UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES CHURCH PHILANTHROPY IN NEW YORK A STUDY OF THE PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK BY FLOYD APPLETON, A. B. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements FOR THE degree OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE Faculty of Political Science Columbia University Nrw fork 1906 • •14 < CHURCH PHILANTHROPY IN NEW YORK A STUDY OF THE PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK BY FLOYD APPLETON, A. B. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements FOR the degree OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE Faculty of Political Science Columbia University Nfui tJnrh 1906 A 64c CONTENTS Chapter I.— EVOLUTION OF PHILANTHROPY. Chapter II.— REMEDIAL EFFORT. 1. Institutions for the Sick and Disabled (.Tem- porary Relief.) 2. Institutions for the Incurable (including the Blind and Deaf.) 3. Institutions for the Dependent (Aged and ® Orphans.) ce 4- Institutions for the Delinquent. Chapter III.— CRITIQUE. Appendix I. — Events marking the beginning of Modern Philanthropy about 1853. Appendix II. — Events marking the Expansion of Modern Philanthropy about 1873. Appendix III. — Events marking the Completion of the Thirty Years Development of Modern Philanthropy about 1885. Church Philanthropy in New York Chapter I. The Evolution of Philanthropy While the pursuit of happiness is man's inalienable right, there are many wrong roads in that direction which may be chosen. Few problems are more intricate than those connected with the work of setting people right who have gone, or are 1.1 danger of going wrong. For purposes of study we may group together the unfor- tunates who by some accident have been forced out of the race, and whose needs are mainly physical; the "unqualified" who have never had a real opportunity and whose difficulty is usually intellectual ; and the "unrested masses" whose better selves are being stunted by over demands or who do not feel the obligation to improve their time, and whose need is largely moral. Such unfortunate, unqualified and unrested people require the help of those stronger than themselves. With such has the bene- volence of every age had to do. A brief survey of the History of the Church may be expected to show an effort to give an- other opportunity in life to those who need- ed it, to train men for the best work they were capable of and show them the pos- sibilities of true recreation. St. Paul restored Philemon's runaway slave "in time past, to thee unprofitable but now" converted, instructed, as to his true possibilities, and "profitable to thee." The new relationship of "a brother belov- ed" might be expected to cheer and brighten life. (i). In the Book of the Acts we have numerous instances of help extended to the unfortunate (2) which we may classify as Remedial Benevolence; and of new pos- sibilities opened up for the unqualified (3) which may be termed Constructive Benev- olence. The early Christians were often cut off from all social advantages ; j'et the unrested slaves and social outcasts were not forgotten. The Agape (4) described by Pliny (5) had its social side. At the very beginning of the gospel we read of a wed- ding feast being saved from interruption. (6). We may call such effort Recreative Benevolence. Remedial effort for the benefit of the un- fortunate has always been the chief object of Christian Benevolence. At first frequent oblations supplied the needs of the poor who were the especial charge of the Dea- cons and Widows. Later a quarter or a third of the Church's income was devoted (i) Epistle to Philemon 12. 11 and 16. (2) IX-34; V-16; IX-40; XX-12; VI-3 and XI-29. (3) III-7; 11-44; IV-34; XXI-4-16 and 23. (4) St. Jude 12. I Cor. XI-33. (5) Letters to Trajan XCVI. (6) St. John II-ii. to this purpose. Even the church plate Iiad been turned into rehef funds so that St. Lawrence could truthfully designate the poor as the treasure of his church. This .sort of treasure increased disproportionate- ly. ( I ) . As the lirst enthusiasm waned, oblations had to be sought. TertuUian in the second century suggests that the "obla- tion confirms" sacred rites; (2). Cyprian tells us that prayer and fasting are of less avail unless aided by almsgiving. (3). As the need of relief increased, alms and ab- solution came to be closely associated, and offerings for the benefit of the dead were next solicited. (4). After the time of Constantine, the need of the world became the Church's respon- sibility. The bishops proceeding to or- (i) Some idea of the responsibility of a bishop of the third century may be gained from the "Apostolic Constitutions." We find there (Book IV^ Concerning Orphans No. 2) — "Do ye, therefore, O Bishops, be solicitous about their maintenance; being in nothing want- ing to them, exhibiting to the orphans the care of parents, and to the widows the care of husbands, and to those of suitable age marriage, to the artificer work, to the unable commiser- ation, to the strangers a home, to the hungry food, to the thirsty drink, the naked clothing, to the sick visitation, to the prisoners assistance. Have a greater care of the orphans that nothing be wanting to them; to the maid indeed until she arrive at the age of marriage, and ye give her in marriage to a brother. And assist ye the lad that he may learn a trade." (2) Ad u.xor 11-8. Sec. I. St. Peter IV-8. (3) Treatise on VV^orks and Alms, quoting Prov. XXI-13, Ps. XLI-i. and Tob. XII-8. Personally he bestowed his means liberally (Vita 2), organized relief during the plague at Carthage and ransomed Numidian captives. (4) .\nihrose in his "l)e Officiis discussing the Cardinal X'irtues, placed Benevolence under the head of Justice. Men soon thought of it as belonging to Prudence. ganize the work established the Christian hospital. In earlier times the sick and af- flicted had received attention in Egypt and India, (i). Military hospitals existed in the armies of Rome and Mexico. The shrines of Aesculapius sheltered the sick. (2). But the origin of the Christian hos- pital is rather to be found in the bishop's guest apartments, where the stranger, the sick and the poor found a home and a friend. (3). Julian, the Apostate, imitating Christian institutions, gave orders to "es- tablish hostelries in every city, so that strangers may reap the benefit of our phil- anthropy." (4). His statement that "these impious Galileans give themselves to this kind of humanity," appears among the first references to their existence. Basil, the Great, built the most famous hospital of that time where even lepers were cai'ed for. (5). Jerome is credited with having carried the hospital idea into western Europe (6) and during the fifth century these institutions multiplied in number and (i) Fa. Hians "Travels from China to In- dia," tr. by Beal p. 107. (2) Pausanias tells us that the Senator An- tonius "erected a building where it was both lawful to die and bear children." A. D. 170. "Descrijjtion of Greece." Book 11, chap. 2^. (3) "Christian Charity in the Early Church" by Guhlhorn Bk. Ill Ch. IV. (4) Sozomon's Eccles. Hist. V-16. (5) That Basil held some modern ideas re- garding relief is shown by his remark "He who gives to a vagabound throws his money to the dogs." Epistle 292. (6) Epistles LXXVII-6. variety. A Hospice for strangers at Por- tus, three for the poor at Rome, and a re- treat for insane monks at Jerusalem are mentioned, (i). At Constantinople, thirty- five institutions included