ob- 
 
 of a person. ject. 
 
 J The Latin word ambi' tits* signifies a going round or about; and was used 
 to denote the canvassing for votes, and the soliciting of popular favor em- 
 ployed by those who sought office. 
 
 143. E'quus, a horse. 
 
 EQUESTRIAN, pertaining to EQ'UIPAGE, the arms, &c., of a 
 horsemanship. mounted soldier; any accou- 
 
 '; trements. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 83 
 
 144. ^E'quus, equal, just. 
 
 E'QUAL, of the same size or im-j E'QUINOX, (336), the time when 
 
 portance. the day and night are of equal 
 
 E'QUALIZE, to make even or; length. 
 
 equal. JEQ'UITY, justice. 
 
 E'QUABLE, not varying. JEQUIV'ALENT, (567), of equal 
 
 AD'EQUATE, equal to; sufficient.! value or force. 
 EQUA'TION, a making equal. JEQUIV'OCATE, (596), to use 
 EQUA'TOR, a line which divides j words in a doubtful and de- 
 
 the earth into two equal parts. I ceptive manner. 
 EQUILIBRIUM, (259), equal 'INIQ'UITY, injustice. 
 
 weight. 
 
 145. Er'ro, (erra'tum), to wander. 
 
 ERR, to mistake. ' ; ERR'ING, irregular; vicious. 
 
 ERRA'TUM, (Lat), (pi. erra'ta^ ERRO'NEOUS, wrong; incorrect. 
 
 an error in writing or printing. ABERRA'TION , wandering from 
 ERRAT'IC, deviating from the , the right path. 
 
 usual way; wandering. I UN ER'RIJSGLY, without mistake. 
 
 146. JE'stimo, to value. 
 
 ES'TIMATE, to judge concerning ES'TIMABLE, worthy of esteem. 
 
 the value. j ESTEEM', high regard. 
 
 ESTIMATION, opinion respecting ! INES'TIMABLE, of value too great 
 
 value. | to be computed. 
 
 147. JE'vum, an age. 
 
 COE'VAL, existing at the same 
 
 period. [life. 
 
 LONGEVITY, (269), length of 
 
 PRIME'VAL, (412), of the first 
 age ; existing in the earliest 
 
 times. 
 
 148. Exem'plum, an example. 
 
 EXAM'PLE, model, pattern; in- 
 stance, [tated. 
 KXEM'PLAR, a pattern to be imi- 
 EX'EMPLARY, worthy of imita- 
 tion, [by example. 
 
 SAM'PLE, a specimen. 
 SAM'PLER, a pattern of needle- 
 work, [tion. 
 EXEMPLIFICATION, illustra- 
 UNEXAM'PLED, without prece- 
 
 EXEM'PLIFY, (152), to illustrate dent. 
 
 149. Ex'teruSj outer; foreign. 
 
 EXTE'RIOR, the outside. EXTRANEOUS, not belonging 
 
 EXTER'NAL, pertaining to the! to the subject; foreign to the 
 outside. i subject. 
 
84 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 EXTREME', utmost. 
 EXTREM'ITY, the utmost point. 
 
 EXTRIN'SIC, (Lat. secus, other- 
 wise), from without. 
 
 STRANGE, foreign ; unusual. 
 150. Fa'ber, an artificer. 
 
 FAB'RIC, a structure. 
 
 FAB'RICATE, to form ; to devise 
 falsely. 
 
 151. Fa'cies, a face. 
 
 FACE, the countenance; appear- 
 ance. 
 
 DEFACE', to disfigure. 
 EFFACE', to wipe out. 
 
 SUR'FACE, SUPERFIC'IES, out- 
 side. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL, lying on the out- 
 side. 
 
 152. Fa'cio, (fac'tum'), to do or make : and Fi'o, (fac'tus), to 
 
 become. 
 
 FACT, a thing done; a reality. 
 FAC'TOR, an agent or doer. 
 FAC'TION, a party counteracting 
 
 the government. 
 FAC'TORY, a building in which 
 
 anything is manufactured; the 
 
 residence of traders abroad. 
 FAC'ILE, (Lat. fafcilis, easy), 
 
 easy to be done. 
 FACILITATE, to make easy. 
 AFFECT', to move the passions. 
 AFFEC'TION, love, kindness; any 
 
 passion. 
 AFFECTA'TION< assumed feeling. 
 
 EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT, opera- 
 tive; active; producing. 
 
 EFFECT'UAL, EFFICA'CIOUS, not 
 failing to accomplish the ob- 
 ject in view. 
 
 INFECT', to taint with disease. 
 
 MANUFACTURE, (282), to make 
 things by hand or machinery. 
 
 OF'FICE, employment; station; 
 place of business. 
 
 OFFICIATE, to discharge an 
 office. 
 
 PER'FECT, (Lat. perfic'io, to ac- 
 complish), complete; pure. 
 
 CONFEC'TIONERY, sweet-meats. \ PON'TIFF,")" (Lat.pons, a bridge), 
 COUN'TERFEIT, a forgery. a high priest; the pope. 
 
 DEFEAT', to undo; to overthrow. PROFIC'I EN CY, advancement or 
 DEFECT', want ; a blemish. improvement in any study or 
 
 DEFEC'TION, departure; revolt.; business. 
 DEFI'CIENT, DEFEC'TIVE, fail- REFEC'TORY, an eating-room. 
 
 ing. | SACRIFICE, (453), to offer; to 
 
 DIF'FICULT, hard to be done. 
 FI'AT,* (Lat.), a command. 
 EFFECT', to bring to pass; the 
 
 thing produced. 
 
 * The word signifies, let it be done. 
 
 f So called, because the first bridge over the Tiber was constructed and 
 onsecrated, it is said, by the chief priest. 
 
 NOTE. The number of words derived in part from/a'cj'o andyj'o, is large. 
 It ir not necessary to insert them all here, particularly as the most important 
 will be found under other paragraphs, with references to th.s. 
 
 surrender; to devote. 
 
 SUFFIC'IENT, competent; ade- 
 quate. 
 
 SUR'FEIT, to feed to excess. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 85 
 
 153. Fal'lo, (fal'sum}, to deceive. 
 FALSE, not true; not real; COUD- ! FAI/LACY, deceitful argument 
 
 terfeit. 
 
 or appearance. 
 
 FALS'ITY, the state of being JFAL'LIBLE, liable to error. 
 
 false. 
 FALLA'CIOUS, fitted to deceive. 
 
 FALSE'HOOD, an untruth; a lie. 
 FAL'SIFY, (152), to make a fals 
 
 representation. 
 154, Fa'ma, a report. 
 
 FAME, celebrity ; renown. 
 FA'MOUS, renowned. 
 DEFAME', to injure one's repu- 
 tion maliciously. 
 
 DEFAMA'TION, calumny. 
 DEFAM'ATORY, slanderous. 
 IN'FAMOUS. openly censured. 
 IN'FAMY, public reproach. 
 
 155. Fa'mes, hunger. 
 
 FAM'INE, scarcity of food. 
 
 FAM'ISH, to suffer extreme hun- 
 ger. 
 
 156. Famil'ia, a family. 
 
 FAM'ILY, the persons living in 
 the house ; a race ; a class. 
 
 FAMTL'IAR, a. easy in conversa- 
 tion; affable; well known. 
 
 FAMILIAR'ITY, omission of cere- 
 mony ; acquaintance. 
 
 FAMIL'IARIZE, to make easy by 
 habit. 
 
 157. Fa'num, a temple. 
 
 FANE, a temple. [PROFANE', a. irreverent to sacred 
 
 FANAT'IC, enthusiastic. things; secular. 
 
 FANAT'ICISM, religious phrensy. I PROFANA'TION, a violation of 
 PROFANE', v. to pollute; to vio- sacred things. 
 
 late or abuse that which is i PROFANE'NESS, irreverence to- 
 consecrated. I wards what is sacred. 
 
 158. Fa'ri, (fa'tus), to speak. 
 
 FATE, decree of destiny or a 
 superior power. 
 
 FA'TAL, deadly ; destructive. 
 
 A.FFABII/ITY, kindness of man- 
 ner in conversation. 
 
 AF'FABLE, easy to be spoken to. 
 
 INEF'FABLE, unspeakable. 
 
 IN'FANT, (Lat. in' fans, not able 
 to speak), a young child. 
 
 IN'FANCY, the first stage of life. 
 
 PREF'ACE, (Lat. prcefa'tio, a 
 speaking beforehand), an in- 
 troductory speech or writing 
 
 PREF'ATORY, introductory. 
 
86 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 159. Fari'na, meal, flour. 
 
 FARI'NA, the flour of arw spe- 1 FARIN A'CEOUS, made of meal or 
 cies of corn or starchy root. > flour. 
 
 160. Fa'teor, (fas'sus, or in composition fes'sus), to confess. 
 CONFESS', to own. | PROFESS', to declare ; to avow. 
 
 161. Felris, a fever. 
 
 FE'VER,* a disease. 
 FE'VERISH, affected with fever. 
 FE'BRILE, pertaining to fever. 
 
 FEBRIF'IC, (152), producing 
 
 fever. 
 FEB'RIFUGE, (197), any medi- 
 
 cine that mitigates fever. 
 * The Latin word/e'&n* is supposed to be derived from/er't-eo, to boil. 
 
 162. Fcefdus, a league or covenant. 
 FED'ERAL, pertaining to a cove- FED'ERATIVE, securing union. 
 
 nant or league. 
 CONFED'ERATE, one joined in a 
 
 leasrue. 
 
 CONFEDERACY, a number of 
 persons or states united by a 
 league. 
 
 163. Fe'lix, (ftli'cis), happy. 
 
 FELIC'ITY, happiness. 
 
 FELIC'ITATE, to congratulate. 
 
 FELIC'ITOUS, happy, fortunate. INFELIC'ITY, misfortune. 
 
 164. Fem'ina, a woman; a female. 
 
 FEM'ININE, of the female sex. ] EFFEM'INATE, v to grow or be, 
 EFFEM'INATE, a. like woman ; j come womanish or weak, 
 delicate. 
 
 165. Fen' Jo, (/e/i'swm),f to strike. 
 
 DEFENCE', guard, security; re- OFFEND', to displease ; to trans. 
 
 sistance. gress. 
 
 FEN'CING, practice in using a OFFENCE 7 , crime ; injury. 
 
 sword for defence. i OFFEN'SIVE, making the first 
 
 DEFEND', to protect. attack ; aggressive. 
 
 DEFEND'ANT, one who makes INOFFEN'SIVE, harmless; inno- 
 
 his defence against a prose- cent. 
 
 cutor or plaintiff. DEFEN'SIVE, resisting attack or 
 
 FEND, to ward off. aggression. 
 
 FEND'ER, a utensil placed before DEFENCE'LESS, without defence; 
 
 the fire. destitute of protection. 
 
 f Fendo is used in Latin only in composition. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 1G6. Fc'ra, a wild beast. 
 FERG'CIOUS, cruel, savage. j FIERCE, vehement; furious. 
 
 87 
 
 167 Fe'ro, (la 1 turn), to bear or carry. 
 
 FER'RY, a boat which carries J()BLA'TION, a sacrifice; an offer> 
 passengers across a river, 
 
 producing 
 
 FER'TILE, fruitful; 
 abundantly. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCE, the measure 
 around anything. 
 
 CONFER', to discourse or consult 
 with another. 
 
 CONFERENCE, a meeting for dis- 
 cussing a question- 
 
 COLLATE', to compare things of 
 
 the same kind. 
 
 [past. 
 
 COLLA'TION, a comparing; a re- 
 DEFER', to put off. 
 DEF'ERENCE, yielding to an- 
 other's opinion. 
 DILATE', to enlarge; to extend. 
 
 PESTIF'EROUS, (Lat. pedtis, a 
 
 plague), producing the plague. 
 PREFER', to like better. 
 PREF'ERENCE, estimation of one 
 
 thing before another. 
 PREL'ATE, a dignitary of the 
 
 church. 
 PROF'FER, to bring forward ; to 
 
 offer. 
 REFER', to leave to the decision 
 
 of another. 
 
 [tell. 
 
 RELATE', to have respect to ; to 
 RELA'TION, connection; narra- 
 tive. 
 REL'ATIVE, a kinsman. 
 
 DIL'ATORY, disposed to put oif ; I SUPER'LATIVE, surpassing, 
 tardy. SUF'FER, to bear, endure: 
 
 DIF'FER, to be unlike; to con- 
 tend 
 
 DIFFERENCE, distinction; dis- 
 pute. 
 
 ELATE', to uplift; to render 
 proud by success. 
 
 INFER , to draw a conclusion. 
 
 OF'FER, to present; to propose; 
 to sacrifice. 
 
 allow, permit. 
 
 SUF'FERANCE, pain; patience; 
 permission. 
 
 TRANSFER', to convey; to re- 
 move. 
 
 TRANSLATED, to remove; to in- 
 terpret into another language. 
 
 YOCIF'EROUS, (596), making 
 loud vocal sounds. 
 
 168 Fer'rum, iron 
 FAR'RIER,* a horse doctor. ,FERRU'GI NOUS, partaking of the 
 
 FAR'RIERY, the science of medi- 
 cine for horses; the veteri- 
 
 quality of iron. 
 FER'RULE, au iron 
 
 nary art. baud. 
 
 * A name applied originally to a shoer of horses. 
 
 169. FeSveo, to boil; to be hot. 
 
 FER'VOR, heat; zeal. 
 FER'VENT, hot; zealous. 
 
 EFFERVESCE', to bubble up. 
 EFFERVES'CENCE, ebullition. 
 
88 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 FERMENT', to be in intestine 1 FERMENTA'TION, a state of in- 
 motion. I testine motion. 
 
 170. FeJtus, joyful 
 FES'TAL, belonging to a feast ;' FESTIY'TTY, jrayety j joyfulness. 
 
 joyful. 
 
 FES'TIVE, joyful. [joicing. 
 FES'TIVAL, an occasion of PC- 
 
 FEAST, a sumptuous entertain- 
 
 ment. 
 
 INFEST', to harass; to disturb. 
 
 171. Fi'do, to trust. 
 
 FIDEL'ITY, honesty; faithful I IN'FIDEL, an unbeliever. 
 
 adherence. |!NFIDEL'ITY, unfaithfulness; 
 
 CONFIDE', to trust ; to rely. disbelief. 
 
 CONFIDENCE, trust; boldness. PER'FIDY, treachery. 
 CONFIDENTIAL, private. AFFI'ANCED, pledged for mar- 
 
 DIF'FIDENCE, distrust. riage. 
 
 172. Fi'go, (fix'um), to fix, to fasten. 
 
 Fix, to make fast; to settle. Fix'TURE,furniture or apparatus 
 FIX'EDLY, firmly; steadfastly. not separate from the building. 
 AFFIX', to join to. PREFIX', to put before. 
 
 CRUCIFIX'ION, (98), fastening TRANSFIX', to pierce through. 
 
 to a cross. [image. SUFFIX', to add to the end of a 
 
 CRU'CIFIX, a cross bearing am word. 
 
 173. Fil'ius, a son; Fil'ia, a daughter. 
 
 FIL'IAL, pertaining to a son or 
 
 daughter. 
 UNFIL'IAL, not becoming a 
 
 child; undutiful. 
 
 AFFIL'IATED, adopted; received 
 as a member of a family or 
 
 association. 
 
 174. Fl'lum, a thread. 
 
 FIL'AMENT, a thread ; a fibre. | FILE, a line of soldiers. 
 FIL'LET, a little band for the FIL'TER, a strainer, 
 hair. 
 
 175. Fin' go, (fiJtum), to form; to fashion. 
 
 FIC'TION, an invention ; a false-: FIG'URE, form; a statute; a cha- 
 
 hood. racter. 
 
 FICTI'TIOUS, imaginary; notreal. FIG'URATIVE, representing 
 EF'FIGY, image; likeness. something else. 
 
 FEIGN, to pretend. JTRANSFIGURA'TION, change o? 
 
 FEINT, a pretence. f form. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 89 
 
 17G. Fi'nis, an end or limit. 
 
 FIN'ISH, to complete, to end. [DEFINITION, a short descrip- 
 
 FI'NITE, limited ; having an end. I tion. 
 
 IN'FINITE, unlimited; immense. CONFINE', v. to limit; to re- 
 
 INFIN'ITY, infinite extent. strain. 
 
 IN'FINITELY, without limits. |CON'FINES, s. boundaries. 
 
 lNFiN'iTiVE,thenameofaniode r AFFIN'ITY, relation; resem- 
 
 in grammar, which is not! blance. 
 
 limited by person or number. : INDEFINITE, not limited; not 
 DEFINE', to limit ; to explain. 
 
 DEF'INITE, certain ; limited. 
 DEFINITIVE, conclusive. 
 
 precise. 
 
 INFINITESIMAL, indefinitely 
 small. 
 
 177. jPiVmwi, strong. 
 
 FIRM, hard; steady. 
 FIRM'AMENT, the sky. 
 AFFIRM', to declare positively. 
 AFFIRMA'TION, assertion. 
 
 CONFIRM', to settle; to establish. 
 CONFIRM A'TION, additional 
 
 proof; a religious rite. 
 INFIRM', weak; decrepit. 
 
 AFFIRM' ATIVE, declaring; op~i INFIRM'ITY, weakness; afailing. 
 posed to negative. |!NFIRM'ARY, a hospital. 
 
 178. Fia'cus, a money bag; the exchequer. 
 
 FIS'CAL, pertaining to the reve-; CONFISCATE, to transfer private 
 nue. property to the public, by 
 
 CONFISCATION, transfer of for- 1 way of penalty. [tion. 
 
 feited goods to public use. i CONFIS'CABLE, liable to confisca- 
 
 179. Fla'gro, to burn; to be in flames. 
 
 FLA'GRANT, glaring; enormous. i CONFLAGRATION, an extensive 
 FLA'GRANCY, burning heat;! fire; a great burning, 
 enormity. 
 
 180. Flam'ma, a flame. 
 
 FLAME, burning vapor, [torch. J!NFLAMMA'TION, the act of set- 
 FLAM'EKAU, (l ! 'r.), a kind of ting on fire; diseased heat of 
 INFLAME', to kindle; to irritate. the body. 
 INFLAM'MABLE, easily set on INFLAM'MATORY, having the 
 fire. ! power of inflaming. 
 
 181. Flec'to, (flc.x'um}, to bend. 
 
 FLEX'IBLE, pliable; that may; FLEX'URE, the act of bending; 
 be easily beut; manageable. 1 a bending. 
 
90 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 INFLEXIBLE, not to be bent; INFLECT', to bend; to vary, 
 obstinate. j INFLECTION, variation of the 
 
 REFLECT', to throw back; 
 consider attentively. 
 
 to 
 
 form of words ; a modulation 
 of the voice. 
 
 182. Fli'yo, (fltc'tum), to beat; to dash. 
 
 AFFLICT', to give pain; to INFLICT', to impose a punish- 
 
 grieve. 
 
 AFFLIC'TION, calamity. 
 CON'FLICT, contest; struggle. 
 
 ment. 
 
 PROF'LIGATE, shameless; aban 
 doued 
 
 183. Flo, (fla'tum), to blow. 
 
 INFLATE', to fill with air ; to 
 elate with notions of self-im- 
 portance. 
 
 INFLA'TION, the act of inflating 
 or swelling. 
 
 134. Flos, (fa'rt's), a flower. 
 
 FLO'RA, (Lat.), the goddess of FLORIF'EROUS,(167), producing 
 
 flowers ; a list or account of flowers. 
 
 flowers. FLOW'ER, s. a blossom. 
 
 EFFLORES'CENCE, an appearance FLOW'ER. v. to blossom. 
 
 resembling flowers. FLOUR'IPH, to be in vigor. 
 
 FLO'RAL, pertaining to flowers. FLOUR, the edible part of wheat 
 
 FLO'RIST, a cultivator of flowers, or other grain, bolted and 
 
 FLOR'lD,bright in color; flushed, sifted; meal. 
 
 185. Flu'o, (jkutuut), to flow. 
 
 flowing ; voluble ; j EFFLU'VIA, (Lat. plural ofeffiu'- 
 vium, a flowing or running 
 over), those minute particles 
 which are always flying off 
 from bodies. 
 
 FLU'ENT, 
 
 ready in the use of words 
 FLU'ENCY, readiness of speech. 
 FLU'ID, anything that flows. 
 FLUC'TUATE, (Lat. Jim-'tus, a 
 
 wave), to move backwards 
 
 and forwards. 
 FLUCTUATION, wavering. 
 EF'FLUX, a flowing out. 
 AF'FLUF.NCE, plenty ; riches. 
 CIRCUM'FLUENT. flowing round. 
 
 CONFLUENCE, 
 streams. 
 
 a junction of 
 
 IN'FLUX, a flowing in. 
 INFLUENCE, power; tendency 
 
 to produce change. 
 INFLUENTIAL, exerting power. 
 RE'FLUX. backward course; ebb 
 REF'LUENT, flowing back. 
 
 SUPERFLUOUS. 
 enough. 
 
 n 
 
 more 
 
 tlian 
 
 CON'FLUENT, running into one , SUPERFLUITY, plenty beyond 
 another. necessit3 T . 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 186. Fo'lnim, a leaf. 
 
 91 
 
 FO'LIAGE, a growth of leaves. 
 FOLIA'CEOUS, consisting of 
 
 leaves. 
 
 FO'LIATE, to beat into leaves. 
 FOLIA'TION, beating a metal 
 
 into foil or thin leaves. 
 
 FOIL, leaf metal. 
 
 FO'LIO, (Lat.), a large book, in 
 
 which the sheets of paper are 
 
 only once folded. 
 PORTFO'LIO, (402), a case for 
 
 loose leaves. 
 
 187. For'ma, 
 
 FORM, s. shape. 
 
 FORM, v. to make ; to contrive. 
 
 FORM'AL, ceremonious ; solemn. 
 
 FORMAL'ITY, ceremony. 
 
 FORMA'TION, the act of forming ; 
 manner or shape. [form. 
 
 FORM'ULA, (Lat.), a prescribed 
 
 CONFORM', to make like; to 
 comply with. 
 
 CONFORM'ITY, agreement. 
 
 CONFORM A'TION, the relative 
 form of things. 
 
 CRU'CIFORM, (98), having the 
 form of a cross. 
 
 DEFORM', to disfigure. 
 
 DEFORM'ITY, unsightly shape. 
 
 INFORM', to instruct; to ac- 
 quaint. 
 
 form; beauty. 
 
 INFORM' ANT, INFORM'ER, one 
 who gives intelligence. 
 
 INFORMATION, intelligence. 
 
 INFORMALITY, the absence of 
 form. 
 
 MUL'TIFORM, (317), of various, 
 shapes. 
 
 PERFORM', to do or act ; to exe- 
 cute. 
 
 PERFORMANCE, action ; work. 
 
 REFORM', to grow better. 
 
 REFORM A'TION, change from 
 worse to better. 
 
 TRANSFORM', to change. 
 
 TRANSFORM A'TION, change of 
 form. 
 
 UNIFORM'ITY, (563), agreement 
 with one pattern. 
 
 188. Fors, (fo^tis), chance. 
 
 FOR'TUNE, the good or ill that 
 
 befalls man. 
 FOR'TUNATE, successful. 
 
 UNFOR'TUNATE, unlucky. 
 MISFOR'TUNE, calamity. 
 FORTUITOUS, accidental. 
 
 189. For'tis, brave; strong. 
 
 FOR'TITUDE, courage; bravery. 
 FOR'TIFY, (152), to strengthen. 
 FORT, a fortified place. 
 FORTIFICA'TION, military archi- 
 tecture for defence. 
 
 FOR'TRESS, a fortified place. 
 
 FORCE, strength. 
 
 COM'FORT, to strengthen; to 
 
 cheer. 
 EF'FORT, exertion. 
 
92 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 , 190. Fos'sa, a ditch or trench. 
 
 FOSSE, (Fr.), a trench. FOS'SIL, a substance dug from 
 
 the earth. 
 
 191. Fran' go, (frac'turn), to break. 
 
 FRAC'TION, a part. INFRINGE', to break in upon; 
 
 FRAC'TIOUS, breaking out into to transgress. 
 
 violence. INFRACTION, violation of a con- 
 
 FRAC'TURE, a breaking; (as, of tract or law. 
 
 a bone) ; a breach. j IRREF'RAGABLE, not capable of 
 
 FRAG'MENT, a broken part. being broken or refuted. 
 
 FRAG'ILE, frail ; easily broken. 
 FRAGILITY, brittleness. 
 FRAIL'TY, weakness. 
 
 INFRINGEMENT, a breach; a 
 violation ; a transgression. 
 
 REFRAC'TORY, obstinate; per- 
 verse, 
 i SUF'FRAGE,* a vote. 
 
 * Lat. Suffra'gium. The name was derived from the custom of using pot- 
 sherds in voting. 
 
 192. Fra'ter, a brother. 
 
 FRATER'NAL, brotherly. FRAT'RICIDE, (41), the murder 
 
 FRATER'NITY, brotherhood. or murderer of a brother. 
 
 193. Fraus, (frau'dis), deceit. 
 
 FRAUD, deceit. I DEFRAUD', to cheat, to impose 
 
 FRAUD'ULENT, deceitful. j upon. 
 
 194. Fri'gus, (fri'goris), cold. 
 
 FRIG' ID, cold; without warmth REFRIG'ERANT, a cooling medi- 
 
 of affection. 
 
 cine. 
 
 FRIGID'ITY, coldness ; want of REFRIG'ERATE, to cool. 
 liveliness or spirit. ) REFRIG'ERATOR, a cooler. 
 
 195. Frons, (frmi'tis), the forehead. 
 
 Fitx^NT, the face ; the forepart. FRONT'IERS, the limits of a ter- 
 FRONT'LET, a band worn upon ritory; borders. 
 
 the forehead. 
 
 AFFRONT', to offend. 
 
 FRONT'ISPIRCE. (504), a picture j CONFRONT', to meet face to face, 
 opposite the title-page of a 1 EFFRONT'ERY, impudence, 
 book. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 196. Fru'or, (fru'itus*), to enjoy. 
 
 03 
 
 FRUI'TION, enjoyment. 
 FRUC'TIFY, (152), (Lat.fruc'tus, 
 fruit), to render fruitful. 
 
 FRUIT, the produce of a tree or 
 plant. 
 
 197. Fu'gio, (fu'gitum), to flee. 
 
 FUGA'CIOUS, volatile ; fleeting. 
 FUGAC'ITY, instability. 
 FU'GITIVE, running away. 
 CENTRIF'UGAL, (G-. 44), having 
 
 a tendency to fly from the 
 
 centre. 
 
 REF'UGE, a shelter; a hiding 
 place. 
 
 REFUGEE', one who flies for pro- 
 tection. 
 
 SUB'TERFUGE, a trick; an eva- 
 sion. 
 
 198. FuVgeo, to shine. 
 
 FUI/GENCY, brightness. 
 FUL'GENT, shining. 
 EFFUL'GENCE, REFUL'GENCE, 
 great lustre. 
 
 FUL'MINATE, (Lat./M/Wno),to 
 thunder ; to send out ; (as, a 
 denunciation). 
 
 FULMINA'TION, denunciation. 
 
 199. Fu'muSj smoke. 
 
 FUME, smoke ; vapor. 
 FU'MIGATE, to smoke. 
 FUMIGA'TION, application of 
 medicines in vapor. 
 
 FUM'ING, smoking; raging. 
 PERFUME', v. to scent; to im- 
 pregnate with odors, [neral. 
 PERFUM'ERY, perfumeries in ge- 
 
 200. Fun'do, (fu'sum), to pour out. 
 
 FUSE, to melt. 
 
 FU'SION, the act of melting, [ed. 
 FU'SIBLE, capable of being melt- 
 CONFOUND', to mingle things; 
 
 to perplex. 
 CONFU'SION, irregular mixture; 
 
 tumult. 
 DIFFUSE', to spread ; to scatter. 
 
 EFFU'SION, a pouring out. 
 
 INFUSE', to pour in ; to instil. 
 
 PROFUSION, abundance. 
 
 REFUND', to pour back; to re- 
 store. 
 
 SUFFUSE', to spread over. 
 
 TRANSFUSE', to pour from one 
 into another. 
 
 201. Fun'dus, a foundation, or bottom. 
 
 FOUND, to establish. 
 FOUND'ER, one who establishes. 
 FOUNDA'TION, establishment ; 
 basis of an edifice. 
 
 FUNDAMENTAL, lying at the 
 
 foundation. 
 
 PROFOUND', deep; thorough. 
 PROFUND'ITY, depth. 
 
94 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 202. Ge'lu, frost; ice. 
 
 GEI/ID, extremely cold. j CONGEAI/ABLE, susceptible of 
 
 GEL'ATINE, an animal substance congelation. 
 
 resembling jelly. CONGEAL', to turn by cold from 
 
 GELAT'INOUS, like 
 jtiff and cohesive. 
 
 gelatine; a fluid to a solid; to freeze. 
 CONGELA'TION, a freezing. 
 
 203. Ge'ro, (g&ftum), to bear; to carry on. 
 
 GES'TURE, action intended to 
 
 convey ideas. 
 GESTICULATE, to accompany 
 
 words with gestures 
 GESTICULATION, the act of 
 
 making gestures. 
 BELLIG'ERENT, (35), carrying 
 
 on war ; engaged in war. 
 BELLICOSE', inclined to war. 
 
 CONGES'TION, an accumulation 
 
 of blood in some part of the 
 
 body. 
 DIGEST', to arrange; to soften 
 
 or dissolve. 
 INDIGES'TION, the state of food 
 
 undissolved in the stomach. 
 SUGGEST', to intimate. 
 VICEGE'RENT, (585), one who 
 
 acts in the place of another. 
 
 204. Giy'no, (gen f ituni) , to generate; to produce. 
 
 GE'NIAL, causing production or 
 growth. 
 
 GE'NIUS, (Lat.), natural disposi- 
 tion. 
 
 GENTIL'ITT, elegance in man- 
 ners ; refinement. 
 
 GEN'ERAL, comprehending 
 many individuals. 
 
 GENER'IC, belonging to a genus. 
 
 GEN'DER, sex. 
 
 GE'NUS, (Lat.), a kind includ- 
 ing many species 
 
 GEN'UINE. 
 ated. 
 
 GEN'TILE, (Lat. gens, a nation), 
 one of a nation ignorant of 
 God. 
 
 GEN'TLE, soft ; mild ; tame. 
 
 GENTEEL', elegant in manners. 
 
 CONGE'NIAL, of the same kind. 
 
 DEGEN'ERATE, to grow worse. 
 
 ENGEN'DER, to produce. 
 
 natural ; unadulter- 
 
 GEN'ERALIZE, to arrange par- 
 ticulars under heads. 
 
 GEN'ERATE, to produce. 
 
 GENERATION, the people living 
 at one period. 
 
 GEN'EROUS, noble minded; 
 liberal. 
 
 INDIG'ENOUS, (Lat. in'de } 
 thence), native in a country. 
 
 INGE'NIOUS, having genius; in- 
 ventive. 
 
 INGENU'ITY, acuteness ; power 
 to invent. 
 
 INGEN'UOUS, candid; open; fair. 
 
 INGEN'UOUSNESS, candor. 
 
 PRIMOGENITURE, (412), the 
 state of being a first-born. 
 
 PROGEN'ITOR, a forefather. 
 
 PROG'ENY, offspring; race. 
 
 REGEN'ERATE, to renew. 
 
 REGENERATION, new birth to 
 
 ' the Christian life. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 95 
 
 205. Gla'dius, a sword. 
 
 GLA'DIATOR, a sword-player. I GLADIATO'RIAL, pertaining to 
 
 I sword-playing. 
 
 206. Glvftio, to swallow. 
 
 GLUT, to fill ; to cloy. 
 GLUT'TON, an excessive eater. 
 
 GLUT'TONJZE, to eat to excess ; 
 to gormandize. 
 
 207. Gra'dior, Q/res'sws), to take steps; to walk. 
 
 GRADA'TION, regular advance CON'GRESS, a coming together; 
 
 step by step. an assembly of legislators. 
 
 GRAD'uAL,(Lat.#ra'<ius, a step)/ DIGRESS', to wander. 
 
 advancing by steps. j DIGRESSION, a deviation. 
 
 GRAD'UATE, to mark with de- E'GRESS, departure out of. 
 
 grees. i IN'GRESS, entrance. 
 
 DEGREE', a step; a rank. |PROG'RESS, advancement; mo- 
 
 DEGRADE', to put into a lower; tion forward. 
 
 rank. i RET'ROGRADE, going backwards. 
 
 DEGRADA'TION, a low condition. TRANSGRESS', to pass over; to 
 AGGRES'SION, an attack. violate. 
 
 AGGRESS'OR, one who makes an TRANSGRES'SION, offence; crime. 
 
 attack. 
 
 208. Gran'dis, great. 
 
 GRAND, great ; noble ; chief. 
 GRAND'EUR, magnificence. 
 GRANDEE', a man of high rank. 
 
 GRANDIL'OQUENCE, (270), lofti- 
 ness of language. [exalt. 
 AG'GRANDIZE, to make great; to 
 
 209. Gra'num, a grain of corn. 
 
 GRAIN, a seed of corn; a minute GRANIV'OROUS, (601), living 
 
 particle. upon grain ; eating grain. 
 
 GRAN'ARY, a storehouse for GRAN'ITE, a stone composed of 
 
 grain. crystalline grains of several 
 
 GRAN'uLAR,consistingofgrains. different minerals. 
 
 210. Gra'tus, pleasing; agreeable; thankful. 
 
 GRATE'FUL, thankful; pleasing. 
 
 GRAT'ITUDE, desire to return 
 
 benefits; thankfulness, [sou. 
 
 IN'QRATE, s. an ungrateful per- 
 
 IN'GRATE, a. unthankful. 
 INGRAT'ITUDE, unthankfulness. 
 GRA'TIS, (Lat. gra'tia, a favor), 
 for nothing. 
 
THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 GRATUITOUS, given without 
 
 necessity or reward. 
 GRATU'ITY, a free gift, [delight. 
 GRAT'IFY, (152), to indulge ; to 
 
 GRACE, favor; pardon; elegance, 
 DISGRACE', to put out of favor; 
 
 to dishonor. 
 GRA'CIOUS, merciful ; favorable. 
 
 CONGRAT'ULATE, to rejoice with I INGRA'TIATE, to bring into favo* 
 another. 
 
 211. Gra'vis, heavy; grievous. 
 
 GRAVE, serious; weighty. jGRiEv'ous, mournful; sad. 
 GRAV'ITY, weight ; seriousness. GRIEVE, to mourn. 
 GRAVITA'TION, tendency to the AGGRIEVE', to harass. 
 
 centre of the earth. 
 GRIEF, sorrow; regret. 
 
 AG'GRAVATE, to make worse. 
 AGGRAVATION, increase of evil. 
 
 212. Grex, (gre'gis), a flock of sheep. 
 
 GREGA'RIOUS, going in flocks or 
 
 herds. 
 
 CON'GREGATE, to assemble. 
 CONGREGATION, an assembly. 
 
 AG'GREGATE, the result of the 
 conjunction of many par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 SEG'REGATE, to separate from 
 others. 
 
 EGRE'GIOUS,* eminently bad. 
 
 * Compounded of e and grex; signifying, literally, chosen from the flock ; 
 distinguished. 
 
 213. Guberna'tor, a pilot ; a director. 
 
 GOV'ERN, to direct ; to control, i GUBERNATORIAL, belonging to 
 
 I a governor. 
 
 214. Gus'to, (gusta'tum), to taste. 
 
 GUST, taste; relish. f 
 GUST'FUL, well tasted. 
 DISGUST', aversion ; disrelish. 
 
 f Gust, signifying a blast of wind, is not of Latin derivation. 
 
 DISGUSTING, nauseous; exciting 
 strong aversion. 
 
 215. Ha'beo, (hab'itum'), to have. 
 HAVE, to possess. A'BLE, powerful ; fit. 
 
 HAB'IT, usual state of a thing ; 
 
 custom. 
 HABITATION, (Lat. hab'ito, to 
 
 dwell), a place of abode. 
 HABIT'UAL, customary. 
 ABIL'ITY,| faculty ; power. 
 HABIL'IMENT, a garment. 
 
 I Supposed to be from the Latin word JiaVilis, easily managed; suitable. 
 
 DEBIL'ITATE, to enfeeble. 
 
 DEBIL'ITY, feebleness ; decay 
 
 of strength; infirmity. 
 EXHIB'IT, to show. 
 INHAB'IT, to dwell in. 
 PROHIB'IT, to forbid ; to hinder. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 216. Hctfreo, (lux! mm), to stick to, to adhere. 
 
 97 
 
 ADHERE', to stick to. 
 HES'ITATE, to doubt; to delay. 
 COHE'SION, state of union ; con- 
 
 nection. 
 
 COHE'RENT, sticking together,' 
 
 consistent. 
 INCOHERENT, 
 INHE'RENT, existing in; innate. 
 
 [loose, 
 inconsistent; 
 
 217. Hctfres, (hcere'dis), an heir or heiress. 
 
 HER'ITAGE, property inherited. 
 INHER'IT, to possess by descent. 
 HEIR, one who inherits. 
 INHERITANCE, patrimony; pos- 
 session by descent. 
 HEIR'SHIP, the state of an 
 
 heir. 
 
 HERED'ITARY, descending from 
 
 father to son. 
 
 CO-HEIR', an heir with another. 
 DISINHERIT, to cut oft' from 
 
 succession. 
 
 HEIR'LOOM, any movable owned 
 
 by inheritance. 
 218. Ila'lo, to breathe. 
 
 EXHALE', to breathe out. 
 EXHALA'TION, vapor. 
 
 ANHELA'TION, shortness of 
 
 breath; panting. 
 
 EXHA'LANT, sending forth va- INHALE', to draw in with the 
 por. I breath. 
 
 219. Hau'rio, (haus'tum), to draw. 
 
 EXHAUST', to draw out until 
 
 INEXHAUST'IBLE, that cannot 
 
 nothing is left. be exhausted ; unfailing. 
 
 220. Ho' mo, man. 
 
 HU'MAN, belonging to mankind. 
 HUMANE', having the feelings 
 
 proper to man. 
 INHU'MAN, barbarous; cruel. 
 
 HUMAN'ITY, the nature of man; 
 
 kindness. 
 
 HU'MANIZE, to civilize. 
 HOM'ICIDE, (41), manslaughter 
 
 221. Ho'nor, honor. 
 
 HON'OR, dignity; respect. 
 HON'ORARY, done in honor. 
 HON'ORABLE, worthy of honor. 
 DISHON'OR, reproach; disgrace. 
 
 HON'EST, without fraud; upright 
 HON'ESTY, disposition to b* 
 
 honest. 
 DISHON'EST, unjust; iniquitous. 
 
 222. Hor'tus, a garden. 
 
 HORTICULTURE, (82) ; cultiva- 1 HORTICULTURAL, pertaining to 
 tion of a garden. the cultivation of gardens. 
 
98 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 223. Hos'pes, a host or guest. 
 
 HOS'PITABLE, kind to visitors. 
 HOSPITALITY, readiness to en- 
 tertain strangers and friends. 
 HOS'PITAL, a building for the 
 
 sick or infirm. 
 
 HOST, the master of a feast; the 
 
 landlord of an inn. 
 HOTEL',* (Fr.), an inn. 
 HOST'LER, one who takes care 
 
 of horses at an inn. 
 
 * The word Hotel was once written Hostel. 
 
 224. ffos'tis, an enemy. 
 
 HOST, an army; a multitude. 
 HOS'TILE, adverse; opposite. 
 
 HOSTILITY, enmity. [ings. 
 HOSTILITIES, hostile proceed- 
 
 225. Ilu'mus, the ground. Hu'milis, humble. 
 
 INHUME', INHU'MATE, to bury. 
 EXHUME', to disinter. 
 POST'HUMOUS, published after 
 
 the author's death. 
 HU'MID, moist; damp. 
 HUMID'ITY, dampness. 
 
 HUM'BLE, modest ; submis- 
 
 sive. 
 
 HUMIL'ITY, freedom from pride. 
 
 HUMILIATION, abasement of 
 
 pride. [wit. 
 
 HU'MOR, moisture; turn of mind; 
 
 226. I'dem, the same. 
 
 IDEN'TITY, sameness. 
 IDEN'TICAL, the same. 
 
 |!DEN'TIFY, (152), to discover or 
 I prove sameness. 
 
 227. Ig'nis, fire. 
 
 IGNITE', to set on fire. 
 IG'NEOUS, of the nature of fire. 
 
 IGNI'TION, the state of red 
 heat. 
 
 228. Ima r go } (imag'inis), an image. 
 
 IM'AGE, a representation; statue; 
 
 picture. [tion. 
 
 IM'AGERY, figurative representa- 
 
 IMAG'INE, to fancy. 
 IMAGINATION, fancy; idea. 
 IMAG'INARY, fancied; visionary. 
 
 229. Im'pero, to command. 
 
 IMPER'ATIVE, commanding ; 
 authoritative; the name of a 
 mode in grammar. 
 
 IMPE'RIOUS, overbearing; domi- 
 neering. 
 
 IMPE'RIAL, pertaining to an em- 
 peror. 
 
 EM'PEROR, a monarch. 
 
 EM'PIRE, the dominion of an 
 emperor. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 99 
 
 230. Ina'nis, empty. 
 
 INAN'ITY, emptiness; vacancy; 
 vanity. 
 
 INANI'TION, emptiness; exhaus- 
 
 tion. 
 
 231. In'deXj (in'dicis), a sign; a pointer. 
 
 IN'DEX, s. a pointer; a table of | IN'DEX-HAND, a hand that 
 
 contents. points to something. 
 
 IN'DEX, v. to place in an index IN'DICES, (Lat. plural of m'dex), 
 
 or table. 
 
 algebraic signs. 
 
 232. In' f eras j nether; subterranean. 
 INFE'RIOR, lower; less honorable. | INFER'NAL, hellish. 
 
 233. In'sula, an island. 
 
 IN'SULAR, belonging to an IN'SULATE, to detach from sur- 
 island. rounding objects. 
 
 ISL'AND, ISLE, a portion of land PENIN'SULA, (375), land nearly 
 surrounded by v ater. ! surrounded by the sea. 
 
 FSOLATED, placed )y itself. 
 
 234. Li'teyer, whole; entire. 
 IN'TEGRAL, entire; whole; un- INTKG'RITY, entireness; hon- 
 
 broken. 
 IN'TEGER, a whole number. 
 
 esty; purity of mind. 
 
 235. lu'tus and In'fra, within. 
 
 INTE'RIOR, and INTER'NAL, in-;lNTiMA r TiON, (Fr.), a hint; an 
 ner, pertaining to the inside. obscure or indirect sugges- 
 
 IN'TIMATE, (Lat. in'timus, in- tion. 
 
 most), familiar; acquainted j INTRIN'SIC, (Lat. secus, other- 
 with the private feelings and \ wise), belonging to the na- 
 views of another. j ture of a thing ; inherent. 
 
 236. Pra, anger. 
 IRE, anger. | IRAS'CIBLE, easily made angry. 
 
 237. I'ter, (itin'eris), a journey. I'tero, to repeat. 
 
 ITIN'ERANT, wandering; unset- 
 ITIN'ERARY, travelling, [tied. 
 IT'ERATE, to go or do over again. 
 ITERA'TION, repetition. 
 
 HEIT'ERATE, to repeat again and 
 
 again. 
 ITIN'ERATE, to travel from place 
 
 to place 
 
100 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 238. Ja'ceo, to lie. 
 
 JA'CENT, lying at length. CIRCUM JA'CENT, lying round. 
 
 ADJA'CENT, lying or situated INTERJA'CENT, lying between, 
 next. 
 
 239. Ja'cio, (jac'tum~), to throw. 
 
 EJAC'ULATE, to utter suddenly; 
 
 (as, a prayer). 
 EJACULA'TION, the uttering of a 
 
 short prayer in the midst of 
 
 other occupations. 
 AB'JECT, thrown away; worth- 
 less; mean. 
 AD'JECTIVE, a word added to a 
 
 noun to qualify it. 
 CONJEC'TURE, to guess. 
 DEJECT', to cast down ; to grieve. 
 DEJEC'TION, lowness of spirits. 
 EJECT', to cast out; to expel. 
 INJECT', to throw in. 
 INTERJEC'TION, an exclamation 
 
 thrown in between the parts 
 
 of a sentence. 
 
 that to which any ac 
 tion or thought is directed. 
 
 OBJECTIVE, belonging to the, 
 object; acted on. 
 
 OBJEC'TION, fault found. * 
 
 PROJECT', v. to throw out; to 
 scheme. 
 
 PROJ'ECT, s. a design ; con- 
 trivance. 
 
 PROJEC'TILE, a body thrown 
 forwards. 
 
 REJECT', to refuse. 
 
 SUBJECT', v. to put under; to 
 subdue. 
 
 SUB'JECT, s. that which is acted 
 upon ; one who is under the 
 dominion of another. 
 
 240. Jo'cus, a joke. 
 JOKE, a jest; a tnerry trick. j JOCULAR'ITY, merriment. 
 
 JOCOSE', JOC'ULAR, merry; wag- 
 gish. 
 
 JOC'UND, gay; lively. 
 
 241. Ju'dico, (judicattum)f to judge. 
 
 JU'DICATORY, a tribunal. i EXTRAJUDI'CIAL, out of the 
 
 JUDI'CIAL, pertaining to courts' ordinary judicial course. 
 
 of justice. | JUDGE, to decide. [ment. 
 
 JUDI'CIARY, the system of courts JUDI'CIOUS, guided by judg- 
 
 of justice. [mine. PREJ'UDICE, opinion formed 
 
 ADJU'DICATE, to try and deter- j without due examination. 
 ADJUDGE", to decree judicially. \ PREJUDICIAL, hurtful. 
 
 * Judico is compounded of jus and dico. 
 
 242. Jun'go, (JunJtum), to join. 
 
 JUNC'TION, union. j JOINT, (Fr.), a joining; a con- 
 
 JOIN, to unite. nection allowing motion. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 101 
 
 JOIN'ER, one who joins pieces 
 
 of wood. 
 
 ADJOIN'ING, next; contiguous. 
 AD'JUNGT, something joined. 
 CONJOIN', to unite; to associate. 
 CON'JUGAL, relating to marriage. 
 CONJUNCTION, a connecting 
 
 word. 
 CONJUNCTURE, concurrence of 
 
 circumstances. 
 
 DISJOIN', to separate. 
 
 DISJUNCTION, separation; dis- 
 union. 
 
 DISJUNCTIVE, separating. 
 
 ENJOIN', to command. 
 
 INJUNCTION, precept ; order. 
 
 SUBJOIN', to add at the end. 
 
 SUB'JUGATE,* to conquer; to 
 subdue. 
 
 SUBJUNCT'IVE, conditional. 
 
 Lat. sub, under, &n&ju'gum, a yoke. 
 
 243. Ju'ro, to swear. 
 
 ABJURE', to renounce upon 
 
 oath. 
 
 ADJURE', to put one upon oath. 
 CONJURE', to summon or call 
 
 upon one in a solemn manner. 
 CON' JURE, to practise secret or 
 
 magical arts. 
 
 JU'RY, a set of men sworn to 
 
 give a true verdict. 
 JU'ROR, a member of a jury. 
 PER'JURE, to swear falsely; to 
 
 take a false oath. 
 PER'.TURY, false swearing. 
 
 244. Jus, (ju'ris'), right; justice; law. 
 
 JUST, equitable ; honest. 
 UNJUST', iniquitous; dishonest. 
 JUST'ICE, right ; a magistrate. 
 INJUST'ICE, wrong. 
 JUST'IFY, (152), to clear from 
 
 guilt. 
 
 JU'RIST, one versed in the law. 
 ADJUST', to set right. 
 
 IN'JURE, to treat unjustly; to 
 wrong ; to hurt. 
 
 INJU'RIOUS, hurtful. 
 
 JURISDICTION, (117), legal au- 
 thority ; extent of power. 
 
 JURISPRUDENCE, (Lat. pru- 
 den'tia, knowledge), the 
 science of law. 
 
 245. Ju'venis, young. 
 
 JU'VENILE, youthful; fit for JU'NIOR, (Lat.), younger than 
 
 children. ' another. 
 
 JUVENIL'ITY, youthfulness. I 
 
 246. La'bor, labor. 
 
 LA'.BOR, work, toil. 
 
 LABORIOUS, diligent in work;| room. 
 
 LAB'ORATORY, a chemist's work- 
 
 tiresome. 
 
 ELABORATE, finished with care. 
 
102 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 247. La'bor, (lap'sus}, to slide. 
 
 LAPSE, fall; trifling error or | ELAPSE', to glide away. 
 
 fault. [gether. i RELAPSE', to fall back again. 
 
 COLLAPSJE', to fall inward or to- 1 LA'BENT, gliding. 
 
 248. La'pis, (lap'idis), a stone. 
 
 LAP'ID ARY, a worker in precious 
 
 stones. 
 
 DILAPIDATION,* ruin ; demoli- 
 
 tion. 
 
 * Primary meaning, the falling down of the stones of a wall. 
 
 249. La'tus, broad. 
 
 LATITUDE, breadth; extent; 
 distance from the equator. 
 
 LATITUDINA'RIAN, a person 
 who indulges freedom in 
 thinking. 
 
 250. La'tus, (lateru), a side. 
 
 LAT'ERAL, pertaining to the EQUILAT'ERAL, (144), of equal 
 
 side. sides. 
 
 COLLATERAL, placed by the TRILATERAL, (549), having 
 
 side ; classed with. three sides. 
 
 251. Laus, (lau'dis), praise. 
 
 LAUD, to praise ; to extol. I LAUD'ATORY, containing praise- 
 LAUD' ABLE, praise- worthy. [LAUD'ANUM,")" tincture of opium. 
 
 f This word is supposed to have been derived, in some humorous usago > 
 from laus. 
 
 252. Le'go, (Jega'tum), to send as an ambassador; to appoint'. 
 
 LEG'ATE, a deputy; an ambas- 
 sador, [bassy. 
 
 LEGA'TION, a deputation ; an em- 
 
 LEG'ACY, something left by will. 
 
 LEGATEE', one who receives a 
 legacy. 
 
 ALLEGE', to adduce; to plead 
 an excuse. 
 
 ALLEGATION, affirmation ; plea- 
 
 COL'LEAGUE, a fellow ambassa- 
 dor or officer. 
 
 DEL'EGATE, v. to send on an 
 embassy. 
 
 DEL'EGATE, s. a deputy, a com- 
 missioner. 
 
 253. Le'go, (Jed turn), to gather; to select; to read. 
 
 LECT'URE, a discourse designed JLEG'IBLE, that can be read, 
 to communicate formal in- J&E'GEND, a narrative of fabulous 
 struction. character. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 103 
 
 x LE'GION, a chosen body of men. 
 LES'SON, anything read or said 
 
 to a teacher. 
 
 COLLECT', to gather together. 
 COLLECTIVE, gathered into one 
 
 mass. 
 DI'ALECT, peculiar mode of 
 
 speech. 
 C DIL'IGENT, industrious. 
 
 ELEC'TION, the act of choosing. 
 ; EL'IGIBLE, fit to be chosen. 
 
 IN'TELLECT, understanding. 
 
 INTELLIGENT, able to under* $ 
 stand. 
 
 INTEL'LIGIBLE, that can be 
 understood ; clear ; plain. 
 
 NEGLECT', (Lat. wee, not), to 
 slight; to postpone. 
 
 NEGLIGENCE, inattention. 
 
 RECOLLECT', to call up in me- 
 mory. 
 
 SELECT', to choose out. 
 
 254. Le'nis, mild; gentle. 
 
 LE'NIENT, mild; fitted to soothe. 
 LEN'ITIVE, that which softens 
 or mitigates. 
 
 LEN'ITY, mildness of temper; 
 tenderness; mercy. 
 
 255. Lefvo, to raise. 
 
 LEV'ITY, lightness ; vanity ; LEV'Y, to raise ; to collect. 
 
 mirth. JREL'EVANT, capable of aiding; 
 
 EL'EVATE, to lift up. applicable. 
 
 ALLE'VIATE, to lighten. 
 
 IRRELEVANT, not applicable. 
 
 LEV'IGATE, to grind to powder, i RELIEVE', to aid; to succor. 
 
 256. Lex, (le'yis), a law. 
 
 LE'GAL, lawful. LEG'ISLATE, to enact laws. 
 
 ILLE'GAL, unlawful. , PRIVILEGE,* (413), a special 
 
 LE'GALIZE, to make lawful. right or advantage. 
 
 LEGITIMATE, correctly derived. LEGITIMACY, a political term, 
 LEGISLATURE, (167), the law-! signifying lawful hereditary 
 making power. | succession in the government. 
 
 * Primary signification, a law for the advantage of particular individuals. 
 
 257. Lfber, free. 
 
 LIB'ERAL, bountiful; generous, i LIB'ERTINE, one under no moral 
 LIB'ERTY, freedom. [free. | restraint. 
 
 LIB'ERATE, DELIV'ER, to set ILLIB'ERAL, mean; suspicious. 
 LIB'ERALIZE, to remove narrow ILLIBERAL'ITY, want of gene- 
 views, i rosity. 
 
104 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 258. Li'bcr, (li'bri), a book. 
 
 LI'BRARY, a collection of books. 
 
 LI'BEL, (Lat. libel'lus, a small 
 writing or document), a de- 
 famatory writing. 
 
 LIBRA'RIAN, one who has the 
 
 care of books. 
 LI'BELLOUS, defamatory. 
 
 259. Li'bro, (libra* turn), to weigh in a balance. 
 
 DELIBERATE, to weigh men- j EQUILIBRIUM, (144). equality 
 tally. I of weights in a balance. 
 
 260. Lfcety to be lawful, or allowable. 
 
 LI'CENSE, permission. 
 LICEN'TIOUS, wanton ; unre- 
 
 strained. 
 
 ILLIC'IT, unlawful; improper. 
 LICEN'TIATE, one who has re- 
 ceived a license. 
 
 261. Lfffo, (liya'tum), to bind. 
 
 LIG'AMENT, a band. 
 LIG'ATURE, anythingthatbinds; 
 
 a bandage. 
 ALLE'GIANCE, acknowledged 
 
 obligation to obey. 
 
 OBLIGE', to compel; to place 
 
 under bonds of duty. 
 OBLIGATION, a binding require- 
 
 ment. 
 
 [> 
 
 man. 
 
 RELIG'ION, our duty to God and 
 
 262. LUmen, a threshold. 
 
 ELIMINATE, to put out of doors; 
 
 to cast out. 
 
 PRELIMINARY, before the 
 threshold; introductory. 
 
 263. Lin'gua, the tongue; a language. 
 
 LAN'GUAGE, human speech; LIN'GUIST, one skilled in Ian- 
 style, guages. 
 
 264. Lin'quo, (lief turn'), to leave. 
 
 DELINQUENT, failing in duty. 
 DERELIC'TION, a forsaking. 
 RELINQUISH, to abandon. 
 
 REL'IC, something left. 
 REL'ICT, literally, one left; a 
 widow. 
 
 265. Li'num, flax. Lin'ea, a line. 
 
 LIN'EN, cloth made of flax. 
 LIN'SEED, the seed of flax. 
 
 LIN'SEY-WOOLSEY, made of 
 linen and wool. 
 
\VORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 105 
 
 LTNT, down scraped from linen. 
 LINE, (liji'ea), a thread or cord. 
 LIN'EAR, consisting of lines. 
 LIN'EAL, in a line. 
 
 LIN'EAMENT, an outline of the 
 face or of a portion of it. 
 
 CURVILIN'EAR, (104), having 
 curved lines. [line. 
 
 LIN'EAGE, descent; family line. ; DELIN'EATE, to draw an out- 
 
 266. Lis, (H'tis], strife. 
 
 IJTIGA'TION, going to law. 
 
 jLrr'iGANT, one engaged 
 law-suit. 
 
 in 
 
 267, Lit' era, a letter. 
 
 LIT'ERATURE, learning. 
 LIT'ERARY, relating to learning. 
 LIT'ERAL, exact to the letter. 
 LITERA'TI, (Lat.), the learned. 
 ILLITERATE, unlearned. 
 OBLITERATE, to rub out. 
 
 LET'TER, a character represent- 
 ing some sound ; an epistle. 
 LiT ; ERALLY,exactly to the letter. 
 ALLITERA'TION, beginning seve- 
 
 ral words in succession 
 the same letter. 
 
 with 
 
 268. Lo'cus, a place. 
 
 LO'CAL, relating to place. j of motion from one place to 
 
 LOCAL'ITY, situation; place. another. 
 
 LO'CATE, to place ALLOCATION, putting one thing 
 
 LOCOMO'TION, (316), power of | to another. 
 
 changing place. COLLOCA'TION, placing together. 
 
 LOCOMO'TIVE, having the power 1 DIS'LOCATE, to put out of joint. 
 
 269. Lori (jus, long. 
 
 LONG, a. not short. 
 LONG, v. to desire earnestly. 
 LON'GITUDE, length; distance 
 oast or west. [life. 
 
 LONGEVITY, (147), length of 
 
 PROLONG', to lengthen out. 
 OB'LONG, longer than broad. 
 ELON'GATE, to lengthen. 
 ELONGA'TION, the state of being 
 lengthened. 
 
 270. Lo'quor, (locu'tus*), to speak. 
 
 LOQUAC'ITY, talkativeness. 
 COL'LOQUY, a conference. 
 COLLO'QUIAL, relating to con- 
 versation, [expression. 
 CIRC u MLOCu'TiON,a round about 
 
 ELOCU'TION, the art of oratorical 
 delivery. 
 
 EL'OQUENT, 
 powers. 
 
 having oratorical 
 [ing speech. 
 
 GRANDIL'OQUENCE,(2U8), SWell- 
 
106 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 EL'OQUENCE, the art of speaking SOLIL'OQUY, (496), a speech in 
 
 well; oratory. solitude. 
 
 OB'LOQUY, censorious speech. VENTRIL'OQUIST, (573), one 
 LOQUA'CIOUS, full of talk; gar-i who can speak as if from his 
 
 rulous. stomach. 
 
 271. Lu'crum, gain. 
 LU'CRE, (Fr.), gain; profit. | LU'CRATIVE, profitable. 
 
 272. Luc'tor, (lucta'tus), to struggle. 
 RELUC'TANCE, unwillingness. |RELUC'TANT, unwilling. 
 
 273. Lu'do, (lu'sum), to play. 
 
 LU'DTCROUS, exciting laughter. DELU'SION, deceptive appear- 
 ALLU'SION, a reference to some- i ance. 
 
 thing. IN'TERLUDE, a play performed 
 
 COLLU'SION, dishonest agree- between the principal exhibi- 
 
 ment or compact. tions. 
 
 ELUDE', to escape by stratagem. . PRE'LUDE, an introductory play. 
 
 274. Lu'na, the moon. 
 
 LU'NAR, relating to the moon. 
 LUNE, a figure in the form of a 
 crescent; a crescent or half- 
 
 moon. 
 
 LU'NACY, a sort of madness.* 
 LU'NATIC, an insane person. 
 SUB'LUNARY, beneath the moon ; 
 earthly. 
 
 * The name was derived from a superstitious notion that insanity was con' 
 nected with the influence of the moon. 
 
 275. Lu'o, (lit* turn), to wash away. 
 
 ABLU'TION, a washing or cleans- DILUTE', to make thin or weak 
 ing. DILU'TION, a making thin or 
 
 ANTEDILU'VIAN, (Lat. dilu'- weak ; a diluted liquid. 
 vium, a deluge), existing be- POLLUTE', (Lat. pol'luo, to de- 
 fore the deluge. file), to defile; to make un- 
 
 ALLU'VIAL, deposited by iuun- clean. 
 
 dation. POLLU'TION, defilement; im- 
 
 DILU'VIAN, relating to the de- purity, 
 luge. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 107 
 
 276. Lux, (lii!citf) : and Lu'men, (lu'minis), light. 
 
 LU'CID, LU'CENT, bright; shin- 
 ing; -giving light. 
 
 LU'CIFER, (167), the morning 
 star. 
 
 LU'MINOUS, emitting light; 
 
 LU'MINARY, anything that gives 
 
 light. 
 
 ELU'CIDATE, to explain. 
 ILLU'MINATE, to enlighten. 
 ILLUMINA'TION, lighting up. 
 
 shining. TRANSLU'CENT, clear; trans- 
 
 parent. 
 
 277. Mayis'ter, a master. 
 MAGISTRATE, one having civil MAGISTE'RIAL, having the air 
 
 authority. 
 
 of authority. 
 
 MAGISTRACY, the office or dig- 1 MAS'TER, one having the direc- 
 nity of a magistrate. [ tion or control. 
 
 278. Mag'nus, great; Ma'jor, greater. 
 
 MAG'NITUDE, greatness. 
 MAG'NIFY, (152), to make great; 
 
 to extol. 
 
 fmind. 
 
 MAGNAN'IMOUS, (13), of noble 
 
 ;, (13), o 
 , (152), 
 
 MAGNIF'ICENCE 
 deur. 
 
 MAIN, s. the gross j the chief 
 
 (152), gran- 
 [part. 
 
 MAIN, a. chief; principal. 
 
 MA'JOR, a. greater. 
 
 MA'JOR, s. a military officer. 
 
 MAJOR'ITY, the part of any 
 number greater than the sum 
 of all the other parts. 
 
 MAJ'ESTY, grandeur ; sove- 
 reignty; royal title. 
 
 MAJES'TIC, stately; grand. 
 
 279. Ma'lm, bad. 
 
 MALEDIC'TION, (117), a curse. 
 MALEFAC ; TOR,(152), a criminal. 
 MAL'ICE, a disposition to injure 
 . without cause. 
 MALIG'NITY, extreme enmity. 
 MALI'CIOUS, intending ill to 
 
 others. 
 MALEV'OLENT, (598), wishing 
 
 ill to another. 
 
 MALIG'NANT, partaking of mal- 
 ice and envy. 
 
 MALADMINISTRATION, (299), 
 bad use of power. 
 
 MALIGN', to slander; to defame. 
 
 MAL'CONTENT, (530), a dissatis- 
 fied, restless member of society. 
 
 MALPRAC'TICE, (G. 191), evil 
 or illegal practice or conduct. 
 
 280. Man'do,* (manda'turri), to commit; to give a charge or 
 command. 
 
 RECOMMEND', to commend to 
 another. 
 
 * MANDA'MUS, signifying we command, is the name of a command or writ 
 issuing from the King's Bench in England, and in America from some of the 
 higher courts, directed to any person, corporation, or inferior court, requiring 
 them to do some act therein specified. Webster, 
 
 MAN'DATE, an order. 
 COMMAND', to govern; to order. 
 
108 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 COUNTERMAND', to revoke a ] DEMAND', to call for with autho- 
 former command. ] REMAND', to send back. [rity. 
 
 281. Ma'neo, (man' sum}, to stay. 
 
 MAN'SION, place of abode ; PER'MANENT, durable ; lasting. 
 
 bouse. REMAIN', to stay; to be left. 
 
 REMAIN'DER. the difference be- REM'NANT, that which is left; 
 
 tween two quantities. residue. 
 
 282. Ma'nus, the hand. 
 
 MAN'UAL, performed by hand ; MANIP'ULATE, to handle. 
 
 a book which rnuy be held in AMANUEN'SIS, (Lat), a person 
 
 the hand. employed to write what an- 
 MANUFAC'TORY, (152), a work- ' other dictates. 
 
 ing place. EMANCIPATE, (47), to set at 
 
 MANUFACTURE, anything made liberty. 
 
 by art. MAINTAIN'. f (530), to support. 
 
 MANUMIS'SION, (305), giving MAN'AGE, (3). to conduct. 
 
 liberty to slaves.* ~ MANCEU'VRE,| a dextrous move- 
 
 MAN'USCRTPT, (468), a writing. ment. 
 
 MAN'ACLES, shackles, hand- MANURE'. to apply fertilizing 
 
 cuffs. matter. 
 
 * Literally, sending away from under the hand, 
 f From the French word maintenir. 
 
 J Derived, through the French, from manus and opera or opus, (349), and 
 therefore signifying, literally, a work of the hand. 
 
 \ The word originally signified to cultivate by hand. 
 
 283. Ma' re, the sea. 
 
 MARINE', belonging to the sea. 'SUBMARINE', under the sea. 
 MAR'INER. a seaman. TRANSMARINE', across the sea 
 
 MAR'ITIME, bordering on the sea; 
 relating to the sea; naval. 
 
 ULTRAMARINE', (Lat. ul'tra, be- 
 yond), across the sea; a blue 
 
 dye-stuff. 
 
 284. Ma'ter, a mother. 
 
 MATER'NAL, pertaining to a MA'TRON, a married woman ; an 
 
 mother. elderly lady. 
 
 MAT'RIMONY. marriage. MATRIMO'NIAL, pertaining to 
 
 MATERN'ITY, the character or marriage. 
 
 relation of a mother. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 285. Matu'rus, ripe. 
 
 109 
 
 MATURE', ripe; well digested. 
 MATU'RITY, ripeness; comple- 
 
 tion. 
 
 IMMATURE', unripe. 
 PREMATURE', ripe too soon; too 
 hasty. 
 
 286. Me'deor, to cure. 
 
 MED'ICINE, any substance used 
 
 in curing disease. 
 MED'ICAL, relating to medicine. 
 MEDIC'INAL, having the power 
 
 of healing. 
 MED'ICATED, mingled with 
 
 something medicinal. 
 
 MEDICA'TION, the use of medi 
 
 cne. 
 
 REME'DIAL, intended for a rem- 
 REM'EDY, a cure ; reparation. 
 REME'DIABLE, curable. 
 IRREME'DIABLE, incurable. 
 
 287. Me'dius, middle. 
 ME'DIUM, (Lat.), the middle IMMEDIATE, instant; direct; 
 
 point; that which comes be- 
 tween. 
 
 acting without any interven- 
 ing cause. 
 
 ME'DIATE, v. to interpose be- INTERMEDIATE, lying be- 
 tween parties, for the purpose tween. 
 of effecting a reconciliation. MEDIOC'RITY, middle state, rate, 
 
 ME'DIATE, a. middle ; interven- or degree ; moderate degree, 
 ing. 
 
 288. Mel, honey. - 
 
 MELLIFLUOUS, (185), sweetty 
 
 flowing; smooth. 
 
 MELLIF'EROUS, (167), produc- 
 ing honey; (as, melliferous 
 plants). 
 
 289. Me'lior, better. 
 
 AMELIORATE, to make better ; I MELIORATION, improvement, 
 to improve. 
 
 290. Mem'ini, to remember 
 
 MEM'ORY, the faculty by which MEMO'RIAL, a monument; ape- 
 
 we remember. i tition. 
 
 MEM'ORABLE, worthy to be re- MEN'TION, to speak of. 
 
 membered. COMMEM'ORATE, to preserve in 
 
 MEMORAN'DUM, (Lat.), a note memory by some public act. 
 
 to help the memory. | IMMEMORIAL, beyond memory. 
 
 MEM'OIR, (Jr. m<?m<9ire),ashort REMINIS'CENCE, recollection. 
 
 account. j REMEM'BER, to bear in mind 
 
 MEMEN'TO, that which reminds, i 
 
no 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 291. Mens, (men'tis), the mind. 
 
 MENT'AL, pertaining to the 
 mind. 
 
 DEMENTA'TION, making frantic. 
 
 292. Aier'go, (mer'sum), to dip ; to sink. 
 MERGE, to sink, or cause to be IMMER'SION, the act of putting 
 
 swallowed up. 
 
 EMERGE', to rise out of. 
 
 EMER'GENCY, pressing neces- 
 sity.* 
 
 any thing below the surface 
 of a fluid. 
 
 SUBMER'SION, the state of being 
 wholly covered by a fluid. 
 
 * The word is derived from the idea of an event suddenly coming upon one, 
 as if something had arisen unexpectedly from the water. 
 
 293. Merx, (me/cis), merchandise. 
 
 COM'MERCE, traffic, exchange. 
 MERCHANDISE, things bought 
 
 and sold. 
 MER'CHANT, a trader. 
 
 MERCANTILE, pertaining to the 
 
 business of a merchant. 
 MER'CENARY, serving for pay. 
 MER'CER, one who deals in silks. 
 
 294. Me'tior* (men'sus), to measure. 
 
 ADMEASUREMENT, the act or 
 result of measuring according 
 
 METE, to measure. 
 MEAS'URE, that by which any 
 thing is reckoned. 
 
 MENSURA'TION, the art of meas- 
 uring. 
 
 COMMEN'SURATE, of equal meas- 
 ure, [body. 
 
 DIMENSION, the extent of a| vastness. 
 * See Gr. 137. 
 
 to rule. 
 IMMEASURABLE, that cannot be 
 
 measured. 
 
 IMMENSE', immeasurably great. 
 IMMENS'ITY, unlimited extent; 
 
 295. MUgro, (migra'tum), to remove ; to depart from a place of 
 residence. 
 
 MIGRA'TION, departure to a dis- 
 tant place of residence. 
 
 MI'GRATORY, roving j unsettled. 
 
 EM'IGRATE, to remove from a 
 place. 
 
 EM'IGRANT, one who removes. 
 
 IMMIGRATION, the coming of 
 foreigners into a country. 
 
 IM'MIGRANT, one who comes 
 into a country to reside. 
 
 TRANSMIGRATION, a passing 
 from one state to another. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 296. Mi'les, (mil'itls), a soldier. 
 
 Ill 
 
 MJLI'TIA, the enrolled soldiers. jMiL'iTANT,fighting,contending. 
 MIL'ITARY, pertaining to sol- 1 M^L'ITATE, to act against, 
 diery. 
 
 297. Mil'le, a thousand. 
 MILLENNIUM, (14), a thousand MIL'LEPED, (380), an insect 
 
 years. 
 
 having many feet. 
 
 298. Mi'neo, to hang over. 
 
 IM'MINENT, impending; at hand. EM'INENT, high; distinguished. 
 PROM'INENT, standing out. EM'INENCE, elevation. 
 
 299. Minister, a servant or attendant. 
 
 MIN'ISTER, one who is appoint- 
 ed to transact business of 
 state under the direction of 
 the chief executive; a cler- 
 gyman.* 
 
 MIN'ISTRY, the office of a min- 
 ister. 
 
 MIN'ISTRANT, attendant upon. 
 
 MINISTERIAL, pertaining to a 
 minister. 
 
 ADMIN'ISTER, to perform duties 
 in an official station; to dis- 
 pense; to bring that which is 
 needed. 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR, one who 
 takes charge of the property 
 of a person dying without a 
 will. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION, manage- 
 ment; actual government. 
 
 * So called from his being appointed to ierve the church in the sacerdotal 
 office. 
 
 300. Mi'nor, less. 
 
 MI'NOR, a. smaller ; s. one not 
 of age 
 
 MINOR'ITY, the smaller num- 
 ber, [trait. 
 
 MIN'IATURE, (Fr.), a small por- 
 
 MINUTE', a. small. 
 
 MIN'UTE, s. a portion of time. 
 
 MIN'IMUM, (Lat.), the least 
 quantity possible in the case. 
 
 MlN'lON, a mean, low depend- 
 ant. 
 
 8 
 
 MIN'UEND, the number to be 
 diminished. 
 
 MI'NUS, (Lat.), a mathematical 
 term signifying subtraction. 
 
 MiNu'TLffi, (Lat.), small particu- 
 lars. 
 
 DIMIN'ISH, to make less. 
 
 DIMINUTION, a growing less. 
 
 DIMIN'UTIVE, little. 
 
 DIMIN'UTIVENESS, smallncss; 
 littleness. 
 
112 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 301. Mi'rus, strange; wonderful. 
 
 MIR'ACLE, a supernatural event. AD'MIRABLE, of wonderful ex- 
 
 MIRAC'ULOUS, performed super- 
 
 naturally. [or high esteem. 
 
 ADMIRE', to regard with wonder 
 
 cellence. 
 ADMIRA'TION, wonder mingled 
 with affection or esteem. 
 
 302. Mis' ceo, (mizftum), to mix. 
 
 Mix. to mingle. iMls'ciBLE, that may be mixed 
 
 MIX'TURE, a compound formed , ADMIX'TURE, the substance 
 by mingling. which is mixed with an- 
 
 MIS'CELLANY, a collection of 
 
 various things. 
 MISCELLANEOUS, mixed ; of 
 
 various kinds. 
 
 other. 
 
 INTERMIX', to mingle together. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS, mingled indis- 
 criminately. 
 
 303. Mi'ser, wretched. 
 
 MIS'ERT, wretchedness, distress. MI'SERLY, very covetous. 
 MI'SER, one who makes himself 
 
 miserable by his niggardli- 
 
 ness. 
 
 MISERABLE, unhappy. 
 COMMIS'ERATE, to pity; to com- 
 passionate. 
 
 304. Mtti&y meek ; mild. 
 MIT'IGATE, to assuage; to ren- UNMIT'IGATED, anassuaged;not 
 
 der more mild. 
 
 softened in severity. 
 
 305. Miifto, (miYswrn), to send. 
 
 MIS'SION, the state of being 
 sent by authority. 
 
 MISSIONARY, one sent to pro- 
 pagate religion. 
 
 MIS'SILE, something thrown by 
 the hand. 
 
 ADMIT', to let in ; to allow. 
 
 ADMIS'SION, ADMITTANCE, per- 
 mission to enter. 
 
 COMMIT', to intrust; to per-: 
 
 COM'MISSARY, a kind of mili- 
 tary commissioner. 
 
 COMMIT'TEE, one or more per- 
 sons to whom a matter is re- 
 ferred by a legislative body or 
 a society. 
 
 COMPROMISE, to adjust by con- 
 cession. 
 
 DEMISE', departure from life. 
 
 DISMISS', to send away. 
 
 petrate. JEM'ISSARY, one sent out as a 
 
 COMMISSION, a trust; authority! secret agent. 
 
 given; the act of committing, j EMIT', to send forth. 
 COMMISSIONER, one bearing a INTERMIS'SION, cessation for a 
 
 commission. time. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. .118 
 
 INTERMITTENT, ceasing at in- PROM'ISE, to engage to do. 
 tervals. PROM'ISSORY, containing a pro- 
 
 MANUMIS'&ION, (282), sending mise. 
 
 away from bondage. REMIT', to relax; to forgive. 
 
 MIS'SIVE. sent; a letter or mes- j REMISS', slack; negligent, 
 sage sent. i SUBMISSIVE, humble; yielding 
 
 OMIT', to leave out. ! SUBMIT', to yield to authority. 
 
 PERMISSION, leave granted. [SURMISE', suspicion. 
 
 PREMISE', to state beforehand. | TRANSMIT', to send over; to 
 
 PREM'ISES, propositions pre- suffer to pass through ; to de- 
 viously proved or assumed. I liver to posterity. 
 
 306. Mo'duSy a manner. 
 
 MODE, manner. , MOD'ICUM, (Lat.), a small quan- 
 
 MOOD, temper of mind. tity. 
 
 MOD'EL, a copy to be imitated. COMMO'DIOUS, convenient. 
 MOD'IFY, (152), to change the COMMODITIES, wares; goods. 
 
 form or character of a thing. ACCOM'MODATE, to supply with 
 MOD'ULATE, to vary the pitch; conveniences. 
 
 of sounds. I INCOMMODE', to trouble. 
 
 MOD'ERATE, observing proper; MODERA'TOR, (Lat.), a presiding 
 
 bounds; not excessive. 
 MOD'EST, restrained by a sense 
 of propriety. 
 
 officer. 
 
 307. Mo'lior, (mol?tus)\ to rear or build. 
 
 DEMOL'ISH, to throw down. DEMOLITION, the act of de- 
 DEMOi/iSHMENT,ruin; destruc- molishing. 
 tion. 
 
 308. Mol'lis, soft. 
 
 MOL'LIFY, (152), to soften; to 
 assuage. 
 
 EMOL'LIENT, fitted to soften or 
 
 309. Mo'neOj (nion'itum), to put in mind; to warn. 
 
 MON'ITOR, (Lat.), one who| ADMONI'TION, warning; re- 
 warns of duty. proof. 
 
 MO.N'UMENT, a memorial. PREMON'ITORY, giving warning 
 
 MON'ITORY, calculated to givej beforehand. 
 
 warning. SUMMON, (Lat. submo'neo), to 
 
 ADMON'iSH,to remind of a fault, j call by authority. 
 
114 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 310. Mons, (mon'tis'), a mountain. 
 
 MOUNT, a hill. 
 MOUN'TAIN, a large hill. 
 MOUND, a heap or bank of earth. 
 AMOUNT', the sum. 
 DISMOUNT', to alight from a 
 horse. 
 
 PAR'AMOUNT, superior; chief. 
 
 PROM'ONTORY, a high land pro- 
 jecting into the sea. 
 
 SURMOUNT', to rise above. 
 
 TANTAMOUNT, (Lat. tan'tus, 
 equivalent), of the same 
 amount or force. 
 
 311. Monttro t (monstra'tuiri), to point out; to show. 
 
 MON'STER, something deformed DEMONSTRATIVE, proving by 
 or horrible. irresistible argument; point- 
 
 MON'STROUS, unnatural; huge, j ing out. 
 
 DEMONSTRATE, to prove rigor- ;REMON'sTRATE,topresentstrong 
 ously. I reasons against any measure. 
 
 312. MoSbus, disease. 
 
 MOR'BID, diseased; .not sound | CHOLERA-MOR'BUS, (Gr. 50), 
 or healthful. I the name of a disease. 
 
 313. Mor'deo, (mor f sum\ to bite. 
 
 MOR'SEL, a piece bitten off. REMORSE'LESS,unpitying; cruel, 
 REMORSE', sense of guilt. j REMORSE'LESSLY, without re- 
 
 morse. 
 
 314. Mors, (mortis) , death. 
 
 MOR'TAL, subject to death; 
 deadly. 
 
 MORTAL'ITY, death; human na- 
 ture. 
 
 I M MOR'TAL, exempt from death. 
 
 IMMOR'TALIZE, to render im- 
 mortal. 
 
 MOR'TIFY, (152), to lose vital- 
 ity ; to abase. 
 
 MORTIFICA'TION, vexation; loss 
 of vitality. 
 
 315. J/os, (mo'ris), custom; practice. 
 
 MOR'AL, relating to the practice MOR'ALIZE, to apply to moral 
 
 or conduct of men ; conformed ! subjects. 
 
 to law and rectitude. MORAL'ITY, correctness of life. 
 
 MOR'ALIST, one who teaches the IMMOR'AL. not virtuous. 
 
 duties of life ; one who prac- ; DEMORALIZE, to render corrupt 
 
 tises moral duties. in morals. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 115 
 
 316. Mo'veo, (mo'tom), to move. 
 
 MOVE, to put out of one place 
 into another. 
 
 MOVE'MENT, change of place. 
 
 MOV'ABLES, goods ; furniture. 
 
 MOBIL'ITY, capacity of being 
 moved. 
 
 MOB, a disorderly multitude. 
 
 MOMEN'TUM, (Lat.), force of 
 motion. 
 
 MO'TIVE, moving power; in- 
 ducement. 
 
 MO'TION, the act of moving. 
 
 COMMO'TION, tumult; disturb* 
 ance. 
 
 EMO'TION, disturbance of mind. 
 
 PROMO'TION, advancement to 
 higher rank. 
 
 PROMOTE', to advance; to exalt. 
 
 PROMO'TIVE, tending to pro- 
 mote. 
 
 REMOVE', to put from its place. 
 
 REMOTE', at a distance. 
 
 317. Mul'tus, much. 
 
 MULTIFA'RIOUS, (Lat. va'rius, ! MUL'TIPLY, to increase in num- 
 different), having great va- bers. 
 
 riety. 
 
 MUL'TIFORM, (187), 
 many forms. 
 
 having 
 
 MUL'TIPLE, (392), a number 
 
 MULTIPLICA'TION, increase in 
 
 number. 
 MULTIPLICAND', the number to 
 
 be multiplied. 
 
 which exactly contains an- JMUL'TITUDE, a great number, 
 other several times. 
 
 318. Mun'dus, the earth; the world. 
 
 MUN'DANE, belonging to thelExTRAMUN'DANE, beyond the 
 world ; earthly. | material world. 
 
 319. Mvlnioy to fortify. 
 
 AMMUNITION, MUNITION, IMU'NIMENT, a strong hold; a 
 materials used in war. fortress ; support ; defence. 
 
 320. Mu'nus, (mu'neris), an office ; a gift, 
 
 MUNICIPAL, (47), pertaining 
 to a corporation. 
 
 MuNiF'iCENCE,(152), liberality. 
 
 COMMUNE', (Lat. con), to con- 
 verse together. 
 
 COM MU' NIC ATE, to impart. 
 
 COMMU'NICATIVE, liberal in im- 
 parting knowledge. 
 
 COMMU'NITY, common posses- 
 sion or enjoyment; society. 
 
 COMMUN'ION, fellowship ; in- 
 tercourse. 
 
116 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 COM'MON, shared by all; gene- IMMU'NITY, exemption from 
 ral.* duty. 
 
 REMUNERATION, recompense. 
 
 EXCOMMU'NICATE, to cu^t off 
 from church membership. 
 
 * A common inheritance is one which all the inheritors own and enjoy 
 alike. A characteristic is said to be common to our race, which every human 
 being possesses. 
 
 321. Mu'rus, a wall. 
 
 MU'RAL, pertaining to a wall.* IMMURE', to enclose within walls; 
 
 to imprison. 
 
 * Among the ancient Romans, a golden crown was bestowed on him who 
 first mounted the wall of a besieged place ; this was called coro'na mura'lis, a 
 mural crown. 
 
 322. Mu'sa, a Muse. 
 
 MUSE, s. a heathen deity pre- MUSE'UM, (Lat.), a repository 
 
 siding over poetry, &c. of curiosities. 
 
 MUSE, v. to ponder. Mu'sic, melody or harmony. 
 
 AMUSE', to divert. MUSIC'IAN, one skilled in music. 
 
 323. J/z//o, (vnntn'ftim), to change. 
 
 MU'TABLE, changeable. IMMU'TABLE, unchangeable. 
 
 MUTA'TION, change. TRANSMUTE', to change to a 
 
 different nature. 
 TRANSMUTA'TION, change of 
 
 substance; alteration. 
 
 MU'TUAL, reciprocal; inter- 
 changed. 
 COMMUTE', to exchange. 
 
 324. Nas'cor, (na'tus)^ to be born. 
 
 NA'TAL, relating to one's birth. NAT'URALIST, a student of na- 
 NA'TIVE. conferred by birth ; ture. 
 
 original. NAT'URAL, produced by nature ; 
 
 unaffected. 
 INNATE', born with us ; consti- 
 
 NATIV'ITY, birth. 
 NA'TION, a distinct people. 
 
 NA'TURE, original quality; the tutional. 
 
 established course of things PRETERNAT'URAL, extraordi- 
 in creation ; the visible crea- j nary, but not miraculous, 
 tion. I SUPERNATURAL, above nature. 
 
 325. Na'to, to swim. 
 NAT A'TION, the act of swimming. | SUPERNA'TANT, floating above. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 326. No! vis, a ship or vessel. 
 
 117 
 
 NA'VY, the national establish- 
 ment of war vessels. 
 NA'VAL, relating to vessels. 
 
 NAU'TICAL, (Lat. nau'ta, a sail- 
 or), pertaining to seamen or 
 navigation. 
 
 NAVIGATION, (3), travelling by CIRCUMNAV'IGATE to sail 
 ships; the art of navigating. round. [round. 
 
 NAV'IGABLE, passable by ships. CIRCUMNAVIGA'TION, sailing 
 
 327. Nec'to, (nexfum), to tie or bind. 
 
 CONNECT', to tie or join toge- 
 ther. 
 
 CONNECTION, a joining; rela- 
 tion. 
 
 DISCONNECT', to sever. 
 ANNEX', to unite at the end. 
 ANNEXATION, the act of joining 
 or annexing. 
 
 328. Ne'go, (nega'tum), to deny. 
 
 NEGA'TION, denial. 
 NEG'ATIVE, implying denial. 
 
 DENY', (Fr. denier; Lat. 
 
 . #0), to contradict ; to refuse. 
 
 329. Nego'tium* business. 
 
 NEGO'TIATE, to transact busi- 1 NEGOTIABLE, that may be 
 ness. I transferred in business. 
 
 * Compounded of nee, not, and o'tium, leisure, ease. 
 
 330. Neu'ter, neither of the two. 
 
 NEU'TER, of neither gender. | NEU'TRALIZE, to render neu- 
 NEU'TRAL, not engaged on I tral; to destroy the peculiar 
 either side. properties. 
 
 331. Ni'hil, nothing. 
 
 NIHIL'ITY, nothingness. 
 
 ANNIHILA'TION, reducing to 
 nothing or non-existence. 
 
 332. No' ceo, to hurt; to harm. 
 
 Nox'ious, hurtful. 
 INNOX'IOUS, harmless. 
 IN'NOCENT, not chargeable with 
 mischief. 
 
 IN'NOCENCE, simplicity, purity. 
 NUI'SANCE, that which does 
 
 injury. 
 OBNOX'IOUS, liable; exposed to 
 
 penalty. 
 
118 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 333. Nor' ma, a rule. 
 
 NOR'MAL. according to a rule or ENOR'MITY, a wrong or irregu- 
 precept ; elementary. lar act ; atrociousness. 
 
 ENOR'MOUS, beyond the usual ; ENOR'MOUSLY, excessively; be- 
 measure ; huge ; excessive. yond measure. 
 
 334. Nos'co, (no'tum), to know. No'men, a name. 
 
 XOTE, a mark ; a hint. 
 
 XOTA'TION. (Lat. iw'ta, a mark), 
 mode of marking. 
 
 NO'TED, NOTO'RIOUS, well 
 known ; remarkable. 
 
 NO'TICE, observation. 
 
 NO'TIFY, ( 152 ), to make known. 
 
 NO'TION, idea; opinion. 
 
 ANNOTATION, a comment. 
 
 COG'NISANCE, notice; percep- 
 tion. 
 
 COGNI'TION, certain knowledge 
 
 DENOTE', to point out. 
 
 NO'BLE, (Lat. no'bilis), gene- 
 rous; famous. 
 
 NOBIL'ITY, dignity; high rank. 
 
 ENNO'BLE, to dignify; to ele- 
 vate. 
 
 IGNO'BLE, mean ; worthless. 
 
 REC'OGNISE, to remember a 
 thing as one previously known. 
 
 RECONNOI'TRE, (Fr.), to survey. 
 
 NOM'INAL, in name only. 
 
 NO'MENCLATURE, (Lat. ca'lo, to 
 call), a system of names ; the 
 terms or words of an art or 
 science. 
 
 NOM'INATE, to name for ap^ 
 pointment. 
 
 XAME, the term by which we 
 distinguish things. 
 
 XOUN, a part of speech. 
 
 PRO'NOUN, a word used instead 
 of a noun. 
 
 DENOMINATION, a class of 
 things or persons called by 
 the same name. 
 
 IG'NOMINY, disgrace, dishonor. 
 
 MISNO'MER, a misnaming. 
 
 335. No'vus, new. 
 
 NOV'EL, a. new ; s. a tale. IN'NOVATE, to introduce some- 
 
 NOV'ELIST, a writer of novels. | thing new. 
 NOV'ELTY, newness. INNOVA'TION, introduction of 
 
 NOV'ICE, one new in the busi- something new. 
 ness. REN'OVATE, to renew. 
 
 336. Nox, (noc'tis), night. 
 
 NOCTUR'NAL, nightly. 
 E'QUINOX, (See 144). 
 
 EQUINOC'TIAL, pertaining to the 
 equinox. 
 
 337. Nit'bo, (nup'tum), to marry. 
 
 CONNU'BIAL, pertaining to mar- j NUP'TIALS, marriage ceremo- 
 riage. nies. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 338. Nu'Jus, naked. 
 
 119 
 
 NU'DITY, nakedness. 
 
 | DENUDE', to make bare or naked 
 
 339. Nul'lus, no one. 
 NUL'LIFY. (152), to render of | ANNUL', to make void. 
 
 no force. 
 NUL'LITY, nothingness. 
 
 DISANNUL, to annul. 
 
 340. Nu'merus, a number. 
 
 NUM'BER, multitude; more than! ENU'MERATE, to reckon up 
 one thin. singly. 
 
 NU'MEROUS, containing many. 
 
 NUMERA'TION, the art of num- 
 bering. 
 
 NUMERICAL, pertaining to num- 
 bers. 
 
 INNUMERABLE, too many to be 
 counted. 
 
 i SUPERNUMERARY, a person or 
 thing beyond the usual num- 
 ber. 
 
 341. Nun' do, to announce. 
 
 ANNOUNCE', to proclaim; to give NUN'CIO, an ambassador from 
 notice. the Pope. 
 
 DENOUNCE', to declare against. PRONUNCIATION, mode of utter- 
 
 DENUNCIA'TION, public menace. 
 
 ENUN'CIATE, to declare; to pro- 
 claim ; to utter. 
 
 ance. 
 
 RENOUNCE', to disown; to re- 
 ject. 
 
 342. Oc'ulus, the eye. 
 
 OC'ULAR, perceived by the eye. 
 
 OC'ULIST, one skilled in diseases 
 
 of the eye ; an eye-doctor. 
 
 INOC'ULATE, to transfer an eye 
 or bud of a tree to another 
 stock. 
 
 343. O'di, to hate. 
 0'Dious,hateful; causing hatred. | O'oiUM) dislike; offensiveness. 
 
 344. Cyieo, to emit odor. 
 
 OLPAC'TORY, (152), pertaining RED'OLENT, diffusing a sweet 
 to the sense of smelling. scent. 
 
 345. Om'm's, every; all. 
 
 OMNIPOTENT, (403), having all 
 
 power. [where present. 
 
 OMNIPRES'ENT, (520), every- 
 
 OMNIS'CIENT, (467), having in- 
 finite knowledge. 
 OM'NIBUS, (Latin), for all. 
 
120 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 346. O'nus, (on'eris), a burden. 
 EXONERATE, to disburden. | ON'EROUS, burdensome. 
 
 347. Opi'nor, to be of opinion ; to think. 
 
 OPINE', to think. j OPIN'IONATED, obstinate in 
 
 OPIN'ION, belief; judgment. | opinion. 
 
 348. Op' to, (opta'tum), to wish. 
 
 OP'TION, the power of choosing;! ADOPT', to assume; to choose 
 choice ; preference. | or take to one's self. 
 
 349. (Ppus, (op'eris), a work. 
 
 OP'ERATE, to act; to produce 
 
 effects. 
 CO-OP'ERATE, to labor jointly 
 
 with others. 
 
 CO-OPERA'TION, joint effort; aid. 
 INOP'ERATIVE, inefficient. 
 MANOSU'VRE,* (282), a skilful 
 
 OP'ERATIVE, active. 
 OPERATION, action; effect 
 OP'ERATOR, one who ope- 
 
 rates. 
 
 OP'ERA, (Lat.), a dramatic com- 
 position set to music ; a mu- 
 sical drama. 
 
 movement. 
 
 * CEuvre is a French word, signifying a work, action, or performance. 
 
 350. Or'bis, a circle; a circular body. 
 
 ORB, a spherical body. ORBIC'ULAR, circular. 
 
 OR'BIT, the circular path of a EXORBITANT,! extravagant; 
 planet. excessive. 
 
 f Literally, departing from an orbit or usual track. 
 
 351. Or'dOj (or'dinis), order. 
 
 OR'DER, regularity. 
 OR'DINANCE, a public command 
 
 or law. 
 OR'DINARY, in the usual order 
 
 or manner. 
 
 INOR'DINATE, excessive. 
 EXTRAORDINARY, beyond the 
 
 usual course. 
 
 SUBOR'DINATE, in a lower rank. 
 SUBORDINATION, subjection. 
 
 352. Orior, to rise or spring from. 
 
 O'RIENT, rising, as the sun; ORIENT'AL, eastern; belonging 
 
 eastern. to the east. [ence. 
 
 OR'IGIN, beginning; source. ( ORIG'IN ATE, to bring into exist- 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 121 
 
 ORIG'INAL, primitive, first; hav-; ABOR'TIVE, produced in an im- 
 ing new ideas. perfect state ; ineffectual. 
 
 ORIGINAL'ITY, the state of being iExoR'uiUM, (Lat. or'dior, to 
 original. | begin), a formal preface. 
 
 353. Or' no, (orna'tum), to embellish. 
 
 OR'NAMENT, an embellishment. SUBORN',* to induce a person to 
 OR'NATE, decorated; beautiful.! swear falsely. 
 ADORN', to beautify. 
 
 * The Latin word subor'no, signifies to Jit out privately. 
 
 354. O'ro, (ora'fwm), to pray; to ask. 
 
 ORA'TION, a formal speech. O'RAL, (Lat. os, (o'm), the 
 OR'ATOR, a public speaker. mouth), pertaining to speech. 
 
 OR'ATORY, eloquence. 'ADORE', to worship. 
 
 OR'ISON, a prayer. ADORA'TION, worship. 
 
 OR'ACLE, a place where heathen EX'ORABLE, to be moved by 
 
 deities or priests were con- entreaty. 
 
 suited. INEX'ORABLE, not to be moved. 
 
 ORAC'ULAR, positive; having an PERORA'TION,")* the conclusion 
 
 affected air of wisdom. of an oration. 
 
 f Literally, the going over the oration ; the peroration recapitulates the 
 main points, and presents the argument in a small compass. 
 
 355. Os, (os's/s), a bone. 
 
 OS'SIFY, (152), to change into 
 
 a bony substance. 
 OSSIFICA'TION, change into 
 
 bony substance. 
 
 OS'SIFRAGE, (191), the bone 
 breaker or sea eagle j a kind 
 of sea eagle. 
 
 OS'SEOUS, bony. 
 
 356. (/vum, an egg. 
 
 O'VAL, egg-shaped. OVIP'AROUS, (363), producing 
 
 eggs. 
 
 357. Pdgus, a village. 
 
 PA'GAN ; | a heathen; an idol- PA'GANISM, the worship of false 
 ater. | gods. 
 
 J When the Roman Emperor Constantino and his successors forhade the 
 worship of the heathen deities in the cities, its adherents retired to the vil- 
 lages, where they could practise their rites unmolested. Hence they obtained 
 the appellation paga'ni, pagans. The word is now applied to all nations 
 which are neither Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan. 
 
122 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 358. Pan'do, (pcm'swm), to lay open. 
 
 EXPAND', to open ; to spread. ; EXPANSE', a wide extent. 
 EXPAN'SION, the act of expand- 'EXPANS'IVE, capable of being 
 iug; enlargement. expanded. 
 
 359. Pan'go, (perc'tam), to drive in ; to fix. 
 COMPACT', close; dense; firmly COMPACT'LY, closely. 
 
 united. 
 COM'PACT, an agreement. 
 
 COM'PACTED, closely united; 
 joined together. 
 
 360. Patlium, a cloak. 
 
 PALL, a covering for the dead. PALLIA'TION, mitigation. 
 PAL'LIATE, to cloak; to cover PAL'LIATIVE, tending to miti- 
 
 with excuse ; to extenuate ; gate or relieve. 
 
 to mitigate 
 
 361. Par, equal; like. 
 
 PAIR, two things like each 
 other ; a couple. 
 
 PAR'ITY, equality; resemblance. 
 
 DISPARITY, inequality. 
 
 COMPARE', to examine things 
 with reference to their like- 
 ness or unlikeness. 
 
 DISPAR'AGE, (3), to cause dis- 
 grace. 
 
 DISPAR'AGEMENT, an under- 
 valuing; detraction. 
 
 PEER, an equal ; a nobleman. 
 
 PEER'LESS, unequalled; match- 
 less. 
 
 PEER' AGE, the rank of a peer. 
 362. Pa'reo, (par'itum), to be present. 
 
 APPA'RENT, visible ; evident. 
 APPEAR', to become visible; to 
 
 seem. 
 
 APPARI'TION, a spectre, a ghost. 
 
 DISAPPEAR', to vanish ; to with- 
 draw. 
 
 TRANSPARENT, capable of being 
 seen through. 
 
 363. Pa'rio, (par'tum'), to bring forth. 
 
 PA'RENT, a father or mother; PA'RENT AGE, (3), birth, descent. 
 
 that which produces. PAREN'TALLY, in a parental 
 
 PAREN'TAL, relating to parents; manner; affectionately. 
 
 tender. 
 
 364. Pa'ro, (para' turn), to prepare. 
 
 APPARA'TUS, furniture or uten- SEV'ER,* to separate, 
 sils prepared for a particular PREPARE', to makje ready, 
 business. | REPAIR', to mend. 
 
 * This word was probably derived indirectly from the Latin word eeparo. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 123 
 
 REPARATION, making good IMPAIR', to injure. 
 
 what was injured or lost. ,SEP'ARATE, to disunite, to part. 
 
 365. Pars, (par'tis*), a part. 
 
 PART, a share. 
 
 PAR'TICLE, a little part. 
 
 PARTICULAR, having reference 
 to individual things; attentive 
 to minute matters. 
 
 PARTICIPATE, (47), to have part 
 or share. 
 
 PARTITION, division. 
 
 PAR'TY, a set of persons en- 
 gaged in one design. 
 
 PAR'TISAN, one devoted to the 
 interests of a party. 
 
 POR'TION, a part ; a share. 
 
 PAR'TIAL, inclined to favor one 
 party or side. 
 
 PART'NER, a sharer. 
 
 PAR'CEL, a number of things 
 taken- together'; a small 
 package. 
 
 PARSE, to analyze grammati- 
 cally. 
 
 APART'MENT, a room or sepa- 
 rate enclosure. 
 
 COMPART'MENT, a portion of 
 any surface marked off. 
 
 DEPART', to go away. 
 
 DEPARTMENT, a separate class 
 of duties or of topics. 
 
 IMPART', to communicate; to 
 give a share. 
 
 IMPAR'TIAL, not partial. 
 
 BIP'ARTITE, (37), having two 
 parts. 
 
 366. Pas' co, (pas' turn), to feed. 
 PAS'TOR, (Lat. pas' tor, a shep- PAS'TORAL, relating to shep- 
 
 herd), a minister of the gos- 
 pel having the care of a con- 
 gregation. 
 REPAST', a meal. 
 
 herds ; rural ; relating to a 
 pastor. 
 
 PAS'TURE, a field or ground 
 where cattle may graze. 
 
 367. Pa'ter, (pa'tris), a father 
 
 PATER'NAL, pertaining to a 
 father. 
 
 PAT'RiMONY,an,inherited estate. 
 
 PA'TRIOT, (Lat. pa'tria, one's 
 country), a lover of his 
 country. 
 
 PA'TRIARCH, (G. 18), the father 
 and ruler of a family; (ap- 
 plied particularly to the heads 
 of families in the early his- 
 tory of the human race, and 
 especially to the ancestors of 
 the people of Israel). 
 
 PA'TRON, a protector; one who 
 affords support. 
 
 PA'TRONAGE, (3), special sup- 
 port. 
 
 PATRIC'IAN, a Roman nobleman. 
 
 COMPA'TRIOT, one of the same 
 country. 
 
 EXPATRIATE, to banish from 
 one's country. 
 
 JU'PITER, the father and king 
 of the heathen gods. 
 
 PA'TER-NOS'TER, (Lat. nos'ter, 
 our), the Lord's prayer. 
 
124 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 368. Pa'tior, (pas'aus^), to suffer; to endure. 
 
 PA'TIEXCE, endurance. \ PAS'SIOXATE, influenced by pas- 
 
 PA'TIENT, . enduring without sion. 
 
 complaint COMPASSION, pity; sympathy. 
 
 PA'TIENT, s. a sick person. I COMPAS'SION ATE, to pity; to 
 IMPA'TIENT, unable to bear pain, have compassion for. 
 
 PAS'SIVE, suffering; unresisting. 
 
 PAS'SION, emotion; the suffering 
 
 of our Saviour on the cross. 
 
 DISPAS'SIOXATE, calm. 
 IMPAS'SIONED, characterized by 
 strong teelins- 
 
 369. Pax, (pa'cis), peace. 
 
 PEACE, quiet; rest. 
 
 PACIF'IC, (152), peacemaking; 
 
 PAC'IFY, APPEASE', to quiet. 
 PACIFICA'TION, an appeasing. 
 
 gentle. 
 
 370. Pec'co, (pecca'fum\ to err; to sin.* 
 
 PEC'CANCY, a bad quality; an PECCADIL'LO, (Sp.), a slight 
 offence. transgression or offence. 
 
 * Pecca'vi, is the perfect of the same verb, and signifies I hare sinned. 
 
 371. Pet^tus, (pecf ton's), the breast. 
 
 PEC'TORAL, pertaining to the ! EXPEC'TORATE, to discharge 
 breast. . I from the trachea or the lungs. 
 
 372. Pt'cus, a herd or flock; cattle. 
 
 PEc'uLATE,f (167), to steal or 
 embezzle public property. 
 
 PECUL'IAR,;|; belonging to; ap- 
 propriate; special. 
 
 PECUNIARY, relating to money. 
 
 f In early times, herds and flocks constituted the sole wealth ; and hence 
 words derived from pe'cus, <fcc., came to represent property in general. 
 
 J Pecnl'ium, in Latin, signifies a treasure or stock of money laid up by an 
 individual, every portion of this stock would therefore be peciilia'ris, pecu- 
 'liar, i. e., his own. 
 
 \ Money was first coined at Rome under the reign of Servius Tullius ; and 
 the figure stamped upon the coin was that of the ox. Hence, money came to 
 be called pecun'ia in the Latin language. 
 
 373. Pel'lo, (jwfsum), to drive. 
 
 PULSE, the throbbing of the I PULSA'TION, a beating or throb- 
 arteries. | bing. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 125 
 
 COMPEL', to force; to constrain. 
 
 COMPULSION, act of compelling ; 
 force. 
 
 COMPUL'SORY, driving by vio- 
 lence. 
 
 DISPEL', to drive away. 
 
 EXPEL', to drive out, 
 
 EXPUI/SION, a driving out. 
 
 IMPEL', to urge forward; to ex- 
 cite to any action. 
 
 IM'PULSE, force given or com- 
 municated instantaneously. 
 
 jlMPULs'iVE, having power to 
 impel. 
 
 ! PROPEL', to drive onward. 
 
 | REPEL', to drive back. 
 
 REPUL'SION, the act or power 
 of driving back. 
 
 REPULS'IVE, fitted to repel; 
 forbidding. 
 
 374. Pcn'deOj to hang; Pen' do, (pen'suni), to weigh; to 
 pay out. 
 
 PEN'DENT, hanging. 
 
 PEN'DULUM, (Lat.), a vibrating 
 body suspended from a fixed 
 point. 
 
 PEN'SION, a stated allowance. 
 
 APPEND', to hang to another 
 thing; to annex. 
 
 APPEND'IX, something added 
 at the end. 
 
 COMPENDIUM, an abridgment 
 
 COMPEND'IOUS, brief; compre- 
 hensive. 
 
 COMPENSATE, to reward. 
 
 COMPENSATION, remuneration. 
 
 DEPEND', to hang from; to trust 
 to. 
 
 DISPENSE', to distribute; to dis- 
 pense with, to do without. 
 
 EXPEND', to lay out 
 
 EXPENSE', cost; charges. 
 
 IMPEND', to hang over. 
 
 INDISPENS'ABLE, that cannot be 
 omitted or spared. 
 
 PEND'iNG,remaining undecided. 
 
 PERPENDic'uLAR,directlydown- 
 wards. 
 
 PEN'DENT, hanging, projecting. 
 
 PROPENSITY, inclination; ten- 
 dency. 
 
 RECOMPENSE, reward. 
 
 STI'PEND, (Lat. stips, a piece of 
 money), wages ; stated pay. 
 
 SUSPEND', to hang; to delay. 
 
 SUSPENSION, a hanging; an in- 
 terruption. 
 
 SUSPENSE', uncertainty; a stop. 
 
 875. Pe'nc, almost. 
 'PENIN'SULA, (233), a portion ; PENIN'SULAR, relating to a pe- 
 
 of land almost surrounded by 
 water. 
 
 ninsula. 
 
 376. PocSna, punishment. 
 
 PE'NAL, enacting punishment. 
 PEN'ALTY, suffering or loss in 
 consequence of crime. 
 
 PEN'ANCE, suffering voluntarily 
 endured for the sake of ob- 
 taining pardon. 
 
126 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 PEN'ITENCE, (Lat. poejitfeo, to 
 
 repent), repentance. 
 PENITEN'TIARY, a prison. 
 IMPEN'ITENT, not contrite. 
 
 REPENT', to feel sorrow or regret 
 for what one has done, 
 
 SUBPCE'NA,* a writ commanding 
 one to appear in court. 
 
 * The word signifies under penalty ; i. e., penalty to be suffered if the com- 
 land is disobeyed. 
 
 877 Pen'itus, inwardly; deeply. 
 
 PEN'ETRATE, to pierce; to PEN'ETRATING, piercing; sharp; 
 
 discerning. 
 
 IMPENETRABLE, that cannot be 
 pierced. 
 
 enter. 
 
 PENETRA'TION, the act of pierc- 
 ing ; acuteness. 
 
 378. Pen'na, a feather; a wing. 
 PEN, a writing instrument. | PEN'NATE, winged. 
 
 379. Perso'na, the mask worn by players. f 
 
 PER'SON, an individual human 
 being. 
 
 PER'SONATE, to represent by ac- 
 tion or appearance. 
 
 PERSON'IFY, (152), to represent 
 an inanimate thing as having 
 intelligence. 
 
 PERSONALLY, in person. 
 
 f Perso'na also signifies character, person, Ac. 
 
 380. Pes, (pe'dis), a foot. 
 
 PED'AL, a key designed to be EXPEDITION, haste ; an enter- 
 moved by the foot. prise on which one undertakes 
 
 PED'ESTAL, the base on which a I a journey. 
 
 pillar or statue is placed. EXPE'DIENT, tending to promote 
 
 PEDES'TRIAN, going on foot. the object; advisable. 
 
 BI'PED, (37), a two-looted animal. EXPE'DIENCY, fitness of mea- 
 
 QUAD'RUPED, (426), a four- sures to secure a desirable 
 footed animal. end. 
 
 PED'LER, a travelling foot trader. IMPEDE', to hinder; to obstruct. 
 
 PED'DLE, to travel as a pedler. IMPEDIMENT, hindrance 
 
 PED'IGREE, genealogy. EX'PEDITE, to hasten. 
 
 381. Pe'to, (pet i' turn), to seek. 
 
 PET'ULANT, peevish; fretful in AP'PETITE, hunger; longing, 
 respect to what is wished for CENTRIP'ETAL, (Gr. 44), tend- 
 from others. ing towards the centre. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 12T 
 
 COMPETE', to rival. 
 COMPETENCE, a sufficiency. 
 COMPETITION, rivalry ; contest. 
 IMPET'UOUS, headstrong; forci- 
 
 ble. 
 
 lM'pETUS,(Lat.),force ofmotion. 
 REPEAT', to try again; to re- 
 cite. 
 REPETITION, the act of doing 
 
 or uttering a second time. 
 382. Pflo, to pillage; to rob. 
 
 COMPILE', to select and put to- IPn/LAGE, (3), to plunder; to- 
 gether, i rob. 
 
 383. Pin' go, (pic' turn), to paint. 
 
 PICT'URE, a painting; a repre- PIG'MENT, paint; color. 
 
 sentation. DEPICT', to paint; to describe. 
 
 PICTURESQUE', like a picture, i 
 
 384. Pi'o, (pia'tum), to appease by sacrifice. 
 
 EX'PIATE, to atone for. 
 EXPIA'TION, atonement. 
 
 EX'PIATORY, having power to 
 atone. 
 
 385. Pis'cis, a fish. 
 PIS'CATORY, relating to fishes. | PIS'CINE, of the fish kind, 
 
 386. Pla'ceo, to please. 
 
 PLAC'ID, quiet; mild. 
 COMPLA'CENCE, satisfaction. 
 IMPLA'CABLE, (Lat. pla'co, to 
 appease), not to be appeased. 
 
 PLEAS'URE, (Fr. plaisir), satis- 
 faction; enjoyment. 
 COM'PLAISANCE, civility. 
 DISPLEASE', to offend. 
 
 PLANT, a vegetable. 
 PLANTATION, a place planted. 
 PLAN'TAIN, an herb ; a tree. 
 IMPLANT', to set; to insert. 
 IMPLANT'ED, deeply fixed. 
 
 387. Plarita, a plant. 
 
 SUPPLANT', to displace by tak- 
 ing the place of the person 
 ejected. 
 
 TRANSPLANT', to remove and 
 plant in another place. 
 
 388. Plafnus, even; level; evident. 
 
 PLANE, to make smooth. 
 PLAIN, a level region; mani- 
 
 fest. 
 
 9 
 
 EXPLAIN', to make plain or in- 
 
 telligible. 
 
 [planatiqn. 
 
 EXPLANATORY, containing ex- 
 
128 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 389. Plau'do, (plau'sum), to clap; to applaud. 
 
 PLAUD'IT, applause. 
 PLAUS'IBLE, right in 
 
 [ance. 
 
 appear- 
 
 APPLAUD', to join in applause. 
 APPLAUSE', expression of appro- 
 bation by clapping the hands, 
 &c. 
 
 EXPLODE', to drive out in dis- 
 grace; to burst with a loud 
 report. 
 
 EXPLO'SION, violent bursting. 
 
 EXPLO'SIVE, liable to cause ex- 
 plosion. 
 
 390. Plebs, (jpldbis), the common people. 
 
 PLEBE'IAN, a. pertaining to the 
 common people. 
 
 PLEBE'IAN, s. one of the com- 
 mon people. 
 
 391. Ple'o, (pie' turn), to fill; Ple'nus, full. 
 
 PLE'NARY, full ; complete. 
 
 PLENIPOTENTIARY, (403), in- 
 vested with full powers. 
 
 PLEN'ITUDE, fulness. 
 
 PLEN'TEOUS, abundant. 
 
 PLE'ONASM, a redundancy of 
 words. 
 
 PLEN'TY, abundance ; exu- 
 berance. 
 
 ACCOM'PLISH, (Fr. accompttr*), 
 to finish entirely. 
 
 COMPLETE', full ; perfect. 
 COMPLEMENT, full quantity. 
 DEPLE'TION, an emptying. 
 EX'PLETIVE, something added 
 
 to fill up. 
 
 IM'PLEMENT, a utensil ; a tool. 
 REPLENISH, to fill again. 
 REPLETE', filled. 
 SUPPLY', to fill up ; to furnish. 
 SUPPLEMENT, an addition to 
 
 supply defects. 
 
 392. Ptfco, (plica'tum}, to fold. Pled to, (plex'urn), to twine 
 or weave. 
 
 ACCOMPLICE, one united with 
 another in a plot. 
 
 APPLY', to put one thing to 
 another. 
 
 APPLICATION, the act of apply- 
 ing ; the thing applied. 
 
 COMPLICATED, entangled; in- 
 terwoven with other things. 
 
 COMPLEX'ION, the hue of the 
 skin and features; general 
 appearance of a thing. 
 
 COMPLY', to yield. 
 
 DISPLAY', to unfold ; to show ; 
 to exhibit. 
 
 DUPLIC'ITY, (134), doubleness 
 
 of heart or speech. 
 DU'PLICATE, a second thing of 
 
 the sort. 
 
 EXPLIC'IT, plain ; clear. 
 INEXPLICABLE, that cannot be 
 
 explained or interpreted. 
 I IM'PLICATE, to involve; to show 
 
 a connection. 
 ] IMPLIC'IT, relying upon ; frusta 
 
 ing without reserve. 
 IMPLY', to express some opinion, 
 
 although not in direct lan- 
 guage. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 129 
 
 INEXPLICABLE, not to be ex- 
 plained. 
 
 MULTIPLICATION, (317), in- 
 crease ; repeated addition of 
 a quantity to itself. 
 
 PERPLEX', to entangle; to in- 
 volve. 
 
 PLI'ANT, easily bent. 
 
 REDUPLICA'TION, (134), dou- 
 bling. 
 
 SIM'PLE, (Lat. si'ne, without), 
 plain ; artless ; single. 
 
 SIMPLICITY, innocence; plain- 
 ness. 
 
 SIM'PLIFY, (152), to render less 
 complex ; to make easier. 
 
 SUP'PLICATE,* to entreat. 
 
 TRIP'LE, (549), three-fold. . 
 
 TRIP'LET, three verses rhyming 
 together. 
 
 * Lat. sup'plex, for subplex; literally, bending beneath; kneeling before one. 
 393. Plo'ro, (plora'tum), to cry; to bewail. 
 
 DEPLORE', to regret ; to bewail. 
 DEPLOR'ABLE, lamentable ; 
 wretched. 
 
 EXPLORE'^ search ; to examine. 
 IMPLORE', to call upon; to be- 
 seech. 
 
 394. Plum'bum, lead. 
 
 PLUMB, PLUM'MET, a leaden ;PLUMB'ER, one who works lead, 
 weight at the end of a line. PLUMBA'GO, black lead ; gra- 
 PLUMB, ad. perpendicularly. phite. 
 
 395. Plus, (plu'ris), more. 
 
 PLU'RAL, containing more than SUR'PLUS, what remains beyond 
 
 one. the necessary quantity. 
 
 PLURAL'iTY,f greater number. NON'PLUS,J to bring to a stand. 
 
 f A candidate is said to have a plurality of votes, when he has more than 
 any other single candidate. 
 J Literally, no more. 
 
 396. Po'lio, (poli'tum), to polish. 
 
 POL'ISH, to smooth; to bright- POLITE', elegant in manners 3 
 en. | well-bred. 
 
 See Gr. 187. 
 
 397. Po'mufti, an apple. 
 
 Po M r ACE, the substance of apples | POMEGRAN'ATE,|| (209), a kind 
 or of similar fruit crushed by 
 grinding. 
 
 of fruit. 
 POM'MEL, a knob or ball. 
 
 Literally, an apple having many grains or seeds. 
 
130 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 398. Pon'dus, (pon'deris), a weight. 
 
 POUND, a weight. 
 PON'DEROUS, heavy. 
 PON'DER, to weigh mentally. 
 
 PREPON 'DERATE, to outweigh. 
 IMPON'DERABLE, not having 
 perceptible weight. 
 
 399. Po'no, (pos'itum'), to put or place. 
 
 POSI'TION, place ; situation. L 
 
 POS'ITIVE. distinctly laid down. 
 
 POST, station. 
 
 POS'TURE, situation; attitude. 
 
 POSTPONE', to put off; to delay. 
 
 AP'POSITE, proper; fit. 
 
 COMPO'NENT, forming part of a 
 composition. 
 
 COMPOSE', to put together. 
 
 COMPOS'ITOR, a setter of types. 
 
 COMPO'SURE, calmness ; tran- 
 quillity. 
 
 v DECOMPOSE', to separate into 
 the constituent parts. 
 
 DEPOT 7 , (Fr.) 3 a place of de- 
 posit. 
 
 DEPOSI'TION, that which is laid 
 or thrown down ; written tes- 
 timony. 
 
 DEPOSE', to put down. 
 
 DEPOSITORY, the place where 
 anything is lodged. 
 
 DISCOMPOSE', to disorder; to 
 disturb. 
 
 DISPOSE', to place in order. 
 
 EXPOSE', to lay open. 
 EXPOS'ITOR, an explainer. 
 EXPOSITION, explanation. 
 IMPOSE', to put upon ; to cheat. 
 IMPOSITION, a cheat. 
 IM'POST, a tax laid on imported 
 
 merchandise. 
 
 IMPOS'TURE, fraud ; imposition. 
 INTERPOSE', to put between 
 OPPOSE', to resist. 
 OP'POSITE, situated in front or 
 
 over against. 
 PREPOSI'TION, a word placed 
 
 before another. 
 
 PROPOSE', to offer to considera- 
 tion. 
 
 PUR'POSE, intention ; design 
 REPOSE', to rest ; to rely. 
 REPOSITORY, a place for storing 
 
 anything. 
 SUPPOSE', to imagine or state 
 
 something possible, but not 
 
 known to be true. 
 TRANSPOSE', to put each into 
 
 the place of the other. 
 
 400. Pop'ulus, the people ; Pul'lico, to publish. 
 
 PEO'PLE, persons ; a nation. DEPOP'ULATE, to deprive of in- 
 PoPULA r TioN,the whole number habitants. 
 
 of people in a country or dis- PUB'LIC, general; national. 
 
 trict. PUBLICITY, general notoriety. 
 
 POP'ULACE, the common people. PUB'LISH, to make known; to 
 
 POP'ULAR, suitable to people in 
 
 general. 
 POP'ULOUS, full of people. 
 
 send out to the public. 
 PUBLICA'TION, a publishing; a 
 book. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 401. Por'ta, a gate. 
 
 131 
 
 POR'TAL, a gate ; an entrance. 
 POR'TICO, a covered walk; an 
 
 entrance. 
 POR'TER, a doorkeeper. 
 
 PORT'-HOLE, a gun hole in a 
 
 ship's side. 
 PORT, a harbor; a place where 
 
 vessels may enter. 
 
 402. For' to, to carry. 
 
 POR'TER, a carrier. | OPPORTUNITY, fit time ; occa- 
 
 PORT'ABLE, easily carried. sion. 
 
 PORTMAN'TEAU, (282), a kind, OPPORTUNE', well timed. 
 
 of valise. 
 
 COMPORT', to agree ; to suit. 
 DEPORT'MENT, conduct. 
 EXPORT', to send abroad. 
 IMPORT', to bring into a country. 
 
 INOPPORTUNE', unseasonable. 
 PORTFO'LIO, (186), a case for 
 
 carrying loose papers. 
 PUR'PORT, meaning. 
 PORT'LY, corpulent. 
 
 IMPORT'ANT, weighty; moment-: REPORT', rumor; an account. 
 
 ous. j SUPPORT', to bear up ; to prop. 
 
 IMPORTUNE', to tease ; to molest. TRANSPORT', to carry from place 
 IMPORTU'NITY, urgent solicita- to place. 
 
 tion. 
 
 403. Pos'sum, (pot'ui), to be able. 
 
 POS'SIBLE, that can be done. 
 PO'TENT, powerful. 
 IM'POTENT, powerless. 
 OMNIPOTENT, (345), having 
 infinite power. 
 
 PLENIPOTENTIARY, (391), hav- 
 ing full power. 
 
 PO'TENTATE, one having kingly 
 power. 
 
 POTEN'TIAL, relating to power. 
 
 404. Pos'terus, following ; coming after. 
 
 POSTE'RIOR, 
 after. 
 
 later ; coming 
 
 POSTER'ITY, succeeding genera- 
 
 tons. 
 
 POS'TERN, primarily, a back 
 door or gate; hence, any 
 small door or gate. 
 
 PREPOS'TEROUS,* absurd. 
 
 * Literally) having that first which ought to be last ; inverted in order. 
 
 Webster. 
 
 405. Pos'tulo, (postula'tum'), to demand. 
 
132 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 406. Po'tOj (pota'tum or po'tum), to drink. 
 
 PO'TION, a draught; a dose. 
 POTA'TION, a drinking; a 
 draught. 
 
 COMPOTA'TION, a drinking 
 
 gether. 
 
 [with another. 
 
 COMPOTA'TOR, one who drinks 
 
 407. Pre'cor, (preca'tus), to entreat. 
 
 DEP'RECATE, to pray for deliver- j IM'PRECATE, to invoke calamity 
 ance from any evil; to dread 
 or regret. 
 
 to rest upon any one. 
 PRECA'RIOUS,* uncertain; not 
 sure to be retained. 
 
 * Original signification, asked for, and therefore dependent on the will of 
 another. 
 
 PREY, plunder 
 
 PRED'ATORY, plundering 
 
 408. Free? da, prey; booty. 
 
 DEPREDA'TION, a robbing; a 
 
 spoiling 
 DEP'REDATOR, a robber. 
 
 409. Prehen'do, (prehen'suni), to seize. 
 
 APPREHEND', to lay hold on ; to 
 suspect with fear. 
 
 APPRENTICE, (Fr. apprenti), a 
 learner of an art or trade. 
 
 APPRISE', to inform, to give 
 notice. 
 
 COMPREHEND', to include. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, that which is un- 
 dertaken. 
 
 IMPREG'NABLE, (Fr. imprena- 
 ble), not to be stormed or 
 taken. 
 
 INCOMPREHENSIBLE, not to be 
 understood. 
 
 PRIS'ON, (Fr.), a place of con- 
 finement. 
 
 PRIZE, that which is taken in 
 contest. 
 
 REPRI'SAL, seizure of property 
 in war. 
 
 REPREHEND', to blame; to chide. 
 
 REPREHEN'siBLE,blame-worthy. 
 
 SURPRISE', astonishment at 
 something unexpected. 
 
 410. Pre'mOj (pres'swm), to press. 
 
 PRESS, to squeeze ; to urge. 
 IMPRESS', to imprint; to stamp. 
 IMPRES'SION, a print; a mark 
 
 made by pressure. 
 COMPRESS', toj force together. 
 COMPRESS'IBLE, yielding to 
 
 pressure. 
 DEPRESS', to bear down. 
 
 EXPRESS', to squeeze out; to 
 declare. 
 
 OPPRESSION, cruelty; severity. 
 
 PRINT, (Fr. imprinter), to stamp 
 with letters or figures. 
 
 REPRESS', to force back. 
 
 SUPPRESS', to subdue; to con- 
 ceal. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 411. Pre'tium, price, reward. 
 
 133 
 
 PRICE, value; rate; reward. 
 PRE'CIOUS, valuable; costly. 
 
 APPRECIATE, to estimate justly. 
 DEPRE'CIATE, to undervalue. 
 
 412. Primus, first. 
 
 PRIME, a. first rate. 
 
 PRIME, v. to put on the first 
 coat in painting. 
 
 PRIM'ER, a child's first book. 
 
 PRIME' VAL, (147), original; an- 
 cient. 
 
 PRINCE, (Lat. prin'ceps'), a 
 sovereign or his kinsman. 
 
 PRI'MARY, first; original. 
 
 PREM'IER, (Fr.), the first min- 
 ister of state. 
 
 PRIM, nice; formal. 
 
 PRIM'ROSE, (Lat. rosa, a rose), 
 a rose which opens very early 
 in the spring. 
 
 PRINCIPLE, (47), element; 
 cause ; ground of 
 
 original 
 action. 
 
 PRINCIPAL, chief; capital. 
 
 PRI'OR, (Lat.), former; antece- 
 dent. 
 
 PRIOR'ITY. precedence. 
 
 PRIMOGENITURE, (204), state 
 of being first born. 
 
 413. Prfvus, single; one's own. 
 
 PRI'VATE, secret; particular. 
 
 PRI'VACY, secrecy; retirement. 
 
 PRIVILEGE, (256), peculiar ad- 
 vantage. 
 
 PRIVA'TION, a taking away; 
 absence of what is necessary 
 for comfort. 
 
 PRIV'Y, secret; sharing in a 
 secret. 
 
 PRIV'ILY, in a secret manner. 
 
 PRIVATEER', a vessel fitted out 
 by private owners, to plunder 
 the vessels of a hostile nation. 
 
 DEPRIVE', to take away from. 
 
 414. Pro'bo, (proba'tum,') to approve ; to try. Pro'bus, honest. 
 
 PROB'ITY, honesty; integrity. 
 PROBE, to search into. 
 PROS' ABLE, likely. 
 PROBA'TION, trial. 
 PROVE, to try, to test. [with. 
 APPROVE', to like ; to be pleased 
 
 \PPROBA'TION, the act of ap- 
 proving. 
 
 DISPROVE', to confute. 
 IMPROVE', to make better. 
 REPROVE', to blame ; to censure. 
 REP'ROBATE, lost to virtue. 
 
 415. Pro'pe, near. Prox'imus, nearest; next. 
 
 PROPIN'QUITY, (Lat. propin'- 
 
 quitas), nearness. 
 PROX'IMATE, nearest; next. 
 PROXIM'ITY, immediate near- 
 
 ness, 
 
 APPROXIMATE, APPROACH', 
 (Fr. approcher'), to come 
 near. 
 
 REPROACH', (Fr. reprocher), to 
 
 censure. 
 
134 
 
 416. Pro'prius, belonging to ; peculiar. 
 
 APPROPRIATE, v. to take for 
 
 one s own use. 
 
 APPROPRIATE, a. suitable, fit. 
 PROP'ER, fit; suitable: also, 
 belonging to; peculiar. 
 
 PROP'ERTY, that which belongs 
 
 to a person or thing. 
 PROPRIETOR, an owner of pro. 
 
 perty. [ownership. 
 
 PROPRI'ETT, suitableness : also, 
 
 417. Pu'er, a boy. 
 PU'ERILE, boyish. | PUERIL'ITY, boyishness. 
 
 418. Pug'nus, the fist. 
 
 PUGNA'CIOUS, (Lat. pug'na, a I IMPUGN', to attack; to reproach. 
 
 battle), quarrelsome; disposed | REPUG'NANCE, aversion; dislike. 
 
 to fight. [fists. I REPUG'NANT, adverse; antago- 
 
 PU'GILIST, a fighter with the) nistic. 
 
 419. Pul'vis, (jnifvm*), dust. 
 
 PUI/VERIZE, to reduce to pow- 
 der. 
 
 PULVERIZATION, the act of 
 pulverizing. 
 
 420. Pun'go, (pundtum), to sting. 
 PUN'GENT, stinging; acute. | PUNCTUALITY, scrupulous ex- 
 
 PUNCT'URE, a hole pierced. 
 
 PUNCTUA'TION, (Lat.jpwnc' 
 a point or dot), the art of 
 pointing written language. 
 
 PuNCTiL'ious,exactin behavior. 
 
 actness in regard to time 
 COMPUNC'TION, the sting of 
 
 conscience. 
 
 EXPUNGE', to cross out or ef- 
 face. 
 
 421. Pu'niOj (puni'tum), to punish. 
 
 PUN'ISH, to inflict pain for evil 
 conduct. 
 
 PU'NITIVE, awarding or inflict- 
 ing punishment. 
 
 IMPU'NITY, freedom from pun- 
 ishment; freedom or exemp- 
 tion from evil consequences. 
 
 422. Pu'to, (puta'tum), to think. 
 
 ACCOUNT', (Fr. compte), a reck- 1 AM'PUTATE, to cut off.* 
 oning; a narrative. | COMPUTE', to count or reckon. 
 
 * The primary signification of the Latin word puto is to lop off or prune f 
 it also signifies secondarily, to adjust accounts ; to reckon. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 135 
 
 COUNT, to enumerate. 
 DEPUTE', to send as a substitute. 
 DEP'UTY, one appointed to act 
 
 for another. 
 DEPUTATION, the person or 
 
 persons deputed. 
 
 DISPUTE', to contend in argu- 
 ment. 
 
 IMPUTE', to set to the account 
 of; to ascribe. 
 
 REPUTA'TION, character; pub- 
 lic estimation. 
 
 423. Qua'lis, such as ; of what kind. 
 
 QUAL'ITY, character; nature; 
 
 degree of excellence. 
 QUAL'IFY, (152), to render fit. 
 
 QUALIFICATION, fitness; modi- 
 fication. 
 DISQUALIFY, to render unfit. 
 
 424. Quan'tus, how great ; as gr 2at as. 
 
 QUAN'TITY, that property of 
 anything which may be in- 
 creased or diminished. 
 
 QUAN'TUM SUFFI'CIT, (Lai), a 
 sufficient quantity or amount. 
 
 425. Qua'tio, (quas'surn), to shake. 
 
 QUASH, to crush ; to annul. 
 CONCUS'SION,* a violent agita- 
 
 tion; a shock. 
 
 Discuss'jfto examine ; to debate. 
 PERCUS'SION, a striking; a 
 stroke. 
 
 * From concu'tio, which is compounded of con and qua'tio. 
 j- From discii'tio, signifying to shake apart or in pieces. 
 
 426. Quatfuor^fom ; Quad'ra, a square. 
 
 QUAD'RANT, a quarter of a cir- 
 cle ; an instrument. 
 
 QUADRAT'IC, pertaining to the 
 square or second power of a 
 quantity. 
 
 QUADRAN'GULAR, (12), having 
 four angles. 
 
 QUAD'RATE, to suit; to corres- 
 pond (followed by with). 
 
 QUADRILAT'ERAL, (250), four- 
 sided. 
 
 QUAD'RUPED, (380), a four- 
 footed animal. 
 
 QUADRUPLE, (392), fourfold. 
 
 QUAR'ANTINE, J the term during 
 which a vessel suspected of 
 infection is kept at a distance 
 from the port or city. 
 
 QUART, the fourth part of a 
 gallon. 
 
 QUART' AN, coming every fourth 
 day (as, a quartan fever). 
 
 QUART'ER, to divide into four 
 equal parts or quarters. 
 
 QUAR'TO, (Lat.), a book in which 
 every sheet makes four leaves. 
 
 QUAR'TERLY, every quarter. 
 
 Literally, the space of forty days. 
 
136 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 SQUAD'RON,* a division of a | SQUARE, (Fr. quarrf), having 
 fleet: a detachment of ships I four equal sides and four right 
 of war. I angles. 
 
 * Primary signification, a square or square form. 
 
 427. Que'ror, (ques'tus), to complain. 
 
 QUAR'REL, (Fr. quereller), to 
 contend angrily; co find fault; 
 to cavil. 
 
 QUER'ULOUS, disposed to mur- 
 mur or complain. 
 
 428. Quadra, (guoBstitumj) to seek; to ask. 
 
 QUEST, search; inquiry. 
 
 QUE'RY, QUES'TION, an asking; 
 a doubt. 
 
 ACQUIRE', to obtain. 
 
 ACQUISITION, the thing ac- 
 quired ; the act of acquiring. 
 
 CON'QUER, (Fr. conquerir}, to 
 subdue; to gain by force. 
 
 CON'QUEST, the act of conquer- 
 ing. 
 
 DISQUISITION, a systematic ex- 
 amination of a subject. 
 
 Ex'QUisiTE,f nice; excellent. 
 
 INQUIRE', to ask a question. 
 
 INQUIS'ITIVE, apt to ask ques- 
 
 tions 
 
 curious. 
 
 INQUISI'TION, an investigation 
 or trial. 
 
 INQUISITO'RIAL, pertaining to 
 the Catholic court of inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 PER'QUISITE, a fee; an allow- 
 ance beyond the stated wages. 
 
 REQUEST', to solicit; to entreat. 
 
 REQUIRE', to demand. 
 
 REQUISITION, a demand. 
 
 REQ'UISITE, required; neces- 
 sary. 
 
 { Literally r , sought out from among others ; whence, choice ; select. 
 
 429. Qui'es, (quicftis), rest. 
 
 QUIET, tranquil ; at rest. I DISQUI'ET, to disturb. 
 
 QUIES'CENCE, a state of repose; RE'QUIEM,| (in the Romish 
 
 quietude. 
 ACQUIESCE', to assent; to rest 
 satisfied. 
 
 church), a hymn or mass 
 sung for the dead, for the rest 
 of the soul. 
 
 J So called from the first word of the form used. 
 
 430. Quin'que, five. 
 
 QUINTESSENCE, (520), the fifth j QUINTUPLE, (392), five-fold, 
 essence; the essence highly j QUINTIL'LION, a million four 
 refined. times multiplied by a million. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 431. Quotj how many; as many. 
 
 137 
 
 QUO'TA, (Lat.), a just part or 
 
 share. 
 QUOTID'IAN, (118), daily; (as, 
 
 QUO'TIENT, the number which 
 shows how often the divisor 
 is contained in the dividend. 
 
 a quotidian fever). 
 
 432. Ra'bies, madness. 
 RAB'ID, mad ; (as, a dog). | RAVE, to be delirious or furious. 
 
 433. Ra'dius, a rod; a spoke. 
 
 RA'DIUS, the semi-diameter of a 
 
 circle. 
 RAY, a line of light. 
 
 RA'DIATE, to emit rays. 
 RA'DIANCE, effulgence. 
 IRRA'DIATE, to illuminate. 
 
 434. Ra'diXj (rad'icis), a root. 
 
 RAD'ICAL, pertaining to the ERADICATE, to root out. 
 root;* deep seated. 
 
 * The word radical, when used in a political sense, denotes a disposition 
 to go to the root in respect to the constitution of society, and to set out anew 
 with first principles, rejecting artificial arrangements. 
 
 435. Ra'do, (ra'swm), to shave. 
 
 ABRADE', to rub or wear off. 
 ABRA'SION, the act of rubbing 
 
 off. 
 
 ERASE', to rub out; to obliterate. 
 ERA'SURE, the act of erasing. 
 
 RAZE, to demolish; to destroy 
 
 utterly. 
 RA'ZOR, an instrument for 
 
 shaving. 
 RAZEE', to cut down or reduce 
 
 to a lower class; (as, a ship). 
 
 436. Ra'mus, a bough or branch. 
 
 RAM'IFY, (152), to branch out; j RAMIFICA'TION, division into 
 to be divided and subdivided. | branches. 
 
 437. Ra'pio, (rap'tum), to snatch. 
 
 RAP'INE, plunder. 
 RAPA'CIOUS, 
 greedy. 
 
 plundering ; 
 
 RAPT, carried away by feeling 
 
 or enthusiasm. 
 
 RAPT'URE, ecstasy; transport. 
 RAPT'UROUS, ecstatic. 
 
 ENRAPT'URE, to put into ec- 
 stasy ; to delight. 
 RAP'ID, swift. 
 
 RAV'AGE, (3), to lay waste. 
 RAV'ISH, to bear away with joy 
 
 or transport 
 SURREPTI'TIOUS. 
 
 [stealth, 
 done by 
 
138 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 438. Re'go, (reef turn), to direct; to rule. Rec'tus, straight. 
 
 RE'GAL, (Lat. rex, (re'gis), a RE'GENT, a governor. 
 
 king), kingly. REC'TOR, a director; a pastor. 
 
 CORRECT', to make right. RECTILIN'EAR, (265), consist- 
 
 CORRECTION, a making right; ing of right lines. 
 
 taking away faults. jREc'TiTUDE, virtue; upright- 
 
 DIRECT', v. to guide; to order. 
 
 DIRECT', a. straight; not wind- 
 ing. 
 
 DIRECT'LY, immediately. 
 
 ERECT', upright; perpendicular. 
 
 INCOR'RIGIBLE, bad beyond cor- 
 
 rection. 
 
 INTERREG'NUM, (Lat. rec/num, 
 a reign), the time in which a 
 throne is vacant between two 
 reigns. 
 
 REC'TIFY, (152), to set right. 
 
 ness. 
 
 REG'ICIDE, (41), the murderer 
 of a king. 
 
 REG'IMEN, a system of regula- 
 tions; a course of diet. 
 
 REG'ULAR, agreeable to rule. 
 
 REG'ULATE, to adjust methodi- 
 cally. 
 
 REIGN, to exercise royal autho- 
 rity. 
 
 RIGHT, fit; just; true. 
 
 439. Re' or, (ra'tus), to think; to judge. 
 
 RATE, v. to determine value 
 according to a standard. 
 
 RATE, s. mode of estimating. 
 
 RAT'IFY, (152), to sanction; to 
 confirm. 
 
 RATIFICATION, the act of rati- 
 fying ; confirmation ; agree- 
 ment 
 
 RATIONA'LE, (Lat.), a series of 
 
 reasons assigned. 
 RA'TIONAL, agreeable to reason. 
 IRRA'TIONAL, not rational. 
 REAS'ON, (Fr. raisem), the 
 
 faculty of judging, which 
 
 man possesses. 
 RA'TION, a fixed allowance 
 
 440. Re'po, (rep 1 turn), to creep. 
 
 REP'TILE, a creeping animal. I RE'PENT, creeping; (as, a rep- 
 tile, or plant.) 
 
 441. Res, a thing. 
 
 RE'AL, actually existing. 
 REAL'ITY, actual existence. 
 
 RE'ALIZE, to bring into actual 
 existence ; to consider as real. 
 
 442. Ri'deo, (ri'sum), to laugh. 
 
 RID'ICULE, s. a laughable repre- RID'ICULE, v. to make sport of. 
 sentation. RIDIC'ULOUS, worthy of ridicule. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 139 
 
 DERIDE', to laugh at in a con- 
 temptuous manner. 
 DERIS'ION, contempt. 
 
 RIS'IBLE, pertaining to laughter; 
 
 exciting laughter. 
 
 443. Ri'geo, to be stiff, as with cold. 
 
 KJG'IP, stiff; strict; exact. RIG'OR, austerity; severity. 
 RIGID'ITY, stiffness; harshness. RIG'OROUS, severe; exact. 
 
 444. Ri'gOj (riga'tunC), to water. 
 IRRIGATE, to water, as a garden. | IRRIG'UOUS, watered; watery. 
 
 445. Ri'vus, a stream. 
 
 RIV'ULET, a little stream. 
 KJV'ER, a large stream. 
 ARRIVE',* to come to or reach. 
 
 DERIVE', f to deduce or draw 
 
 from some source. 
 Ri'vAL,J a competitor. 
 
 * Literally, to come to the shore or bank. Webster. 
 
 ( This word signifies, primarily , to draw a rivulet from the main stream 
 or reservoir. 
 
 J Among the Romans, those whose lands were separated by a brook were 
 called riva'les ; the word rival seems to have originated in the idea of con- 
 tention as occurring between such proprietors. 
 
 446. Ro'bur, (rol'oris), an oak; strength. 
 
 CORROBORATE, to confirm; to 
 make more certain. 
 
 CORROB'ORATIVE, tending to 
 
 confirm. 
 ROBUST', strong; vigorous. 
 
 447. Ro'go, (roga'tum), to ask. 
 
 AB'ROGATE, to repeal; to annul. 
 
 AR'ROGATE, to claim. 
 
 AR'ROGANCE, claiming much 
 for one's self; pride; con- 
 ceitedness. 
 
 AR'ROGANT, haughty; conceited. 
 
 DER'OGATE, to detract; to dis- 
 parage. 
 
 DEROG'ATORY, tending to de- 
 tract from the estimation in 
 
 INTERROGATION, the act of 
 questioning; a question. 
 
 INTERROG'ATIVE, containing a 
 question. 
 
 PREROG'ATIVE,|| an exclusive 
 privilege. 
 
 PROROGUE',^]" to put off; to ap- 
 point at a future time. 
 
 REINTER'ROGATE, to interro- 
 gate or question again. 
 
 SUR'ROGATE, a deputy. 
 
 which anything is held. 
 
 g Literally, to propose or seek freedom from. 
 
 || A privilege sought or asked which places the person before others, or 
 gives superiority. 
 
 ^ To ask or propose with respect to future time. 
 
140 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 448. Ro'ta, a wheel. 
 
 KO'TARY, turning; (as, a wheel ROTUND'ITY, roundness; sphe. 
 
 on its axis). ricity. 
 
 ROTA'TIOX, rotary motion. j ROTUND'O, (Lat.) } a round build- 
 ROTE, a round of words ; repe- ing. 
 
 tition of mere words. 
 ROTUND', round; spherical. 
 
 ROUTINE', (Fr.), a round of 
 business. 
 
 449. Ru'diSj unpolished; uncultivated. 
 
 RUDE, rough; coarse; un- 
 finished. 
 ER'UDITE,* learned. 
 
 RU'DIMENT, an elementary truth 
 
 or principle. 
 RUDIMENT' AL, initial; primary. 
 
 * Compounded of e, from, and rudis, and signifying, literally, brought out 
 from ignorance or rudeness. 
 
 450. Ru'ga, a wrinkle. 
 COR'RUGATE, to wrinkle. | RU'GOSE, wrinkled. 
 
 451. Rum'pOj (rup'tuni), to break. 
 
 RUP'TURE, a breaking. 
 ABRUPT 7 , broken off short; 
 
 having a sudden termination; 
 
 unconnected. 
 
 CORRUPTIBLE, capable of be- 
 coming corrupt. 
 
 DISRUPTION, the act of break- 
 ing asunder. 
 
 PANK'RUPT, (It. banc'o, a ERUP'TION, a bursting out. 
 bench), a trader who cannot INTERRUPT', to break in upon 
 pay his debts. the progress of anything. 
 
 CORRUPT', decomposed; de- j INTERRUPTION, a hindrance: 
 
 based; impure. 
 
 stop. 
 
 452. RuSj (ru'ris), the country. 
 
 RU'RAL, belonging to the coun- 
 try. 
 RUS'TIC, plain; unpolished. 
 
 RUSTIC'ITY, the qualities of a 
 
 countryman. 
 RUS'TICATE, to reside for a time 
 
 in the country. 
 
 453. Sa'cer, consecrated. 
 
 SA'CRED, holy; inviolable. 
 
 CON'SECRATE, to devote to sa- 
 cred purposes. 
 
 DES'ECRATE, to abuse or pervert 
 a sacred thing. 
 
 EX'ECRATE, (Lat. ex'secror, to 
 utter imprecations), to detest 
 
 SACERDO'TAL, (Lat. sacer'dos, a 
 priest), belonging to the priest- 
 hood. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 141 
 
 SAC'RAMENT, a religious cere- 
 mony. 
 
 SAC'RILEGE, (253), a violation 
 of what is sacred. 
 
 SAC'RIFICE, (152), a religious 
 offering ; a surrender of some 
 good for the sake of an ulte- 
 rior object. 
 
 454. Sa'gus, wise; discerning. 
 
 SAGE, wise; prudent. 
 SAGAC'ITY, discernment ; acute- 
 
 ness. 
 
 SAGA'CIOUS, discerning. 
 PRE'SAGE, to forebode ; to fore- 
 show. 
 
 455. Sal, (so'fts), salt. 
 
 SAL' AD, (Fr. salade), raw herbs j SALINE', partaking of the quali- 
 dressed with salt, &c. 
 
 SAL'ARY,* a fixed annual com- 
 pensation for services. 
 
 ties of salt. 
 SALT, a substance used for sea- 
 soning; the chloride of sodium. 
 
 * The Latin word sala'rium^ signifies, properly, money for salt j hence, 
 allowance for expennes. Leverett. 
 
 456. Sa'lio, (saftwwi), to leap; to spring. 
 
 ASSAIL', to attack. I IN'SULT, an affront. 
 
 ASSAIL'ANT, one who makes an RESULT', to fly back or rebound; 
 
 attack. 
 
 to follow as an effect. 
 
 DES'ULTORY, leaping ; passing SAL'LY, to rush out suddenly. 
 
 immethodically from one sub- ( SA'LIENT, leaping ; shooting 
 
 ject to another. 
 EXULT', to rejoice greatly. 
 
 INSULT', to treat with contempt 
 or abuse. 
 
 out. 
 SALM'ON, a leaping fish. 
 
 SAL'TATORY, adapted to leap- 
 ing; skipping; dancing. 
 
 457. Sa'lus, (salu'tis), health ; safety. 
 
 SAL'UTARY, healthful ; advanta- 
 geous. 
 
 SAFE, free from danger. 
 
 SALU'BRITY, tendency to pro- 
 mote health. [or success. 
 
 SALUTE', to greet ; to wish health 
 
 SALUTA'TION, a greeting. 
 
 SALVA'TION, preservation from 
 destruction. 
 
 SALU'TATORY, containing salu* 
 tations ; greeting ; (applied 
 to an oration which introduces 
 the exercises of commence- 
 ment in colleges). 
 
 SALVE, an ointment, 
 
 SAVE, to preserve ; to rescue. 
 
 SAV'IOUR, one who rescues. 
 
142 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 458. San'cio, (sane' turn), to consecrate; to ordain or establish. 
 
 SAINT, a person sanctified. SANC'TION, confirmation ; ap- 
 
 SANC'TIFY, (152), to make holy. proval. 
 
 SANCTIMO'NIOUS, having the ! SANC'TITY, (Lat. sanc'tus, holy), 
 
 appearance of sanctity; saint- 
 ly; seeming holy. 
 
 sacredness; holiness. 
 SANC'TUARY, a sacred place. 
 
 459. San'guiSj (san'guinis), blood. 
 
 SAN'GUINARY, bloody. 
 SAN'GUINE, ardent in feeling; 
 confident. 
 
 CONSANGUINITY, relationship 
 by blood. 
 
 460. Sa'nus, sound; healthy. 
 
 SANE, sound; having reason. 
 SAN'ITY, soundness; reason. 
 INSANE', disordered in mind. 
 
 INSAN'ITY, derangement; mad- 
 ness. 
 SAN'ATIVE, tending to heal. 
 
 461. Sa'pio, to have flavor or taste; to be wise. 
 
 SA'PIENT, wise; discerning. 
 SA'PIENCE, wisdom. 
 SAPORIF'IC, (152), producing 
 
 taste. 
 
 INSIP'ID, tasteless. 
 SA'VOR, taste or odor. 
 SA'VORY, pleasing to the organs 
 of taste or smell. 
 
 SAPONACEOUS, soapy 
 
 462. SapOj (sapo'nis), soap. 
 
 SAPON'IFY, (152), to convert 
 into soap. 
 
 463. Sa'tis, enough. 
 
 SA'TIATE, to feed to the full ; SAT'URATE, to add an ingredient 
 to fill beyond natural desire, j until no more can be absorbed. 
 
 SATI'ETY, an excess of gratifica- SAT'ISFY, (152), to gratify wants 
 tion ; fulness producing dis- 1 or demands to the full extent, 
 gust. I|!NSA'TIABLE, not to be satisfied. 
 
 464. Sca'la, a ladder. 
 ScALE,to climb; (as, by a ladder). | SCAL'ABLE, that may be scaled. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 465. Scan' do, (scan' sum), to climb; to mount. 
 
 143 
 
 ASCEND', to climb or go up. 
 
 ASCENT', the way by which one 
 ascends. 
 
 DESCEND', to go down. 
 
 CONDESCEND', to stoop ; to de- 
 scend from the dignity of rank 
 or character. 
 
 CONDESCENSION, voluntary de- 
 scent from rank, &c. 
 
 TRANSCEND', to rise beyond; to 
 surmount. 
 
 SCAN, to examine with critical 
 care ; to examine a verse by 
 counting the feet. 
 
 466. Scin'do, (scis'sum'), to cut; to divide. 
 
 SCIS'SORS, small shears. 
 EXSCIND', to cut off. 
 
 I RESCIND', to abrogate; to re- 
 voke. 
 
 467. Sci'o, to know; Scien'tia, knowledge. 
 
 SCI'ENCE, knowledge. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC, (152), pertaining 
 to science. 
 
 SCI'OLIST, a smatterer; one who 
 knows many things superfi- 
 cially. 
 
 CONSCIENCE, the knowledge of 
 right and wrong. 
 
 CONSCIOUSNESS, the knowledge 
 of what passes in one's own 
 mind. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUS, obedient to the 
 dictates of conscience. 
 
 OMNIS'CIENCE, (345), know- 
 ledge of all things. 
 
 PRESCIENCE, foreknowledge. 
 
 468. Scri'bo, (scrip' turn), to write. 
 
 SCRIBE, a writer ; a secretary. 
 
 SCRIB'BLE, to write carelessly. 
 
 SCRIPT'URE, a writing.* 
 
 SCRIV'ENER, one who draws 
 contracts or other writings. 
 
 SCRIP, a small writing or certi- 
 ficate. 
 
 SUBSCRIBE', to write under- 
 neath; to sign with one's 
 own hand. 
 
 DESCRIBE',")" to give an account 
 of. 
 
 PRESCRIBE', to give a written 
 direction; to give a rule of 
 conduct. 
 
 PROSCRIBE',}; to censure and 
 condemn as unworthy of re- 
 ception. 
 
 TRANSCRIBE', to write a copy 
 of anything. 
 
 CIRCUMSCRIBE', to limit; to 
 enclose by a boundary. 
 
 INSCRIBE', to write upon ; to 
 dedicate in a short written 
 address. 
 
 ASCRIBE', to attribute to. 
 
 * Used only in reference to the Sacred Writings contained in the Bible, 
 f Literally, to write concerning. 
 
 J Primitive signification, to write the name of a person on the list of those 
 who are placed out of the protection of the law. 
 10 
 
144 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 CONSCRIP'TION, a compulsory MAN'USCRIPT, (282), that which 
 enrolment of men for mill-! -is written with the hand. 
 
 tary or naval service. 
 SUPERSCRIPTION, that which is 
 written on the outside. 
 
 POST'SCRIPT, something written 
 after a letter has been con- 
 cluded and signed. 
 
 469. Scru'tor, (scruta'tus), to examine. 
 
 SCRU'TINY, close examination. 
 SCRUTINIZE, to examine closely. 
 
 INSCRU'TABLE, unsearchable; 
 not to be understood. 
 
 470. Se'co, (sec* turn), to cut. 
 SE'CANT, in geometry, a line DISSECT*, to cut in pieces in 
 
 which cuts another or divides 
 
 such a manner as to show the 
 
 it into two parts. [tion. ! several constituent parts. 
 
 SEC'TION, a part; a distinct por-ilN'sECT, a small animal. 
 SECT, a party holding peculiar | INSEC'TION, a cutting in. 
 
 sentiments in philosophy or 
 
 religion. 
 SEG'MENT, a part cut off. 
 BISECT', (37), to separate into 
 
 two equal parts. 
 
 INTERSECTION, the point where 
 
 lines cut each other. 
 VENESEC'TION, (Lat. ve'na, a 
 
 vein), the act of opening a, 
 
 vein. 
 
 471. Sec'ulum, an age. 
 
 SEC'ULAR, pertaining to the j SECULARIZE, to make worldly, 
 present world. 
 
 472. Se'deo, (sesfsum), to sit. 
 SED'ENTARY, accustomed to sit- ' POSSESS', (403), to hold ; to 
 
 ting. 
 
 own. 
 
 SES'SION, a sitting. I PRESIDE', to be set over; to di- 
 
 SED ATE', settled; calm; sober. ; RESIDE', to dwell. [rect. 
 
 SED'IMENT, that which settles. < RES'IDUE, the remaining part. 
 ASSID'UOUS, diligent in appli-j SUBSIDE', to sink away. 
 
 cation.* SuBSiD'iARY,aiding; furnishing 
 
 INSID'IOUS, \_properly, lying in! supplies. 
 
 wait], deceitful; treacherous. SUB'SIDIZE, to purchase the as- 
 ASSESS', to fix the value of pro- j sistance of another. 
 
 perty for the purpose of taxa- SUPERSEDE'^ to take the place 
 
 of; to set aside by having 
 
 tion. 
 ASSESS'OR, one who assesses. 
 
 superior influence. 
 
 * Literally, sitting close to work, 
 f Literally, to sit above. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 473. Se'men, (sem'inis), seed. 
 
 145 
 
 SEM'INARY, a place of educa- DISSEM'INATE, to scatter abroad; 
 tion.* (as, seed). 
 
 * Because the seeds of knowledge are there planted. 
 
 474. Sem'i, (an inseparable particle), half. 
 
 SEM'I-AN'NUAL, (14), half ! SEM'I-DIAM'ETER, (Gr. 137), 
 yearly. half the diameter. 
 
 SEM'I-CIRCLE, (71), half of a SEM'I-TONE, (Or. 218), half a 
 circle. tone. 
 
 475. Se'neXj aged Se'nior, older. 
 
 SE'NIOR, one more advanced in 
 years or in the course of ap- 
 pointment or station. 
 
 SE'NILE, pertaining to old age. 
 
 SEN'ATOR, a member of a sen- 
 
 ate.f 
 SEIGN'IOR, a nobleman; a title 
 
 of honor. 
 
 f- The Romans called their highest legislative body the Senate, from its 
 having been composed at first of the older men. 
 
 476. Sen'tWj (sen'sum), to perceive ; to think. 
 
 SEN'TIMENT, thought ; opinion ; 
 notion. 
 
 SENTIMENT' AL, reflective. 
 
 SEN'TIENT, having the faculty 
 of perception. 
 
 SEN'TENCE, a judgment pro- 
 nounced upon a criminal; a 
 complete expression in words. 
 
 SENSE, the faculty of perceiving 
 by the senses or by the intel- 
 lect; meaning. 
 
 SENS'UAL, pertaining to the 
 senses. 
 
 SENSITIVE, easily affected. 
 
 SENS'IBLE, able to perceive; in- 
 telligent; perceptible by the 
 senses. 
 
 ASSENT', to agree to. 
 
 CONSENT', to yield. 
 
 DISSENT', to differ in opinion; 
 to refuse assent. 
 
 PRESENTIMENT, apprehension 
 of something future. 
 
 RESENT', to manifest anger in 
 consequence of a supposed 
 injury. 
 
 477. Sepe'lioj (sepul'tum), to bury. 
 
 SEP'ULCHRE, a tomb or place of I SEP'ULTURE, burial; the act of 
 burial. I interring. 
 
146 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 478. Sep'temj seven. 
 
 SEPTEM'BER, the seventh 
 
 month.* 
 SEPTEN'NIAL, (14), of seven 
 
 years. 
 
 SEp'TUAGiNT,f (Lat. septua- 
 gin'ta, seventy), a Greek ver- 
 sion or translation of the Old 
 Testament. 
 
 * Reckoning from March, which was once accounted the first month in the 
 year. 
 
 f So called because it was made by seventy (or more exactly seventy-two) 
 interpreters. The date of its execution was about 280 B. C. 
 
 479. Se'quor, (secu'tus), to follow. 
 
 SE'QUEL, the succeeding part. 
 
 SE'QUENCE, a following; suc- 
 cession. 
 
 CON'SEQUENCE, that which fol- 
 lows from any act or event. 
 
 CONSEC'UTIVE, following in 
 regular order. 
 
 EX'ECUTE, (Lat. ex'sequor), to 
 carry into effect. 
 
 OBSE'QUIOUS, complying in a 
 servile manner. 
 
 PER'SECUTE, to pursue with in- 
 juries and vexation. 
 
 PROS'ECUTE, to follow with a 
 view to accomplish; to bring 
 to trial. 
 
 OB'SEQUIES, funeral solemnities. 
 
 ENSUE', to follow as a conse- 
 quence. 
 
 PURSUE', to follow; to chase. 
 
 SUBSEQUENT, occurring at a 
 later period. 
 
 480. Se'rOj (ser'tum), to knit together ; to connect. 
 
 SE'RIES, (Lat.), a succession of 
 things. 
 
 SER'MON, (Lat. se/mo, speech), EXERT', to put forth; to put into 
 
 a discourse. 
 ASSERT', to declare ; to affirm. 
 
 DESERT', to forsake. 
 DISSERTA'TION, a treatise. 
 
 action. 
 
 INSERT', to set in or among. 
 ASSERT'OR, a vindicator. 
 
 481. Ser'pOy to creep. 
 SER'PENT, a creeping animal. | SER'PENTINE, winding; spiral. 
 
 482. Ser'ra, a saw. 
 
 SER'RATED, notched like a saw;| 
 having the margin cut intoj 
 
 teeth pointing forwards; (as, 
 a leaf). 
 
 483. Ser'vOj (serva'turri), to watch; to preserve. Ser'vus, a 
 slave or servant. 
 
 SERVE, to attend at command ; 
 to wait on. 
 
 SERV'ANT, one who serves. 
 SERF, a kind of slave. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 147 
 
 SERV'ICE, labor performed for 
 
 another. 
 
 SER'VILE, slavish. 
 SER'VITUDE, slavery. 
 SERVIL'ITY, mean dependence. 
 CONSERVATORY, a place whore 
 
 anything is preserved. 
 DESERVE', to merit. 
 OBSERVE', to watch; to have 
 
 regard to. 
 
 PRESERVE', to save. 
 
 RESERVE', to keep back; to 
 keep in store. 
 
 SUBSER'VIENT, useful as an in- 
 strument in promoting some 
 end. 
 
 RES'ERVOIR, (Fr.), a place for 
 containing what is kept in 
 store; particularly a cavity 
 for holding a fluid. 
 
 484. Seve'rus, severe. 
 
 SEVERE', sharp; strict; exact. 
 SEVER'ITY, sharpness ; strict- 
 ness, [pursuit. 
 PERSEVE'RANCE, constancy in a 
 
 PERSEVERE', to persist in an 
 attempt. 
 
 ASSEVERA'TION, a solemn af- 
 firmation. 
 
 485. Sex, six. 
 
 SEXAGENA'RIAN, (Lat. sexa- 
 gin'ta, sixty), one at the age 
 of sixty years. 
 
 SEX'TANT, the sixth part t)f a 
 circle; an instrument for 
 measuring angles. 
 
 486. Si'dus, (sid'eris), a star. 
 SIDE'REAL, pertaining to stars. I 
 
 487. Sig'num, a sign ; a seal. 
 
 SIGN, s. a token ; a mark. 
 SIGN, v. to write one's name 
 under any form or document. 
 SIG'N AL, that which gives notice. 
 SIG'NIFY, (152), to express; to 
 
 mean. 
 
 IN SIGNIFICANT, wanting mean- 
 ing ; unimportant. 
 ASSIGN', to allot; to appoint. 
 
 CONSIGN', to deliver over; to 
 
 commit. 
 
 DESIGN', to purpose ; to plan. 
 DESIGNATE, to point out. 
 DESIGNATION, a name. 
 EN'SIGN, a standard; a badge. 
 RESIGN', to yield ; to give up. 
 SIG'NET, a seal. 
 
 488. Sim'ifa, like. 
 
 SIM'ILAR, like; resembling. 
 SIM'ILE, an illustrative compari- 
 son. 
 SIMILARITY, SIMIL'ITUDE, 
 
 SEM'BLANCE,RESEM'BLANCE, 
 likeness; comparison. 
 ASSIM'ILATE, to make like ; to 
 cause to resemble. 
 
148 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 DISSEM'BLE, to hide under a 
 
 false appearance. 
 DISSIMULATION, hypocrisy. 
 DISSIM'ILAR, unlike. 
 FAC-SIM'ILE, (152), an exact 
 
 imitation. 
 
 RESEM'BLE, (Fr. ressemller'), to 
 
 be like. 
 SIMULTANEOUS, (Lat. si'mul, 
 
 together), at the same time. 
 SIMULATION, pretence ; dis- 
 
 guise. 
 489. Sinis'ter, left. 
 
 SINISTER, left handed; dis- SIN'ISTROUSLY, wrongly; per- 
 honest. versely. 
 
 490. JSHnus, a fold; a bosom. 
 
 SINUOS'ITY, a bending or curv- 
 ing in and out. 
 
 INSINUATE, to introduce by 
 slow, gentle, or artful means. 
 INSINUATION, a hint. 
 
 491. Sis' to, or sto, (sta'tum), to stand; to place; to set up. 
 
 CON'STABLE,! an officer of the 
 
 peace. 
 DESIST', to stand off; to stop. 
 
 STATE, condition. 
 STA'TION, a standing place. 
 STATIONARY, fixed; settled. 
 
 STAT'URE, the height of a person. 
 
 STAT'UE, an image set up. 
 
 STA'BLE. a house for beasts to 
 stand in. 
 
 STABILITY, steadiness. 
 
 AR'MISTICE, (25), a cessation 
 from hostilities ; a truce. 
 
 ARREST', to stop. 
 
 ASSIST', to stand by ; to help. 
 
 CIR'CUMSTANCE,* something at- 
 tending a fact or case. 
 
 CONSIST', to stand together; to 
 be composed of. 
 
 CONSISTENT, compatible; con- 
 
 gruous, [tinual. 
 
 CON'STANT, unchanged ; con- 
 CON'STITUTE, to form or com- 
 pose. 
 
 CONSTITUTION, established sys- 
 tem. 
 
 DES'TITUTE, not possessing; 
 
 needy. 
 
 DIS'TANT, remote; far off. 
 DIS'TANCE, space between two 
 
 objects. 
 
 ESTAB'LISH, to settle firmly. 
 EXIST', to be. 
 EX'TANT, now in being. 
 INSIST', to stand upon ; to urge. 
 IN'STANT, pressing; present; a 
 
 point of time. 
 
 IN'STANCE, urgency; example. 
 INSTATE', to set or place. 
 IN'TERSTICE, a narrow space 
 
 between things. [the way. 
 OB'STACLE, that which stands in 
 PERSIST', to persevere. 
 PROS'TITUTE, to devote to a 
 
 base purpose. 
 KESIST', to withstand. 
 
 * Literally, that which stands around or near. 
 
 f Lat. co'mes stab'uli, overseer of the stable; an office which existed under 
 the Roman emperors. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 149 
 
 RESTITUTION, giving back. 
 
 SOI/STICE, (493), the tropical 
 point 
 
 STAT'ICS, that branch of mechan- 
 ics, which treats of bodies at 
 rest. 
 
 STA'MEN, (Lat.), the fixed, firm 
 part of a body which gives it 
 strength. 
 
 STAND, to be erect; to remain 
 fixed. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE, that which is put 
 in the place of something else. 
 
 SUBSIST', to be ; to continue. 
 
 SUBSISTENCE, being; support. 
 
 SUB'STANCE, being; body. 
 
 SUBSTANTIAL, not imaginary; 
 solid. 
 
 SUPERSTITION, false religion; 
 belief in omens and prognos- 
 tics. 
 
 492. So'ciusj a companion. 
 
 SO'CIABLE, agreeable as a com- 
 panion ; familiar. 
 
 SOCI'ETY, a union of persons 
 for any particular purpose. 
 
 SO'CIAL, pertaining to society. 
 
 ASSOCIATE, CONSO'CIATE, to 
 
 unite. 
 
 ASSOCIATION, CONSOCIA'TION, 
 
 union; alliance. 
 DISSO'CIATE, to disjoin. 
 
 493. Sol, (so'tis), the sun. 
 
 SO'LAR, pertaining to the sun. j IN'SOLATE, to expose to the 
 
 heat of the sun. 
 
 494. Sol'idus, solid. 
 
 SOL'DER, to unite by a metallic 
 
 cement. 
 
 SOI/ID, not fluid; strong; com- 
 pact. 
 
 SOLID'ITY, firmness; hardness. 
 
 SOLID'IFY, (152), to make solid. 
 
 CONSOLIDATE,* to form into a 
 compact mass. 
 
 * Con' sols, in England, are stocks formed by the consolidation of different 
 annuities. 
 
 f The Romans had a gold coin called the Sol'idus or Sol'dus ; it is supposed 
 that the word soldier was derived from the mode of military payment. 
 
 SOLD'IER/J* a man engaged in 
 
 military service. 
 SOLD'IERY, the body of military 
 
 men. 
 
 495. So'lor, (sola'tus), to comfort ; to soothe. 
 
 CONSOLE', to comfort ; to cheer. 
 
 DISCONSOLATE, destitute of con- 
 solation; dejected; not expect- 
 ing comfort. 
 
 INCONSOL'ABLE, not to be con- 
 soled. 
 SOL' ACE, alleviation; comfort. 
 
150 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 496. So'lus, alone; only. 
 
 SOLE, single; only. 
 SOL'ITARY, living alone. 
 SOL'ITUDE, a state of being 
 alone ; a lonely place, [less. 
 DES'OLATE, laid waste; cheer- 
 
 DESOLA'TION, destitution ; ruin. 
 SOLIL'OQUY, (270), a speech to 
 
 one's self alone. 
 SO'LO, (It.), a passage of music for 
 
 a single instrument or voice. 
 
 497. Sol'voj (solu'tum), to loose. 
 
 SOLVE, to explain. 
 
 SOLU'TION, the process of dis- 
 solving; explanation. 
 
 SOL'UBLE, capable of being dis- 
 solved. 
 
 SOL'VENCY, ability to pay. 
 
 SOL'VENT, a fluid which dis- 
 solves a substance. 
 
 ABSOLVE', to clear; to acquit of 
 a crime. 
 
 AB'SOLUTE, complete; uncondi- 
 tional, [sion. 
 
 ABSOLUTION, acquittal; remis- 
 
 DIS'SOLUTE, loose in morals. 
 
 DISSOLVE', to melt; to break up. 
 
 RESOLVE', to determine. 
 
 498. Som'nus, sleep. 
 
 SOMNAM'BULIST, (8), one who I SOMNIF'IC, (152), causing sleep, 
 walks in sleep | SOM'NOLENCY, drowsiness. 
 
 499. So'nuSj a sound. 
 
 SOUND, a noise. 
 SONO'ROUS, giving sound. 
 CON'SONANT, s r a letter that can 
 
 be sounded only in connection 
 
 with a vowel 
 
 CON'SONANT, a. consistent. 
 RESOUND', to send back sound. 
 RES'ONANT, resounding. 
 U'NISON, (563), agreement of 
 sound. 
 
 500. So'por, drowsiness; lethargy. 
 
 SoPORiF'ic,(152) ; causing sleep. ] SOPORIF'EROUS, (167), inducing 
 
 sleep. 
 
 501. Sors, (sor'tis), a lot; chance; a share. 
 
 ASSORT', to separate into classes. 
 CON'SORT, s. a companion; a 
 
 wife or husband. 
 CONSORT', v. to associate. 
 
 RESORT', to betake; to repair. * 
 SORT, a kind; a species. 
 SORTI'TION, selection, choice, 
 or determination by lot. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 502. Spar' go, (spar' sum), to strew ; to scatter. 
 
 151 
 
 SPARSE, thinly scattered. 
 ASPERSE', to bespatter with 
 
 calumny. 
 ASPER'SION ; calumny. 
 
 DISPERSE', to scatter; to dissi 
 
 pate. 
 INTERSPERSE', to scatter bfr 
 
 tween. 
 
 503. Spa'tium, space. 
 
 SPACE, room ; extension. 
 
 EXPA'TIATE, to move at large ; 
 
 SPA'CIOUS, roomy; extensive. to enlarge in discourse. 
 
 504. Spe'cio, (spec' turn), to look ; to see. 
 
 AS'PECT, appearance; view. 
 
 CIR'CUMSPECT, watchful; cau- 
 tious. 
 
 CONSPIC'UOUS, easily seen; pro- 
 minent. 
 
 DESPISE', to look down upon"; to 
 abhor. 
 
 DES'PICABLE, worthy of con- 
 tempt. 
 
 EXPECT', to look or wait for. 
 
 INSPECT', to look on or into ; to 
 examine. 
 
 PERSPECTIVE,* appearance re- 
 presented on a plane surface. 
 
 PERSPICAC'ITY, acuteness of dis- 
 cernment. 
 
 PERSPICU'ITY, clearness; free- 
 dom from obscurity. 
 
 PROS'PECT, view of objects 
 within the reach of the eye. 
 
 PROSPECTIVE, regarding the 
 future. 
 
 RESPECT', regard. 
 
 RESPECT'ABLE, worthy of regard. 
 
 RESPECTIVE, particular. 
 
 RE'TROSPECT, a looking back on 
 things past. 
 
 SPE'CIAL, ESPE'CIAL, particu- 
 lar; uncommon. 
 
 SPE'CIES, a sort or kind. 
 
 SPE'CIE, coin. 
 
 SPECIF'IC, (152), designating 
 the peculiar properties. 
 
 SPEC'IFY, to mention particu- 
 lars. 
 
 SPEC'IMEN, a sample. 
 
 SPE'CIOUS, apparently right ; 
 having a fair or plausible ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 SPEC'TACLE, a sight ; a show. 
 
 SPEC'TACLES, glasses to assist 
 the sight. 
 
 SPECTA'TOR, one who looks 
 on. 
 
 SPEC'TRE, an apparition. 
 
 SPECULATE, to contemplate ; 
 to theorize. 
 
 SUSPECT', to mistrust. 
 
 Primary signification, a glass through, which objects are viewed. 
 
 505. Spe'ro, to hope. 
 
 DESPAIR', hopelessness 
 
 DES'PERATE, 
 reckless. 
 
 without hope ; 
 
 DESPERA'DO, a desperate fellow. 
 
 PROS'PER, to be successful. 
 PROSPERITY, successful pro- 
 gress, [ful. 
 PROSPEROUS, thriving; success- 
 
152 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 506. Spi'ro, to breathe. 
 
 SPIR'IT, an immaterial, intelli- 
 gent being; courage. 
 
 SPIR'ITUAL, immaterial ; mental. 
 
 SPIR'ACLE, a breathing hole. 
 
 ASPIRE', to aim at something 
 elevated. 
 
 ASPIRA'TION, a breathing after. 
 
 ASPI'RANT, one who aspires or 
 aims at something elevated; 
 an ambitious candidate. 
 
 CONSPIRE', to agree together. 
 
 CONSPIR'ACY, a plot ; treason. 
 
 EXPIRE', to breathe out; to 
 die. 
 
 INSPIRE', to breathe into; to in- 
 fuse into the mind. 
 
 INSPIRATION, a drawing in of 
 the breath; a supernatural in- 
 fusion of ideas into the mind. 
 
 INSPIR'IT, to animate; to enliven. 
 
 PERSPIRE', to send out moisture 
 from the skin. 
 
 RESPIRE', to breathe; to catch 
 breath. 
 
 TRANSPIRE', to pass out in va- 
 por; to escape from secrecy. 
 
 SUSPIRA'TION ; a sigh; a deep 
 breath. 
 