Chrysostom's two for the sick and Justinian's House of Penance. The "Hotel Dieu" of Paris, was founded in the time of Gregory the Great, who devoted considerable attention to re- lief problems. He made the hospital at Augustodununi independent of its Bishops, and such independence of episcopal control becoming the prevailing custom opened the way to irresponsibility in the management of church institutions. The constructive benevolence of the church during this period covered a wide field. The foundations of every modern European state were laid by the church. Only under her protection did peaceful oc- cupations flourish ; and it was she who pre- served to the modern world "the products of Milleniums of labor." The question may be asked, whether the church attempted to supply any recreative substitute for the condemned ampitheatre. If during the fourth century services became less so- ciable and sympathetic, their magnificence and dramatic effects were everywhere aug- mented. The story of the first rendering of the Te Deum at the baptism of St. (i) Fleury Hist. Ecclesiastique Liv. X.KX. Sec. XW. c. 9. Augustine at Milan suggests a dramatic scene not uncommon at that day. Turning to mediaeval charity we find the monastic orders establishing hospitals with at least the partial motive of benevolence. Private piety, as previously, lavished itself upon the endowment of enduring relief agencies. Of the mediaeval monuments in modern London, few are more interesting than St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Found- ed in 1 123 as an Augustinian Community with a master, eight brethren and four sisters, it still occupies the site given it in 1 139. It appears to have always been a hospital in our modern sense of the word. (i). Such hospitals as St. Leonard's founded by Athelstan in 936 at York were for needy and strangers. (i) A Grant of Edward III reads: "Ad omnes pauperes iiifiniios ad idem hospitale con- fiuentes," etc. Becket and Henry III were among its early benefactors. "The Hospital came into the possession of Henry VIII, wno refounded it, and granted it a fresh Charter, which gave back the greater portion of its for- mer revenues; considering the miserable estate of the poore, aged, sick, low, and impotent peo- ple as well men as women, lying and going about begging in the common streets of the said City of London and the suburbs of the same, to the great paine and sorrowe of the same poore, aged, sick, and impotent people and to the great infection, hurt, and annoyance of His Grace^s loving subjects. At the granting of Henry VIII s Charter St. Bartholomew's Hospital contained one hundred beds, and since that time, its ac- commodations have increased sevenfold, while the out-patient department has been added, ex- tending the benefits of the foundations to more than one hundred and fifty thousand patients every year." Harvey, the discoverer of the cir- culation of the blood, was physician here from 1609 to 1643. Some rules suggested by him are still in use. The reign of Henry VIII was epoch making in the history of benevolence. The Tudor Dynasty sought to establish order in the realm; and in no department of Eng- lish life was it more needed. In the year 1536, which saw the first legislative dis- tinction drawn between the dependent and delinquent classes — ("poor, impotent, sick and diseased people"' and "such as be lusty") — the decisive blow was struck at the English monasteries. The time had come when the state was to resume a re- sponsibility thrown upon the church in the fourth century. King Henry could say : "I will look after my own relief;" and he flipped the monks off his island, (i). The defence of a change so revolutionary as the suppression of six hundred and forty-five religious establishments is that the monks were aliens, owing allegiance to none with- in the realm and were not attempting to deal in any adequate way with the problem of relief. After the "Black Death" and the "Statute of Labourers" in 1349 the system of voluntary charity and repressive poor laws proved to be inadequate. The local authorities who had previously distributed corn in hard times, now asked for liberal (i) The statesinansliip of Henry \'III and its results has been a fruitful subject for discus- sion. The chil administration of relief since has been subject to grave abuses; one hundred years ago it was about as bad as possible; and Mr. Charles Booth even says: "the present state of things satisfies no one." contributions. A definite levy for the poor of London was enforced in 1547, and fifty years later a tax throughout the realm. Of the twenty hospitals mentioned by John Stow in his "London under Elizabeth" three had been suppressed by Henry V. (i) and eight by Henry VHL (2). The five Royal Foun- dations re-endowed by the citizens of Lon- don, are St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas (for the sick poor), Christ's Hospital (for orphans), Bethlehem or "Bedlam" which has sheltered the insane since the four- teenth century; (3) and Bridewell, where the unemployed were "set on work," and children taught trades. (Twenty-five such trades are mentioned). In the time of James I, "Bridewells" became a fixed in- stitution throughout the realm. When tramps were transported after the Com- monwealth the workhouse became the poorhouse and ceased to have its former (i) At Aldersgate, at Cripplegate and Old- bourne. (2) St. Marv Barking for the Insane, St. Giles and St. Tames for the lepers, St. John Jerusalem for Crusaders, St. Mary Cripplegate for blind, St. iSIary Spittle for i8o and St. Mary Rouncewell. (3) Rational treatment of the insane appears to date from a I'rench canon of 1603 forbidding the clergy to cast out devils. The French law of 1838 marked another advance. The first American asylum was founded at Williamsburgh, Virginia, in 1773. Important reforms, including the British Royal Commission of 1855 resulted from the agitation led by Miss Dorothea Dix. signirtcance. Its e^tablislunenl had mark- ed a penalogical t- ra. ( i ) . Constructive • Benevolence was a con- spicuous feature of the life of the me- diaeval Church. The Trade Guilds were ecclesiastical in their origin and never wholly lost their religious aspect. The monks gave serious attention to quasi- scientific agriculture, irrigation, sanitation, road-making and bridge-building. But the main constructive charitable work of the Church was coming to be in education. Henry VIII. disestablished remedial char- ity in the English Church "that the monks and their estates might be turned to some better account, that the people might be better educated, charity be better exercis- ed." etc. (2). Since Justinian, the schools of the Church had been the only schools in Eu- rope. Creating the Universities, she sup- plied not only the instructors, but most of the students. The Reformers' policy of di- (i) The substitution of slavery and banish- ment for tlie death penalty had marked the dawn of civilization. Kcclesiastical influence, as seen in the Hebrew City of Refuge and the Christian Sanctuary, .shut the gate upon the ven- geance of individuals. That Reform is better tnan Retribution is taught by the English Work- house. In 1669 the Hambugh Spinhouse was founded that "tiiieves and prostitutes^ by labor and religious instruction be reclaimed." Clement XI in 1704 founded the Hospital of St. ^Iichael at Rome, "for the correction and instruction of profligate youth." Howard's eft'orts brought the reforms of the nineteenth and Brockway's