 507. Splen'deo, to shine. 
 
 SPLEN'DID, shining ; magnifi- 
 cent; showy. 
 
 SPLEN'DOR, brilliancy; elegance. 
 RESPLEN'DENT, very bright. 
 
 508. Spon'deOj (spon'&um), to promise. 
 SPON'SOR, one who promises for DESPOND', to be cast down ; to 
 
 another. 
 SPON'SAL, relating to marriage. 
 SPOUSE, a husband or wife. 
 ESPOUSE', to marry; to take to 
 
 one's self. . 
 CORRESPOND', to answer; to be 
 
 congruous ; 
 by letters. 
 
 to communicate 
 
 lose courage. 
 
 RESPOND', to answer. 
 
 RESPONSE', a reply. 
 
 RESPONSIBLE, accountable; an- 
 swerable. 
 
 IRRESPONSIBLE, not liable or 
 
 able to answer for 
 quences. 
 
 conse- 
 
 509. SteTla, a star. 
 
 CONSTELLA'TION, a cluster of 
 fixed stars. 
 
 STEL'LAR, starry; pertaining to 
 
 stars. 
 
 510. tSter'no, (stra'turti), to spread; to strew. 
 
 STRA'TUM, (Lat.), (pi. stra'ta), CONSTERNA'TION, great surprise 
 
 a layer, as of earth. and terror. 
 
 STRAT'LFIED, (152), placed in PROS'T RATE, lying flat. 
 
 strata. [layer. PROSTRA'TION, loss of vigor. 
 
 SUBSTRA'TUM, (Lat.), a lower ' 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 153 
 
 511. Stil'la, a drop. 
 
 INSTIL', to pour in gradually ; DISTILLA'TION, the act of dis- 
 to teach slowly. tilling. 
 
 DISTIL', to fall by drops ; to ex- DISTILL'ERY, a place where dis- 
 tract by heat and evapora- tilling in carried on. 
 tion. I STILL, a vessel for distillation. 
 
 512. JSti'po, (stipa'tum), to fill up; to stuff. 
 
 CON'STIPATE, to stop, by filling CONSTIPA'TION, a crowding to- 
 a passage. | gether ; condensation. 
 
 513. Stirps, (stir'pis), a root or stock. 
 
 EXTIR'PATE, to root out; to EXTIRPATION, eradication; 
 destroy totally. total destruction. 
 
 514. Strin'gO) (struttum), to bind. 
 
 STRICT, rigorously nice ; exact ; | DIS'TRICT, circuit of authority. 
 
 RESTRAIN', to withhold ; to re- 
 
 severe. 
 
 STRICT'URE, a contraction ; cri- 
 
 press. 
 
 tical censure. RESTRICT', to limit; to confine. 
 
 ASTRIN'GENT, binding; con- RESTRICTION, limitation. 
 
 tracting. 
 
 CONSTRAIN', to compel. 
 CONSTRAINT', confinement. 
 
 STRAIGHT, not crooked. 
 STRAIT, narrow; compressed. 
 STRAIN, to extend with force. 
 
 515. Stru'o, (struc'tum), to build; to construct. 
 
 STRUCT'URE, an edifice; a build- 
 ing. 
 
 CONSTRUCT', to form ; to build. 
 
 CON STRUC'TION, structure; con- 
 formation. 
 
 OBSTRUCT', to hinder; to block 
 
 up. 
 DESTROY', to lay waste; to put 
 
 an end to. 
 DESTRUCTIVE, that destroys^ 
 
 CON'STRUE, to interpret ; to ex- ruinous ; mischievous. 
 
 plain. [by precept. 'DESTRUCTION, waste; ruin. 
 
 INSTRUCT', to teach, to inform SUPERSTRUCTURE, an erection 
 INSTRUMENT, a tool; means] upon something else. 
 
 employed. 
 
154 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 516. Sua'deo, (sua'sum), to advise. 
 PERSUADE', to bring over to an | DISSUA'SIVE, tending to dis- 
 
 opmion. 
 
 suade. 
 
 DISSUADE', to exhort or advise SUA'SION, the act of persuad- 
 against any proposed course. | ing. 
 
 517. Sua'vis, sweet; pleasant. 
 
 SUAV'ITY, softness; agreeable- INSUAV'ITY, unpleasantness, 
 ness. 
 
 518. Su'doj (suda'tum), to sweat. 
 
 EXUDE', to flow out in the SUDORIF'IC, (152), exciting 
 manner of sweat. perspiration. 
 
 519. Su'ij of one's self. 
 
 SU'ICIDE, (41), self-murder. SUICI'DAL, destructive to one's 
 
 self. 
 
 520. Sum, I am; Es'se* to be; Ens, (en'tis), being; Futu'rus, 
 about to be. 
 
 NONEN'TTTY, anything not ex- j FU'TURE, to be hereafter. 
 
 isting ; nothing. FUTU'RITY, time to come. 
 
 ES'SEXCE, the peculiar nature AB'SENT, not present. 
 
 or quality of anything. PRES'ENT, at hand; near; before 
 
 ESSEN'TIAL, necessary to the ex- the face. 
 
 istence of a thing; pertaining ; REPRESENT^ to exhibit; to de- 
 
 to elementary or constituent j scribe. 
 
 principles. IIN'TEREST, concern; advantage. 
 
 * Es'se, is the present infinitive of the verb Sum, Em the present participle, 
 and Futu'rus the future participle. 
 
 521. Su'mo, (sump'twn), to take. 
 
 ASSUME', to take ; to claim. 
 
 ASSUMP'TION, a taking; a sup- 
 position. 
 
 CONSUME', to waste ; to destroy. 
 
 CONSUMPTION. waste; a disease. 
 
 PRESUME' to suppose; to ven- 
 ture. 
 
 PRESUMP'TION, confidence ; ar- 
 rogance ; strong probability. 
 
 RESUME', to take back; to begin 
 again. 
 
 SUMP'TUOUS, expensive. 
 
 SUMP'TUOUSLY, expensively; 
 splendidly. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 522. Su'per, above; over. 
 
 155 
 
 SUPE'RIOR, higher in place or INSU'PERABLE, not to be over- 
 excellence, come or surmounted. 
 SUPERLATIVE, (167), highest SUPERCIL'IOUS, (Lat. supercil'- 
 
 ium, the brow), haughty; 
 
 overbearing. 
 SUPREME', highest in authority; 
 
 greatest. 
 
 in degree ; most eminent. 
 SUPERB', (Lat. super'bus), 
 
 grand; splendid. 
 SUPERABUNDANCE, (Lat. abun'- 
 
 do, to abound), more than I SUPREM'ACY, highest power. 
 
 enough; excessive quantity. | t 
 
 , (surrec'tum), to rise. 
 
 RESURREC'TION, a rising again. 
 SURGE, n. billow; a rolling swell 
 of water. 
 
 523. 
 
 INSUR'GENT, rising in opposition 
 to the government. 
 
 INSURRECTION, a rising in re- 
 bellion. 
 
 524. Taber'na, a shed; a shop. 
 
 TAB'ERNACLE, a temporary habi- 
 
 tation. 
 
 TAV'ERN, (Fr. taverne), an inn; 
 a drinking place. 
 
 525. Ta'ceo, (tac'itum), to be silent. 
 
 TAC'IT, silent ; implied but not . TAC'ITURN, habitually silent ; 
 
 not free to converse. 
 
 526. Tan'go, (tac'turn), to touch. 
 
 TAN'GENT, a line touching a !CONTA'GION, communication of 
 
 curve. disease from body to body. 
 
 TAN'GIBLE, that can be touched ' CON'TACT, touch ; close union. 
 
 or taken hold of. 
 
 TACT, peculiar skill, faculty or 
 aptness. 
 
 INTACT', (Lat. intacftus, un- 
 touched), uninjured. 
 
 CONTIG'UOUS, touching; having 
 no intervening space. 
 
 CONTIGU'ITY, contact. 
 
 CONTINGENT, accidental; de- 
 pending on an uncertainty. 
 
 527. Te'go, (tec'tum), to cover. 
 INTEG'UMENT, that which na-j DETECT', to discover in spite of 
 
 turally invests or covers ano- 
 ther thing. 
 PROTECT', to cover; to defend. 
 
 concealment. 
 DETECTION, discovery. 
 
156 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 * 
 
 528. Tem'piu, (tem'poris}, time. 
 
 TIME, measure of duration. TEM'PER, v. to moderate.")" 
 TEM'PORAL, relating to time; TEM'PER, s. disposition. 
 
 not eternal. TEM'PEST, storm ; commotion. 
 
 TEMPORARY, lasting only a time. TEM'PORIZE, to comply with the 
 CONTEMPORARY,* living at the time or occasion ; to delay ; 
 
 same time. to procrastinate. 
 
 TENSE, (Fr. temps), an inflec- TEM'PERANCE, moderation. 
 
 tion of verbs by which time INTEM'PERANCE, excess. 
 
 is denoted. DISTEM'PER, disease. 
 
 EXTEMPORA'NEOUS, produced TEM'PERAMENT, native consti 
 
 at the time ; not premeditated. . tution. 
 
 * For the sake of easier pronunciation, this word is often changed to cotetn- 
 porary, which Dr. Webster considers the preferable word. 
 "f The primary signification seems to be, to appoint a time or limit. 
 
 529. Ten'do, (ten' sum or ten' turn), to stretch; to go towards; 
 to aim at. 
 
 TEND, to move towards; to 
 watch. 
 
 TEND'ENCY, direction towards 
 any result ; inclination. 
 
 ATTEND', to listen ; to have re- 
 gard to. 
 
 ATTEN'TION, regard. 
 
 CONTEND', to strive; to con- 
 test. 
 
 DISTEND', to fill out; to ex- 
 
 INTENS'ITY, vehemence. 
 
 OSTENSIBLE, (Lat. osten'do, to 
 show), seeming. 
 
 OSTENTA'TION, ambitious dis- 
 play. 
 
 PORTEND', to forebode ; to fore- 
 token. 
 
 PORTENT'OUS, ominous. 
 
 PRETEND', to hold out, as a faLs? 
 appearance. 
 
 pand. PRETENCE', a feigning or pre- 
 
 DISTEN'TION, expansion by fill-i tending. 
 
 ing. PRETEN'SKXST, a claim. 
 
 EXTEND', to spread; to enlarge. SUBTEND', to extend under. 
 EXTENT', compass ; size. SUPERINTEND', to have the di 
 
 EXTENS'IVE, large; widespread. | rection of. 
 INTEND', to purpose. JTEN'DON, a cord. 
 
 INTEN'TIOX. s. design. | TENSE, stretched to stiffness. 
 
 INTENT', a. fixed on; eager IU'TEN'SION, tightness. 
 
 pursuing. TENT, a covering stretched on 
 
 INTENSE', strained; vehement ;| poles. 
 
 ardent. I 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 157 
 
 530. Te'nco, (ten' turn), to hold; to keep. 
 
 TEN'URE, a holding. 
 
 TEN'ABLE, that can be held or 
 maintained. 
 
 TENA'CIOUS, holding fast. 
 
 TEN'ET, an opinion held. 
 
 ABSTAIN', to refrain from. 
 
 AB'STINENCE, the act of refrain- 
 ing. 
 
 CONTAIN', to hold; to compre- 
 hend. 
 
 CON'TENTS, s. that which is 
 contained within any limits 
 or boundaries. 
 
 CONTENT',* a. satisfied. 
 
 CONTIN'UE, to remain. 
 
 CONTIN'UAL, uninterrupted. 
 
 CONTINUITY, unbroken connec- 
 tion. 
 
 COUNTENANCED the visage or 
 look. 
 
 DETAIN', to keep back. 
 
 DETEN'TION, restraint; confine- 
 ment. 
 
 ENTERTAIN', to receive with 
 hospitality; to cherish. 
 
 LIEU TEN' ANT, (Fr. lieu, place), 
 an officer who supplies the place 
 of a superior in his absence. 
 
 MAINTAIN', (282), to uphold. 
 
 OBTAIN, to gain ; to get. 
 
 PERTAIN', to belong to. 
 
 PER'TINENT, applicable. 
 
 IMPER'TINENT, inapplicable; ill- 
 mannered. 
 
 PERTINA'CIOUS, adhering reso- 
 lutely; obstinate. [stinacy. 
 
 PERTINAC'ITY, inflexibility; ob- 
 
 RETAIN', to hold ; to keep. 
 
 RETEN'TIVE, having the power 
 to retain. 
 
 SUSTAIN', to hold up; to support. 
 
 SUS'TENANCE, support. 
 
 TEN'ANT, one who holds or oc- 
 cupies a house and lands. 
 
 TEN'DRIL, the clasper of a vine. 
 
 TEN'EMENT, a dwelling or habi- 
 tation. 
 
 TEN'ON, the end of a stick of 
 timber fitted to a mortise. 
 
 TEN'oR,(Lat.), continued course. 
 
 * Literally, held, restrained. 
 
 f Primary sig., the contents of a body. 
 
 531. Ten' to, (tenta'tum), to try. 
 
 ATTEMPT', v. to endeavor. 
 ATTEMPT', s. an endeavor. 
 
 TEMPT, to solicit or incite. 
 TEMPT'ING, attractive. 
 
 532. Ten'uis, slender. 
 
 ATTEN'UATE, to make slender. 
 
 EXTEN'UATE, to lessen ; to pal- 
 liate. 
 
 533. Ter'go, (ter'sum'), to scour; to make clean. 
 
 TERSE, elegant in style without I TERSE'NESS, neatness of style; 
 pompousness. elegance and conciseness. 
 
158 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 534. Terminus, a bound or limit. 
 
 TERM, a limit; a limited time; DETERMINATE, limited; defi- 
 
 a word or expression. nite. 
 
 TERMINATE, to bring to an end. j EXTERMINATE, to drive away; 
 
 CONTERM'INOUS, having a com- 
 mon boundary. 
 DETERMINE, to fix; to decide. 
 
 to destroy utterly. 
 INDETER'MINATE, not definite. 
 INTERMINABLE, boundless. 
 
 535. TefrOj (trftum*), to wear by rubbing. 
 
 TRITE, worn out. 
 
 CON'TRITE, broken-hearted for 
 
 sm. 
 
 DETRIMENT, damage; injury. 
 
 DETRIMENTAL, causing detri 
 
 ment; injurious; hurtful. 
 
 536. TeSra, the e^rth. 
 
 INTER', to bury in the earth, j TERRAQUEOUS, (19), consisting 
 MEDITERRANEAN, (287), the of land and water. 
 
 sea between Europe and TERRES'TRIAL, pertaining to the 
 
 Africa. earth. 
 
 SUBTERRA'NEAN, beneath the TER'RIER, a dog that hunts 
 
 surface of the earth. under ground. 
 
 TER'RACE, a raised bank of j TER'RITORY, a district j a tract 
 
 earth ; a flat roof. of land. 
 
 537. TeSreo, (teSritum), to affright. 
 
 TER'RIFY, (152), to frighten 
 TERRIF'IC, causing terror. 
 
 DETER', to stop by fear. 
 TER'ROR, fear; dread. 
 TER'RIBLE, frightful; dreadful. 
 
 538. TeJtis, a witness. 
 
 ATTEST', to bear witness; to 
 certify. 
 
 ATTESTA'TION, solemn declara- 
 tion. 
 
 CONTEST', to strive; to litigate. 
 
 DETEST', to abhor. 
 
 [will. 
 
 IN TEST' ATE,* not having made a 
 
 PROTEST', to make a formal de- 
 claration. 
 
 PROT'ESTANT,f one who joins 
 in a protest. 
 
 TEST'AMENT, a will. 
 
 TESTA'TOR, one who makes a 
 will. 
 
 * A will was called by the Latins testamen'tum. 
 
 f Martin Luther protested against a decree of Charles V., and the diet of 
 Spires ; his followers are therefore called Protestants. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 159 
 
 TEST'IFY, (152), to bear witness. 
 TESTIMONIAL, a certificate. 
 
 TESTIMONY, that which is af- 
 firmed by a witness. 
 
 539. Tex'o, (tex'tuni), to weave. 
 CONTEXT', knit or woven toge-|TEXT, a composition on which 
 
 ther. 
 
 CON'TEXT, the connected pas- 
 sages. 
 
 PRE'TEXT, a pretence; an osten- 
 sible reason, assumed to con- 
 ceal the true one. 
 
 a commentary is written ; a 
 
 passage of Scripture. 
 TEXT-BOOK, a book used in 
 
 teaching. 
 TEXT'URE, a web ; that which 
 
 is woven, or the manner of 
 
 540. Tim'eo, to fear. 
 
 TIM'ID, fearful. 
 
 TIM'OROUS, cowardly; fullof fear. 
 
 INTIM'IDATE, to render fearful; 
 to deter. 
 
 541. Tin' go, (tine 1 turn}, to dip; to dye. 
 TINGE, to infuse or impregnate TINC'TURE, a liquid containing 
 
 slightly. 
 TAINT, stain; infection. 
 TINT, a slight coloring. 
 
 the principal qualities of some 
 substance ; a slight quality 
 added to anything. 
 
 542. Tol'lo, to lift up; to bear away. 
 
 EXTOL', to praise highly. 
 
 TOL'ERATE, (Lat. tol'ero), to en- 
 dure. 
 
 543. Toi'peo, to be numb or stupid. 
 
 TOR'PID, inactive ; stupid. 
 TOR'POR, sluggishness; want of 
 activity or feeling. 
 
 TORPE'DO, (Lat), a machine 
 invented for blowing up ships 
 by submarine explosion. 
 
 544. Tor'queo, (to/tarn), to twist. 
 
 CONTOR'TION, a twisting or 
 
 writhing. 
 
 DISTORT', to twist out of shape. 
 EXTORT', to wrest or force from 
 
 one. 
 
 EXTOR'TION, illegal exaction; 
 unreasonable demand. 
 11 
 
 RETORT', to throw back a cen- 
 sure or objection. 
 
 TOR'MENT, extreme pain. 
 
 TORT'URE, pain inflicted by an- 
 other; agony. 
 
 TORT'UOUS, crooked; winding 
 
160 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 545, To'tus, whole; all. 
 
 TO'TAL, the whole. TO'TALLY, wholly; entirely. 
 
 FACTO'TUM, (152), one who can SURTOUT', (Fr. sur tout, over 
 perform all kinds of service, i all), an overcoat. 
 
 546. Tra'do, (trad'itum), to deliver. 
 TRADI'TION, that which is TRAI'TOR, (Fr. traitre), one who 
 
 handed down from age to age 
 by oral communication. 
 
 delivers 
 enemy. 
 
 his country to its 
 
 547. Tra'ho, (trad turn), to draw. 
 
 AB'STRACT, a. separate; exist- 
 ing in the mind only. 
 
 ABSTRACT', v. to draw from; to 
 separate. 
 
 ATTRACT', to draw to ; to allure. 
 
 ATTRACTIVE, engaging. 
 
 CONTRACT', to draw together. 
 
 DETRACT', to take from the re- 
 putation or value of anything. 
 
 DETRACTION, slander. 
 
 DISTRACT', to draw apart; to 
 separate; to throw into con- 
 fusion. 
 
 DISTRAC'TION, confusion; de- 
 rangement of reason. 
 
 EXTRACT', to draw out. 
 
 PORTRAY', to delineate. 
 
 POR'TRAIT, a likeness. 
 
 PROTRACT', to prolong. 
 
 RETRACT', to draw or take back. 
 
 SUBTRACT', to deduct. 
 
 SUB'TRAHEND, the number to 
 be deducted. 
 
 TRACE, a mark left by anything 
 passing. 
 
 TRACK, a foot-print; a path. 
 
 TRACT, a region ; a small trea- 
 tise. 
 
 TRACT'ABLE, that may be easily 
 led, managed, or taught. 
 
 TRAIL, to draw along on the 
 ground. 
 
 TRAIT, a feature ; a line. 
 
 TREAT, (Fr. trailer), to use; to 
 discuss. 
 
 TREAT'Y, a contract or league. 
 
 NOTE. The words draw, drag, betray, seem to be of the same family with 
 traho. 
 
 548. Tre'mo, to shake. 
 
 TREM'BLE, to quake; to totter. ITRE'MOR, a trembling. 
 TREMEN'DOUS, fitted to excite j TREM'ULOUS, shaking; quiver- 
 trembling; terrible. ing. 
 
 549. Tret, (tri'a), three. 
 
 TRIP'LE, (392), three-fold. 
 TRI'AD, the union of three. 
 
 TRI'ANGLE, (12), a figure hav- 
 ing three angles. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 161 
 
 TRI'DENT, (111), an instrument TRJ'O, a passage in music for 
 having three prongs. three performers. [stool. 
 
 TRIN'ITY, (563), a union of TRI'POD, (380), a three legged 
 three in one. iTRiv'iAL, (584), unimportant. 
 
 550. Trib'uo, (tribii'tum\ to render or give. 
 
 TRIB'UTE, a tax paid to a con- 
 queror. 
 
 TRIB'UTARY, paying tribute. 
 
 ATTRIB'UTE, to ascribe. 
 
 CONTRIB'UTE, to give in com- 
 mon with others. 
 
 DISTRIB'UTE, to divide; to dis- 
 pense. 
 
 RETRIBU'TION, reward or pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 RETRIB'UTIVE, repaying ; bring- 
 ing reward or punishment. 
 
 551. Tru'do, (tru'sum), to thrust; to push. 
 ABSTRUSE', difficult to be com-jlNTRu'siVE, entering without 
 
 prehended or understood. 
 ABSTRUSE'NESS,quality of being 
 
 abstruse. 
 INTRUDE', to thrust one's self 
 
 in ; to encroach. 
 
 right. 
 
 OBTRUDE', to thrust in or on. 
 
 OBTRU'SIVE, bold; coming un- 
 invited. 
 
 PROTRUDE', to thrust forward. 
 
 552. Tu'ler, a swelling ; an excrescence. 
 
 PROTU'BERANCE, a prominence; TU'BERCLE, a small tumor, 
 a swelling. 
 
 553. Tu'eor, (tui'tus), to view; to guard. 
 
 INTUI'TION, immediate percep-jTu'TELAR, protecting. 
 
 tion of truth. TU'TOR, an instructor or guar- 
 
 TUI'TION, instruction ; guardian- 
 ship. 
 
 dian. 
 
 554. Tu'meo, to swell. 
 
 TU'MID, swollen ; pompous. 
 
 TU'MOR, a swelling. 
 
 CONTUMACY, stubbornness; 
 contempt of authority. 
 
 CON'TUMELY, insolence ; con- 
 temptuous language. 
 
 CONTUMA'CIOUS, obstinate; per- 
 verse. 
 
 TOMB, (Lat. tu'mulm, a mound), 
 a grave ; a place of burial. 
 
 ENTOMB', to put into a tomb ; 
 to bury. 
 
 ENTOMB'MENT, burial ; sepul- 
 ture. 
 
 TU'MULT, a commotion. 
 
162 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 555. Tun' do t (tu'suni}, to beat; to bruise. 
 CONTU'SION, a bruise. | OBTUSE', blunted ; dull. 
 
 556. Tur'ha, a crowd ; a bustle. 
 
 DISTURB', to disquiet. | TROUB'LE, perplexity. 
 
 DISTURB' AN T CE. confusion. TUR'BID, muddy, not clean. 
 
 PERTURBA'TION, disquiet or agi- TUR'BULENCE, insubordination ; 
 tation of mind. violence. 
 
 IMPERTURB'ABLE, not to be dis- 
 
 TUR'BULENT, tumultuous. 
 
 quieted. 
 
 557. TuT>geo, to be inflated. 
 
 TUR'GID, bloated ; tumid ; pomp- j TURGI D'ITY, bombast ; inflated 
 ous. I style. 
 
 558. Tur'ris, a tower. 
 
 TUR'RET, a little tower. 
 
 TUR'RETED, furnished with tur- 
 
 rets. 
 
 559. Ul'timus, last. 
 
 UL'TIMATE, furthest ; final ; ULTIMA'TUM, a final proposi- 
 
 last. tion. 
 
 UL'TIMATELY. finally; in the|ULTE'RioR,(Latincomparative), 
 
 end. I further. 
 
 560. Urn' bra, a shade. 
 
 UMBRA'GEOUS, shady. 
 UM'BRAGE, suspicion of injury; 
 
 offence. 
 
 UMBREL'LA, a shade or screen 
 carried in the hand. 
 
 561. Un'da, a wave. 
 
 UN'DULATE, to have a motion 
 
 like that of waves. 
 UN'DULATING, rising and falling. 
 ABOUND', (Lat. abuji'ila), to be 
 
 in great plenty. 
 
 ABUND'ANCE, plenty. 
 INUN'DATE, to flow upon; to 
 
 overflow. 
 REDUND'ANT, literally, flowing 
 
 back; superfluous. 
 
UN'GUENT, ointment. 
 UNC'TION, an anointing. 
 
 WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 163 
 
 562. Un'guo, (iinc'tuin), to anoint. 
 
 UNC'TUOUS, oily; having an oily 
 
 consistency. 
 
 563. U'nus, one. 
 
 U'NITY, oneness. 
 UNITE', to make one; to join. 
 DISUNITE', to separate. 
 REUNITE', to unite again. 
 
 UNIQUE', (Fr.), sole; without 
 
 another of the kind. 
 U'NISON, (499), concord of 
 
 sounds ; perfect harmony. 
 
 UNANIM'ITY, (13), agreement U'NIT, a single thing. 
 
 in opinion. JU'NIVERSE,* (579), the whole 
 
 UNIFORM'ITY, (187), sameness; system of created things. 
 
 regularity. UNIVERS'AL, all; whole; com- 
 
 U'NiON,conjunction; agreement. I prehending the whole. 
 
 * The Latin word univer'sus signifies literally turned into one, collected 
 into one whole. 
 
 564. U'tor, (W'SMS), to use. 
 
 UTIL'ITY, profitableness; advan- 
 
 USE, to employ. 
 
 [tage. 
 
 ABUSE', to use improperly. 
 DISUSE', cessation of use or 
 
 practice. 
 
 MISUSE', to treat ill. 
 PERUSE', to read. 
 U'SAGE, custom; treatment. 
 
 USE'FUL, beneficial; profitable. 
 U'SUAL, customary; ordinary. 
 U'SURY, illegal or exorbitant 
 
 interest. 
 USURP', (Lat. usur'po), to seize 
 
 without right. 
 UTEN'SIL, that which is used; 
 
 an instrument. 
 
 565. Va'do, (va'sum), to go. 
 
 EVADE', to escape ; to elude. 
 EVA'SION, an artifice to elude. 
 INVADE', to enter as an enemy. 
 
 PERVADE', to pass through ; to 
 
 permeate. 
 WADE, to walk in water. 
 
 566. Va'gus, wandering. 
 
 EXTRA V'AGANT, going beyond 
 
 proper limits. 
 EXTRA V'AGANCE, excess. 
 VAG'ABOND, ( Lat. vagdbun'- 
 
 dus), a wanderer; an outcast. 
 
 VAGA ; RY, a wandering of the 
 
 thoughts. 
 VA'GRANT, wandering; having 
 
 no home. 
 VAGUE, unsettled; indefinite 
 
164 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 567. Va'leo, to be strong 
 
 AVAIL', to be of use ; to have 
 
 effect. 
 AVAIL' ABLE, that may be used 
 
 with success or advantage. 
 CONVALESCENT, recovering 
 
 health and strength. 
 EQUIVALENT. (144), of equal 
 
 force or value. 
 INVAL'ID, a. of no force. 
 IN'VALID. x. an infirm person. 
 INVALIDATE, to lessen the force 
 
 of. [influence. 
 
 PREVAIL', to overcome; to gain 
 
 ; to have force or value. 
 
 PREV'ALENT, victorious ; having 
 influence extensively. 
 
 VALEDIC'TORY,* (117), a fare- 
 well address. 
 
 VALETUDINA'RIAN, a person 
 seeking health. 
 
 VAL'IANT, brave; strong. 
 
 VAL'ID, effectual; having force. 
 
 VAL'OR, bravery; prowess. 
 
 VAL'UE, worth ; importance. 
 
 VALUA'TION, apprizement. 
 
 INVAL'UABLE, precious above 
 estimation. 
 
 * From va'le, farewell, and di'co, to speak. 
 
 568. Ve'ho, (vec'titm'), to carry. 
 VE'HICLE, a carriage. INVEIGH', to rail against; to re- 
 
 CON'VEX, swelling; spherical. 
 CONVEY', to carry. 
 
 proach. 
 IN VEC'TIVE, censure; reproach. 
 
 569. VeTlo, (vul'sum), to pluck; to tear. 
 
 AVUL'SION, a rending; separa- CON VUL'SION, violent muscular 
 tion of parts from each other. contraction. 
 
 570. Ve'lo, to cover; to conceal. 
 
 VEIL, a curtain ; a covering. 
 DEVEL'OP, to unfold ; to dis- 
 close. 
 ENVEL'OP, to wrap up. 
 
 REVEAL', to disclose ; to make 
 
 known. 
 PIEVELA'TION, a disclosing what 
 
 was before hidden. 
 
 VEND, to sell. 
 VEND'ER, a seller. 
 VENDUE', an auction. 
 
 571. Yen' do, to sell. 
 
 VE'NAL, (Lat. ve'neo, to be sold), 
 mercenary ; that may be ob- 
 tained for money. 
 
 572. Ve'nio, (yen* turn), to come. 
 
 A-D f VENT, a coming ; appro- 
 priately, the coming of our 
 Saviour. 
 
 ADVENT'URE, an enterprise of 
 hazard. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 165 
 
 AV'ENUE, a passage. 
 
 CIRCUMVENT', to come round; 
 to deceive by stratagem. 
 
 CONTRAVENE', to hinder; to 
 oppose; to baffle. 
 
 CONVENE', to assemble. 
 
 CONVENTION, a coming toge- 
 ther. 
 
 CON'VENT, a household of 
 rnonks or nuns. 
 
 CONVENIENT, fit ; suitable ; 
 commodious. 
 
 CONVENTIONAL, agreed upon. 
 
 COV'ENANT, a mutual agreement 
 or stipulation. 
 
 EVENT', that which happens or 
 takes place. 
 
 EVENT'UALLY, in the event or 
 issue. 
 
 INTERVENE', to come between. 
 
 INVENT', literally, to come 
 upon ; to devise. 
 
 PREVENT',* to hinder, to ob- 
 struct. 
 
 REV'ENUE, the income of the 
 government. 
 
 SUPERVENE', to come in addi- 
 tion. 
 
 VEN'TURE, to run a hazard ; to 
 dare. 
 
 * Literally, to come before ; it is used in this sense in the New Testament, 
 1 Thess. iv. 15. 
 
 573. Veriter, (ven'tris), the belly. 
 
 YENTRIL'OQUIST, (270), lite- 
 rally, one who speaks from 
 the stomach or belly. 
 
 VENTRIL'OQUISM, a modifying 
 of the voice so that it seems to 
 come from different directions. 
 
 574. Ven'tus, the wind. 
 
 VENT, s. an air-hole. 
 
 VENT, v. to let out ; to pour out. 
 
 VEN'TILATE, to afford free cir- 
 culation of air. 
 
 575. Ver'bum, a word. 
 
 VERB'AL, spoken; expressed in 
 
 words. 
 
 VERB, a part of speech. 
 VERBOSE', full of words. 
 VERB'IAGE, superabundance of 
 
 words. 
 
 AD'VERB,* a part of speech. 
 PROV'ERB, a maxim; a brief 
 
 saying. 
 VERBA'TIM, (Latin), word for 
 
 word. 
 
 * Literally, a word joined to another word. 
 
 576. Ve'reor, to fear. 
 
 REVERE', to regard with fear 
 
 and respect. 
 REV'ERENT, impressed with 
 
 reverence. 
 
 REVEREN'TIAL, feeling or ex- 
 pressing reverence. 
 
 REV'EREND, worthy of reve- 
 rence; a clerical title. 
 
166 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 577. Ver'go, to turn or tend towards. 
 
 VERGE, to tend ; to incline. 
 CONVERGE', to tend to one point. 
 
 DIVERGE', to separate or recedo 
 more and more. 
 
 578. Ver'mis, a worm. 
 
 VERMIC'ULAR, pertaining to or VER'MIFUGE, (197), a medicine 
 resembling a worm or the which destroys worms in ani- 
 
 motion of a worm. 
 
 mal bodies. 
 
 VER'MIFORM, (187), having the j VERM'IN, noxious animals, in- 
 shape or form of a worm. sects, &c. 
 
 579. Ver'to, (ve/sum), to turn. 
 
 AD VERT ; , to turn the attention to. 
 
 INADVERT'ENCE, heedlessness. 
 
 AD' VERSE, opposed ; hostile. 
 
 ADVERSITY, calamity; affliction. 
 
 AD'VERSARY, an enemy. 
 
 ADVERTISE', to publish a notice. 
 
 ANIMADVERSION, (13), a criti- 
 cism ; a censure. 
 
 AVERT', to turn away. 
 
 AVER'SION, disinclination; dis- 
 like. 
 
 CON'TROVERT, to oppose in 
 argument. 
 
 CON'TROVERSY, disputation. 
 
 CONVERT', to change from one 
 state to another. 
 
 CONVERSE', to discourse or asso- 
 ciate with. 
 
 CON'VERSE, familiar intercourse; 
 an opposite proposition. 
 
 DIVERT', to turn off; to amuse. 
 
 DIVER'SION, amusement. 
 DI'VERSE, different; various. 
 DIVERS'ITY, difference. 
 DIVERS'IFY, (152), to vary. 
 DIVORCE', a legal dissolution of 
 the bonds of matrimony. 
 
 * A furrow was anciently called ver'su8 v because at the end of it the plougk 
 was turned round; hence, a line in writing, from its resemblance to a furrow, 
 received the same name. 
 
 IRREVERSIBLE, that cannot be 
 revoked or changed. 
 
 INVERT', to turn into the con- 
 trary position. 
 
 lNVERSE'LY,in an inverted order. 
 
 INVER'SION, change of order; 
 change of place. 
 
 PERVERT', to turn to a wrong 
 use. 
 
 PERVERSE', obstinately wrong. 
 
 PERVER'SION, a wrong use or 
 interpretation. 
 
 REVERT', to turn back. 
 
 REVERSE', to change to an op- 
 posite direction. 
 
 SUBVERT',, to overthrow from 
 the foundation. 
 
 SUBVERSIVE, tending to over- 
 throw. 
 
 TRANSVERSE', lying across. 
 
 TRAV'ERSE, to cross; to pass 
 
 over. 
 
 YERS'ATILE, easily turned from 
 one employment to another. 
 
 VERSE,* a line of poetry; a 
 short division of any compo- 
 sition. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 
 167 
 
 VER'SION,* a translation. 
 VERT'EBRA, (Lat. plural vertf- 
 ebraf), a joint of the spine. 
 
 VEn'TEX,f (Lat.), the top. 
 VERT'ICAL, over head. 
 VERT'IGO, (Lat.), giddiness 
 
 VOR'TEX, (Lat.), a whirlpool. 
 
 * Literally, a turning from onejanguage into another, 
 f The turning point. 
 
 580. Ve'rus, true. 
 
 VER'ITY, truth. 
 
 VERAC'ITY, habitual observance 
 
 of truth. 
 
 VERA'CIOUS, observant of truth. 
 VER'DICT, (117), the report of a 
 
 VER'IFY, (152), to prove to be 
 
 true. 
 
 VER'ITABLE, true 
 VER'ILY, truly 
 
 581. Vestig'ium, a foot-ste 
 VES'TIGE, a track j a trace. | INVESTIGATE, 
 
 582. Ves'tis, a garment. 
 
 INVEST', to clothe. 
 
 VEST, to put in possession of; 
 
 to furnish with. 
 
 VEST'URE, a robe. 
 VEST'RY, a room in which the 
 sacerdotal vestments are kept. 
 
 583. Ve'tus, (veferis), old; ancient. 
 
 VET'ERAN, an old soldier. 
 
 INVET'ERATE, fixed by long con- 
 tinuance. 
 
 584. Vi'a, a way. 
 
 DE'VIATE, to turn aside from 
 
 the path. 
 
 DE'VIOUS, wandering. 
 OB'VIATE,^ to remove. 
 OB'VIOUS, evident. 
 PER'VIOUS,|| penetrable. 
 
 IMPER'VJOUS, not to be pene- 
 
 trated or passed through. 
 PRE'VIOUS, antecedent. 
 TRIV'IAL,^[ (549), unimportant. 
 VI'ADUCT, (133), a structure 
 
 supporting a carriageway or 
 
 railway. 
 
 \ Properly, to meet in the way and oppose or conquer ; hence to put out 
 of the way an obstacle. 
 
 g Meeting one in the way. 
 
 || Admitting a^way or passage through. 
 
 ^f The Romans worshipped some of their minor deities at places where 
 three roads met ; which deities were thence called Di'i Triv'ii. Thus the 
 word trivial derived the signification seeondary, unimportant, 
 
168 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 585. Vi'cis, change; succession. 
 
 VIC'AR, a substitute. 
 VICA'RIOUS, acting for another. 
 VICEGE'RENT, (203), a deputy. 
 
 VICE-PRES'IDENT, (472), one 
 who takes the place of the 
 president. 
 
 586. Vidfeo, (vfsum), to see. 
 
 VIS'ION, sight. 
 VIS'IBLE, that can be seen. 
 VIS'IONARY, imaginary. 
 VIS'IT, to go to see. 
 VIS'UAL, pertaining to sight. 
 VI'SOR, a mask. 
 VIS'AGE, the countenance. 
 Vis'TA,(Lat.),a view or prospect 
 VIEW, (Fr. vue), to look at. 
 VI'DE, (Latin), see. 
 EV'IDENT, apparent; clear. 
 INVISIBLE, not to be seen. 
 
 PROVIDE',* to prepare. 
 
 PROV'IDENCE, forethought; pru- 
 dence. 
 
 PROVISION, that which is pro- 
 cured or prepared beforehand. 
 
 PROVI'SO, (Lat.), an exception 
 provided for. 
 
 PRU'DENT, cautious; wise. 
 
 PURVEY'OR, a provider. 
 
 REVISE', to examine again. 
 
 SUPERVISION, oversight. 
 
 SURVEY', to look over carefully. 
 
 * Literally, to look out beforehand. 
 
 587. Vfgeo, to flourish; to thrive. 
 VIG'OR, strength; energy. | INVIG'ORATE, to strengthen. 
 
 588. Vin'co, (vie' turn), to conquer. 
 
 CONVINCE', to persuade. 
 CONVIC'TION, the state of being 
 
 convinced; belief. 
 CONVICT', to prove one to be 
 
 guilty. 
 CON'VICT, a person found 
 
 guilty. 
 
 EVINCE', to make evident. 
 INVIN'CIBLE, unconquerable. 
 
 PROV'INCE, a country subject to 
 a foreign power ; a district or 
 division of a country. 
 
 VAN'QUISH, to conquer. 
 
 VIC'TOR, a conqueror. 
 
 VIC'TORY, success over an ene- 
 my. 
 
 VIC'TIM, a living being sacri- 
 ficed. 
 
 589. Vin'dex, (vin'dicis), a defender or avenger. 
 
 VIN'DICATE, to defend ; to sus- 
 tain. 
 VINDICATIVE, revengeful. 
 
 REVENGE', to return an injury. 
 VEN'GEANCE, (Fr.), recompense 
 of evil. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE LATIN. 
 590. Vi'mim, wine. 
 
 169 
 
 VINE, the plant which produces I VI'NOUS, having the qualities 
 grapes. 1 of wine. 
 
 VIN'EGAR, vegetable acid. 
 VINE'YARD, a plantation of 
 grape-vines. 
 
 VINT' AGE, the gathering of the 
 crop of grapes. 
 
 591. Vir, a man. 
 
 VI'RILE, masculine. [man. VIR'TUE, (Lat. vir'tus), em* 
 
 VIRA'GO, (Lat.), (3), a bold wo- ciency ; excellence. 
 
 592. Vi'rus, poison; venom. 
 
 VIR'ULENCE, malignancy. 
 
 VIR'ULENT, malignant; venom- 
 ous. 
 
 593. Vi'to, to shun; to avoid. 
 INEVITABLE, unavoidable. | INEV'ITABLY, certainly. 
 
 594. Vi'trum, glass. 
 
 VIT'REOUS, resembling glass. | VIT'RIFY, (152), to convert into 
 
 [glass. 
 595. Vi'vo, (vie 1 turn), to live. 
 
 CONVIV'IAL, festal; social. 
 REVIVE', to live again ; to arouse. 
 SURVIVE', to outlive, [of food. 
 VI'AND, (Fr. viande), an article 
 
 VI'TAL, (Lat. vi'ta, life), per- 
 taining to life. 
 VIVAC'ITY, liveliness. 
 VIV'ID, lively; bright. [life. 
 
 VICT'UALS, food ; provisions. ! VIV'IFY, (152), to endue with 
 596. Vo'co, (voca'tum), to call. 
 
 AD'VOCATE, a pleader. 
 AVOCA'TION, a calling or em- 
 ployment. 
 
 CONVOCATION, an assembly. 
 EQUIV'OCAL, (144), ambigu- 
 
 ous. 
 
 EQUIV'OCATE, to use ambiguous 
 
 expressions. 
 INVOKE', to pray to. 
 INVOCATION, a solemn address 
 
 or prayer. 
 
 PROVOCATION, a calling out; an 
 
 incitement. 
 
 REVOKE', to call back; to repeal. 
 IRREVOCABLE, that cannot be 
 
 repealed. 
 VO'CAL, (Lat. vox, (vo'cis), the 
 
 voice) , pertaining to the voice ; 
 
 uttered by the voice. 
 VOCAB'ULARY, (Fr.- vocabu- 
 
 laire), a list of words. 
 VOCAB'ULIST, the writer of a 
 
 vocabulary; a lexicographer. 
 
170 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 VOCA'TION, a business or pro- 
 fession. 
 
 VOCIF'ERATE, (167). to cry out 
 loudly. 
 
 VOICE, (Fr. voix), sound ut- 
 tered by the mouth. 
 VOUCH, to attest; to affirm. 
 VOW'EL, a simple sound. 
 
 597. Vo'lo, (vola f turn), to fly. 
 
 TOL'ATILE, easily evaporated; VOL'LEY, a flight of shot; a 
 gay; fickle. burst or emission of many 
 
 things at once. 
 
 598. Fo'fo,towill; to wish. 
 
 BENEV'OLENCE, (38), good will. Voi/UNTARY,actingfrom choice. 
 MALEV'OLKNCE, (279), ill will., VOLUNTEER', s. a voluntary sol- 
 dier. 
 
 599. Volup'tas, pleasure. 
 
 VOLUP'TUOUS, given to luxury VOLUP'TUARY, a person devoted 
 and pleasure. to pleasure. 
 
 600. Vol'vo, (volu'tum), to roll. 
 
 DEVOLVE', literally, to roll down; 
 
 to deliver over ; to pass from 
 
 one to another. 
 
 EVOLVE', to unroll ; to unfold. 
 INVOLVE', to envelop; to infold. 
 REVOLT', to renounce allegiance. 
 
 REVOLVE', to roll in a circle. 
 
 REVOLU'TION, rotation; an en- 
 tire change. 
 
 VOL'UBLE, rolling; fluent. 
 
 VOL'UME, primarily , a roll ; a 
 book. 
 
 601. Vftro, to devour. 
 
 DEVOUR', to eat up greedily. 
 VORAC'ITY, greediness of appe- 
 
 tite. 
 
 flesh. 
 602. Vb'veo, (vo'tum), to vow. 
 
 VORA'CIOUS, ravenous. 
 
 C ARNIV'OROUS, (50), feeding on 
 
 Avow*, to declare openly. 
 DEVOTE', to dedicate; to set 
 apart. [devoted. 
 
 DEVOTEE', one who is wholly 
 DEVOUT ; , earnest in worship. 
 
 VO'TARY, one devoted or ad- 
 dicted. 
 
 VOTE, suffrage; a ballot. 
 VOT'IVE, given by vow. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 171 
 
 603. Vul'yus, the common people. 
 
 VUL'GAR, common ; unrefined. 
 VULGAR'ITY, grossness or clown- 
 
 ishness. 
 
 VUL'GARISM, a vulgar phrase or 
 
 expression. 
 DIVULGE', to make public. 
 
 604. Vul'nus, (vul'neris), a wound. 
 
 VULNERABLE, that may be 
 wounded. 
 
 INVUL'NERABLE, that cannot be 
 wounded. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 
 Greek Alphabet. 
 
 Letter. Sound. Name. 
 
 A a ....a Alpha. 
 
 # /3 <?.... b Beta. 
 
 F Y g Gamma. 
 
 Ad ....d Delta. 
 
 E e .... e as in met . . Epsilon. 
 
 Z C . . . . z Zeta. 
 
 H ij .... e as in me . Eta. 
 
 0$ . . . . th Theta. 
 
 It . . . i Iota. 
 
 K x . . . . k Kappa. 
 
 AX .... 1 Lambda. 
 
 M fj. . . . in Mu. 
 
 N v . . . . n Nu. 
 
 3 $ .... x Xi. 
 
 o .... o as in not . . Omicron. 
 
 n -is . . . . p Pi. 
 
 P p .... r ..... Rho. 
 
 2 ff,q final .s Sigma. 
 
 T r . . . . t Tau. 
 
 T u .... u or y .... Upsilon. 
 
 <p . . ph Phi. 
 
 X % . . . . ch Chi. 
 
 W i>> . . . . ps Psi. 
 
 Q 10 . . ... o as in no . . . Omega- 
 
172 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 Gamma has always the hard sound of r/, as in yire. 
 
 Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has but 
 one sound, that of our k. 
 
 Upsilon is represented by y in English words ; in Greek it has always the 
 sound of u in mute. 
 
 Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k; as in chronic. 
 
 In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there 
 are vowels and diphthongs. 
 
 The accents placed over the Greek letters need not be regarded in pronun- 
 ciation. 
 
 An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h 
 precedes that letter. Thus, the word 1% is pronounced hex. A comma not 
 inverted does not affect the sound of the vowel over which it is placed. For 
 information respecting accentual marks, Ac., see the Greek grammars. 
 
 1, Acade'mia, (dxad^/u'a), a place near Athens, where Plato 
 taught philosophy. 
 
 ACAD'EMY, a high school. 
 
 ACADEM'IC, belonging to a school 
 or college. 
 
 2. Ach'os, (/o<r), pain. 
 ACHE, to suffer pain. | ACH'ING, painful. 
 
 3. Ak'me, (ax/i^), the summit. 
 4. AJcou'o, (dxouw), to hear. 
 
 ACOUS'TICS, the science of | OTACOUS'TIC, (Gr. fora, the 
 sounds. I ears), fitted to aid the hearing. 
 
 5. Ak'ron, (lixpov), the extremity. 
 ACROP'OLIS, (187), the height ACROS'TIC, (208), a kind of 
 
 or citadel. 
 
 poetical composition. 
 
 6. Adel'phos, (ddeA^o?), a brother. 
 This word is used in forming botanical terms. 
 
 7. A'er, (ar t p), the air. 
 
 AE'RIAL, consisting of air. 
 A'EROLITE, (127), a meteoric 
 
 stone. 
 A'ERONAUT, (145), one who 
 
 sails in the air. 
 
 AEROSTA'TION, (204), aerial 
 navigation. 
 
 AEROL'OGY, that branch of phi- 
 losophy which treats of the 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 17o 
 
 8. A' <jo, (V>), to lead. 
 
 DEM'AGOGUE, (67), a leader of i PED'AGOGUE, (163), a school. 
 the people. | master. 
 
 9. A'yon, (^wv), a contest. 
 AG'ONY, anguish. | AG'ONIZE, to writhe with pain, 
 
 10. Al'yos, (<%<?), pain. 
 
 CEPH'ALALGY, (45), the head- 
 
 ache. 
 
 ODONTAL'GIA, (153), the tooth- 
 ache. 
 
 11. Allax'is, (attars'), a change. 
 
 PAR'ALLAX, an astronomical PARALLAC'TIC, pertaining to 
 
 term. 
 
 the parallax. 
 
 12. Al'pha, (alipa), the first letter in the Greek alphabet. 
 
 AL'PHABET, (34), a list of the ALPHABETICAL, pertaining to 
 letters of a language. the alphabet. 
 
 13. An'emos, (ave/zo?), the wind. 
 
 ANEMOM'ETER, (137), a wind- 1 ANEM'ONE, the wind-flower. 
 gauge. | 
 
 14. An'er, (v^, avc^o^), a man. 
 
 AN'DROID, (122), a machine in 
 human form. 
 
 ANDROPH'AGUS, (170), a man- 
 eater. 
 
 15. Anggel'lo, (a^^Aw*), to bring tidings. 
 AN'GEL, a spirit ; a spiritual EVAN'GELIST, (89), a preacher 
 
 messenger. 
 
 of the gospel. 
 
 * The first gamma has the sound of ny when the letter is doubled. 
 
 16. An'thos, (wOos), a flower. 
 
 ANTHOL'OGY, (128), a discourse j HELIAN'THUS, (105), the sun- 
 on flowers. flower. 
 
174 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 17. Antkro'poSj (avOpwxos), man. 
 
 MIS'ANTHROPE, (139), a hater j PHILANTHROPIST, (175), a 
 of mankind. friend of the human race. 
 
 18. Ar'che, (apyj^), the beginning; government. 
 
 AR'CHITECT, (Gr. rgxrajv, a 
 builder), one skilled in build- 
 ing. 
 
 AR'CHIVES, records. 
 
 PA'TRIARCH, (Gr. Trarf^, a fa- 
 ther), the father and ruler of 
 a family. 
 
 AN'ARCHY, want of government. 
 
 AR'CHAISM, an ancient phrase. 
 
 ARCHAN'GEL, the highest angel. 
 
 ARCHEOL'OGY, (128), a dis- 
 course on antiquity. 
 
 AR'CHETYPE, (222), the original 
 or model. 
 
 19. Ark'tos, (a/>xro?), a bear. 
 
 ARC'TIC,* northern. | ANTARCTIC,")- southern. 
 
 * Literally, pertaining to the constellation called the Bear, 
 j" Opposite to the north or north pole. 
 
 20. Ar'ffos, (d^o?), inactive. 
 
 LETH'ARGY, (125), drowsiness ; [ LETHAR'GIC, inactive, 
 stupidity. 
 
 21. Aris'tos, (apiaroc-), best. 
 
 ARISTOC'RACY, (60), the rule or j AR'ISTOCRAT, one who favors 
 government of the nobility. an aristocracy. 
 
 22. Arith'mos, (<z/>:fyto<?), number. 
 
 ARITH'METIC, the science of 
 numbers. 
 
 LOG'ARITHM, a mathematical 
 term. 
 
 23. Arr/ma, (ajoo> ( aa), spicy flavor. 
 AROMAT'IC, fragrant; spicy. | AR'oMATiZE,togiveaspicytaste. 
 
 24. Asfkeo, (aaxiu)}, to exercise ; to train. 
 ASCET'IC, a. self mortifying; :AscET/lc, s. one who retires 
 
 austere; retired from the 
 world. 
 
 from the world and devotes 
 himself to religious discipline. 
 
WORDS DERIVED TROM THE GREEK. 175 
 
 25. As' Iron, (atrrpov), a star. 
 
 AS'TERISK, a mark like a star. AS'TRAL, star-like. 
 ASTROL'OGY, divination by the ASTRON'OMY, (149), the science 
 stars I of the stars. 
 
 26. Aih'los, (aOXoq), a combat. 
 
 ATHLET'IC, pertaining to active I ATH'LETE, a contender for vio 
 sportsj vigorous. I tory. 
 
 27. Atmos, (dr/io?), vapor; steam. 
 
 AT'MOSPHERE, (Gr. ffydipa, a ATMOSPHER'IC, pertaining to 
 sphere), the air, &c., above us. the atmosphere. 
 
 28. Au'los, (aw^o<r), a pipe. 
 
 HYDRAU'LIC, (119), transmit- HYDRAU'LICS, the science of the 
 ting water through pipes. 
 
 motion and force of fluids. 
 
 29. Au'tos, (awro^), one's self. 
 
 AU'TOCRAT, (60), a despotic 
 
 ruler. 
 AU'TOGRAPH, (99), one's hand 
 
 writing. 
 
 machine. 
 
 a self moving 
 
 AUTON'OMY, (149), the right 
 of self-government. 
 
 30. Bal'lo, (pdMca'), to cast or throw. 
 
 EM'BLEM,* a representation. 
 HYPER' BOLE,f an exaggeration. 
 PAR' ABLE, a similitude. 
 
 PROB'LEM,J a question pro- 
 posed. 
 SYM'BOL, a sign. 
 
 * The Greek word /*#X/?/*a signifies anything inserted ; hence, mosaic work, 
 or a picture. 
 
 \ A casting over or heyond. 
 
 1 Something cast or placed before one. 
 
 31. Bapti'zoj (/3a7m'C>), to baptize. 
 
 BAP'TISM, a Christian sacra- 
 ment, [tism. 
 BAPTIS'MAL, pertaining to bap- 
 
 PE'DOBAPTIST, (Gr. 7ra?<r, a 
 child), one who holds to infant 
 baptism. 
 
 32. Ba'sis, (/3a<rcs), a foundation. 
 
 BASE, s. the foundation; a. mean.) DEBASE', to render mean or vile. 
 12 
 
176 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 33. Ba'ros, (pdpos), weight 
 
 BAROM'ETER, (137), an instru- 1 BAR'YTONE, having a grave 
 ment for measuring the pres- 1 deep sound, 
 sure of the atmosphere. 
 
 34. JSe'ta, (^TO), the second letter of the Greek alphabet, 
 (see 12.) 
 
 35. BiUlos, (Polos'), a book. 
 
 BIBLIOG'RAPHY, (99), a history 
 or description of books. 
 
 BI'BLE, the Holy Scriptures. 
 BIB'LICAL, pertaining to the 
 Bible. 
 
 36. Bi'os, (#'?), life. 
 
 AMPHIB'IOUS,* having the j BIOG'RAPHY, (99), the history 
 powerof living in two elements. ] of a person's life. 
 
 * Literally, having double life. 
 
 37. Bot f ane ) (/JoravTj), an herb or plant. 
 
 BOT'ANIST, one skilled in bot- 
 any. 
 
 BOT'ANY, the science of vege- 
 tables. 
 
 38. Bou'coloSj (flouxolos^), a herdsman. 
 BUCOL'IC, a. pastoral. |Bucoi/ic, s. a pastoral poem. 
 
 39. Ka'kos, (xaxlq), bad. 
 
 CACHEX'Y, (Gr. :$-, condition), I CACOPH'ONY, (176), harshness 
 a deranged state of the body. | of sound. 
 
 40. Kalup'to, (xaXbircto), to cover; to veil. 
 
 APOC'ALYPSE, a revelation. 
 
 APOCALYP'TIC, pertaining to a 
 revelation. 
 
 41. Kan'on, (xavcyy), a rule. 
 
 CAN'ON, a rule or law; a cata- 
 logue of saints. 
 
 CAN'ONIZE, to declare one a 
 saint. 
 
 42. Kafo, (xat'o;, xautra;), to burn. 
 CAUS'TIC, burning; corroding. CAU'TERY, a burning or searing. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 43. Karelia, (xapdlai), the heart. 
 
 177 
 
 CAR'DIAC, pertaining to the I PERICAR'DIUM, a membrane 
 heart. I enclosing the heart. 
 
 44. Ken'tron, (xlvrpov), a central point. 
 
 CEN'TRE, the middle point. 
 
 CONCEN'TRATE, to bring toge- 
 ther ; to bring into a smaller 
 compass. 
 
 CENTRIF'UGAL, (197), tending 
 from the centre. 
 
 ECCEN'TRIC, deviating from the 
 centre ; irregular ; anoma- 
 lous. 
 
 45. Keph'ale, (xeyak-f), the head. 
 
 CEPHAL'IC, pertaining to the HYDROCEPH'ALUS, (119), drop- 
 head. sy of the head. 
 
 46. Ke'ra 
 
 MONOC'EROS, (141), an animal 
 having but one horn. 
 
 , a h rn - 
 
 RHINOC'EROS, (Gr. fly, the 
 nose), an animal having a 
 horn upon the nose. 
 
 47. Chaos, (^do?), a chasm or abyss. 
 CHA'OS, confusion ; disorder. | CHAOT'IC, without order. 
 
 48. Cha'ris, (/7><r, %dfHTo<f), favor; grace. 
 
 CHAR'ITY, kindness; good will. EU'CHARIST, (89), the Lord's 
 
 supper. 
 
 49. Cheir, (/</>)> tn e hand. 
 
 CHIROG'RAPHY, (99), hand- CHIRUR'GEON, (83), a surgeon, 
 writing. 
 
 50 Chdle, (/o^y), bile; anger. 
 
 CHOI/ERA, a disease. 
 CHOL'ER, anger; wrath. 
 CHOI/ERIC, irascible. 
 
 COL'IC, pain in the bowels. 
 MEL'ANCHOLY,* gloom ; dejec 
 tion. 
 
 Gr. uAof, black ; literally, black bile. 
 
178 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 51. Chore' o, (%wf)w'), to go. 
 AN'CHORET, or AN'CHORITE, a society to avoid the tempta- 
 
 hermit; one who retires from 
 
 tions of the world. 
 
 52. Chris 1 'tos, (^/><rro^), the Anointed. 
 
 CHRIST, the Messiah. | CHRIST'MAS, a Christian festi. 
 
 CHRISTIANITY, the religion of i val. 
 
 Christ. I CHRISM, consecrated oil. 
 
 53. Chro'maj(/pa)/ta) color. 
 
 CHROMAT'ICS, the science of I ACHROMAT'IC, destitute of color, 
 colors. 
 
 54. Chron'os, (^oovos), time. 
 
 CHRON'IC, of long duration. 
 
 CHRON'ICLE, a record or his- 
 tory. 
 
 CHRONOi/OGY,(128), the science 
 of time or eras. 
 
 55. Chru'sos, (//>u<roc), gold. 
 
 CHRYS'ALIS, the caterpillar in CHRYS'OLITE, a mineral of a 
 its dormant state.* yellowish color. 
 
 * The name is derived from the golden color. 
 
 56. Konch'e, (*oOT)>t a sne ^- 
 
 CONCH, a marine shell. 
 CONCHOID' AL, (122), shaped 
 
 CHRONOM'ETER, (137), a time- 
 piece. 
 
 ANACH'RONiSM,an error in dates. 
 
 IsocH'RONOUS,(123),performed 
 in equal times. 
 
 CONCHOL'OGY, (158), the sci- 
 ence of shells. 
 
 like a shell. 
 
 f Gamma here has the sound of ng. 
 57. Kop'tO, (XOTTTW), to CUt. 
 
 APOC'OPATE, to cut off from the I SYN'COPATE, to remove letters 
 end of a word. from the middle of a word. 
 
 58. Kos'mos, (xoo^o?), the world. 
 
 COSMOG'ONY, (94), an account 
 of the origin or creation of 
 the world. 
 
 COSMOPOLITE, (187), a citizen 
 of the world. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. ]7<) 
 
 signed to beautify the com- 
 plexion.* 
 
 MIC'ROCOSM, (138), a little 
 
 world. 
 COSMET'IC, a preparation de- 
 
 * A primary signification of the word K^PS, is order ; beautiful arrange. 
 merit. 
 
 CRA'NIUM, the skull. 
 PERICRA'NIUM, (Gr. -K*p\ 
 
 around), the membrane which 
 
 covers the skull. 
 
 ?av{'ov^ the skull. 
 
 CRANTOL'OGY, the science of 
 skulls. 
 
 CRANIOS'COPY, (197), the exa- 
 mination of the skull. 
 
 60. Kra'tos, (x^oaros), might; power. 
 The terminations cracy, cratic, &c., are from this word. See 21. 
 
 61. Kri'tes, (xptTi}<i), a judge. 
 
 CRIT'IO, a judge in literature or i HYPERCRITICAL, critical beyond 
 
 art [ing. j reason. 
 
 CRITE'RION, a standard of judg- 1 CRI'SIS, the deciding point. 
 
 62. Krup'to, (X/WTTTW), to conceal. 
 
 APOC'RYPHAL, of doubtful ori- CRYPTOG'AMY, (91), concealed 
 gin. union. 
 
 63. Kuk'los, (xwdos), a circle. 
 
 CY'CLE, a period of time. i CYCLOPE'DIA, ENCYCLOPEDIA, 
 
 CY'CLOID, (122), a curve. I (163), the circle of sciences. 
 
 64. Ku'on, (xwwv), a dog. 
 CYN'iCAL,f surly; austere. CYN'OSURE,^ a constellation. 
 
 } The Cynics were philosophers who valued themselves on their contempt 
 of riches and amusements, and laughed at the errors and follies of mankind. 
 
 J Literally, the dog's tail. That which attracts general notice, is some- 
 times called, figuratively, a cynosure. 
 
 65. Kus'tiSj (xi>ffTt<i), a bladder; a bag. 
 CYST, a bag; a. vesicle. |ENCYST'ED, enclosed in a bag. 
 
 66. Dek'a, (dtxa), ten. 
 
 PEC'ALOGUE, (128), the ten 1 DEC' AGON, (98), a figure having 
 commandments. I ten angles. 
 
180 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 67. De'mos, (d^uo?), the people. 
 
 DEM'AGOGUE, (8), a popular 
 
 leader. 
 DEMOC'RACY, (60), a popular 
 
 DEM'OCRAT, one who favors 
 
 democracy. 
 EPIDEM'IC, (t^, upon), a pre- 
 
 governnient. | vailing disease. 
 
 68. Despo'tes, (deffxoTTts}, a master or lord. 
 
 DES'POT, a monarch ; a tyrant ; DES'POTISM, unlimited mon- 
 an absolute ruler. archy. 
 
 69. Didasfko, (&&Z/TXW), to teach. 
 
 DIDAC'TIC, adapted to teach; DIDAC'TICALLY, in a didatic 
 preceptive. manner. 
 
 70. Dox'a, (do^a), an opinion. 
 
 HET'ERODOX, (HI), holding 
 
 erroneous opinions. 
 OR'THODOX, (160), correct in 
 
 opinion. 
 
 PAR'ADOX, a proposition seem- 
 ingly absurd. 
 
 DOXOL'OGY,* (128), an ascrip- 
 tion of praise. 
 
 * The word 6% a. signifies also, glory ; renown. 
 
 71. Dra'ma, (fyja/zerj"), an action; a drama. 
 
 DRAMAT'IC, pertaining to the j DRAM'ATIST, a writer of plays. 
 drama. I 
 
 f- From fydw, to do or perform. 
 
 72. Drom'os, (dpojjLos'), a race. 
 DROM'EDARY, a species of OR'THODROMY, sailing in a 
 
 straight course. 
 
 camel. 
 
 73. Du'namis, (dwafju^*), power. 
 DYNAM'ICS, the science of forces. | DY'NASTY, a race of kings. 
 
 74. Dus, (dus\ an inseparable particle, denoting difficulty, 
 pain, &c. 
 
 DYS'ENTERY, (Gr. eVr^a, the 
 
 bowels), a disease of the 
 
 bowels. [speaking. 
 
 DYS'PHONY, (176), difficulty of 
 
 DYSPEP'SY. (Gr. ztyiq, diges- 
 tion), difficulty of digestion. 
 
 DYSPXCE'A, (Gr. rWw, to 
 breathe), difficult breathing. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 181 
 
 75. Oi'kos, (o?xo<r), a house. 
 
 DI'OCESE,* the jurisdiction of a 
 bishop. 
 
 EcON'oMY,f a system of manage- 
 ment; frugality. 
 
 PAR'ISH,{ an ecclesiastical dis- 
 
 trict. 
 
 PARO'CHIAL, pertaining to a 
 parish. 
 
 * From tioiKr)<n$ , which signifies, primarily, the management of a household. 
 
 f Sometimes written ceconomy. The Greek diphthong ot is usually repre- 
 sented, in English by 02 or e. Ot/coj/o/itu is compounded of o?wy and vfytoj, (149), 
 a regulation or rule; and therefore signifies the regulation of a houne, of 
 family. Economy is the corresponding English word. 
 
 J From Trapo'iKrjffts, which signifies the state of dwelling near ; a neighbor* 
 hood. 
 
 76. Hed'ra, (e'fya), a seat. 
 
 CATHE'DRAL, (Gr. xaOldpa), the j SAN'HEDRIM, (Gr. cuvidpwv), 
 see or seat of a bishop ; the the chief council of the Jews, 
 principal church in a diocese. TETRAHE'DRON, (213), a solid 
 
 having four faces or sides. 
 
 77. ffege'sis, (r/pj<re?), a leading; an explanation. 
 EXEGE'SIS, (^<n?), exposi- EXEGET'ICAL, pertaining to exe- 
 
 gesis. 
 
 78. E'meo, (^/zew), to vomit. 
 
 tion. 
 
 EMET'IC, a medicine that causes EM'ETIN, a substance obtained 
 vomiting. from the ipecacuana. 
 
 79. En'tera, (evrepa), the bowels. 
 
 DYS'ENTERY, (74), a disease of 
 
 the bowels. [intestines. 
 
 ENTERI'TIS, inflammation of the 
 
 MES'ENTERY, (Gr. ju&ro?, mid- 
 dle), a membrane supporting 
 the intestines. 
 
 80. En'tomosj (^ro/xo^), cut into. See 217. 
 
 ENTOMOL'OGIST, one versed in 
 the science of insects. 
 
 ENTOMOL'OGY, (128), the sci- 
 ence which treats of insects. 
 
 $ The words inscc'tum in Latin and fvrOpov in Greek correspond to each 
 other precisely. The former is compounded of in, into, and se'co, to cut ; and 
 the latter of iv and r^w, which have the same significations as the Latin 
 words above mentioned. The names were undoubtedly suggested by the form 
 which many insects have, i. e., the appearance of being almost cut in two. 
 
J82 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 81. Ep'os, (CTTO?), a speech; a poem. 
 
 EP'IC, containing narration of OR'THOEPY, (160), correct pro- 
 
 an elevated character. 
 
 nunciation. 
 
 82. Er'emosy (^j?//o?), lonely. 
 
 ER'EMITE, one who lives in a I HER'MIT, (same signification). 
 wilderness. 
 
 83. E/gon, (epYov), a work. 
 
 EN'ERGY, (M^eta), vigor of 
 operation. 
 
 LIT'URGY, (Gr. hry, prayer), a 
 formulary of public prayer. 
 
 METALLURGY, (Gr. ulraUov, a 
 metal), the art of working 
 metals and obtaining them 
 from the ore. 
 
 84. Es'o, (eW), within. 
 ESOT'ERY, (little used), mystery.] ESOTER'IC, private; secret. 
 
 85. Afther, (flrt%>), the air. 
 
 E'THER, a light fluid. | ETHE'REAL, immaterial; subtile. 
 
 86. Eth'os, (l<9o?), a custom. 
 
 ETH'ICS, the science of morals; 
 
 ETH'ICAL, relating to morals or 
 
 moral philosophy. duty. 
 
 87. Eth'nos, (e0i/o?), a nation. 
 
 ETH'NICAL, relating to the races ETHNOL'OGY,. (128), a classifica- 
 of mankind. tion and description of races. 
 
 88. Et'umon, (ero/xov),* the true derivation. 
 
 ET'YMON, a root or primitive I ETYMOL'OGY, the study of deri- 
 word. vation and inflection. 
 
 * The adjective ern/iof signifies true, genuine. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 
 89. u, (eD), well ; rightly. 
 
 183 
 
 Eu'LOGY, (128), praise; pane- 
 gyric. 
 
 EU'PHONY, (176), pleasantness 
 of sound. 
 
 EVAN'GELIST,* (15), a preacher 
 
 of the gospel. 
 EVAN'GELIZE, to instruct in the 
 
 gospel. 
 
 * The Greek v had, in certain words, the sound of the English v. The 
 word Evayyi\iov signifies, primarily, good tidings. 
 
 90. Ga'laxj (r^)> milk - 
 GAL'AXY, the milky way; a splendid assemblage. 
 
 9 
 
 91. Ga'meo, (jap.ictS), to marry. 
 
 BIG'AMY, (Lat. 37), the crime I POLYG'AMY, (188), the having 
 of having two wives at once. | a plurality of wives. 
 
 92. Gas'ter, (jaffryp), the belly. 
 
 GAS'TRIC, belonging to the sto- 
 
 mach. 
 
 GASTRIL'OQUIST, a ventrilo- 
 
 quist, (see Lat. 270). 
 93. Ge, (YTJ), the earth. 
 
 GEOG'RAPHY, (99), a descrip- 
 tion of the earth's surface. 
 
 GEOL'OGY, (128), the science of 
 the structure of the earth. 
 
 GEOM'ETRY,| the science of 
 
 GEOPON'ICS (Gr. TTOVO<T, labor), 
 
 agriculture. 
 AP'OGEE, greatest distance from 
 
 the earth. 
 PER'IGEE, nearest approach to 
 
 the earth. 
 
 magnitude. 
 
 f Primarily, the art of measuring the earth or globe. 
 
 94. Genna'o, (^evvcfw), to produce. Ge'nea, (jzvea), birth; origin. 
 
 GENEAL'OGY, (128), lineage; an 
 account of one's descent. 
 
 95. Glo'tta or Glossa, ( 
 
 GEN'ESIS, (Gr. 
 creation. 
 
 origin ; 
 
 or ^/lo<r<ra), the tongue; language. 
 
 GLOT'TIS and EPIGLOT'TIS, 
 parts of the throat, lying near 
 the root of the tongue. 
 
 POL'YGLOT, (188), in many lan- 
 guages. 
 GLOSS' ARY, a limited dictionary. 
 
 96. Glu'plio, (jXb<pu>), to carve or engrave. 
 
 GLYPH, a kind of ornament in I HIEROGLYPH, (114), a mystical 
 sculpture. I character or symbol. 
 
184 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 97. Gno'me, (jvaitj.^, reason ; judgment. G no' sis, 
 knowledge. 
 
 DIAGNOSIS, judgment respect- 
 ing the character of a disease. 
 
 IG'NORANT, destitute of know- 
 ledge. 
 
 GNOS'TICS, an ancient sect of 
 philosophers. 
 
 98. Go'nia, 
 
 PHYSIOG'NOMY, (180), the art of 
 discerning the character of the 
 mind from the countenance. 
 
 PROGNOS'TIC, a sign by which 
 a future event may be 
 known. 
 
 ), an angle or corner. 
 
 DIAG'ONAL, passing through the POL'YGON, (188), a figure hav- 
 
 opposite angles. 
 GONIOM'ETER, (137), an instru- 
 
 ment for measuring angles. 
 
 ing many angles. 
 TRIGONOM'ETRY, (137), the 
 measuring of triangles. 
 
 99. Graph'o, 
 
 , to write : Gramma, (jpa.iJ.jjLa), a writing. 
 
 AN'AGRAM, a transposition of 
 the letters of a word. 
 
 AU'TOGRAPH, (see 29). 
 
 DI'AGRAM, a delineation ; a fig- 
 ure. 
 
 EP'IGRAM, a short, pointed 
 poem. 
 
 GRAM'MAR, the science which 
 treats of the laws of lan- 
 guage. 
 
 GRAPH'IC, well delineated ; giv- 
 ing vivid description. 
 
 GRAPH'ITE, a substance used 
 
 for pencils. 
 PAR'AGRAPH, a distinct part of 
 
 a composition. 
 PARALLEL'OGRAM, a figure 
 
 whose opposite sides are par- 
 
 allel. 
 STEXOG'RAPHY,* (206), short- 
 
 hand. 
 TEL'EGRAPH, (Gr. r^Ac, afar), a 
 
 machine for communicating 
 
 intelligence by signals. 
 
 * The termination graphy, which is found in a large class of words, denotes 
 a writing or treatise. 
 
 100. Gum'nos, 
 
 , naked. 
 
 GYMNA'SIUM,| a place for ath- GYMNAS'TIC, belonging to a 
 letic exercises. gymnasium. 
 
 f In the ancient games the combatants were naked, or nearly so, and hence 
 their exercise was called yvftvaaia. 
 
 101. Gu'ne, 
 
 GYN'ARCHY, (18), government 
 
 by a female. 
 GYNJE'CIAN, relating to women. 
 
 a woman. 
 
 GYN^EOC'RACY, (60), govern- 
 ment over which a woman 
 may preside. 
 
 The word yw)i enters into a number of botanical terms. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 185 
 
 102. Gu'ros, (jvpoc-), a circle. 
 GYRA'TION, a whirling round. GY'RAL, whirling. 
 
 103. Hel'domos, ({j3nfju)s)j the seventh. 
 HEB'DOMAD, (obsolete), a week. HEBDOM'ADAL, weekly. 
 
 104. Hek'aton, (e'xarov), a hundred. 
 
 HEC'ATOMB, (Gr. /9D?, an ox), I of a hundred oxen or other 
 an ancient heathen sacrifice/ animals at once. 
 
 105. He'lios, (rJyUos), the sun. 
 
 APHE'LION, greatest distance 
 
 from the sun. 
 HELI'ACAL, emerging from the 
 
 light of the sun or passing 
 
 HE'LIOTROPE, (221), a plant 
 
 that turns to the sun. 
 PERIHE'LION,* nearest approach 
 
 of a planet to the sun. 
 
 into it. 
 
 * The word '"A<oj enters into various astronomical terms. 
 
 106. Hel'len, (EMyv), a Greek. 
 HELLEN'IC, pertaining to 
 
 Greece. 
 
 HEL'LENIST, one skilled in the 
 Greek language. 
 
 107. ffai'ma, (a?/*a), blood. 
 
 HEM'ORRHAGE, (195), a flow of j HEM'ORRHOIDS, bleeding tu- 
 blood. I mors. 
 
 108. He'mera, (flfispct), a day. 
 EPHEM'ERAL, lasting but a day. | EPHEM'ERIS, a kind of almanac. 
 
 109. He'mi, (jut'), a prefix signifying half. 
 HEMISPHERE, (Gr. ffyaipa, a HEM'ISTICH, (208), half a line 
 
 ball), a half sphere. 
 
 in poetry. 
 
 110. Hep'ta, (IKTO), seven. 
 
 HEP'TAGON, (98), a figure hav- HEP'TARCHY, (18), a govern- 
 ing seven angles. ment by seven persons. 
 
186 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 111. Heteros, (ere^o^), other; another. 
 
 HET'ERODOX, (70), heretical ; HETEROGE'NEOUS, (94), of dif- 
 holding erroneous sentiments. ferent nature or kind. 
 
 112. Hex, (!,-), six. 
 
 HEX' AGON, (98), a figure hav- 1 HEXAM'ETER, (137), having six 
 ing six angles. metrical feet. 
 
 113. Hip'pos, (?7r7ro<r), a horse. 
 HIPPOPOT'AMUS, (189), the HIP'PODROME, (71), anciently, 
 
 river horse. 
 
 a circus. 
 
 114. Ifferos, ([/?<?<:), sacred. 
 
 HIERARCHY, (18), ecclesiasti- 1 HIEROGLYPHIC, (96), a sacred 
 cal government. I character or symbol. 
 
 115. Hom'iloSy (o/ido?), an assembly or company. 
 
 HOM'ILY, a discourse pronoun- 1 HOMILET'IC, pertaining to pulpit 
 ced to an audience. I discourse. 
 
 116. Horn! os, (o f /*o<r), united; like. 
 
 HOMOGE'NEOUS, (94), of the : HOMOLOGOUS, (128), propor- 
 same kind or nature. I tionate to each other. 
 
 117. Ho'ra, (o^oa), an hour. 
 
 HO'RAL, relating to an hour. HOROL'OGY, the art of making 
 
 time-pieces. 
 
 118. Hori'zo (oyo{'Ca>), to fix a limit. 
 
 HORI'ZON, the limit which i HORIZONTAL, parallel to the 
 bounds the sight. \ horizon. 
 
 119. Hu'dor, (udajp"), water. 
 
 HY'DRA, a water serpent. 
 HY'DRANT, a pipe for discharg- 
 ing water. 
 
 HYDRAUL'IC, (28), relating to 
 the conveyance of water 
 through pipes. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 187 
 
 HY'DROGEN, (94), one of the 
 
 elements of water. 
 HYDROPHO'BIA, (Gr. 
 
 fear), dread of water. 
 
 HYDROSTAT'IC, (204), relating 
 to the weight and equilibrium 
 of fluids. 
 
 DROP'SY, (Gr. udpuxp), a disease. 
 
 120. Ich'thus, (>/0t>0> a fish. 
 
 ICHTHYOL'OGY, the science of I ICH'THYOLITE, (127), fossil fish, 
 fishes. 
 
 121. Id'ioSj (Idiot), belonging to one; peculiar. 
 
 ID'IOM, peculiarity of expression 
 
 or phraseology. 
 ID'IOT,* a fool. 
 
 IDIOSYNCRASY, (Gr. <ruyxpao-t<;, 
 constitution), peculiar liability 
 to some form of disease. 
 
 * The Greek word t<Jtwrjf signifies a private individual ; it was used also 
 to signify a very ignorant person. 
 
 122. Fdos, (eT<5o?), appearance; figure. 
 
 CY'CLOID,")* (63), a geometrical I SPHEROID', a solid resembling a 
 curve. 1 sphere. 
 
 f Literally, the likeness or resemblance of a circle. The termination oid 
 is found in a number of words not here given, and has the same signification, 
 viz. : resemblance. 
 
 123. 2' sos, (F<roc), equal. 
 
 ISOCH'RONOUS, (54), performed 
 in equal times, (as the vibra- 
 tion of a pendulum). 
 
 ISOS'CELES, (Gr. <TX&O, the leg), 
 having two legs or sfdes which 
 are equal. 
 
 124. La'os, (A<r), the people. 
 
 LA'ITY, the people, as distin- 
 guished from the clergy. 
 
 LAY, not clerical. [gyman. 
 
 LAY'MAN, one who is not a cler- 
 
 125. Le'the, (A^'0^), forgetfulness ; oblivion. 
 LETHE' AN, inducing forgetful- 1 LETH'ARGY, (20), morbid drow- 
 
 126. Lex'is, (Af<r), a word or expression. 
 
 LEX'ICON, a dictionary, ( An- 1 LEXICOG'RAPHY, (99), the com- 
 ylicb, a word-book). pilation of a dictionary. 
 
LOG'IC, the art of reasoning. 
 LOGOM'ACHY, (130), a war of 
 
 w 
 
 ords. 
 
 188 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 127. Ltthos, (/U'0os), a stone. 
 
 LITHOG'RAPHY, (99), writing I CHRYS'OLITE,* (55), a precious 
 or drawing on stone. I stone. 
 
 * The termination lite, from Xt'Ooj, is found in many names of minerals. 
 
 128. Loy'oo, (A<jyoq~), a speech, account, or description. 
 
 ANAL'OGY, correspondence. 
 APOL'OGY, an excuse; a plea. 
 CAT'ALOGUE, (Or. xaTdlvyos), 
 
 list. PHILOL'OGY,! (175), the science 
 
 DI'ALOGUE, a conversation. of language. 
 
 f The termination or suffix logy, which is found in a large number of words- 
 is from A<5yo?, and denotes art, science, description, account, <fec. 
 
 129. Lu'sisj (A6<n<r), a loosing or dissolving. 
 
 ANAL'YSIS, the separation of a , PARAL'YSIS, palsy. 
 
 compound into its constituent j PARALYT'IC, aftected with palsy, 
 parts. 
 
 130. Mach'omai, (/wz^o^at), to fight. 
 
 MONOM'ACHY, (141), single NAU'MACHY, (145), a sea-fight, 
 combat. 
 
 131. Mantel' a, (ftavreia), soothsaying; divination. 
 
 The suffix money, as in nec'romancy, is from this word. Necromancy, 
 (Gr. vcicpds, dead), signifies the revealiny of future events by pretended commu- 
 nication tcith the dead. 
 
 132. Mar* far, (;&uz/>Tty>), a witness; a martyr. 
 
 MAR'TYR, one who is put to ; MAR'TYRDOM, the death of a 
 death for adherence to any! martyr. [martyr, 
 
 cause. j PRO'TO-MARTYR, (192), the first 
 
 133. Mathe'ma, (/zafoj.ucc), knowledge; that which is learned. 
 
 MATHEMATICS, the science of CHRESTOM'ATHY, (Gr. xprjffrus, 
 quantity. [knowledge. easily used), a series of easy 
 
 POLYM'ATHY, (188), various lessons. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 189 
 
 134. Mechana'o, (/z^avaw), to contrive or invent. 
 
 MECH'ANISM, the construction MECHANICS, the science which 
 of a machine, engine, or in- treats of forces, the laws of 
 strument. I motion, &c. 
 
 135. Mel'os, (/i&flc), a song. 
 
 MEL'ODY, an agreeable succes- ! MELO'DIOUS, musical ; agree- 
 sion of sounds. | able to the ear. 
 
 136. Meteo'ros, (/j.rwpo<;\ floating in the air. 
 ME'TEOR, a shooting star. which treats of the atmosphere 
 
 METEOROL'OGY, that science 
 
 and its phenomena. 
 
 137. Metfron, (p.trpov'), a measure. 
 
 ME'TRE, arrangement of poetical 
 
 feet. 
 
 MET'RICAL, pertaining to metre. 
 DIAM'ETER, measure through 
 
 anything. 
 
 SYMMETRY, due proportion of 
 parts. 
 
 THERMOMETER, (Gr. Slppy, 
 heat), an instrument for mea- 
 suring heat. 
 
 NOTE. The suffixes meter and metry, in such words as barometer, geome- 
 try, Ac., are derived from //erpoi/. Many words having these suffixes will be 
 found in this book, and a reference to this paragraph usually accompanies 
 them. 
 
 138. Mik'ros, O*/xk)> small. 
 
 MI'CROCOSM, (58), a little world; MICROSCOPE, (200), a glass for 
 (man is often so called). viewing minute objects. 
 
 139. Mi' &os, Olffoc), hatred. 
 
 MISAN'THROPY, (17), hatred of I MISOG'AMIST, (91), a hater of 
 mankind. I marriage. 
 
 140. Mne'me, (jj.vij/j.y'), memory. 
 
 MNEMONICS, the art of memory. I act of oblivion; a general 
 AM'NESTY, (Gr. d/j.^ffTeta), an| pardon. 
 
 141. Mon'os, (/xdv/o?), sole; only. 
 
 MON'AD, an indivisible thing. 
 MONK, (Gr. p.ova^bq) t a religious 
 recluse. 
 
 MON'ACHISM, the condition of 
 monks; a monastic life. 
 
190 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 i MONOPOLIZE, (186), to become 
 the only dealer in any com- 
 modity ; to engross the whole. 
 
 MONOSYL'LABLE,* a word of 
 one syllable. 
 
 MONOT'O NY, sameness of sound; 
 want of variety. 
 
 MON'ASTERY, a house of reli- 
 gious retirement. 
 
 MONAS'TIC, pertaining to the 
 life of a monk. 
 
 MON'ARCH, (18), a sole ruler; 
 a king. 
 
 MON'OGRAM, (99), a character 
 combining several letters. 
 
 * The prefix mono or mon, which is found in a number of words, is from ^6vo^. 
 
 142. Mor'phe, (/jt<y?cy), form; shape. 
 AMORPH'OUS, of irregular shape. | METAMORPH'OSE, to transform. 
 
 143. Mu'thos, (jwffoi), a fable. 
 
 MYTH'IC, fabulous. 
 MYTHOL'OGY, (128), the system 
 
 of fables respecting heathen 
 deities. 
 
 144. Nur'te, (ydpxrf), numbness; stupor. 
 NARCO'SIS, stupefaction. I NARCOT'IC, causing stupor. 
 
 145. Naus, (vaD?), a ship. 
 
 NAU'SEA, properly, sea-sick- 
 ness ; disposition to vomit. 
 NAU'SEOUS, sickening; disgust- 
 
 ing; loathsome. 
 
 NAUT'ICAL, pertaining, to navi- 
 gation. 
 NAU'TILUS, the shell-fish which 
 
 sails. 
 
 146. Ne'os, 
 
 new. 
 
 NEOL'OGY, (128), a new system I NE'OPHYTE, (Gr. <purov, a plant 
 of doctrines. I or shoot), a novice. 
 
 147. Ne'sos, (vr t aoq), an island. 
 
 PELOPONNE'SUS, the island of 
 Pelops, now called the Mo- 
 
 POLYNE'SIA, (188), a part of 
 the Pacific Ocean, containing 
 
 many islands. 
 
 148. Neu'ron, (veupov), a cord; a nerve. 
 
 NEUROL'OGY, (128), a descrip- j NEURAL'GIA, (10), a diseased 
 tion of the nerves, (a depart- 1 state of the nerves, 
 ment of anatomy). I ENER'VATE, to weaken. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 149. No'mos, (vcfytoc), a law or rule. 
 
 ANOM'ALY, a deviation from the 
 general course or law. 
 
 ANTINO'MIAN, against law; un- 
 dervaluing good works. 
 
 191 
 
 DEUTERON'OMY, (G-r. 
 
 second), the second book of 
 
 the law. 
 ECON'OMY,* see 75. 
 
 * The suffix nomy, which is found ?.n many words, as in astronomy, (25), 
 is from 
 
 150. No'sos, ( 
 NOSOI/OGY, the description of 
 
 diseases. 
 
 ), disease. 
 
 NOSOL'OGIST, one who classifies 
 and describes diseases. 
 
 151. O'de, (w&y), an ode; a song. 
 
 ODE, a short poem or song. 
 MEL'ODY, (135), sweetness of 
 
 sound. 
 PAI/INODE, (Gr. iraAeu, back 
 
 again), a recantation. 
 PAR'ODY, a humorous imitation. 
 
 PROS'ODY, the study of versifi- 
 
 cation. 
 
 PsAi/MODY.f the singing of 
 
 sacred songs. 
 RHAP'SODY, an unconnected 
 
 effusion. 
 
 The Greek word i//aAXu signifies to play on a stringed instrument. 
 
 152. C^doSj (o<5o?), a road or way. 
 
 PE'RIOD,|| a circuit. 
 
 jJ a departure. 
 METH'OD, arrangement; man- 
 
 ner. 
 
 an ecclesiastical con- 
 
 vention. 
 
 J Particularly, the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, 
 
 g Compounded of //era, according to, and bids', signifying, therefore, the 
 following of a way or mode. 
 
 || From ;repc, around, about, and 6<fof. 
 
 ^ From avy, together, and Wdfj and signifies a journeying or coming to 
 meet one another. 
 
 153. Od'ous, (ddous, 
 
 , a tooth. 
 
 ODONTAL'GIA or ODONTAL'GY, i ODONTAL'GIO, pertaining to the 
 (10), toothache. toothache. 
 
 154. For the suffix oid, see 122. 
 155. Ol'igos, (o%o^), few; small. 
 
 OLIGARCHY, (18), a govern- 
 13 
 
 ment in which a few persons 
 hold the supreme power. 
 
192 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 156. On'oma, (ovo/za), a name. 
 
 AXON'YMOUS, without name. 
 METON'YMY, a change of names. 
 PARON'YMOUS, resembling an- 
 other word. 
 
 SYNON'YMOUS, conveying the 
 
 same idea. 
 SYN'ONYM, a word conveying 
 
 the same idea as another. 
 
 157. Op'tomaiy (o-ro/zar), to see. 
 
 OP'TICS, the science of light and 
 
 vision. 
 OP'TICAL, pertaining to sight. 
 
 OPHTHAL'MIA, (Gr. 6<p6a/.tj.b~, 
 the eye), a disease of the eyes, 
 SYNOP'SIS, a general view. 
 
 158. Ora'ma, (o/xz/za), a sight; a spectacle. 
 
 DIORA'MA, (Gr. did, through), PANORA'MA, (164), a complete 
 an optical machine. or entire view. 
 
 159. Or'nis, (opvis, opvt6o<i) } a bird. 
 
 ORNITHOL'OGY, (128), the sci- ORNITH'OLITE, (127), a petrified 
 
 ence of birds. 
 
 bird 
 
 160. OSthos, (<?/>0oc), erect; right. 
 
 OR'THODOX, (70), correct in 
 
 opinion or belief. 
 OR'THOEPY, (81), correct pro- 
 
 nunciation. 
 
 161. Os'teon, ( 
 
 OSTEOL'OGY, (128), that part of 
 anatomy which treats of the 
 bones. 
 
 OR'THOEPIST, one skilled in pro- 
 nunciation. 
 
 ORTHOG'RAPHY, (99), correct 
 spelling. 
 
 for^ov), a bone. 
 
 PERIOS'TEUM, a vascular mem- 
 brane investing the bones of 
 animals. 
 
 162. OrX 
 OXAL'IC, (Gr. dgaXiq, sorrel), 
 
 pertaining to sorrel. 
 OX'YGEN, (94), the gas which 
 generates acids. 
 
 ?), sharp; acid. 
 
 OX'YD, a substance combined 
 
 with oxygen. 
 PAR'OXYSM, an exacerbation or 
 
 temporary violence of disease. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 163. Paidei'a, (Tcaideia*), education. 
 
 193 
 
 PED'AGOGUE, (8), a teacher of 
 
 children. 
 PED'ANT, one who makes a vain 
 
 display of learning. 
 
 PEDANT'IC, ostentatious of learn- 
 
 ing. 
 CYCLOPE'DIA, ENCYCLOPE'DIA, 
 
 see 63. 
 
 * From rraif, .rauJdj, a child. 
 
 164. Pan, (nav, Kavroq), every; all. 
 
 PANACE'A, a universal medicine. 
 
 PANEGYR'ic,f a 
 PAN'OPLY, (Gr. 
 
 eulogy. 
 a wea- 
 
 pon), complete armor. 
 PANORA'MA, see 158. 
 PAN'THEISM, (216), the doctrine 
 
 that the universe is God. 
 
 PANTHE'ON, (216), a temple 
 
 dedicated to all the gods. 
 PAN'TOMIME, (Gr. J&U/AO?, a mim- 
 
 ic), an imitation of all kinds 
 of action, &c., without speak- 
 ing, [instrument. 
 PAN'TOGRAPH, (99), a copying 
 
 f Compounded of irav and dyopa, an assembly. 
 
 165. Pa'thos, 
 
 ANTIP'ATHY, aversion. 
 AP'ATHY, want of feeling. 
 PATHET'IC, exciting emotion. 
 
 , suffering; affection; emotion. 
 
 PATHOL'OGY, the science of 
 
 diseases. 
 SYM'PATHY, fellow-feeling. 
 
 166. Pen'te, (w^re), five. 
 
 PEN'TAGON, (98), a figure hav- 1 PEN'TATEUCH, (reu/oc, a book), 
 ing five angles. I the five books of Moses. 
 
 167. Pep' to, (TT^TTTW), to boil; to concoct. 
 
 DYSPEP'SY, (74), difficulty of I PEP'TIC, promoting digestion, 
 digestion. 
 
 168. Pet'alon, (nlraXov'), a leaf. 
 
 PE'TAL, a flower-leaf. 
 PET'ALLED, having petals. 
 
 MONOPET'ALOUS, (141), having 
 only one petal. 
 
 169. Pe'tra, (^r/oa),J a rock. 
 
 PET'RIFY, to convert into stone. | PETRO'LEUM, rock oil. 
 
 J Peter, (nfrpoj), the name given to one of the apostles, is from vtrpa. Se 
 Matt xvi. 18. 
 
194 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 170. Pha'go, (?ay<o), to eat. 
 ESOPH'AGUS, or (ESOPH'AGUS,* SARCOPH'AGUS,! (196), a stone 
 
 the gullet. 
 
 coffin. 
 
 * Compounded of oo>, (ofo-w), to carry, and 0tyw, and signifying, literally, 
 that which carries or conducts the food to the stomach. 
 
 f The word is derived from the name of a calcareous stone anciently used 
 by the Greeks, (Xi'0oj aapKotpdyos), which rapidly decomposed bodies deposited 
 in it. 
 
 171. Phai'nOj (tpaivci), to appear; to show. 
 
 DIAPH'ANOUS, transparent. 
 EM'PHASIS,! special stress upon 
 some word or sentence. 
 
 EPIPH'ANY, the manifestation. 
 PHAN'TASM, PHAN'TOM, a fan- 
 cied appearance. 
 
 PHASE, or PHA'SIS, (pi. 
 
 PHASES), an appearance, as 
 
 of the moon. 
 PHENOM'ENON, (pi. PHENOM'- 
 
 ENA), an appearance; a 
 
 change ; an event. 
 
 Literally, the making anything distinct or manifest. 
 The manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles. 
 
 172. 
 
 y (<f>dpfj.axov) y a drug; a medicine. 
 
 PHAR'MACY, the art of preparing 
 
 medicine. 
 PHARMACEUT'IC, pertaining to 
 
 the art of pharmacy. 
 
 173. Phe'mi, 
 
 BLASPHEME', to speak impi- 
 ously. 
 PROPH'ESY, to foretell. 
 
 PHARMACOPCE'IA, (Gr. notlw, to 
 make), a dispensatory; a book 
 describing the preparation of 
 the several kino!s of medicine. 
 
 > to 
 
 or 
 
 PROPH'ET, (Gr. 7r/>of^nyc), one 
 
 who foretells. [phecy. 
 
 PROPHET'IC, containing pro- 
 
 174. Phefro, (<pip<a), to bear or carry. 
 
 DIAPHORETIC, 1 1 causing perspi- 
 
 ration. 
 
 MET'APHOR,^ a short similitude. 
 
 PERIPH'ERY,** circumference. 
 PHOs'pHORUS,f fa luminous sub- 
 stance. 
 
 [] Literally, carrying through ; i. e., causing moisture to pass through the 
 pores of the skin. 
 
 ^ From pcTatyipti), which signifies to transfer. 
 
 ** The words periphery and circumference are formed of corresponding words 
 in the Latin and Greek. The former has a more limited signification than the 
 latter. 
 
 ft Compounded of $&s, light, and Qfyo, and signifying, literally, light- 
 tearing. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 175. Phflos, (<ptioe-), a friend or lover. 
 
 195 
 
 PHILADELPHIA,* (6), the name 
 
 of a city. 
 PHILANTHROPY, (17), love for 
 
 mankind. 
 
 PHILOL'OGIST, (128), a student 
 
 of language. 
 PHILOS'OPHY,! (202), the stud;? 
 
 of general laws. 
 
 * Literally, brotherly love ; the Greek word 
 j- Literally, love of wisdom. 
 
 176. Pho'ne, (^WVTJ), a sound. 
 
 PHONOL'OGY, the science which 
 
 treats of the sounds uttered in 
 
 human speech. [sound. 
 
 EUPHON'IC, (89), agreeable in 
 
 SYM'PHONY, properly, a har- 
 mony of sounds; an instru- 
 mental passage in music, de- 
 signed to relieve the vocalist. 
 
 177. Phos, (?ofc)> light. 
 
 PHOSPHORES'CENCE, faint lumi- 
 
 nousness. See 174. 
 PHOS'PHATE, a chemical salt. 
 
 PHOTOM'ETER, an instrument 
 for measuring the intensity of 
 light 
 
 178. Phra'zo, 
 
 PHRASE, an expression or short 
 
 sentence. 
 PER'IPHRASE, ( Gr. 
 
 around), circumlocution. 
 
 >), to say or relate. 
 
 PAR'APHRASE, a fuller expres- 
 sion of the meaning of an 
 author. 
 
 PERIPHRAS'TIC, circumlocutory. 
 
 179. Phren, (<ppyv), the mind. 
 
 PHRENOLOGY, (128), the sci- 
 ence of the mind as connected 
 
 with the brain. 
 
 PHREN'SY, madness; delirium. 
 FRAN'TIC or PHRENET'IC, vio- 
 lently delirious. 
 
 180. Phu'sis, (<p()ai<f),% nature. 
 
 PHYS'ICS, the study or science 
 
 PHYSIOL'OGY, the science of the 
 
 properties and functions of 
 animals and plants. 
 
 of nature. 
 PHYS'ICAL, pertaining to nature. 
 
 J The Latin verb nas'cor and the Greek verb <^5a> have nearly the same sig- 
 nification, viz. : to come into being. The former gives rise to the substantive 
 natu'ra, and the latter to the substantive <j>vcts. 
 
 ft Metaphysics signifies, literally, after or next to physics. It is the science 
 which treats of the relations between abstract ideas. 
 
196 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 181. Peira'o, (xstpdw), to try. 
 
 EMPIR'ICAL, derived from ex- 1 EM'PIRIC, one who makes ex- 
 periment. I periments; a quack. 
 
 182. Pla'ne, (r/ta'^), a wandering. 
 PLAN'ET, a wandering or mov- PLAN'ETARY, pertaining to the 
 
 ing star. 
 
 planets. 
 
 183. Plas'so, (i:Xdaffto), to mould or shape. 
 PLAS'TIC, giving shape. CAT'APLASM,* a poultice. 
 
 * The word n-Xdo-ao) signifies, primarily, to smear with any soft mixture, la 
 wet clay. 
 
 184. Pndo, (rrv&o), to blow; to breathe: Pneu'ma, 
 breath; a blast. 
 
 PNEUMAT'ICS, the science which 
 
 treats of the air. [lungs. 
 
 PNEUMON'IC, pertaining to the 
 
 DYSPNCE'A, (74), difficulty of 
 
 breathing. 
 PNEUMAT'IC, pertaining to air. 
 
 185. PoVemos, (TTO/U^O?), war. 
 POLEM'IC, a. controversial. j POLEM'IC, s. a disputant. 
 
 186. Po'leo, (xajXiai), to sell. 
 BIBLIOP'OLIST, (35), a book- MONOP'OLY, (141), exclusive 
 
 seller. 
 
 sale. 
 
 187. Po'lis, (ro^?), a city. 
 
 METROPOLIS, ( Gr. 
 
 mother), the chief city. 
 POLICE', the government of a 
 
 city or town. 
 
 PoL'iTY,f civil constitution. 
 POL'ITIC, prudent; sagacious. 
 POL'ITICS, the science of govern- 
 ment. 
 
 f Pol' icy is sometimes used to denote a course of political measures. 
 
 188. Po'luSj (/roAy<r), much ; many. 
 
 POLYANTH'OS, (16), a plant 
 which produces many flowers. 
 
 POL'YGON, (98), a figure having 
 many angles. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FtfOM THE GREEK. 1Q7 
 
 POI/YPUS, (190), an insect hav- POL'YTHEISM, (216), the doc- 
 
 ing many feet. 
 
 trine of a plurality of gods. 
 
 NOTE. The signification of the prefix poly will be seen from the above 
 examples, and it is therefore unnecessary to adduce more. 
 
 189. Pot'amos, 
 
 a river. See 113. 
 
 190. Pous, (TTOUS-, TTO^O?), a foot. 
 
 AN'TIPODE, one who lives on and whose feet are directly 
 the opposite side of the globe, opposite to ours. 
 
 191. Pras'so, 
 
 ), to do ; Prak'tos, 
 Prag'ma, (7r/?a^a), a deed. 
 
 , done : 
 
 PRAC'TICE, frequent perform- 
 
 ance. 
 
 PRACTICABLE, that may be done. 
 
 PRAGMAT'ICAL, officious; med- 
 dling. 
 PR AX'IS, a form to teach practice. 
 
 192. Pro'tos, (npwros'), first. 
 
 PRO'TOCOL,* a record or registry. 
 PROTHON'OTARY,')' a register or 
 clerk. 
 
 PRO'TOTYPE, (222), an original 
 
 or model. 
 PROTOX'YD, the first oxyd. 
 
 * Compounded of n-paJrof and ie6\\a, glue. The word was originally used to 
 denote the upper part of a leaf or writing, and was probably derived from the 
 practice of gluing or pasting pieces of paper or parchment together, as in 
 forming a long sheet for an extended document; the protocol was, therefore, 
 the first of the pasted sheets. 
 
 f Literally, the chief register or clerk. 
 
 193. Psu'che, 
 
 METEMPSYCHO'SIS, the trans- 
 migration of souls. 
 
 , the soul. 
 
 PSYCHOL'OGY, (128), a discourse 
 on the human soul. 
 
 194. Pur, (7rty>), fire. 
 
 EMPYR'EAL, formed of pure fire 
 
 or light. 
 
 [smoke. 
 
 PYROLIG'NEOUS, Jproduced from 
 
 PYRE, a funeral pile. 
 PYROTECH'NICS, (212), the art 
 of making fire-works. 
 
 Lat. lig'num, wood ; pyroligneous, produced by wood and fire. 
 
 195. Rhe'o, (/>7w), to flow. 
 
 CATARRH', a defluxion of mucus. 
 HEM'ORRHAGE, (107), a flow of 
 blood. 
 
 DIARRHE'A, purging or flux. 
 RHEU'M ATISM, a painful disease 
 of the limbs. 
 
 So called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a defluxion of 
 humors. 
 
198 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 196. Sarx, (cap*, ffapxd'i), flesh. 
 
 SAR'CASM,* a satirical remark ; 
 
 a taunt. 
 
 HYPERSARCO'SIS, the growth of 
 fungous or proud flesh. 
 
 * Literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh. 
 
 197. Skep'tomaiy (ffx&To/jLat), to examine or consider. 
 
 SKEP'TIC, one who doubts. 
 
 SKEP'TICISM, a state or habit of 
 
 SKEP'TICAL, doubting. doubting. 
 
 198. Bchis'ma, (<r/6r//a), a splitting; a division. 
 
 SCHISM, division or separation SCHISMAT'IC, promoting schism. 
 in a church. 
 
 199. Scho'le, (tf/o/^), leisure. 
 
 SCHOOL, a place of instruction. 
 SCHOL'AR, one who learns; a 
 person of learning. 
 
 SCHOLAS'TIC, pertaining to a 
 
 school, or to the schools. 
 SCHO'LIAST, a commentator. 
 
 200. Sko'peo, (<rxo7T&u), to observe ; to watch. 
 
 STETH'ESCOPE, (Or. <rr0o?, the 
 breast), a surgical instrument. 
 
 TEL'ESCOPE, (Gr. rrfle, afar), 
 a glass for viewing distant 
 objects. 
 
 EPIS'COPAL, governed by 
 bishops. f 
 
 EPIS'COPATE, a bishopric. 
 
 SCOPE, J design; view; suffi- 
 cient space. 
 
 f The Greek word, corresponding to our word bishop, is iiricKorros, which 
 signifies, in general, an overseer. 
 
 J Literally, the object looked at or aimed at; also, space in which to look 
 about. 
 
 $ The instrument is pressed against the chest or stomach, and the ear of 
 the surgeon is then applied to it, for the purpose of distinguishing the internal 
 disease by the sounds communicated. 
 
 NOTE. The suffixes scope, scopy, scopic, are found in many terms of science 
 and art. 
 
 201. Si'tos, (<rfroc), food. 
 
 PAR'ASITE,|| a flatterer ; a hanger 1 PARASIT'ICAL, fawning for bread 
 on I or favors. 
 
 | Literally, one who feeds beside, or at the table of another. A parasitic 
 plant is one which grows on the stem or branch of another plant, as the 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 202. So'phia, (<ro$pt'a), wisdom. 
 
 199 
 
 PHILOSOPHY, (175), literally, 
 
 the love of wisdom. 
 SOPH'ISM, a specious but falla- 
 
 cious argument. 
 
 SOPH'ISTRY, fallacious reason- 
 
 UNSOPHIS'TICATED, not in- 
 structed in evil; pure. 
 
 203. -Spa'o, (<r;rdfl>), to draw. 
 
 EPISPAS'TIC, drawing, as a blis- 
 
 ter. 
 
 SPASMODIC, consisting in spasm. 
 
 SPASM, an involuntary contrac- 
 tion of the muscles; a con- 
 vulsion. 
 
 204. -Sta'sis, 
 
 , a standing or position; a placing. 
 
 HYDROSTAT'IC, (119), pertain- 
 ing to the pressure of fluids. 
 SYS'TEM, 
 
 APOS'TASY, a departure from 
 
 original profession. 
 EC'STASY,* excessive joy or SYS'TEM, (<ry<n^/ia),f regular 
 
 delight. method. 
 
 * Literally, a sudden removal from the ordinary condition ; a distraction 
 in consequence of joy. 
 
 f A standing together; consistency. 
 
 205. Std'lo, (<rrUo), to send. 
 
 APOS'TLE, (dro, from), one sent I EPIS'TLE, a writing or letter 
 or commissioned. I sent. 
 
 206. -Sten'os, (0rev<k), narrow. 
 
 STENOGRAPHY, (99), the art 
 of writing in short-handy i. e. 
 in a narrow compass. 
 
 207. Ster'eosy 
 
 STEREOM'ETRY, (137), the art 
 of measuring solid bodies. 
 
 STENOGRAPHER, a short-hand 
 writer. [hand. 
 
 STENOGRAPHIC, written in short- 
 Si?), standing firm. 
 
 STEREOTYPE, (222), to make 
 fixed metallic types, or plates 
 of fixed types. 
 
 208. Sti'chos, (<m/oc), a line; a row. 
 
 ACROS'TIC,J (5), a kind of DIS'TICH, a couple of poetio 
 
 poem. lines. 
 
 J Compounded of aitpov, an extremity, and arfao?, and signifying a poem in 
 which the first letters of the lines form a name, when taken in order. 
 
200 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 209. Stro'phe, (expoy-if), a turning round. 
 
 APOS'TROPHE, a turning aside 
 from the course of a speech, 
 to address some absent per- 
 son, as if present. 
 
 CATAS'TROPHE, a turn or issue 
 of a course of events; gene- 
 rally used to denote a disas- 
 trous issue. 
 
 210. Ta'phos, (rdyoq), a tomb. 
 
 CEN'OTAPH, (Gr. xevo?, empty), 
 a tomb or monument erected 
 to one who is buried else- 
 where. 
 
 EP'ITAPH, (-}, upon), an in- 
 scription on a tomb; a record 
 in honor of the dead. 
 
 211. Tazfis, (rd*i<;'), arrangement; Tak'tos, (roxro?), arranged. 
 
 SYN'TAX, the construction of 
 sentences according to estab- 
 lished usasre. 
 
 TAC'TICS, the art of directing 
 military and naval move- 
 ments. 
 
 212. Tech'ne, 
 
 , art; skill. 
 
 TECHNICAL, pertaining to an art TECHNOLOGY, (128), a treatise 
 or profession. on the arts. 
 
 213. Tes'sares, (riffaapes, rlrpa), four. 
 
 TET'RACHORD, a series of four TES'SELATED, formed in little 
 sounds. squares. 
 
 214. Thea'omai, (dsdofiat), to behold. 
 
 THE'ATRE, a place of exhibi- 
 tion; a conspicuous place of 
 action. 
 
 THEAT'RICAL, resembling the 
 manner of dramatic per- 
 formers. 
 
 215. The' sis, (diets'), a putting or placing; The'ma, 
 something placed. 
 
 ANATH'EMA, excommunication 
 
 ANTITHESIS, an opposition of 
 
 words or sentiments. 
 HYPOTH'ESIS,"(" a supposition. 
 
 with curses. 
 EP'ITHET,* an adjective. 
 
 * Literally, something placed upon; a descriptive word applied to any- 
 thing in representing it. 
 
 f A placing under ; which is the literal signification of the word supposi- 
 tion. See Lat. 399. A position assumed as the ba-vis of an argument. 
 
WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK. 
 
 201 
 
 PAREN'THESIS,* a clause or sen- 
 - tence within another. 
 SYN'THESIS, a putting together; 
 a combining. 
 
 SYNTHETICAL, proceeding by 
 THEME, a topic. [synthesis. 
 THE'SIS, a position; a proposi- 
 tion advanced. 
 
 * Compounded of the prepositions itapa and iv t signifying in or beside, and 
 
 216. The'os, (0eo<r), God. 
 
 A'THEISM, the disbelief of the 
 existence of a God. 
 
 THE'JSM, the belief of the exist- 
 ence of a God. [one God. 
 
 MON'OTHEISM, the doctrine of 
 
 THEOC'RACY, (60), government 
 by the immediate direction of 
 God. 
 
 THEOLOGY, (128), the science 
 of God and divine things. 
 
 217. To' me, (ro/iTy), the act of cutting. 
 
 ANAT'oMY,f the art of dissect- 
 ing. 
 AT'OM,J an indivisible particle. 
 
 EPIT'OME, a compendium or 
 
 summary. 
 To ME, 1 1 a volume. 
 
 f Literally, a cutting up. 
 
 J The A in this word is the A privative or negative. Atom therefore signi- 
 fies, a thing which cannot be cut or divided. 
 
 $ The Greek word i-triro^r] signifies a lopping or curtailing. 
 || Literally, a section, or part cut off; a portion of a work. 
 
 218. To'nosj (rovoq), tension; tone. 
 
 AT'ONY, relaxation; want of 
 vigor. 
 
 DET'ONATE, to explode. 
 
 INTONA'TION, manner of sound- 
 ing. 
 
 TONE, tension; vigor; sound; 
 
 a musical interval. 
 TON'IC, increasing tension or 
 
 vigor; giving tone to the 
 
 system. 
 
 219. To'pos, (TOTTO?), a place. 
 
 TOP'IC, a subject of discourse. I TOPOG'RAPHY, (99), the descrip- 
 TOP'ICAL, local. tion of a particular place. 
 
 220. Treis, (r/>Ts)> tliree - See Lat - (549). 
 221. Trop'os, (rpoxoq), a turning. 
 
 TROPE, a figurative turning of a 
 word from its ordinary signi- 
 fication. 
 
 TROP'IC, the point at which the 
 sun appears to turn again to- 
 wards the equator. 
 
202 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 222. Tu'pos, (TUTTOS), a shape, figure, or model. 
 
 TYPE, an emblem; a model or 
 form of a letter, used in print- 
 ing. 
 
 TYP'ICAL, symbolical. 
 
 TYP'IFY, to represent by figure 
 
 or symbol. 
 TYPOG'RAPHY, (99), the art or 
 
 operation of printing. 
 
 223. Xu'lon, (SuXov), wood. 
 XYLOG'RAPHY, (99), the art of engraving on wood. 
 
 224. Zo'on, (Coov), an animal. 
 
 ZOOL'OGY, (128), the science or 
 
 description of animals. 
 ZOON'OMY, (149), the science 
 
 which treats of animal life. 
 
 ZO'OPHYTE, (yuTov, a plant), a 
 body partaking of the proper- 
 ties both of an animal and a 
 vegetable. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 
 I." CORRESPONDING DERIVATIVES. 
 
 The first column contains the word derived from the Greek, the 
 second that derived from the Latin, and the third the corres- 
 ponding word or phrase of English or Saxon origin. 
 
 N. B. This table may be studied with advantage ; but the pupil must not 
 suppose that the corresponding words in the three columns are synonymous. 
 In a few cases they are nearly so. Some of the words in the third column 
 may be remotely derived from the Latin. 
 
 Amnesty, oblivion, forgetfulness. 
 
 Amorphous, informal, shapeless. 
 
 Analogy, correspondence, likeness. 
 
 Anatomy, dissection, a cutting up. 
 
 Anomalous, irregular, lawless. 
 
 Apathetic, insensible, unfeeling. 
 
 Apology, excuse, plea. 
 
 Apostle, missionary, messenger. 
 
 Bishop, supervisor, overseer. 
 
 Catalogue, inventory, list. 
 
 Cataract, cascade, waterfall. 
 
 Chronical, enduring, lasting. 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PLURALS. 
 
 203 
 
 Chrysalis, 
 
 Democracy, 
 
 Diaphanous, 
 
 Dialogue, 
 
 Didactic, 
 
 Doxology, 
 
 Dynasty, 
 
 Epitome, 
 
 Elliptical, 
 
 Esophagus, 
 
 Eucharist, 
 
 Eulogize, 
 
 Gnomon, 
 
 Graphite, 
 
 Lexicon, 
 
 Metamorphose, 
 
 Monarchical, 
 
 Parable, 
 
 Pathetic, 
 
 Phenomenon, 
 
 Physical, 
 
 Prophesy, 
 
 Rhetoric, 
 
 Sphere, 
 
 Sympathy, 
 
 Tautology, 
 
 Tetragon, 
 
 Theology, 
 
 Tone, 
 
 aurelia, 
 
 republic, 
 
 transparent, 
 
 conversation, 
 
 preceptive, 
 
 glorification, 
 
 dominion, 
 
 abstract, 
 
 oval, 
 
 gullet, 
 
 sacrament, 
 
 commend, 
 
 index, 
 
 plumbago, 
 
 dictionary, 
 
 transform, 
 
 regal, 
 
 similitude, 
 
 affecting, 
 
 appearance, 
 
 medicinal, 
 
 predict, 
 
 oratory, 
 
 globe, 
 
 compassion, 
 
 repetition, 
 
 quadrangle, 
 
 divinity, 
 
 sound, 
 
 grub. 
 
 commonwealth. 
 
 clear. 
 
 talk. 
 
 teaching. 
 
 praise. 
 
 power. 
 
 abridgment. 
 
 egg-shaped. 
 
 throat. 
 
 Lord's supper. 
 
 praise. 
 
 pointer. 
 
 black-lead. 
 
 word-book. 
 
 change. 
 
 kingly. 
 
 likeness. 
 
 feeling. 
 
 sight. 
 
 healing. 
 
 foretell. 
 
 speaking. 
 
 ball. 
 
 fellow-feeling. 
 
 a saying again. 
 
 a square. 
 
 godliness. 
 
 noise. 
 
 IL PLURALS OP GREEK AND LATIN NOUNS WHICH ARE USED 
 AS ENGLISH WORDS. 
 
 N. B. The pupil must not forget that in Latin and Greek words, a syllable 
 must be given to every vowel and diphthong. He must pronounce Apsides, 
 for instance, in three syllables. In the following table, the letter with a 
 horizontal mark over it is to be sounded as e in me. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Analysis, 
 
 Antithesis, 
 Aphis, 
 
 GREEK. 
 
 (The solution of any) 
 ( compound, } 
 
 Opposition or contrast, 
 A minute insect on plants, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Anal'yses. 
 
 Antitheses. 
 Aphides. 
 
204 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Apsis, 
 
 Automaton, 
 
 Basis, 
 
 Chrysalis, 
 
 Crisis, 
 
 Oriterion 9 
 
 Di&resis, 
 
 Dogma, 
 
 Ellipsis, 
 
 Emphasis, 
 
 Ephemeris, 
 
 Ephemeron, 
 
 Hypothesis, 
 
 Meta morphosis, 
 
 Miasma, 
 
 Oasis, 
 
 Phasis, 
 
 Phenomenon, 
 
 Thesis, 
 
 PluraL 
 
 A point in a planet's orbit, Ap'sides. 
 A self-moving machine, Autom'ata. 
 
 A foundation or base, 
 
 Ba' 
 
 The second state of an insect, Chry sal' ides. 
 The decisive point, Cri'ses, 
 
 A standard of judging, Crite'ria. 
 The disjunction of vowels, Di&r'eses. 
 An opinion propounded, Dog'mata. 
 A figure of syntax, Ellip'ses. 
 
 Particular stress upon a word, Em' phases. 
 A kind of almanac, Ephtmer' ides. 
 
 {A worm that lives but 1 _ 
 one day, } Epliem'era. 
 
 one day, 
 
 A supposition or theory, 
 A transformation, 
 A pernicious exhalation, 
 A fertile spot in a desert, 
 Form or appearance, 
 An appearance, 
 A proposition or theme, 
 
 Hypoth'eses. 
 
 Meta m or'phoses. 
 
 Mias'mata. 
 
 Oa'ses. 
 
 Pha'ses. 
 
 Phenom'ena. 
 
 The'ses. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Addendum, 
 
 Amanuensis, 
 
 Animalcula, 
 
 Apex, 
 
 Appendix, 
 
 Arcanum, 
 
 Aurora Borealis, 
 
 Axis, 
 
 Calx, 
 
 Corrigendum, 
 
 Datum, 
 
 Desideratum, 
 
 Effluvium, 
 
 Encomium. 
 
 Erratum, 
 
 Fascis, 
 
 Focus, 
 
 Formula, 
 
 Fungus, 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 Something to be added, 
 
 A private secretary, 
 
 A minute insect, 
 
 A tip or point, 
 
 Something added, 
 
 A secret, 
 
 The northern light, 
 
 An axle, 
 
 A cinder, 
 
 Something to be corrected, 
 
 Something given, 
 
 A thing wanted, 
 
 Odor; exhalation, 
 
 Praise; commendation, 
 
 A mistake, 
 
 A bundle of rods, 
 
 The point where rays meet, 
 
 A prescribed form, 
 
 An excrescence, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Adden'da. 
 
 Amanuen'ses. 
 
 Animal' culce. 
 
 Ap'ices. 
 
 Appen'dices. 
 
 Arca'na. 
 
 Auro'rce. Borea'Us 
 
 Ax'es. 
 
 Cal'ces. 
 
 Corrigen'da. 
 
 Da'ta. 
 
 Desiderata. 
 
 Efflu'via. 
 
 Enco'mia. 
 
 Erra'ta. 
 
 Fas'ces. 
 
 Fo'ci. 
 
 For'muloe. 
 
 Fun'gi. 
 
LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 205 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 GeniuSj A spirit, Ge'nii. 
 
 Genus, A kind or sort, Gen' era. 
 
 Ignis Fatuus, Will-with- the- wisp, Ignes fat'ui. 
 
 Index, A pointer, In' dices. 
 
 Lamina, A thin plate or coat, Lam'ince. 
 
 Magus, A wise man, Ma'gi. 
 
 Medium, Something intervening, Me'dia. 
 Memorandum, Something to be remembered, Memoranda. 
 
 Minutia, A minute particular, Minu'tice. 
 
 Momentum , Force of motion, Momen'ta. 
 
 Nebula, A cloudy appearance, NeUulce. 
 
 Nucleus, A kernel, Nu'clei. 
 
 Radius, The semi-diameter of a circle, Ra'dii. 
 
 Radix, A root, Rad'ices. 
 
 Speculum, A mirror or looking-glass, Spec'ula. 
 
 Stamen, A fine thread in a flower, Stam'ina. 
 
 Stimulus, A goad or incitement, Stim'uli. 
 
 Stratum, A layer or bed, iStra'ta. 
 
 Vertex, The top of anything, Ver'tices 
 
 Viscus, An intestine or entrail, Vis'cera. 
 
 Vortex, A whirlpool, Vor'tices. 
 
 IIL LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES, WHICH ARE FREQUENTLY 
 EMPLOYED BY ENGLISH WRITERS. 
 
 LATIN WORDS. 
 
 Aborigines, the original inhabit- 
 ants of a country. 
 
 A'lias, otherwise. 
 
 Al'ibi, elsewhere. 
 
 An'ylice* in English. 
 
 Ca'veat, let him be cautious. 
 
 Con'tra, on the other hand. 
 
 Dele, expunge. 
 
 Detri'tus, matter worn off. 
 
 Equilibrium, equality of 
 weight. 
 
 * See the remark at the 
 j" A verb, signifying, he 
 
 ESgo, therefore. 
 Excerp'ta, extracts. 
 Exu'vice, cast skins of animals. 
 Ex'it,-\ departure. 
 Ex-tem f pore, at the time ; i. e., 
 
 without previous writing. 
 Face' tice, witty sayings. 
 Fi'at, let it be done. 
 Fi'nis, the end. 
 Gra'tis, for nothing. 
 Hia'tus, an opening or gap. 
 beginning of Table II. 
 (she or it) goes out. 
 
206 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 Im'petus, tendency to motion. 
 
 Imprimatur, let it be printed. 
 
 Imprimis, in the first place. 
 
 Impromp'tu, with promptness; 
 off hand. 
 
 In'terim, in the mean time. 
 
 Interregnum, the time between 
 two reigns. 
 
 1'tem, also. 
 
 Ma' nes, departed spirits. 
 
 Max'imum, the greatest quan- 
 tity. 
 
 Min'imum, the least quantity. 
 
 Memorabilia^ (pL), memorable 
 events. 
 
 Om'nes, all. 
 
 Om'nibus, for all. 
 j a burden. 
 
 Pasfsim, everywhere. 
 
 Quon'dam, formerly; once. 
 
 Recipe, See Lat. 47. 
 
 Resur'gam, I shall rise again. 
 
 Seria'tim, in regular order. 
 
 Sim' He, a comparison. 
 
 Syllabus, (Gr. auv, together, 
 and Ad flat, to take), a com- 
 pendium. 
 
 Vac'uum, an empty space. 
 
 Vale! farewell! 
 
 Verba'tim, word for word. 
 
 Ver'sus, against. 
 
 Veto, I forbid it. 
 
 VVa, by the way of. 
 
 Videlicet, to wit. 
 
 Vi'ce, in the place of. 
 
 Vul'go, commonly. 
 
 LATIN PHRASES. 
 
 Ab ini'tio,* from the beginning. 
 
 An'nus mirab'ilis, a year of 
 wonders. 
 
 Ab o'vo, from the egg; i. e., 
 from the birth or origin. 
 
 Ad captan'dum, for the purpose 
 of taking, i. e., pleasing. 
 
 Ad infini'tum, to an unlimited 
 extent. 
 
 Ad lib'itum, at pleasure. 
 
 Ad valo'rem, according to value. 
 
 Al'ma ma'ter, gentle mother. 
 
 A'mor pa' trice, love of country. 
 
 Absente re'o, the accused person 
 being absent. 
 
 A fortio'ri* with stronger rea- 
 son. 
 
 Aprio'ri, beforehand; from pre- 
 vious knowledge. [trial. 
 
 A posterio'ri, afterwards; from 
 
 Argumen' turn ad hom'inem, an 
 argument particularly appli- 
 cable to the person to whom 
 it is offered. 
 
 Au'di al'teram par'tem, hear 
 the other side; i. e. ; hear both 
 sides. 
 
 Bo 1 na fide, in good faith. 
 
 Caco&thes scriben'di, a ridicu- 
 lous fondness for writing. 
 
 Ca'put mor'tuum, the lifeless 
 head. 
 
 C&tferis par'ibus, other things 
 being the same. 
 
 Com'pos men'tis, of sound 
 mind. 
 
 Con'tra bo'nos mo'res, contrary 
 to good manners. 
 
 Co'pia verbo'rum, abundance of 
 words. 
 
 T is here sounded like eh. 
 
LATIN PHRASES. 
 
 207 
 
 Cu-i* 'bo' no f for what good ? i. 
 e. of what advantage ? or, of 
 advantage to whom ? 
 
 Cam rnul'tis a' I us, with many 
 others. 
 
 Cum privile'gio, with privilege. 
 
 Defac'to, in fact. 
 
 De ju're, by right. 
 
 De gus'tibus "ion disputan'dum, 
 about matters of taste it is 
 idle to dispute. 
 
 De'i gra'tia. by the grace of 
 God. 
 
 De no'uo, anew. 
 
 De'o volen'te, God willing. 
 
 De'&unt ccetfera, the rest are 
 wanting. 
 
 Dram'atis perso'nce, the charac- 
 ters represented in a play. 
 
 Duran'te placi'to, during plea- 
 sure. 
 
 E(Jce\ ho' mo, behold the man ! 
 See N. T. John xix. 5. 
 
 Ex an'imo, from the mind ; i. e. 
 sincerely. 
 
 Ex. cathedra, from the chair of 
 authority. 
 
 Ex conces'sis, from points con- 
 ceded. 
 
 Ex'eunt om'nes, they all go out 
 or off. 
 
 Ex officio, by virtue of the of- 
 fice. 
 
 Ex par'te, on one side only. 
 
 Ex postfac'to (bad Latin), after 
 the deed. 
 
 Fac simfile, an exact copy. 
 
 Ge'nius lo'ci, the genius of the 
 place. 
 
 Id ge'nus om'ne, all that class or 
 sort. 
 
 In for' ma pau' peris, as a pauper. 
 
 Info'ro conscieri 'tice, at the bar 
 of conscience. 
 
 * Pronounced ky. 
 14 
 
 ' In lim'ine, on the threshold ; at 
 the outset. 
 
 i In o'tio, at ease. 
 
 ; In pro'pria perso'na, in his own 
 person. 
 
 In sta'tu quo, in the state in 
 which it was. 
 
 In terro'rem, as a warning. 
 
 In to' to, entirely. 
 
 In tran'situ, on the way or pas- 
 sage. 
 
 Ip'se dix'it, literally, he himself 
 said so ; mere assertion. 
 
 Ip' so foe' to, by the fact itself. 
 
 Ju're divi'no, by a divine right 
 
 Ju're huma'no, by human law. 
 
 Jus gen'tium, the law of na- 
 tions. 
 
 Lap'sus lin'guce, a slip of the 
 tongue. 
 
 Lex talio'nis, the law of retalia- 
 tion. 
 
 Licen'tia va'tum, poetic license. 
 
 Lo'cum te'nens, literally, hold- 
 ing the place ; a substitute. 
 
 Lu'sus natu'rce, a sport or freak 
 of nature. 
 
 Mag'na char' to, (karta), the 
 great charter. 
 
 Ma'lum in se, an evil in itself. 
 
 Memen'to mo'ri, remember that 
 thou must die. 
 
 Me'um et tu'um, mine and 
 thine. 
 
 Mirab'ile dic'tu, strange to tell. 
 
 Mo'dus operan'dij the manner 
 of operating. 
 
 Mul'tum in par'vo, a great deal 
 in a small space. 
 
 Ne plus ul'tra, the greatest ex- 
 tent attainable ; literally, no- 
 thing beyond. 
 
 Ne quid ni'mis, not too much 
 of one thing. 
 
 f Pronounced ek'te. 
 
208 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 Nil desperan' dum, nothing to 
 
 be despaired of. 
 Net lens vo'lens, willing or not. 
 No'li me tan'gere, do not touch 
 
 me. 
 Non com'pos men'tis, not in 
 
 right mind. 
 Non est inven'tus, it is not 
 
 found. 
 O'tium cum dignita'te, ease 
 
 with dignity. 
 Par nob' He fra'trum, a noble 
 
 pair of brothers. 
 Pa'ri pas'su, with equal pace. 
 Par'ticeps crim'inis, a partaker 
 
 of the crime. 
 Per se, by itself. 
 Posfse comita'tus (bad Latin), 
 
 the civil force. 
 Pri'ma fa' tie, at first view. 
 Pri'mum mob'ile, the first 
 
 mover. 
 Pro a'ris et fo'cis, for our altars 
 
 and homes. 
 
 Pro bono pub'lico, for the pub- 
 lic good. 
 
 Pro et con, for and against. 
 Profor'ma, for form's sake. 
 Pro ra'ta, in proportion. 
 Pro tem'pore (abbreviated, pro 
 
 tern.), for the time. 
 Quan'tum sufficit, as much as 
 
 is sufficient. 
 
 Quid pro quo, an equivalent. 
 Quo' ad hoc, with respect to this. 
 Quo an'imo, with what temper 
 
 or intention. 
 
 Res pul'lica, the common weal. 
 Rex et regi'na, the king and 
 
 queen. 
 
 Secun'dum ar'tem, according to 
 art or professional rule. 
 
 Si'ne di'e, without fixing the 
 day. 
 
 Si'ne qua non (literally, with- 
 out which it cannot be done), 
 an indispensable condition. 
 
 Sub poefna, under fear of penal- 
 ty. 
 
 Su'i gen'eris (literally, of its 
 own kind), unique. 
 
 Sum' mum bo'num, the chief 
 good. 
 
 Su'um cui'que (ky'quy), to 
 every one his due. 
 
 Tern' pus fu'git, time flies. 
 
 To' ties quo'ties,* as often as. 
 
 To' to cw'lo, by the breadth of 
 the sky. 
 
 Tr?a junc'ta in u'no, three 
 joined in one. 
 
 Una vo'ce, with one voice. 
 
 U'tile cum dul'ci, the useful 
 with the agreeable. 
 
 Ut su'pra, as above. 
 
 Ut in'fra, as below. 
 
 Va'de me'cum, (literally, come 
 with me), a guide-book. 
 
 Ve'ni, vi'di, vi'ci, I came, saw, 
 conquered. 
 
 Ver'bum sapien'ti, a word is 
 enough to the wise. 
 
 Vi'ce ver'sa, the order being re- 
 versed. 
 
 Vi et ar^mis, with force and 
 arms. 
 
 Vi'va vo'ce, with the living 
 voice. 
 
 Vox et prete'rea ni'hil, voice, 
 and nothing else. 
 
 * In these words t is sounded like *A. 
 
FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 209 
 
 IV. FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES. 
 
 9 
 
 As French words and phrases are very frequently introduced 
 into English conversation and writing, it is desirable that every 
 person should have some idea of the pronunciation and significa- 
 tion of those, at least, which are most common. The following 
 account of some of the French sounds will perhaps be sufficient 
 for the purposes of this chapter. 
 
 a, short, sounds like a in the English word fat. 
 
 a, long, "a " arm. 
 
 e, at the end of monosyllables, sounds like u in tub; and is 
 
 mute at the end of other words, 
 e", sounds like a in able. 
 
 in met. 
 
 in there. 
 
 in idiot. 
 
 in eel. 
 
 in ornithology. 
 
 in old. 
 
 no similar sound in English.* 
 
 in cool. 
 
 in want. 
 
 in pang. 
 
 in long. 
 
 i, short, 
 
 i, long, 
 
 o, short, 
 
 o, long, 
 
 u 
 
 ou, sounds like oo 
 
 an, 
 
 in, 
 
 on, 
 
 eur, 
 
 oi, 
 
 oir, 
 
 oin, 
 
 ail, 
 
 eil, 
 
 euil, 
 
 ch, 
 
 an 
 
 an 
 
 on 
 
 ur 
 
 wa 
 
 war in warfare. 
 
 oo in cool, and an in pan^ 
 
 a in fat, and Hi in billiard. 
 
 e in there, and Hi in billiard. 
 
 u in tub, and Hi in billiard. 
 
 iii in union. 
 
 s in pleasure. 
 
 sh in shark. 
 
 * Although the sound of the French u cannot be represented by English 
 letters, the following rule will enable the pupil to form some idea of it. Place 
 \our lips as if about to pronounce ou as in soup, and bring the extremity of 
 your tongue against your lower teeth. With your organs in this position, 
 you will be likely to produce the sound of the French u. 
 
210 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 FRENCH WORDS. 
 
 N. B. In the following list of words and phrases, the representation of the 
 French sound, which is given in parenthesis, is figured in accordance with the 
 above table of sounds. A letter having no mark over it is to be sounded as 
 that which has no mark in the table; the pupil must not suppose that he is 
 to give it the English sound. The accents are only marks indicating sound, 
 according to the above table. When the letter n is italicised in the paren- 
 thesis, it is to have the English sound of n, and not the French nasal sound. 
 
 Amateur, (a ma teur), an ad- 
 inirer. 
 
 Amour, (a mour), a love affair. 
 
 Bagatelle, (ba ga tel), a trifle. 
 
 Beau, (bo), a fashionable man. 
 
 Belle, (bell), a fashionable wo- 
 man. 
 
 Bijou, (bi jou), a jewel or gem. 
 
 Bonhommie, (bo?i om i), good 
 nature. 
 
 Boudoir, (bou doir), a private 
 room. 
 
 Bulletin, (bul tin), a daily re- 
 port. 
 
 Bureau, (bu ro), an office; a 
 writing desk. 
 
 Caisson, (ke son), a chest or 
 case. 
 
 Canaille, (ka nail), the rabble. 
 
 Champetre, (shan petr'), rural. 
 
 Chateau, (sha to), a country 
 seat. 
 
 Ci-devant, (sid van), formerly. 
 
 Clique, (clik), a party or fac- 
 tion. 
 
 Connoisseur, (ko?i ne seur), a 
 skilful judge. 
 
 Contour, (kon tour), outline of 
 a figure. 
 
 Corps, (kor), a body of men. 
 
 Cortege, (kor tej), a train of at- 
 tendants. 
 
 Coterie, (kot ri), a company. 
 
 Coup, (kou), a stroke or blow. 
 
 Debris, (de bri), broken re- 
 mains. 
 
 Debut, (de bu), first appearance. 
 
 Denouement, (de nou man), the 
 unravelling of a plot. 
 
 Devoir, (dvoir), duty. 
 
 Depot, (de po), a store or maga- 
 zine. 
 
 Deshabille, (de za bi li 6), an 
 undress. 
 
 Domicile, (do mi sil), abode. 
 
 Douceur, (dou seur), a bribe or 
 x present. 
 
 Eclaircissement, (c cler sisman), 
 x explanation. 
 
 Eclat, (e" cla), splendor. 
 
 Eleve, (elev), a pupil. 
 
 Elite, (e lit), the choice part; 
 the flower. 
 
 Embonpoint, (an bon poin), 
 jolly, plump. 
 
 Embouchure, (an bou shur), the 
 mouth of a river. 
 
 Encore, (an cor), again. 
 
 Ennui, (an nu i), wearisome- 
 ness. 
 
 Entree, (an tre": e" is long), en- 
 trance. 
 
 Enveloppe, (en vlop), a cover. 
 
 Epaulette, (e po let), a shoulder- 
 knot. 
 
 Estafette, (es ta fet), an express. 
 
 Etiquette, (e ti ket), ceremony. 
 
 Facade, (fa sad), front. 
 
 Fete, (fet), a feast or festival. 
 
 Fracas, (fra ca), a squabble. 
 
 Gendarmes, (jan darm), sol- 
 diers of the police. 
 
FRENCH PHRASES. 
 
 211 
 
 Goilt, (gou), taste. 
 
 Hauteur, (ho teur), haughtiness. 
 
 Lever, (leve), a morning assem- 
 bly at court. 
 
 Liqueur, (li keur), a cordial. 
 
 Manoeuvre, (ma neuvr), a trick. 
 
 Melee, (me le"), a conflict; a 
 fray. 
 
 Messieurs , (me si eu), gentle- 
 men; used as the plural of 
 Mr. 
 
 Mignonette, (mi gno net), a 
 sweet smelling flower. 
 
 Morceau, (mor so), a morsel. 
 
 Naivete, (na iv te), ingenuous- 
 ness. 
 
 Nonchalance, (non sha lans), 
 indifference. 
 
 Nonpareil, (non pa reil), match- 
 less. 
 
 Outre, (ou tre), preposterous. 
 
 Parole, (pa rol), word of promise. 
 
 Parterre, (par tair), a flowerbed. 
 
 Patois, (pa toi), provincialism. 
 
 Penchant, (pan shan), inclina- 
 tion. 
 
 Prairie, (pre ri), meadow land. 
 
 Protege, (pro te je), one that is 
 patronized. [soned dish. 
 
 Ragout, (ra gou), a highly sea- 
 
 Recherche, (re sher she), sought 
 out; exquisite. 
 
 Rencontre, (ran kontr'), an un- 
 expected meeting. 
 
 Rendez-vous, (ran de vou)., 
 place of meeting. 
 
 Reservoir, (re zair voir), a re- 
 serve of water, &c. 
 
 Restaurateur, (res to ra teur), a 
 tavern-keeper. 
 
 Rouge, (rouj), red paint. 
 
 Ruse, (ruz), a stratagem. 
 
 Sans, (san), without. 
 
 Savant, (sa van), a learned 
 man. 
 
 Sobriquet, (so bri ke), a nick- 
 name* 
 
 Soi-disani, (soi di zan), pre- 
 tended, self-styled. 
 
 Soiree, (soi re, e is long}, an 
 evening party. 
 
 Souvenir, (souv nir), remem- 
 brance. 
 
 Suite, (su it), retinue, series. 
 
 Surtout, (sur tou), an outer 
 coat. 
 
 Tapis, (ta pi), the carpet. 
 
 Tirade, (ti rad), a long train of 
 harsh language. 
 
 Toilette, (toi let), a dressing 
 table. 
 
 Tour, a journey. 
 
 Trait, (tre), a feature. 
 
 Unique, (u nik), singular. 
 
 FRENCH PHRASES. 
 
 Aide-de-Camp, (aid de kan), assistant to a general. 
 A la mode, (a la mod), in the fashion. 
 Apropos, (a pro po), seasonably; by-the-bye. 
 Aufait, (6 fe), to the point or business. 
 Beau monde, (bo mond), the gay world. 
 Belles lettres, (bel letr), polite literature. 
 Billet doux, (bi lie dou), a love letter. 
 
212 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 Bon gre, mal gre, with good or ill will. 
 
 Bon mot, (bon mo), a witticism. 
 
 Bon ton, high fashion. 
 
 Bon vivant, (bon vivan), a high liver. 
 
 Carte blanche, (cart blansh : art is short), blank paper. 
 
 Chef-d'oeuvre, (she deuvr'), a master-piece. 
 
 Chevaux defrise, (shvod'friz), a sort of spiked fence. 
 
 Comme ttfaut, (ko??i il fo), as it should be. 
 
 Conge d'elire, (kon je de lir), permission to elect. 
 
 Coup d'etat, (kou de ta), a stroke of policy. 
 
 Coup de grace, (koud grass), the finishing stroke. 
 
 Coup de main, (koud rain), a bold stroke. 
 
 Coup d"ceil, (kou deuil), a glance of the eye. 
 
 Dejeuner d la fourchettc, (de jeu ne a la fourshet), a breakfast 
 
 with meat, fowls, &c. 
 
 De pied en cap, (de pie tan kap), from head to foot. 
 Dernier ressort, (dair ni4 'rsort), a last resort. 
 Dieu et mon droit, (dieu e nion droi : eu as u in tub), God and 
 
 my right. 
 
 Double entendre, (doubi an tandr'), double meaning. 
 En masse, (an mas), in a body. 
 Entre nous, (an tr'nou), between ourselves. 
 Esprit de corps, (es pri de kor), the spirit of the corps or body; 
 
 mutual animation. 
 
 Faux pas, (fo pa), a fault ; misconduct. 
 
 Feu dejoie, (feud joi), a discharge of fire-arms at a rejoicing. 
 Femme de chambrc* (fam de shainbr), a chambermaid. 
 Fete champfrre, (fet shan petr), a feast out of doors* 
 Haul ton, (ho ton), the highest style or fashion. 
 Honi soit qui mal y pense, (oni soi ki mal i pans), evil be to him 
 
 that evil thinks. 
 
 Hors de combat, (or de kom ba), disabled. 
 Je ne sais quoi, (jeun se koi), I know not what. 
 Jet d"eau, ( je do), a water-spout ; a fountain. 
 Jeu d' esprit, (je des pri), a witticism. 
 Jeu- de mots, (jeud mo), a play upon words. 
 Maitre d' hotel, (metr' do tel), a tavern-keeper. 
 Mauvaise honte, (mo vez hont), false modesty, bashfulness. 
 N'importe, (nan port), it is no matter. 
 Nom de guerre, (?iond gair), an assumed name. 
 Nous verrons, (nou verron), we shall see. 
 On dit, (on di), literally, they sayj a flying report. 
 Petit maltre, (pti metr'), a fop. 
 Qui vive, (ki viv), look out. 
 Ruse de guerre, (ruz de gair), a stratagem of war. 
 
ITALIAN PHRASES. 213 
 
 Sangfroid, (san froi), coolness; indifference. 
 
 Tete a tvte, (tait a tait), a private conversation. 
 
 Tout ensemble, (tout an sambl'), the wholfc, 
 
 Valet de chambre, (valed chambr'), a gentleman's servant. 
 
 Vis a vis, (vi za vi), face to face. 
 
 Vive le r&i, (viv le roi), long live the king 
 
 ITALIAN PHRASES. 
 
 Che sard, sard, (ke sahrah', sahrah'), whatever will be, will be. 
 Chi face confessa, (kee ta'tshe confeh'sa), silence is consent. 
 Cicerone, (tshee tsheh rone), he who accompanies a stranger to 
 
 view the curiosities of a city, &c. 
 
 Con amore, (con ahmo're), with love; with earnestness and zeal. 
 fJrba mala presto cresce, (erba mah'la pres'to cresh'), ill weeds 
 
 grow apace. 
 
 In petto, (in peh'to), within the breast; held in reserve. 
 Majordomo, (mayordoh'mo), a steward or chief servant. 
 Mezzo termine, (may'dzo ter'me*neh), a middle course. 
 Pian piano, si va lontano, (pean' peah'no, se vah' lontah'no), he 
 
 who goes slowly goes far; little strokes fell great oaks. 
 Se non i vero, e ben trovato, (se non eh veh'ro, eh ben trovah'to), 
 
 if it be not true, it is well imagined or feigned. 
 
 V. ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 A. B. or B. A. ar'tium bacca- 
 
 lau'reus, bachelor of arts. 
 Abp. archbishop. 
 A. C. an'te Chris'tum, before 
 
 Christ. 
 
 Acct. account. 
 A. D. an'no dom'ini, in the year 
 
 of our Lord. 
 Admr. administrator. 
 Ala. Alabama. 
 A. M. an f te merid'iem, before 
 
 noon; or, an'no mun'di, in 
 
 the year of the world; or, 
 
 ar'tium magidter, master of 
 
 arts. 
 
 AnoiL anonymous. 
 Apr. April. 
 Ark. Arkansas. 
 Att'y. Attorney. 
 A. U. C. an'no ur'bis con'ditce, 
 
 in the year of the city, i. e. 
 , Rome. 
 Bart, baronet. 
 Bbl. barrel. 
 
214 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 B. C. before Christ. 
 
 B- D- baccalau! reus divinita'tis, 
 
 bachelor of divinity. 
 Cap. ca'put, chapter or head. 
 Capt. captain. 
 
 C. A. S. Connecticuten' sis Aca- 
 demice Socius, fellow of the 
 Connecticut Academy. 
 
 Chron. Chronicles. 
 Co. company. 
 Col. colonel. 
 Coll. college. 
 Com. commodore. 
 Cor. Corinthians. 
 
 C. P. Common Pleas. 
 Cr. Creditor. 
 
 Cts. cents. 
 
 Cwt. hundred weight. 
 
 D. C. District of Columbia. 
 
 D. D. divinita'tis doc'tor, doc- 
 tor of divinity. 
 Dec. December. 
 Del. Delaware. 
 Deg. degree. 
 Dept. deputy. 
 Deut. Deuteronomy. 
 Do. or Ditto, the same. 
 Dr. doctor, or debtor. 
 
 D. V. J)e'o volen'te, God wil- 
 ling. 
 
 Dwt. pennyweight. 
 Eccl. Ecclesiastes. 
 Ed. editor or edition. 
 
 E. g. exem'pligra'tia, for exam- 
 ple. 
 
 Eng. English. 
 
 Ep. epistle. 
 
 Eph. Ephesians. 
 
 Esq. esquire. 
 
 Ex. Exodus; example. 
 
 Exr. executor. 
 
 Feb. February. 
 
 Fig. figure. 
 
 Fla. Florida, 
 
 Fol. folio. 
 
 Fr. French. 
 
 F. R. S. fellow of the Royal 
 Society. 
 
 Ga. Georgia. 
 
 Gal. Galatians. 
 
 Gall, gallon. 
 
 Gen. general; Genesis. 
 
 Gent, gentleman. 
 
 Geo. George. 
 
 Gov. governor. 
 
 Gr. grain. 
 
 G. R. Geor'gius Rex, King 
 George. 
 
 Heb. Hebrews. 
 
 Hhd. hogshead. 
 
 H. M. his or her majesty. 
 
 H. B. M. his or her Britannic 
 
 majesty. 
 Hon. honorable. 
 Hund. hundred, 
 la. or Ind. Indiana. 
 Ib. ibi'dem, in the same place. 
 Id. fdem, the same. 
 I. e. id est, that is. 
 I. H. S. Je'sus hom'inum SaT- 
 
 va'tor, Jesus, the Saviour of 
 
 men. 
 
 111. Illinois. 
 
 Incog, incog'nito, unknown. 
 Inst. instant, i. e. present, at 
 
 hand. 
 
 Isa. Isaiah. 
 Jac. Jacob. 
 Jan. January. 
 Jas. James. 
 Jno. John. 
 Jon. Jonathan. 
 Jos. Joseph. 
 Josh. Joshua. 
 Jun.jun'ior, younger. 
 K. B. knight of the bath. 
 Kt. knight. 
 Ky. Kentucky. 
 La. Louisiana. 
 Lam. Lamentations. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 215 
 
 Lat. latitude. 
 
 L. C. Lower Canada. 
 
 Ldp. Lordship. 
 
 Lev. Leviticus. 
 
 Lieut, lieutenant. 
 
 LL. D. le'gum doc' tor, doctor 
 
 of laws. 
 Lon. longitude. 
 L. S. lo'cus sigil'li, the place of 
 
 the seal. 
 
 M. mil'le, a thousand, 
 Maj. major. 
 Mai. Malachi. 
 Mar. March. 
 
 Mass, or Ms. Massachusetts. 
 Matt. Matthew. 
 M. C. member of Congress. 
 Md. Maryland. 
 M. D. medici'nce doc' tor, doctor 
 
 of medicine. 
 Me. Maine. 
 Messrs. Messieurs. 
 Mi. Mississippi. 
 Mich. Michigan. 
 Mo. Missouri. 
 
 M. P. member of parliament. 
 Mr. Mister. 
 Mrs. Mistress. 
 MS. manuscript. 
 MSS. manuscripts. 
 N. B. no'ta le'ne, mark Well; 
 
 i. e. take particular notice. 
 N. C. North Carolina. 
 N. E. New England; north 
 
 east. 
 Nem. con. nem'ine contradi- 
 
 cen'te, no one expressing dis- 
 sent. 
 
 N. H. New Hampshire. 
 N. J. New Jersey. 
 No. number. 
 Nov. November. 
 N. S. Nova Scotia. 
 Numb. Numbers. 
 N. Y. New York. 
 
 0- Ohio. 
 
 Obj. objection. 
 
 Obs. obsolete. 
 
 Obt. obedient. 
 
 Oct. October. 
 
 0. S. old style. 
 
 Oxon. Oxo'nia, Oxford. 
 
 Oz. ounces. 
 
 Pa. or Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Part, participle. 
 
 Pet. Peter. 
 
 P. M. post-master; or, post 
 
 merid'iem, after noon. 
 P. M. Gr. post-master general. 
 P. O. post-office. 
 Pres. president. 
 Prof, professor. 
 Ps. psalm. 
 P. S. post scrip' turn, (written 
 
 afterwards), postscript. 
 Q. or Qu. question, 
 q. d. qua'si dic'tum, as much 
 
 as to say. 
 Q. E. D. quod e'rat demon- 
 
 stran'dum, which was to be 
 
 demonstrated, 
 q. 1. quan'tum li'bet, as much 
 
 as you please, 
 q. s. quantum sufficit, as much 
 
 as is necessary. 
 q. v. quod vi'de, which see. 
 Reed, received. 
 Rep. representative. 
 Rev. reverend; Revelation. 
 R. L Rhode Island. 
 R. N. royal navy. 
 Rom. Romans. 
 Rt. Hon. right honorable. 
 S. A. South America. 
 S. C. South Carolina. 
 Sec. secretary; second. 
 Sen. senior; senator. 
 Sept. September. 
 Sol. Solomon. 
 Sq. square. 
 
216 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 ss. sctficet, to wit; namely. 
 
 St. street; saint. 
 
 S. T. D. sane' tee theolo'gicB doc'- 
 tor, doctor of theology. 
 
 Tenn. Tennessee. 
 
 Thess. Thessalonians. 
 
 Thos. Thomas. 
 
 Tim. Timothy. 
 
 Tit. Titus. 
 
 Tr. translator; treasurer. 
 
 U. C. Upper Canada. 
 
 Ult. ul'timo (men'se), the last 
 (month). 
 
 U. S. A. United States of Ame- 
 rica. 
 
 V. or vid. vide, see. 
 
 Va. Virginia. 
 
 Viz. videl'icet, to wit. 
 
 vs. ver'sus, against. 
 
 Vt. Vermont. 
 
 W. I. West Indies. 
 
 Win. William. 
 
 Wp. worship. 
 
 Wt. weight. 
 
 Xmas, Christmas. 
 
 Yd. yard. 
 
 Y! ancient mode of writing the. 
 
 Y* your. 
 
 & et, and. 
 
 &c. et cetfera, and the other 
 things, i. e. and so forth. 
 
 4to. quarto. 
 
 8vo. octavo. 
 
 12mo. duodecimo. 
 
 18mo. duodevigestimo, eigh- 
 teenth. 
 
 24to. vicesfimo quarto, twenty- 
 fourth. 
 
 VI. WORDS DERIVED CHIEFLY FROM CLASSICAL PROPER 
 NAMES. 
 
 >EO'LIAN, a, pertaining to 
 JE'olus, the fabled god of the 
 winds. 
 
 ALEXAN'DRIAN, a. of or per- 
 taining to Alexandria, a city 
 of Egypt. 
 
 ANACREON'TIC, a. resembling 
 the style of Anac'reon, a Gre- 
 cian poet, who wrote amorous 
 and Bacchanalian odes. 
 
 AO'NIAN, a. belonging to Ao'nia, 
 a district of Greece in which 
 was situated Mount Helicon, 
 sacred to the Muses. 
 
 ARCA'DIAN, a. belonging to Ar- 
 ca'dia, a mountainous part of 
 Greece, where dwelt herds- 
 men who cultivated pastoral 
 music in a high degree. 
 
 AR'GIVE, s. a native of Argos. 
 
 ARISTOTE'LIAN, a. relating to 
 the doctrines of Ar'istotle. 
 
 ARMOR'IC, a. pertaining to Brit- 
 tany, in France. 
 
 AT'TIC, a. pertaining to At'tica, 
 a district of Greece, in which 
 Athens was situated. 
 
 AT'TICISM, s. an imitation of 
 the Attic style; an elegant 
 expression. 
 
 AUGE'AN, a. relating to Auge'as, 
 king of Elis in Greece, whose 
 stables, containing vast num- 
 bers of cattle, and not having 
 been cleansed for many years, 
 Hercules is fabled to have 
 cleansed in one day, by turn- 
 ing a river through them. 
 
CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 
 
 217 
 
 AUGUS'TAN, a. pertaining to 
 Augustus the Roman em- 
 peror. 
 
 BODLEI'AN, a. library, a library 
 in Oxford, (Eng.) named after 
 its founder, Sir Thomas Bod- 
 ley. 
 
 CADME'AN, relating to Cadmus, 
 who, it is supposed, brought 
 the letters of the Greek al- 
 phabet from Phoenicia, about 
 1500 years before Christ. 
 
 CAP'ITOLINE, a. pertaining to 
 the temple of Jupiter Capito- 
 li'nus at Rome. 
 
 CARTE'SIAN, a. relating to the 
 philosophy of Des Cartes. 
 
 CASTA'LIAN, a. pertaining to 
 Casta'lia, a fountain on Mount 
 Parnassus, sacred to the 
 Muses. 
 
 CEL'TIC, a. pertaining to the 
 Cel'tse, a people who came 
 from Asia and spread them- 
 selves over a great part of 
 Europe. 
 
 CHALDA'IC, s. the language of 
 the ancient Chaldae'ans. 
 
 CIMME'RIAN, a. relating to the 
 ancient Cimme'rii, a people 
 living near the Pa'lus Mseo'- 
 tis, now called the Sea of 
 Azof. Their country was 
 fabled to be shrouded in dark- 
 ness and gloom. 
 
 CIRCE'AN, a. pertaining to 
 Cir'ce, a fabulous magician. 
 
 COPER'NICAN, a. relating to 
 Coper'nicus, the celebrated 
 European astronomer. 
 
 CYCLO'PEAN, a. relating to the 
 Cyclops, fabulous giants who 
 had but one eye, situated in 
 tho centre of the forehead. 
 Certain massive remains of 
 
 architecture are called Cyclo- 
 pean in allusion to the super- 
 stitious notion that they were 
 the work of an ancient race 
 of giants. 
 
 DEL'PHIC, a. pertaining to the 
 city of Delphi,. in Greece. 
 
 ELYS'IAN, a. pertaining to 
 Elys'ium, the place repre- 
 sented in the classic mytholo- 
 gy as the abode of the blessed 
 in another world. 
 
 EPICU'REAN, a. relating to Epi- 
 cu'rus, an ancient philosopher 
 who taught that men should 
 seek pleasure as the supreme 
 good and the object of exist- 
 ence. 
 
 ER'IN, Ireland. 
 
 ERSE, s. the language of the 
 Highlands of Scotland; a. 
 pertaining to the ancient 
 Scotch. 
 
 GAE'LIC, s. the language of 
 the Highlands of Scot- 
 land, 
 
 GOR'DIAN, a. intricate, difficult; 
 from Gordius, a Phrygian 
 husbandman, who, on being 
 made king by the oracle of 
 Apollo, tied the yoke of his 
 chariot to the pole, in a knot 
 so intricate, that no one could 
 find out where it began or 
 ended. It was pretended, 
 that whoever should loose 
 this knot should be king of 
 all Asia. Alexander cut it 
 with his sword. 
 
 GOTH'IC, a. respecting the coun- 
 try or language of the Goths; 
 rude, uncivilized; denoting a 
 style of architecture, whose 
 principal characteristic is the 
 pointed arch. 
 
218 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 GREGO'RIAN, a. denoting the 
 style of Pope Gregory XIII. 
 
 HELVE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Switzerland. 
 
 HESPE'RIAN, a. pertaining to 
 the Hesperides; or to Hespe- 
 ria, an ancient name of Italy. 
 
 HORA'TIAN,. imitating Horace. 
 
 HYBLE'AN, pertaining to Hy'bla, 
 a town in Sicily, famous in 
 ancient times for its honey. 
 
 ION'IC Order, an order of archi- 
 tecture, invented by the peo- 
 ple of Ionia. 
 
 JU'LIAN, a. denoting the compu- 
 
 . tation of time by the Julian 
 calendar, so called from Julius 
 Caesar. 
 
 LACED^EMO'NIAN, a. of or per- 
 taining to Lacedaemon or 
 Sparta, a city of Greece : s. 
 a native of Lacedaemon. 
 
 LETHE'AN, a. of or pertaining 
 to the fabulous river Lethe ; 
 causing oblivion. 
 
 LES'BIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to the island of Lesbos, the 
 residence of Sappho the an- 
 cient poetess. 
 
 LYD'IAN, a. soft and slow; an 
 epithet given by the Greeks 
 to one of their kinds or modes 
 of music. 
 
 MACCHIAVEI/LIAN, belonging 
 to the political school of Mac- 
 chiavelli, the celebrated Flo- 
 rentine politician, whose doc- 
 trines have been regarded as 
 highly pernicious. 
 
 MOS'LEM, s. a Mussulman or 
 Mohammedan believer; the 
 plural of Mussulman is Mus- 
 sulmans; the syllable man is 
 not from the English word 
 man. 
 
 NICENE', a. of or pertaining to 
 Nice, in Asia Minor. 
 
 NOM'ADES, s. persons who are 
 continually changing their 
 place of residence; erratic 
 hordes. 
 
 OLYM'PIAD, s. the time which 
 elapsed between the celebra- 
 tions of the Olympic Games, 
 namely, four complete years ; 
 a noted era among the Greeks, 
 who by it computed their 
 time. 
 
 OLYM'PIAN, OLYM'PIC, a. of 
 Olympia, a town of Elis in 
 Peloponnesus, where famous 
 games dedicated to Jupiter 
 Olympius, were performed. 
 
 PA'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Paros, an island of the Gre- 
 cian archipelago, famous for 
 its marble. In this island, 
 264 years before Christ, was 
 engraved in capital letters, 
 on marble, a chronicle of the 
 city of Athens. It was pre- 
 sented by the Earl of Arundel 
 to the University of Oxford, 
 and from him takes the name 
 of the Arunde'lian marbles. 
 
 PARMESAN', a. of or pertaining 
 to, or made at Parma, in Italy. 
 
 PARNAS'SIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Mount Parnassus, which 
 was sacred to the Muses. 
 
 PELAS'GI, PELAS'GIANS, s. a 
 people of Greece, so named 
 from Pelasgus, their founder 
 and first king. 
 
 PELOPONNE'SIAN, a. of or per- 
 taining to Peloponnesus, in 
 Greece ; now the Morea. 
 
 PERSEPOL'ITAN, a. of or per- 
 taining to Persepolis. 
 
 PIE'RIAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 
CLASSICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 
 
 219 
 
 Pieria, the fabled birthplace 
 of the Muses. 
 
 PROME'THEAN, a. resembling 
 Prometheus, who surpassed 
 all mankind in cunning, and 
 who is fabled to have stolen 
 fire from heaven and given it 
 to man, for which act he was 
 punished by being chained to 
 a rock where a vulture preyed 
 upon his liver which was con- 
 stantly renewed. 
 
 PROTE'AN, a. resembling Pro- 
 teus, a seagod who could as- 
 sume various forms. 
 
 PTOLEMA'IC, a. pertaining to 
 the astronomical system of 
 Claudius Ptolemy, an Egyp- 
 tian philosopher; in which it 
 is supposed the earth is fixed 
 in the centre of the universe. 
 
 PU'NIC, a. of or pertaining to 
 Carthage. 
 
 PYR'RHONISM, s. skepticism ; 
 from Pyi/rho, a Grecian phi- 
 losopher, who doubted of 
 everything. 
 
 PYTHAGO'REAN, a. denoting the 
 discipline of Pythagoras : s. 
 a follower of Pythagoras. 
 
 PYTH'IAN Games, games insti- 
 tuted by Apollo, in commemo- 
 ration of his victory over the 
 serpent Python. 
 
 PY'THONESS, s. a witch. 
 
 ROMA'IC, s. the modern Greek 
 language ; so called in refer- 
 ence to the extension of Ro- 
 man power over Greece. 
 
 SARACEN'IC, a. denoting the 
 architecture of the Saracens, 
 or the modern Gothic; of or 
 pertaining to the Saracens, a 
 celebrated people that came, 
 eome centuries ago, from the 
 
 desert of Arabia : they were 
 the first disciples of Moham- 
 med. 
 
 SARDON'IC Grin, an involuntary 
 show of laughter, occasioned 
 by a convulsive distortion of 
 the muscles of the mouth; 
 so called from the herb sar- 
 donia, which, it is said, pro- 
 duces it. 
 
 SATURNA'LIAN, a. sportive, 
 loose, like the feasts of Sa- 
 turn. 
 
 STA'GIRITE, s. a native of Sta- 
 gira, a town of Macedonia, 
 famed as the birthplace of 
 Aristotle, who is hence called 
 the 'Stagirite. 
 
 STENTO'RIAN, a. exceedingly 
 loud or strong; from Stentor, 
 a Grecian, whose voice, Ho- 
 mer tells us, was as loud as 
 the united voices of fifty 
 men. 
 
 STENTOROPHON'IC, a. loudly 
 speaking or sounding : sten- 
 torophonic tube, a speaking 
 trumpet. 
 
 STY'GIAN, a. pertaining to the 
 Styx, a fabulous river in the 
 infernal regions. 
 
 SYB'ARITE, s. an inhabitant of 
 Sybaris, once a powerful city 
 of Calabria, whose inhabitants 
 were proverbially effeminate 
 and luxurious ; one of whom, 
 it is said, was unable to sleep, 
 because one of the rose leave's 
 which composed his bed was 
 doubled under him. 
 
 TARTA'REAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Tartarus; the name given, 
 in ancient mythology, to the 
 place of punishment in an- 
 other world. 
 
220 
 
 THE SCHOLAR S COMPANION. 
 
 TARPE'IAN ROCK, a Dame given 
 to the height on which stood 
 the capitol in ancient Rome. 
 
 THE'BAN, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Thebes; 
 Thebes. 
 
 s. a native of 
 
 TUS'CAN Order , an order in ar- 
 chitecture, which had its ori- 
 gin in Tuscany. 
 
 TYR'IAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 the city of Tyre, an ancient 
 city of Phoenicia. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, Ac. 
 
 AFGHAN, s. a native of Afghan- 
 istan. 
 
 ALGERINE',S. a native of Algiers; 
 a. of or pertaining to Algiers. 
 
 AL'PINE, a. of or pertaining to, 
 or resembling the Alps. 
 
 ANGLICAN, a. English. 
 
 AN'GLO-DA'NISH, a. pertaining 
 to the English Danes. 
 
 AN'GLO-NOR'MAN, a. pertaining 
 to the English Normans. 
 
 AN'GLO-SAX'ON, a. pertaining to 
 the English Saxons. 
 
 AR'ABS, s. tribes inhabiting the 
 whole African coast of the 
 Mediterranean, Egypt, Abys- 
 synia, and the eastern side of 
 Africa as far as the Cape of 
 Good Hope, as well as the 
 peninsula of Arabia in Asia. 
 
 AR'ABIC, a. of Arabia; s. the 
 language of Arabia. 
 
 AR'NAUT^ s. an Albanian. 
 
 ARRAGONESE', s. the natives of 
 Arragon, in Spain. [Asia. 
 
 J^SIAT'IC, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 ASSAMESE', s. the natives of 
 Assam. [Babylon. 
 
 BABYLO'NISH, a. pertaining to 
 
 BEL'GIC, a. of or pertaining to 
 Belgium. [Bengal. 
 
 BENGALESE', s. the natives of 
 
 BRAZILIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Brazil. 
 
 BRIT'ON, s. a native of Britain. 
 
 BURMESE', a. of or pertaining to 
 Ava, or the Biriuan empire; 
 s. the natives of Ava. 
 
 BYZAN'TINE, a. of or pertaining 
 to Byzantium, now Constan- 
 tinople. 
 
 CAF'FRE, s. a native of Caffraria 
 in Africa. 
 
 CALABRESE', CALA'BRIAN, a. 
 of or pertaining to Calabria; 
 s. a native of Calabria. 
 
 CALEDO'NIAN, a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Scotland; s. a native 
 of Scotland. 
 
 CAM'BRIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Wales ; s. a Welshman. 
 
 CAM'BRO-BRIT'ON, s. a Welsh- 
 man. 
 
 CANA'DIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Canada; s. a native of 
 Canada. 
 
 CAN'DIOTE, a. of or pertaining 
 to Candia; s. a native of 
 Candia. 
 
 CARIBBE'AN, a. pertaining to 
 the Caribbee islands. 
 
 CAUCA'SIAN, a. pertaining to 
 Mount Caucasus. 
 
 CEPHALO'NIOTE, a. of or per- 
 taining to Cephalonia; s. a 
 native of Cephalonia. 
 
 CES'TRIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Cheshire. 
 
GEOGRAPHICAL DERIVATIVES, ETC. 
 
 221 
 
 CEYLONESE', s. the natives of 
 Ceylon; a. of or pertaining 
 to Ceylon. 
 
 CHIL'IAN, a. pertaining to Chili. 
 
 CHINESE', of or pertaining to 
 China; s. the natives of 
 China. 
 
 ClSAL'piNE,a. an epithet applied 
 to the countries on that side 
 of the Alps next to France. 
 
 COP'TIO, a. pertaining to the 
 Copts or ancient Egyptians. 
 
 COR'FUTE, or COR'FIOTE, s. a 
 native of Corfu. 
 
 COR'NISH, a. of or pertaining to 
 Cornwall. 
 
 COR'TES, s. the states, or assem- 
 bly of the states, of Spain and 
 of Portugal. 
 
 CRE'OLE, s. one born in the 
 West Indies of Spanish pa- 
 rents. 
 
 DAMASCE'NE, a. of or pertaining 
 to Damascus. 
 
 DANE, s. a native of Denmark. 
 
 EGYP'TIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Egypt; s. a native of 
 Egypt. 
 
 EN'GLISH, a. of or pertaining 
 to England. 
 
 E'THIOP, s. a native of Ethio- 
 pia. 
 
 EUROPE' AN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Europe; s. a native of 
 Europe. 
 
 FIN'NISH, a. of or pertaining to 
 Finland. 
 
 FLEM'ISH, a. pertaining to Flan- 
 ders. 
 
 FLORENTINE, a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Florence : s. a native 
 of Florence 
 
 FRANK, s. any European who 
 is not a Greek, a Jew, or a 
 Turk. 
 
 j GAL'LICAN, a. French. 
 
 G-ENEVESE', a. of or pertaining 
 to Geneva: s. the natives 
 of Geneva. 
 
 j GENOESE', a. of or pertaining 
 to Genoa. 
 
 GRE'CIAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Greece. 
 
 GREEK, s. a native of Greece; 
 a. of or pertaining to Greece. 
 
 HANSE, s. a company of mer- 
 chants ; applied to certain 
 towns in Germany, confede- 
 rated for the mutual protec- 
 tion of their commerce. 
 
 HANSEAT'IC, a. pertaining to 
 the Hanse Towns. 
 
 HES'SIAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Hesse in Germany. 
 
 HIBER'NIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Ireland : s. a native of 
 Ireland. 
 
 HINDOO', s. a native of Hin- 
 doostan. 
 
 HINDOSTANEE', a. of or per- 
 taining to Hindoostan. 
 
 HYD'RIOTE, a. pertaining to Hy- 
 dra, a small island in the Gre- 
 cian archipelago : s. a native 
 of Hydra. 
 
 ICELAN'DIC, a. of or pertaining 
 to Iceland. 
 
 TRISH, a. of or pertaining to 
 Ireland. 
 
 ITAL'IAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Italy : s. a native of Italy. 
 
 JAPANESE', s, the natives of Ja- 
 pan. 
 
 JA'VAN, s. a native of Java. 
 
 JAVANESE', s.the natives of Java. 
 
 LE VAN'TINE, a. pertaining to the 
 Levant, a name given to the 
 eastern part of the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea and the countries 
 bordering on it. 
 
222 
 
 THE SCHOLAR'S COMPANION. 
 
 MADEGAS'SES, s. natives of 
 Madagascar. 
 
 MAHARAT'TAS, s. natives of 
 Maharatta. 
 
 MALTESE', s. the natives of 
 Malta : a. belonging to 
 Malta. [Man. 
 
 MANK, s. a native of the Isle of 
 
 MANX, a. of or pertaining to 
 the Isle of Man. 
 
 MILANESE', s. the natives of 
 Milan. [the Morea. | 
 
 MO'REOTE, a. of or pertaining to ' 
 
 NEPAULESE', a. of or pertaining 
 to Nepaul. 
 
 NOR' MAN, a. of or pertaining to 
 Normandy. 
 
 NORWE'GIAN, a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Norway. 
 
 NORTHUMBRIAN, a. of or per- 
 taining to Northumberland. 
 
 OT'TOMAN, a. pertaining to the 
 Turkish empire. 
 
 PARIS'IAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Paris. 
 
 PARSEE', s. a fire-worshipper of 
 the East Indies. 
 
 PERU'VIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 to Peru. 
 
 PIEDMONTESE', s. the natives 
 of Piedmont. 
 
 POLE, s. a native of Poland. 
 
 PO'LISH, a. of or pertaining to 
 Poland. 
 
 POLONESE', a. Polish. 
 
 PORTUGUESE', a. of or pertain- 
 ing to Portugal. 
 
 PYRENE'AN, a. pertaining to the 
 Pyrenees, mountains sepa- 
 rating France and Spain. 
 
 RHJE'TIAN, a. an epithet applied 
 to a portion of the Alps, j 
 situated between the Grisons ! 
 country and Milan. 
 
 SAVOY'ARD, s. a native of Savoy. ! 
 
 SAX'ON, a. of or pertaining to 
 Saxony. 
 
 SCOTCH, SCOT'TISH, a. of or 
 pertaining to Scotland. 
 
 SIAMESE', s. the natives of Siam. 
 
 SMYR'NIOTE, s. a native of 
 Smyrna. 
 
 SPAN'IARD, s. a native of Spain. 
 
 SPAN'ISH, a. of or pertaining to 
 Spain. 
 
 SU'LIOTE, a. of or pertaining to 
 Suli : s. a native of Suli. 
 
 SUMA'TRAN, s. a native of Su* 
 matra. 
 
 SWEDE, s. a native of Sweden. 
 
 Swiss, a. of or pertaining to 
 Switzerland. 
 
 SYR'IAC, a. of or pertaining to 
 Syria. 
 
 TAR'TAR, s. a native of Tartary. 
 
 THIBE'TIAN, s. a native of Thi- 
 bet. 
 
 TRANSALPINE, a. an epithet 
 applied to the countries on 
 that side of the Alps furthest 
 from France. 
 
 TRANSATLANTIC, a. an epithet 
 applied to the countries be- 
 yond the Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 TRIPOL'ITAN, s. a native of 
 Tripoli : a. pertaining to. 
 Tripoli. 
 
 TUNISIAN, TUNISINE 7 , a. of OF 
 
 pertaining to Tunis. 
 TURK, a native of Turkey. 
 TYROLESE', a. of or pertaining 
 
 to the Tyrol. 
 VENE'TIAN, a. of or pertaining 
 
 to Venice. 
 WALDEN'SES, . the natives of 
 
 Vaudois in Piedmont. 
 WELSH, a. of or pertaining to 
 
 Wales. [koutsk. 
 
 YAKOUTE', s. a native of Ya- 
 ZAN'TIOTE, s. a native of Zante. 
 
ENGLISH SYNONYMS. 223 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ENGLISH SYNONYMS. 
 