ex- periments presage those of the twentieth century. (2) 31 Henry \III Chap. 9. verting monastic property to educational uses was not a new one in England. "Henry VI endowed Eton and King's Col- lege with revenues which came from the suppression of alien priories." (i). In 1497 Jesus College, Cambridge, superseded St. Rhadegund's Nunnery, and Clement VII gave Wolsey permission to convert St. Frideswyde at Oxford. (2). For the next three centuries education remained the chief organized benevolence of the English and American Churches. At no period, however, has the recrea- tive work been forgotten. Dividing Eng- lish history into four periods dominated in turn by the virile, pleasure-loving. Puri- tanical and culture-loving social types; (3) we find in the first period, closing under the Tudor Dynasty, the Miracle Play, Church Pageants, Markets and Fairs in the Church yard contributing to the peo- ple's pleasure. During the pleasure-loving period, associated with the degeneration of the drama, the sentimental devotion to the "Virgin Queen" and closing with Charles II, we have Whitsun-ales, May-poles, Morris-daunces and various sports at Church festivals. The Puritanical age, ex- (i) "Cardinal Wolsey" by M. Creighton p. 141. (2) The revenues of forty monasteries were diverted to Wolsey's great Oxford foundation. Fifty-three Grammar Schools resulted from Chan- tries converted in 1547. (3) Principles of Sociology by F. H. Gid- dings p. 405. tending from Edward VI almost to Ed- ward VII saw the people's social instincts met by the church to some extent in the prayer-meeting, the sewing circle and the class meeting. Church membership itself conferred distinct social advantages. If we trace the beginning of the culture-loving era from the days of Queen Anne, the Free Library, Fresh Air Work, and the modern Parish House are portions of the recreative benevolence of to-day. Turning to the transfer of English civili- zation and of the English Church to the new world we find that the Church of England was practically established in the province of New York by the "Ministry Act" passed September 22nd, 1693. Four years later a parochial organization was ef- fected, and only seventeen years later, in the year 1709, Trinity School was estab- lished. The middle of the century saw the birth of King's College. The year 1801 marked the ordination of John Henry Hobart (i) and the appoint- ment of the first missionary of the "Com- mittee of the P. E. Church for the propa- gation of the Gospel in the State of New York." The Bible and Prayer Book So- ciety was organized in 1809; the P. E. Tract Society in 1810; the New York P. E. Library Society in 1814, and the P. E. (1) S. 1). McConnell calls him the first of modern Churchmen (History p. 286.) II Sunday School Union a little later. Sun- day Schools began to be regularly reported in 1823. It is well known that the Sunday School movement owes its origin to John Wesley and Robert Raikes. But these two men, both beginning in 1784, established schools of a different character. Wesley organized volunteer teachers to give religious instruc- tion. Such schools were known in this country before his time, but they did not become an integral part of American Church life until 1809, or even 1816. Robert Raikes employed paid teachers to instruct the very poor in reading and writing on Sundays. This was before the factory laws made attendance at day school possible. Similar schools were established in New York before 1800. The charity day schools grew out of this system. Perhaps the first of them was St. Michael's Parish School of thirty-eight children started at Bloomingdale in 1817. The free Church of St. Mary, Manhattanville, incorporated in 1823 opened "a free Parish School." In 1824 Dr. Wainwright of Grace Church be- gan one which had one hundred ten boys and one hundred twenty-five girls. The Charity Infant School at St. Thomas' had sixty-nine children in 1832. St. Mark's, St. Bartholomew's and the Church of the As- cension soon followed. Dr. Hawks started a Sunday "School for Blacks" at St. Steph- en's in 18,31, and in that same year the Church of the Ascension built a "neat and commodious" Sunday School building. St. Luke's erected a five-story building for day schools in 1833. Much attention was given at this time to Parish and Sunday School Libraries. The General Theological Semi- nary in New York dates from 1817. Dur- ing the first tliird of the century— the per- iod of Bishop Hobart's ministry — it is diffi- cult to draw tlic lino between missionary and educational work. The same mixed motive no doubt existed in the minds of the founders of Trinity School and of Co- lumbia College. At the close of that per- iod contemporaneous with the culmination of the Poor Law agitation in England, we find steps taken which mark a distinct ad- vance in benevolent work in New York. The Leake and Watts Orplian Mouse was founded in 183 1. Tlie Rector and Wardens of Trinity Church were named as Trustees, but it was not a distinctively Church institu- tion. The equal support of all Christian people was asked as it was a year or two later in the founding of the Orphan Asy- lum Society of the City of Brooklyn. Within the Church, however, we see changes which mark progress. The Male and Female Auxiliary Mis- sionary Society of Christ Church founded 13 in 1824 became in 183 1 the basis of a larger work. Through the initiative of Rtv. Dr. Schroeder, Mr. Floyd Smith and others, the City Mission Society was established "to provide churches in which the seats shall be free and mission houses for the poor and afiflicted." Their Mission Church of the Holy Evangelists was consecrated in Vande-Water Street, November 19th, 183 1, (i). It had a daily infant school and lending library. The first missionary in charge, Rev. B. C. Cutler, founded a House of Industry where cheap cottons were bought and "poor females" employed to make garments at i2y2C to i8%c apiece. During the first year $289.97 was paid for work and $334.06 for material for fifteen hundred thirty-four garments. The poor came hither '"from almost every section of the city," but the garments were not easily sold and the work was discontinued. This experiment in "setting the poor on work" is interesting when we recall the import- ance attached to this method of charity later on. In this same year, 1831, a Female Asso- ciation at St. Clement's Church met week- ly to make garments for the Sunday School children, and the Teachers" Benevolent So- ciety of St. Luke's Church purchased cloth- (i) The Church of the Epiphany in Stanton Street was consecrated Jan. 28th, 1834, and St. Matthew's in Christopher Street March istu, 1841. Both belonged to this society. 