 WORDS which are strictly synonymous, i. e., which are used to 
 convey precisely the same idea, and might be substituted for each 
 other in any possible connection, are almost, if not entirely un- 
 known. But the term synonymous is applied, in common usage, 
 to words which represent a given idea under different limitations 
 or modifications, while the words belong to the same part of 
 speech. As the degree of resemblance between the signification 
 of such words may vary indefinitely, a larger or smaller number 
 of words would, on different occasions, be classed together as 
 synonyms, according to the different purposes for which the 
 classification should be made. 
 
 In attempting to express ideas, either orally or in writing, it 
 is often difficult to recall the word which most nearly meets the 
 case. Young writers, especially, are much embarrassed in this 
 way; and without some aid, they will not rapidly improve in 
 pertinency and variety of expression. It is the object of the 
 following collection of synonyms to furnish the aid which the 
 difficulty above mentioned renders necessary.* When the stu- 
 dent is in doubt respecting the distinction between the significa- 
 tions of words here classed together, he will of course resort, 
 either to a large English dictionary, or to a proper dictionary of 
 synonyms, like that of Crabbe. In consulting the following 
 pages, he may not only have the appropriate word suggested, 
 when the memory alone is at fault, but may become acquainted 
 with new words, and be led to investigate their meaning. 
 
 In arranging the words in paragraphs in this Part, the aim has 
 been to place those of a more general or comprehensive signifi- 
 cation first, and those more limited afterwards; a transition to 
 words of a distinct class is marked by a semicolon. Words are 
 occasionally introduced which may seem too remote; but if it is 
 borne in mind by the pupil that the words classed together are 
 not to be considered as defining each other, no error will be occa- 
 sioned by thus extending the classification. 
 
 This Part may be used, with great advantage, as the basis of 
 exercises in which the pupil shall be required to discriminate 
 carefully between the significations of words more or less nearly 
 synonymous. These exercises may, of course, be much varied 
 They will be found admirably adapted to cultivate habits of accu- 
 racy in thought and expression. 
 
 * This collection did not form a part of Butter's Expositor, but is derived 
 from a work by William Carpenter. 
 16 
 
ENGLISH SYNONYMS. 
 
 ABO 
 
 AGO 
 
 T<? ABASE, depress, degrade, bring) ABNEGATION, denial, renunciation, 
 humble, disgrace, cast To ABRIDGE, abbreviate, curtail, 
 shorten, reduce, compress, con- 
 tract, condense, epitomize. 
 
 down. 
 To ABBREVIATE, contract, curtail, 
 
 shorten, abridge, compress, con- 
 dense, reduce, epitomize. 
 
 To ABET, aid, assist. 
 
 ABETTOR, assistant, accessary, ally, 
 accomplice. 
 
 To ABANDON, forsake, desert, re- 
 nounce, relinquish, resign, give 
 up, abdicate, quit, forego. 
 
 ABANDONED, profligate, corrupt, 
 vitiated, depraved, reprobate, 
 vicious, wicked. 
 
 To ABASH, confuse, confound, dis- 
 concert, shame. 
 
 To ABATE, diminish, reduce, de- 
 crease, lessen, liquidate, lower, 
 subside. 
 
 To ABDICATE, abandon, relinquish, 
 forsake, resign, renounce, give 
 up, quit. 
 
 To ABHOR, detest, abominate, 
 loathe. 
 
 To ABIDE, stay, remain, tarry. 
 
 ABILITY, capacity, faculty, talent, 
 capability, aptness, aptitude, 
 skill, efficiency. 
 
 ABLE, competent, capable, effi- 
 cient, clever, skilful, fitted, 
 qualified; strong, powerful, ef- 
 fective. 
 
 ABJECT, low, mean, base, despica- 
 ble, worthless, servile, vile. 
 
 To ABJURE, forswear, recant, re- 
 call, revoke, retract. ply, agree, acquiesce. 
 
 ABODE, residence, dwelling, habi- To ACCELERATE, hasten, quicken, 
 
 ABNEGATE. See ABNEGATION and 
 ABOLISH. 
 
 To ABOMINATE, abhor, detest, 
 loathe. 
 
 ABRUPT, rugged, rough; sudden, 
 unexpected. 
 
 ABSOLUTE, positive, peremptory ; 
 arbitrary, despotic. 
 
 ABSOLUTELY, completely, unre- 
 strictedly, unconditionally. 
 
 To ABSOLVE, clear, acquit, set free; 
 remit ; pardon, forgive. 
 
 To ABSORB, swallow up, imbibe, 
 engulf, engross, consume. 
 
 To ABSTAIN, refrain, forbear, with- 
 hold. 
 
 ABSTEMIOUS, abstinent, temperate, 
 sober. 
 
 ABSTERGENT, cleansing, purgative, 
 abstersive. 
 
 ABSTINENT, abstemious, temper- 
 ate, sober. 
 
 ABSURD, foolish, irrational, ridicu- 
 lous, preposterous. 
 
 ABUNDANT, ample, copious, exu- 
 berant, plentiful, plenteous. 
 
 To ABUSE, reproach, vilify, revile, 
 deceive. 
 
 ABUSIVE, reproachful, scurrilous, 
 opprobrious, insolent, insulting, 
 offensive. 
 
 To ACCEDE, assent, consent, com- 
 
 tation, domicile. 
 
 expedite. 
 
 ABOLISH, abrogate, annul, repeal, To ACCEPT, take, receive. 
 
 cancel, revoke; destroy, anni- i ACCEPTABLE, agreeable, grateful, 
 hilate. welcome. 
 
 224 
 
ACQ 
 
 225 
 
 ADJ 
 
 ACCESS, approach, admittance, ad- 
 mission. 
 
 ACCESSARY, accomplice, assistant, 
 abettor, ally. 
 
 ACCESSION, addition, augmenta- 
 tion, increase. 
 
 ACCIDENT, casualty, contingency, 
 incident, adventure, occur- 
 rence. 
 
 ACCIDENTAL, casual, fortuitous, 
 contingent, incident. 
 
 ACCLAMATION, applause, plaudit, 
 exultation, shouting. 
 
 To ACCOMMODATE, adapt, adjust, 
 suit, fit, serve. 
 
 ACCOMPLICE, abettor, accessary, 
 assistant, ally. 
 
 To ACCOMPLISH, fulfil, realize, 
 effect, achieve, complete, exe- 
 cute. 
 
 ACCOMPLISHMENT, achievement, 
 feat, deed ; acquirement, quali- 
 fication. 
 
 ACCORDANCE, agreement, harmo- 
 ny, unison, melody. 
 
 ACCORDANT, consonant, consist- 
 ent. 
 
 ACCOUNT, narrative, description, 
 relation, recital, detail, expla- 
 nation, narration. 
 
 ACCOUNTABLE, amenable, answer- 
 able, responsible. 
 
 To ACCUMULATE, amass, collect, 
 gather, heap up. 
 
 ACCURATE, correct, exact, precise, 
 nice. 
 
 To ACCUSE, charge, impeach, cen- 
 sure ; arraign. 
 
 To ACCUSE falsely, asperse, calum- 
 niate, defame, detract, scandal- 
 ize, slander, vilify. 
 
 To ACHIEVE, accomplish, fulfil, 
 realize, effect, complete, exe- 
 cute. 
 
 ACHIEVEMENT, feat, exploit, deed, 
 accomplishment, acquirement. 
 
 ACID, sour, tart, sharp, acrimo- 
 nious, acetous, acetose. 
 
 To ACKNOWLEDGE, avow, confess, 
 own, recognise. 
 
 To ACQUAINT, apprise, inform, 
 
 make known ; disclose, commu- 
 nicate. 
 
 ACQUAINTANCE, familiarity, inti- 
 macy ; fellowship. 
 
 To ACQUIESCE, accede, assent, con- 
 sent, comply, agree, yield. 
 
 To ACQUIRE, obtain, attain, gain, 
 procure ; win, earn. 
 
 ACQUIREMENT, acquisition ; quali- 
 fication. 
 
 To ACQUIT, set free, clear, absolve ; 
 pardon, forgive. 
 
 ACRIMONY, asperity, harshness, 
 smartness, tartness. 
 
 ACTIVE, agile, assiduous, alert, 
 brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, 
 quick, sprightly; prompt; in" 
 dustrious, laborious. 
 
 ACTUAL, real, positive, certain, 
 genuine. 
 
 To ACTUATE, move, impel, induce, 
 instigate. 
 
 ACUTE, keen, shrewd, penetrating, 
 piercing ; sharp, pointed. 
 
 ADAGE, maxim, aphorism, apoph' 
 thegm, proverb, saying. 
 
 To ADAPT, accommodate, adjust, 
 suit, fit. 
 
 ADEQUATE, equal, proportionate, 
 commensurate. 
 
 ADPICTED, devoted, attached. 
 
 ADDITION, accession, augmenta* 
 tion, increase. 
 
 ADDRESS, ability, dexterity. 
 
 To ADDUCE, bring forward, ad- 
 vance, allege, assign, cite, 
 quote. 
 
 To ADHERE, attach, stick, hold, 
 cleave, fi&. 
 
 ADHERENCE, adhesion, attach- 
 ment. 
 
 ADHERENT, follower, disciple, par- 
 tisan. 
 
 ADHESION, adherence, attach- 
 ment. 
 
 ADJACENT, near to, adjoining, 
 contiguous, approximating. 
 
 ADJOINING, adjacent, contiguous, 
 approximating. 
 
 To ADJOURN, prorogue ; postpone, 
 delay, defer. 
 
AFF 
 
 226 
 
 AGR 
 
 To ADJUST, accommodate, adapt, 
 set right, suit, fit. 
 
 To ADMINISTER, minister, contri- 
 bute, supply ; serve, manage. 
 
 ADMIRATION, amazement, asto- 
 nishment, wonder, surprise. 
 
 ADMISSION, admittance, access, 
 approach. 
 
 To ADMIT, allow, concede, permit, 
 suffer, tolerate, grant. 
 
 ADMITTANCE, admission, access, 
 approach. 
 
 To ADORN, decorate, embellish, 
 beautify. 
 
 ADROIT, clever, skilful, dextrous, 
 expert. 
 
 To ADULATE, flatter, compliment. 
 
 To ADULTERATE, corrupt, con- 
 taminate, defile, vitiate, sophis- 
 ticate. 
 
 To ADVANCE, bring forward, as- 
 sign, adduce, allege ; proceed, 
 go forward. 
 
 ADVANCEMENT, progress, pro- 
 gression ; improvement, profi- 
 ciency. 
 
 ADVANTAGE, good, benefit, profit. 
 
 ADVENTURE, occurrence, incident, 
 contingency, casualty, event, 
 accident. 
 
 ADVENTUROUS, enterprising; rash, 
 foolhardy. 
 
 ADVERSARY, antagonist, opponent, 
 enemy, foe. 
 
 ADVERSE, averse, contrary, oppo- 
 site ; inimical, repugnant, hos- 
 tile. 
 
 To ADVERTISE, announce, pro- 
 claim, publish, promulgate. 
 
 ADVICE, counsel, instruction, in- 
 formation ; notice, intelligence ; 
 deliberation, consultation. 
 
 To ADVISE with, seek counsel, de- 
 liberate, consult. 
 
 AFFABILITY, courteousness, ur- 
 banity, courtesy, complai- 
 sance. 
 
 AFFABLE, courteous, conciliating, 
 ^enrle, urbane. 
 
 AFFAIR, business, concern, mat- 
 ter. 
 
 To AFFECT, influence, act upon, 
 concern ; assume, pretend to 
 arrogate. 
 
 I AFFECTING, pathetic, touching, 
 moving. 
 
 AFFECTION, attachment, kindness, 
 fondness, love. 
 
 AFFINITY, alliance ; kindred, re- 
 lationship. 
 
 To AFFIRM, assert, declare, assure, 
 asseverate, aver, protest, pro- 
 nounce. 
 
 To AFFIX, attach, subjoin, con- 
 nect, annex. 
 
 To AFFLICT, distress, trouble, 
 pain. 
 
 AFFLUENCE, wealth, riches, opu- 
 lence. 
 
 To AFFORD, give, impart, yield, 
 produce ; spare. 
 
 AFFRAY, fray, quarrel, brawl, 
 feud, altercation. 
 
 To AFFRIGHT, frighten, terrify, 
 appall, dismay, shock. 
 
 AFFRONT, insult, offence, outrage. 
 
 AFRAID, fearful, timid, timor- 
 ous. 
 
 AGE, time, period, generation, 
 date, era, epoch, century. 
 
 AGED, elderly, old, senile. 
 
 AGENCY, action, operation; ma- 
 nagement. 
 
 To AGGRAVATE, provoke, irritate, 
 exasperate, tantalize ; heighten, 
 raise, make worse. 
 
 AGGRESSION, assault, injury, of- 
 fence. 
 
 AGILE, active, assiduous, alert, 
 brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, 
 quick, sprightly, prompt ; in- 
 dustrious, laborious. 
 
 To AGITATE, shake, disturb, toss, 
 move. 
 
 AGITATION, disturbance, emotion, 
 trepidation, tremor. 
 
 AGONY, anguish, pain, distress, 
 pang, suffering. 
 
 To AGREE, accede, assent, con- 
 sent, comply, acquiesce, con- 
 cur. 
 
 AGREEABLE, pleasant, pleasing, 
 
ALT 
 
 227 
 
 ANN 
 
 grateful, welcome, conformable, 
 suitable, acceptable. 
 
 AGREEMENT, concurrence, com- 
 pact, contract, bargain, cove- 
 nant ; accordance, harmony, 
 unison ; melody. 
 
 To AID, assist, help, relieve, suc- 
 cor. 
 
 To AIM, point, level; endeavor, 
 aspire. 
 
 AIM, end, object, purpose, drift, 
 scope, design, tendency. 
 
 AIR, look, manner, mien, aspect, 
 appearance. 
 
 ALARM, terror, fright, affright, 
 consternation, disquietude. 
 
 ALERT, active, agile, assiduous, 
 brisk, vigorous, nimble, lively, 
 quick, prompt, sprightly ; in- 
 dustrious, laborious. 
 
 ALIEN, stranger, foreigner. 
 
 To ALIENATE, estrange, withdraw, 
 transfer. 
 
 To ALLAY, appease, assuage, 
 soothe, compose, calm, tranquil- 
 lize. 
 
 To ALLEGE, adduce, advance, as- 
 sign. 
 
 To ALLEVIATE, mitigate, relieve, 
 abate, diminish. 
 
 ALLIANCE, affinity, connection ; 
 confederacy, league, combina* 
 tion, coalition. 
 
 To ALLOT, assign, apportion, ap- 
 point, distribute. 
 
 To ALLOW, admit, concede ; per- 
 mit, suffer, tolerate; grant, 
 give. 
 
 ALLOWANCE, grant, stipend, pay, 
 wages, salary ; permission, con- 
 cession. 
 
 To ALLUDE, hint, refer, glance 
 at, suggest, intimate. 
 
 To ALLURE, attract, decoy, entice, 
 tempt, seduce. 
 
 ALLY, associate, accomplice, ac- 
 cessary, assistant. 
 
 To ALTER, change, vary. 
 
 ALSO, likewise, too. 
 
 ALTERCATION, dispute, affray, 
 quarrel, feud. 
 
 ALWAYS, constantly, continually, 
 incessantly, perpetually, ever. 
 
 To AMASS, accumulate, collect, 
 gather, pile up, heap up. 
 
 AMAZEMENT, wonder, surprise, 
 astonishment, admiration. 
 
 AMBIGUOUS, equivocal, indistinct, 
 doubtful. 
 
 AMENABLE, accountable, answer- 
 able, responsible. 
 
 To AMEND, correct, emend, better, 
 mend, improve, reform, rectify. 
 
 AMENDS, restoration, restitution, 
 reparation. 
 
 AMIABLE, lovely, charming, de- 
 lightful. 
 
 AMOROUS, loving, fond. 
 
 AMPLE, spacious, capacious; abun- 
 dant, copious, plenteous. 
 
 AMUSE, entertain, divert; be- 
 guile. 
 
 AMUSEMENT, diversion, entertain- 
 ment, sport, recreation, pas- 
 time. 
 
 ANCESTOR, progenitor, forefather, 
 predecessor. 
 
 ANCIENT, old, antique, antiquated, 
 old-fashioned, obsolete. 
 
 ANECDOTE, story, tale, memoir, 
 incident. 
 
 To ANGER, irritate, increase, ag- 
 gravate, enrage, incite, stimu- 
 late, exasperate, inflame. 
 
 ANGRY, irascible, passionate, 
 hasty, hot. 
 
 ANGUISH, pain, agony, distress, 
 suffering. 
 
 ANIMADVERSION, criticism, stric- 
 ture, censure. 
 
 To ANIMATE, inspire, exhilarate, 
 enliven, incite, impel, instigate, 
 urge; cheer. 
 
 ANIMATION, life, vivacity, spirits, 
 buoyancy. 
 
 ANIMOSITY, enmity, hostility, ma- 
 lignity. 
 
 ANNALS, chronicles, memoirs, 
 archives, records, registers. 
 
 To ANNEX, affix, attach, subjoin. 
 
 ANNOTATION, comment, note, ob- 
 servation, remark, elucidation. 
 
APP 
 
 228 
 
 ARI 
 
 To ANNOUNCE, advertise, pro- 
 claim, publish. 
 
 To ANNOY, molest, incommode, 
 vex, tease. 
 
 ANNUL, abolish, abrogate, repeal, 
 cancel, revoke, destroy, annihi- 
 late. 
 
 To ANSWER for, guaranty, war- 
 rant, secure. 
 
 ANSWER, reply, rejoinder, re- 
 sponse, replication. 
 
 ANSWERABLE, responsible, ac- 
 countable, amenable ; suitable, 
 correspondent. 
 
 ANTAGONIST, adversary, opponent, 
 enemy, foe. 
 
 ANTECEDENT, anterior, previous, 
 prior, preceding, foregoing, for- 
 mer. 
 
 ANTERIOR, antecedent, previous, 
 prior, preceding, foregoing, for- 
 mer. 
 
 To ANTICIPATE, prepossess, pre- 
 cede, prejudge ; forestall. 
 
 ANTIPATHY, aversion, dislike, ha- 
 tred, repugnance, contrariety, 
 opposition. 
 
 ANTIQUE, old, ancient, antiquated, 
 old-fashioned, obsolete. 
 
 ANXIETY, care, solicitude, per- 
 plexity ; caution, attention. 
 
 APATHY, indifference, insensibili- 
 ty, unfeelingness. 
 
 To APE, imitate, mimic, mock, 
 
 APERTURE, opening, cavity. 
 
 APHORISM, apophthegm, adage, 
 maxim, proverb, saying. 
 
 To APPALL, dismay, terrify, daunt. 
 
 APPARENT, visible, obvious, clear, 
 plain, evident, manifest, dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 To APPEAL, refer, call upon, in- 
 voke. 
 
 To APPEAR, look, seem. 
 
 APPEARANCE, air, look, manner, 
 mien, aspect, semblance 
 
 APPEARANCE of truth, verisimili- 
 tude, probability, speciousness. 
 
 To APPEASE, pacify, allay, as- 
 suage, soothe, compose, calm, 
 tranquillize, propitiate. 
 
 APPELLATION, name, denomina- 
 tion, title, cognomen. 
 
 To APPLAUD, commend, praise, 
 extol, approve. 
 
 APPLAUSE, acclamation, plaudit, 
 exultation, shouting. 
 
 To APPLY, devote, addict, ad- 
 dress. 
 
 To APPOINT, allot, ordain, depute, 
 order, prescribe, constitute, fix, 
 provide. 
 
 To APPRECIATE, estimate, note, 
 value ; esteem. 
 
 To APPREHEND, take, seize, catch, 
 hold ; conceive, imagine ; anti- 
 cipate, fear, dread. 
 
 To APPRISE, acquaint, inform, 
 make known, disclose, commu- 
 nicate. 
 
 APPROACH, access, admittance, 
 admission. 
 
 APPROBATION, approval, concur- 
 rence, consent. 
 
 To APPROPRIATE, assume, arro- 
 gate, usurp ; allot, assign. 
 
 APPROPRIATE, peculiar, particular, 
 exclusive. 
 
 To APPROXIMATE, approach, come 
 near. 
 
 APT, ready, fit, meet, prompt, 
 suitable, dextrous. 
 
 ARBITER, arbitrator, judge, um- 
 pire. 
 
 ARBITRARY, absolute, despotic, 
 peremptory, imperious, tyran- 
 nical ; optional. 
 
 ARBITRATOR, arbiter, judge, um- 
 pire. 
 
 ARCHIVES, annals, chronicles, re- 
 gisters, records. 
 
 ARDENT, vehement, hot, eager, 
 passionate, violent, fiery, fer- 
 vent. 
 
 ARDUOUS, hard, difficult. 
 
 To ARGUE, dispute, debate, 
 evince ; expostulate, remon- 
 strate. 
 
 ARGUMENT, reason, proof, dis- 
 pute. 
 
 | ARIDITY, dryness; sterility, bar- 
 
 I renness, unfaithfulness. 
 
ASS 
 
 229 
 
 ATT 
 
 To ARISE, rise, mount, ascend; 
 scale. 
 
 To ARRAIGN, accuse, charge, im- 
 peach, censure. 
 
 To ARRANGE, place, class, range, 
 dispose. 
 
 ARRAY, apparel, attire ; show, ex- 
 hibition. 
 
 ARROGANCE, assumption, haugh- 
 tiness, presumption, usurpa- 
 tion. 
 
 ^RT, cunning, deceit, duplicity; 
 skill, aptitude, contrivance, ex- 
 pertness. 
 
 To ARTICULATE, speak, utter, pro- 
 nounce. 
 
 ARTIFICE, trick, finesse, stratagem, 
 deception, cheat, imposture, de- 
 lusion, fraud, deceit, guile, im- 
 position. 
 
 ARTLESS, ingenuous, candid, open, 
 frank. 
 
 To ASCEND, arise, rise, mount, 
 soar, scale, climb. 
 
 ASCENDENCY, influence, authority, 
 sway, domination. 
 
 To ASCRIBE, attribute, impute. 
 
 To ASK, request, solicit, entreat, 
 beg, claim, demand ; inquire, 
 question. 
 
 ASPECT, appearance, air, look, 
 mien. 
 
 ASPERITY, acrimony^ harshness, 
 smartness, tartness. 
 
 To ASPERSE, accuse falsely, calum- 
 niate, defame, detract, scandal- 
 ize, slander, vilify. 
 
 To ASSAIL, attack, assault, en- 
 counter. 
 
 To ASSASSINATE, kill, murder, 
 slay. 
 
 To ASSAULT, assail, attack, en- 
 counter. 
 
 ASSEMBLAGE, assembly, collection, 
 group. 
 
 To ASSEMBLE, collect, muster, con- 
 vene, convoke. 
 
 ASSAILANT, aggressor. 
 
 ASSEMBLY, assemblage, collec- 
 tion, group; company, con- 
 gregation, congress, conven- 
 
 tion, diet, meeting, convocation, 
 council. 
 
 ASSENT, consent, concurrence, ap- 
 probation. 
 
 To ASSERT, affirm, declare, asseve- 
 rate, aver, protest, pronounce ; 
 maintain, vindicate. 
 
 ASSESSMENT, tax, rate, impost. 
 
 To ASSEVERATE, assert, affirm, 
 aver, declare, assure, protest, 
 pronounce, vouch. 
 
 ASSIDUOUS, active, agile, alert, 
 brisk. 
 
 To ASSIGN, adduce, allege, ad- 
 vance; allot, apportion. 
 
 To ASSIST, aid, help, relieve, suc- 
 cor. 
 
 ASSISTANT, helper. 
 
 ASSOCIATE, companion, ally, co- 
 adjutor, partner. 
 
 ASSOCIATION, combination, com- 
 pany, society, partnership. 
 
 To ASSUAGE, allay, soothe, ap- 
 pease, calm, tranquillize, miti- 
 gate. 
 
 To ASSUME, arrogate, usurp, ap- 
 propriate, affect. 
 
 ASSURANCE, confidence, persua- 
 sion ; impudence. 
 
 To ASSURE, affirm, assert, asseve- 
 rate, aver, protest, vouch. 
 
 ASTONISHMENT, amazement, won- 
 der, surprise, admiration. 
 
 ASTRINGENT, binding, styptic, 
 astrictive, restringent, cos- 
 tive. 
 
 ASTUTE, arch, cunning, penetra- 
 ting, wily, crafty, artful. 
 
 ASYLUM, refuge, retreat, shelter. 
 
 ATROCIOUS, flagrant, flagitious, 
 heinous. 
 
 To ATTACH, affix, subjoin, con- 
 nect, annex; adhere, stick, hold, 
 cleave. 
 
 ATTACHMENT, affection, inclina- 
 tion, fondness, love. 
 
 To ATTAIN, reach, acquire, ob- 
 tain, gain, procure, get. 
 
 To ATTACK, assail, assault, en- 
 counter; impugn. 
 
 ATTEMPT, effort, endeavor; es 
 
AVO 
 
 230 
 
 BAR 
 
 say, trial; enterprise, under- 
 taking. 
 
 To ATTEND, accompany, escort, 
 wait on ; hearken, listen. 
 
 To ATTEND to, mind, heed, re- 
 gard. 
 
 NOT ATTENDING to, absent, inat- 
 tentive, abstracted. 
 
 ATTENTION, heed, care; applica- 
 tion, study. 
 
 ATTENTIVE, careful, mindful. 
 
 ATTITUDE, posture, gesture, ac- 
 tion, gesticulation. 
 
 To ATTRACT, draw, allure, en 
 tice. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS, charms, allure- 
 ments. 
 
 To ATTRIBUTE, ascribe, impute. 
 
 ATTRIBUTE, quality, property. 
 
 AUDACITY, boldness, effrontery, 
 hardihood. 
 
 AUGMENTATION, accession, addi- 
 tion, increase. 
 
 AUGUR, forebode, betoken, pre- 
 sage, portend. 
 
 AUGUST, majestic, magisterial, 
 dignified, stately, pompous. 
 
 AUSPICIOUS, favorable, propi- 
 tious. 
 
 AUSTERE, rigid, severe, stern, 
 rigorous. 
 
 AUTHORITATIVE, commanding, im- 
 perative, imperious. 
 
 AUTHORITY, ascendency, sway, 
 influence, power, dominion, 
 force. 
 
 AVAIL, advantage, use, benefit, 
 utility, service. 
 
 AVARICE, covetousness, cupidity. 
 
 To AVER, affirm, assert, declare, 
 assure, asseverate, protest. 
 
 AVERSE, adverse, backward, loth, 
 reluctant, unwilling. 
 
 To AVENGE, revenge, vindicate. 
 
 AVERSION, antipathy, dislike, re- 
 pugnance, hatred. 
 
 AVIDITY, eagerness, greediness. 
 
 AVOCATION, calling, business, 
 employment, engagement, of- 
 fice, trade, profession, occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 To AVOID, shun, elude, eschew. 
 
 AVOIDED (not to be), inevitable, 
 unavoidable. 
 
 To Avow, acknowledge, own, con- 
 fess, recognise. 
 
 To AWAKEN, arouse, stir up, ex- 
 cite ; provoke. 
 
 AWARE, apprised, on one's guard, 
 cautious. 
 
 AWE, reverence, dread, fear. 
 
 AWKWARD, clumsy, uncouth, 
 untoward, unhandy, unpo- 
 lite. 
 
 AWRY, crooked, bent, curved, 
 oblique. 
 
 B 
 
 To BABBLE, clatter, prate, prat- 
 tle. 
 
 BABBLING, garrulity, loquacity, 
 talkativeness. 
 
 BACKWARD, averse, unwilling, 
 loth, reluctant. 
 
 To go BACKWARD, retrograde, re- 
 trocede, recede, retreat, retire, 
 withdraw. 
 
 BAD, evil, unsound, wicked. 
 
 BADGE, mark, sign, stigma. 
 
 To BAFFLE, confuse, disconcert, 
 confound, defeat. 
 
 To BALANCE, poise, equipoise, 
 equiponderate, counterpoise ; 
 weigh. 
 
 BAND, shackle, fetter, chain; com* 
 pany, crew, gang. 
 
 BANE, pest, ruin ; poison. 
 
 BANISHMENT, exile, outlawry, ex- 
 pulsion, proscription. 
 
 BANQUET, feast, entertainment, 
 carousal, treat. 
 
 To BANTER, deride, ridicule, 
 mock, rally. 
 
 BARBAROUS, savage, cruel, inhu- 
 man, brutal. 
 
 BARE, naked, uncovered, desti- 
 tute ; scanty, mere. 
 
 BAREFACED, glaring, impudent. 
 
 To BARGAIN, cheapen, buy, pur- 
 chase. 
 
 BARGAIN, agreement, compact, 
 contract, covenant. 
 
BEH 
 
 231 
 
 BIA 
 
 BARRENNESS, unfruitfulness, ste- 
 rility, aridity. 
 
 BARTER, exchange, interchange, 
 dealing, trade, traffic, truck. 
 
 BASE, low, mean, dishonorable, 
 vile. 
 
 BASHFUL, modest ; diffident. 
 
 BASIS, foundation, ground ; pe- 
 destal. 
 
 BASTARD, illegitimate, spurious, 
 not genuine. 
 
 BATTLE, combat, engagement. 
 
 To BE, exist, subsist. 
 
 BEAM, ray, gleam. 
 
 To BEAR, support, endure, sus- 
 tain, carry ; suffer, under- 
 go- 
 To BEAR down, oppress, over- 
 bear, overpower, subdue, over- 
 whelm. 
 
 BEARING, endurance, suffering, 
 patience; tolerance, toleration, 
 sufferance. 
 
 BEAST, animal, brute. 
 
 BEASTLY, bestial, brutish, brutal ; 
 irrational, sensual. 
 
 To BEAT, strike, hit; overthrow, 
 defeat, overpower. 
 
 BEATITUDE, happiness, bliss, feli- 
 city, blessedness. 
 
 BEAU, gallant, spark, sweet- 
 heart. 
 
 BEAUTIFUL, handsome, fine, pret- 
 ty- 
 
 To BEAUTIFY, adorn, embellish, 
 decorate, deck, ornament. 
 
 BECOMING, fit, meet, suitable, be- 
 fitting, comely, decent, grace- 
 ful. 
 
 BEFITTING, becoming, suitable, 
 meet, fit, decent. 
 
 To BEG, ask, entreat, crave, so- 
 licit, beseech, implore, suppli- 
 cate. 
 
 To BEGIN, enter upon, commence ; 
 originate. 
 
 To BEGUILE, amuse ; deceive, im- 
 pose upon. 
 
 BEHAVIOR, conduct, deportment, 
 carriage, demeanor, manner, 
 address. 
 
 To BEHEAD, decapitate, 
 late. 
 
 BEHEST, command, injunction, 
 mandate, precept, order, charge. 
 
 To BEHOLD, see, look, eye, view, 
 observe. 
 
 BEHOLDER, observer, spectator, 
 looker-on. 
 
 BELIEF, credence, credit, trust, 
 faith, confidence. 
 
 BELOW, beneath, under. 
 
 To BEMOAN, bewail, lament. 
 
 To BEND, lean, incline, distort. 
 
 To BEND backward, recline. 
 
 BENEATH, under, low. 
 
 BENEFACTION, gift, donation, pre- 
 sent. 
 
 BENEFICENT, benevolent, bounti- 
 ful, bounteous, munificent, libe- 
 ral, generous. 
 
 BENEFIT, advantage, good ; ser- 
 vice, avail, use. 
 
 BENEVOLENCE, beneficence, be- 
 nignity, kindness, generosity, 
 humanity, tenderness, good- 
 ness. 
 
 BENIGNITY. See BENEVOLENCE. 
 
 BENT, crooked, curved, awry; 
 bias, inclination, prepossession, 
 turn. 
 
 BENUMBED, numbed, torpid, sense- 
 less. 
 
 To BEQUEATH, give, devise. 
 
 To BEREAVE, deprive, strip. 
 
 To BESEECH, beg, entreat, crave, 
 solicit, implore, supplicate. 
 
 BESIDES, moreover, more than 
 that, over and above. 
 
 BESTIAL, beastly, brutish, bru- 
 tal. 
 
 To BESTOW, give, confer, grant. 
 
 BETIMES, early, soon. 
 
 To BETOKEN, augur, presage, fore- 
 bode, portend, signify. 
 
 To BETTER, improve, amend, 
 emend, ameliorate, meliorate ; 
 reform ; rectify. 
 
 To BEWAIL, bemoan, lament. 
 
 BEYOND, over, above. 
 
 BIAS, bent, inclination, preposses- 
 sion, prejudice. 
 
BOL 
 
 232 
 
 BRI 
 
 To BID, offer, tender, propose; 
 call, invite, summon. 
 
 BIG, great, large. 
 
 BILLOW, wave, surge, breaker. 
 
 To BIND, tie ; engage, oblige, lay 
 under obligation. 
 
 BINDING, astringent, styptic, as- 
 trictive, restringent, costive. 
 
 To BLAME, censure, reproach, re- 
 prove, condemn, upbraid, repre- 
 hend. 
 
 BLAMABLE, culpable, censura- 
 ble, reprehensible, reprova- 
 ble. 
 
 BLAMELESS, inculpable, irrepre- 
 hensible, irreprovable, irre- 
 proachable, guiltless ; unblem- 
 ished, spotless. 
 
 To BLAST, strike, desolate, wither 
 up; destroy, annihilate. 
 
 BLAST, gust, gale, breeze, storm. 
 
 BLAZE, flare, glare, flame. 
 
 BLEEDING, phlebotomy, venesec- 
 tion. 
 
 BLEMISH, flaw, speck, spot, defect, 
 fault. 
 
 To BLEND, mix, mingle, con- 
 found. 
 
 BLESSEDNESS, bliss, happiness, fe- 
 licity, beatitude. 
 
 BLISS. See BLESSEDNESS. 
 
 BLOODY, bloodthirsty, sanguina- 
 ry. 
 
 To BLOT out, expunge, erase, 
 obliterate, cancel, efface. 
 
 BLUNDER, mistake, error. 
 
 BLUNT, pointless, obtuse. 
 
 To BOAST, glory, vaunt. 
 
 BOASTER, braggadocio, braggart, 
 braggard, bravado. 
 
 BOASTING, vaunting, ostentation, 
 vain-glory, parade, rodomon- 
 tade. 
 
 BODILY, corporal, corporeal. 
 
 BODY, carcass, corpse. 
 
 BODYLESS, incorporeal ; immate- 
 rial, spiritual. 
 
 BOISTEROUS, violent, furious, im- 
 petuous, vehement. 
 
 BOLD, fearless, undaunted, dar- 
 ing, intrepid) audacious; in- 
 
 solent, impudent, contuma- 
 cious. 
 
 BOMBASTIC, tumid, turgid, inflat- 
 ed. 
 
 BONDAGE, slavery, servitude, im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 BOOTY, spoil, prey. 
 
 BORDER, edge, brim, rim, verge, 
 brink, margin. 
 
 To BORE, pierce, penetrate, per- 
 forate. 
 
 To BOUND, limit, circumscribe, 
 restrict, confine, terminate. 
 
 BOUNDLESS, illimitable, unlimited, 
 unbounded, infinite. 
 
 To BOUND back, recoil, rebound, 
 reverberate. 
 
 BOUNTY, munificence, liberality, 
 generosity, benevolence, benefi- 
 cence, benignity. 
 
 BOUNTEOUS, generous, beneficent, 
 bountiful, liberal, munificent, 
 kind. 
 
 BRACE, pair, couple. 
 
 BRAVE, courageous, gallant, dar- 
 ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he- 
 roic, intrepid, magnanimous, 
 fearless. 
 
 BREACH, chasm, opening, gap, 
 break. 
 
 To BREAK, rend, rack; violate, 
 infringe ; demolish, destroy. 
 
 BREAKER, wave, billow, surge. 
 
 BREEDING, education, instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 BREEZE, gale, gust, blast. 
 
 BREVITY, conciseness. See next 
 word. 
 
 BRIEF, short, concise, compen- 
 dious, summary, succinct, la- 
 conic. 
 
 BRIGHT, clear, lucid, limpid, 
 splendid, translucent, resplen- 
 dent. 
 
 To BRIGHTEN, polish, burnish. 
 
 BRILLIANCY, splendor, lustre, 
 brightness, radiance. 
 
 BRIM, border, edge, rim, brink, 
 margin, verge. 
 
 BRINK, brim, border, edge, rim, 
 margin, verge. 
 
BYW 
 
 233 
 
 CAP 
 
 To BRING forward, adduce, ad- 
 vance, assign, allege. 
 
 BRISK, active, agile, assiduous, 
 alert, vigorous, nimble, lively, 
 quick, sprightly, prompt. 
 
 BRITTLE, fragile, frail, frangi- 
 ble. 
 
 BROAD, wide, large, ample, exten- 
 sive. 
 
 BROIL, affray, fray, quarrel, feud, 
 altercation. 
 
 BROTHERHOOD, fraternity. 
 
 BRUTE, animal, beast. 
 
 BRUTISH, cruel, inhuman, bar- 
 barous, savage ; irrational, sen- 
 sual. 
 
 To BRUISE, break, crush, contuse, 
 squeeze, pound. 
 
 To BUD, sprout, germinate, shoot 
 forth. 
 
 To BUILD, erect, construct; 
 found. 
 
 BULK, size, magnitude, greatness, 
 extent, largeness. 
 
 BUOYANCY, lightness ; animation, 
 vivacity. 
 
 BURDEN, load, weight, freight, 
 cargo. 
 
 BURDENSOME, heavy, weighty, 
 ponderous. 
 
 BURIAL, interment, sepulchre, in- 
 humation. 
 
 BURYING-PLACE, grave, tomb, se- 
 pulchre, cemetery. 
 
 BURLESQUE, satire, irony, humor, 
 wit. 
 
 BURNING, ardent, fiery, hot. 
 
 To BURST, break, crack, split. 
 
 BURSTING forth, eruption, explo- 
 sion. 
 
 BUSINESS, affair, concern, matter ; 
 avocation, calling, employment, 
 engagement, occupation, trade, 
 profession ; office, duty. 
 
 BUSTLE, tumult, hurry. 
 
 BUTCHERY, carnage, slaughter, 
 massacre. 
 
 To BUY, cheapen, bargain, pur- 
 chase. 
 
 BY-WORD, adage, saying, re- 
 proach. 
 
 CABAL, combination, conspiracy, 
 plot. 
 
 To CAJOLE, coax, wheedle, fawn, 
 flatter. 
 
 CALAMITY, disaster, misfortune, 
 mishap, mischance. 
 
 To CALCULATE, reckon, compute, 
 number, count. 
 
 To CALL, cry, exclaim; name, 
 bid, invite, summon. 
 
 To CALL back, retract, recant, re- 
 call. 
 
 To CALL together, convene, con- 
 voke. 
 
 CALLING, avocation, business, 
 employment, engagement, oc- 
 cupation, trade, profession, of- 
 fice. 
 
 To CALL out, exclaim, ejaculate; 
 evoke. 
 
 CALLOUS, hard, obdurate, unfeel- 
 ing, insensible, unsusceptible. 
 
 To CALM, pacify, allay, appease, 
 assuage, soothe, compose, tran- 
 quillize. 
 
 CALM, serene, placid, composed, 
 unruffled, undisturbed, quiet. 
 
 To CALUMNIATE, accuse falsely, 
 defame, detract, scandalize, 
 slander, vilify. 
 
 To CANCEL, abolish, annul, re' 
 peal, revoke, abrogate, destroy, 
 annihilate. 
 
 CANDID, open, artless, ingenuous, 
 frank, plain. 
 
 CAPABLE, able, competent, effi- 
 cient, qualified, fitted, clever, 
 skilful, effective. 
 
 CAPACIOUS, ample, spacious. 
 
 CAPACITY, ability, faculty, talent, 
 capability, skill, efficiency. 
 
 CAPRICE, humor, fancy, freak. 
 
 CAPRICIOUS, fantastical, whimsi- 
 cal. 
 
 CAPTIOUS, cross, petulant, fretful, 
 peevish. 
 
 To CAPTIVATE, charm, enchant, 
 fascinate; enslave, take pri* 
 soner. 
 
CAT 
 
 234 
 
 CHA 
 
 CAPTIVITY, confinement, impri- 
 sonment, bondage. 
 
 CAPTURE, seizure, prize. 
 
 CARCASS, body, corpse. 
 
 CARE, anxiety, solicitude, atten- 
 tion, concern, regard ; manage- 
 ment. 
 
 CAREFUL, cautious, attentive, pro- 
 vident, circumspect, heedful, 
 solicitous. 
 
 CARELESS, negligent, heedless, in- 
 attentive, incautious, thought- 
 less, remiss, indolent, supine, 
 listless* 
 
 To CARESS, fondle, endear. 
 
 CARGO, freight, lading, load. 
 
 CARNAGE, butchery, massacre, 
 slaughter. 
 
 CAROUSAL, feast, entertainment, 
 banquet, treat. 
 
 To CARP, censure, cavil. 
 
 CARRIAGE, gait, manner, walk, 
 behavior, deportment, demea- 
 nor. 
 
 To CARRY, bear, sustain ; convey, 
 transport. 
 
 To CARRY on, conduct, manage, 
 regulate, direct, 
 
 CASE, situation, condition, state, 
 plight, predicament. 
 
 CAST down, depressed, discou* 
 raged, dejected. 
 
 To CAST, hurl, throw. 
 
 To CAST off, reject, forsake, aban- 
 don. 
 
 To CAST back, retort, repel, re- 
 buff. 
 
 CASUAL, accidental, fortuitous, 
 contingent, incidental. 
 
 CASUALTY, accident, contingency, 
 incident, adventure, occur- 
 rence, event. 
 
 CATALOGUE, list, register, roll, re- 
 cord. 
 
 To CATCH, seize, lay hold on, 
 grasp, gripe, snatch, cap- 
 ture. 
 
 A CATCHINQ, caption, capture; 
 arrest, apprehension, seizure. 
 
 CATCHING, infectious, contagious, 
 pestilential. 
 
 To CAVIL, carp, censure. 
 
 CAVITY, aperture, opening. 
 
 CAUSE, motive, reason, induce- 
 ment, incitement. 
 
 To CAUSE, occasion, induce, give 
 rise to. 
 
 OAUTION, admonition, warning, 
 notice, advice; circumspection, 
 care, solicitude, 
 
 CAUTIOUS, careful, wary, eircunv 
 spect, prudent, watchful. 
 
 To CEASE, leave off, desist, discon- 
 tinue. 
 
 A CEASING, cessation, discon- 
 tinuance, pause, intermis- 
 sion. 
 
 Without CEASING, incessant, con- 
 tinual, unintermitting. 
 
 To CEDE, give up, concede, yield, 
 surrender, deliver. 
 
 CELEBRATED, famous, renowned, 
 illustrious. 
 
 CELERITY, quickness, speed, 
 swiftness, fleetness, rapidity, 
 velocity. 
 
 CELESTIAL, heavenly. 
 
 To CENSURE, blame, reprove, re- 
 proach, condemn, upbraid ; 
 carp, cavil, accuse. 
 
 CENSURE, blame, reproach, con- 
 demnation ; animadversion, 
 stricture. 
 
 CEREMONY, form, observance, 
 rite. 
 
 CERTAIN, sure, doubtless, secure ; 
 real, actual, positive. 
 
 CESSATION, intermission, rest, 
 discontinuance. 
 
 To CHAFE, rub, gall, fret, vex. 
 
 CHAGRIN, vexation, fretfulness, 
 mortification. 
 
 CHANCE, fortune, hazard, acci- 
 dent, (happening by.) 
 
 CHANCE (to happen by), acci- 
 dental, casual, fortuitous, con- 
 tingent, incidental. 
 
 j To CHANGE, alter, vary; ex- 
 change, barter. 
 
 CHANGE, variety, variation ; al- 
 teration, mutation ; vicissitude, 
 revolution. 
 
CHE 
 
 235 
 
 CLA 
 
 CHANGEABLE, mutable, fickle, va- 
 riable, inconstant, unstable, un- 
 certain, wavering, versatile, 
 unsteady, irresolute. 
 
 CHARACTER, cast, turn, descrip- 
 tion ; reputation. 
 
 To CHARACTERIZE, name, denomi- 
 nate, describe, designate, style, 
 entitle. 
 
 To CHARGE, accuse, impeach, ar- 
 raign. 
 
 CHARGE, care, custody, trust, 
 management ; cost, price, ex- 
 pense ; assault, attack, encoun- 
 ter, onset. 
 
 To CHARM, enchant, fascinate, 
 enrapture, captivate, transport, 
 bewitch, allure. 
 
 CHARMING, delightful, pleasura- 
 ble, graceful, fascinating, capti- 
 vating, enchanting. 
 
 A CHARM, spell, incantation, en- 
 chantment. 
 
 CHASE, race, hunt. 
 
 To CHASTEN, chastise, correct, 
 punish. 
 
 CHASTENESS, chastity, continence, 
 purity; simplicity. 
 
 CHASTITY, continence, purity ; 
 chasteness, modesty. 
 
 To CHASTISE, chasten, correct, 
 punish. 
 
 To CHAT, ' chatter, prattle, prate, 
 babble. 
 
 CHATTELS, goods, furniture, effects, 
 movables. 
 
 To CHEAPEN, bargain, buy, pur- 
 chase. 
 
 To CHEAT, defraud, trick, beguile. 
 
 CHEAT, deception, imposture, 
 fraud, delusion, artifice, deceit, j 
 trick, imposition, guile, finesse ; \ 
 stratagem. 
 
 CHRONICLES, annals, memoirs, ar- 
 chives, records, registers. 
 
 To CHECK, curb, restrain, repress, 
 control, inhibit ; chide, reprove, 
 rebuke. 
 
 To CHEER, exhilarate, animate, 
 enliven, encourage, comfort. 
 
 CHEERFULNESS, gayety, sprighfc. 
 liness, merriment, mirth, liveli- 
 ness, blithesomeness, vivacity, 
 jocundity, jollity. 
 
 To CHERISH, nurture, nourish, 
 foster, indulge. 
 
 To CHIDE, check, reprimand, re- 
 prove, rebuke. 
 
 CHIEF, principal, main; leader, 
 head, chieftain. 
 
 To CHEW, masticate. 
 
 CHILD (with) pregnant, enceinte, 
 large. 
 
 CHIEFLY, principally, mainly, par- 
 ticularly, especially. 
 
 CHILDISH, infantine, puerile. 
 
 CHILDHOOD, infancy, minority. 
 
 CHILDREN, offspring, issue, pro- 
 geny. 
 
 A CHINK, fissure, cranny. 
 
 CHILL, cold. 
 
 To CHOKE, stifle, suffocate, smo- 
 ther. 
 
 CHOICE, option ; select. 
 
 CHOLER, anger, rage, fury. 
 
 To CHOOSE, prefer, select, elect, 
 pick. 
 
 CIRCLE, orb, sphere, globe. 
 
 To CIRCULATE, spread, diffuse, 
 disseminate, propagate. 
 
 To CIRCUMSCRIBE, bound, limit, 
 restrict, confine, enclose. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANCE, situation, position ; 
 incident, fact. 
 
 CIRCUMSPECT, cautious, wary, par- 
 ticular. 
 
 CIRCUMSPECTION, caution, delib- 
 eration, thoughtfulness, wari- 
 ness. 
 
 CIRCUMSTANTIAL, particular, mi- 
 nute. 
 
 To CITE, quote, summon, call. 
 
 CIVIL, polite, complaisant, oblig- 
 ing. 
 
 CIVILITY, courteousness, urbanity, 
 courtesy, affability, complai- 
 sance, politeness. 
 
 CIVILIZATION, culture, cultivation, 
 refinement. 
 
 To CLAIM, ask, demand. 
 
COA 
 
 236 
 
 COM 
 
 CLAIM, pretension, right. 
 
 CLAMOR, cry, outcry, noise, up- 
 roar. 
 
 CLANDESTINE, secret, hidden, pri- 
 vate. 
 
 To CLASP, embrace, hug. 
 
 CLASS, order, rank, degree, grade. 
 
 To CLASS, arrange, rank, distri- 
 bute, classify. 
 
 CLEANSING, purgative, abstergent, 
 abstersive. 
 
 To CLEAR, absolve, acquit, set 
 free, remit; pardon, forgive, 
 discharge. 
 
 CLEAR, apparent, visible, obvious, 
 plain, evident, manifest, dis- 
 tinct ; fair, lucid, bright. 
 
 CLEARLY, distinctly, plainly, ob- 
 viously, explicitly. 
 
 To CLEAR from, extricate, disen- 
 gage, disentangle, disembarrass, 
 evolve. 
 
 To CLEAR of a fault, exonerate, 
 exculpate; justify. 
 
 To CLEAVE, adhere, attach, stick, 
 hold. 
 
 CLEMENCY, lenity, mercy, mild- 
 ness. 
 
 CLERGYMAN, parson, priest, minis- 
 ter. 
 
 CLEVER, expert, dextrous, skilful, 
 adroit. 
 
 To CLIMB, scale, mount, get up. 
 
 To CLOAK, mask, veil, cover, 
 blind. 
 
 To CLOG, load, encumber ; hinder, 
 obstruct, embarrass. 
 
 CLOSE, compact, solid, dense, firm ; 
 near, nigh. 
 
 To CLOSE, shut; conclude, end, 
 terminate. 
 
 To CLOY, glut, satiate. 
 
 CLOTHES, garments, dress, appa- 
 rel, attire, array, vesture, rai- 
 ment. 
 
 CLUMSY, awkward, unhandy, un- 
 couth, untoward. 
 
 COADJUTOR, colleague, partner, 
 assistant, ally. 
 
 COALITION, alliance, connection, 
 
 union, confederacy, league, 
 combination, conspiracy. 
 
 COALESCE, join, unite. 
 
 COARSE, rough, rude. 
 
 To COAX, wheedle, fawn, cajole. 
 
 To COERCE, restrain, check. 
 
 COEVAL, contemporary, contempo- 
 raneous. 
 
 COGENT, forcible, strong, resist- 
 less. 
 
 COGNOMEN, title, name, denomina- 
 tion, appellation. 
 
 COINCIDE, agree, concur. 
 
 COLD, frigid, chill. 
 
 COLDNESS, frigidity, algidity, al- 
 gor. 
 
 COLLEAGUE, partner, coadjutor, 
 assistant, ally. 
 
 To COLLECT, gather, assemble, 
 muster. 
 
 COLLECTED, composed, calm, pla^ 
 cid. 
 
 COLLECTION, assemblage, group. 
 
 COLLOQUY, convocation, confer- 
 ence, dialogue. 
 
 COLOR, hue, tint, tinge. 
 
 COLORABLE, specious, plausible, 
 feasible. 
 
 COMBAT, battle, engagement, con- 
 flict, contest. 
 
 COMBINATION, alliance, tinion, 
 confederacy, league, coalition, 
 conspiracy, cabal. 
 
 COMELY, becoming, seemly, de- 
 cent, agreeable, graceful. 
 
 To COMFORT, solace, console, en- 
 courage, revive. 
 
 COMFORTLESS, forlorn, disconso- 
 late, desolate, wretched. 
 
 COMIC, droll, ludicrous, ridiculous, 
 laughable. 
 
 A COMING forth, egress, egres- 
 sion. 
 
 COMING between, intervening, in- 
 termediate, intermedial, inter- 
 posing, interfering. 
 
 COMMAND, order, injunction, man- 
 date, precept, behest. 
 
 COMMANDING, authoritative, im- 
 perative, imperious. 
 
COM 
 
 237 
 
 COM 
 
 To COMMENCE, begin, enter upon. 
 To COMMEND, applause, extol, 
 
 praise, recommend, laud. 
 COMMENSURATE, proportionate, 
 
 COMPASSION, pity, sympathy, com- 
 
 miseration. 
 
 COMPATIBLE, consistent, suitable, 
 
 agreeable. 
 To COMPEL, force, oblige, neces- 
 
 equal, adequate. 
 
 COMMENT, annotation, note, ob-i sitate. 
 servation, remark, elucida-| COMPENDIOUS, summary, laconic, 
 
 succinct, short, brief, con- 
 
 tion. 
 
 COMMERCE, dealing, trade, traffic ; 
 
 cise. 
 
 intercourse, communication. ! To COMPENSATE. See COMPENSE. 
 
 COMMERCIAL, mercantile, trading. 
 
 COMMISERATION, sympathy, com- 
 passion, condolence. 
 
 To COMMISSION, authorize, em- 
 power. 
 
 To COMMIT, perpetuate; intrust, 
 consign. 
 
 COMMODIOUS, suitable, useful. 
 
 COMMODITY, advantage, profit ; 
 wares, goods, merchandise. 
 
 COMMON, ordinary, vulgar, usual, 
 frequent, low, mean; gene- 
 ral. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH, state, realm ; 
 democracy, republic. 
 
 COMMOTION, disturbance, tumult. 
 
 To COMMUNICATE, impart, make 
 known, disclose. 
 
 COMMUNICATION, commerce, inter- 
 course. 
 
 COMMUNICATIVE, free, open, libe- 
 ral. 
 
 COMMUNION, fellowship, con- 
 verse. 
 
 COMPENSATION, amends, satisfac- 
 tion, remuneration, reward, re- 
 quital, recompense. 
 
 To COMPENSE, make amends, com- 
 pensate, recompense, remune- 
 rate, requite. 
 
 COMPETENT, capable, efficient, 
 able, qualified, fitted, clever, 
 skilful, effective. 
 
 COMPETITION, rivalry, emulation, 
 contest. 
 
 To COMPLAIN, murmur, lament, 
 regret, repine. 
 
 COMPLAINING, querulous, queri- 
 monious. 
 
 COMPLAISANCE, condescension, ci- 
 vility, courtesy, urbanity, sua- 
 vity. 
 
 COMPLAISANT, courteous, affable; 
 civil, obliging. 
 
 To COMPLETE, accomplish, fulfil, 
 realize, effect, execute, achieve ; 
 consummate, finish, fill up, ter- 
 minate. 
 
 COMMUNITY, society, common-! COMPLETE, finished, perfect; 
 
 wealth. whole, entire, total. 
 
 To COMMUTE, exchange, barter, > COMPLEX, compound, complicate, 
 
 truck. 
 
 composite, intricate. 
 
 COMPACT, agreement, contract, COMPLIANT, yielding, submissive, 
 covenant, close. complaisant. 
 
 COMPANION, coadjutor, partner, I To COMPLIMENT, praise, flatter, 
 ally, associate, comrade, con- j To COMPLY, yield, accede, con- 
 federate, accomplice. sent, assent, acquiesce. 
 
 COMPANY, association, assembly, ] To COMPOSE, form compound, put 
 
 society, assemblage, corpora- 
 tion ; troop, crew, gang. 
 
 COMPARISON, simile, similitude. 
 
 To COMPASS, encircle, environ, 
 
 together, constitute ; soothe, 
 calm, settle. 
 
 COMPOUND, complex, complicate, 
 intricate. 
 
 invest, enclose ; grasp, obtain, ; To COMPREHEND, comprise, em- 
 attain, procure; bring about,; brace, include; conceive. under- 
 consummate, i stand. 
 
CON 
 
 238 
 
 CON 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE, extensive; com- 
 pendious. 
 
 COMPREHENSION, capacity, know- 
 ledge. 
 
 To COMPRESS, condense, press, 
 squeeze. 
 
 COMPULSION, constraint, force. 
 
 COMPUNCTION, repentance, contri- 
 tion, remorse, penitence. 
 
 To COMPUTE, calculate, count, 
 number, reckon, estimate, rate. 
 
 To CONCEDE, give up, deliver, 
 surrender, yield, cede, admit, 
 allow, grant. 
 
 To CONCEAL, hide, secrete; dis- 
 guise, dissemble. 
 
 CONCEIT, fancy, imagination ; 
 pride, vanity. 
 
 CONCEITED, proud, opinionated, 
 egotistical, vain. 
 
 To CONCEIVE, apprehend, ima- 
 gine, suppose, comprehend, un- 
 derstand. 
 
 CONCEPTION, notion, idea; per- 
 ception. 
 
 CONCERN, care, regard, interest ; 
 affair, business, matter. 
 
 TO*CONCERT, contrive, manage. 
 
 To CONCILIATE, propitiate, recon- 
 cile. 
 
 CONCISE, brief, short, compen- 
 dious, summary, succinct, la- 
 conic. 
 
 To CONCLUDE, close, finish, termi- 
 nate. 
 
 CONCLUSION, inference, deduc- 
 tion. 
 
 CONCLUSIVE, decisive, convincing. 
 
 CONCOMITANT, accompaniment, 
 comparison. 
 
 CONCORD, harmony, unity. 
 
 To CONCUR, agree, coincide, ap- 
 prove, acquiesce. 
 
 CONCUSSION, shock. 
 
 To CONDEMN, blame, reprove, re- 
 proach, upbraid, censure, re- 
 probate : doom, sentence. 
 
 To CONDENSE, compress, con- 
 tract. 
 
 CONDESCENSION, preference, com- 
 plaisance. 
 
 CONDITION, situation, state, 
 plight, case, predicament ; 
 article, term. 
 
 CONDOLENCE, sympathy, commi- 
 seration, compassion. 
 
 To CONDUCE, contribute, tend, 
 lead, conduct. 
 
 CONDUCT, carriage, deportment, 
 
 behavior, demeanor. 
 ! To CONDUCT, guide, lead; ma- 
 nage, direct. 
 
 CONFEDERACY, alliance, league, 
 
 combination, coalition. 
 I CONFEDERATE, accomplice, ally. 
 
 To CONFER, bestow, give; dis 
 course. 
 
 : CONFERENCE, conversation, dia- 
 logue, colloquy. 
 
 To CONFESS, acknowledge, avow, 
 own, recognise. 
 
 To CONFIDE, trust, repose, defend, 
 rely. 
 
 CONFIDENCE, assurance, hope, ex- 
 pectation, trust, reliance. 
 
 CONFIDENT, dogmatical, positive, 
 absolute. 
 
 To CONFINE, limit, bound, circum- 
 scribe, restrict, restrain. 
 
 CONFINED, narrow, contracted, 
 
 restrained. 
 
 :To CONFIRM, corroborate, esta- 
 blish. 
 
 CONFLICT, combat, contest. 
 
 To CONFORM, submit, yield, com- 
 ply. 
 
 CONFORMABLE, agreeable, suita- 
 ble. 
 
 CONFORMATION, form, figure. 
 
 To CONFOUND. See CONFUSE. 
 
 CONFUSION, disorder, distraction. 
 j To CONFUSE, abash, confound, dis- 
 concert. 
 
 CONFUSED, indiscriminate, indis- 
 tinct ; deranged, disordered ; 
 intricate, involved. 
 
 To CONFUTE, refute, disprove, 
 oppugn. 
 
 To CONGRATULATE, felicitate. 
 
 CONJECTURE, surmise, supposi* 
 
 tion, guess. 
 I CONJUNCTURE, crisis. 
 
CON 
 
 239 
 
 CON 
 
 To CONNECT, unite, combine. 
 
 CONNECTED, joined, united, re- 
 lated. 
 
 CONNECTION, union ; intercourse 
 commerce, communication ; fa- 
 mily. 
 
 To CONQUER, vanquish, subdue, 
 overcome, subjugate, sur- 
 mount. 
 
 CONSANGUINITY, kindred, rela- 
 tionship, affinity. 
 
 CONSCIENTIOUS, scrupulous. 
 
 CONSCIOUS, aware, apprised, sen- 
 sible. 
 
 To CONSECRATE, dedicate, devote, 
 hallow. 
 
 CONSENT, assent, acquiescence, 
 concurrence, approval. 
 
 To CONSENT, assent, accede, com- 
 ply, acquiesce, agree. 
 
 CONSEQUENCE, effect, result, is- 
 sue. 
 
 Of CONSEQUENCE, avail, weight, 
 importance, moment. 
 
 CONSEQUENTLY, accordingly, there- 
 fore. 
 
 To CONSIDER, reflect, regard, pon- 
 der, deliberate. 
 
 CONSIDERATE, thoughtful, deliber- 
 ate. 
 
 To CONSIGN, commit, intrust. 
 
 CONSISTENT, accordant, conso- 
 nant. 
 
 To CONSOLE, solace, comfort, 
 soothe. 
 
 CONSONANT, accordant, consist- 
 ent. 
 
 CONSPICUOUS, distinguished, not- 
 ed, eminent, prominent, illus- 
 trious. 
 
 CONSPIRACY, combination, cabal, 
 plot. 
 
 CONSTANCY, firmness, stability, 
 steadiness. 
 
 CONSTANTLY, continually, inces- 
 santly, perpetually, ever; un- 
 changeably. 
 
 CONSTITUTION, frame, temper-, 
 temperament. 
 
 CONSTRAINT, compulsion ; confine- 
 ment. 
 
 To CONSTRUCT, build, erect ; com. 
 pile, constitute. 
 
 To CONSULT, advise with, deliber- 
 ate ; debate. 
 
 CONSULTATION, deliberation. 
 
 To CONSUME, waste, destroy, 
 swallow up, imbibe, engulf, 
 absorb. 
 
 CONSUMMATION, completion, finish, 
 perfection. 
 
 CONSUMPTION, decay, decline, 
 waste. 
 
 CONTACT, touch. 
 
 CONTAGIOUS, infectious, pestilen- 
 tial. 
 
 To CONTAIN, comprise, com- 
 prehend, embrace, include, 
 hold. 
 
 To CONTAMINATE, pollute, defile, 
 corrupt, taint. 
 
 To CONTEMN, despise, disdain, 
 scorn. 
 
 To CONTEMPLATE, meditate, 
 muse. 
 
 CONTEMPORARY, contemporane- 
 ous, coeval. 
 
 CONTEMPTIBLE, despicable, con* 
 temptuous, paltry, pitiful, dis- 
 dainful, mean, vile. 
 
 To CONTEND, contest, debate, 
 argue, dispute ; strive, vie. 
 
 CONTENTION, strife, discord, dis- 
 sension, dispute. 
 CONTENTMENT, acquiescence, sat- 
 isfaction, gratification. 
 
 To CONTEST, debate, argue, dis- 
 pute, contend. 
 
 CONTIGUOUS, adjacent, adjoining, 
 
 approximating to. 
 CONTINENCE, chastity. 
 
 CONTINGENCY, accident, casualty, 
 incident, adventure, occurrence, 
 event. 
 
 CONSTERNATION, alarm, fright, CONTINGENT, accidental, casual, 
 terror. fortuitous, ir-cidental. 
 
 To CONSTITUTE, form, compose; CONTINUAL, perpetual, constant, 
 appoint, depute. j CONTINUALLY, always, constantly, 
 
 16 
 
CON 
 
 240 
 
 COU 
 
 incessantly, perpetually, un- 
 changeably. 
 
 CONTINUATION, continuance, con- 
 tinuity, duration. 
 
 To CONTINUE in an attempt, per- 
 severe, persist, prosecute, pur- 
 sue. 
 
 To CONTRACT, abbreviate, shorten, 
 condense, abridge, reduce. 
 
 CONTRACT, agreement, compact, 
 bargain, covenant. 
 
 To CONTRADICT, oppose, deny. 
 
 CONTRARY, adverse, opposite, in- 
 imical, repugnant. 
 
 CONTRAST, opposition. 
 
 To CONTRIBUTE, administer, min- 
 ister, conduce. 
 
 CONTRITION, compunction, repent- 
 ance, penitence, remorse. 
 
 CONTRIVANCE, device, plan, 
 scheme, invention. 
 
 To CONTROL, check, curb, restrain, 
 govern. 
 
 CONTROVERSY, debate, disputation, 
 contest. 
 
 CONTUMACIOUS, obstinate, stub- 
 born, headstrong. 
 
 CONTUMELY, obloquy, reproach, 
 ignominy. 
 
 To CONVENE, convoke, assem- 
 ble. 
 
 CONVENIENT, commodious, suita- 
 ble, adapted. 
 
 CONVENTION, assembly, meeting, 
 convocation, company. 
 
 CONVERSATION, dialogue, confer- 
 ence, colloquy. 
 
 CONVERSE, communion, discourse, 
 conversation. 
 
 To CONVERSE, speak, talk, dis- 
 course, commune. 
 
 To CONVEY, carry, transport, 
 bear. 
 
 CONVICT, malefactor, culprit, felon. 
 
 CONVIVIAL, social, sociable. 
 
 CONVOCATION, assembly, congre- 
 gation, company, congress, 
 meeting, diet, convention, 
 synod, council. 
 
 To CONVOKE, assemble, convene, 
 call together. 
 
 COOL, cold, frigid, dispassionate. 
 
 COPIOUS, ample, abundant, exu- 
 berant, plentiful, plenteous, 
 full. 
 
 COPY, model, transcription, imi- 
 tation, counterfeit. 
 
 COQUET, jilt, affected woman. 
 
 CORDIAL, warm, hearty, sincere. 
 
 CORNER, angle, extremity. 
 
 CORPORAL, corporeal, bodily, ma- 
 terial. 
 
 CORPSE, body, carcass, corse. 
 
 CORPULENT, stout, lusty, robust. 
 
 To CORRECT, amend, emend, mend, 
 better, rectify, reform, im- 
 prove. 
 
 CORRECT, accurate, exact, precise, 
 faultless ; punctual, strict. 
 
 CORRECTION, discipline, punish- 
 ment, chastisement. 
 
 CORRECTNESS, propriety, just- 
 ness, exactness, exactitude, 
 accuracy, precision, faultless- 
 ness. 
 
 CORRESPONDENT, answerable, suit- 
 able. 
 
 To CORROBORATE, confirm, estab- 
 lish, strengthen. 
 
 To CORRUPT, contaminate, defile, 
 taint, pollute, infect, vitiate, 
 adulterate, sophisticate. 
 
 CORRUPTION, defilement, contami- 
 nation, pollution, infection, 
 adulteration ; depravity. 
 
 To CORUSCATE, shine, radiate, 
 glisten, sparkle, gleam. 
 
 COST, price, charge, expense. 
 
 COSTIVE, close, bound, styptic. 
 
 COSTLY, valuable, precious. 
 
 COUNCIL, assembly, company, 
 meeting, congress, diet, conven- 
 tion, convocation. 
 
 COUNSEL, advice, instruction, no- 
 tice, intelligence ; deliberation,' 
 consultation. 
 
 To COUNT, calculate, compute, 
 estimate, reckon, number, rate. 
 
 To COUNTENANCE, encourage, 
 sanction, support. 
 
 COUNTERFEIT, spurious, supposi- 
 Aitious, false. 
 
CRO 
 
 241 
 
 CYN 
 
 COUNTRYMAN, peasant, swain, rus- 
 tic, hind, boor. 
 
 COUNTRIFIED, rural, rustic. 
 
 COUPLE, brace, pair. 
 
 COURAGE, resolution, fortitude, 
 firmness, fearlessness, bravery, 
 boldness, 
 
 COURAGEOUS, brave, gallant, dar- 
 ing, valorous, valiant, bold, he- 
 roic, intrepid, fearless. 
 
 COURSE, way, road, route, passage, 
 race ; series, succession ; way, 
 manner, method, mode. 
 
 COURTEOUS, affable, conciliating, 
 complaisant. 
 
 COURTEOUSNESS, urbanity, civility, 
 courtesy, affability, complai- 
 sance, politeness. 
 
 COVENANT, agreement, compact, 
 contract, bargain. 
 
 To COVER, shelter, screen, hide, 
 overspread. 
 
 COVERING, tegument. 
 
 To COVET, desire, long for, hanker 
 after. 
 
 COVETOUSNESS, avarice, cupidity, 
 inordinate desire. 
 
 COWARD, poltroon, dastard. 
 
 COWARDICE, timidity, pusillani- 
 mity, fear. 
 
 To CRACK, split, burst, break. 
 
 CRAFTY, cunning, artful, deceit- 
 ful, sly, subtil, wily. 
 
 CRAPULOUS, drunken, inebriated, 
 intoxicated. 
 
 CRITICISM, animadversion, stric- 
 ture, censure. 
 
 To CRAVE, beg, entreat, solicit, 
 beseech, implore. 
 
 To CREATE, cause, produce, make, 
 form, occasion. 
 
 CREDIT, belief, trust, confidence ; 
 favor, influence ; name, reputa- 
 tion, character. 
 
 CREW, company, band, gang. 
 
 CRIME, vice, sin, wickedness. 
 
 CRIMINAL, culprit, convict, male- 
 factor, felon. 
 
 CRISIS, juncture, conjuncture. 
 
 CRITERION, standard, measure. 
 
 CROOKED, curved, incurvated 
 
 bent, bowed, awry, oblique*, 
 deformed, disfigured. 
 
 CROSS, perverse, intractable, vex- 
 atious, froward, peevish, petu* 
 lant, untoward, fretful, splene- 
 tic, ill-tempered. 
 
 To CROSS, thwart, obstruct, em- 
 barrass, hinder, impede, per- 
 plex, retard. 
 
 CROWD, multitude, throng, 
 swarm. 
 
 CRUEL, inhuman, barbarous, mer- 
 ciless, pitiless, savage, fero- 
 cious, brutal, unmerciful, inex- 
 orable. 
 
 To CRUSH, break, bruise; over- 
 whelm. 
 
 To CRY out, exclaim, shout, ejacu- 
 late ; call. 
 
 CULPABLE, faulty, blamable, cen- 
 surable. 
 
 CUL.PRIT. See CRIMINAL. 
 
 CULTIVATION, culture, civilization, 
 refinement. 
 
 CUNNING, art ; deceit, duplicity ; 
 crafty, sly, subtil, wily. 
 
 CUPIDITY, avarice, covetousness, 
 inordinate desire. 
 
 To CURB, check, control, re~ 
 strain. 
 
 To CURE, heal, remedy, restore. 
 
 CURIOUS, inquisitive, prying. 
 
 CURRENT, stream, tide. 
 
 CURSE, malediction, execration, 
 imprecation, anathema. 
 
 CURSORY, slight, superficial, hasty, 
 desultory, careless. 
 
 To CURTAIL, abbreviate, contract, 
 abridge, shorten. 
 
 CURVED, crooked, incurvated, 
 bent, awry. 
 
 CUSTODY, keeping guard. 
 
 CUSTOM, habit, manner, usage, 
 practice, fashion ; prescrip- 
 tion. 
 
 CUSTOM, tax, duty, impost, toll, 
 tribute. 
 
 To CUT off, amputate, sever, sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 CYNICAL, snarling, snappish, 
 waspish. 
 
DEC 
 
 242 
 
 DEF 
 
 DAILY, diurnal, quotidian. 
 
 DAINTY, nice, delicate, squeam- 
 ish, scrupulous. 
 
 DAMAGE, detriment, loss, hurt, 
 injury. 
 
 DAMPNESS, humidity, moistness. 
 
 DANGER, peril, hazard, risk, ven- 
 ture. 
 
 To DARE, brave, challenge, defy ; 
 venture, presume. 
 
 DARING, bold, brave, courageous, 
 valorous, fearless, intrepid, he- 
 roic. 
 
 DARK, opaque, obscure, dim, dis- 
 mal, gloomy, mysterious. 
 
 DATE, time, period, age, era, 
 epoch. 
 
 To DAUNT, dismay, appall, terrify, 
 frighten. 
 
 DEAD, inanimate, lifeless. 
 
 DEADLY, mortal, fatal ; implaca- 
 ble. 
 
 DEALING, commerce, trade, traf- 
 fic. 
 
 DEARTH, scarcity, famine. 
 
 DEATH, decease, demise, depart- 
 ure. 
 
 To DEBAR, deprive, hinder, ex- 
 clude. 
 
 To DEBASE, abase, humble, de- 
 grade, disgrace. 
 
 To DEBATE, argue, dispute, con- 
 test. 
 
 To DEBILITATE, weaken, enervate, 
 enfeeble. 
 
 DEBILITY, weakness, infirmity, 
 imbecility. 
 
 DEBT, due, obligation. 
 
 To DECAPITATE, behead, decol- 
 late. 
 
 DECAY, decline, consumption. 
 
 DECEASE, death, demise, depart- 
 ure. 
 
 DECEIT, duplicity, guile, art, cun- 
 ning, deception, fraud, double- 
 dealing. 
 
 DECEITFUL, fallacious, delusive, 
 illusive, fraudulent, subtil. 
 
 DECENCY, decorum, propriety. 
 
 DECENT, becoming, comely, seem- 
 ly, fit. 
 
 DECEPTION, duplicity, artifice, 
 guile, deception ; fraud, trick, 
 imposition, double-dealing. 
 
 To DECIDE, determine, conclude 
 upon, resolve. 
 
 DECISION, judgment, sentence. 
 
 DECISIVE, decided, conclusive, 
 convincing. 
 
 To DECLAIM, inveigh, harangue. 
 
 To DECLARE, state, afiirm, assert, 
 aver, asseverate, assure, pro- 
 nounce, protest, testify, utter, 
 manifest, reveal, discover ; pro- 
 claim. 
 
 To DECLINE, droop, sink, de- 
 viate ; decay ; refuse, repel, re- 
 ject. 
 
 To DECOLLATE, behead, decapi- 
 tate. 
 
 To DECORATE, adorn, embellish, 
 ornament, beautify. 
 
 DECORUM, decency, propriety. 
 
 To DECOY, allure, entice, in- 
 veigle, tempt, seduce, abduct. 
 
 To DECREASE, lessen, diminish, 
 abate, liquidate, lower, sub- 
 side. 
 
 DECREE, edict, proclamation, ordi- 
 nance. 
 
 To DECRY, disparage, detract, 
 cry down, depreciate, traduce, 
 degrade. 
 
 To DEDICATE, devote, consecrate, 
 hallow. 
 
 To DEDUCE, derive, draw from, 
 trace, infer. 
 
 To DEDUCT, subtract, separate, 
 dispart. 
 
 DEDUCTION, conclusion, infer- 
 ence. 
 
 DEED, achievement, feat, exploit, 
 accomplishment. 
 
 To DEEM, think, suppose, ima- 
 gine, believe. 
 
 DEEPNESS, depth, profundity. 
 
 To DEFACE, disfigure, deform. 
 
 To DEFAME, calumniate, accuse 
 falsely, asperse, detract, scan- 
 dalize, vilify, slander. 
 
DEL 
 
 243 
 
 DEP 
 
 To DEFEAT, overpower, overcome, 
 beat, rout; baffle, disconcert, 
 foil, frustrate. 
 
 DEFECT, fault, blemish, flaw, im- 
 perfection. 
 
 DEFECTIVE, deficient, imperfect. 
 
 To DEFEND, vindicate, justify; 
 plead ; exculpate ; guard, pro- 
 tect. 
 
 DEFENDER, advocate, pleader, vin- 
 dicator. 
 
 DEFENSIBLE, justifiable. 
 
 DEFENCE, apology, plea, excuse; 
 vindication, justification. 
 
 To DEFER, postpone, delay, pro- 
 tract, prolong, procrastinate, 
 retard. 
 
 DEFERENCE, condescension, com- 
 plaisance ; respect, submission. 
 
 DEFICIENT, defective, imperfect. 
 
 To DEFILE, corrupt, contaminate, 
 taint, pollute, infect, vitiate. 
 
 DEFINITE, positive, certain, exact, 
 precise. 
 
 DEFINITION, explanation, explica- 
 tion, description. 
 
 To DEFORM. See DEFACE. 
 
 To DEFRAUD, cheat, trick, de- 
 ceive. 
 
 To DEFY, brave, dare, challenge. 
 
 To DEGRADE, abuse, depress, dis- 
 grace, humble, disparage, tra- 
 duce, depreciate, decry. 
 
 DEGREE, class, rank, order. 
 
 DEJECTION, melancholy, depres- 
 sion. 
 
 To DELAY. See DEFER. 
 
 DELEGATE, deputy, substitute, re- 
 presentative. 
 
 DELIBERATE, thoughtful, conside- 
 rate, wary. 
 
 To DELIBERATE, consult, seek, 
 counsel, debate. 
 
 DELIBERATION, thoughtfulness, 
 circumspection, wariness, cau- 
 tion. 
 
 DELICATE, nice, fine, tender. 
 
 DELIGHT, pleasure, joy, rapture, 
 charm. 
 
 DELIGHTFUL, charming, lovely, 
 beautiful. 
 
 To DELINEATE, depict, sketch, 
 paint. 
 
 DELINQUENT, offender, criminal, 
 misdoer. 
 
 To DELIVER, give up, surrender, 
 yield, cede, concede ; rescue, 
 save. 
 
 To DELUDE, deceive, impose upon, 
 cheat, lead away. 
 
 DELUGE, overflow, inundation. 
 
 DELUSION, fallacy, illusion, cheat, 
 guile. 
 
 To DEMAND, ask for, claim, re- 
 quire. 
 
 DEMEANOR, behavior, deportment, 
 carriage, conduct. 
 
 DEMISE, death, decease, depart- 
 ure. 
 
 To DEMOLISH, destroy, dismantle, 
 raze. 
 
 To DEMONSTRATE, prove, evince, 
 manifest. 
 
 To DEMUR, pause, doubt, hesitate, 
 object. 
 
 To DENOMINATE, name, entitle, 
 style, designate. 
 
 DENOMINATION, name, title, appel- 
 lation. 
 
 To DENOTE, signify, imply, mark, 
 betoken. 
 
 DENSE, close, compact, heavy, 
 thick. 
 
 To DENY, oppose, contradict, re- 
 fuse, disown, disclaim, disa> 
 vow. 
 
 DEPARTURE, exit, forsaking, aban- 
 doning. 
 
 DEPENDENCE, reliance ; trust, con- 
 fidence. 
 
 To DEPICT, delineate, paint, 
 sketch, represent. 
 
 To DEPLORE, bewail, bemoan, la' 
 ment, mourn. 
 
 DEPONENT, evidence, witness. 
 
 DEPORTMENT. See DEMEANOR. 
 
 DEPOSIT, pledge, security, pawn. 
 
 DEPRAVED, abandoned, profli- 
 gate, corrupt, vitiated, vi> 
 cious. 
 
 DEPRAVITY, corruption, vitiation; 
 vice, wickedness. 
 
DES 
 
 244 
 
 DEX 
 
 To DEPRECIATE, disparage, de- 
 tract, traduce, degrade, decry, 
 lower. 
 
 To DEPRESS, abase, degrade, 
 humble, bring low, disgrace. 
 
 DEPRESSION, dejection, melan- 
 choly. 
 
 To DEPRIVE, bereave, hinder, de- 
 bar, abridge. 
 
 DEPTH, profundity, deepness. 
 
 To DEPUTE, constitute, appoint. 
 
 DEPUTY, delegate, substitute, en- 
 voy, representative. 
 
 To DERANGE, disorder, disconcert, 
 discompose. , 
 
 DERANGEMENT, insanity, madness, 
 lunacy, mania. 
 
 To DERIDE, inock, ridicule, rally, 
 banter. 
 
 To DERIVE, trace, deduce, infer. 
 
 To DEROGATE, despise, degrade. 
 
 To DESCRIBE, relate, recount, nar- 
 rate, represent. 
 
 DESCRIPTION, account, narrative, 
 relation, recital, detail, expla- 
 nation, narration. 
 
 To DESCRY, discover, find out, 
 espy. 
 
 DESERT, merit, worth. 
 
 To DESIGN, purpose, intend, pro- 
 pose, mean, project, scheme. 
 
 To DESIGNATE. See DENOMI- 
 NATE. 
 
 To DESIRE, wish, long for, han- 
 ker after, covet, beg, soli- 
 cit. 
 
 To DESIST, leave off, cease, dis- 
 continue. 
 
 DESOLATE, solitary, desert, de- 
 vastated. 
 
 DESPAIR, desperation, despond- 
 ency, hopelessness. 
 
 To DESPATCH, hasten, accelerate, 
 expedite, speed. 
 
 DESPERATE, despairing, hopeless, 
 desponding. 
 
 DESPICABLE, contemptible, pitiful, 
 mean, vile, worthless. 
 
 To DESPISE, contemn, scorn, dis- 
 dain. 
 
 PESPONDENCY. See DESPAIR. 
 
 DESPOTIC, arbitrary, absolute, self- 
 willed. 
 
 DESTINATION, destiny, purpose, 
 appointment, fate, lot, doom. 
 
 DESTITUTE, bare, scanty; for- 
 saken, forlorn. 
 
 To DESTROY, demolish, consume, 
 waste, annihilate, raze, dis- 
 mantle, ruin. 
 
 DESULTORY, loose, immethodical, 
 cursory, hasty, slight, roving, 
 wavering. 
 
 To DETACH, separate, sever, dis- 
 join. 
 
 DETAIL, account, narrative, de- 
 scription, relation, recital, ex- 
 planation, narration. 
 
 To DETAIN, hold, keep, retain. 
 
 To DETECT, discover, convict. 
 
 To DETER, discourage, dishearten. 
 
 To DETERMINE, resolve, decide, 
 conclude upon, fix, settle; limit, 
 put an end to. 
 
 DETERMINED, decided, fixed, reso- 
 lute, firm. 
 
 To DETEST, abhor, loathe, abomi- 
 nate. 
 
 To DETRACT, asperse, calumni- 
 ate ; defame, scandalize, vilify, 
 slander. 
 
 DETRIMENT, disadvantage, hurt, 
 injury, prejudice, loss, dam- 
 age. 
 
 DEVASTATION, ravage, desolation, 
 havoc, waste. 
 
 To DEVELOP, unfold, unravel, ex- 
 hibit. 
 
 To DEVIATE, swerve, stray, wan- 
 der, err, digress. 
 
 DETESTABLE, abominable, execra- 
 ble, hateful. 
 
 DEVICE, contrivance, invention, 
 scheme, design. 
 
 To DEVISE, contrive, invent, de- 
 sign ; bequeath. 
 
 DEVOID, vacant, empty, void. 
 
 To DEVOTE, addict, apply, dedi- 
 cate ; consecrate. 
 
 DEVOUT, religious, holy, pious. 
 
 DEXTERITY, ability, skilfulness, 
 adroitness, address. 
 
DIS 
 
 245 
 
 DIS 
 
 DEXTROUS, clever, skilful, apt, 
 ready, adroit, expert. 
 
 DIALECT, tongue, language, 
 speech, idiom. 
 
 DIALOGUE, conversation, confer- 
 ence, colloquy. 
 
 To DICTATE, prescribe, suggest. 
 
 DICTION, style, phrase, phraseolo- 
 gy, expression. 
 
 DICTION ARY, vocabulary, lexicon, 
 nomenclature. 
 
 To DIE, expire, perish, depart. 
 
 DIET, food, regimen. 
 
 To DIFFER, vary, disagree, dissent. 
 
 DIFFERENCE, variety, contrariety, 
 variance, dissimilitude, ine- 
 quality. 
 
 DIFFERENT, distinct, separate, di- 
 verse, various ; unlike. 
 
 DIFFICULT, hard, arduous. 
 
 DIFFICULTY, obstacle, impediment, 
 obstruction, trouble, trial, em- 
 barrassment. 
 
 DIFFIDENT, distrustful, suspicious; 
 modest, bashful. 
 
 DIFFUSE, prolix, expansive, spread 
 out. 
 
 To DIGEST, dispose, arrange. 
 
 DIGNIFIED, magisterial, stately, 
 august, pompous, lofty. 
 
 To DIGRESS, deviate, wander. 
 
 To DILATE, enlarge, extend, ex- 
 pand ; expatiate. 
 
 DiLATORy, slow, tardy, tedious. 
 
 DILIGENT, active, assiduous, ex- 
 peditious, sedulous, persever- 
 ing, laborious. 
 
 DIM, obscure, dark, mysterious. 
 
 To DIMINISH, liquidate, abate, de- 
 crease, lessen, subside. 
 
 DIMINUTIVE, small, little. 
 
 To DIRECT, regulate, dispose, con- 
 duct, manage. 
 
 DIRECTION, address, superscrip- 
 tion. 
 
 DIRECTLY, immediately, promptly, 
 instantly, instantaneously. 
 
 DISABILITY, inability, weakness, 
 incompetency. 
 
 DISADVANTAGE, detriment, injury, 
 hurt, prejudice. 
 
 To DISAGREE, differ, vary, dissent, 
 
 DISAGREEMENT, dissension, divi- 
 sion, discord. 
 
 To DISAPPEAR, vanish. 
 
 To DISAPPOINT, frustrate, foil, de- 
 feat. 
 
 DISAPPROBATION, displeasure, cen- 
 sure. 
 
 DISASTER, calamity, misfortune, 
 mishap, mischance. 
 
 To DISAVOW, disown, disclaim, 
 deny, 
 
 DISBELIEF, unbelief, skepticism. 
 
 To D SCARD. dismiss, discharge. 
 
 To DISCERN, distinguish, discover, 
 penetrate, discriminate. 
 