14 ing for destitute children. The Mite So- ciety of St. Peter's Church reHeved "much misery and distress" probably in the same way. This was the older method of doing for the poor instead of helping them to do for themselves. A Unitarian employment society founded by the Rev. Orville Dewey has given out sewing to poor women since 1836, but it was not until 1846 that wc find the work permanently established in the Episcopal Church. In that year Ascen- sion Parish started its Association for the Improvement of Industrious Poor. The contribution of St. George's Church under the successive rectorships of Milnor and Tyng is worthy of special note. Dr. Milnor devoted his attention to the "most ignorant and needy classes." He organized six Sunday Schools in his crowded quarter of the city. He interested himself in the common schools of the state ; and helped found Kenyon College and the University of New York. He was actively interested in mission work and his closing years were devoted to the establishment of a Chapel for the use of the neglected. When Dr. Tyng built the new St. George's in 1847 he showed "the necessity of an adequate build- ing appropriately arranged" for the Sun- day School. As the school developed, it became an important center of work among the poor. At Avenue A and Nineteenth Street, "in 1854, the first mission school of St. George's was gathered." During the eighteen years following the completion of the first Chapel (September 1859) $250,000 was devoted to this work at four centers. (I). On February 22nd, 1844, the floating Church of Our Saviour was consecrated where the Young Men's Church Mission- ary Society devoted its attention to work among sailors. The unrest following the widespread po- litical disturbances of 1848, the appearance of the modern city with whole districts out of touch with cultural influences, the de- generation of the homes in these districts (2) and such books as J. S. Mills' Princi- ples of Political Economy preceded the beginning of the present era of philan- thropy which dates from about the year 1853. In New York, the immigration for twenty-five years had been enormous. (3). (i) The German Chapel was at 214 East 14th Street, the Chapel of Living Waters was at 283 Avenue B and the Chapel of the Bread of Life was at i6th Street near First Avenue. The earliest of these had a day school, sewing scnool and men's reading room. (2) A New York Convention report of 1854 says: "In the lower wards of New York City heathenism reigns triumphant." (3) The urban population of the U. S. con- stituted in 1800 4 per cent, in 1830 6.7 per cent, in 1840 Syi per cent, in 1850 i2j^ per cent. This fifth decade was the decade of maximum increase of the century. The population of New York City in 1800 was 60,515, in 1840 312,- 710, in 1850 515,547, in i860 813,669. The population of Brooklyn doubled in the third, the fourth and again in tne fifth decade. 16 The city had suffered from recurring chol- era scares, showing a bad sanitary condi- tion. In 1846 Rev. Dr. Muhlenberg took up his residence in the city and found the work ready to be done. In October, 1853, the General Convention of the Church met in New York. It es- tablished the fund for the relief of infirm clergy and for widows and orphans of clergy, and discussed a Memorial urging the "emancipating the episcopate and un- sectarizing the church." The political principles of "checks and balances" had gotten into church life. The Memorial pleaded for a wider freedom for the bishop in administration, and ior the minister in public ministrations. (\). The author of the Memorial was William Augustus Muh- lenberg. He has been called "a living epi- tome of our Church's History."' Beginning work as a pastor, from the age of thirty to forty-eight he was a school master. (2). He then established a free church, a sister- hood and the church hospital which has (1) Hyslop in his "Democracy" (p. 129) pleads for similar reforms in civic administration. (2) In the same year. 1828, Tliomas Arnold became Head Master of I'Jugby, and William .•Vngustus Muhlenberg opened the Flushing In- stitute, liach man achieved for his own church and country similar reforms or they might be better called creations. Tiiey gave to educa- tion a new meaning. A biographer described the aim of the work at Mushing as being the "communication of a spirit, the development of a soul, the formation of character, the perfec- tion of manhood." (W. W. Xewton page 47.) 17 given the chief luster to his name. At seventy he established a social community. "A firm believer in organic or institutional Christianity, he was convinced that the of- fice of the Christian Church is not merely to evangelize, but also to educate in every highest and best sense of the word." (i). Dr. Muhlenberg's intellect had reached a vigorous maturity when the call came to organize the Free Church of the Holy Communion. Moving to New York in 1846, he hired two houses instead of one. The first parish house in the city thus adjoins his temporary rectory. Almost at once he began to plan St. Luke's Hospital and had it incorporated in 1850. In that same year the Parish House and Rectory in the rear of the Church of the Holy Communion were occupied. But already a society had been started with the object of supplying sewing for poor women. On August 7th, 1849, he found a little vacation class being instructed by a poor parishioner, "I told her it would do them all good to go for a little fresh air over to Hoboken." A year or two later his "Fresh Air Fund" began sending people away systematically. "The first Church Christmas Tree for poor chil- dren in the city of New York was lighted in the parish of the Holy Communion in (i) "Dr. Muhlenberg" by \V. W. Newton, p. 67. 18 1847." (i). Such were tlie beginnings of activities which have transformed much of the life of the Church, given us the mod- ern institutional Church, and started many activities outside of ecclesiastical limits. St. Luke's Hospital was not opened until 1859; but the care of the sick could not be deferred. A few rooms in a rear tenement were hired, "and here in 1853 St. Luke's was virtually begun." (2). The Sisterhood of the Holy Communion was started a year earlier as a new venture, and the Memorial house built this same year. An adjoining house was occupied as an infirmary for eighteen patients, and a Dispensary with a school for poor children on the first floor. In 1864 Dr. Muhlenberg began to dream of St. Johnland, his industrial Christian community. In 1866 he bought a farm on the north shore of Long Island intending to supply healthful homes for such earnest poor folk as could pursue their occupations at such a distance from the city. Then a home was built for convalescent crippled children from St. Luke's Hospital. A boy's home and printing house were provided, and in 1869. the Old Men's Home. Among those who received their first training with Dr. Muhlenberg was Harriet Starr Cannon, who in 1865 became the (i) Life by Sister .\nne, p. 2io. (2) Life by Sister Anne, p. 259. 19 Foundress of the Sisters of St. Mary. This order started St. Mary's School for girls in 1868, St. Mary's Hospital for children in 1870, and Trinity Hospital and other insti- tutions in 1873. The five sisters who be- gan the work were professed in St. Mi- chael's Church, and their work began at the House of Mercy nearby. The clergy of this parish had long shown an interest in institutional work. Reference has been made to their early Parish School. In 1847, the Rector, Rev. Wm. Richmond and the Rev. T. M. Peters began to systematic- ally visit the city institutions. The City Mission Society was practically refounded later with a revised charter for the purpose of carrying on this work. In 1853 Mrs. Richmond began to visit Blackwell's Island and in connection with this work founded the House of Mercy. From the same im- pulse came St. Barnabas' House, the Mid- night Mission, the Infant Asylum, the Sheltering Arms and the Children's and the Shepherd's Folds. One of these, the Midnight Mission, was placed in the care of the Sisters of St. John Baptist in 1882. The American branch of this Order had been founded by Helen S. Folsom in Feb- ruary, 1874. Its work lay among the Ger- mans of the east side for whom the Church and Mission House of the Holy Cross were built at Avenue C and Fourth Street. The 20 present Sisters' House on Seventeenth Street was erected in 1878 and the adjoin- ing School House in 1884. St. Andrew's Convalescent Hospital was begun in 1886. When the Sisters of St. Mary retired from the care of St. Barnabas House in 1867 Miss Ellen Hulme was placed in charge. On April 6th, 1869, she organized the Sisterhood of the Good Shepherd which remained in charge until October, 1886. The Sisterhood afterward conducted a Training School at 191 Ninth Avenue, a Clothing Bureau at 419 West Nineteenth St., work in St. Clement's Parish and else- where. The organization has since been absorbed iato the New York Training School for Deaconesses, and its property is ultimately to be used for a Chapel at the new Cathedral. The pastor of the com- munity was the Rev. Thomas Gallaudet, who was prominently connected with many of the charities of the city. His name is especially associated with the work of St. Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes. This he organized in October, 1852. The Church Mission for Deaf Mutes he incorporated in 1872 for work in New York and neighbor- ing states. It has maintained a Home for the Aged since 1885. (i). The influence of (i) I have taken these three epochs in Dr. Gallaudet's work as marking the more important stages in the evolution of Church Philanthropy. They mark the beginnings (Appendix I), exten- sion (Appendix II), and final establishment (Appendix III) at least of some typical modern institutions. St. Ann's Church extended over a wide area. One of the first Mothers' Meetings was started here during the sixties and the first New York Chapter of the Girls' Friendly Society in 1879. Another disciple of Dr. Muhlenberg was Sister Julia. In 1871 she took charge of the Church Charity Foundation in Brook- lyn, establishing St. John's Hospital and the Sisterhood of St. John the Evangelist. The Church Charity Foundation had been started twenty years earlier by the Rev. Francis Vinton and others, for the care of orphans and aged people. Contemporary with this work was the establishment of mission chapels in neglected parts of Brooklyn. "Dominie" Johnson began St. Michael's in 1847 and St. Mark's followed in October, 1850. Dr. Canfield who came to Christ church in 1853 founded five. At this period Mission Chapels were begun in various districts in New York. St. George's, Grace, and Zion parishes estab- lished new mission centers. In 1855 the opening of St. Paul's Chapel school mark- ed the beginning of the present school sys- tem of Trinity Parish. The P. E. Orphans' Home and St. Luke's Home for Aged Women were opened a little earlier. In 1873 St. Luke's Home was moved to its larger quarters in Eighty-ninth Street. A new institution for old men then occupied the buildings next St. Luke's Church. Within the decade following the Civil War a considerable expansion of work took place, due partly to growing needs which the war had diverted attention from and to increased want occasioned by the war. Some of these years were also years of un- usual prosperity. From the epoch from which we date the beginnings of Church Philanthropy a per- iod of thirty years elapsed before the mod- ern era may be said to have come com- pletely into existence. This most recent period covers approximately the twenty years episcopate of the present Bishop of New York. The events marking the es- tablishment of the new order (i) belong chiefly within the years 1883 to 1887. These years witnessed the opening of the earliest Parish Houses and Social Settlements. City life had developed the slums, and home life was becoming impossible. (2). The successful experiment of Mr. A. T. White with his "Home" and "Tower" buildings on Hicks Street, Brooklyn, prov- ed the feasibility of model tenements in 1877. Mayor Cooper's Committee, appoint- ed in 1879, organized a stock company (1) See Appendix III. (2) Rev. Dr. Jolm Cotton Smith and the As- cension .\ssociafion had improved a block of tenements in Forty-third Street in 1865, and had exerted an influence in favor of more sjiace and air for the poor. I'inancially the effort had not been very encouraging; nor had it been o-n a large scale. Yet it appears to be the Church's only effort to grapple directly with this problem. 23 \ which leased Gotham Court in the Fourth Ward of New York. Mr. Riis tells us that the "civic conscience awoke in 1879" when the churches arraigned the slum. It was time they did something; for they were being driven uptown so rapidly as to leave whole wards almost without cultural influences. A radical change of method was forced upon them. Reform vs. palliation now became the principle of action. Co- operation and opportunities for self-help and rational social enjoyment are the key- words of the new era of work. The evolution which produced the Parish House took place in connection with the growth of the Sunday School. Rev. Dr. Tyng, speaking of early Sunday School his- tory (i) says that "Church galleries, and if permitted, which was rarely the case, the pews on the floor were difficult condi- tions in which to develop a successful Sun- day School." The second stage was a re- constructed damp church cellar or cata- comb. By i860 Dr. Tyng could say "I hardly see a new church now erected which consigns its schools to the tombs.'' Refer- ence has been made to the "neat and com- modious" Sunday School Building of the Church of the Ascension put up in 1831. St. Ann's, Brooklyn, had one in 1829. These Sunday School Buildings were either (i) Forty Years' Experience in Sunday Schools, chapter XVI. 24 small School Hou?es or large Halls sug- gesting the Halls of mediaeval castles. Ex- cellent examples of both of these may be found at St. Peter's in West Twentieth Street. There is a school house erected in 1853 and a fine Gothic Hall built in front of it in 1873. A most serviceable Sunday School Building was opened for St. Peter's, Brooklyn, in 1871. About this same time another type appears. Sunday School Rooms had been erected in the rear of Churches. Now Mission Buildings were put up, which should contain Sunday School and Church all in one building. St. Chrysostom's, built in 1868, was the first of these. Within a decade Calvary Chapel and St. Augustine's followed on a similar plan. The transition from this combination to the modern Parish House is found in the Rhinelander Memorial Chapel of St. Mark in Tompkins' Square (1883) and the Church of the Reformation, 130 Stanton Street (1885). The honor of being the first detached Parish House of the modern kind is claimed by St. Thomas' House (Flower Memorial) 229 East Fifty-ninth Street, built in 1882. St. George's (Tracy) Memorial House, 207 East Sixteenth Street, dates from 1888. and St. Bartho- lomew's, 209 East Forty-second Street, from 1891. This last building, with its more recent additions, is the typical parish 25 house of to-day. Its inception and subse- quent development are owing to the in- spiration of the Rector of the Parish, Dr. David H. Greer. It has also shared with many other institutions the benefit of the practical and painstaking counsels of the late Cornelius Vanderbilt. Few men have contributed more than these two to the successful progress of modern philanthro- py- Parallel with the development of the Parish House has been that of the Social Settlement. This has been the chief con- tribution of the nineteenth century to phil- anthropic work. Its origin is naturally bound up with the beginning of the whole modern