 DISCERNIBLE, perceptible, ascer- 
 tainable, apparent, visible, evi- 
 dent, manifest. 
 
 DISCIPLE, follower, scholar, adhe- 
 rent, partisan. 
 
 DISCIPLINE, education, govern- 
 ment ; correction, punishment, 
 chastisement. 
 
 To DISCLAIM, disown, disavow, 
 deny. 
 
 To DISCLOSE, discover, reveal, 
 make known, divulge. 
 
 To DISCOMPOSE, disorder, discon- 
 cert, derange. 
 
 To DISCONCERT, unsettle, ruffle, 
 discompose, derange, disorder, 
 displace, confuse. 
 
 To DISCONTINUE, cease, leave off, 
 desist. 
 
 DISCORD, disagreement, conten- 
 tion, strife, dissension. 
 
 To DISCOURAGE, deter, dishearten ; 
 dissuade. 
 
 To DISCOVER, uncover, disclose, 
 make known, communicate, 
 impart, reveal; detect, find 
 out. 
 
 DISCREDIT, disgrace, reproach, 
 scandal, disrepute, ignominy, 
 dishonor ; opprobrium, obloquy, 
 shame. 
 
 DISCRETION, judgment, prudence. 
 
 DISCRIMINATION, discernment, 
 judgment, acuteness, penetra- 
 tion. 
 
DIS 
 
 246 
 
 DIS 
 
 DISDAIN, arrogance, haughtiness, 
 scorn, contempt. 
 
 DISEASE, disorder, distemper, 
 malady. 
 
 To DISENTANGLE, disengage, ex- 
 tricate. 
 
 To DISFIGURE, deface, deform. 
 
 DISGRACE. See DISCREDIT. 
 
 To DISGRACE, degrade, abase, de- 
 base, dishonor. 
 
 To DISGUISE, dissemble, con- 
 ceal. 
 
 DISGUST, aversion, dislike, dis- 
 taste ; loathing, nausea. 
 
 To DISHEARTEN, discourage, de- 
 press. 
 
 DISHONOR, disgrace, shame, oppro- 
 brium. 
 
 DISINCLINATION, dislike, aver- 
 sion. 
 
 To DISJOIN, separate, sever, dis- 
 sever, detach. 
 
 DISLIKE, aversion, antipathy, re- 
 pugnance. 
 
 DISMAL, dull, gloomy, sad. 
 
 To DISMAY, appall, daunt, terrify. 
 
 To DISMEMBER, disjoint, dislo- 
 cate. 
 
 DISMISS, discharge, discard. 
 
 DISORDER, derangement, confu- 
 sion ; disease, distemper, mala- 
 dy- 
 
 DISORDERLY, irregular, inordinate, 
 intemperate. 
 
 To DISOWN, disavow, disclaim, 
 deny, renounce. 
 
 To DISPARAGE, depreciate, dero- 
 gate, detract, decry, degrade. 
 
 DISPARITY, inequality, dissimili- 
 tude, unlikeness. 
 
 DISPASSIONATE, cool, calm. 
 
 To DISPEL, dissipate, disperse. 
 
 To DISPERSE, distribute, deal out ; 
 scatter, spread. 
 
 To DISPLAY, exhibit, show, pa- 
 rade. 
 
 To DISPLEASE, offend, vex, an- 
 ger. 
 
 DISPLEASURE, dislike, dissatis- 
 faction, distaste, disapproba- 
 tion. 
 
 [ DISPOSAL, disposition, arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 To DISPOSE, arrange, place, re- 
 gulate, order. 
 
 DISPOSITION, temper, inclination. 
 
 To DISPROVE, refute, confute, op- 
 pugn. 
 
 To DISPUTE, argue, debate, con- 
 test, contend, controvert. 
 
 DISPUTE, altercation, quarrel, con- 
 test, difference. 
 
 To DISREGARD, slight, neglect, 
 contemn. 
 
 DISSATISFACTION. See DISPLEA- 
 SURE. 
 
 To DISSEMBLE, disguise, conceal. 
 
 To DISSEMINATE, spread, propa- 
 gate, circulate, diffuse. 
 
 DISSENSION, discord, contention. 
 
 To DISSENT, differ, disagree, 
 vary. 
 
 DISSERTATION, essay, treatise, 
 tract. 
 
 DISSIMULATION, simulation, deceit, 
 hypocrisy. 
 
 To DISSIPATE, disperse, dispel, 
 expend, squander, waste. 
 
 DISSOLUTE, loose, lax, vague, li- 
 centious. 
 
 DISTANT, far, remote. 
 
 DISTASTE, dislike, dissatisfaction, 
 disgust. 
 
 DISTEMPER, disorder, disease, 
 malady. 
 
 DISTINCT, separate, different ; 
 plain, visible, obvious. 
 
 DISTINCTION, difference; superh 
 ority, rank. 
 
 DISTINCTLY, clearly, plainly, ob- 
 viously. 
 
 To DISTINGUISH, perceive, dis- 
 cern ; discriminate ; signalize, 
 mark out. 
 
 DISTINGUISHED, conspicuous, not- 
 ed, eminent, illustrious. 
 
 To DISTORT, turn, twist, bend, 
 wrest, pervert. 
 
 DISTRACTED, discomposed, dis- 
 turbed, perplexed. 
 
 To DISTRESS, afflict, trouble, pain, 
 harass, perplex. 
 
DOO 
 
 247 
 
 DUP 
 
 DISTRESS, anguish, agony, pain, 
 suffering ; adversity. 
 
 To DISTRIBUTE, apportion, assign, 
 allot, share. 
 
 DISTRICT, region, division, tract, 
 quarter, portion. 
 
 DISTRUSTFUL, suspicious ; diffi- 
 dent. 
 
 To DISTURB, interrupt, trouble, 
 molest, disquiet, tumultuate. 
 
 DISTURBANCE, derangement, com- 
 motion. 
 
 To DIVE, plunge. 
 
 To DIVE into, pry, scrutinize. 
 
 DIVERS, different, several, sundry, 
 various. 
 
 DIVERSION, amusement, enter- 
 tainment, recreation, sport, pas- 
 time. 
 
 To DIVERT, amuse, entertain. 
 
 To DIVIDE, separate, part; dis- 
 tribute, share. 
 
 DIVINE, heavenly, godlike, holy, 
 sacred. 
 
 To DIVINE, guess, conjecture. 
 
 DIVISION, part, share, portion, 
 section. 
 
 To DIVULGE, disclose, make 
 known, communicate, reveal, 
 discover, impart. 
 
 DIURNAL, daily, quotidian. 
 
 To Do, make, act ; effect, effectu- 
 ate, accomplish, perform, exe- 
 cute, achieve. 
 
 DOCILE, tractable, ductile, pliant, 
 yielding. 
 
 DOCTRINE, dogma, tenet. 
 
 DOGMATICAL, "positive, confident, 
 authoritative, magisterial. 
 
 DOLEFUL, piteous, woful, rueful. 
 
 DOMESTIC, servant, menial, 
 drudge. 
 
 DOMINEERING, imperious, lordly, 
 overbearing. 
 
 DOMINION, rule, empire, autho- 
 rity ; reign, strength, force. 
 
 DONATION, gift, present, alms. 
 
 DOOM, fate, destiny, lot, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 DOUBLE-DEALING, deceit, duplicity, 
 deception, fraud, dishonesty. 
 
 DOUBT, hesitation, uncertainty, 
 suspense. 
 
 To DOUBT, question, hesitate, 
 demur, scruple, waver. 
 
 DOUBTFUL, dubious, uncertain, 
 equivocal, ambiguous, ques- 
 tionable, precarious. 
 
 To DOZE, sleep, slumber, drowse, 
 nap. 
 
 To DRAG, draw, pull, haul, 
 tug. 
 
 To DRAIN, exhaust, expend. 
 
 To DRAW. See DRAG. 
 
 To DRAW from, exact, extort, 
 extract. 
 
 To DRAW back, withdraw, retreat, 
 recede, retire. 
 
 To DREAD, fear, stand in awe; 
 apprehend. 
 
 DREADFUL, fearful, frightful, ter- 
 rific, awful, horrid, horrible, 
 tremendous. 
 
 DREGS, sediment, refuse, dross, 
 scum, recrement. 
 
 To DRENCH, steep, soak. 
 
 DRIFT, scope, aim, tendency. 
 
 DRESS, apparel, array, attire, gar- 
 ments, vestments. 
 
 DRINK, beverage, potion. 
 
 DROLL, laughable, ludicrous, ridi- 
 culous, comic, comical. 
 
 To DROOP, languish, pine, sink, 
 fade. 
 
 DROSS. See DREGS. 
 
 To DROWSE. See DOZE. 
 
 DRUDGE, servant, domestic, me- 
 nial. 
 
 DRUDGERY, labor, toil, work. 
 
 DRUNKENNESS, intoxication, ine- 
 briety, crapulousness. 
 
 DUBIOUS, doubtful, questionable, 
 equivocal, ambiguous ; precari- 
 ous, uncertain. 
 
 DUCTILE, tractable, docile. 
 
 DRYNESS, drought, aridity. 
 
 DUE, debt, right. 
 
 DULL, stupid, heavy, drowsy, 
 gloomy, sad, dismal 
 
 DUMB, silent, mute, speechless. 
 
 DUPLICITY, deceit, deception, 
 double-dealing, guile. 
 
EFF 
 
 248 
 
 EME 
 
 DURABLE, lasting, permanent, 
 constant, continuing. 
 
 DUTIFUL, obedient, submissive, 
 respectful. 
 
 DUTY, business, office ; obedience, 
 respect, obligation. 
 
 DWELLING, abode, residence, do- 
 micile, habitation. 
 
 To DWELL, abide, stay, rest, so- 
 journ ; reside, inhabit. 
 
 E 
 
 EAGER, hot, ardent, vehement, im- 
 petuous; forward. 
 
 EAGERNESS, avidity, greediness. 
 
 EARLY, soon, betimes. 
 
 To EARN, acquire, obtain, gain, 
 win. 
 
 EARNEST, eager, serious ; pledge. 
 
 EASE, quiet, rest, repose; light- 
 ness, facility. 
 
 To EASE, or calm, assuage, alle- 
 viate, allay, mitigate, appease, 
 pacify. 
 
 EBULLITION, effervescence, fer- 
 mentation, a boiling over. 
 
 ECCENTRIC, irregular, anoma- 
 lous ; singular, odd, particular, 
 strange. 
 
 ECCLESIASTIC, divine, theolo- 
 gian. 
 
 ECONOMICAL, sparing, saving, 
 thrifty, careful, frugal, par- 
 simonious, niggardly, penuri- 
 ous. 
 
 ECSTASY, delight, raptnre, trans- 
 port. 
 
 EDGE, border, rim, margin, brink, 
 brim, verge. 
 
 EDICT, decree, proclamation. 
 
 EDIFICE, structure, fabric. 
 
 EDUCATION, instruction, tuition, 
 breeding. 
 
 To EFFACE, blot out, expunge, 
 rase, erase, obliterate, can- 
 cel. 
 
 To EFFECT, accomplish, fulfil, 
 realize, achieve, complete, exe- 
 cute. 
 
 EFFECT, consequence, result, issue, 
 event. 
 
 EFFECTS, goods, chattels, furni- 
 ture, movables, property. 
 
 EFFECTIVE, efficient, efficacious, 
 effectual, operative. 
 
 EFFEMINATE, feminine, female, 
 womanish, tender. 
 
 EFFETE, barren : worn out. 
 
 EFFICIENT, competent, able, capa- 
 ble, fitted, effectual, effective. 
 
 EFFIGY, image, picture, like- 
 ness. 
 
 EFFORT, endeavor, exertion, essay, 
 trial, attempt. 
 
 EFFRONTERY, boldness, audacity, 
 assurance, hardihood, impu- 
 dence. 
 
 EFFUSION, dispersion ; waste. 
 
 EGOTISTICAL, conceited, vain, opi- 
 nionated. 
 
 ELDER, senior, older. 
 
 To ELECT, choose, select, appoint. 
 
 ELEGANT, graceful, beautiful. 
 
 To ELEVATE, raise, lift, exalt, 
 erect. 
 
 ELIGIBLE, fit, worthy, preferable. 
 
 ELOCUTION, eloquence, oratory, 
 rhetoric. 
 
 To ELUCIDATE, explain, illustrate, 
 clear up. 
 
 ELUCIDATION, explanation, expo- 
 sition, annotation, comment. 
 
 To ELUDE, evade, escape, avoid, 
 shun. 
 
 To EMANATE, arise, proceed, is- 
 sue, spring, flow. 
 
 To EMBARRASS, entangle, perplex, 
 distress, trouble. 
 
 To EMBELLISH, adorn, decorate, 
 beautify, deck, illustrate. 
 
 EMBLEM, figure, type, symbol, 
 adumbration, allusion. 
 
 To EMBRACE, clasp, hug; com- 
 prise, comprehend, contain, in- 
 clude. 
 
 EMBRYO, foetus, germ; unfinished, 
 imperfect. 
 
 To EMEND, amend, correct, bet- 
 ter, mend, reform, rectify ; im- 
 prove. 
 
 To EMERGE, rise, issue, emanate, 
 come forth. 
 
END 
 
 249 
 
 ENS 
 
 EMERGENCY, exigency, neces- 
 sity. 
 
 EMINENT, distinguished, conspicu- 
 ous, noted, prominent; elevated, 
 illustrious 
 
 EMISSARY, spy, secret agent. 
 
 To EMIT, send forth, evaporate, 
 exhale. 
 
 EMOLUMENT, gain, profit, lucre, 
 advantage. 
 
 EMOTION, agitation, trepidation, 
 tremor. 
 
 EMPHASIS, stress, accent. 
 
 EMPIRE, dominion, power, reign ; 
 kingdom, state. 
 
 EMPLOYMENT, business, avocation, 
 engagement, office, trade, pro- 
 fession, occupation. 
 
 To EMPOWER, authorize, commis- 
 sion ; enable. 
 
 EMPTY, void, devoid, vacant, 
 vacuous, unfilled. 
 
 EMULATION, rivalry, competi- 
 tion. 
 
 To ENCHANT, charm, fascinate, 
 captivate, enrapture. 
 
 To ENCIRCLE, enclose, embrace ; 
 surround, environ, circum- 
 scribe. 
 
 ENCOMIUM, eulogy, panegyric, 
 praise. 
 
 To ENCOMPASS. See ENCIR- 
 CLE. 
 
 ENCOUNTER, attack, combat, as- 
 sault. 
 
 To ENCOURAGE, countenance, 
 sanction, support, foster, che- 
 rish; animate, embolden, cheer; 
 incite, urge, impel, stimulate, 
 instigate. 
 
 To ENCROACH, intrude, intrench, 
 infringe, invade. 
 
 To ENCUMBER, load, clog; im- 
 pede, hinder. 
 
 END, aim, object, purpose; close, 
 termination, extremity, sequel, 
 finish. 
 
 To ENDEAVOR, attempt, try, aim, 
 essay, strive. 
 
 ENDEAVOR, aim, effort, exertion, 
 attempt. 
 
 ENDLESS, eternal, everlasting, 
 interminable, perpetual, infi- 
 nite. 
 | To ENDOW, endue, invest. 
 
 ENDOWMENT, gift, talent. 
 I ENDURANCE, fortitude, patience, 
 
 resignatioa. 
 
 I To ENDURE, support, bear, suffer, 
 sustain. 
 
 ENEMY, foe, opponent, antagonist, 
 adversary. 
 
 ENERGY, force, vigor, strength, 
 potency, efficacy. 
 
 To ENERVATE, enfeeble, weaken, 
 unnerve, debilitate. 
 
 To ENGAGE, attract, invite, allure, 
 entertain. 
 
 ENGAGEMENT, avocation, business, 
 employment, occupation, office, 
 profession ; word, promise ; 
 battle, combat. 
 
 To ENGENDER, breed, generate, 
 produce. 
 
 ENGRAVING, picture, print. 
 
 To ENGROSS, absorb, swallow 
 up, imbibe ; monopolize. 
 
 To ENGULF, swallow up, absorb, 
 engross. 
 
 ENJOYMENT, pleasure, fruition, 
 gratification. 
 
 To ENLARGE, increase, extend, 
 lengthen. 
 
 To ENLIGHTEN, illumine, illumi- 
 nate. 
 
 To ENLIST, enroll, register, re- 
 cord. 
 
 To ENLIVEN, animate, inspire, 
 exhilarate, cheer. 
 
 ENMITY, animosity, hostility, 
 hatred, ill-will, malignity. 
 
 ENORMOUS, huge, vast, immense, 
 prodigious. 
 
 ENOUGH, sufficiency, plenty, 
 abundance. 
 
 To ENRAGE, irritate, incense, ag 
 gravate, incite, stimulate, ex 
 asperate, inflame. 
 
 To ENRAPTURE. See ENCHANT. 
 j To ENROLL. See ENLIST. 
 | ENSAMPLE, example, pattern. 
 j To ENSLAVE, captivate. 
 
ERA 
 
 250 
 
 EVE 
 
 To ENSUE, follow, succeed. 
 
 To ENTANGLE, perplex, embar- 
 rass, inveigle, insnare, impli- 
 cate, infold, involve, entrap. 
 
 ENTERPRISE, undertaking, adven- 
 ture, attempt. 
 
 ENTERPRISING, adventurous. 
 
 To ENTER upon, begin, com- 
 mence. 
 
 To ENTERTAIN, amuse, divert. 
 
 ENTERTAINMENT, amusement, di- 
 version, recreation, pastime, 
 sport ; feast, banquet, carousal, 
 treat. 
 
 ENTHUSIAST, visionary, fanatic. 
 
 To ENTICE, allure, attract, decoy, 
 tempt, seduce, abduct. 
 
 ENTIRE, whole, complete, perfect, 
 integral, total. 
 
 To ENTITLE, name, designate, de- 
 nominate, style, characterize. 
 
 To ENTRAP. See ENTANGLE. 
 
 To ENTREAT, beg, crave, soli- 
 cit, beseech, implore, suppli- 
 cate. 
 
 ENTREATY, petition, prayer, re- 
 quest, suit. 
 
 To ENVEIGLE. See ENTANGLE. 
 
 To ENVIRON. See ENCIRCLE. 
 
 ENVY, jealousy, suspicion, grudg- 
 ing. 
 
 EPICURE, voluptuary, sensualist. 
 
 To EPITOMIZE, abridge, reduce, 
 condense. 
 
 EPOCH, time, period, era, age, 
 date. 
 
 To EQUIP, fit out, prepare, qua- 
 lify. 
 
 EQUAL, equable, uniform; ade- 
 quate, proportionate, commen- 
 surate ; equivalent. 
 
 EQUAL to, adequate, commensu- 
 rate, proportionate. 
 
 EQUITABLE, just, fair, honest, rea- 
 sonable. 
 
 EQUIVOCAL, ambiguous, doubt- 
 ful. 
 
 To EQUIVOCATE, evade, prevari- 
 cate. 
 
 ERA, time, point, period, date, 
 epoch, age. 
 
 To ERADICATE, extirpate, root out, 
 exterminate. 
 
 To ERASE, blot out, expunge, 
 rase, efface, obliterate, can- 
 cel. 
 
 To ERECT, set up, raise, elevate, 
 construct; institute, establish, 
 found. 
 
 ERRAND, mission, message. 
 
 ERROR, mistake, blunder, fault. 
 
 ERUDITION, learning, knowledge, 
 science. 
 
 ERUPTION, explosion, breaking 
 out. 
 
 To ESCAPE, elude, evade. 
 
 To ESCHEW, avoid, shun, elude. 
 
 To ESCORT, attend, accompany, 
 wait on. 
 
 ESPECIALLY, particularly, spe- 
 ciauy, principally, chiefly. 
 
 To ESPY, discern, discover, find 
 out, descry. 
 
 ESSAY, attempt, trial, endea- 
 vor, effort; tract, treatise, dis- 
 sertation. 
 
 ESSENTIAL, necessary, indispensa- 
 ble, requisite. 
 
 To ESTABLISH, confirm, settle, fix, 
 institute, found. 
 
 To ESTEEM, prize, value, appre- 
 ciate ; respect. 
 
 ESTEEM, regard, respect, prize, 
 value, revere. 
 
 To ESTIMATE, count, calculate, 
 compute, reckon, number, rate, 
 appraise ; appreciate, esteem, 
 value. 
 
 ETERNAL, everlasting, bound- 
 less, interminable, endless, in- 
 finite. 
 
 EULOGY, encomium, panegyric. 
 
 To EVADE, escape, elude ; equivo- 
 cate, prevaricate. 
 
 To EVAPORATE, exhale, emit. 
 
 EVASION, shift, subterfuge; pre- 
 varication, equivocation. 
 
 EVEN, equal, equable, uniform; 
 smooth, plain, level. 
 
 EVENT, incident, occurrence, ad- 
 venture, issue, consequence, re- 
 sult, accident. 
 
EXE 
 
 251 
 
 EXP 
 
 EVER, always, perpetually, con 
 tinually, incessantly, unceasing 
 ly, constantly. 
 
 EVERLASTING. See ETERNAL. 
 
 EVIDENCE, testimony, deposition 
 proof; deponent, witness. 
 
 EVIL, bad, wicked ; misfortune 
 harm, mischief, ill. 
 
 To EVINCE, argue, prove, mani 
 fest, demonstrate. 
 
 To EXACT, extort, draw from. 
 
 EXACT, accurate, correct, precise, 
 nice. 
 
 To EXALT, raise, elevate, erect, 
 lift up. 
 
 EXAMINATION, search, inquiry, 
 research, scrutiny, investiga- 
 tion ; discussion. 
 
 EXAMPLE, pattern, ensample, pre- 
 cedent. 
 
 To EXASPERATE, aggravate, pro- 
 voke, excite, irritate. 
 
 To EXCEED, excel, surpass, tran- 
 scend, outdo. 
 
 EXCELLENCE, superiority, perfec- 
 tion. 
 
 EXCEPT, unless, besides. 
 
 EXCEPTION, objection, difficulty. 
 
 EXCESS, superfluity, redundance ; 
 intemperance. 
 
 To EXCHANGE, change, barter, 
 truck, commute. 
 
 EXCHANGE, interchange, recipro- 
 city ; barter, dealing, trade, 
 traffic. 
 
 To EXCITE, incite, awaken, 
 arouse, stimulate, provoke, irri- 
 tate. 
 
 To EXCLAIM, call, shout, cry. 
 
 To EXCULPATE, exonerate, ab- 
 solve, acquit, justify. 
 
 EXCURSION, ramble, tour, trip, 
 jaunt. 
 
 To EXCUSE, exculpate, absolve, 
 acquit. 
 
 EXCUSE, pretence, pretension, pre- 
 text. 
 
 EXECRABLE, abominable, detest- 
 able, hateful, accursed. 
 
 EXECRATION, curse, malediction, 
 imprecation. 
 
 To EXECUTE, accomplish, fulfil, 
 realize, effect, achieve, consum- 
 mate, complete, finish. 
 
 EXEMPTION, freedom, immunity, 
 privilege. 
 
 To EXERCISE, exert, practise, car- 
 ry on. 
 
 To EXHALE, emit, evaporate. 
 
 To EXHAUST, spend, drain, 
 empty. 
 
 To EXHIBIT, show, display. 
 
 EXHIBITION, show, sight, specta- 
 cle, representation. 
 
 To EXHILARATE, animate, inspire, 
 enliven, cheer. 
 
 To EXHORT, persuade, incite. 
 
 To EXHUME, unbury, disinter. 
 
 EXIGENCY, emergency, neces- 
 sity. 
 
 EXILE, banishment, expulsion, 
 proscription. 
 
 To EXONERATE, exculpate, relieve, 
 absolve, clear, acquit, discharge, 
 justify. 
 
 To EXPAND, spread, diffuse, di- 
 late. 
 
 To EXPECT, look for, await. 
 XPECTATION, hope, anticipation, 
 confidence, trust. 
 
 EXPEDIENT,* fit, necessary, essen- 
 tial, requisite. 
 
 fo EXPEDITE, accelerate, quicken, 
 hasten. 
 
 EXPEDITIOUS, prompt, diligent, 
 
 speedy, quick. 
 
 To EXPEL, cast out, banish, 
 exile. 
 
 Fo EXPEND, spend, dissipate, 
 waste. 
 XPENSE, cost, price, charge. 
 
 EXPENSIVE, costly, dear, sumptu- 
 ous, valuable. 
 
 EXPERIENCE, experiment, trial, 
 proof, test, 
 
 EXPERT, clever, dextrous, adroit, 
 skilful. 
 
 ["o EXPIATE, atone for, blot 
 out. 
 
 ?o EXPLAIN, expound, interpret, 
 elucidate. 
 
 EXPLANATION, explication, reel- 
 
FAB 
 
 252 
 
 FAR 
 
 tal, account, description, detail, 
 relation. 
 
 EXPLICIT, express, plain, defi- 
 nite. 
 
 EXPLOIT, achievement, feat, deed, 
 accomplishment. 
 
 To EXPLORE, search, pry into. 
 
 EXPOSED, subject, liable, obnox- 
 ious. 
 
 EXPOSTULATE, remonstrate, alter- 
 cate, discuss. 
 
 To EXPOUND, explain, interpret, 
 unfold. 
 
 EXPRESS, explicit, plain, defi- 
 nite. 
 
 To EXPRESS, declare, utter, signi- 
 fy, testify, intimate. 
 
 EXPRESSIVE, significant. 
 
 To EXPUNGE, blot out, erase, ef- 
 face, obliterate. 
 
 To EXTEND, enlarge, increase, 
 stretch out. 
 
 EXTENSIVE, comprehensive, wide, 
 large. 
 
 EXTENUATE, palliate, lessen, di- 
 minish. 
 
 EXTERIOR, outward, external. 
 
 To EXTERMINATE, extirpate, era- 
 dicate, root out, destroy. 
 
 EXTERNAL, exterior, outward. 
 
 To EXTOL, praise, laud, applaud, 
 commend. 
 
 To EXTORT, exact, draw from. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY, remarkable, un- 
 common, eminent. 
 
 EXTRAVAGANT, prodigal, lavish, 
 profuse, excessive, 
 
 EXTREME, extremity, end, termi- 
 nation. 
 
 To EXTRICATE, disengage, disen- 
 tangle, disembarrass. 
 
 EXTRINSIC, extraneous, foreign. 
 
 EXUBERANT, plenteous, luxuriant, 
 plentiful, abundant. 
 
 EXULTATION, transport, joy. 
 
 FABRIC, edifice, structure. 
 To FABRICATE, invent, frame, 
 feign, forge. 
 
 FABRICATION, fiction, falsehood, 
 invention. 
 
 To FACE, confront. 
 
 FACE, countenance, visage. 
 
 FACETIOUS, pleasant, jocular, jo- 
 cose. 
 
 FACILITY, ease, lightness. 
 
 FACT, incident, circumstance. 
 
 FACTION, party, junta, junto. 
 
 FACULTY, ability, talent, gift, en- 
 dowment. 
 
 FAILING, failure, imperfection, 
 weakness, frailty, foible; mis- 
 carriage, misfortune. 
 
 FAINT, languid, weak, low. 
 
 FAIR, clear; honest, equitable, 
 reasonable. 
 
 FAITH, belief, trust, credit, fideli- 
 ty. 
 
 FAITHFUL, trusty. 
 
 FAITHLESS, perfidious, unfaithful, 
 treacherous. 
 
 To FALL, drop, sink, tremble, 
 droop. 
 
 To FALL short, fail, be deficient. 
 
 FALLACIOUS, deceitful, fraudulent, 
 delusive, illusive. 
 
 FALSEHOOD, untruth, fiction, fabri- 
 cation, falsity. 
 
 To FALTER, hesitate, waver. 
 
 FAME, reputation, renown, cele- 
 brity, credit, honor; report, 
 rumor. 
 
 FAMILIAR, free, affable; inti- 
 mate. 
 
 FAMILIARITY, acquaintance, in- 
 timacy, affability, fellow- 
 ship. 
 
 FAMILY, house, lineage, race. 
 
 FAMOUS, celebrated, renowned, 
 illustrious, eminent, distin- 
 guished, transcendent, excel- 
 lent. 
 
 FANATIC, enthusiast, visionary. 
 
 FANCIFUL, fantastical, whimsical, 
 capricious, ideal. 
 
 FANCY, imagination, conceit, 
 ideality. 
 
 FAR, distant, remote. 
 
 FARE, provision; journey, pas- 
 sage. 
 
FEL 
 
 253 
 
 FIT 
 
 FAREWELL, taking leave, valedic- 
 tion. 
 
 To FASCINATE, charm, enrapture, 
 enchant. 
 
 FASHION, custom, manner, prac- 
 tice, mode. 
 
 To FASHION, form, mould, shape. 
 
 To FASTEN, fix, stick, hold; affix, 
 attach, annex. 
 
 FASTIDIOUS, squeamish, over- 
 nice. 
 
 FATAL, deadly, mortal. 
 
 FATE, destiny, lot, doom ; chance, 
 fortune. 
 
 FATIGUE, weariness, lassitude. 
 
 FAVOR, benefit, kindness, civility, 
 grace. 
 
 FAVORABLE, auspicious, propi- 
 tious. 
 
 FAULT, blemish, defect, imperfec- 
 tion, vice, error, failing. 
 
 To FAWN, coax, wheedle, cajole. 
 
 To FEAR, apprehend, dread. 
 
 FEAR, fright, apprehension, terror, 
 alarm, consternation, trepida- 
 tion, dread. 
 
 FEARFUL, afraid, timid, timorous ; 
 dreadful, frightful, horrible, 
 distressing. 
 
 FEARLESS, brave, bold, courage- 
 ous, undaunted, daring, valor- 
 ous, heroic, intrepid, magnani- 
 mous. 
 
 FEASIBLE, specious, colorable, 
 plausible. 
 
 FEAST, banquet, carousal, treat, 
 entertainment, festival. 
 
 FEAT, achievement, exploit, deed, 
 accomplishment. 
 
 FEEBLE, weak, infirm. 
 
 FEELING, sensibility, sensation, 
 consciousness, susceptibility ; 
 kindness, generosity. 
 
 To FEIGN, pretend, dissemble; 
 invent, forge. 
 
 To FELICITATE, make joyful, de- 
 light; congratulate. 
 
 FELICITY, happiness, bliss, bless- 
 edness, beatitude. 
 
 FELLOWSHIP, society ; acquaint- 
 ance, intimacy, familiarity. 
 
 FELON, criminal, culprit, malefac- 
 tor. 
 
 FENCE, guard, security, 
 
 FEROCIOUS, fierce, savage, raven- 
 ous. 
 
 FERTILE, fruitful, prolific, produc- 
 tive. 
 
 FERTILITY, fruitfulness, fecundity, 
 productiveness. 
 
 FERVOR, ardor, warmth, vehe- 
 mence. 
 
 FEUD, affray, fray, quarrel, broil, 
 dispute. 
 
 FICKLE, changeable, variable, in- 
 constant, unstable, wavering, 
 versatile. 
 
 FICTION, falsehood, fabrication, 
 invention. 
 
 FIDELITY, faith, honesty, integ- 
 rity. 
 
 FIERCE, ferocious, savage. 
 
 FIERY, hot, ardent, passionate, 
 fervent, impetuous. 
 
 FIGHT, conflict, combat, contest, 
 encounter, contention, battle, 
 engagement, struggle. 
 
 FIGURE, form, semblance, shape ; 
 metaphor, allegory, emblem. 
 
 FILTHY, nasty, foul, unclean, 
 dirty, gross. 
 
 FINAL, ultimate, last, latest, con- 
 clusive ; decisive. 
 
 To FIND out, discover, descry, de- 
 tect ; ascertain. 
 
 FINE, delicate, pure, nice ; hand- 
 some, pretty, beautiful, elegant, 
 showy. 
 
 A FINE, mulct, penalty, forfeiture, 
 amercement. 
 
 FINESSE, artifice, trick, stratagem, 
 delusion, deceit, guile. 
 
 To FINISH, perfect, complete, con- 
 clude, terminate, close. 
 
 FINITE, limited, bounded, termi- 
 nable. 
 
 FIRM, stable, solid, robust, strong, 
 sturdy. 
 
 FIRST, primary, primitive, pris- 
 tine, original. 
 
 To FIT, suit, adapt, adjust ; equip, 
 prepare, qualify. 
 
FON 
 
 254 
 
 FOR 
 
 FIT, apt, suitable, meet; becom- 
 ing, decent ; expedient. 
 
 FITTED, competent, adapted, 
 qualified, suited. 
 
 To Fix, fasten, attach, stick ; set- 
 tle, establish, limit, determine ; 
 institute, appoint 
 
 To FLAG, decline, droop, languish, 
 pine. 
 
 FLAGITIOUS, flagrant, heinous, 
 atrocious. 
 
 FLAT, level ; insipid, dull, spirit- 
 less, tasteless, vapid, inanimate, 
 lifeless. 
 
 FLATTERY, false compliment, adu- 
 lation, obsequiousness, syco- 
 phancy, parasitism. 
 
 FLAVOR, taste, relish, savor. 
 
 FLAW, blemish, spot, speck, crack, 
 defect. 
 
 FLEETING, temporary, transient, 
 transitory. 
 
 FLEETNESS, quickness, celerity, 
 swiftness, rapidity, velocity. 
 
 FLEXIBLE, pliant, supple. 
 
 FLIGHTINESS, levity, lightness, 
 giddiness, volatility. 
 
 FLIMSY, light, weak, superficial, 
 shallow. 
 
 To FLIRT, jeer, gibe, scoff, taunt. 
 
 To FLOURISH, thrive, prosper. 
 
 To FLUCTUATE, waver, hesitate, 
 vacillate, scruple. 
 
 To FLUTTER, palpitate, undulate, 
 vibrate, pant. 
 
 FOE, enemy, opponent, antago- 
 nist, adversary. 
 
 FOIBLE, imperfection, failing, 
 frailty, weakness. 
 
 To FOIL, defeat, frustrate, disap- 
 point. 
 
 FOLKS, persons, people, individu- 
 als. 
 
 To FOLLOW, succeed, ensue ; imi- 
 tate, copy ; pursue. 
 
 A FOLLOWER, adherent, disci- 
 ple, partisan ; pursuer, succes- 
 sor. 
 
 FOLLY, weakness, irrationality ; 
 foolery. 
 
 To FONDLB, oaress. 
 
 FONDNESS, affection, attachment* 
 kindness, love 
 
 To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re- 
 nounce, abdicate, relinquish, 
 quit, give up, forego 
 
 FOOD, diet, regimen. 
 
 FOOL, idiot, buffoon. 
 
 FOOLERY, folly, absurdity. 
 
 FOOLHARDY, adventurous, rash, 
 incautious, venturesome, ven- 
 turous, hasty, precipitate. 
 
 FOOLISH, simple, silly, irrational; 
 ridiculous, preposterous. 
 
 FOOTSTEP, trace, track, mark. 
 
 FOPPISH, finical, spruce, dandy- 
 ish. 
 
 To FORBEAR, abstain, refrain, 
 withhold. 
 
 To FORBID, interdict, prohibit. 
 
 FORECAST, forethought, foresight, 
 premeditation. 
 
 FORCE, strength, vigor, mighty 
 energy, power, violence. 
 
 To FORCE, compel, constrain, 
 oblige, necessitate. 
 
 FORCIBLE, strong, cogent, irresisti- 
 ble. 
 
 To FOREBODE, augur, presage, 
 portend, betoken. 
 
 FOREFATHER, progenitor, ances- 
 tor. 
 
 FOREGOING, antecedent, anterior, 
 previous, prior, former, preced- 
 ing. 
 
 FOREIGN, extraneous, exotic, ex- 
 trinsic. 
 
 FORERUNNER, precursor, harbin- 
 ger, messenger. 
 
 FORESIGHT. See FORECAST. 
 
 To FORETELL, predict, prophesy, 
 prognosticate, presage, betoken, 
 augur, portend. 
 
 FORETHOUGHT, foresight, forecast, 
 premeditation. 
 
 FORFEITURE, fine, mulct, penalty, 
 amercement. 
 
 To FORGE, invent, frame, feign, 
 fabricate, counterfeit. 
 
 FORGETFULNESS, oblivion. 
 
 To FORGIVE, pardon, absolve, re- 
 mit, acquit, excuse. 
 
FRA 
 
 255 
 
 FRU 
 
 FORLORN, forsaken, destitute. 
 
 FORM, figure, shape, conforma- 
 tion, fashion, appearance, re- 
 presentation, semblance; cere- 
 mony, observance, rite. 
 
 To FORM, make, create, produce, 
 constitute ; fashion, mould, 
 shape. 
 
 FORMAL, ceremonious, precise, 
 exact, stiff, methodical. 
 
 FORMER, antecedent, anterior, 
 previous, prior, preceding, fore- 
 going. 
 
 FORMERLY, anciently, m times 
 past, in days of yore. 
 
 FORMIDABLE, terrible, tremen- 
 dous, shocking. 
 
 To FORSAKE, abandon, desert, re- 
 nounce ; abdicate. 
 
 FORSAKEN, abandoned, forlorn, 
 destitute. 
 
 To FORSWEAR, perjure. 
 
 To FORTIFY, strengthen, invigo- 
 rate. 
 
 FORTITUDE, resolution, courage, 
 bravery. 
 
 FORTUITOUS, accidental, casual, 
 contingent, incidental. 
 
 FORTUNATE, lucky, prosperous, 
 successful. 
 
 FORTUNE, chance, fate. 
 
 FORWARD, onward, progressive ; 
 confident, presumptuous, im- 
 modest. 
 
 To FORWARD, advance, promote, 
 prefer. 
 
 To FOSTER, cherish, indulge, har- 
 bor. 
 
 FOUL, nasty, filthy, defiled. 
 
 To FOUND, ground, rest, build; 
 institute, establish. 
 
 FOUNDATION, ground, basis; esta- 
 blishment, settlement. 
 
 FOUNTAIN, spring, source. 
 
 FRACTION, part, piece. 
 
 FRACTURE, rupture, breach. 
 
 FRAGILE, brittle, weak, frail. 
 
 FRAILTY, weakness, imperfection, 
 failing, foible. 
 
 FRAME, temper, temperament, 
 constitution. 
 17 
 
 To FRAME, invent, fabricate, forge, 
 feign. 
 
 FRANK, artless, candid, free, open, 
 ingenuous, plain. 
 
 FRATERNITY, brotherhood. 
 
 FRAUD, deceit, guile, cheat, impo- 
 sition. 
 
 FRAY, affray ; quarrel, broil, feud, 
 altercation. 
 
 FREAK, whim, caprice. 
 
 FREE, liberal, generous, bountiful, 
 munificent, unconstrained, un- 
 confined, unreserved ; familiar, 
 easy, frank, candid, ingenuous ; 
 exempt, clear. 
 
 To FREE, set free, deliver, libe- 
 rate, affranchise. 
 
 FREEDOM, liberty, independence, 
 unrestraint; familiarity; ex- 
 emption, privilege. 
 
 FREIGHT, cargo, lading, load, bur- 
 den. 
 
 To FREQUENT, resort to, haunt. 
 
 FREQUENTLY, often, commonly, 
 usually, generally. 
 
 FRESH, new, novel, recent, mo- 
 dern. 
 
 To FRET, gall, rub, chafe; agi- 
 tate, vex. 
 
 FRETFUL, splenetic, peevish, petu- 
 lant, captious. 
 
 FRIENDLY, amicable ; social, socia- 
 ble. 
 
 FRIGID, cool, cold. 
 
 FRIGHT, alarm, terror, consterna- 
 tion. 
 
 To FRIGHTEN, affright, intimi- 
 date. 
 
 FRIGHTFUL, fearing, dreadful, ter- 
 rific, horrid, horrible. 
 
 FRIVOLOUS, trifling, trivial, petty. 
 
 FROLIC, gambol, prank, spree. 
 
 FROWARD, awkward, cross, unto- 
 ward, perverse. 
 
 FRUGAL, economical, saving, par- 
 simonious. 
 
 FRUITFUL, fertile, prolific, preg- 
 nant, productive, abundant, 
 plentiful. 
 
 FRUITION, enjoyment, gratifica* 
 tion. 
 
GAZ 
 
 256 
 
 GLO 
 
 FRUITLESS, ineffectual, vain, abor- 
 tive. 
 
 FRUSTRATE, defeat, foil, disap- 
 point. 
 
 To FULFIL, accomplish, realize, 
 effect, complete. 
 
 FULLY, largely, copiously, abun- 
 dantly, completely. 
 
 FULNESS, plenitude, complete- 
 ness, satiety, copiousness, abun- 
 dance. 
 
 FUNCTION, office, place, charge. 
 
 FURIOUS, violent, boisterous, ve- 
 hement, impetuous, angry. 
 
 To FURNISH, provide, procure, 
 supply. 
 
 FURNITURE, goods, chattels, mov- 
 ables, effects. 
 
 FURY, madness, frenzy, rage, 
 anger. 
 
 FUTILE, trifling, trivial, frivolous, 
 useless. 
 
 G 
 
 To GAIN, get, acquire, obtain, at- 
 tain, procure ; win. 
 
 GAIN, profit, emolument, advan- 
 tage, lucre, benefit. 
 
 GAIT, carriage, walk. 
 
 GALE, breeze, blast, gust; hurri- 
 cane, tempest, storm. 
 
 To GALL, rub, chafe, fret, vex. 
 
 GALLANT, brave, courageous, 
 daring, valorous, valiant, 
 bold, heroic, intrepid, fear- 
 less. 
 
 GAMBOL, frolic, prank, spree. 
 
 GAME, play, sport, amusement, 
 pastime. 
 
 GANG, band, company, crew. 
 
 GAP, chasm, cleft, breach, 
 break. 
 
 To GAPE, gaze, stare. 
 
 GARRULITY, loquacity, babbling, 
 talkativeness. 
 
 To GATHER, assemble, muster, 
 collect. 
 
 GAUDY, showy, gay, glittering. 
 
 GAY, cheerful, merry, sprightly, 
 debonnair. 
 
 To GAZE, gape, stare. 
 
 GENERALLY, commonly, fre- 
 quently, usually. 
 
 GENERATION, race, breed 
 
 GENEROUS, beneficent, bountiful, 
 munificent, liberal, bounteous 
 
 GENIUS, intellect, invention, ta- 
 lent, taste. 
 
 GENTEEL, refined, polished, po- 
 lite. 
 
 GENTLE, mild, meek, tame. 
 
 GENUINE, real, unalloyed, unadul- 
 terated, not spurious. 
 
 Not GENUINE, spurious, supposi- 
 titious, adulterated. 
 
 To GERMINATE, bud, sprout, 
 grow. 
 
 GESTURE, gesticulation, action, 
 posture, attitude. 
 
 To GET, acquire, obtain, attain, 
 gain, procure, realize. 
 
 GHASTLY, hideous, grim, grisly. 
 
 GHOST, spectre, apparition, phan- 
 tom, vision. 
 
 To GIBE, scoff, sneer, jeer, mock, 
 taunt. 
 
 GIDDINESS, lightness ; flightiness, 
 levity, volatility. 
 
 GIFT, donation, benefaction, gra- 
 tuity, present; endowment, ta- 
 lent. 
 
 To GIVE, grant, bestow, confer, 
 yield. 
 
 To GIVE up, abandon, forsake, 
 renounce, dedicate, relinquish, 
 quit. 
 
 GLAD, pleased, cheerful, joyful, ex- 
 hilarated, delighted, gratified. 
 
 GLANCE, glimpse, look. 
 
 GLARE, flare, blaze, glitter, radia- 
 tion. 
 
 To GLEAM, glimmer. 
 
 To GLIDE, slip, slide. 
 
 To GLITTER, shine, sparkle, glare, 
 radiate. 
 
 GLOBE, circle, sphere, ball, orb. 
 
 GLOOM, heaviness, sadness, dull- 
 ness, sullenness, moroseness, 
 spleen. 
 
 To GLORY, boast, vaunt. 
 
 To GLOSS, varnish, palliate, cover, 
 hide. 
 
GRI 
 
 257 
 
 HAR 
 
 GLOSSARY, lexicon, dictionary, 
 vocabulary. 
 
 To GLUT, satisfy, satiate, cloy. 
 
 GODLIKE, divine, heavenly, super- 
 human. 
 
 GODLY, righteous, holy, pious. 
 
 To Go before, precede. 
 
 GOOD, benefit, advantage, profit. 
 
 GOOD office, service, benefit. 
 
 GOODS, furniture, chattels, effects, 
 movables ; commodities, wares, 
 merchandise. 
 
 GOVERNMENT, rule, administra- 
 tion, regulation, constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 GRACE, face, kindness, benefi- 
 cence. 
 
 GRACEFUL, becoming, comely, ele- 
 gant. 
 
 GRACIOUS, merciful, kind, benig- 
 nant. 
 
 GRAND, majestic, stately, pomp- 
 ous, august, dignified, lofty, 
 elevated, exalted, splendid, 
 magnificent, sublime, noble. 
 
 To GRANT, give, yield, concede, 
 cede, allow; bestow, con- 
 fer. 
 
 GRANT, allowance, stipend; con- 
 cession. 
 
 To GRASP, lay hold on, catch, 
 seize, gripe. 
 
 GRATEFUL, agreeable, pleasing, 
 welcome ; thankful. 
 
 GRATIFICATION, enjoyment, frui- 
 tion, pleasure. 
 
 GRATITUDE, thankfulness. 
 
 GRATUITOUS, voluntary. 
 
 GRATUITY, gift, recompense. 
 
 GRAVE, serious, sedate, thought- 
 ful, solemn, sober ; important, 
 weighty. 
 
 GRAVE, tomb, sepulchre. 
 
 GREAT, big, large. See also 
 GRAND. 
 
 GREATNESS, magnitude, bulk, 
 size. 
 
 GREEDINESS, avidity, eagerness, 
 voracity. 
 
 GREETING, salutation. 
 
 GRIEF, affliction, sorrow. 
 
 GRIEVANCE, hardship, uneasi- 
 ness. 
 
 To GRIEVE, mourn, lament, sor- 
 row, bewail. 
 
 GRIM, hideous, grisly, ghastly. 
 
 To GRIPE, lay hold on, catch, 
 seize, grasp ; press, squeeze, 
 pinch. 
 
 To GROAN, moan. 
 
 GROSS, coarse ; unseemly, shame- 
 ful. 
 
 To GROUND, found, rest, base. 
 
 GROUP, assembly, assemblage, 
 collection. 
 
 To GROW, increase. 
 
 GRUDGE, malice, rancor, spite, 
 pique. 
 
 To GUARANTY, answer for, war- 
 rant, secure. 
 
 GUARD, fence, security, shield, 
 defence. 
 
 To GUESS, conjecture, divine, sur- 
 mise, suppose. 
 
 GUEST, visitant, visitor. 
 
 To GUIDE, lead, conduct, direct,, 
 regulate. 
 
 GUILE, deceit, fraud. 
 
 GUILTLESS, innocent, harmless. 
 
 GUISE, manner, mien, habit. 
 
 GULF, abyss. 
 
 To GUSH, stream, flow. 
 
 GUST, breeze, blast, gale. 
 
 H 
 
 HABIT. See GUISE. 
 
 HABITATION, dwelling, residence, 
 abode. 
 
 To HALE, draw, drag, haul, pull, 
 tug. 
 
 To HALLOW, consecrate, dedicate, 
 sanctify. 
 
 HANDSOME, pretty, beautiful, fine. 
 
 To HANKER after, desire, long for, 
 covet. 
 
 HANGING over, impending, immi-> 
 nent. 
 
 HAPPINESS, felicity, bliss, beati- 
 tude. 
 
 HARANGUE, address, speech, ora- 
 tion. 
 
 To HARASS, distress, perplex, 
 
HAU 
 
 258 
 
 HIL 
 
 weary, tire, jade ; molest, dis- 
 turb. 
 
 HARBINGER, forerunner, precur- 
 sor, messenger. 
 
 HARBOR, port, haven. 
 
 To HARBOR, lodge, shelter ; in- 
 dulge, cherish, foster. 
 
 HARD, firm, solid ; hardy, unfeel- 
 ing, insensible; difficult, ardu- 
 ous. 
 
 HARD-HEARTED, insensible, un- 
 feeling, cruel, unmerciful, mer- 
 ciless. 
 
 HARDENED, hard, callous, obdu- 
 rate, unfeeling, insensible, im- 
 penetrable. 
 
 HARDIHOOD, audacity, effrontery, 
 boldness. 
 
 HARDLY, scarcely, with difficulty. 
 
 HARDSHIP, grievance. 
 
 HARM, evil, ill, misfortune, mis- 
 hap ; injury, damage, hurt. 
 
 HARMLESS, unconscious, inno- 
 cent ; inoffensive, unoffend- 
 ing. 
 
 HARMONY, agreement, accord- 
 ance, unison ; melody. 
 
 HARSH, rough, severe, rigorous. 
 
 HARSHNESS, acrimony, asperity, 
 smartness, tartness. 
 
 To HASTEN, accelerate, quicken, 
 expedite. 
 
 HASTINESS, precipitancy, rash- 
 ness, temerity. 
 
 HASTY, quick ; irascible, pas- 
 sionate, angry, hot; cursory, 
 slight. 
 
 To HATE, detest, abhor, loathe, 
 abominate. 
 
 HATEFUL, odious, detestable, 
 execrable, abominable, loath- 
 some. 
 
 HATRED, aversion, antipathy, 
 repugnance, enmity, ill-will, 
 rancour. 
 
 HAVEN, harbor, port. 
 
 HAUGHTINESS, arrogance, disdain, 
 pride, loftiness, highminded- 
 ness. 
 
 To HAUL, draw, drag, hale, pull, 
 tug. 
 
 HAZARD, danger, peril, chance, 
 risk, venture. 
 
 HEAD, chieftain, leader, chief. 
 
 HEADSTRONG, heady, obstinate* 
 stubborn, forward, venture- 
 some. 
 
 To HEAL, cure, remedy. 
 
 HEALTHY, sound, sane; sain* 
 brious, wholesome, salutary,, 
 salutiferous. 
 
 To HEAP, pile, amass, accumu- 
 late. 
 
 To HEAR, hearken, overhear. 
 
 To HEARKEN, attend, listen. 
 
 HEARSAY, rumor, report. 
 
 HEARTY, warm, cordial, sincere, 
 
 HEATING, calorific, calefactory. 
 
 To HEAVE, hoist, lift, swell. 
 
 HEAVENLY, celestial, divine, god- 
 like, angelic. 
 
 HEAVINESS, weight, gravity, 
 gloom. 
 
 HEAVY, burdensome, ponderous, 
 weighty, dull, drowsy, slug- 
 gish. 
 
 To HEED, attend to, mind, regard, 
 notice. 
 
 HEEDLESS, inattentive, negligent, 
 remiss, careless, thoughtless. 
 
 HEIGHT, crisis, acme. 
 
 To HEIGHTEN, raise, aggravate. 
 
 HEINOUS, flagrant, flagitious, atro- 
 cious. 
 
 To HELP, aid, assist, succor, re- 
 lieve ; serve. 
 
 HERESY, heterodoxy, schism. 
 
 HEROIC, brave, courageous, gal- 
 lant, valiant, bold, intrepid, 
 fearless. 
 
 To HESITATE, falter, pause; de- 
 mur, scruple. 
 
 HIDDEN, secret, latent, occult, 
 mysterious. 
 
 To HIDE, conceal, disguise, se- 
 crete, cover ; shelter, screen ; 
 dissemble. 
 
 HIDEOUS, ghastly, grim, grisly, 
 
 frightful. 
 
 I HIGH, tall, lofty, elevated. 
 ' HILARITY, mirth, merriment, jo- 
 viality, jollity. 
 
HUM 
 
 259 
 
 ILL 
 
 countryman, peasant, 
 swain, rustic. 
 
 To HINDER, prevent, impede, ob- 
 struct, oppose, thwart, retard, 
 
 * stop, embarrass. 
 
 To HINT, allude, refer, glance at, 
 intimate, suggest. 
 
 HIRE, allowance, stipend, salary, 
 wages, pay. 
 
 HIRELING, mercenary, venal. 
 
 To HIT, strike, beat. 
 
 To HOARD, treasure, heap up. 
 
 To HOIST, lift, heave. 
 
 To HOLD, keep, detain, retain ; 
 support, maintain, possess, oc- 
 cupy. 
 
 HOLINESS, sanctity, piety, devo- 
 tion. 
 
 HOLLOW, vacant, empty, void. 
 
 HOLY, pious, devout, religious; 
 sacred, divine. 
 
 HOLYDAY, feast, festival. 
 
 HONESTY, integrity, purity, pro- 
 bity, sincerity, veracity, virtue, 
 justice, equity, uprightness, 
 rectitude, honor. 
 
 To HONOR, reverence, venerate, 
 respect, revere ; dignify, ex- 
 alt. 
 
 HOPE, expectation, anticipation, 
 trust, confidence. 
 
 HOPELESS, desperate, desponding, 
 despairing. 
 
 HORRIBLE, fearful, dreadful, 
 frightful, terrible, terrific, hor- 
 rid. 
 
 HOSTILE, inimical, repugnant, 
 adverse, opposite, contrary. 
 
 HOSTILITY, animosity, enmity, op- 
 position. 
 
 HOT, ardent, burning, fiery. 
 
 HOUSE, family, lineage, race; 
 habitation, dwelling. 
 
 HOWEVER, yet, nevertheless, not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 HUE, color, tint. 
 
 To HUG, clasp, embrace, squeeze. 
 
 HUGE, large, vast, enormous, im- 
 mense. 
 
 HUMANITY, kindness, benevolence, 
 benignity, tenderness. 
 
 To HUMBLE, debase, abase, de- 
 grade, disgrace, humiliate. 
 
 HUMBLE, lowly, modest, submis- 
 sive, unpretending, unpresum- 
 ing, unassuming. 
 
 HUMIDITY, moisture, dampness. 
 
 HUMOR, temper, mood, frame ; 
 caprice, disposition ; wit, bur- 
 lesque, satire. 
 
 To HURL, cast, throw. 
 
 HURRICANE, tempest, storm, blast 
 
 To HURRY, hasten; expedite; 
 precipitate. 
 
 HURT, harm, injury, damage, 
 detriment, disadvantage, mis- 
 chief, bane ; sorry, grieved. 
 
 HURTFUL, pernicious, baneful, 
 nocent, noxious, mischievous, 
 detrimental, injurious, prejudi- 
 cial. 
 
 HUSBANDRY, cultivation, tillage, 
 farming. 
 
 HYPOCRISY, simulation, dissimu- 
 lation, deceit. 
 
 IDEA, imagination, thought, con- 
 ception, notion, perception. 
 
 IDEAL, imaginary, intellectual. 
 
 IDIOM, dialect. 
 
 IDIOT, fool, natural. 
 
 IDLE, lazy, indolent, sluggish; 
 unemployed, vacant, at leisure. 
 
 IGNOMINY, opprobrium, infamy, 
 shame, disgrace. 
 
 IGNORANT, uninformed, unin- 
 structed, unenlightened, un- 
 learned, untaught, illiterate, 
 unlettered. 
 
 ILL, bad, evil. 
 
 ILLIMITABLE, boundless, immense, 
 unlimited, infinite. 
 
 ILLITERATE. See IGNORANT. 
 
 ILLNESS, sickness, indisposition, 
 disease, distemper, disorder, 
 malady. 
 
 ILL-TEMPERED, morose, crabbed, 
 sour. 
 
 To ILLUMINE, illuminate, enlight- 
 en, illume. 
 
IMP 
 
 260 
 
 IMP 
 
 ILLUSION, fallacy, chimera, decep- 
 tion. 
 
 To ILLUSTRATE, explain, elucidate, 
 clear. 
 
 ILLUSTRIOUS, distinguished, con- 
 spicuous, noted, eminent, fa- 
 mous, celebrated, renowned. 
 
 ILL-WILL, enmity, hatred, ran- 
 cor. 
 
 IMAGE, likeness, picture, repre- 
 sentation, effigy. 
 
 IMAGINARY, ideal, fanciful. 
 
 To IMAGINE, think, conceive, ap- 
 prehend ; deem, suppose. 
 
 IMBECILITY, weakness, debility, 
 infirmity. 
 
 To IMBIBE, absorb, swallow up, 
 take in ; ingulf, engross, con- 
 sume. 
 
 To IMITATE, ape, mimic, mock; 
 copy, counterfeit, follow. 
 
 IMMATERIAL, uncorporeal, unsub- 
 stantial, unbodied, spiritual ; 
 unimportant, insignificant, in- 
 considerable. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY, directly, instantly, 
 instantaneously. 
 
 IMMENSE, enormous, huge, vast, 
 prodigious, monstrous, illimita- 
 ble. 
 
 IMMINENT, impending, threaten- 
 ing. 
 
 IMMODERATE, intemperate, exces- 
 sive. 
 
 IMMODEST, indecent, indelicate, 
 impudent, shamel&ss. 
 
 IMMUNITY, privilege, prerogative, 
 exemption. * 
 
 To IMPAIR, injure ; diminish, de- 
 crease. 
 
 To IMPART, communicate, make 
 known, reveal, divulge, dis- 
 close, discover ; give, yield. 
 
 IMPASSABLE, inaccessible, imper- 
 vious. 
 
 To IMPEACH, accuse, charge, ar- 
 raign, censure. 
 
 To IMPEDE, hinder, retard, ob- 
 struct, prevent. 
 
 To IMPEL, animate, actuate, in- 
 
 duce, move, incite, instigate, 
 encourage. 
 
 IMPENDING, imminent, threaten- 
 ing. 
 
 IMPERATIVE, commanding, autho- 
 ritative, imperious, despotic. 
 
 IMPERFECTION, fault, defect, vice ; 
 weakness, frailty, failing, foi- 
 ble. 
 
 IMPERIOUS, commanding, impera- 
 tive, authoritative ; lordly, over* 
 bearing, domineering. 
 
 IMPERTINENT, irrelevant, inappli- 
 cable ; rude, saucy, impudent, 
 insolent. 
 
 IMPERVIOUS, unpassable, impass- 
 able, inaccessible, unapproach- 
 able. 
 
 IMPETUOUS, violent, boisterous, 
 furious, vehement, rapid. 
 
 To IMPINGE, strike against, touch, 
 clash with. 
 
 IMPIOUS, profane, irreligious. 
 
 IMPLACABLE, unrelenting, relent- 
 less, inexorable. 
 
 To IMPLANT, ingraft, instill, in- 
 fuse, inculcate. 
 
 To IMPLICATE, involve, entangle, 
 embarrass. 
 
 To IMPLORE, beg, solicit, be- 
 seech, entreat, crave, suppli- 
 cate. 
 
 To IMPLY, infold, involve ; denote, 
 signify. 
 
 To IMPORT, imply, denote, mean, 
 signify. 
 
 IMPORTANCE, signification, avail, 
 consequence, weight, moment. 
 
 IMPORTANT, momentous, signifi- 
 cant, weighty, consequential. 
 
 IMPORTUNATE, pressing, urgent. 
 
 IMPORTUNITY, solicitation. 
 
 To IMPOSE upon, deceive, de- 
 lude. 
 
 IMPOST, tax, duty, custom, tri- 
 bute. 
 
 IMPOSTOR, deceiver, cheat. 
 
 IMPOSTURE, cheat, deception, 
 fraud, delusion, artifice, trick, 
 imposition, stratagem. 
 
INC 
 
 261 
 
 IND 
 
 IMPRECATION, curse, malediction, 
 execration, anathema. 
 
 To IMPRESS, imprint, stamp, fix. 
 
 IMPRISONMENT, captivity, confine- 
 ment. 
 
 To IMPROVE, amend, correct, 
 emend, better, mend, reform, 
 rectify. 
 
 IMPROVEMENT, progress, proficien- 
 cy ; amendment, &c. 
 
 IMPUDENCE, assurance, confidence, 
 insolence. 
 
 IMPUDENT, impertinent, rude, 
 saucy, insolent ; immodest, 
 shameless. 
 
 To IMPUGN, attack, assault, in- 
 vade. 
 
 To IMPUTE, ascribe, attribute. 
 
 INABILITY, disability, impuis- 
 sance, impotence. 
 
 INACCESSIBLE, unapproachable, 
 impervious. 
 
 INACTIVE, inert, lazy, slothful, 
 sluggish, idle. 
 
 INADEQUATE, incapable, insuffi- 
 cient, incompetent. 
 
 INADVERTENCY, inattention, over- 
 sight. 
 
 INANIMATE, lifeless, dead, inert. 
 
 INATTENTIVE, inadvertent, negli- 
 gent, careless, remiss, thoughts 
 less, heedless. 
 
 INBRED, inborn, inherent, innate. 
 
 INCAPABLE. See INADEQUATE. 
 
 INCESSANTLY, unremittingly, un- 
 ceasingly, always, continually, 
 perpetually. 
 
 INCIDENT, circumstance, fact, 
 event, occurrence, adventure ; 
 accident, casualty, contingency. 
 
 INCIDENTAL, accidental, casual, 
 fortuitous, contingent. 
 
 To INCITE, excite, provoke, stimu- 
 late, aggravate, move ; encour- 
 age, animate, urge. 
 
 INCLINATION, disposition, tenden- 
 cy, bent, bias, prepossession, 
 predilection, propensity, prone- 
 ness ; affection, attachment. 
 
 To INCLINE, lean, bend. 
 
 To INCLOSE, include, circumscribe. 
 
 To INCLUDE, comprise, compre- 
 hend, contain, embrace. 
 
 INCOHERENT, incongruous, incon- 
 ' sistent. 
 
 INCOMMODE, annoy, molest, dis- 
 turb, inconvenience. 
 
 INCOMPETENT, inadequate, incapa. 
 ble, insufficient. 
 
 INCONSIDERABLE, unimportant, in* 
 significant, immaterial. 
 
 INCONSISTENT, incongruous, inco- 
 herent. 
 
 INCONSTANT, changeable, fickle, 
 variable, versatile. 
 
 INCONTROVERTIBLE, indubitable, 
 unquestionable, indisputable, 
 undeniable, irrefragable. 
 
 INCONVENIENCE, annoyance, mo- 
 lestation, disturbance, incom- 
 modiousness. 
 
 INCORPOREAL, unsubstantial, im- 
 material, spiritual. 
 
 IN COURSE, naturally, consequent- 
 
 T ly * 
 
 INCREASE, augmentation, acces- 
 sion, addition. 
 
 INCREDULITY, unbelief, infidelity, 
 skepticism. 
 
 To INCULCATE, infuse, instil, im- 
 plant. 
 
 INCULPABLE, blameless. 
 
 INCURSION, invasion, irruption, 
 inroad. 
 
 INDECENT, indelicate, immodest. 
 
 To INDICATE, point out, show, 
 mark. 
 
 INDICATION, mark, sign, note, 
 symptom, token. 
 
 INDIFFERENCE, apathy, careless- 
 ness, insensibility. 
 
 INDIFFERENT, unconcerned, re- 
 gardless. 
 
 INDIGENCE, want, need, penury, 
 poverty. 
 
 INDIGENOUS, natal, native. 
 
 INDIGNATION, anger, ire, wrath, 
 resentment. 
 
 INDIGNITY, insult, affront; out- 
 rage. 
 
IN? 
 
 262 
 
 IXQ 
 
 INDISCRIMINATE, promiscuous, un- 
 distinguishing. 
 
 INDISPOSITION, illness, sickness ; 
 aversion, dislike. 
 
 INDISPUTABLE, indubitable, unde- 
 niable, incontrovertible, irre- j 
 frugable, unquestionable. 
 
 INDISTINCT, confused ; ambiguous, 
 doubtful. 
 
 INDIVIDUAL, particular, identical. 
 
 INDOLENT, supine, listless, care- 
 less, idle, lazy. 
 
 INDUBITABLE. See INDISPUTABLE. 
 
 INDUCE, move, actuate, impel, in- 
 stigate, urge. 
 
 INDUCEMENT, motive, reason, 
 cause, incitement. 
 
 To INDULGE, foster, cherish, fon- 
 dle, harbor. 
 
 INDUSTRIOUS, active, diligent, as- 
 siduous, laborious. 
 
 INEFFABLE, unspeakable, unutter- 
 able, inexpressible. 
 
 INEFFECTUAL, vain, fruitless, in- 
 effective. 
 
 INEQUALITY, disparity, uneven- 
 ness. 
 
 INERT, inactive, lazy, slothful, 
 
 INEVITABLE, not to be avoided, 
 unavoidable. 
 
 INEXORABLE, implacable, unre- 
 lenting, relentless. 
 
 INEXPRESSIBLE, unspeakable, in- 
 effable, unutterable. 
 
 INFAMOUS, scandalous, shameful, 
 ignominious, opprobrious. 
 
 INFATUATION, intoxication, stupe- 
 faction. 
 
 To INFECT, contaminate, taint, 
 defile, pollute, vitiate. 
 
 INFECTION, contagion, taint, poi- 
 son. 
 
 INFERENCE, conclusion, deduction. 
 
 INFERIOR, secondary ; subordi- 
 nate, subservient. 
 
 INFIDELITY, unbelief, incredulity, 
 skepticism. 
 
 INFINITE, boundless, unbounded, , 
 unlimited, illimitable, immense. 1 
 
 INFIRM, weak, feeble, imbecile, 
 debilitated. 
 
 To INFLAME, anger, irritate, in- 
 cense, aggravate, exasperate. 
 
 INFLUENCE, credit, favor ; autho- 
 rity, sway. 
 
 To INFORM, acquaint, apprise, 
 make known ; disclose, commu- 
 nicate. 
 
 INFORMANT, informer, accuser. 
 
 INFORMATION, advice, counsel, in- 
 telligence, notice. 
 
 INFRACTION, infringement, intru- 
 sion, encroachment. 
 
 To INFRINGE, encroach, infract, 
 invade, intrude ; transgress, vi- 
 olate. 
 
 To INFUSE, instil, ingraft, implant. 
 
 INGENIOUS, inventive, witty. 
 
 INGENUOUS, artless, candid, open, 
 frank, plain. 
 
 To INGRAFT, implant. 
 
 To INGRATIATE, insinuate, recom- 
 mend. 
 
 To INGULF, absorb, swallow up, 
 engross. 
 
 To INHABIT, sojourn, reside; oc- 
 cupy, dwell. 
 
 INHERENT, innate, inbred, inborn. 
 
 INHUMAN, cruel, brutal, savage, 
 barbarous. 
 
 INIMICAL, adverse, contrary, op- 
 posite, repugnant, hostile. 
 
 INIQUITOUS, wicked, nefarious, 
 unjust. 
 
 INJUNCTION, command, order, 
 mandate, precept. 
 
 INJURY, hurt, detriment, disad- 
 vantage ; wrong. 
 
 To INJURE, impair, damage, dete- 
 riorate, hurt, wrong, harm. 
 
 INNATE. See INHERENT. 
 
 INNOCENT, guiltless, harmless, in- 
 offensive. 
 
 INOFFENSIVE, unoffending, harm- 
 less. 
 
 INORDINATE, intemperate, irregu- 
 lar, disorderly, excessive. 
 
 INQUIRY, investigation, examina- 
 tion, research, scrutiny. 
 
INS 
 
 263 
 
 INT 
 
 INQUISITIVE, prying, curious. 
 
 INROAD, incursion, invasion, ir- 
 ruption. 
 
 INSANITY, madness, derangement, 
 lunacy, mania. 
 
 INSENSIBILITY, apathy, indiffer- 
 ence, unfeelingness. 
 
 INSENSIBLE, hard, unfeeling, un- 
 susceptible, callous. 
 
 INSIDE, interior. 
 
 INSIDIOUS, treacherous, sly, cir- 
 cumventive. 
 
 INSIGHT, inspection, introspec- 
 tion. 
 
 INSIGNIFICANT, unimportant, in- 
 considerable, trivial, immate- 
 rial. 
 
 To INSINUATE, hint, intimate, sug- 
 gest ; ingratiate. 
 
 INSIPID, dull, flat, spiritless. 
 
 To INSNARE, entrap, envoigle. 
 
 INSOLENT, rude, saucy, imperti- 
 nent, abusive, reproachful, scur- 
 rilous, opprobrious, insulting, 
 offensive. 
 
 INSPECTION, insight, introspec- 
 tion ; oversight, superintend- 
 ence. 
 
 To INSPIRE, animate, exhilarate, 
 enliven, cheer. 
 
 INSTANTANEOUSLY, directly, imme- 
 diately, instantly. 
 
 To INSTIGATE, animate, incite, 
 urge, impel, move, stimulate, 
 encourage. 
 
 To INSTIL, infuse, insinuate. 
 
 To INSTITUTE, establish, found, 
 erect ; prescribe. 
 
 To INSTRUCT, inform, teach. 
 
 INSTRUCTION, advice, counsel, in- 
 formation. 
 
 INSTRUMENT, tool. 
 
 INSUFFICIENT, inadequate, incom- 
 petent, incapable. 
 
 INSULT, affront, offence, outrage, 
 indignity. 
 
 INSULTING, insolent, rude, saucy, 
 impertinent, abusive, reproach- j 
 ful, scurrilous, opprobrious, of- 
 fensive. 
 
 INSUFFERABLE, insurmountable ; 
 unconquerable, invincible. 
 
 INSURRECTION, rebellion, revolt. 
 
 INTEGRAL, whole, entire, complete, 
 total. 
 
 INTEGRITY, uprightness, honesty, 
 probity. 
 
 INTELLECT, genius, talent. 
 
 INTELLECTUAL, mental, ideal. 
 
 INTELLIGENCE, advice, informa- 
 tion, instruction, notice ; under- 
 standing, intellect. 
 
 INTEMPERATE, immoderate, exces- 
 sive, inordinate. 
 
 To INTEND, design, mean, purpose. 
 
 INTENSE, ardent. 
 
 INTENT, design, purpose, inten- 
 tion, view, drift, aim. 
 
 To INTERCEDE, interpose, inter- 
 fere, mediate. 
 
 INTERCHANGE, exchange, recipro- 
 city. 
 
 INTERCOURSE, communion, com- 
 merce, connexion. 
 
 To INTERDICT, forbid, proscribe, 
 prohibit. 
 
 INTEREST, concern ; advantage, 
 good. 
 
 To INTERFERE. See INTERCEDE. 
 
 INTERIOR, inside. 
 
 INTERLOPER, intruder. 
 
 To INTERMEDDLE. See INTER- 
 CEDE. 
 
 INTERMEDIATE, intervening. 
 
 INTERMENT, burial, sepulture, in- 
 humation. 
 
 INTERMISSION, cessation, rest, 
 stop, interruption. 
 
 To INTERMIT, subside, abate. 
 
 To INTERPOSE, interfere, intermed- 
 dle ; intercede, mediate. 
 
 To INTERPRET, explain, expound, 
 elucidate. 
 
 To INTERPRET wrongly, misinter* 
 pret, misconstrue. 
 
 To INTERROGATE, question, ask, 
 inquire of. 
 
 To INTERRUPT, disturb, hinder. 
 
 INTERVAL, interstice, vacancy ; 
 space. 
 
INV 
 
 264 
 
 JIL 
 
 INTERVENING, intermediate. 
 
 INTERVENTION, interposition. 
 
 INTERVIEW, meeting, conference. 
 
 INTIMACY, acquaintance, familiar- 
 ity ; fellowship. 
 
 To INTIMATE, hint, suggest, insin- 
 uate. 
 
 To INTIMIDATE, frighten, dastard- 
 ize. 
 
 INTOXICATION, drunkenness, ine- 
 briety, infatuation. 
 
 INTRACTABLE, stubborn, unma- 
 nageable, ungovernable ; cross, 
 obstinate, untoward. 
 
 To INTRENCH, encroach, infringe, 
 invade, intrude. 
 
 INTREPID, bold, fearless, undaunt- 
 ed, courageous, valiant. 
 
 INTRICACY, complexity, complica- 
 tion, involution, perplexity. 
 
 INTRINSIC, real, genuine, native. 
 
 To INTRODUCE, present. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY, preliminary, pre- 
 vious, prefatory. 
 
 To INTRUDE, obtrude ; encroach, 
 intrench, infringe, invade. 
 
 INTRUDER, interloper. 
 
 To INTRUST, commit, confide. 
 
 To INVADE. See INTRUDE. 
 
 INVALID, weak, feeble, infirm, sick. 
 
 To INVALIDATE, weaken, enfeeble. 
 
 INVASION, incursion, irruption, in- 
 road. 
 
 INVECTIVE, abuse, censure, re- 
 proach. 
 
 To INVEIGH, declaim, censure. 
 
 To INVENT, .devise, contrive, 
 frame, fabricate ; find out, dis- 
 cover. 
 
 To INVERT, overturn, overthrow, 
 subvert, reverse. 
 
 To INVEST, endue, endow. 
 
 INVESTIGATION, examination, 
 
 search, inquiry, research, scru- 
 tiny. 
 
 INVIDIOUS, envious, malignant. 
 
 To INVIGORATE, strengthen, for- 
 tify. 
 
 INVINCIBLE, unconquerable, insu- 
 perable. 
 
 To INVITE, ask, call, bid, summon ; 
 allure, attract. 
 
 To INUNDATE, overflow, deluge. 
 
 To INVOLVE, implicate, entangle, 
 enwrap. 
 
 INWARD, interior, internal, intrin- 
 sic. 
 
 IRASCIBLE, angry, passionate, 
 hasty, hot, fiery. 
 
 IRE, anger, wrath, resentment, 
 indignation, passion. 
 
 IRKSOME, troublesome, vexatious, 
 wearisome, tedious. 
 
 IRONY, ridicule, sarcasm, satire, 
 burlesque. 
 
 IRRATIONAL, foolish, silly. 
 
 IRREFRAGABLE, indubitable, un- 
 questionable, indisputable, in- 
 controvertible, undeniable. 
 
 IRREGULAR, eccentric, disorderly; 
 inordinate, intemperate. 
 
 IRRELIGIOUS, profane, impious. 
 
 IRREPREHENSIBLE. See next word. 
 
 IRREPROACHABLE, blameless, un- 
 blemished, spotless. 
 
 IRREPROVABLE. See IRREPROACH- 
 ABLE. 
 
 To IRRITATE, aggravate, pro- 
 voke, exasperate, incite, ex- 
 cite. 
 
 IRRUPTION, invasion, incursion, 
 inroad. 
 
 ISSUE, effect, consequence, event, 
 result ; progeny, offspring. 
 
 To ISSUE, arise, proceed, flow, 
 spring, emanate. 
 
 To JADE, harass, dispirit, weary, 
 
 tire. 
 
 To JANGLE, wrangle, jar. 
 JAUNT, ramble, excursion, trip, 
 
 tour. 
 
 JEALOUSY, suspicion, envy. 
 To JEER, gibe, sneer, scoff. 
 To JEST, joke, sport, make game. 
 JEST (given to), jocose, jocular, 
 
 facetious. 
 JILT, coquet. 
 
KIN 
 
 265 
 
 LAW 
 
 JOCOSE, jocular, facetious, witty, 
 pleasant. 
 
 JOCUND, lively, sprightly, viva- 
 cious, sportive, merry, light- 
 hearted, mirthful. 
 
 To JOIN, add, unite, combine, co- 
 alesce, confederate, league. 
 
 To JOKE, jest, sport, make game. 
 
 JOLLITY, joviality, mirth, merri- 
 ment, hilarity. 
 
 JOURNEY, travel, tour, voyage. 
 
 JOY, delight, gladness, charm, 
 pleasure, ecstasy, rapture, 
 transport. 
 
 JUDGMENT, discernment, penetra- 
 tion, discrimination ; sagacity, 
 intelligence ; decision, sen- 
 tence. 
 
 JUST, right, proper. 
 
 JUSTICE, right, equity, retribu- 
 tion. 
 
 To JUSTIFY, clear, exculpate, de- 
 fend, excuse, absolve. 
 
 JUSTNESS, correctness, accuracy, 
 exactness, propriety. 
 
 JUVENILE, youthful, puerile. 
 
 K 
 
 KEEN, shrewd, acute, penetrating, 
 piercing, cutting. 
 
 To KEEP, detain, retain, hold, re- 
 serve, preserve ; maintain, sus- 
 tain, support ; observe. 
 
 To KEEP back, retain, reserve, 
 withhold. 
 
 To KEEP from, abstain, refrain; 
 forbear, desist from. 
 
 KIND, bland, mild, tender, indul- 
 gent, compassionate, clement, 
 gentle, meek, benevolent, be- 
 nignant, generous, good, cour- 
 teous, affable, gracious, lenient. 
 
 KIND, species, sort, class, genus. 
 
 KINDNESS, favor, civility; benig- 
 nity, beneficence, benevolence, 
 humanity, tenderness. 
 
 KINDRED, relationship, affinity, 
 consanguinity. 
 
 KINGLY, royal, regal. 
 
 KINSMAN, relation, relative, kin- 
 dred. 
 
 KNAVISH, dishonest, trickish. 
 
 KNOWLEDGE, learning, erudition* 
 science. 
 
 To make KNOWN, acquaint, dis- 
 close, communicate, divulge, 
 apprise, inform, reveal. 
 
 LABOR, work, toil, drudgery, 
 task. 
 
 To LABOR, toil, drudge, work, 
 strive, exert. 
 
 LABORIOUS, active, industrious, 
 diligent, assiduous. 
 
 LABYRINTH, maze. 
 
 To LACK, want, need. 
 
 LACONIC, short, brief, concise, suc- 
 cinct. 
 
 LADING, freight, cargo, load, bur- 
 den. 
 
 To LAG, linger, tarry, loiter, 
 saunter. 
 
 To LAMENT, complain, bewail, de- 
 plore, bemoan, grieve, mourn, 
 regret. 
 
 LANDSCAPE, view, prospect. 
 
 LANGUAGE, tongue, speech, idiom, 
 dialect. 
 
 LANGUID, faint, exhausted, droop- 
 ing, pining. 
 
 LARGE, extensive, big, capa- 
 cious, comprehensive, huge, 
 great. 
 
 LARGER (to make), enlarge, aug- 
 ment, magnify, extend, in- 
 crease. 
 
 LASSITUDE, fatigue, weariness, 
 enervation. 
 
 LAST, latest, final, ultimate. 
 
 LASTING, durable, permanent. 
 
 LATENT, secret, hidden, occult. 
 
 LAUDABLE, praiseworthy, com- 
 mendable. 
 
 To LAUGH at, ridicule, banter, 
 deride, mock. 
 
 LAUGHABLE, risible, ludicrous, ri- 
 diculous, comical, droll, mirth- 
 ful. 
 
 LAVISH, extravagant, profuse, 
 prodigal. 
 
 LAWFUL, legal, legitimate, licit. 
 
LIB 
 
 266 
 
 LIT 
 
 LAX, loose, vague ; dissolute, li- 
 centious. 
 
 To LAY open, dilate, expand, ex- 
 tend. 
 
 To LAY up, hoard, deposit, trea- 
 sure, store. 
 
 LAZY, idle, indolent, slothful, 
 sluggish, inactive, inert. 
 
 To LEAD, conduct, guide, direct ; 
 induce, persuade, influence, 
 bias, incline. 
 
 LEADER, chief, chieftain, head, 
 guide. 
 
 LEAGUE, alliance, confederacy, 
 combination, coalition. 
 
 To LEAN, incline, bend, pro- 
 pen d. 
 
 LEARNING, knowledge, erudition, 
 science, literature. 
 
 LEAVE, liberty, license, permis- 
 sion. 
 
 To LEAVE, quit, relinquish, aban- 
 don, desert. 
 
 To LEAVE off, cease, desert, dis- 
 continue, stop. 
 
 LEAVING off, ceasing, discon- 
 tinuance, cessation, discon- 
 tinuation. 
 
 Taking LEAVE, valediction, fare- 
 well. 
 
 LEAVINGS, remains, relics, rem- 
 nants, refuse. 
 
 LEGAL, legitimate, lawful, licit. 
 
 LEISURE, idle, vacant, free. 
 
 LENITY, clemency, mercy, mild- 
 ness, tenderness. 
 
 To LESSEN, abate, diminish, de- 
 crease, liquidate, subside. 
 
 To LET, leave; permit, allow, 
 suffer. 
 
 LETHARGIC, sleepy, drowsy. 
 
 LETTER, epistle, note. 
 
 LEVEL, even, plain, smooth, flat. 
 
 To LEVEL, aim, point. 
 
 LEVITY, lightness, volatility, 
 flightiness, giddiness. 
 
 LEXICON, dictionary, glossary, 
 vocabulary. 
 
 LIABLE, exposed, subject, ob- 
 noxious. 
 
 LIBERAL, beneficent, bountiful, 
 
 bounteous, munificent, gene 
 rous. 
 
 To LIBERATE, free, set free, de- 
 liver, set at large. 
 
 LIBERTY, freedom ; leave, license, 
 permission. 
 
 LICENSE. See preceding word. 
 
 LICENTIOUS, loose, vague, lax, dis- 
 solute. 
 
 LICIT, lawful, legal, legitimate. 
 
 LIE, falsehood, falsity, untruth, 
 fabrication, fiction, invention, 
 mendacity. 
 
 LIFE, animation, vivacity, spirits; 
 good cheer. 
 
 LIFELESS, dead, inanimate. 
 
 To LIFT, heave, hoist ; raise, ele- 
 vate, erect, exalt. 
 
 LIGHT (to supply), illuminate, 
 illumine, illume, enlighten, 
 lighten. 
 
 LIGHTNESS, ease, facility; levity, 
 flightiness, volatility, giddiness; 
 unsteadiness, mutability, incon- 
 stancy. 
 
 LIKE, uniform, equal, alike. 
 
 LIKENESS, resemblance, simi- 
 larity ; representation, simili- 
 tude, picture, image, effigy. 
 
 LIKELIHOOD, probability. 
 
 LIKEWISE, also, too. 
 
 LIMIT, extent, boundary, bound, 
 border. 
 
 To LIMIT, bound, circumscribe, 
 restrict, confine. 
 
 LINEAGE, family, house, race, ge- 
 neration. 
 
 To LINGER, tarry, loiter, lag, 
 saunter. 
 
 LIQUID, fluid; liquor, juice, hu- 
 mor. 
 
 To LIQUIDATE, lessen, decrease, 
 lower, abate, diminish. 
 
 LIST, roll, catalogue, register. 
 
 To LISTEN, hearken, attend 
 to. 
 
 LISTLESS, indolent, supine, care- 
 less. 
 
 LITERATURE, letters, learning, 
 erudition. 
 
 LITTLE, small, diminutive. 
 
LOT 
 
 267 
 
 MAI 
 
 To LIVE, exist, subsist. 
 
 LIVELIHOOD, living, subsistence, 
 maintenance, support, suste- 
 nance. 
 
 LIVELY, active, agile ; alert, 
 brisk, nimble, quick, sprightly, 
 prompt, jocund. 
 
 LIVING at the same time with 
 another, coeval, cotemporary, 
 contemporary, contemporane- 
 ous. 
 
 LOAD, freight, cargo, lading, bur- 
 den ; weight. 
 
 LOATH, reluctant, backward, un- 
 willing, averse. 
 
 To LOATHE, abhor, detest, abomi- 
 nate. 
 
 To LODGE, harbor, shelter, enter- 
 tain. 
 
 LOFTINESS, dignity ; haughtiness, 
 pride. 
 
 LOFTY, high, tall, elevated, ex- 
 alted. 
 
 To LOITER, linger, tarry, lag, 
 saunter. 
 
 LONELY, solitary, lonesome. 
 
 To LONG for, desire, hanker af- 
 ter. 
 
 To LOOK, behold, view, eye, in- 
 spect. 
 
 LOOK, air, manner, mien, appear- 
 ance, aspect ; glance. 
 
 LOOKER on, spectator, beholder, 
 observer. 
 
 To LOOK for, expect, await. 
 
 LOOKING into, inspection, in- 
 sight. 
 
 LOOKING at things past, retrospect, 
 retrospection. 
 
 LOOSE, vague, lax, slack ; disso- 
 lute, licentious, unrestrained, 
 wanton. 
 
 LOQUACITY, garrulity, talkative- 
 ness, babbling. 
 
 LORDLY, imperious, overbearing, 
 domineering. 
 
 LORD'S supper, eucharist, commu- 
 nion, sacrament. 
 
 Loss, damage, detriment, 
 
 LOT, destiny, fate, doom. 
 
 LOUD, noisy, clamorous, strepe- 
 rous, turbulent, tumultuous, 
 blustering, vehement, vocifer- 
 ous. 
 
 LOVE, affection, attachment, fond- 
 ness ; friendship. 
 
 LOVELY, amiable, charming, de- 
 lightful. 
 