movement. This has been traced to Francis of Assisi. It certainly owes much to John Wesley. Thomas Chalmers, in Glasgow, and Joseph Tuckerman, in Boston, prepared the way for the crystal- lizing of the thought and work. Half a century ago, co-incident with the Charity Organization idea in Germany, the Christian socialist movement in England took shape. Maurice and "Tom" Hughes laid noble foundations in Bloomsbury during the fif- ties. Denison and J. R. Green went nearer to the heart of the practical problem in Stepney during the sixties. Ruskin and T. H. Green taught the new philanthropy, the universal right to happiness, to the rising 26 generation at Oxford during the seventies. Toynbee and Canon Barnett saw the first fruits in Whitechapel during the eighties. Ingram and P. R. Buchanan brought the work to fuller proportions in Bethnal Green during the nineties. The nomina- tion of the present Bishop of London gave royal approval to the work of the move- ment at the opening of the new century. The year 1885 is memorable for the simul- taneous opening in London of Toynbee Hall (Whitechapel), Oxford House (Beth- nal Green) and Trinity College Mission, ( Camberwell). The extension of the set- tlement idea to New York is generally dat- ed from the starting of the Neighborhood Guild of 1887. The final establishment of the Social Set- tlement as a fixed philanthropic agency marked the completion of a definite step in the whole history of benevolence. Four fairly well defined stages of development may be distinguished in accordance with the dififerent motives resting back of their several activities. Pre-Christian Gener- osity (i), Early Christian Charity, Me- diaeval Alms-giving and Modern Philan- thropy while often doing tlie same kind of thing, did it for a different reason. Pre- Christian Generosity was impulsive, while (i) Called liberality by Ulilliorn and prodig- alitas by Prof. F. G. Peabody. 27 manifesting perhaps, an elemental human instinct. Athens granted a daily subsidy for the infirm, and educated orphans. Rome distributed grain to the needy and had its Mutual Benefit Associations. Pliny endowed a library and provided annuities, (i). Such things "created fame and were useful to the State." Canon Liddon says : "Man does not in his natural state love his brother, except it be from motives of interest or blood relationship." Hebrew benevolence had largely this latter motive though the strangers' needs are often re- membered (Leviticus XXIII-22, XXV-35 ; II Maccabees III-io, VIII-30). This idea of duty was not wholly absent, but the mo- tive power was mainly unreasoning im- pulse, or a recognition of the need of the State. Among the changes effected by Chris- tianity was the association of benevolence with religious duty. Charity is one of the key-words of the life of the early Church, and benevolence was an expression of thanksgiving which formed the heart of di- vine worship. Early Christian Charity then is a matter between the individual and God. While as a duty it was urged by the Church it was not regarded primarily as a duty to the Church nor to humanity. The (i) Epistles, I. 8. 28 need of men was but the accidental oppor- tunity for rendering a service to God. By the time of Ambrose and markedly after the time of Gregory a sort of return tendency had set in, ^Mediaeval Almsgiving had a certain kinship to the earlier Gener- osity. Increasing demands upon the treas- ury of the Church forced the bishops to take the role of statesmen, and contribu- tors thought more about themselves than they did about God, or their fellow men. As late ds the seventeenth century Sir Thomas Browne could say (i) : "I give no alms to satisfy the hunger of my brother, but to fulfill the will and com- mand of my God. I draw not my purse for his sake that demands it but His that enjoins it." The change from such Mediaeval Alms-giving to Alodern Philan- thropy consists in a changed primary ob- ject of interest. This is no longer self nor God, but humanity. The recipient's wel- fare rather than natural impulse, self-inter- est, or religious duty is the thing con- sidered. Air. Lecky tells us (2) the growth of early Christian charity developed a new sense of the sanctity of human life and the teaching of universal brotherhood. How- ever true that may have been of the ninth century of which he is speaking, it is emi- (i) Religio Medici 2d Part, Chan. 2. {2.) History of European Morals. 29 nenti}- true of the nineteenth. Because of this has come the change. Pre-Christian Generosity had been Ego-centric; Early Christian Charity Deo-centric; Modern Philanthropy is Socio-centric or Homo- centric. Human welfare, social and individual, is the aim of modern effort, and the enthus- iasm desiring to raise this to the highest level is the characteristic of the modern philanthropic spirit. The philanthropic at- titude to-day toward all classes, abnormal as well as normal, is educational and cul- tural. As widely as people differ, there is a normal standard toward which it is worth while to try to approximate. The modern standard of life is one which recognizes the essential unity, the inter-relation of its various parts and the necessity of harmony among them. A man is no longer considered sound if he cultivates his brain and neglects his body, nor good if he stimulates his emo- tions and despises his reason. Asymmetry is the mark of degeneracy and criminality. Modern education seeks to prevent or cor- rect it by an all around training. Physical perfection from any standpoint, and intel- lectual culture in any direction, are not suf- ficient. Ideals of personal morality even have undergone change. Loyalty to princes, policies or principles, enthusiasm after personal perfection, even the com- mon-sense standards of Jeflferson and Franklin, belong to a past age. None of them pictures twentieth century sainthood, them pictures twentieth century sainthood, Avhich demands a well-rounded manhood. As much as any one Phillips Brooks per- haps represents such a type. Great in body, great in mind, great in soul, he despised nothing human. Logical, sympathetic, pur- poseful, he was interested in the little things of life, in order that they might con- tribute to the general welfare. A philan- thropist rather than a theologian, he en- tered the pulpit because he was interested in righteousness, and sought a sphere of influence which should bring him in con- tact with many of his fellowmen. That he succeeded in leaving an impress upon life in the sphere of philanthropic activity is not wanting. Bishop Lawrence in a recent tribute declared that the name of Phillips Brooks is still remembered in the Home, the college, the prison and the hospital. Coming back to the actual work done in New York, it is a matter of some interest to note the relation between theological thinking and benevolent activity. In the days when allegiance to definite schools of thought was more prevalent than to-day. this became quite marked. '"Evangelicals" developed parochial activity such as the 31 Sunday School and Mission work of many kinds. Such were Drs. Bedell, Tyng, Can- held and W. F. Morgan. "High Anglicans" organized extra-parochial institutions, — schools, hospitals, etc. Bishop Hobart, Drs. Vinton, Peters and I. H. Tuttle belonged here. The "Broad" School saw the need of f,rira-ecclesiastical work, and led the in- terest in social and neighborhood effort. F. D. Maurice was the founder in England, and Grace and Ascension Parishes have been exponents of this school in New York for the past thirty-five years. The many- sidedness of Dr. Muhlenberg's creative power is shown by the institutional work at Flushing and St. Luke's Hospital, his paro- chial activity at the Holy Communion, and finally the social experiment at St. John- land. He seems to have caught the true spirit of each theological standpoint and to have carried its principles into practice. Having sketched hastily the growth of benevolent institutions, a brief description of what the Protestant Episcopal church is doing in New York would be in order. We may take the hospital and the home to represent what we have called remedial, the school to represent constructive, and the parish house to represent recreative philanthropy. The attempt is made in the following chapter to discuss somewhat at length Remedial Effort. 