 LOVER, suiter, wooer. 
 
 LOVING, amorous, fond, affection- 
 ate. 
 
 Low, humble, lowly ; base, abject, 
 mean. 
 
 To LOWER, reduce, humble, hu- 
 miliate, degrade, debase, abase, 
 
 LUCKY, fortunate, prosperous, 
 successful. 
 
 LUCRE, gain, profit, emolument. 
 
 LUDICROUS, laughable, ridiculous, 
 comical, droll. 
 
 LUNACY, madness, derangement, 
 insanity, mania. 
 
 LUSTRE, brightness, splendor, 
 brilliancy. 
 
 LUSTY, corpulent, stout. 
 
 LUXURIANT, exuberant. 
 
 LUXURY, voluptuousness, sensual- 
 ity. 
 
 M 
 
 MADNESS, derangement, insanity, 
 lunacy, mania, phrensy ; fran- 
 ticness, mental aberration, rage, 
 fury. 
 
 MAGISTERIAL, majestic, stately, 
 pompous, august, dignified. 
 
 MAGNIFICENCE, grandeur, splen- 
 dor, pomp. 
 
 MAGNITUDE, size, bulk, great- 
 ness. 
 
 MAJESTIC. See MAGISTERIAL. 
 
 To MAIM, mutilate, mangle, crip- 
 ple. 
 
 MAIN, chief, principal. 
 
 To MAINTAIN, assert, vindicate, 
 support, sustain. 
 
 MAINTENANCE, livelihood, living, 
 subsistence, sustenance, sup- 
 port. 
 
MAR 
 
 268 
 
 MEE 
 
 To MAKE, create, form, produce ; 
 do, act. 
 
 To MAKE game, jest, sport, joke, 
 mimic. 
 
 To MAKE amends, compensate, 
 recompense, remunerate, re- 
 quite. 
 
 MALADY, disease, distemper, dis- 
 order. 
 
 MALEDICTION, curse, imprecation, 
 execration. 
 
 MALEFACTOR, criminal, culprit, 
 felon, convict. 
 
 MALEVOLENT, malignant, mali- 
 cious. 
 
 MALICE, spite, rancor, grudge, 
 pique, ill-will. 
 
 MALICIOUS, malevolent, malig- 
 nant. 
 
 MALIGNITY, malevolence, ill-will, 
 mischievousness, malicious- 
 ness. 
 
 To MANAGE, contrive, concert; 
 direct. 
 
 MANAGEMENT, care, charge, econo- 
 my, direction. 
 
 MANDATE, command, order, in- 
 junction, precept. 
 
 MANFUL, manly, bold, daring. 
 
 To MANGLE, mutilate, maim, la- 
 cerate, tear. 
 
 MANIA, derangement, insanity, 
 lunacy, madness. 
 
 To MANIFEST, discover, declare, 
 reveal, make known, evince. 
 
 MANIFEST, open, apparent, visible, 
 obvious, clear, plain. 
 
 MANNER, air, look, mien, aspect, 
 appearance; habit, custom, way. 
 
 MANNERS, morals, habits, beha- 
 vior. 
 
 MANY, several, sundry, divers, 
 various, numerous, manifold. 
 
 MARGIN, border, edge, rim, brim, 
 brink, verge. 
 
 MARINER, seaman, sailor. 
 
 MARK, print, impression, stamp ; 
 sign, note, symptom, token, in- 
 dication ; trace, vestige, track ; 
 badge, stigma ; butt 
 
 To MARK, note, notice, observe, 
 remark ; show, point out, indi- 
 cate ; impress, imprint, stamp, 
 brand, stigmatize. 
 
 MARRIAGE, wedding, nuptials; 
 matrimony, wedlock. 
 
 MARRIAGE (relating to), connu- 
 bial, conjugal, matrimonial, 
 nuptial, hymeneal. 
 
 MARTIAL, warlike, military, sol- 
 dier-like. 
 
 MARVEL, wonder, miracle, prodi- 
 gy, monster. 
 
 MASK, cloak, veil, blind. 
 
 MASSACRE, carnage, slaughter, 
 butchery. 
 
 MASSIVE, bulky, heavy, weighty, 
 ponderous. 
 
 MASTER, possessor, proprietor, 
 owner. 
 
 MATERIAL, corporeal ; important, 
 momentous. 
 
 MATRIMONY, marriage, wedlock, 
 nuptials. 
 
 MATTER, affair, business, concern; 
 material. 
 
 MATURE, ripe, perfect, complete. 
 
 MAXIM, adage, aphorism, apoph- 
 thegm, proverb, saying. 
 
 MAZE, labyrinth ; uncertainty, 
 perplexity. 
 
 MEAGRE, lean ; poor, hungry. 
 
 MEAN, low, abject, vulgar, vile, 
 contemptible, despicable ; sor- 
 did, penurious, niggardly. 
 
 To MEAN, design, purpose, intend, 
 contemplate ; signify, imply, 
 import, express, denote. 
 
 MEANING, signification, import, 
 sense. 
 
 MEANS, way, manner, method, 
 mode, course. 
 
 MECHANIC, artist, artisan, artifi- 
 cer, operative. 
 
 To MEDIATE, intercede, interpose. 
 
 MEDIUM, mean. 
 
 MEDLEY, difference, variety, di- 
 versity, mixture, miscellany. 
 
 MEEK, mild, gentle, humble, 
 soft. 
 
MET 
 
 269 
 
 MIT 
 
 MEET, apt, fit, suitable; expe- 
 dient. 
 
 MEETING, assembly, congregation, 
 auditory, company. 
 
 MELANCHOLY, dejection, depres- 
 sion. 
 
 MELODY, harmony, accordance, 
 unison. 
 
 MEMOIR, anecdote, annal, chroni- 
 cle, narrative. 
 
 MEMORABLE, signal, worthy of re- 
 membrance. 
 
 MEMORIAL, monument, remem- 
 brancer, memento. 
 
 MEMORY, retention, recollection, 
 remembrance, reminiscence. 
 
 MENACE, threat. 
 
 To MEND, amend, correct, emend, 
 better, improve, rectify, reform. 
 
 MENDACITY, falsehood, untruth, 
 lying, deceit. 
 
 MENIAL, servant, domestic. 
 
 MENTAL, intellectual, ideal. 
 
 MERCENARY, venal, hireling. 
 
 MERCHANT, trader, tradesman. 
 
 MERCHANDISE, goods, ware, com- 
 modity. 
 
 MERCIFUL, gracious, benignant, 
 kind. 
 
 MERCILESS, cruel, unmerciful, 
 hard-hearted. 
 
 MERCY, clemency, lenity, pity. 
 
 MERELY, barely, only, scarcely. 
 
 MERIT, worth, desert; claim, right. 
 
 MERRIMENT, mirth, joviality, jol- 
 lity, hilarity. 
 
 MERRY, cheerful, mirthful, joyous, 
 gay, sprightly, lively, blithe, 
 blithesome, vivacious, jocund, 
 sportive. 
 
 MESSAGE, mission, errand. 
 
 MESSENGER, carrier, harbinger, 
 forerunner, precursor. 
 
 METAMORPHOSIS, change, trans- 
 formation. 
 
 METAPHOR, figure, allegory, em- 
 blem, symbol. 
 
 METHOD, order, rule, regularity, 
 system ; way, manner, mode, 
 * course, means. 
 
 MIEN, look, air, aspect, appear- 
 ance. 
 
 MIGHTY, powerful, potent. 
 
 MILD, soft, meek, gentle. 
 
 MILITARY, martial, warlike, sol- 
 dier-like. 
 
 To MIMIC, ape, imitate, counter- 
 feit, mock. 
 
 To MIND, heed, attend to, regard, 
 notice. 
 
 MINDFUL, regardful, observant, 
 attentive. 
 
 To MINGLE, mix, blend ; com- 
 pound ; confound. 
 
 MINISTER, agent, official, em- 
 ployee ; clergyman, parson, 
 priest. 
 
 To MINISTER, administer, contrib- 
 ute, supply. 
 
 MIRACLE, wonder, marvel, pro- 
 digy- 
 
 MIRTH, festivity, joy, gladness, 
 merriment, jollity, joviality, hi- 
 larity, gayety, vivacity, cheer- 
 fulness, fun. 
 
 MISCARRIAGE, failure, abortion, 
 mishap. 
 
 MISCELLANY, mixture, medley, di- 
 versity. 
 
 MISCHANCE, calamity, disaster, 
 misfortune, mishap. 
 
 MISCHIEF, evil or ill, misfor- 
 tune ; harm, injury, damage, 
 hurt. 
 
 To MISCONSTRUE, misinterpret. 
 
 MISDEED, offence, trespass, trans- 
 gression, misdemeanor, crime. 
 
 MISERABLE, unhappy, wretched. 
 
 MISERLY, avaricious, parsimoni- 
 ous, niggardly, penurious. 
 
 MISFORTUNE, harm, ill, mishap, 
 calamity, disaster, nuisance. 
 
 To MISINTERPRET, misconstrue. 
 
 To Miss, lose ; fail. 
 
 MISSION, message, errand. 
 
 MISTAKE, error, blunder, miscon- 
 ception. 
 
 To MISUSE, abuse, maltreat. 
 
 To MITIGATE, allay, soothe, ap- 
 pease, assuage. 
 
MUN 
 
 270 
 
 NEC 
 
 To Mix, mingle, blend, confound. 
 
 To MOAN, groan, grieve, deplore. 
 
 MOB, populace, mobility. 
 
 To MOCK, mimic, imitate, ape ; 
 banter, deride, ridicule. 
 
 MODE, way, manner, method, 
 course, means. 
 
 MODEL, copy, pattern, specimen. 
 
 MODERATION, mediocrity ; mo- 
 desty, temperance, sobriety. 
 
 MODERN, novel, new, recent. 
 
 MODEST, bashful, diffident, re- 
 served ; chaste, virtuous. 
 
 To MOLEST, annoy, incommode, 
 vex, tease, inconvenience, dis- 
 turb, trouble. 
 
 MOMENT, signification, avail, im- 
 portance, consequence, weight. 
 
 MONARCH, prince, sovereign, po- 
 tentate. 
 
 MONUMENT, memorial, remem- 
 brancer. 
 
 MOOD, humor, temper, frame. 
 
 MORALS, manners, behavior. 
 
 MORBID, sick, sickly, diseased. 
 
 MOREOVER, besides, likewise, 
 also. 
 
 MOROSE, gloomy, sullen, splenetic. 
 
 MORTAL, deadly, fatal. 
 
 MORTIFICATION, vexation, cha- 
 grin. 
 
 MOTION, movement. 
 
 MOTIVE, cause, reason, princi- 
 ple. 
 
 To MOULD, form, shape, fashion. 
 
 To MOUNT, arise, rise, ascend ; 
 
 climb, scale. 
 To MOURN, grieve, lament, fret. 
 
 To MOVE, actuate, impel, induce, 
 stir, instigate. 
 
 To MOVE round, turn, revolve, 
 circulate, whirl. 
 
 MOVING, affecting, touching, pa- 
 thetic. 
 
 MULCT, fine, penalty, forfeiture. 
 
 MULTITUDE, crowd, throng, 
 swarm. 
 
 MUNIFICENT, beneficent, bounti- 
 ful, bounteous, generous, libe- 
 ral. 
 
 To MURDER, kill, assassinate, 
 slay. 
 
 To MURMUR, complain, repine. 
 
 To MUSE, meditate, contemplate, 
 think, reflect, wonder. 
 
 To MUSTER, collect, assemble. 
 
 MUTABLE, alterable, inconstant, 
 changeable, fickle, variable, 
 unstable, wavering, unsteady, 
 irresolute. 
 
 To MUTILATE, maim, mangle. 
 
 MUTINOUS, tumultuous, turbu- 
 lent, seditious. 
 
 MUTUAL, reciprocal. 
 
 MYSTERIOUS, dark, obscure, hid- 
 den, occult, latent, dim, mystic. 
 
 N 
 
 NAKED, bare, uncovered, un- 
 clothed; rude. 
 
 To NAME, denominate, entitle, 
 style, designate, characterize, 
 term, call. 
 
 NAME, appellation, denomination, 
 title, cognomen ; reputation, 
 character, credit. 
 
 To NAP, sleep, doze, slumber, 
 drowse. 
 
 NARRATION, narrative, account, 
 description, relation, recital, 
 detail, explanation. 
 
 NARROW, contracted, confined, 
 straitened, limited. 
 
 NASTY, filthy, foul. 
 
 NATAL, native, indigenous. 
 
 NATIVE, intrinsic, real, genuine; 
 indigenous. 
 
 NATURALLY, in course, conse- 
 quently. 
 
 NAVAL, marine, maritime, nauti- 
 cal. 
 
 NAUSEA, disgust, loathing. 
 
 NAUTICAL. See NAVAL. 
 
 NEAR, nigh, close, adjacent, con- 
 tiguous, vicinal. 
 
 NECESSARY, expedient, essential, 
 requisite, needful. 
 
 To NECESSITATE, compel, force, 
 oblige. 
 
NOT 
 
 271 
 
 OBS 
 
 NECESSITY, occasion, need; exi- 
 gency, emergency. 
 
 NEED, poverty, indigence, want, 
 penury. 
 
 To NEED, want, lack. 
 
 NEFARIOUS, wicked, unjust, ini- 
 quitous. 
 
 To NEGLECT, disregard, slight, 
 contemn ; omit. 
 
 NEGLIGENT, remiss, careless, heed- 
 less, inattentive. 
 
 NEIGHBORHOOD, vicinity, adjacen- 
 cy, vicinage. 
 
 NEVERTHELESS, however, yet, not- 
 withstanding. 
 
 NEW, novel, fresh, modern, re- 
 cent. 
 
 NEWS, tidings, intelligence. 
 
 NICE, exact, particular, precise ; 
 fine, delicate, dainty. 
 
 NIGGARDLY, avaricious, miserly, 
 penurious, parsimonious, sav- 
 ing, sparing, thrifty. 
 
 NIGH, near, close, adjacent, con- 
 tiguous, vicinal. 
 
 NIGHTLY, nocturnal. 
 
 NIMBLE, active, brisk, lively, ex- 
 pert, quick, agile, prompt. 
 
 NOBLE, exalted, elevated, illus- 
 trious, great, grand. 
 
 NOCTURNAL, nightly. 
 
 NOISE, cry, outcry, clamor. 
 
 NOISOME, hurtful, pernicious, nox- 
 ious. 
 
 NOISY, loud, high sounding, cla- 
 morous. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE, dictionary, lexi- 
 con, catalogue, vocabulary. 
 
 To NOMINATE, name; entitle, 
 call. 
 
 NOTE, mark, sign, symptom, to- 
 ken, indication ; remark, obser- 
 vation, comment, annotation. 
 
 NOTED, distinguished, conspicu- 
 ous, eminent, illustrious, cele- 
 brated, renowned, notorious. 
 
 NOTICE, advice, intelligence, in- 
 formation, warning, 
 
 To NOTICE, attend to, mind, re- 
 gard, heed ; mark, note. 
 18 
 
 NOTION, conception, perception, 
 idea, opinion, sentiment. 
 
 NOTORIOUS, noted, distinguished, 
 conspicuous, renowned. 
 
 NOTWITHSTANDING, however, yet, 
 nevertheless. 
 
 NOVEL, new, fresh, recent, mo- 
 dern. 
 
 To NOURISH, nurture, cherish, 
 support, maintain. 
 
 NUMB, benumbed, chill, torpid, 
 motionless. 
 
 To NUMBER, calculate, compute, 
 reckon. 
 
 NUMERAL, numerical. 
 
 NUPTIALS, marriage, wedding. 
 
 To NURTURE, cherish, nourish. 
 
 OBDURATE, hard, callous, hard- 
 ened, unfeeling, insensible, un- 
 susceptible. 
 
 OBEDIENT, dutiful, respectful, sub- 
 missive, obsequious, compli- 
 ant. 
 
 OBJECT, aim, end, subject. 
 
 To OBJECT, oppose, except to. 
 
 OBJECTION, difficulty, exception; 
 demur, doubt, hesitation. 
 
 OBLIGATION, duty. 
 
 To OBLIGE, bind, engage, compel, 
 force, necessitate. 
 
 OBLIGING, civil, complaisant. 
 
 To OBLITERATE, blot out, expunge, 
 efface, erase, cancel. 
 
 OBLIVION, forgetfulness. 
 
 OBLOQUY, reproach, odium, con- 
 tumely. 
 
 OBNOXIOUS, offensive ; subject, lia- 
 ble, exposed. 
 
 OBSCURE, dim, dark, mysteri- 
 ous. 
 
 OBSEQUIOUS, obedient, submis- 
 sive. 
 
 OBSERVANCE, form, ceremony, 
 rite. 
 
 OBSERVANT, mindful, regardful. 
 
 OBSERVATION, observance ; re- 
 mark, comment, note. 
 
OFF 
 
 272 
 
 OPU 
 
 To OBSERVE, keep, fulfil ; notice, 
 remark, watch. 
 
 OBSERVER, spectator, looker on, 
 beholder. 
 
 OBSOLETE, old, ancient, antique, 
 antiquated, old-fashioned, out 
 of date. 
 
 OBSTACLE, difficulty, impedi- 
 ment. 
 
 OBSTINATE, perverse, pertina- 
 cious, contumacious, refracto- 
 ry, stubborn, inflexible, reso- 
 lute, opinionated, headstrong, 
 heady. 
 
 OBSTINACY, perverseness, contu- 
 macy, stubbornness, inflexibili- 
 ty, pertinacity. 
 
 OBSTREPEROUS, loud, clamorous, 
 noisy, vociferous, turbulent. 
 
 To OBSTRUCT, hinder, prevent, 
 impede. 
 
 To OBTAIN, acquire, attain, gain, 
 procure ; win, earn. 
 
 To OBTRUDE, intrude. 
 
 OBVIOUS, apparent, open, visible, 
 clear, plain, evident, manifest. 
 
 To OCCASION, create, cause. 
 
 OCCASION, opportunity, necessi- 
 ty. 
 
 OCCASIONAL, casual, irregular. 
 
 OCCULT, hidden, secret, latent. 
 
 OCCUPANCY, occupation, holding 
 possession. 
 
 OCCUPATION, business, avoca- 
 tion, calling, employment, en- 
 gagement, office, trade, profes- 
 sion. 
 
 To OCCUPY, hold, possess. 
 
 OCCURRENCE, event, incident, 
 adventure, casualty, contingen- 
 cy. 
 
 ODD, particular, singular, eccen- 
 tric, strange ; fantastical, whim- 
 sical, comical, droll. 
 
 ODIOUS, hateful, detestable, abo- 
 minable. 
 
 ODOR, smell, scent, perfume, fra- 
 grance. 
 
 OFFENCE, affront, insult, out- 
 
 rage, indignity; misdeed, tres-j wealth. 
 
 pass, transgression, misde- 
 meanor. 
 
 To OFFEND, despise, vex. 
 
 OFFENDER, delinquent, culprit. 
 
 OFFENSIVE, rude, saucy, imperti- 
 nent, insolent, abusive, re- 
 proachful, scurrilous, opprobri- 
 ous, insulting, obnoxious. 
 
 To OFFER, present, exhibit, bid, 
 tender, propose. 
 
 OFFERING, oblation, presentation. 
 
 OFFICE, business, function, duty, 
 charge ; benefit, service. 
 
 OFFICIOUS, active, busy. 
 
 OFFSPRING, issue, progeny. 
 
 OFTEN, frequently. 
 
 OLD, aged, senile ; ancient, an- 
 tique, antiquated, old-fashioned, 
 obsolete. 
 
 OLDER, senior, elder. 
 
 OMEN, presage, prognostic. 
 
 ONSET, attack, encounter, as- 
 sault. 
 
 ONWARD, forward, progressive. 
 
 OPAQUE, dark, cloudy. 
 
 OPEN, candid, frank, ingenuous 
 free, sincere, undissembling. 
 
 OPENING, aperture, cavity. 
 
 OPERATION, work, action, agen- 
 cy- 
 
 OPINIONATED, opmionative, con- 
 ceited, egotistical. 
 
 OPINION, sentiment, notion. 
 
 OPPONENT, adversary, antagonist, 
 enemy, foe. 
 
 OPPORTUNITY, occasion. 
 
 To OPPOSE, combat, contradict, 
 deny, object, resist, withstand, 
 thwart. 
 
 OPPOSITE, adverse, contrary, ini- 
 mical, repugnant. 
 
 OPPROBRIOUS, abusive, reproach- 
 ful, scurrilous, insolent, insult- 
 ing, offensive^ 
 
 OPPROBRIUM, infamy, ignominy. 
 
 To OPPUGN, oppose, attack, con- 
 fute, refute, disprove. 
 
 OPTION, choice. 
 
 OPULENCE, affluence, riches, 
 
OVE 
 
 273 
 
 PAR 
 
 ORAL, verbal, vocal. 
 
 ORATION, address, speech, ha- 
 rangue. 
 
 ORATORY, elocution, rhetoric. 
 
 ORB, circle, globe, sphere. 
 
 To ORDAIN, appoint, order, pre- 
 scribe. 
 
 ORDER, class, rank, degree ; suc- 
 cession, series ; method, rale ; 
 command, injunction, precept, 
 mandate. 
 
 To put in ORDER or rank, arrange, 
 range, dispose, regulate, adjust, 
 classify ; digest. 
 
 To put out of ORDER, confuse, de- 
 range, perplex, disorder, disar- 
 range, confound, disturb, dis- 
 place, unsettle, ruffle, discom- 
 pose. 
 
 ORDERLY, regular, systematic, me- 
 thodical. 
 
 ORDINARY, common, vulgar, mean. 
 
 ORIFICE, perforation. 
 
 ORIGIN, original, beginning, rise, 
 source. 
 
 ORIGINAL, primary, primitive, 
 pristine. 
 
 To ORNAMENT, adorn, beautify, 
 embellish, deck, decorate. 
 
 OSTENSIBLE, colorable, specious, 
 plausible, feasible. 
 
 OSTENTATION, show, parade ; 
 vaunting, boasting. 
 
 OUTRAGE, affront, insult, offence. 
 
 OVERBALANCE, outweigh, prepon- 
 derate. 
 
 To OVERBEAR, bear down, over- 
 power, overwhelm, subdue. 
 
 OVERBEARING, imperious, lordly, 
 domineering. 
 
 To OVERCOME, conquer, vanquish, 
 subdue, surmount. 
 
 To OVERFLOW, inundate, del- 
 uge. 
 
 To OVERPOWER, overbear, bear 
 down, overwhelm ; defeat, over- 
 throw, subdue, rout. 
 
 To OVERRULE, supersede. 
 
 OVERRULING, prevailing, predomi- 
 nant, prevalent. 
 
 To OVERRUN, overspread, ravage. 
 
 OVERSIGHT, inadvertency, inat. 
 tention ; inspection, superin- 
 tendence. 
 
 To OVERTHROW, overturn, beat, 
 defeat, rout ; subvert, invert, 
 reverse. 
 
 To OVERWHELM, overbear, bear 
 down, overpower, subdue, 
 crush. 
 
 OUTCRY, cry, clamor, noise. 
 
 To OUTDO, exceed, excel, sur- 
 pass. 
 
 OUTLINES, sketch, draught. 
 
 To OUTLIVE, survive. 
 
 OUTSIDE, appearance, semblance. 
 
 OUTWARD, outer, external, exte- 
 rior ; extrinsic, extraneous. 
 
 To OUTWEIGH, overbalance, pre- 
 ponderate. 
 
 To OWN, acknowledge, confess, 
 recognise. 
 
 OWNER, possessor, proprietor, 
 master. 
 
 PACE, step, gait. 
 
 PACIFIC, peaceful, peaceable, mild, 
 gentle. 
 
 To PACIFY, appease, calm, quiet, 
 still. 
 
 PAGAN, gentile, heathen. 
 
 PAIN, anguish, agony, distress, 
 suffering. 
 
 To PAINT, color, represent, depict, 
 describe, delineate, sketch. 
 
 PAIR, couple, brace. 
 
 PALATE, taste, relish. 
 
 PALE, pallid, wan ; fair. 
 
 PALINODE, palinody, recanta- 
 tion. 
 
 To PALLIATE, extenuate, gloss, 
 cover, varnish. 
 
 PALLID, pale, wan. 
 
 To PALPITATE, flutter, pant, 
 gasp. 
 
 PANEGYRIC, encomium, eulogy. 
 
 PANG, pain, anguish, agony, dis- 
 tress. 
 
 To PANT, palpitate, gasp. 
 
 PARABLE, allegory, similitude. 
 
PEA 
 
 274 
 
 PER 
 
 PARADE, show, ostentation, vain- 
 glory. 
 
 PARASITE, flatterer, sycophant. 
 
 To PARDON, forgive, absolve, re- 
 mit, acquit ; discharge, set free, 
 clear. 
 
 PARDONABLE, venial, excusable. 
 
 To PARE, peel ; diminish. 
 
 PARSIMONIOUS, avaricious, nig- 
 gardly, miserly, penurious. 
 
 PART, portion, share, piece, divi- 
 sion. 
 
 To PART, separate, divide, disu- 
 nite. 
 
 To PARTAKE, participate, share. 
 
 PARTICULAR, peculiar, appropri- 
 ate, exclu-sive ; exact, nice, 
 punctual, specific ; circumstan- 
 tial, minute. 
 
 PARTICULARLY, especially, princi- 
 pally, chiefly. 
 
 PARTISAN, adherent, follower, dis- 
 ciple. 
 
 PARTNER, colleague, coadjutor, 
 associate. 
 
 PARTNERSHIP, association, compa- 
 ny, society. 
 
 PARTY, confederacy, faction, de- 
 tachment. 
 
 PASSAGE, course, race. 
 
 PASSIONATE, hot, hasty, irascible, 
 angry. 
 
 PASSIVE, unresisting, quiescent; 
 submissive, patient. 
 
 PASTIME, amusement, diversion, 
 entertainment, recreation, sport, 
 play. 
 
 PATCH, part, piece. 
 
 PATHETIC, moving, touching, af- 
 fecting. 
 
 PATIENCE, endurance, resigna- 
 tion. 
 
 PATIENT, enduring, passive; an 
 invalid. 
 
 To PAUSE, demur, hesitate, delib- 
 erate. 
 
 PAY, allowance, stipend, hire, 
 salary. 
 
 PEACE, quiet, calm, tranquillity. 
 
 PEACEABLE, peaceful, tranquil, 
 
 quiet, undisturbed, serene, mild, 
 still, pacific. 
 
 PEASANT, countryman, swain, 
 hind, rustic, clown. 
 
 PECULIAR, appropriate ; particu- 
 lar, exclusive. 
 
 PEEL, skin, rind. 
 
 To PEEL, pare, strip, skin. 
 
 PEEVISH, captious, cross, fretful, 
 petulant. 
 
 PELLUCID, transparent, clear. 
 
 PENALTY, fine, mulct, forfeiture. 
 
 To PENETRATE, pierce, perforate, 
 bore. 
 
 PENETRATING, acute, sagacious, 
 discerning. 
 
 PENETRATION, acuteness, saga- 
 city ; discernment, discrimina- 
 tion. 
 
 PENITENCE, repentance, contri- 
 tion, compunction, remorse. 
 
 PENMAN, writer, scribe. 
 
 PENURIOUS, sparing, niggardly, 
 parsimonious. 
 
 PENURY, poverty, indigence, 
 want, need. 
 
 To PERCEIVE, discern, distinguish, 
 observe. 
 
 PERCEPTION, idea, notion, concep- 
 tion, sentiment, sensation. 
 
 PEREMPTORY, absolute, positive. 
 
 PERFECT, complete, finished, con- 
 summated. 
 
 PERFECTION (to bring to), perfect, 
 finish, complete, consummate; 
 fulfil, accomplish. 
 
 PERFIDIOUS, faithless, treacherous. 
 
 To PERFORATE, pierce, bore, pene- 
 trate. 
 
 To PERFORM, effect, produce, exe- 
 cute, fulfil. 
 
 PERFORMANCE, production, work, 
 deed, achievement, exploit, 
 feat. 
 
 PERFORMER, actor, player. 
 
 PERFUME, odor, scent, fragrance, 
 smell. 
 
 PERIL, danger, hazard. 
 
 PERIOD, time, age, date, era, 
 epoch. 
 
POV 
 
 275 
 
 PLA 
 
 To PERISH, decay, die. expire. 
 
 To PERJURE, forswear, suborn. 
 
 PERMANENT, durable, lasting. 
 
 PERMISSION, leave, liberty, li- 
 cense. 
 
 To PERMIT, admit, allow; consent, 
 suffer, tolerate ; yield. 
 
 PERNICIOUS, destructive, ruinous, 
 hurtful, noxious, noisome. 
 
 To PERPETRATE, commit. 
 
 PERPETUAL, continual, lasting, 
 constant, incessant, unceasing, 
 uninterrupted. 
 
 To PERPLEX, embarrass, harass, 
 confuse, entangle ; molest. 
 
 PERPLEXITY, anxiety, distraction ; 
 entanglement. 
 
 To PERSEVERE, continue, persist, 
 pursue, prosecute ; insist. 
 
 PERSONS, people, folks, individu- 
 als. 
 
 PERSPICUITY, clearness, transpa- 
 rency, translucency. 
 
 To PERSUADE, exhort, urge, en- 
 tice, prevail upon. 
 
 PERTINENT, relevant, apposite. 
 
 PERVERSE, awkward, cross, unto- 
 ward, crooked, froward. 
 
 PEST, bane, plague, ruin. 
 
 PEREMPTORY, absolute, arbitrary, 
 despotic. 
 
 To POSSESS, have, hold, occupy. 
 
 POSSESSION, occupancy, occupa- 
 tion, holding. 
 
 POSSESSIONS, goods, property. 
 
 POSSESSOR, proprietor, owner, mas- 
 ter. 
 
 POSSIBLE, practicable. 
 
 POST, place, situation, station, po- 
 sition. 
 
 POSTERIOR, after, subsequent. 
 
 To POSTPONE, delay, defer, pro- 
 crastinate, prolong, protract, 
 retard. 
 
 POSTURE, action, gesture, gesticu- 
 lation, position, attitude. 
 
 POTENT, powerful, mighty. 
 
 POTENTATE, prince, monarch, 
 sovereign. 
 
 POVERTY, indigence, want, penu- 
 ry, need. 
 
 To POUND, break, bruise, crush. 
 
 To POUR, shed, spill. 
 
 POURING out, effusion. 
 
 POWER, authority, strength, 
 might, dominion, influence; 
 sway. 
 
 POWERFUL, mighty, potent, puis- 
 sant; efficacious, forcible, co- 
 gent, strong. 
 
 PESTILENTIAL, contagious, epi- 
 demical, infectious ; mischiev- 
 ous, pernicious, destructive. 
 
 PETITION, prayer, request, entrea- 
 ty, suit. 
 
 PETTY, trifling, trivial, frivolous, 
 futile. 
 
 PETULANT, captious, cross, peev- 
 ish, fretful. 
 
 PHANTOM, vision, apparition, 
 spectre, ghost. 
 
 PHRASE, sentence, proposition, pe- 
 riod. 
 
 PHRASEOLOGY, diction, style. 
 
 PHRENSY, madness, fury. 
 
 To PICK, choose, select. 
 
 PICTURE, likeness, image, effigy, 
 representation. 
 
 PIECE, part, portion ; patch. 
 
 To PIERCE, penetrate, perforate, 
 bore. 
 
 To PILE, heap, accumulate, amass. 
 
 PILLAGE, rapine, plunder. 
 
 PILLAR, column. 
 
 To PINCH, press, squeeze, gripe. 
 
 To PINE, flag, droop, languish. 
 
 Pious, holy, godly, devout, reli- 
 gious. 
 
 PIQUE, malice, rancor, spite, 
 grudge. 
 
 PITEOUS, doleful, woful, rueful, 
 pitiable. 
 
 PITIFUL, mean, sordid, contempti- 
 ble, despicable. 
 
 PITY, commiseration, compas- 
 sion ; sympathy, condolence, 
 mercy. 
 
 PLACE, situation, station, position, 
 site, spot, post ; office, charge, 
 function. 
 
 To PLACE, put, set, lay ; dispose, 
 order. 
 
PLU 
 
 276 
 
 PRA 
 
 PLACID, serene, calm. 
 
 To PLAGUE, annoy, vex, tease, 
 harass, torment, tantalize, im 
 portune, molest. 
 
 PLAIN*, even, level, smooth ; ap- 
 parent, visible, clear, obvious, 
 evident, manifest, distinct ; 
 open, candid, free, frank, inge- 
 nuous. 
 
 PLAN, design, device, contri- 
 vance, scheme, project, strata- 
 gem. 
 
 PLAUDIT, acclamation, applause, 
 exultation, shouting. 
 
 PLAUSIBLE, colorable, specious, 
 ostensible, feasible. 
 
 PLAY, game, sport, pastime, 
 amusement. 
 
 PLAYER, actor, performer. 
 
 To PLEAD, apologize, defend, jus- 
 tify, exculpate, excuse. 
 
 PLEASANT, pleasing, agreeable ; 
 facetious, jocular, jocose, witty. 
 
 To PLEASE, gratify, satisfy. 
 
 PLEASED, gratified, glad, cheerful, 
 joyful, pleasing, pleasant, 
 agreeable. 
 
 PLEASING, pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 PLEASURE, comfort, enjoyment ; 
 joy, delight, charm. 
 
 PLEASURE (one given up to), vo- 
 luptuary, sensualist, epicure. 
 
 PLEDGE, earnest, security, depo- 
 sit. 
 
 PLENIPOTENTIARY, ambassador, 
 envoy. 
 
 PLENITUDE, fulness ; repletion, 
 exuberance, abundance. 
 
 PLENTEOUS, plentiful, abundant, 
 copious, ample, exuberant. 
 
 PLENTIFUL, abundant, ample, co- 
 pious, exuberant, plenteous. 
 
 PLIANT, pliable, flexible, supple, 
 yielding. 
 
 PLIGHT, situation, condition, state, 
 predicament, case. 
 
 PLOT, cabal, conspiracy, combina- 
 tion ; form, scheme, plan. 
 
 To PLUCK, pull ; draw, tug. 
 
 PLUNDER, rapine, pillage, booty, 
 spoil. 
 
 To PLUNGE, dive. 
 
 To POINT, aim, level. 
 
 To POINT out, show, mark, indi- 
 cate. 
 
 To POISE, balance, equiponder- 
 ate. 
 
 POLITE, polished, refined, genteel, 
 civil. 
 
 POLITENESS, gentility, civility, 
 courteousness, courtesy, affabil 
 ity ; good breeding, good maa 
 ners. 
 
 To POLLUTE, corrupt, contami- 
 nate, defile, taint, infect, viti- 
 ate. 
 
 POMP, magnificence, splendor, 
 grandeur, show, state. 
 
 POMPOUS, magisterial, stately, au- 
 gust, dignified, lofty. 
 
 To PONDER, think, muse, reflect. 
 
 PONDEROUS, heavy, burdensome, 
 weighty. 
 
 POOR, indigent, needy, necessitous, 
 distressed. 
 
 POPULACE, people, mob, mobili- 
 ty- 
 
 PORT, harbor, haven. 
 
 To PORTEND, augur, presage, fore- 
 bode, betoken, threaten. 
 
 PORTION, part, division, share, 
 quantity. 
 
 POSITION, place, situation, sta- 
 tion, post ; action, gesture, ges- 
 ticulation, posture, attitude; 
 tenet. 
 
 POSITIVE, actual, real, certain ; 
 confident. 
 
 PRACTICABLE, practical, possi- 
 ble. 
 
 PRACTICE, custom, habit, man* 
 ner. 
 
 To PRACTISE, exercise. 
 
 To PRAISE, commend, extol, eulo- 
 gize, applaud. 
 
 PRAISE, encomium, eulogy, pane- 
 gyric, applause, commendation. 
 
 PRAISEWORTHY, laudable, com- 
 mendable, deserving praise. 
 
 PRANK, frolic, gambol. 
 
 To PRATE, babble, chat, chatter, 
 prattle. 
 
PRE 
 
 277 
 
 PRI 
 
 PRATER, petition, request, entrea- 
 ty, suit. 
 
 PRECARIOUS, doubtful, dubious, 
 uncertain, equivocal. 
 
 PRECEDENCE, priority, pre-emi- 
 nence, preference. 
 
 PRECEDENT, example. 
 
 PRECEDING, antecedent, anterior, 
 previous, prior, former, forego- 
 ing. 
 
 PRECEPT, command, injunction, 
 mandate, order ; doctrine, prin- 
 ciple ; maxim, rule, law. 
 
 PRECIOUS, valuable, costly, uncom- 
 mon. 
 
 PRECIPITANCY, rashness, temerity, 
 hastiness. 
 
 PRECISE, accurate, correct, exact, 
 nice. 
 
 To PRECLUDE, prevent, obviate, 
 hinder, shut out. 
 
 PRECURSOR, forerunner, harbin- 
 ger. 
 
 PREDICAMENT, situation, condi- 
 tion, state, plight, case. 
 
 To PREDICT, foretell, prophesy, 
 prognosticate. 
 
 PREDOMINANT, prevailing, preva- 
 lent, overruling. 
 
 PRE-EMINENCE, priority, prece- 
 dence. 
 
 PREFACE, prelude, introduction, 
 proem. 
 
 To PREFER, choose ; encourage, 
 advance, promote, forward. 
 
 PREFERENCE, priority, prece- 
 dence. 
 
 PREGNANT, big, large, enceinte. 
 
 PREJUDICE, prepossession, bias ; 
 disadvantage, injury, hurt, de- 
 triment. 
 
 PRELIMINARY, preparatory, intro- 
 ductory, previous. 
 
 PRELUDE, preface, introduction, 
 proem. 
 
 PREMEDITATION, forethought, fore- 
 cast. 
 
 To PREPARE, fit, equip, qualify, 
 make ready. 
 
 PREPARATORY, introductory, pre- 
 liminary, previous. 
 
 To PREPONDERATE, overbalance, 
 outweigh. 
 
 PREPOSSESSION, bias, prejudice, 
 bent. 
 
 PREPOSTEROUS, irrational, foolish, 
 absurd. 
 
 PREROGATIVE, privilege, immu- 
 nity. 
 
 PRESAGE, omen, token, prognos- 
 tic. 
 
 To PRESCRIBE, appoint, ordain, 
 dictate. 
 
 PRESCRIPTION, usage, custom. 
 
 PRESENT, gift, donation,, benefac- 
 tion. 
 
 To PRESENT, offer, exhibit, give, 
 introduce. 
 
 To PRESERVE, keep, save; pro- 
 tect, spare. 
 
 To PRESS, squeeze, gripe, pinch. 
 
 PRESSING, urging, emergent, im- 
 portunate. 
 
 PRESUMING, presumptive, pre- 
 sumptuous, forward, arrogant. 
 
 PRETENCE, pretension, pretext, ex- 
 cuse. 
 
 To PRETEND, feign, affect, simu- 
 late. 
 
 PRETENSION, claim, assump- 
 tion. 
 
 PRETEXT, pretence, pretension, 
 excuse. 
 
 PRETTY, beautiful, fine, hand- 
 some. 
 
 PREVAILING, prevalent, ruling, 
 overruling, dominant. 
 
 To PREVENT, impede, obviate, 
 preclude, hinder, obstruct ; an- 
 ticipate. 
 
 PREVIOUS, introductory, prelimi- 
 nary ; anterior, prior. 
 
 PREY, booty, spoil. 
 
 PRICE, cost, charge, expense ; va- 
 lue, worth. 
 
 PRIDE, arrogance, hauteur, haugh- 
 tiness, assumption, vanity, in- 
 solence, conceit, ostentation, 
 loftiness. 
 
 PRIMARY, primitive, pristine, ori* 
 
 ginal. 
 I PRINCIPAL, chief, main. 
 
PRO 
 
 278 
 
 PRO 
 
 PRINCIPALLY, especially, mainly, 
 particularly, chiefly. 
 
 PRINCIPLE, doctrine, element ; 
 motive. 
 
 PRINT, mark, impression, stamp. 
 
 PRIOR, antecedent, anterior, pre- 
 vious, preceding, former. 
 
 PRIORITY, precedence, pre-emi 
 nence, preference. 
 
 PRISTINE, primitive, original. 
 
 PRIVACY, retirement, seclusion. 
 
 PRIVILEGE, immunity, preroga- 
 tive, right, claim, exemption. 
 
 To PRIZE, value, esteem. 
 
 PROBABILITY, chance, likelihood. 
 
 PROBITY, honesty, uprightness, 
 integrity. 
 
 To PROCEED, advance ; arise, issue, 
 emanate. 
 
 PROCEEDING, transaction ; pro- 
 cess, course, progress, progres- 
 sion. 
 
 PROCESSION, train, retinue. 
 
 To PROCLAIM, advertise, an- 
 nounce, publish, declare, pro- 
 mulgate. 
 
 PROCLAMATION, decree, edict. 
 
 To PROCRASTINATE, delay, defer, 
 postpone, prolong, protract, re- 
 tard. 
 
 To PROCURE, obtain, acquire, gain ; 
 win, earn. 
 
 PRODIGAL, extravagant, lavish, 
 profuse. 
 
 PRODIGIOUS, enormous, mon- 
 strous. 
 
 PRODIGY, wonder, miracle, mar- 
 vel, monster. 
 
 To PRODUCE, yield, give, impart, 
 communicate. 
 
 PRODUCT, production, produce ; 
 performance, work. 
 
 PROFANE, impious, irreligious. 
 
 To PROFESS, declare. 
 
 PROFESSION, business, occupation, 
 avocation, office, employment, 
 engagement. 
 
 PROFICIENCY, advancement, pro- 
 gress, improvement. 
 
 PROFIT, gain, advantage, benefit, 
 lucre. 
 
 PROFLIGATE, abandoned, corrupt, 
 vitiated, depraved, vicious, 
 wicked. 
 
 PROFUNDITY, depth. 
 
 PROFUSE, extravagant, prodigal, 
 lavish. 
 
 PROGENITOR, forefather, ancestor, 
 predecessor. 
 
 PROGENY, offspring, issue. 
 
 PROGNOSTIC, omen, presage. 
 
 To PROGNOSTICATE, foretell, pre- 
 dict, prophesy, vaticinate. 
 
 PROGRESS, advancement, progres- 
 sion ; improvement, proficien- 
 cy- 
 
 PROGRESSION, progress, advance- 
 ment. 
 
 PROGRESSIVE, onward, forward, 
 advancing. 
 
 To PROHIBIT, forbid, interdict, 
 proscribe. 
 
 PRO/ECT, design, plan, scheme 
 
 PROLIFIC, fertile, fruitful. 
 
 PROLIX, diffuse, long, tedious. 
 
 To PROLONG, delay, protract, 
 procrastinate ; postpone, re- 
 tard. 
 
 PROMINENT, conspicuous. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS, indiscriminate. 
 
 PROMISE, word, engagement. 
 
 To PROMOTE, encourage, advance, 
 prefer, forward. 
 
 PROMPT, quick, active, agile, as- 
 siduous, alert, brisk, nimble, 
 lively, sprightly. 
 
 To PROMULGATE, promulge, pub- 
 lish, proclaim, advertise. 
 
 PRONENESS, inclination, tendency, 
 propensity. 
 
 To PRONOUNCE, articulate, speak, 
 utter ; declare, affirm. 
 
 PROOF, reason, argument, demon- 
 stration ; evidence, testimony ; 
 experience, experiment, trial, 
 test. 
 
 PROP, staff, stay, support. 
 
 To PROPAGATE, speed, circulate, 
 diffuse, disseminate. 
 
 PROPENSITY, inclination, bias, 
 proneness, tendency. 
 
 PROPER, right, just. 
 
PRO 
 
 279 
 
 PUZ 
 
 PROPERTY, goods, possessions ; 
 quality, attribute. 
 
 PROPITIOUS, favorable, auspi- 
 cious, 
 
 To PROPHESY, foretell, predict, 
 prognosticate, vaticinate. 
 
 To PROPITIATE, appease, concili- 
 ate, reconcile, 
 
 PROPORTION, rate, ratio ; symme- 
 try. 
 
 PROPORTIONATE, adequate, com- 
 mensurate, equal. 
 
 To PROPOSE, purpose, intend; 
 offer, bid, tender. 
 
 PROPOSITION, sentence, period, 
 phrase. 
 
 PROPRIETOR, possessor, owner. 
 
 To PROROGUE, adjourn ; postpone, 
 defer. 
 
 To PROSCRIBE, forbid, prohibit, 
 interdict. 
 
 To PROSECUTE, continue, pursue, 
 persevere, persist. 
 
 PROSELYTE, convert. 
 
 PROSPECT, view, survey, land- 
 scape. 
 
 To PROSPER, flourish, thrive, suc- 
 ceed. 
 
 PROSPERITY, well-being, welfare, 
 happiness. 
 
 PROSPEROUS, successful, flourish- 
 ing, fortunate, lucky. 
 
 To PROTECT, support, cherish, 
 harbor, shelter, foster, guard, 
 defend, shield, cover, counte- 
 nance, patronize, encourage, 
 vindicate. 
 
 PROTECTION (a place for), asy- 
 lum, sanctuary, refuge, shelter, 
 retreat. 
 
 To PROTEST, assert, affirm, de- 
 clare, asseverate, aver, assure, 
 vouch. 
 
 To PROTRACT, delay, defer, pro- 
 long, retard, postpone. 
 
 To PROVE, evince, demonstrate, 
 manifest, argue. 
 
 PROVERB, adage, maxim, apho- 
 rism, apophthegm, saying, saw, 
 by-word. 
 
 To PROVIDE, procure, furnish, 
 
 supply. 
 
 PROVIDENT, careful, cautious, eco- 
 nomical. 
 
 PROVISION, fare. 
 
 To PROVOKE, aggravate, irritate, 
 exasperate, tantalize, excite, 
 incite. 
 
 PRUDENCE, judgment, discretion, 
 wisdom, providence. 
 
 PROUD, vain, lofty, arrogant, pre- 
 sumptuous, assuming, haughty, 
 conceited, 
 
 To PRY, scrutinize, look into. 
 
 PRYING, curious, inquisitive. 
 
 To PUBLISH, proclaim, advertise, 
 announce, declare, promulgate ; 
 disclose, reveal. 
 
 PUERILE, youthful, juvenile, child- 
 ish. 
 
 To PULL, draw, drag, haul, hale, 
 tug. 
 
 PUNCTUAL, exact, nice, particu- 
 lar. 
 
 PUNGENCY, acridness, acrimo- 
 niousness, smartness, keen- 
 ness. 
 
 To PUNISH, chastise, correct, 
 chasten, discipline. 
 
 PUPIL, scholar, disciple. 
 
 To PURCHASE, buy, bargain. 
 
 PURGATIVE, abstergent, abster- 
 sive, cleansing. 
 
 PURPOSE, design, intention, view, 
 aim, drift, end ; sake, account, 
 reason. 
 
 To PURSUE, follow ; continue, per- 
 severe, persist, prosecute. 
 
 PUSILLANIMITY, cowardice, timidi- 
 ty, fear. 
 
 To PUT, place, lay, set. 
 
 To PUT down, suppress, repress ; 
 reduce, subdue; restrain. 
 
 To PUT off, postpone, defer, de- 
 lay, protract, procrastinate, re- 
 tard. 
 
 To PUTREFY, corrupt., rot. 
 
 To PUZZLE, perplex, confound, 
 embarrass, bewilder, entai* 
 gle. 
 
RAG 
 
 Q 
 
 280 
 
 RAY 
 
 QUACK, mountebank, empiric, 
 
 charlatan. 
 To QUAKE, shake, tremble, quiver, 
 
 shudder. 
 
 QUALIFICATION, acquirement, ac- 
 quisition. 
 QUALIFIED, competent, fitted, 
 
 adapted. 
 To QUALIFY, fit, equip, prepare, 
 
 adapt ; temper, humor. 
 QUALITY, property, attribute ; 
 
 fashion, distinction. 
 QUANTITY, deal, portion, part. 
 QUARREL, dispute, contest, con- 
 tention, broil, brawl, alterca- 
 tion, tumult, feud, affray. 
 QUARRELLING, dissension, strife, 
 faction, contention, discord, al- 
 tercation, wrangling, dispute. 
 QUARTER, district, region. 
 QUERY, question, inquiry, inter- 
 rogatory. 
 To QUESTION, doubt, dispute ; ask, 
 
 interrogate, inquire. 
 QUICK, nimble, agile, active, brisk, 
 
 lively, prompt, expeditious. 
 To QUICKEN, accelerate, hasten, 
 
 expedite, despatch. 
 QUICKNESS, speed, velocity, celeri- 
 ty, swiftness, rapidity, fleetness, 
 nimbleness, briskness ; expedi- 
 tion, despatch; agility, activity. 
 QUICKNESS of intellect, acuteness, 
 sharpness, sagacity, penetration, j 
 shrewdness. 
 To QUIET, appease, calm, pacify, 
 
 still. 
 QUIET, ease, rest, repose, calm, 
 
 tranquillity. 
 To QUIT, relinquish, leave, give 
 
 UD, resign. 
 
 To QUIVER, shake, tremble, quake. 
 To QUOTE, cite, adduce. 
 
 R 
 
 RACE, course, passage; family, 
 house, lineage, breed, genera- 
 tion. 
 
 To RACK, break, rend, tear. 
 RADIANCE, brilliancy, lustre, 
 
 brightness. 
 To RADIATE, shine, glitter, glare, 
 
 sparkle. 
 
 RAGE, anger, choler, fury. 
 To RAISE, heighten, aggravate, 
 
 lift, exalt, elevate, erect. 
 To RALLY, deride, mock, ridicule, 
 
 banter. 
 RAMBLE, excursion, tour, trip, 
 
 jaunt. 
 To RAMBLE, wander, stroll, move, 
 
 roam, range. 
 RANCOR, hatred, enmity, ill-will, 
 
 malice, spite, grudge. 
 To RANGE, class, place, rank ; 
 wander, stroll, rove, roam, ram- 
 ble. 
 
 RANK, order, degree, class. 
 To RANSOM, redeem, free, manu- 
 mit. 
 RAPACIOUS, ravenous, voracious, 
 
 greedy. 
 
 RAPIDITY, quickness, swiftness, 
 fleetness, celerity, velocity, 
 speed, agility. 
 RAPINE, plunder, pillage. 
 RAPTURE, ecstasy, transport. 
 RARE, scarce, singular, uncom- 
 mon, incomparable. 
 To RASE, blot out, efface, ex- 
 punge, erase, obliterate, cancel ; 
 demolish, dismantle, destroy, 
 subvert, ruin. 
 
 RASH, foolhardy, thoughtless. 
 RASHNESS, temerity, precipitance, 
 precipitancy, precipitation, has- 
 tiness. 
 
 RATE, proportion, ratio, quota, 
 degree; tax, assessment, im- 
 post ; value, worth, price. 
 To RATE, estimate, value, ap- 
 praise ; scold. 
 RATIO, rate, proportion, degree, 
 
 quota. 
 
 RAVAGE, desolation, devastation. 
 \ RAVENOUS, rapacious, greedy, vo- 
 racious. 
 RAY, glimmer, gleam, beam. 
 
REG 
 
 281 
 
 REF 
 
 To REACH, stretch, extend. 
 
 READY, apt, prompt, dextrous; 
 easy, facile. 
 
 REAL, actual, positive, certain; 
 genuine. 
 
 To REALIZE, accomplish, achieve, 
 fulfil, effect, complete, excite, 
 consummate. 
 
 REALM, state, kingdom. 
 
 REASON, argument, proof; cause, 
 motive ; sake, account, purpose, 
 end. 
 
 REASONABLE, rational, j ust, honest, 
 equitable, fair. 
 
 Void of REASON, irrational, fool- 
 ish, silly, unreasonable, absurd, 
 preposterous, ridiculous. 
 
 REBELLION, insurrection, sedition, 
 revolt; contumacy. 
 
 To REBOUND, recoil, reverberate. 
 
 To REBUFF, repel, reject, beat 
 back, oppose. 
 
 To REBUKE, reprimand, reprove, 
 check, chide. 
 
 To RECANT, abjure, retract, recall, 
 revoke. 
 
 To RECAPITULATE, repeat, recite, 
 rehearse. 
 
 To RECEDE, retire, retreat, with- 
 draw, retrograde. 
 
 RECEIPT, reception. 
 
 To RECEIVE, accept, take. 
 
 RECENT, fresh, new, novel, mo- 
 dern. 
 
 RECEPTION, receipt. 
 
 RECIPROCAL, mutual, alternate. 
 
 RECIPROCITY, interchange, ex- 
 change. 
 
 RECITAL, account, narrative, de- 
 scription, relation, detail, ex- 
 planation, narration. 
 
 To RECITE/ repeat, rehearse, re- 
 capitulate. 
 
 To RECKON, compute, calculate, 
 estimate, count, number ; es- 
 teem, account. 
 
 RECKONING, account, bill, charge. 
 
 To RECLAIM, reform, recover, cor- 
 rect. 
 
 To RECLINE, repose, lean, rest. 
 
 To RECOGNISE, acknowledge, 
 avow, confess, own. 
 
 To RECOIL, rebound, revej berate, 
 rush back. 
 
 RECOLLECTION, memory, . emem* 
 brance, reminiscence. 
 
 To RECOMPENSE, make amends, 
 compensate, compense, remune- 
 rate, requite. 
 
 RECOMPENSE, compensation, remu- 
 neration, requital, satisfaction, 
 amends, gratuity. 
 
 To RECONCILE, conciliate ; propi- 
 tiate. 
 
 To RECORD, enroll, register. 
 
 To RECOUNT, relate, describe, enu- 
 merate. 
 
 To RECOVER, refrain, retrieve ; re- 
 pair, recruit. 
 
 RECOVERY, restoration. 
 
 RECREATION, amusement, diver- 
 sion, sport, pastime, entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 To RECRUIT, repair, recover, re- 
 trieve. 
 
 To RECTIFY, amend, correct, 
 emend, better, mend, reform, 
 improve. 
 
 RECTITUDE, uprightness. 
 
 To REDEEM, ransom, rescue, re- 
 cover. 
 
 REDRESS, remedy, relief, amend- 
 ment. 
 
 To REDUCE, diminish, curtail, 
 shorten, lower ; subdue ; de- 
 grade. 
 
 REDUNDANCY, excess, superflui- 
 ty- 
 
 To REEL, stagger, totter. 
 
 To REFER, allude, hint, glance at, 
 intimate, suggest. 
 
 REFINED, polite, polished, genteel, 
 elegant. 
 
 REFINEMENT, cultivation, civiliza- 
 tion. 
 
 To REFLECT, consider, think, 
 ponder, muse; censure, re- 
 proach. 
 
 REFLECTION, consideration, medi- 
 tation, cogitation. 
 
REL 
 
 282 
 
 REM 
 
 7*o REFORM, amend, emend, mend, 
 correct, better, rectify, improve, 
 restore. 
 
 REFORMATION, reform, amend- 
 ment, correction. 
 
 REFRACTORY, unruly, ungoverna- 
 ble, ^ perverse, obstinate, contu- 
 macious. 
 
 To ^ REFRAIN, abstain, forbear- 
 withhold. 
 
 To REFRESH, revive, renovate, re- 
 new ; refrigerate, cool. 
 
 REFUGE, asylum, shelter, retreat. 
 
 To REFUSE, deny, reject, de- 
 cline. 
 
 REFUSE, dregs, sediment, dross, 
 scum. 
 
 To REFUTE, confute, oppugn, dis- 
 prove. 
 
 REGAL, royal, kingly. 
 
 REGARD, concern, care, attention ; 
 respect, rererence. 
 
 To REGARD, attend to, mind, heed ; 
 consider; esteem, respect, re- 
 verence. 
 
 REGARDFUL, mindful, heedful, at- 
 tentive, observant. 
 
 REGARDLESS, indifferent, uncon- 
 cerned, careless, unobser- 
 vant. 
 
 REGIMEN, food, diet. 
 
 REGION, district, quarter. 
 
 To REGISTER, enroll, record. 
 
 REGISTER, list, catalogue, roll, re- 
 cord, archive, chronicle, annal, 
 memoir. 
 
 To REGRET, complain, lament, re- 
 pent, grieve. 
 
 To REGULATE, direct, dispose, ad- 
 just; govern, rule. 
 
 To REHEARSE, repeat, recite, reca- 
 pitulate. 
 
 REIGN, empire, dominion ; power, 
 influence. 
 
 To REJECT, refuse, decline, repel, 
 rebuff. 
 
 To REJOICE, exult, exhilarate. 
 
 REJOINDER, answer, reply, re- 
 sponse, replication. 
 
 To RELATE, recount^ narrate, de- 
 
 tail, describe ; refer, respect ; re- 
 gard, concern. 
 
 RELATED, connected, combined. 
 
 RELATION, account, narrative, de- 
 scription, recital, detail, narra- 
 tion, explanation. 
 
 RELATIVE. See RELATION. 
 
 RELATIONSHIP, kindred, consan- 
 guinity, affinity. 
 
 To RELAX, slacken, loose ; miti- 
 gate, remit. 
 
 RELENTLESS, implacable, unre- 
 lenting, unpitying. 
 
 RELEVANT, pertinent, to the pur- 
 pose, apposite, tit, proper. 
 
 RELIANCE, dependence; trust, con- 
 fidence, repose. 
 
 RELICS, remains, leavings. 
 
 RELIEF, redress, alleviation, miti- 
 gation. 
 
 To RELIEVE, aid, help, succor, 
 assist, alleviate. 
 
 RELIGIOUS, pious, devout, holy. 
 
 To RELINQUISH, give up, forego, 
 renounce, quit, abdicate, resign. 
 
 RELISH, taste, flavor, savor. 
 
 RELUCTANT, averse, backward, 
 unwilling, loth. 
 
 To REMAIN, abide, stay, continue, 
 tarry, sojourn, await. 
 
 REMAINDER, rest, remnant, resi- 
 due. 
 
 REMAINS, leavings, relics. 
 
 REMARK, annotation, note, com- 
 ment, observation. 
 
 REMARKABLE, extraordinary, ob- 
 servable, distinguished, worthy 
 of note. 
 
 To REMARK, observe, notice. 
 
 A REMARK, observation, comment, 
 annotation, note, notice. 
 
 REMEDY, cure, reparation. 
 
 REMEMBRANCE, memory, recollec- 
 tion, reminiscence. 
 
 REMEMBRANCER, memorial, monu- 
 ment, memento. 
 
 REMINISCENCE, recollection, re- 
 membrance. 
 
 REMISS, inattentive, heedless, ne- 
 gligent, careless, thoughtless. 
 
REP 
 
 283 
 
 RES 
 
 To REMIT, absolve, pardon, for- 
 give ; liberate, give up. 
 
 REMNANT, rest, residue, remain- 
 der. 
 
 To REMONSTRATE, expostulate. 
 
 REMORSE, repentance, penitence, 
 contrition, repugnance. 
 
 REMOTE, distant, far. 
 
 REMUNERATION, compensation, 
 satisfaction, recompense, requi- 
 tal. 
 
 To REND, break, rack, tear. 
 
 To RENEW, renovate, revive, re- 
 fresh. 
 
 To RENOUNCE, abandon, forsake, 
 abdicate, relinquish, resign, 
 give up, quit, forego. 
 
 RENOWN, fame, notoriety, reputa- 
 tion, celebrity. 
 
 To REPAIR, restore, recover, 
 amend, retrieve. 
 
 REPARATION, restoration, restitu- 
 tion, amends. 
 
 REPARTEE, retort. 
 
 To REPAY, restore, return. 
 
 To REPEAL, abolish, abrogate, 
 revoke, annul, cancel; destroy, 
 annihilate. 
 
 To REPEAT, tell over, recite, re- 
 capitulate, rehearse. 
 
 REPENTANCE, penitence, contri- 
 tion, remorse, compunction. 
 
 REPETITION, tautology. 
 
 To REPINE, complain, murmur. 
 
 REPLICATION, answer, reply, re- 
 joinder, response. 
 
 REPLY. See the preceding word. 
 
 REPORT, fame, rumor, hearsay. 
 
 REPOSE, ease, quiet, rest. 
 
 To REPOSE, recline, rest. 
 
 REPREHENSIBLE, blamable, culpa- 
 ble, reprovable, censurable. 
 
 REPREHENSION, reproof, blame, 
 reproach. 
 
 REPRESENTATION, show, exhibi- 
 tion, sight, spectacle. 
 
 To REPRESS, restrain, suppress, 
 subdue. 
 
 To REPRIEVE, respite. 
 
 To REPRIMAND, check, chide, re- 
 prove, rebuke. 
 
 REPRISAL, retaliation. 
 
 To REPROACH, blame, reprove, 
 upbraid, censure, condemn ; 
 vilify, revile. 
 
 REPROACHFUL, abusive, scurrilous, 
 opprobrious, insolent, insulting, 
 offensive. 
 
 REPROBATE, abandoned, vitiated, 
 profligate, corrupt, depraved, 
 castaway, wicked. 
 
 To REPROBATE, censure, con- 
 demn. 
 
 REPROOF, reprehension, censure, 
 blame. 
 
 To REPROVE, check, chide, repri- 
 mand, rebuke. 
 
 REPUGNANCE, aversion, dislike, 
 antipathy, hatred. 
 
 REPUGNANT, adverse, contrary, 
 opposite, inimical, hostile. 
 
 REPUTATION, character, fame, re- 
 nown, credit, repute. 
 
 To REQUEST, ask, solicit, entreat, 
 demand. 
 
 In REQUEST, repute, credit, de- 
 mand. 
 
 REQUEST, prayer, petition, entrea- 
 ty, suit. 
 
 To REQUIRE, demand, need. 
 
 REQUISITE, necessary, essential, 
 expedient. 
 
 REQUITAL, compensation, satisfac- 
 tion, amends, remuneration, re- 
 compense ; retribution. 
 
 To RESCUE, deliver, set free, 
 save. 
 
 RESEARCH, examination, inquiry, 
 investigation, scrutiny. 
 
 RESEMBLANCE, likeness, similarity, 
 similitude. 
 
 RESENTFUL, revengeful, vindic- 
 tive. 
 
 RESENTMENT, anger, indignation, 
 ire, wrath. 
 
 RESERVATION, reserve, retention. 
 
 To RESIDE, dwell, inhabit, sojourn, 
 abide. 
 
 RESIDENCE, habitation, abode, 
 dwelling, domicile. 
 
 RESIDUE, rest, remainder, rem- 
 nant. 
 
RET 
 
 284 
 
 RID 
 
 To RESIGN-, give up; renounce, 
 relinquish, forego, abdicate. 
 
 RESIGNATION, patience, endur- 
 ance, submission. 
 
 To RESIST, withstand, oppose ; 
 thwart. 
 
 To RESOLYE, determine, purpose ; 
 solve, analyze, reduce. 
 
 RESOLUTE, decided, determined, 
 fixed : firm, constant, steady. 
 
 RESOLUTION, courage, fortitude, 
 firmness. 
 
 To RESORT to, frequent, haunt. 
 
 RESOURCE, resort, means, expedi- 
 ent. 
 
 To RESPECT, esteem, regard, ho- 
 nor, venerate, revere; value, 
 prize. 
 
 RESPECT, deference, regard, con- 
 sideration, esteem, estimation. 
 
 RESPECTFUL, obedient, dutiful. 
 
 RESPITE, reprieve ; interval. 
 
 RESPONSE, answer, reply, rejoin- 
 der, replication. 
 
 RESPONSIBLE, answerable, ac- 
 countable, amenable. 
 
 REST, cessation, stop, intermis- 
 sion ; ease, quiet, repose ; re- 
 mainder, residue, remnant. 
 
 To RESTORE, return, give back, 
 repay. 
 
 RESTORATION, restitution, retribu- 
 tion, reparation, compensation, 
 requital, amends. 
 
 To RESTRAIN, repress, coerce, re- 
 strict. 
 
 To RESTRICT, bound, limit, con- 
 fine, circumscribe. 
 
 RESULT, effect, consequence, issue, 
 event. 
 
 To RETAIN, hold, keep, detain, re- 
 serve. 
 
 RETALIATION, reprisal, repay- 
 ment. 
 
 To RETARD, delay, defer, pro- 
 tract, prolong, postpone, pro- 
 crastinate, hinder. 
 
 To RETIRE, recede, retrograde, 
 retrocede, retreat ; withdraw, 
 secede. 
 
 RETIREMENT, privacy, seclusion. 
 
 RETORT, repartee. 
 
 To RETRACT, recall, revoke, re* 
 cant, abjure. 
 
 RETREAT, asylum, shelter, refuge. 
 
 To RETREAT. See RETIRE. 
 
 RETRIBUTION, requital, repay- 
 ment. 
 
 To RETRIEVE, recover, repair, re- 
 cruit, regain. 
 
 To RETROCEDE. See RETIRE. 
 
 To RETROGRADE, go backward. 
 See RETIRE. 
 
 RETROSPECT, review, survey. 
 
 To RETURN, revert; restore, re- 
 pay. 
 
 To REVEAL, divulge,, disclose, 
 make known, communicate, 
 open, impart. 
 
 To REVENGE, avenge, vindicate. 
 
 REVENGEFUL, vindictive, resent- 
 ful. 
 
 To REVERBERATE, rebound, re- 
 coil. 
 
 To REVERE, reverence, adore, ve- 
 nerate. 
 
 REVERENCE, awe, dread ; honor, 
 respect. 
 
 To REVERSE, invert, overturn, 
 subvert, return. 
 
 REVERY, dream. 
 
 REVIEW, retrospect, survey ; revi- 
 sal, revision. 
 
 To REVILE, vilify. 
 
 REVISAL, revision, review. 
 
 To REVIVE, refresh, renew, reno- 
 vate. 
 
 To REVOKE, recall, retract; abo- 
 lish, abrogate, annul, repeal, 
 cancel, destroy, annihilate. 
 
 REVOLT, insurrection, sedition, re- 
 bellion. 
 
 REWARD, compensation, amends, 
 satisfaction, remuneration, re- 
 compense, requital. 
 
 RHETORIC, elocution, eloquence, 
 oratory. 
 
 RICHES, wealth, opulence, afflu- 
 ence. 
 
 To RIPICULB, laugh at, deride. 
 
ROU 
 
 285 
 
 SAL 
 
 mock, satirize, lampoon, rally, 
 banter. 
 
 RIDICULE, satire, sarcasm, bur- 
 lesque, irony, banter. 
 
 RIDICULOUS, absurd, preposterous, 
 ludicrous, droll. 
 
 RIGHT, straight, direct ; just, 
 proper ; claim, privilege, immu- 
 nity. 
 
 RIGHTEOUS, upright, just, honest, 
 virtuous, incorrupt, equitable, 
 godly. 
 
 RIGID, rigorous, austere, stern; 
 harsh, severe. 
 
 RIM, border, edge, brim, brink, 
 margin. 
 
 RIND, skin, peel, hide. 
 
 RIPENESS, maturity, perfection, 
 puberty. 
 
 To RISE, arise, mount, ascend, 
 climb, scale. 
 
 RISE, origin, source, original. 
 
 RITE, form, ceremony, observ- 
 ance. 
 
 RIVALRY, emulation, competi- 
 tion. 
 
 ROAD, way, route, course, path. 
 
 To ROAM, rove, wander, stroll, 
 ramble, range. 
 
 ROBBERY, depredation, theft, plun- 
 der. 
 
 ROBUST, strong, firm, sturdy. 
 
 ROLL, list, register, catalogue. 
 
 ROMANCE, fable, tale, novel. 
 
 ROOM, space, extent ; chamber, 
 apartment. 
 
 ROOMY, capacious, ample, spa- 
 cious. 
 
 To ROOT out, eradicate, extermi- 
 nate, extirpate. 
 
 To ROT, putrefy, decay, corrupt. 
 
 ROTTEN, putrefied, putrid, de- 
 cayed, corrupt, carious. 
 
 ROTUNDITY, roundness, circularity. 
 To ROVE, wander, stroll, ramble, 
 
 roam, range. 
 
 ROUGH, rugged, rude, harsh, se- 
 vere. 
 
 ROUND, circuit, tour, sphere, orb, 
 globe. 
 
 ROUNDNESS, circularity, rotundity, 
 globosity, sphericity. 
 
 To ROUSE, awaken, stir up, excite, 
 provoke. 
 
 To ROUT, beat, defeat, overpower, 
 overthrow. 
 
 ROUTE, way, road, course. 
 
 Row, tumult, broil, commotion, 
 riot, disturbance, affray, uproar. 
 
 ROYAL, regal, kinglv. 
 
 To RUB, chafe, fret, gall. 
 
 RUDE, coarse, rough ; uncouth, 
 unpolished; impertinent, sau- 
 cy, impudent, insolent. 
 
 RUEFUL, piteous, doleful, woful. 
 
 RUGGED, rough, rude, harsh. 
 
 RUIN, destruction ; bane, pest. 
 
 RUINOUS, pernicious, destructive. 
 
 RULE, order, method ; law, max- 
 im, precept, guide, regulation, 
 government. 
 
 RULING, prevailing, prevalent, 
 predominant. 
 
 RUMOR, fame, report, bruit. 
 
 RUPTURE, fracture, fraction. 
 
 RURAL, rustic. 
 
 RUSTIC, rural; countryman, pea- 
 sant, swain, hind, clown. 
 
 SACRAMENT, Lord's supper, eu- 
 
 charist. 
 
 SACRED, holy, divine. 
 SAD, sorrowful, mournful, melan- 
 choly, dull, dejected, depressed, 
 
 gloomy, cheerless. 
 SAFE, secure, fearless ; trusty, 
 
 trustworthy. 
 SAGE, sagacious, sapient, wise, 
 
 prudent ; grave. 
 SAGACITY, acuteness, discernment, 
 
 penetration. 
 
 SAILOR, mariner, seaman. 
 SALARY, allowance, stipend, pay, 
 
 wages, hire. 
 SAKE, account, reason, purpose, 
 
 end. 
 SALUBRIOUS, salutary, healthy, 
 
 wholesome. 
 
SCA 
 
 286 
 
 SED 
 
 SALUTARY, advantageous. See also 
 SALUBRIOUS. 
 
 SALUTATION, greeting, address. 
 
 SALUTIFEROUS, healthy. 
 
 SAMENESS, identity. 
 
 To SANCTION, countenance, sup- 
 port. 
 
 SANCTITY, holiness. 
 
 SANE, sound, healthy. 
 
 SANGUINARY, bloody, bloodthirsty. 
 
 To SAP, undermine, subvert. 
 
 SAPIENT, sagacious, wise, sage. 
 
 SARCASM, satire, ridicule, irony. 
 
 To SATIATE, satisfy, glut, cloy. 
 
 SATIRE, ridicule, irony, sarcasm ; 
 wit, humor, burlesque. 
 
 SATISFACTION, compensation, 
 
 amends, remuneration, recom- 
 pense, requital, reward ; con- 
 tentment. 
 
 To SATISFY, please, gratify; sa- 
 tiate, glut, cloy. 
 
 SAUCY, impertinent, rude, impu- 
 dent, insolent. 
 
 SAVAGE, cruel, inhuman, brutal, 
 barbarous ; ferocious, fierce. 
 
 To SAVE, rescue, deliver ; spare, 
 protect; preserve. 
 
 SAVING, economical, sparing, fru- 
 gal, thrifty ; penurious, nig- 
 gardly t stingy. 
 
 To SAUNTER, linger, loiter, lag, 
 tarry. 
 
 SAVOR, taste, flavor, relish. 
 
 To SAY, speak, tell. 
 
 SAYING, adage, maxim, aphorism, 
 apophthegm, proverb, by-word, 
 saw. 
 
 To SCALE, rise, mount, ascend, 
 climb. 
 
 SCANDAL, discredit, disgrace, re* 
 proach, infamy. 
 
 To SCANDALIZE, accuse falsely, 
 asperse, calumniate, defame, 
 detract, slander, vilify, offend. 
 
 SCARCE, rare, singular; hardly, 
 scantily. 
 
 SCARCITY, dearth, penury. 
 
 To SCATTER, spread, disperse, dis- 
 sipate. 
 
 SCENT, smell, odor, perfume, fra 
 grance. 
 
 SCHEME, design, plan, project. 
 
 SCHOLAR, disciple, pupil. 
 
 SCHOOL, academy, seminary. 
 
 SCIENCE, knowledge, learning, 
 erudition. 
 
 To SCOFF, gibe, jeer, sneer. 
 
 SCOPE, drift, aim, tendency. 
 
 To SCORN, contemn, despise, dis- 
 dain. 
 
 To SCREAM, shriek, cry, screech. 
 
 To SCREEN, cover, shelter, shield. 
 
 SCRIBE, writer, penman. 
 
 To SCRUPLE, hesitate, doubt, fluc- 
 tuate. 
 
 SCRUPULOUS, conscientious. 
 
 To SCRUTINIZE, pry, dive into, ex 
 amine, investigate, inquire into, 
 search. 
 
 SCUM, dregs, sediment, refuse, 
 dross. 
 
 SCURRILOUS, abusive, reproachful, 
 opprobrious, insolent, insulting, 
 offensive. 
 
 SEA, ocean, main. 
 
 SEAMAN, sailor, mariner. 
 
 SEARCH, scrutiny, inquiry, inves* 
 tigation, examination, research, 
 quest, pursuit. 
 
 SEASONABLE, timely, opportune. 
 
 To SECEDE, recede, retire, with* 
 draw, retreat. 
 
 SECLUSION, privacy, retirement. 
 
 SECONDARY, second, inferior, sub- 
 ordinate. 
 
 SECRECY, concealment, privacy. 
 
 SECRET, clandestine, concealed, 
 hidden, occult, latent, myste- 
 rious. 
 
 SECULAR, temporal, worldly. 
 
 To SECURE, make sure, certain, 
 guarantee. 
 
 SECURE, certain, sure, safe. 
 
 SECURITY, deposit, pledge ; fence, 
 guard. 
 
 SEDATE, composed, calm, quiet, 
 serene, unruffled, still. 
 
 SEDIMENT, dregs, dross, refuse, 
 scum. 
 
SEQ 
 
 287 
 
 SHA 
 
 SEDITION, insurrection, rebellion, 
 revolt. 
 
 SEDITIOUS, factious ; tumultuous, 
 turbulent, mutinous, rebellious. 
 
 To SEDUCE, allure, attract, decoy, 
 entice, tempt, abduct. 
 
 SEDULOUS, diligent, assiduous. 
 
 To SEE, look, behold, view, eye ; 
 perceive, observe. 
 
 To SEEK, search, explore, exam- 
 ine. 
 
 To SEEM, appear. 
 
 SEEMLY, fit, suitable, meet, be- 
 coming, decent. 
 
 To SEIZE, catch, snatch, appre- 
 hend, lay hold on, take. 
 
 SEIZURE, capture. 
 
 To SELECT, choose, pick. 
 
 SELF-CONCEIT, self-sufficiency, va- 
 nity. 
 
 SEMBLANCE, show, outside appear- 
 ance. 
 
 To SEND away, dismiss, discharge, 
 discard, despatch. 
 
 SENIOR, elder. 
 
 SENSATION, perception, senti- 
 ment. 
 
 SENSE, feeling, perception ; judg- 
 ment ; signification, meaning, 
 import. 
 
 SENSIBILITY, feeling, susceptibili- 
 ty- 
 
 SENSITIVE, sensible, sentient. 
 
 SENSUALIST, voluptuary, epicure. 
 
 SENTENCE, decision, judgment; 
 proposition, period, phrase. 
 
 To SENTENCE, condemn, doom. 
 
 SENTIENT, sensible, sensitive. 
 
 SENTIMENT, sensation, perception ; 
 opinion, notion. 
 
 SENTINEL, guard. 
 
 SEPARATE, distinct, different, un- 
 connected. 
 
 To SEPARATE, detach, sever, di- 
 vide, disjoin, disunite, disen- 
 gage, part, sunder. 
 
 SEPULCHRE, grave, tomb. 
 
 SEPULTURE, burial, interment, in- 
 humation. 
 
 SEQUEL, close, conclusion. 
 19 
 
 SERENE, calm, tranquil. 
 
 SERIES, course; successive or- 
 der. 
 
 SERIOUS, earnest, grave, solemn. 
 
 SERVANT, domestic, menial, 
 drudge. 
 
 To SERVE, aid, assist, help, suc- 
 cor, minister to, furnish, pro- 
 vide. 
 
 SERVICE, advantage, benefit, avail, 
 use, utility. 
 
 SERVITUDE, slavery, bondage. 
 
 To SET, put, place, lay. 
 
 To SET free, liberate, loose ; ac- 
 quit, clear ; pardon, forgive. 
 
 To SET apart, dedicate, devote ; 
 consecrate, hallow. 
 
 To SETTLE, adjust, compose ; regu- 
 late, arrange, determine, fix, 
 establish. 
 
 To SETTLE firmly, confirm, estab- 
 lish, corroborate. 
 
 SETTLED, determinate, definitive, 
 decisive, conclusive. 
 
 To SEVER, separate, disjoin, de- 
 tach. 
 
 SEVERAL, different, divers, sun- 
 dry, various. 
 
 SEVERE, rigid, austere, rigorous, 
 harsh, stern, rough. 
 
 SEVERE in remark, keen, cutting, 
 sarcastic, satirical. 
 
 SEX, gender. 
 
 SHACKLE, fetter, manacle, chain. 
 
 SHADE, shadow. 
 
 To SHAKE, agitate, tremble, shud- 
 der, shiver, quiver, quake. 
 
 To SHAME, abash, confuse, con- 
 found. 
 
 SHAME, dishonor, disgrace. 
 
 SHAMELESS, immodest, impudent, 
 indecent, indelicate. 
 
 SHAMEFUL (grossly), infamous, 
 scandalous, disgraceful, oppro- 
 brious, ignominious. 
 
 To SHAPE, form, fashion, mould. 
 
 To SHARE, divide, distribute, ap- 
 portion, participate, partake. 
 
 SHARP, acute, keen, shrewd. 
 
 SHARPNESS, penetration, shrewd- 
 
SHU 
 
 288 
 
 SKI 
 
 ness, acuteness, sagacity; sour- To SHUT, close. 
 
 ness, acidity, acrimony. SICK, sickly, diseased, 
 
 To SHED, pour, spill. ill, indisposed. 
 
 SHELTER, asylum, refuge, retreat. SIGHT, show, exhibition, represen* 
 To SHELTER, cover, screen, har-i tation, spectacle. 
 
 bor, lodge. SIGN, omen, prognostic, presage, 
 
 SHIFT, evasion, subterfuge; ex-i bodement, signal, token ; mark, 
 
 pedient, resource, alternative. sign, note, symptom. 
 To SHINE, radiate, glitter, glis- SIGNAL, memorable, remarkable, 
 
 ten, gleam, glare, sparkle, co- 
 ruscate. 
 
 SHINING, brilliant, splendid, re- 
 splendent, bright, radiant, glit- 
 tering. 
 
 To SHOCK, offend, disgust ; ap- 
 pall, dismay, terrify, affright, 
 disturb. 
 
 SHOCKING, formidable, dreadful, 
 terrible. 
 
 To SHOOT forth, sprout, bud, ger- 
 minate. 
 
 To SHOOT out, project, protrude. 
 
 SHORT, brief, concise, compen- 
 dious, summary, succinct, la- 
 conic.' 
 
 To SHORTEN, curtail, contract, 
 abridge, reduce. 
 
 SHOUTING, declamation, applause, 
 plaudit, exultation. 
 
 SHOW, outside appearance, sem- 
 blance ; exhibition, representa- 
 tion, sight, spectacle; parade, 
 ostentation. 
 
 To SHOW, exhibit, discover, dis- 
 play ; direct, point out, instruct, 
 inform. 
 
 SHOWY, ostentatious, gaudy, fine, 
 gay, splendid, pompous, sump- 
 tuous, magnificent, stately, 
 grand. 
 
 SHREWD, acute, keen, penetrat- 
 ing. 
 
 To SHRIEK, cry, scream, screech. 
 
 To SHUDDER, shake, tremble, 
 quake, quiver. 
 
 To SHUFFLE, equivocate, prevari- 
 
 eminent, distinguished. 
 
 SIGNIFICANT, expressive. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION, meaning, import, 
 sense ; avail, importance, con- 
 sequence, moment, weight. 
 
 To SIGNIFY, denote, imply, ex- 
 press, declare, testify, "utter, 
 betoken, intimate. 
 
 SILENCE, taciturnity ; stillness. 
 
 SILENT, dumb, mute, speechless. 
 
 SILLY, simple, foolish. 
 
 SIMILARITY, likeness, resemblance, 
 similitude. 
 
 SIMILE, similitude, comparison. 
 
 SIMILITUDE, likeness, resemblance, 
 similarity. 
 
 SIMPLE, silly, foolish ; single, sin- 
 gular. 
 
 SIMULATION, dissimulation, feint, 
 pretence. 
 
 SINCERE, unvarnished, honest, un- 
 dissembling, upright, true, un- 
 corrupt ; plain, frank. 
 
 SINGLE, only, sole, singular, par- 
 ticular. 
 
 SINGULAR, particular, odd, eccen- 
 tric, strange, rare, scarce. 
 
 To SINK, droop, drop, fall, tum- 
 ble. 
 
 SITE, place, spot, situation, locali- 
 ty- 
 
 SITUATION, condition, state, plight, 
 case, predicament ; place, site, 
 station, position, post, locality. 
 
 SIZE, greatness, magnitude, bulk. 
 
 To SKETCH, depict, delineate, poi> 
 tray, paint. 
 
 cate, quibble, cavil, evade, so- SKETCH, outline, draught. 
 
 phisticate. 
 To SHUN, avoid, elude, eschew, 
 evade. 
 
 SKILFUL, clever, expert, dextrous, 
 
 adroit. 
 j SKIN, hide, peel, rind, pelt, husk 
 
SOB 
 
 289 
 
 sotr 
 
 SLACK, Ifecse, relaxed. 
 
 To SLANDER, accuse falsely, as- 
 perse, calumniate, defame, de- 
 tract, scandalize, vilify. 
 
 SLAVERY, servitude, bondage, cap- 
 tivity. 
 
 SLAUGHTER, carnage, massacre, 
 butchery. 
 
 To SLAY, kill, murder, assassi- 
 nate. 
 
 To SLEEP, slumber, nap, doze, 
 drowse. 
 
 SLEEPY, drowsy, lethargic. 
 
 SLENDER, slight, slim, thin. 
 
 To SLIDE, slip, glide. 
 
 SLIGHT, slender, slim; cursory, 
 hasty, desultory ; neglect, con- 
 tempt, scorn. 
 
 To SLIP, slide, glide. 
 
 SLOTHFUL, lazy, inactive, slug- 
 gish, inert. 
 
 SLOW, dilatory, tardy, tedious, 
 dull. 
 
 SLUGGISH, inactive, inert, lazy, 
 slothful. 
 
 To SLUMBER, sleep, doze, nap, 
 drowse. 
 
 SLY, cunning, crafty, subtle, 
 wily. 
 
 SMALL, little, diminutive, mi- 
 nute. 
 
 SMARTNESS, quickness, liveliness, 
 briskness ; pungency, tartness. 
 
 To SMEAR, daub, besmear. 
 
 SMELL, scent, odor, perfume, fra- 
 grance. 
 
 SMOOTH, even, plain, level. 
 
 To SMOTHER, stifle, suppress, 
 suffocate. 
 
 SNARLING, cynical, snappish, 
 waspish. 
 
 To SNATCH, catch, seize, grasp, 
 gripe. 
 
 SNEAKING, crouching, servile. 
 
 To SNEER, scoff, gibe, jeer. 
 
 To SOAK, steep, imbrue ; drench, 
 macerate. 
 
 SOBER, moderate, abstemious, ab- 
 stinent, temperate ; grave. 
 
 SOBRIETY, moderation, temper- 
 ance, modesty. 
 
 SOCIAL, sociable, convivial, con- 
 versable, familiar, companion- 
 able. 
 
 SOCIETY, association, company, 
 community, fellowship. 
 
 SOFT, flexible, supple, ductile, 
 pliant, lithe, pliable, yielding, 
 compliant, docile, tractable ; 
 mild, gentle, meek. 
 
 To SOIL, stain, sully, tarnish. 
 
 To SOJOURN, dwell, reside, in- 
 habit; tarry, stay. 
 
 SOLACE, consolation, comfort, re- 
 creation. 
 
 SOLE, solitary, single, only, 
 alone. 
 
 SOLEMN, grave, serious. 
 
 To SOLICIT, ask, request, crave, 
 entreat, beg, beseech, implore, 
 supplicate. 
 