32 (2) Chapter II Remedial Effort. SECTION I— INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SICK AND DISABLED (TEMPORARY RELIEF). St. Luke's Hospital (1853) Cathedral Heights Rev. Geo. F, Clover, Superintendent. St. Mary's Free Hospital for Children (1870) 405 West 34th Street Sisters of St. Mary in charge. Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children (1885) 17 E. I nth Street. Frances L. Lurkins, Superintendent. Trinity Hospital (1874) 50 Varick Street Annie E. Kirchhofif, Superintendent. St. Andrew's Convalescent Hospital (1887) 211 E. 17th Street Sisters of St, John Baptist in charge. Noyes Memorial Home (1888) Peekskill, New York Branch of St. Mary's Hospital. DISPENSARIES. St. Luke's (1897) Cathedral Heights. Wilkes (1894) 435 Ninth Avenue. Trinity (1879) 209 Fulton Street. St. Chrysostom's (1880) 550 Seventh Avenue. Bloomingdale (i8gi) 225 W. ggth Street. St. Batholomew (1894) 215 E. 42nd Street. Grace (1868) 414 E. 14th Street. 33 It is well to begin a description of Church Philanthropy in New York with the insti- tution which was the chief product of the genius of Dr. Muhlenberg. He disliked the idea of its being a self-erected monument; but the original conception was his, and the influence of his personality there is still strong. He had been working and planning for seven years already, when in 1853 St. Luke's Hospital had its real beginning in two rooms of a rear tenement on Sixth Avenue. The work had been incorporated in 1850, and the cornerstone of the build- ing at Fifty-fourth Street and Fifth Ave- nue was laid by Bishop Wainwright on May 6th, 1854. This property had been obtained by combining the enterprise with an earlier unsuccessful effort to establish a hospital for British emigrants. Nine pa- tients moved into the new building May nth, 1858. Dr. Muhlenberg not only made the hos- pital his home, but insisted on the patients being regarded as his guests and as under his paternal care. Beside the best services of the physician and surgeon every personal comfort was considered, and opportunity sought for moral and religious culture. The chapel was the central part of the building and it was opened a year before the wards, in order to emphasize the dis- tinctly Christian aspect of the work. The 34 institution has never possessed a sectarian character, but the religious ministrations are those of the Protestant Episcopal Church. The superintendent has always been an Episcopal clergyman and daily services have always been held. The present site of the hospital was purchased in 1892, and in i8g6, just fifty years from the initial effort of the founder, the four pavilions were opened. They are named for Dr. Muhlenberg, and his three fellow-workers, Robert B. Minturn, Adam Norrie and Cornelius Vanderbilt. The buildings are of fire-proof brick and granite ; the floors and walls non-absorbent and the corners of the wards rounded. Attached to the front of the Administration Building in the center of the block is a tower 180 feet high. Its dome serves as a roof to the operating amphitheatre, beneath which are the children's wards. The Men's and Women's Pavilions have wards con- taining twenty beds each upon four floors. The fifth floor has two small wards. Each floor has a poultice room, pantry, dining room, quiet room and a small ward, sep- arated by a hallway from the main ward. The water closets are in a turret outside the building proper. Each floor of these pavilions is connected with the correspond- ing floor of the Administration Building at the corner of contact; but direct circu- 35 lation of air is prevented by fresh air cut- offs. The isolating wards are in the roof. In the basement of the Men's PaviHon is the general drug room and the dispensary. The wards proper occupy practically the whole southern exposure of the buildings, and have light and air on three sides. Each pavilion and each floor of each pa- vilion is entirely shut off from direct con- tact with any other. Every part of the building has convenient access to the Ad- ministration Building, the Chapel and the Kitchen. The Nurse's Home is behind the Men's Pavilion. On each floor above the first are twenty separate bed rooms, four bath rooms, closets, etc. In the basement is the laundry for the whole institution. The training school for nurses was established in July, 1888, and now provides a regular course of three years' instruction. Mem- bers of the school act as assistants in the wards, and besides lodging and laundry, receive their uniforms and text books. The pathological laboratory has its sep- arate building. Scientific investigation and training, while receiving careful attention, are never allowed to interfere with the rights or convenience of individual patients. The pavilion for private patients, in course of erection in 1905, will accommodate six- ty-five, and will furnish a residence for the superintendent. 36 Patients are received who are suffering from acute, curable, non-contagious dis- eases. Tlie first classification is according to sex, and then into surgical, medical, chil- dren's and phthisical cases. Eight wards are thus the least number in use, although very few phthisical cases are received. Patients requiring immediate care are received at any hour, and surgical cases from any part of the country. The House Staff consists of three physi- cians, six surgeons and three pathologists, appointed to serve for six months. While freedom of action is accorded to the Med- ical Staff and the Training School, yet the Superintendent, as father of the house, is in touch with and has authority over every department. His office gives unity and as- sures co-operation throughout the insti- tution. All employees are responsible to him and all supplies are obtained under his direction. In purchasing provisions, etc., dealers agree to fill orders on certain terms, the prices not to be changed without no- tice. By acquaintance with the price list of several houses, it is felt that better terms can be obtained than by the contract sys- tem in use in many institutions. The super- intendent reckons that the average daily cost of food for the 484 inmates of the house is thirty cents. The Board of Managers of St. Luke's 2>7 Hospital consists of twenty-four members, selected at the annual meeting on October i8th, beside two appointed by St. George's Society of New York and the Mayor of the City, the President of the Board of Al- dermen, the President of the Medical Board and the British Consul General. The erection of these buildings cost $i,- 749,605.08, and the land (536 ft.x583x2i3 ft., Morningside Drive, running diagonally) cost $530,000. The Margaret J. Plant Pa- vilion, for private patients, at