 SOLICITATION, importunity, invi- 
 tation. 
 
 SOLICITUDE, care, anxiety. 
 
 SOLID, hard, substantial, firm, 
 stable. 
 
 SOLITARY, sole, only, alone, sin- 
 gle, lonely; retired, remote; 
 desolate, desert. 
 
 To SOLVE, resolve, explain, clear 
 up. 
 
 SOME, any. 
 
 SOON, early, betimes ; quickly, 
 promptly. 
 
 To SOOTHE, allay, appease, as- 
 suage, compose, calm, tranquil- 
 lize, pacify, mitigate. 
 
 To SOPHISTICATE, adulterate, cor- 
 rupt, vitiate. 
 
 SORDID, mean, covetous, nig- 
 gardly, gross. 
 
 SORROW, affliction, grief. 
 
 SORRY, grieved, hurt, afflicted, 
 affected, mortified, vexed, cha- 
 grined. 
 
 SORT, species, kind. 
 
 SOVEREIGN, prince, monarch, po- 
 tentate. 
 
 SOUND, healthy, hearty, sane; 
 tone. 
 
 SOUR, acid, sharp, tart, acrimo- 
 nious, acetose, acetous. 
 
SPI 
 
 290 
 
 STA 
 
 SOURNESS of manner, acrimony, 
 asperity, harshness. 
 
 SOURCE, origin, rise, spring, foun- 
 tain. 
 
 SPACE, room. 
 
 SPACIOUS, ample, capacious. 
 
 To SPARE, afford, give, impart, 
 communicate. 
 
 SPARING, economical, saving, 
 thrifty. 
 
 SPARK, gallant, beau. 
 
 To SPARKLE, shine, glitter, glare, 
 radiate, coruscate. 
 
 To SPEAK, say, tell, talk, con- 
 verse, discourse, utter, articu- 
 late, pronounce. 
 
 To SPEAK to, accost, address, dis- 
 course. 
 
 SPECIAL, specific, particular. 
 
 SPECIES, kind, sort. 
 
 SPECIFIC, particular, special. 
 
 SPECIMEN, model, pattern, sam- 
 ple. 
 
 SPECIOUS, colorable, ostensible, 
 plausible, feasible. 
 
 SPECK, stain, spot, flaw, blem- 
 ish. 
 
 SPECTACLE, show, sight, exhibi- 
 tion, representation, pageant. 
 
 SPECTATOR, looker-on, beholder, 
 observer. 
 
 SPECTRE, ghost, phantom, appa- 
 rition. 
 
 SPECULATION, theory, scheme. 
 
 SPEECH, oration, address, ha- 
 rangue. 
 
 SPEECHLESS, dumb, silent, mute. 
 
 To SPEED, hasten, accelerate, ex- 
 pedite, despatch. 
 
 To SPEND, expend ; exhaust, dis- 
 sipate, squander, waste. 
 
 SPHERE, circle, globe, orb. 
 
 To SPILL, pour, shed. 
 
 SPIRITED, lively, animated, viva- 
 cious, ardent, active. 
 
 SPIRITS, animation, life, vivacity ; 
 courage, enterprise. 
 
 SPIRITUAL, immaterial, incorpo- 
 real. 
 
 SPITE, rancor, malice, malevo- 
 lence, malignity ; pique, grudge. 
 
 SPLENDOR, lustre, brightness, bril- 
 liancy ; magnificence, pomp, pa- 
 geantry. 
 
 SPLENETIC, morose, gloomy, sul- 
 len. 
 
 To SPLIT, break, burst ; crack. 
 
 SPOIL, booty, prey. 
 
 SPONTANEOUSLY, voluntarily, wil- 
 lingly. 
 
 SPORT, amusement, diversion, en- 
 tertainment, recreation, pas- 
 time ; play, game. 
 
 SPORTIVE, lively, jocund, spright- 
 ly, vivacious, merry. 
 
 SPOT, place, site, locality ; speck, 
 stain, flaw. 
 
 SPOTLESS, unspotted, unblemish- 
 ed ; blameless, irreproacha- 
 ble. 
 
 To SPREAD, scatter, expand, dif- 
 fuse, disperse, distribute, circu- 
 late, propagate, disseminate, 
 dispensate. 
 
 SPRIGHTLY, active, agile, assidu- 
 ous, alert, brisk. 
 
 SPRING, fountain, source. 
 
 To SPRING, arise, issue, proceed, 
 flow, emanate. 
 
 To SPRINKLE, bedew, besprinkle ; 
 scatter. 
 
 To SPROUT, bud, germinate, shoot 
 forth. 
 
 SPRUCE, finical, foppish, dandy- 
 ish. 
 
 SPURIOUS, counterfeit, suppositi- 
 tious, not genuine. 
 
 SPY, emissary. 
 
 To SQUANDER, spend, expend, 
 waste. 
 
 SQUEAMISH, fastidious, over-nice, 
 finical. 
 
 SQUEEZE, press, pinch, gripe. 
 
 STABILITY, fixedness, firmness, 
 steadiness. 
 
 STAFF, stick, crutch; prop, stay, 
 support. 
 
 To STAGGER, reel, totter. 
 
 To STAGNATE, stand, stop, rest. 
 
 STAIN, blot, blemish, spot, speck, 
 flaw. 
 
 To STAIN, color, dye, tinge. 
 
STI 
 
 291 
 
 STR 
 
 To STAIN or dirt, blot, maculate, 
 spot, foul, soil, tarnish, sully, 
 pollute. 
 
 To STAMMER, stutter; hesitate, 
 falter. 
 
 STAMP, mark, impression, print. 
 
 To STAND, stop, rest, stagnate. 
 
 STANDARD, criterion, rule, test. 
 
 To STARE, gape, gaze. 
 
 To START, startle, shrink. 
 
 STATE, condition, situation, posi- 
 tion, predicament, case, plight. 
 
 STATION, situation, position, post, 
 place. 
 
 STATELY, magisterial, majestic, 
 pompous, dignified, august. 
 
 STAY, staff, support, prop. 
 
 To STAY, remain, abide, con- 
 tinue. 
 
 STATE in life, station, situation, 
 condition, circumstances, rank, 
 degree, post. 
 
 STEADINESS, constancy, firmness, 
 stability. 
 
 To STEAL away, withdraw, ab- 
 scond. 
 
 To STEEP, soak, drench. 
 
 STERILITY, unfruitfulness, barren- 
 ness, aridity. 
 
 STERN, austere, severe, rigid, rig- 
 orous. 
 
 To STICK, hold, cleave, fasten, ad- 
 here, attach, fix. 
 
 STICKING to, adherent, adhesive, 
 tenacious. 
 
 STICKING together, cohesion, ag- 
 glutination. 
 
 To STIFLE, suppress, smother ; 
 suffocate, choke. 
 
 STIGMA, mark, badge. 
 
 To STILL, quiet, calm, lull, allay, 
 pacify, assuage, appease ; sub- 
 due, suppress. 
 
 To STIMULATE, animate, incite, 
 encourage, impel, urge, insti- 
 gate, irritate, exasperate, in- 
 cense. 
 
 STIPEND, allowance, pay, wages, 
 salary, hire. 
 
 To STIR up, awaken, rouse, in- 
 
 cite, animate, excite, stimulate, 
 provoke. 
 
 STOCK, store, fund, supply, accu- 
 mulation, hoard, provision. 
 
 STOP, cessation, rest, intermis- 
 sion. 
 
 To STOP, check, hinder, impede. 
 
 STORE. See STOCK. 
 
 STORM, blast, tempest, hurricane. 
 
 STORY, tale, anecdote, memoir, in' 
 cident. 
 
 STOUT, corpulent, lusty. 
 
 STRAIGHT, right, direct. 
 
 STRAIT, narrow. 
 
 STRANGE, particular, odd, singu- 
 lar, eccentric. 
 
 STRANGER, foreigner, alien. 
 
 STRATAGEM, artifice, trick, finesse, 
 deception, cheat, imposture, de- 
 lusion, fraud, deceit, imposition. 
 
 To STRAY, deviate, wander, swerve, 
 rove, ramble, err. 
 
 STREAM, current, tide. 
 
 STRENGTH, power, force, autho- 
 rity. 
 
 To STRENGTHEN, fortify, invigo- 
 rate, animate. 
 
 STRENUOUS, bold, zealous, vehe* 
 ment, vigorous, ardent. 
 
 To STRETCH, extend, reach. 
 
 STRICT, accurate, exact, nice ; 
 rigorous, severe. 
 
 STRICTURE, animadversion, criti- 
 cism, censure. 
 
 STRIFE, dissension, contention, 
 discord. 
 
 To STRIKE, hit, beat. 
 
 A STRIKING together, collision, 
 clashing. 
 
 To STRIP, bereave, deprive, divest; 
 rob, plunder, pillage. 
 
 To STRIVE, contend, vie ; endea- 
 vor, aim, struggle. 
 
 STROKE, blow, knock. 
 
 To STROLL, wander, ramble, rove, 
 roam, range. 
 
 STRONG, forcible, cogent, potent, 
 efficacious ; powerful, vigorous, 
 stout, robust, hardy, firm, mus- 
 cular. 
 
SUB 
 
 292 
 
 SUP 
 
 STRUCTURE, edifice, fabric. 
 
 To STRUGGLE, contend, contest, 
 strive, endeavor, labor. 
 
 STUBBORN, obstinate, contuma- 
 cious, unyielding, headstrong, 
 heady. 
 
 STUDY, attention, application. 
 
 STUPID, dull, doltish. 
 
 STURDY, strong, firm, robust. 
 
 To STUTTER, stammer, hesitate, 
 falter. 
 
 STYLE, diction, phraseology. 
 
 To STYLE, name, denominate, en- 
 title, characterize, designate. 
 
 SUAVITY, urbanity, sweetness. 
 
 To SUBDUE, overbear, overpower, 
 overcome, surmount, conquer, 
 vanquish, subjugate. 
 
 SUBJECT, matter, materials, ob- 
 jeot ; exposed, liable, obnox- 
 'ious; subordinate, subservient, 
 inferior. 
 
 To SUBJECT, subjugate, subdue. 
 
 To SULJOIX, affix, attach, connect, 
 add to. 
 
 SUBLIME, great, grand, exalted, 
 lofty, elevated. 
 
 SUBMISSIVE, compliant, yielding, 
 obedieut, obsequious; humble, 
 modest, passive. 
 
 To SUBMIT, comply, yield. 
 
 SUBORDINATE, subject, inferior, 
 subservient. 
 
 To SUBORN, perjure, forswear. 
 
 SUBSEQUENT, consequent, poste- 
 rior. 
 
 SUBSERVIENT, subject, subordi- 
 nate, inferior. 
 
 To SUBSIDE, abate, intermit. 
 
 To SUBSIST, exist, to be. 
 
 SUBSISTENCE, living, livelihood, 
 sustenance, support, mainte- 
 nance. 
 
 SUBSTANTIAL, solid ; strong, stout, 
 bulky ; responsible. 
 
 To SUBSTITUTE, change, ex- 
 change. 
 
 SUBTERFUGE, evasion, shift, quirk. 
 
 SUBTLE, cunning, crafty, sly, 
 wily. 
 
 To SUBTRACT, deduct, withdraw. 
 
 To SUBVERT, overturn, overthrow, 
 invert, reverse. 
 
 To SUCCEED, follow, ensue ; obtain 
 one's object. 
 
 SUCCESSFUL, fortunate, lucky, 
 prosperous. 
 
 SUCCESSION, series, order. 
 
 SUCCESSIVE, alternate. 
 
 SUCCINCT, brief, short, concise, 
 compendious, summary, lauo- 
 nic. 
 
 To SUCCOR, aid, assist, help, re- 
 lieve, cherish. 
 
 SUDDEN, unexpected, unanticipat- 
 ed, unlooked-for. 
 
 To SUFFER, bear, endure, support, 
 sustain ; admit, allow, permit, 
 tolerate. 
 
 SUFFICIENT, enough, competent, 
 adequate. 
 
 To SUFFOCATE, stifle, smother, 
 choke. 
 
 SUFFRAGE, vote, voice. 
 
 To SUGGEST, allude, hint, refer 
 to, glance at, intimate, insinu- 
 ate. 
 
 To SUIT, answer, fit, serve ; agree, 
 accord. 
 
 SUIT, prayer, request, petition. 
 
 SUITABLE" fit, apt, meet, becom- 
 ing, expedient, seemly ; agree- 
 able, conformable ; convenient. 
 
 SUITOR, wooer, lover. 
 
 SULLEN, gloomy, morose, sple- 
 netic. 
 
 To SULLY, stain, tarnish, soil. 
 
 SUMMARY, brief, short, compen- 
 dious, succinct, laconic. 
 
 To SUMMON, call, cite, bid, in- 
 vite. 
 
 SUNDRY, different, several, va- 
 rious, diverse. 
 
 SUPERFICIAL, shallow, flimsy. 
 
 SUPERFICIES, surface. 
 
 SUPERFLUITY, excess, redundancy. 
 
 SUPERIORITY, excellence, pre-emi- 
 nence. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENCE, inspection, 
 oversight, superintendence. 
 
sus 
 
 293 
 
 TAL 
 
 SUPERSCRIPTION, direction, ad- 
 dress. 
 
 To SUPERSEDE, overrule, set 
 aside. 
 
 SUPINE, indolent, listless, care- 
 less. 
 
 SUPPLE, flexible, pliant, bending. 
 
 To SUPPLICATE, beg, solicit, be- 
 seech, entreat, implore, crave. 
 
 To SUPPLY, furnish, provide, ad- 
 minister, minister, contribute. 
 
 To SUPPORT, sustain, stay, prop, 
 uphold, maintain; assist, coun- 
 tenance, favor, second, for- 
 ward, patronize, promote, en- 
 courage ; nurture, nourish, che- 
 rish, protect, shield, defend. 
 
 To SUPPOSE, conceive, appre- 
 hend, imagine, think, believe, 
 deem. 
 
 SUPPOSITION, conjecture, surmise, 
 guess. 
 
 SUPPOSITITIOUS, spurious, counter- 
 feit, not genuine. 
 
 To SUPPRESS, repress, restrain, 
 put down, stifle, smother. 
 
 SURE, infallible, certain, indis- 
 putable ; safe, secure ; confi- 
 dent. 
 
 SURFACE, superficies. 
 
 SURGE, wave, billow, breaker. 
 
 SURMISE, conjecture, supposition. 
 
 To SURMOUNT, rise above, over- 
 come, subdue, vanquish, con- 
 quer. 
 
 To SURPASS, excel, exceed, outdo, 
 outstrip. 
 
 SURPRISE, wonder, astonishment, 
 admiration, amazement. 
 
 To SURRENDER, give up, deliver, 
 yield, cede. 
 
 To SURROUND, environ, encom- 
 pass, encircle; enclose, in- 
 vest. 
 
 SURVEY, review, retrospect ; view, 
 prospect. 
 
 To SURVIVES outlive. 
 
 SUSCEPTIBILITY, sensibility, feel 
 ing. 
 
 SUSPENSE, doubt, indetermina 
 tion. 
 
 SUSPICION, jealousy, distrust, dif- 
 fidence. 
 
 To SUSTAIN, support, maintain, 
 bear up. 
 
 SUSTENANCE, living, livelihood, 
 subsistence, support, mainte- 
 nance. 
 
 SWAIN, countryman, peasant, rus- 
 tic, hind, clown. 
 
 To SWALLOW up, absorb, imbibe, 
 ingulf', engross, consume. 
 
 SWARM, multitude, throng, crowd- 
 
 SWAY, influence, authority, as- 
 cendency, rule. 
 
 To SWELL, heave ; rise, protuber- 
 ate, enlarge. 
 
 fo SWELL out, extend, enlarge > 
 expand, dilate. 
 
 SWELLING, turgid, tumid. 
 
 To SWERVE, deviate, wander, 
 stray. 
 
 SWIFTNESS, quickness, fleetness, 
 rapidity, celerity, velocity. 
 
 SYCOPHANT, flatterer, parasite. 
 
 SYMBOL, emblem, figure, type , 
 metaphor. 
 
 SYMMETRY, proportion, harmony. 
 
 SYMPATHY, compassion, commis* 
 eration, condolence ; fellow- 
 feeling ; agreement. 
 
 SYMPTOM, mark, note, sign, token, 
 indication. 
 
 SYNOD, assembly, meeting, convo- 
 cation, diet, congress, congre< 
 gation, convention. 
 
 SYSTEM, method ; scheme. 
 
 TACITURNITY, silence. 
 
 To TAINT, contaminate, defile, 
 pollute, corrupt, infect, vitiate. 
 
 To TAKE, accept, receive ; seize. 
 
 To TAKE heed, guard against. 
 
 To TAKE from, deduct, subtract, 
 abstract. 
 
 To TAKE out, extract. 
 
 TALE, anecdote, story, fable, inci- 
 dent, memoir, narrative. 
 
 TALENT, ability, faculty, gift, en- 
 dowment. 
 
TEM 
 
 294 
 
 THO 
 
 , conversation, colloquy, dis- 1 TEMPERATE, moderate, abstinent, 
 
 course, chat, dialogue, confer- 
 ence, communication. 
 
 TALKATIVENESS, garrulity, loqua- 
 city. 
 
 TALL, high, lofty. 
 
 TAME, gentle. 
 
 To TANTALIZE, aggravate, pro- 
 voke, irritate, vex, tease, taunt, 
 torment. 
 
 TARDY, slow, d'.latorv, tedious. 
 
 To TARNISH, stain, sully, soil. 
 
 To TARRY, await, loiter, continue, 
 linger, saunter. 
 
 TARTNESS, acrimony, asperity, 
 acerbity, harshness. 
 
 TASK, work, labor, toil, drudg- 
 ery. 
 
 TASTE, judgment, discernment, 
 perception, sensibility; savor, 
 relish, flavor, gout. 
 
 To TAUNT, tease, vex, tantalize, 
 torment. 
 
 TAUTOLOGY, repetition. 
 
 TAX, impost, tribute, contribution, 
 duty, toll, rate, assessment, cus- 
 tom. 
 
 To TEACH, inform, instruct. 
 
 To TEAR, rend, rack, break. 
 
 To TEASE, vex, tantalize, plague, 
 torment, mortify, chagrin. 
 
 TEDIOUS, slow, dilatory, tardy; 
 wearisome, tiresome. 
 
 TEGUMENT, covering. 
 
 To TELL, make known, communi- 
 cate, impart, reveal, disclose, 
 inform, acquaint, report. 
 
 To TELL over, repeat, recite, re- 
 hearse, recapitulate, enumerate. 
 
 TEMERITY, rashness, precipitancy, 
 heedlessness. 
 
 TEMPER, disposition, tempera- 1 
 ment, constitution ; frame, mood, 
 humor. 
 
 To TEMPER, gratify, humor, mo- 
 dify ; soften, assuage, mollify, 
 soothe, calm. 
 
 TEMPERAMENT, frame, constitu- 
 tion, temper. 
 
 TEMPERANCE, moderation, sobrie- 
 ty, modesty. 
 
 abstemious, sober. 
 
 TEMPEST, blast, gale, storm, hur- 
 ricane. 
 
 TEMPORAL, worldly, secular. 
 
 TEMPORARY, transient, transitory, 
 fleeting. 
 
 TEMPORIZING, time-serving. 
 
 To TEMPT, allure, attract, decoy, 
 entice, seduce ; try. 
 
 TENDENCY, inclination, propen- 
 sity, proneness ; drift, scope, 
 aim. 
 
 To TENDER, offer, propose, bid. 
 
 TENDERNESS, benignity, humanity, 
 benevolence, kindness. 
 
 TENET, doctrine, opinion, princi- 
 ple, position. 
 
 TERM, condition, stipulation ; 
 limit, boundary ; word, expres- 
 sion. 
 
 To TERMINATE, complete, finish, 
 close, end. 
 
 TERRIBLE, terrific, fearful, dread- 
 ful, shocking, frightful, horri- 
 ble. 
 
 TERRITORY, domain. 
 
 TERROR, alarm, fright, consterna- 
 tion. 
 
 TEST, criterion, standard; expe- 
 rience, experiment, trial, proof. 
 
 To TESTIFY, declare, signify, ut- 
 ter. 
 
 TESTIMONY, proof, evidence. 
 
 THEORY, speculation. 
 
 THEREFORE, consequently, accord- 
 ingly. 
 
 THICK, dense, close, compact, 
 solid ; gross, coarse. 
 
 THIN, lean, meagre, slim, slender, 
 rare, slight. 
 
 To THINK, cogitate, consider, re- 
 flect, ponder, deliberate, con- 
 template, meditate, muse ; con- 
 ceive, imagine, suppose, opine, 
 believe, deem, fancy. 
 
 THOUGHT, imagination, concep- 
 tion, fancy, idea ; conceit, no- 
 tion, supposition, consideration, 
 meditation, reflection, contem- 
 plation, cogitation, deliberation. 
 
TOR 
 
 295 
 
 TRA 
 
 THOKJGHTFUL, considerate, delibe- 
 rate, attentive, careful, wary, 
 circumspect, discreet; reflective, 
 contemplative. 
 
 THREAT, menace. 
 
 THREATENING, imminent, impend- 
 ing. 
 
 THRIFTY, economical, saving, 
 sparing, careful, penurious. 
 
 To THRIVE, flourish, prosper. 
 
 THRONG, multitude, crowd, 
 swarm. 
 
 To THROW, cast, hurl. 
 
 To THROW back, reject, retort; re- 
 flect. 
 
 To THROW in, inject. 
 
 To THWART, oppose, resist, with- 
 stand. 
 
 TIDE, current, stream. 
 
 TIDINGS, news, intelligence. 
 
 TILLAGE, cultivation, husbandry. 
 
 TIME, duration ; period, age, date, 
 era, epoch ; season. 
 
 TIMELY, seasonably, opportune. 
 
 TIME-SERVING, temporizing. 
 
 TIMID, timorous, fearful, afraid. 
 
 TIMIDITY, pusillanimity, fear, 
 cowardice. 
 
 To TINGE, dye, color, stain. 
 
 TINT, hue, color. 
 
 To TIRE, weary, jade, harass. 
 
 TIRED, fatigued, wearied, jaded, 
 harassed. 
 
 TIRESOME, tedious, wearisome. 
 
 TITLE, denomination, name, ap- 
 pellation. 
 
 TOIL, labor, drudgery. 
 
 TOKEN, mark, sign, note, symp- 
 tom, indication. 
 
 To TOLERATE, admit, allow, per- 
 mit, suffer. 
 
 TOLL, tax, custom, duty, impost, 
 contribution. 
 
 TOMB, grave, sepulchre. 
 
 TONE, sound. 
 
 TONGUE, language, speech, idiom, 
 dialect. 
 
 TORMENT, torture. 
 
 To TORMENT, tease, vex, tanta- 
 lize, taunt, torment. 
 
 TORPID, benumbed, numb. 
 
 To Toss, shake, agitate. 
 
 TOTAL, gross, whole, entire, conv 
 plete. 
 
 To TOTTER, stagger, reel. 
 
 TOUCH, contact. 
 
 TOUCHING, affecting, moving, pa* 
 thetic. 
 
 TOUR, circuit, round, excursion, 
 ramble, trip, jaunt. 
 
 To TRACE, derive, deduce. 
 
 TRACE, mark, track, vestige. 
 
 TRACT, essay, treatise, disserta- 
 tion ; district, region, quarter. 
 
 TRACTABLE, docile, ductile. 
 
 TRADE, business, profession, occu- 
 pation, calling, office, avocation, 
 employment ; commerce, deal- 
 ing, traffic. 
 
 TRADER, merchant, tradesman. 
 
 To TRADUCE, disparage, detract, 
 depreciate, degrade, decry. 
 
 TRAFFIC, commerce, exchange, 
 barter, dealing, truck, trade. 
 
 TRAIN, retinue, procession. 
 
 TRAITOROUS, treacherous, treason- 
 able. 
 
 To TRANQUILLIZE, appease, allay, 
 assuage, compose, soothe, calm, 
 pacify. 
 
 TRANQUILLITY, peace, quiet, calm, 
 repose. 
 
 To TRANSACT, negotiate, treat for, 
 or about. 
 
 TRANSACTION, proceeding. 
 
 To TRANSCEND, exceed, surpass, 
 excel, outdo. 
 
 To TRANSCRIBE, copy. 
 
 To TRANSFIGURE, transform, meta- 
 morphose. 
 
 TRANSGRESSION, offence, infringe- 
 ment ; misdemeanor, misdeed, 
 affront. 
 
 TRANSIENT, transitory, temporary, 
 fleeting. 
 
 TRANSPARENT, pellucid, transit 
 cent, transpicuous, diaphanous, 
 pervious. 
 
 To TRANSPORT, bear, carry, con- 
 vey. 
 
TRO 
 
 296 
 
 UNB 
 
 TRANSPORT, ecstasy, rapture. 
 
 TRAVEL, journey, tour. 
 
 TREACHEROUS, faithless, perfidious, 
 insidious. 
 
 TREASONABLE, treacherous, trai- 
 torous. 
 
 To TREASURE, hoard, deposit, lay 
 up. 
 
 TREAT, feast, banquet, carousal, 
 entertainment. 
 
 To TREAT fur, or about, nego- 
 tiate. 
 
 TREATMENT, usage ; entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 TREMBLING, tremor, trepidation, 
 shaking, shivering, quivering. 
 
 TREMENDOUS, dreadful, frightful, 
 terrible, terrific, horrid, horri- 
 ble. 
 
 TREMOR. See TREMBLING. 
 
 TREPIDATION, agitation, tremor, 
 disturbance, emotion, trem- 
 bling. 
 
 TRESPASS, offence, transgression, 
 misdemeanor, misdeed. 
 
 TRIAL, experiment, proof, test ; 
 attempt, endeavor, effort. 
 
 TRIBUTE. See TAX. 
 
 TRICK, artifice, stratagem, wile, 
 fraud, cheat, juggle, finesse, 
 sleight, deception, imposture, 
 delusion, imposition. 
 
 TRIFLING, trivial, futile, petty, 
 frivolous, unimportant, incon- 
 siderable, light, slight, worth- 
 less. 
 
 TRIP, excursion, ramble, tour, 
 jaunt. 
 
 TRIVIAL. See TRIFLING. 
 
 To TROUBLE, afflict, distress, ha- 
 rass, perplex, disturb, molest. 
 
 TROUBLES, distress, affliction, ad- 
 versity, calamity, misfortune; 
 difficulties, embarrassments, 
 perplexities, vexations, anxie- 
 ties, sorrow, misery. 
 
 TROUBLESOME, vexatious, perplex- 
 ing, harassing, annoying, dis- 
 gusting, disturbing, irksome, 
 afflictive. 
 
 To TRUCK, exchange, barter, com* 
 mute. 
 
 TRUE, sincere, honest, upright, 
 plain. 
 
 TRUST, belief, credit, faith, confi- 
 dence ; hope, expectation. 
 
 TRUSTY, faithful. 
 
 To give in TRUST, intrust, com- 
 mit, confide, consign, charge. 
 
 TRUTH, veracity, honesty, faith- 
 fulness, fidelity. 
 
 To TRY, attempt, endeavor, essay ; 
 tempt. 
 
 To TUG, haul, pull, pluck, hale. 
 
 To TUMBLE, fall, sink, drop, 
 droop. 
 
 TUMID, turgid, bombastic. 
 
 TUMULT, uproar, commotion, 
 riot. 
 
 TURBULENT, tumultuous, riotous, 
 seditious, mutinous. 
 
 TURGID, tumid, bombastic. 
 
 TURN, gyration, meander; cast, 
 bent, character. 
 
 To TURN, revolve, circulate, 
 whirl, twirl, wheel ; bend, 
 twist, distort, wring, wrest, con- 
 tort. 
 
 To TWIST. See TURN. 
 
 TYPE, symbol, figure, emblem. 
 
 TYRANNICAL, absolute, arbitrary, 
 despotic, imperious. 
 
 U 
 
 ULTIMATE, last, latest, final. 
 
 UMPIRE, arbiter, arbitrator, judge. 
 
 UNANTICIPATED, unexpected, un- 
 looked-for ; sudden. 
 
 UNAVOIDABLE, not to be avoided, 
 inevitable. 
 
 UNBELIEF, disbelief; infidelity, 
 incredulity, skepticism. 
 
 UNBLEMISHED, blameless, spotless, 
 unspotted, irreproachable. 
 
 UNBODIED, incorporeal, immate- 
 rial, spiritual. 
 
 UNBOUNDED, boundless, infinite, 
 unlimited, illimitable, intermi- 
 nable. 
 
TING 
 
 297 
 
 UNS 
 
 UNBURY, disinter, disentomb, ex- 
 hume, exhumate. 
 
 UNCEASINGLY, uninterruptedly, 
 always, constantly, continually, 
 perpetually, ever. 
 
 UNCERTAIN, doubtful, dubious, 
 precarious ; equivocal. 
 
 UNCOMMON, rare, scarce, unique, 
 choice, singular. 
 
 UNCONCERNED, indifferent, regard- 
 less. 
 
 UNCONQUERABLE, invincible, insu- 
 perable, insurmountable. 
 
 UNCOUTH, odd, strange, awk- 
 ward, clumsy, unhandy, unpo- 
 lite. 
 
 To UNCOVER, discover, strip, de- 
 nude. 
 
 UNDAUNTED, bold, fearless, intre- 
 pid. 
 
 UNDENIABLE, indubitable, indis- 
 putable, incontrovertible, un- 
 questionable, irrefragable. 
 
 UNDER, below, beneath, subja- 
 cent, lower. 
 
 To UNDERMINE, sap. 
 
 To UNDERSTAND, comprehend, 
 conceive, apprehend. 
 
 UNDERSTANDING, intellect, intelli- 
 gence, faculty ; comprehension, 
 apprehension, perception, con- 
 ception. 
 
 UNDERTAKING, enterprise, attempt, 
 engagement. 
 
 UNDETERMINED, unsettled, un- 
 steady, irresolute, unresolved, 
 hesitating, doubtful, fluctuat- 
 ing, wavering. 
 
 UNEXPECTED, sudden, unlocked 
 for, unanticipated. 
 
 UNFAITHFUL, perfidious, treacher- 
 ous ; undutiful, disloyal. 
 
 UNFEELING, insensible, unsuscep- 
 tible, callous, obdurate. 
 
 To UNFOLD, develop, divulge, un- 
 ravel, expand. 
 
 UNFRUITFULNESS, barrenness, ste- 
 rility, aridity. 
 
 UNGOVERNABLE, unruly, refracto- 
 ry, obstreperous. 
 
 UNHANDY, awkward, clumsy, un- 
 couth, untoward. 
 
 UNHAPPY, miserable, wretched, 
 distressed, afflicted ; unforku 
 nate, calamitous. 
 
 UNIFORM, equal, even, equable, 
 alike. 
 
 UNIMPORTANT, insignificant, im* 
 material, inconsiderable, trivial, 
 trifling, petty. 
 
 UNINTERRUPTEDLY, unceasingly, 
 incessantly, unintermitting. 
 
 UNISON, accordance, agreement, 
 harmony ; melody. 
 
 To UNITE, join, combine, connect, 
 coalesce. 
 
 UNIVERSAL, general. 
 
 UNLEARNED, illiterate, unlettered, 
 ignorant. 
 
 UNLIKE, dissimilar. 
 
 UNLIMITED, boundless, unbound- 
 ed, illimitable, infinite. 
 
 UNLOOKED-FOR, unanticipated ; 
 sudden. 
 
 UNMERCIFUL, merciless, hard- 
 hearted, cruel. 
 
 UNOFFENDING, inoffensive, harm- 
 less. 
 
 UNQUESTIONABLE, indubitable, in- 
 disputable, incontrovertible, ir- 
 refragable, undeniable. 
 
 To UNRAVEL, unfold, develop; 
 disentangle, extricate. 
 
 UNRELENTING, relentless, impla- 
 cable, inexorable. 
 
 UNRULY, ungovernable, refracto- 
 ry- 
 
 UNSEARCHABLE, inscrutable. 
 
 To UNSETTLE, disconcert, dis- 
 compose, dis rrange, derange, 
 displace, rufiie, disorder, con- 
 fuse. 
 
 UNSETTLE, undetermined, un- 
 steady, wavering. 
 
 UNSPEAKABLE, ineffable, unutter- 
 able, inexpressible. 
 
 UNSPOTTED. See SPOTLESS. 
 
 UNSTABLE, infirm, changeable, 
 mutable, wavering. 
 
 UNSTEADY. See UNSETTLED. 
 
VAL 
 
 298 
 
 VEX 
 
 UNSUSCEPTIBLE, unfeeling, insen- 
 sible, hard, callous. 
 
 UNTIMELY, premature, inoppor- 
 tune, unseasonable. 
 
 UNTOWARD, awkward; uncouth; 
 froward, perverse. 
 
 UNTRUTH, falsehood, falsity, lie, 
 mendacity. 
 
 UNUTTERABLE. See UNSPEAKA- 
 BLE. 
 
 UNWILLING, averse, backward, 
 loth, reluctant. 
 
 UNWORTHY, worthless; mean, 
 contemptible, vile. 
 
 To UPBRAID, blame, reprove, re- 
 proach, censure, condemn. 
 
 UPRIGHTNESS, rectitude, integrity, 
 probity, honesty. 
 
 UPROAR, bustle, tumult, disturb- 
 ance. 
 
 URBANITY, suavity, affability, 
 complaisance, courtesy. 
 
 To URGE, animate, incite, impel, 
 instigate, stimulate ; encourage. 
 
 URGENT, pressing, importunate. 
 
 USAGE, custom, prescription ; 
 treatment. 
 
 USE, usage, practice, habit ; avail, 
 advantage, utility, benefit, ser- 
 vice. 
 
 USUALLY, generally, commonly. 
 
 To USURP, arrogate, assume, ap- 
 propriate. 
 
 UTILITY, advantage, benefit, ser- 
 vice, avail, use. 
 
 To UTTER, speak, articulate, pro- 
 nounce, express. 
 
 UTTERED by the mouth, oral, vo- 
 cal, verbal. 
 
 VACANCY, vacuity, chasm, inani- 
 ty- 
 
 VACANT, empty, void, devoid; 
 idle. 
 
 VACUITY. See VACANCY. 
 
 VAGUE, loose, lax. 
 
 VAIN, idle, fruitless, ineffectual. 
 
 VALE, valley, dale, dingle, dell. 
 
 VALEDICTION, farewell, taking 
 leave. 
 
 VALOR, bravery, courage, gal- 
 lantry, boldness, intrepidity ; 
 fearlessness. 
 
 VALUABLE, precious, costly, esti- 
 mable. 
 
 VALUE, worth, rate, price ; ac- 
 count, estimation, appreciation. 
 
 To VALUE, compute, rate, calcu- 
 late, appraise, assess ; appre- 
 ciate, estimate ; esteem, re- 
 spect, regard, prize. 
 
 VANITY, pride, conceit. 
 
 To VANQUISH, conquer, subdue, 
 surmount, overcome. 
 
 VARIABLE, changeable, fickle, wa- 
 vering, versatile, unsteady. 
 
 VARIATION, change, vicissitude, 
 variety, 
 
 VARIETY, difference, diversity, 
 change, medley. 
 
 VARIOUS, different, divers, seve- 
 ral, sundry. 
 
 To V r ARNisH, gloss, palliate. 
 
 To VARY, change, alter; differ, 
 disagree, dissent. 
 
 VAST, enormous, huge, im- 
 mense. 
 
 To VAUNT, glory, boast, brag. 
 
 VAUNTING, boasting, ostentation, 
 vain-glory, parade. 
 
 VEHEMENT, ardent, hot, eager, 
 firm, passionate, impetuous, vi- 
 olent. 
 
 VEIL, mask, cloak, blind, cover- 
 ing. 
 
 VELOCITY, quickness, swiftness, 
 fleetness, celerity, rapidity. 
 
 VENAL, mercenary, hireling. 
 
 To VENERATE, adore, revere, re- 
 verence. 
 
 VENIAL, pardonable. 
 
 VENTURE, hazard, risk. 
 
 VERACITY, truth, integrity. 
 
 VERBAL, vocal, oral. 
 
 VERGE, border, edge, rim, brim, 
 brink, margin. 
 
 VESTIGE, mark, trace, track. 
 
 To VEX, tease, plague, tanta- 
 
VIT 
 
 299 
 
 WAR 
 
 lize, torment, mortify, chagrin, 
 offend. 
 
 VEXATION, chagrin, mortification ; 
 uneasiness, trouble. 
 
 VICE, imperfection, defect, fault; 
 crime. 
 
 VICINITY, neighborhood. 
 
 Vicious corrupt, depraved, pro- 
 fligate, wicked. 
 
 VICISSITUDE, change, variation. 
 
 VICTOR, conqueror, vanquisher. 
 
 To VIE, contend, strive. 
 
 To VIEW, look, see, behold, eye. 
 
 VIEW, survey, prospect ; land- 
 scape. 
 
 VIGILANT, watchful, wakeful. 
 
 VIGOR, energy, force, strength, 
 efficacy. 
 
 VIGOROUS, strong ; active, agile, 
 alert, brisk, nimble, sedulous, 
 diligent. 
 
 VILE, base, mean, worthless, des- 
 picable, wicked. 
 
 To VILIFY, accuse falsely, asperse, 
 calumniate, defame, detract, 
 scandalize, slander. 
 
 To VINDICATE, defend, protect; 
 . clear. 
 
 VINDICTIVE, resentful, revenge- 
 ful. 
 
 To VIOLATE, infringe, trans- 
 gress ; injure; hurt; ravish, 
 deflower. 
 
 VIOLENT, forcible, vehement, bois- 
 terous, turbulent, furious, im- 
 petuous, passionate. 
 
 VISAGE, face, countenance. 
 
 VISIBLE, apparent, obvious, clear, 
 plain, evident, discernible, ma- 
 nifest, distinct. 
 
 VISION, apparition, phantom, 
 spectre, ghost. 
 
 VISIONARY, imaginary, fantasti- 
 cal ; enthusiast, fanatic. 
 
 VISITANT, visiter, guest. 
 
 To VITIATE, contaminate, taint, 
 defile, pollute, infect, sophisti- 
 cate. 
 
 VITIATED, corrupt, depraved, de- 
 based, wicked. 
 
 VIVACIOUS, animated, lively, 
 sprightly, sportive, jocund, 
 merry. 
 
 VIVACITY, life, animation, spirits, 
 lightness, volatility. 
 
 VIVID, clear, lucid, bright ; live- 
 ly, quick, sprightly, active; 
 striking. 
 
 VOCABULARY, dictionary, nomen- 
 clature, lexicon, glossary. 
 
 VOCAL, verbal, oral. 
 
 VOID, empty, vacant, devoid. 
 
 VOLATILITY, lightness, levity, gid- 
 diness, flightiness. 
 
 VOLUNTARILY, spontaneously, wil- 
 lingly, gratuitously. 
 
 VOLUPTUARY, sensualist, epi- 
 cure. 
 
 VORACIOUS, rapacious, ravenous, 
 greedy. 
 
 VOTE, suffrage, voice. 
 
 To VOUCH, obtest, attest, warrant ; 
 asseverate, affirm, aver, protest, 
 assure. 
 
 VULGAR, common, ordinary, mean, 
 low. 
 
 W 
 
 WAGES, stipend, salary, hire, al- 
 lowance, pay. 
 
 WAKEFUL, watchful, vigilant, ob- 
 servant. 
 
 WALK, carriage, gait. 
 
 To WALK unsteadily, stagger, reel, 
 totter. 
 
 WAN, pale, pallid. 
 
 To WANDER, stroll, ramble, rove, 
 roam, range. 
 
 WANT, poverty, penury, indigence, 
 necessity, need, lack. 
 
 WARE, commodity, goods, mer- 
 chandise. 
 
 WARINESS, caution, circumspec- 
 tion, scrupulousness, care. 
 
 WARLIKE, martial, military, sol- 
 dier-like. 
 
 WARM-HEARTED, cordial, sincere, 
 hearty. 
 
 WARMTH, fervency, fervor, ardor, 
 
WEI 
 
 300 
 
 WON 
 
 zeal, cordiality ; vehemence, 
 heat ; glow. 
 
 WARNING, caution, admonition, 
 notice. 
 
 To WARRANT, answer for, gua- 
 ranty, secure. 
 
 WARY, cautious, circumspect, 
 guarded, watchful. 
 
 To WASTE, spend, expend, dissi- 
 pate ; squander, consume, la- 
 vish, destroy. 
 
 WASTE, devastation, ravage, 
 spoil, desolation, havoc, destruc- 
 tion ; consumption, dissipa- 
 tion. 
 
 WASTEFUL, profuse, extravagant, 
 prodigal, lavish. 
 
 WATCHFUL, vigilant, attentive, 
 cautious, observant, circum- 
 spect, wakeful. 
 
 WATERY, aqueous. 
 
 WAVE, billow, surge, breaker. 
 
 To WAVER, hesitate, fluctuate, 
 scruple. 
 
 WAY, method, system, mode, 
 means, manner, form, fashion ; 
 road, route, course. 
 
 WEAK, feeble, infirm, enfeebled, 
 debilitated, enervated. 
 
 WEAKNESS, debility, languor, 
 feebleness, infirmity, imbecili- 
 ty, frailty, impotence ; failing, 
 foible. 
 
 WEALTH, riches, opulence, afflu- 
 ence. 
 
 WEARINESS, lassitude, fatigue. 
 
 WEARISOME, tiresome, tedious, fa- 
 tiguing, troublesome, annoying, 
 vexatious. 
 
 To WEARY, tire, fatigue, harass, 
 jade, subdue ; vex, annoy. 
 
 WEDDING, marriage, nuptials. 
 
 WEDLOCK, marriage, matrimony. 
 
 WEEKLY, hebdomadal. 
 
 WEIGHT, gravity, heaviness, pon- 
 derousness ; burden, load ; sig- 
 nification, avail, importance, 
 consequence, moment. 
 
 WEIGHTY, heavy, burdensome, 
 ponderous ; onerous. 
 
 [WELCOME, acceptable, agreeable, 
 gi'ateful. 
 
 WELL-BEING, welfare, prosperity, 
 happiness. 
 
 WELFARE. See the preceding 
 word. 
 
 To WELTER, wallow. 
 
 To WHEEDLE, coax, cajole, 
 fawn. 
 
 WHIM, freak, caprice. 
 
 WHIMSICAL, capricious, fanciful, 
 fantastical. 
 
 To WHIRL, twirl, turn, wheel, re- 
 volve, circulate. 
 
 To WHITEN, blanch, bleach. 
 
 WHOLE, all ; entire, complete, 
 integral, total, undivided, per- 
 fect. 
 
 WICKED, unjust, nefarious, irreli- 
 gious, profane, impious. 
 
 WICKED in a high degree, atro- 
 cious, heinous, flagrant, flagi- 
 tious, villanous, enormous, 
 monstrous. 
 
 WILLINGLY, voluntarily, sponta- 
 neously. 
 
 To WIN, obtain, gain, procure, 
 get, earn. 
 
 WILY, subtle, sly, crafty, cun- 
 ning. 
 
 To WIND, turn, whirl, twirl. 
 
 WISDOM, sapience, knowledge ; 
 prudence. 
 
 WISE, sage ; sapient, sagacious ; 
 learned, skilled ; judicious ; dis- 
 creet, prudent. 
 
 To WISH, desire, long for, hanker 
 after. 
 
 WIT, ingenuity ; humor, satire, 
 irony, burlesque ; contrivance, 
 stratagem, invention. 
 
 To WITHDRAW, retreat, retire, re- 
 cede, retrograde, go back. 
 
 To WITHHOLD, keep back, let, 
 hinder ; refrain, forbear. 
 
 To WITHSTAND, oppose, resist, 
 thwart. 
 
 WITNESS, deponent, evidence. 
 
 WOFUL, piteous, doleful, rueful. 
 
 WONDER, surprise, astonishment. 
 
WEE 
 
 301 
 
 ZEA 
 
 admiration, amazement ; mira- 
 cle, marvel, prodigy. 
 
 WOOER, suitor, lover. 
 
 WORD, term, expression ; promise, 
 argument. 
 
 WORK, employment, occupation ; 
 operation, performance ; toil, 
 labor, drudgery, production. 
 
 WORLDLY, secular, temporal. 
 
 WORSE (to make), impair, deterio- 
 rate ; injure, damage. 
 
 To WORSHIP, adore, revere ; honor. 
 
 WORTH, desert, merit ; value, ex- 
 cellence ; rate, price. 
 
 WORTHLESS, unworthy, valueless. 
 
 WORTHY, deserving, meritorious, 
 estimable. 
 
 To WRANGLE, jangle, jar. 
 
 WRATH, anger, ire, fury, resent- 
 ment, indignation. 
 
 To WRENCH, wrest, turn, bend, 
 twist, distort. 
 
 WRETCHED, unhappy, miserable. 
 To WRING. See WRENCH. 
 WRITER, penman, scribe; author. 
 WRONG, injury, injustice. 
 
 YEARLY, annual. 
 
 To YIELD, impart, give, communi- 
 cate; produce; give up, com- 
 ply, cede, concede, surrender ; 
 conform. 
 
 YIELDING, compliant, submissive. 
 
 YOUTH, juvenility, adolescence, 
 puerility. 
 
 ZEAL, ardor, enthusiasm. 
 
 ZEALOUS, ardent, earnest, solicit- 
 ous, anxious, warm, fervent, 
 enthusiastic. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 
 
 CHAP. I. Words of different orthography, but of similar orthoepy. 
 II. Words of similar orthoepy, but of different orthography 
 (17 classes), ....- 
 " III. Words of equivocal signification, . 
 " IV. Words,-- colloquial improprieties, . 
 V. Words, Rule of Orthography, 
 
 PART II. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19 
 
 35 
 44 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 48 
 
 CHAP. I- Derivation and. compositio 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 
 
 57-171 
 
 A. 
 
 21. Arbor ar&or. 
 
 
 1. Acer acerbity. 
 2. Ager agrarian. 
 3 Ago. actum act. 
 
 22. Arceo coerce. 
 23. Ardeo ardent. 
 24. Arguo argrue. 
 
 
 v. **& y 
 
 4. Alienus alien. 
 5. Alo aliment. 
 
 25. Anna arm. 
 26. Arc arable. 
 
 
 6. Alter alternation. 
 7. Altus altitude. 
 
 27. Ars are. 
 28. Articulus article. 
 
 
 8. Ambulo amble. 
 9. Amo amateur. 
 
 29. Asper asperity. 
 30. Audio audible. 
 
 
 10. Amplus ample. 
 11. Ango anger. 
 
 31. Augeo augment. 
 32. Avis aviary. 
 
 
 12. Angulus angle. 
 
 B. 
 
 
 13. Animus animal. 
 14. Annus annual. 
 
 33. Bacchus bacchanal 
 
 
 15. Annulus annular. 
 
 34. Beatus beatific. 
 
 
 16. Antiquus antiquary. 
 17. Aperio aperient. 
 
 35. Bellum belligerent. 
 36. Bibo &t'6&er. 
 
 
 18. Apto />f. 
 19. Aqua aquatic. 
 20. Arbiter arbitration. 
 
 37. Bis ii'secf. 
 38. Bonus bounty. 
 39. Brevis brevity. 
 
 \ 
 
COR 
 
 303 
 
 C. 
 
 40. Cado cadence. 
 
 41. Caedo excision. 
 
 42. Caleo calid. 
 
 43. Calx calcine. 
 
 44. Candeo candle. 
 
 45. Canis canine. 
 
 46. Cantus chunt. 
 
 47. Capio capable. 
 
 48. Caput capital. 
 
 49. Career incarcerate. 
 
 50. Caro carnal. 
 61. Carpo carp. 
 
 52. Castigo castigate. 
 
 53. Catena concatenation. 
 
 54. Causa cawse. 
 
 55. Caveo caution. 
 
 56. Cavus care. 
 
 57. Cedo cede. 
 
 58. Celeber celebrate. 
 
 59. Celer celerity. 
 
 60. Cella cettar. 
 
 61. Celo conceal. 
 
 62. Cfelum celestial. 
 
 63. Censeo censor. 
 
 64. Centum centennial. 
 
 65. Cerno certain. 
 
 66. Certo concert. 
 
 67. Certo certain. 
 
 68. Cieo cite. 
 
 69. Cingo cincture. 
 
 70. Cinis cinder. 
 
 71. Circus circle. 
 
 72. Civis curie. 
 
 73. Clam clandestine. 
 
 74. Clamo clamor. 
 
 75. Clarus clarion. 
 
 76. Classis class. 
 
 77. Claudo cfose. 
 
 78. Clemens clement. 
 
 79. Clino incline. 
 
 80. Clivus acclivity. 
 
 81. Codex code. 
 
 82. Colo colony. 
 
 83. Comes comity. 
 
 84. Concilium council. 
 
 85. Coquo concoct. 
 
 86. Cor core. 
 
 87. Cornu cornet. 
 
 88. Corona crown. 
 
 89. Corpus corporate. 
 
 20 
 
 90. Costa coas. 
 
 91. Cras -procrastinate. 
 
 92. Credo crecto. 
 
 93. Creo create. 
 
 94. Crepo decrepit. 
 
 95. Cresco crescent. 
 
 96. Crimen crime. 
 
 97. Crudus cntde. 
 
 98. Crux cross. 
 
 99. Cubo encumber. 
 
 100. Culpa culpable. 
 
 101. Cumulus cumulative. 
 
 102. Cura cure. 
 
 103. Curro current. 
 
 104. Curvus ert;e. 
 
 105. Custos custody. 
 
 106. Cutis cutaneous. 
 
 D. 
 
 107. Damnum damage. 
 
 108. Debeo defo. 
 
 109. Decem decimal. 
 
 110. Decet decent 
 
 111. Dens dental 
 
 112. Densus de*e. 
 
 113. Deterior deteriorate. 
 
 114. Deus deity. 
 
 115. Dexter dexterity. 
 
 116. Dico dedicate. 
 
 117. Dico diction. 
 
 118. Dies diary. 
 
 119. Digitus digrifc 
 
 120. Dignus dignity. 
 
 121. Dimidium demigod. 
 
 122. Disco disciple. 
 
 123. Divide dtWde. 
 
 124. Do doHor. 
 
 125. Doceo doctor. 
 
 126. Doleo doleful. 
 
 127. Dominus dominion. 
 
 128. Domo indomitable. 
 
 129. Domus dome. 
 
 130. Dorinio dormant. 
 
 131. Dorsum dorsal. 
 
 132. Dubious dubious. 
 
 133. Duco dc. 
 
 134. Duo d,, a j. 
 
 135. Durus durable. 
 
 E. 
 
 36. Ebrius ebriety. 
 137. .Jdes edt/Jce. 
 
FOL 
 
 3t)4 
 
 INF 
 
 138. Edo edible. 
 
 139. Ego egotism. , 
 
 140. Emo exempt. 
 
 141. JEmulus emulation. 
 
 142. Eo exit. 
 
 143. Equus equestrian. 
 
 144. JEquus equal. 
 
 145. Erro err. 
 
 146. JEstiino estimate. 
 
 147. .J3vum coeval. 
 
 148. Exemplum example. 
 
 149. Exterus exterior. 
 
 F. 
 
 150. Faber fabric. 
 
 151. Facies /ace. 
 
 152. Facio /acf. 
 
 153. Fallo false. 
 
 154. Fama -fame. 
 
 155. Fames -famine. 
 
 156. Familia family. 
 
 157. Fanum -fane. 
 
 158. Fatus /ate. 
 
 159. Farina -farinaciou*. 
 
 160. Fessus confess. 
 
 161. Febris /eter. 
 
 162. Foedus federal. 
 
 163. Felix felicity. 
 
 164. Femina i feminine. 
 
 165. Fendo defend. 
 
 166. Fera ^erce. 
 
 167. Fero /erry. 
 
 168. Ferrum ferruginous. 
 
 169. Ferveo fervor. 
 
 170. Festus /esfaZ. 
 171 Fido fidelity. 
 
 172. Fixum ^x. 
 
 173. Filius ^/j'aJ. 
 
 174. Filum filament. 
 
 175. Fictum -fiction. 
 
 176. Finis yi>nsA. 
 
 177. Firmus _/?;. 
 
 178. Fiscus -fiscal. 
 
 179. Flagro flagrant. 
 
 180. Flamma y?o?ne. 
 
 181. Flecto flexible. 
 
 182. Fligo ^jct. 
 
 183. Flatum iw/Zate. ' 
 
 184. Flos floral. 
 
 185. Fluxum efflux. 
 
 186. Folium.-; foliage. 
 
 187. Forma /orm. 
 
 188. Fors ; fortune. 
 
 189. Fortis fortitude. 
 
 190. Fossa /osse. 
 
 191. Fractum fracture, 
 
 192. Frater -fraternal. 
 
 193. Fraus //-arf. 
 
 194. Frigus ^ fngid. 
 
 195. Frons //-OH(. 
 
 196. Fruor ^ fruition. 
 
 197. Fugio fugacious. 
 
 198. Fulgeo ^ fitlgency. 
 
 199. Fumus /ume. 
 
 200. Fusum /use. 
 
 201. Fundus -foundation. 
 
 G. 
 
 202. Gelu greZi'd. 
 
 203. Gestum gesture. 
 
 204. Genitum genius. 
 
 205. Gladius gladiator. 
 
 206. Glutio (/^H/. 
 
 207. Gradior gradation. 
 
 208. Grandis grand. 
 
 209. Granum grain. 
 
 210. Gratus grateful. 
 
 211. Gravis grave. 
 
 212. Gregis gregariout. 
 
 213. Gubernator gubernatorial. 
 
 214. Gusto #uf. 
 
 H. 
 
 215. Habeo Acrue. 
 
 216. Hsero adhere. 
 
 217. Haeres heritage. 
 
 218. Halo exAaZe. 
 
 219. Haustum exhaust. 
 
 220. Homo human. 
 
 221. Honor honor. 
 
 222. Hortus horticulture. 
 
 223. Hospes hospitable. 
 
 224. Hostis Aos(. 
 
 225. Humus inhume. 
 
 I. 
 
 226. Idem identity. 
 
 227. Ignis *'(/nt'te. 
 
 228. Imago image. 
 
 229. Impero imperative. 
 
 230. Inanus inanity. 
 
 231. Index indicate. 
 
 232. Inferus inferior. 
 
MAG 
 
 233. Insula insular. 
 
 234. Integer integral. 
 
 235. Intus interior. 
 
 236. Ira /re. 
 
 237. Iter itinerant. 
 
 J. 
 
 238. Jaceo -jacent. 
 
 239. Jaceo ejaculate. 
 
 240. Jocusjoke. 
 
 241. Jndicojudicatory. 
 
 242. Jungo; junction. 
 
 243. Juro jury. 
 
 244. Jusjust. 
 
 245. Juvenis ; juvenile. 
 
 L. 
 
 246. Labor laboriou*. 
 
 247. Lapsus fajose. 
 
 248. Lapidus lapidary. 
 
 249. Latus latitude. 
 
 250. Lateris lateral. 
 
 251. Laus tawd. 
 
 252. Lego legate. 
 
 253. Lectum lecture. 
 
 254. Lenis lenient. 
 
 255. Levis levity. 
 
 256. Legis %;. 
 
 257. Liber liberal. 
 
 258. Libri library. 
 
 259. Libro deliberate. 
 
 260. Licet license. 
 
 261. Ligo ligament. 
 
 262. Limen eliminate. 
 
 263. Lingua language. 
 
 264. Linquo delinquent. 
 
 265. Linum linen. 
 
 266. Litis litigation. 
 
 267. Litera literature. 
 
 268. Locus foca. 
 
 269. Longus on#. 
 
 270. Loquor loquacity. 
 
 271. Lucrum Jwcre. 
 
 272. Luctor reluctance. 
 
 273. Ludo ludicrous. 
 
 274. Luna lunar. 
 
 275. Lutum ablution. 
 
 276. Lucis lucid. 
 
 M. 
 278. Magnus magnitude. 
 
 305 
 
 NEC 
 
 279. Malus malice. 
 
 280. Mando mandate. 
 
 281. Mansum mansion. 
 
 282. Manus manual. 
 
 283. Mare marine. 
 
 284. Mater maternal. 
 
 285. Maturus mature. 
 
 286. Medeor medicine^ 
 
 287. Medius medium. 
 
 288. Mel-me^o*. 
 
 289. Melior ameliorate. 
 
 290. Memini memory. 
 
 291. Mens mental. 
 
 292. Mergo merge. 
 
 293. Mercis commerce. 
 
 294. Metior mete. 
 
 295. Migro migration. 
 
 296. Miles militia. 
 
 297. Mille millennium. 
 
 298. Mineo imminent. 
 
 299. Minister ministry. 
 
 300. Minor minority. 
 
 301. Mirus miracle. 
 
 302. Mixtum mi*. 
 
 303. Miser misery. 
 
 304. Mitis mitigate. 
 
 305. Missum mission. 
 
 306. Modus mode. 
 
 307. Molior 
 
 308. Mollis . 
 
 309. Moneo monitor. 
 
 310. Mons mount. 
 
 311. Monstro monster. 
 
 312. Morbus morbid. 
 
 313. Mordeo morsel. 
 
 314. Mors mortal. 
 
 315. Mos moral. 
 
 316. Moveo move. 
 
 317. Multus multitude. 
 
 318. Mundus mundane. 
 
 319. Munis ammunition* 
 
 320. Munus municipal. 
 
 321. Murus mural. 
 
 322. Musa mwse. 
 
 323. Muta mutable. 
 
 324. Nascor native. 
 
 325. Nato natation. 
 
 326. Navis navy. 
 
 327. Necto connect. 
 
PEN 306 QUA 
 
 
 328. Nego negation. 
 
 375. Pene penult. 
 
 
 329. Negotium negotiate. 
 
 376. Poena penal. 
 
 
 330. Neuter neutral. 
 
 377. Penitus penetrate. 
 
 
 331. Nihil nihility. 
 
 378. Penna pen. 
 
 
 332. Noceo innocent. 
 
 379. Persona person. 
 
 
 333. Norma normal. 
 
 380. Pes, pedis pedal. 
 
 
 334. No turn note. 
 
 381. Peto petulant. 
 
 
 335. Xovus novel. 
 
 382. Pilo compile. 
 
 
 336. Noctis nocturnal. 
 
 383. Pingo, pictum picture. 
 
 
 337. Xuptum nuptials. 
 
 384. Pio, piatuin expiate. 
 
 
 338. Nudus nudity. 
 
 385. Piscis piscatory. 
 
 
 339. Nullus nullify. 
 
 386. Placeo placid. 
 
 
 340. Numerus numeration. 
 
 387. Planta p/anf. 
 
 
 341. Nuncio enunciate. 
 
 388. Planus ptone. 
 
 
 
 389. Plaudo plaudit. 
 
 
 0. 
 
 390. Plebs plebeian. 
 
 
 342. Oculus ocular. 
 
 391. Pleo plenary. 
 
 
 343. Odi odious. 
 
 392. Plico accomplice. 
 
 
 344. Oleo olfactory. 
 
 393. Ploro deplore. 
 
 
 345. Omnis omnipotent. 
 
 394. Plumbum plumb. 
 
 
 346. Onus onerous. 
 
 395. Plus, pluris plural. 
 
 
 347. Opinor opine. 
 
 396. Polio polish. 
 
 
 348. Opto option. ] 
 
 397. Pomum pomace. 
 
 
 349. Opus operate. 398. Pondus pound. 
 
 
 350. Orbis oro. 
 
 399. Pono, positum position. 
 
 
 351. Ordo order. 
 
 400. Populus people. 
 
 
 352. Orior orient. 
 
 401. Porta portal. 
 
 
 353. Orno ornate. 
 
 402. Porto porter. 
 
 
 354. Oro orator. 
 
 403. Possum possible. 
 
 
 355. Os ossify. 
 
 404. Posterus posterior 
 
 
 356. Ovum oca?. 
 
 405. Postulo expostulate. 
 
 
 
 406. Poto potion. 
 
 
 P. 
 
 407. Precor, precatus depreeal*. 
 
 
 357. Pagus pagan. 
 
 408. Prseda predatory. 
 
 
 358. Pando expand. 
 
 409. Prehendo apprehend. 
 
 
 359. Pango, pactum compact. 
 
 410. Premo, pressum -press. 
 
 
 360. Pallium pall. 
 
 411. Pretium price. 
 
 
 361. Par parity. 
 
 412. Primus prime. 
 
 
 362. Pareo apparent. 
 
 413. Privus private. 
 
 
 363. Pario parent. 
 
 414. Probo probity. 
 
 
 E64. Paro, paratum apparatus. 
 
 415. Prope propinquity. 
 
 
 365. Pars part. 
 
 416. Proprius appropriate* 
 
 
 366. Pasco, pastum pastor. 
 
 417. Puer puerile. 
 
 
 367. Pater paternal. 
 
 418. Pugnus pugnacious. 
 
 
 368. Patior patience. 
 
 419. Pulvis pulverise. 
 
 
 369. Pax, pacis peace. 
 
 420. Pungo pungent. 
 
 
 370. Pecco peccancy. 
 
 421. Punio punish. 
 
 
 371. Pectus pectoral. 
 
 422. Puto compute. 
 
 
 372. Pecus peculate. 
 
 
 
 373. Pello, pulsum pufoe. 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 374. Pendeo peno'e/ie. 
 
 423. Qualis-^-jua^tfy. 
 
 
 
 
SEC 
 
 307 
 
 SUM 
 
 424. Qn&ntus-^-quantity. 
 
 425. Quatio, quassum quash. 
 
 426. Quatuor quart. 
 
 427. Queror quarrel. 
 
 428. Qusero quest. 
 
 429. Quies quiet. 
 
 430. Quinque quintuple. 
 
 431. Quot quota. 
 
 R. 
 
 432. Rabies rabid. 
 
 433. Radius radiate. 
 
 434. Radix radical. 
 
 435. Rado abrade. 
 
 436. Ramus ramify. 
 
 437. Rapio rapine. 
 
 438. Rego regal. 
 
 439. Reor, ratus rate. 
 
 440. Repo reptile. 
 
 441. Res rea. 
 
 442. Rideo ridicule. 
 
 443. Rigeo rt</zd. 
 
 444. Rigo irrigate. 
 
 445. Rivus rivulet. 
 
 446. Robur robust. 
 
 447. Rogo, rogatum abrogate. 
 
 448. Rota rotary. 
 
 449. Rudis rack. 
 
 450. Ruga corrugate. 
 
 451. Rumpo, ruptum rupture. 
 
 452. Rus, ruris rural. 
 
 453. Sacer sacred. 
 
 454. Sagus sage. 
 
 455. Sal, salis salad. 
 
 456. Salio assail. 
 
 457. Salus salutary. 
 
 458. Sancio, sanctum saint. 
 
 459. Sanguis sanguinary. 
 
 460. Sanus sane. 
 
 461. Sapio sapient. 
 
 462. Sapo, saponis saponaceous. 
 
 463. Satis satiate. 
 
 464. Scala scale. 
 
 465. Scando scan. 
 
 466. Scindo rescind. 
 
 467. Scio science. 
 *68. Scribo scribe. 
 
 469. Scrutor scrutiny. 
 
 470. Seco secant. 
 
 471. Seculum secular. 
 
 472. Sedeo sedentary. 
 
 473. Semen, Seminis seminary. 
 
 474. Semi semi-annual. 
 
 475. Senex, senior senior. 
 
 476. Sentio sentiment. 
 
 477. Sepelio, sepultum tepulture^ 
 
 478. Septem September. 
 
 479. Sequor sequel. 
 
 480. Sero series. 
 
 481. Serpo serpent. 
 
 482. Serra serrated. 
 
 483. Servo serve. 
 
 484. Severus severe. 
 
 485. Sex sextant 
 
 486. Sidus sidereal. 
 
 487. Signum SJ'^M. 
 
 488. Similis similar. 
 
 489. Sinister sinister. 
 
 490. Sinus insinuate. 
 
 491. Sto, statum state. 
 
 492. Socius sociable. 
 
 493. Sol soZar. 
 
 494. Solidus solid. 
 
 495. Solor console. 
 
 496. Solus so/e. 
 
 497. Solvo solve. 
 
 498. Somnus somnific. 
 
 499. Sonus sound. 
 
 500. Sopor soporific. 
 
 501. Sors sort. 
 
 502. Spargo, sparsum sparse. 
 
 503. Spatium space. 
 
 504. Specie, spectum aspect. 
 
 505. Spero despair. 
 
 506. Spiro spirit. 
 
 507. Splendeo splendid. 
 
 508. Spondeo, sponsum sponsor. 
 
 509. Stella s<e^or. 
 
 510. Sterno consternation. 
 
 511. Stilla wirti7. 
 
 512. Stipo constipate. 
 
 513. Stirps extirpate. 
 
 514. Stringo, strictum strict. 
 
 515. Struo, structum structure. 
 
 516. Suadeo, suasum -persuade. 
 
 517. Suavis suavity. 
 
 518. Sudo exwrfe. 
 
 519. Sui suicide. 
 
 520. Sum, esse essence. 
 
 521. Sumo assume. 
 
UND 
 
 522. Super superior. 
 
 523. Surgo surge. 
 
 T. 
 
 524. Taberna tabernacle. 
 
 525. Taceo tacit. 
 
 526. Tango tangent. 
 
 527. Tego tegument. 
 
 528. Tempus temporal. 
 
 529. Tendo tend. 
 
 530. Teneo tenure. 
 
 531. Tento tempt. 
 
 532. Tenuis attenuate. 
 
 533. Tergo, tersum terse. 
 534 Terminus term. 
 
 535. Tero, tritum trite. 
 
 536. Terra terrestrial. 
 
 537. Terreo terror. 
 533. Testis testify. 
 
 539. Texo text. 
 
 540. Timeo timid. 
 
 541. Tingo Ji^e. 
 
 542. Tollo extol. 
 
 543. Torpeo torpid. 
 
 544. Torqueo torture. 
 
 545. Totus <o<aZ. 
 
 546. Trado tradition. 
 
 547. Traho, tractum tract. 
 
 548. Tremo tremble. 
 
 549. Tres fripfe. 
 
 550. Tribuo-^riZmte. 
 
 551. Trudo intrude. 
 
 552. Tuber tubercle. 
 
 553. Tueor imuifion. 
 
 554. Tumeo tumid. 
 
 555. Tundo, tusum obtuse. 
 
 556. Turba turbid. 
 
 557. Turgeo turgid. 
 550. Turris turret. 
 
 U. 
 
 559. Ultimus ultimate. 
 
 560. Umbra umbrage. 
 
 561. Unda twdwtate. 
 
 308 VUL 
 
 562. Unguo unguent. 
 
 563. Unus unity. 
 
 564. Utor, usus use. 
 
 565. Vado evade. 
 
 566. Vagus vagary. 
 
 567. Valeo raKd. 
 
 568. Veho vehicle. 
 
 569. Velio, vulsum avulsion. 
 
 570. Velo wei7. 
 
 571. Vendo vend. 
 
 572. Venio event. 
 
 573. Venter ventriloquist. 
 
 574. Ventus renf. 
 
 575. Verbum verbal. 
 
 576. Vereor revere. 
 
 577. Vergo verge. 
 
 578. Vermis vermin. 
 
 579. Verto advert. 
 
 580. Verus verity. 
 
 581. Vestigium vestige 
 
 582. Vestis vesture. 
 
 583. Vetus veteran. 
 
 584. Via deviate. 
 
 585. Viscis vicar. 
 
 586. Video, visum vision. 
 
 587. Vigeo vigor. 
 
 588. Vinco convince. 
 
 589. Vindex vindicate. 
 
 590. Vinum vine. 
 
 591. Vir virtue. 
 
 592. Viris virulence. 
 
 593. Vito inevitable. 
 
 594. Vitrum vitreous. 
 
 595. Vivo vivacity. 
 
 596. Voco vocaZ. 
 
 597. Volo volatile. 
 
 598. Volo voluntary. 
 
 599. Volupta vofuptttou*. 
 
 600. Volvo evolve. 
 
 601. Voro voracity. 
 
 602. Voveo avow. 
 
 603. Vulgus twfflrar. 
 
 604. Vulnus vulnerable. 
 
KAI 
 
 309 
 
 AIT 
 
 CHAP. III. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE GREEK 
 GREEK ALPHABET. 
 
 Pp. 169-200. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 27. 
 28. 
 29. 
 
 30. 
 31. 
 32. 
 33. 
 34. 
 35. 
 36. 
 37. 
 38. 
 
 A. 
 
 Academia, a/faJ^ta academy. 
 Achos, a*oj ache. 
 Akme, a*r//^ acme. 
 Akouo, CLKOVO acoustic. 
 Akron, aicpov acropolis. 
 Adelphos, a<5cX0oj adelphic. 
 Aer, arjp air. 
 Ago, ayw demagogue. 
 Agon, aya>i> agony. 
 Algos, aXyoj cephalalgy. 
 Allaxis, aXXaij parallax. 
 Alpha, aX0a alphabet. 
 Anemos, avt^o^ anemometer. 
 Aner, ai'/jp, aj/Jpoj android. 
 Angello, ayycXXco angel. 
 Anthos, avSof anthology. 
 Anthropos, avdpwrros misanthrope. 
 Arche, apxq anarchy. 
 Arktos, apKTOg arctic. 
 Argos, apyo? lethargy. 
 Aristos, aptc-rof aristocracy. 
 Arithmos, apt0/*oj arithmetic* 
 Aroma, apw/^a aromatic. 
 Askeo, acr/cfcu ascetic. 
 Astron, aarpov astral. 
 Athlos, aflXoj athletic. 
 Atmos, ar//oj atmosphere. 
 Aulos, auXof hydraulic. 
 Autos, auroj autocrat. 
 
 B. 
 
 Ballo, /JaXXu emblem. 
 Baptize, /?a7mco baptize. 
 Basis, parts base. 
 Baros, /?apo f barometer. 
 Beta, /?cra alphabet. 
 Biblos, f1i{3\o s bible. 
 Bios, /Jtoj biology. 
 Botane, POTOLVTI botany. 
 Boucolos, POVKO\OS bucolic. 
 
 C. 
 
 43. 
 
 44. 
 45. 
 46. 
 47. 
 48. 
 49. 
 50. 
 51. 
 52. 
 53. 
 54. 
 55. 
 56. 
 57. 
 58. 
 59. 
 60. 
 61. 
 62. 
 63. 
 64. 
 65. 
 
 Kardia, Kap&ia cardiac. 
 Kentron, tcevrpov centre. 
 Kephale, KtydXrj cephalio. 
 Keras, Kcpas monoceros. 
 Chaos, Xao$ chaos. 
 Charis, Xapts, Xapi-ros charity. 
 Cheir, X</> chirography. 
 Chole, Xo\n choler. 
 Choreo, xwpcw anchorite. 
 Christos, Xpurros Christ. 
 Chroma, xpupa chromatic. 
 Chronos, xpovo^ chronic. 
 Chrusos, xpva-os chrysolite. 
 Konche, Kovxrj conch. 
 Kopto, /forrro) syncopate. 
 Kosmos, KOfffios cosmogony. 
 Kranion, icpaviov cranium. 
 Kratos, /cparoj democracy. 
 Krites, xptrns critic. 
 Krupto, Kpvirrcj cryptogamy. 
 Kuklos, KVK\O S cycle. 
 Kuon, KVCJV cynical. 
 Kustis, Kvarig cyst. 
 
 39. Kakos, /cawj cacophony. 
 
 40. Kalupto, /caXwrro apocalypse. 
 
 41. Kanon, icavuv canonical. 
 
 42. Kaio, xat>, xaucra} caustic. 
 
 D. 
 
 66. Deka, ctica decalogue. 
 \ 67. Demos, 5?//Of democracy. 
 
 68. Despotes, (WoTvyy despot. 
 
 69. Didasco, J<Jac-*o) didactic. 
 
 70. Doxa, co$a doxology. 
 
 71. Drama, 6pap.a drama. 
 
 72. Dromos, <5po/*o$ dromedary. 
 
 73. Dunamis, owa^ig dynasty. 
 
 74. Dus, Juj dyspepsy. 
 
 75. Oikos, O.IKOS economy. 
 
 76. Hedra, tipa sanhedrim. 
 
 77. Hegesis, >?y>?oij exegesis. 
 
 78. Etueo, /xo> emetic. 
 
 79. Entera, svrcpa entrails. 
 
 80. Entomos, SVTOHOS entomoloay. 
 
 81. Epos, nros epic. 
 
 82. Eremos, cp^//oj eremite. 
 
 83. Ergon, sp-yov energy. 
 
 84. Eso, eosco- esotery. 
 
 85. Aither, atftjp ether. 
 
LET 
 
 310 
 
 PAT 
 
 86. Ethos, 0o? ethics. 
 
 87. Ethnos, 0<oj ethnology. 
 
 88. Etumon, ervpov etymology. 
 
 89. Eu, tv eulogy. 
 
 G. 
 
 90. Galax, yaXa galaxy. 
 
 91. Gameo, ya/mo bigamy. 
 
 92. Gaster, yaarnp gastric. 
 
 93. Ge, yri geology. 
 
 94. Gennao, ytwau genesis. 
 
 95. Glotta, yXwrra glottis. 
 96 Glupho, yXu0a> glyph. 
 
 97. Gnome, yvw^rj gnostics. 
 
 98. Gonia, ya>vta goniometer. 
 
 99. Graph o, ypo0o> graphic. 
 
 100. Gumnos, yvpvos gymnasium. 
 
 101. Gune, yui//; gynarchy. 
 
 102. Guros, yi-poj gyral. 
 
 H. 
 
 103. Hebdomos, e/?<5o/*o{ hebdomad. 
 
 104. Hekaton, Uarov hecatomb. 
 105 Helios, i)\io s heliacal. 
 
 106. Hellen, t\\tvhcllenic. 
 
 107. Haima, atpa hemorrhage. 
 
 108. Hemera, r^itpa ephemeral. 
 
 109. Hemi, J?/it hemisphere. 
 
 110. Hepta, lirra heptagon. 
 
 111. Heteros, c T cpo s heterodox. 
 
 112. Hex, i^ hexagon. 
 
 113. Hippos, tjnrof hippodrome. 
 
 114. Hieros, lepog hierarchy. 
 
 115. Homilos, o//tXo? homily. 
 
 116. Homos, opes homogeneous. 
 
 117. Hora, o>pa horal. 
 
 118. Horizo, optfco horizon. 
 
 119. Hudor, iJcop 
 
 I. 
 
 120. Ichthus, txflfj ichthyology. 
 
 121. Idios, 5<oj idiom. 
 
 122. Idos, i<fof cycloid. 
 
 123. Isos, i<70f isosceles. 
 
 124. Laos, Xaos ^ai'<y. 
 
 125. Lethe, \r,falethean. 
 
 126. Lexis, Ac(<f lexicon. 
 
 127. Lithos, At0oj lithography. 
 
 128. Logos, Aiyoj logic. 
 
 129. Lusis, Awrtj paralysis. 
 
 M. 
 
 130. Machomai, //a\o//at monornachy. 
 
 131. ^Manteia, /lavrfia necromancy. 
 
 132. Martur, //a/m>p martyr. 
 
 133. Mathema, paOrina mathematics* 
 
 134. Mechanao, //?7,xaj/aa> mechanism. 
 
 135. Melos, /uAof melody. 
 
 136. Meteoros, //crswpoj meteor. 
 
 137. Metron, /^rpoj/ ??ie<re. 
 
 138. Mikros, /apoy microscope. 
 
 139. Misos, /-iwof misanthropy. 
 
 140. Mneme, /n"?/*>7 mnemonics. 
 
 141. Monos, /to/oj monad. 
 
 142. Morphe, pop<j>r] amorphous. 
 
 143. Muthos, /tu0oj mythic. 
 
 N. 
 
 144. Narke, vap^r/ narcotic. 
 
 145. Naus, vauf nausea. 
 
 146. Neos, vtof neology. 
 
 147. Nesos, v/jtrof peloponnesus. 
 
 148. Neuron, vcvpov neurology. 
 
 149. Nomos, vo/^Of anomaly. 
 
 150. Nosos, voo-of nosology. 
 
 0. 
 
 151. Ode, ax5ij orfe. 
 
 152. Odos, 6(5of exodus. 
 
 153. Odous, ocWrOf odontalgy. 
 
 154. Suffix oid. 
 
 155. Oligos, oAiyoj oligarchy. 
 
 156. Onoma, ovoyLa anonymous. 
 
 157. Optomai, OTrrOfiai optics. 
 
 158. Orama, opa/*a diorama. 
 
 159. Ornis, op/<0o? ornithology. 
 
 160. Orthos, op0of orthodox. 
 
 161. Osteon, ourtov osteology. 
 
 162. Oxus, o 
 
 P. 
 
 163. Paideia, irai6sia pedant. 
 
 164. Pan, Tray, rravrof panacea. 
 
 165. Pathos, Trafo; pathetic,. 
 
SAR 
 
 311 
 
 ZOO 
 
 166. Pente, irevre pentagon. 
 
 167. Pepto, 7r7rrw peptic. 
 
 168. Petalon, tieraKov petal. 
 
 169. Petra, -rrcrpa petrify. 
 
 170. Phago, 0Xo> esophagus. 
 
 171. Phaino, (patvw phase. 
 
 172. Pharmakon, tydpnaxov pharmacy. 
 
 173. Phemi, $77^1 blaspheme. 
 
 174. Phero, ifcpw metaphor. 
 
 175. Philos, <j)t\os philanthropy. 
 
 176. Phone, 0wf^ phonology. 
 
 177. Phos, 0wj phosphate. 
 
 178. Phrazo <0aw phrase. 
 
 179. Phren, 0p>?v phrenzy. 
 
 180. Phusis, 0wnj physics. 
 
 181. Peirao, ircipaa) empiric. 
 
 182. Plane, TrXai^ planet. 
 
 183. Plasso, Tr\aaaw plastic. 
 
 184. Pneo, TTVEO) pneumatics. 
 
 185. Polemos, TroX^oy polemic. 
 
 186. Poleo, 7rw\cj monopoly. 
 
 187. Polls, jroX<f police. 
 
 188. Polus, n-oXi'j polygon. 
 
 189. Potaraos, Trora/iOf hippopotamus. 
 
 190. Pous, Trouf, ?ro<5oj antipode. 
 
 191. Prasso, 7rpao-c-o> practice. 
 
 192. Protos, rrpcorof protocol. 
 
 193. Psuche, !//%>; psychology. 
 
 194. Pur, ?n>p -pyre. 
 
 R. 
 
 195. Rheo, /)ew diarrhoea. 
 
 8. 
 
 196. Sarx, crap sarcasm. 
 
 197. Skeptomai, <rKCT-r0//ui skeptic., 
 
 198. Schisma, c-X'o-fta schism. 
 
 199. Schole, ff^oXr;, school. 
 
 200. Skopeo, O-ACOTTEW scope. 
 
 201. Sitos, o-iroff parasite. 
 
 202. Sophia, o-o^ta sophism. 
 
 203. Spao, cnraw spasmodic. 
 
 204. Stalls, crarif system. 
 
 205. Stello, arfXXw apostle. 
 
 206. Stenos, OTEVOJ stenographer. 
 
 207. Stereos, orspsoj stereometry. 
 
 208. Stikos, O-TX\O? acrostic. 
 
 209. Strophe, fr/jo^ij apostrophe. 
 
 T. 
 
 210. Taphos, .raQos epitaph. 
 
 211. Taxis, ra^tf tactics. 
 
 212. Techne, re^vj? technical. 
 
 213. Tessares, reo-crapes tesselated.- 
 
 214. Theouaai, 0o//a theatre. 
 
 215. Thesis, Beats thesis. 
 
 216. Theos, Ocas theism. 
 
 217. Tome, ro^q fome. ' 
 
 218. Tonos, rovof fone. 
 
 219. Topos, roTrof topic. 
 
 220. Treis, r/><? <Aree. 
 
 221. Tropos, rpoirog trope. 
 
 222. Tupos, rwoj f^pe. 
 
 223. Xulon, JvXov xylography. 
 
 224. Zoon, boy zoology. 
 
312 
 
 CHAP. IV. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. PAOK 
 
 1. Corresponding derivations, .... 202 
 
 2. Plurals of words from Latin and Greek, . . 203 
 
 3. Latin words, 204 
 
 " phrases, 205 
 
 4. French words, 209-10 
 
 " phrases, 211 
 
 Italian " 213 
 
 5. Abbreviations, 213 
 
 6. Derivations from classical proper names, . . 216-1 9 
 Geographical derivations, .... 220-22 
 
 PART III. 
 
 ENGLISH SYXOXYXI, 223-301 
 
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 Rhetoric. Designed aa a Manual of Instruction. By HENBY COPPEI, A. M., author 
 of " Elements of Logic," etc. New edition, revised. 
 
 Coppee's Academic Speaker. Containing a large 
 
 number of new and appropriate Pieces, for Prose Declamation, Poetical Recita- 
 tion, and Dramatic Reading, carefully selected from the best authors, American, 
 English, and Continental. Arranged in a rhetorical order, and adapted to the 
 wants of classes in Schools, Academies and Colleges. By HENRT COPPEE, A. M., 
 Professor of English Literature in the University of Pennsylvania. 1 vol. 8vo. 
 
 Tenney's Geology. Geology ; for Teachers, Classes, 
 
 and Private Students. By SAWBORN TENWEY, A. M,, Lecturer on Physical Geo- 
 graphy and Natural History in the Massachusetts Teachers' Institutes. Illustrate 
 with Two hundred Wood Engravings. 
 
 Stockhardt's Chemistry. The Principles of Chemis- 
 try, illustrated by Simple Experiments. By Dr. JULIUS ADOLPH STOCKHARDT, 
 Professor in the Royal Academy of Agriculture at Tharand, and Royal Inspector 
 of Medicine in Saxony. Translated by C. H. PMRCE, M. D. Fifteenth Thousand. 
 
 Reid's Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, 
 
 Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man. By THOMAS REID, D. D., F. R, S K 
 Abridged, with notes and illustrations from Sir WILLIAM HAMILTON and other* 
 Edited by JAMES WALKJIR, D. D., Preiident of Harvard College. 
 
 Stewart's Philosophy of the Active and Mcral 
 
 Powers of Man. The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man. Bj 
 DOGALD STEWART, F. R. SS. Lend, and Ed. Revised, with unissions and aiditiona, 
 by JAMES WALKER, D. D., President of Harvard College. 
 
 Published by E. H. BUTLER & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
CATALOGUE OP STANDARD BOOKS 
 
 Hart's Constitution of the United States. A Brief 
 
 Exposition of the Constitution cf the United States, for the -* of Ccmmoi 
 Schools. By JOHX S. HART, LL. D., Principal of the Philadelphia fflgt School 
 and Professor of Moral, Mental, and Political Science in the same. 
 
 Hart's English Grammar. Part. 1. An Introduc- 
 tion to the Grammar of the English Language. By JOHW 8. HART, LL. D. 1 vci 
 12mo. 
 
 Hart's English Grammar. English Grammar, or 
 
 An Exposition of the Principles and Usages of the English Language. By JOHS 
 8. HART, A. M., Principal of the Philadelphia High School, and Member of th 
 American Philosophical Society. 
 
 Hart's Class Book of Poetry. Class Book of Poetry, 
 
 consisting of Selections from Distinguished Eng'ish and American Poets, from 
 Chaucer to the present day. The whole arranged in chronological order, with 
 Biographical and Critical Remarks. By JOHN S. HART, LL. D-, Principal of the 
 Philadelphia High School. 
 
 Hart's Class Book of Prose. Class Book of Prose, 
 
 consisting of Selections from Distinguished English and American Authors, from 
 Chaucer to the present day. The whole arranged in Chronological order, will 
 Biographical and Critical Remarks. By JOHN S. HAM, L L. D., Principal of th 
 Philadelphia High School. 
 
 Smith's English Grammar. English Grammar OD 
 
 the Productive System: a method of instruction recently adopted in Germany and 
 Switzerland. Designed for Schools and Academies. By ROSWEU. C. SMITH. 
 
 Comstock's Elocution. A System of Elocution, with 
 
 sprcial reference to Gesture, to the treatment of Stammering and Defectm 
 Articulation; comprising numerous diagrams and engraved figures illustrative c* 
 Mie subject. By ANDREW COMSTOCK, M. D., Principal of the Vocal and Polyglott 
 Gymnasium. Twentieth edition, enlarged. 
 
 Published by R H. BUTLEK & CO., Philadelphia. 
 
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 NOV 6 1962 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 (C7097slO)476B 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley 
 
YB 02009