the southeast corner of the property, will cost nearly half a million more. The capital assets of the institution are reckoned at $4,500,000, over $1,000,000 of which has been given for the permanent endowment of 236 beds and two rooms for the clergy. The cost of the en- dowment of one bed in perpetuity is $7,500. The hospital receives no public funds, but is supported by its endowment, which yielded over $84,000 in 1904, as against $40,000 in 1899; by receipts from patients and by voluntary donations. The annual deficit is supplied from the unrestricted legacies. Dr. Muhlenberg started his "Cen- tury Fund" with the intention that one hundred persons should annually contribute one hundred dollars each toward this de- ficit. There are about ninety names on the list. Their contributions are included in the first figure in the following table, which 38 shows the sources of income since the occupation of the present site : rv o O >- f'J S 00 O -00 Oi (y Oi C «^ - ■» E >^ u — ■> 1^ 1^00 — *£) On DJ ) rC lO CO r^^ N -^ *r; « ™ c O^ COO Tj-r^. m- (^ o QC ^ f*: in -^ t^ ti^ r^.OO O 00 -^00 -I- n yt\C C 'O'" "^ -* - ■^ Tf ro -^ Tj-vO W r^oc -<.B^ oococ o o • ■*!■ Tt IN. u-.O « u^OO O rfri n ininocco 00 O C?od C?v f^ po '^r ro fO m\0 ^ O txO ^ ri O 00 »0 O C^ Tj-sO so ^ NO r^^ o ■*<^ « - — O « ►- ->NO — O ro O o - "11 > i N/^OC O I^ "^ TJ-VO t^\C OONO CN ci « N m" m' fP ri N bo a o r - II o -^ rt u -H = 1^00 o> O - '>) to ■* OnOnWCOOOOI CCOOOO CnCvCnOCv 39 The change in conditions after the year 1901, the first year of the present Superin- tendent, is due largely to the removal of the patients of the House of Rest for Consump- tives. Every j^ear since, four wards have stood vacant and many patients have been refused admission. Lack of room for pri- vate patients and for the required nursing force, as well as lack of funds, has re- strained the normal growth. The opening of the new pavilion may be expected to im- prove conditions. The following table shows some of the results of methods of administration dur- ing the eight years at Cathedral Heights : >. a •o bfiS __ S"2 u c 5 °5 tc C p. >>« " i> rt „ i\ c} Q WW QEU U c^ 1897 $ 57.499 $ 151,018 78,310 $ 1-77 ^ 1898 70,983 161,781 82,308 1-72^ 1899 68.648 161,61 1 83.258 1.81 1900 62.043 175,250 86,571 1.8? 1 90 1 50,630 180,263 90,695 1.82 1902 27,566 177.514 73.556 2.08 1903 32.167 179,026 75,203 2.08 1904 17.236 180,217 76.493 1.98 Average iti the old building 1867-1877 45.783 1877-1887 54.812 56,668 1. 12 1887-1897 91.619 64,896 1-35 40 The quantity of work done has increased every year with tlie exception above noted. The expense account has not increased every year. Since 1898 the deficit has nota- bly decreased every year save one. The daily cost is perhaps the most significant figure of all. With the known increased cost of living and increasing cost of hos- pital requirements, there has been practi- cally no increase in the figures here since 1899. and an actual decrease in 1898 and 1904. The decrease in 1904, the superinten- dent attributes to the slightly reduced price of coal and provisions and to the increase in the administrative force in two depart- ments. An analysis of the expense account ac- cording to the departments of work is here given. Salaries and wages are placed separate from other expenses. 41 fi o »-» o ■^ o •sno3UEip3Sii\[ t^ ro IX ^ CO CO fn '-* •3- •^ fO ^ '-' w- o ~ in o> •aouBjnsiii 6«- O -*• ■* O fc o •SJTBClajJ fO ■s rx o vO _ ■* tx 00 » no N 00 o\ VO •sasaadxq o * o> IX w a o asnojj - IX IX kH VD VO OS 00 -o vO » o •suoisiAoaj 00 o^ 00 VO 00 00 \D t>* PO IX ^ 0\ fx ro 00 P> o \D vO O rx •XapunB^ W3- CO fO ■" n n rx ro ■f \o '4- i? •uaijoi'M «3- rf t ■* cn fo « o •X.ioiBJoqe'j w pT pT N E/3- •lootios 00 o" o o 00 o\ O •3JB3 IEU0ISS3J0JJ o> CO CO o" CO o" O cS rn o o O 00 o o" •uouBJjsunutpv 00 :x Ix oo" O 00 IX f-2 rx 00 co_ rx O " IX O *? 1 tx O r= o •- o •-; 42 St. Alary's Hospital was opened by the Sisters of St. Mary at 206 West Fortieth Street with beds for fifteen children in No- vember, 1870. It has always been free. In 1873, the house on the present site, with a capactiy of twenty-six beds, was occu- pied. The present main building was erect- ed in 1880 and the addition on the adjoin- ing lot in 1893. This newer part contains two medical wards, girls on the main floor and boys on the second floor. The sis- ters' and nurses' apartments are above these and four small isolating wards on the fifth floor. The three surgical wards are on the first and second floors of the Main Build- ing. A recent addition to the building has doubled the capacity of two of these. The third floor of this addition is occupied by the new chapel. The operating room with its dependencies and modern appliances and the pathological laboratory are on the fourth floor. The ward capacity is 108. In 1900 a one-story building for the laun- dry was erected in the rear of the hospital, facing on 35th Street. The power and heating plant are in this building. There are usually six sisters in residence to supervise the work of the hospital. For- merly the greater part of the nursing was done by volunteers. It is now in the hands of from fifteen to eighteen nurses, who are being regularly trained. A graduate nurse 43 has charge of the operating room. There is a resident physician beside the attending and consulting staff. A considerable part of the work of this hospital is surgical treatment of maimed and crippled children and there is constant need of metal supports and braces for the children whose parents are not able to pro- vide them. Children are received between the ages of two and fourteen years, and in addition to acute, occasional chronic cases are received. By the connection of the dis- pensary and convalescent home, St. Mary's is able to care for its patients during a pro- longed convalescence or whenever they are able to leave the ward. The Dispensary Building, fronting on Ninth Avenue, was built in 1894. Above the reception and con- sulting rooms on the main floor are apart- ments for the resident physician and others. From the opening of the hospital to Sep- tember 30th, 1904, 11,430 children had been treated. St. Mary's Guild, founded in 1881, with ten members, consists of 81 women who sup- ply the needs of two wards and support ten beds in the Summer Home at Norwalk. St. Christopher's Guild, founded in 1892, has nearly 200 members. It looks after three of the wards and supports ten beds in the hospital. ' In the summer of 1877 drives in the open 44 air were systematically arranged for the patients. Later a house was hired for them at Rockaway, and in 1881, one accommodat- ing 70 children was bought. In 1895 thirty acres of land near Norwalk, Connecticut, were obtained and the buildings opened in July, 1897. Here as many of the children as are well enough, have an outing during the summer. A recent addition makes the capacity eighty. In 1888 the Noyes Memorial House ad- joining the property of th"e Sisters at Peekskill was opened for incurable and convalescing children. The cost of the original hospital build- ing with the land was $77,000. The addi- tion built next it cost with the land $142,- 000. The Dispensary and Ninth Avenue property cost $90,000. The property on 35th Street, with buildings, cost $28,000. The hospital is supported in the usual way. The interest from endowments sup- plies somewhat less than one-half of the required amount. 45 aati Xep lad •S3SU3dX3 •suoijEJado JO S/Ceq •pajBaax •sjsanbag t^ h- Oi fO ro r^ p^ P) o 0) ' 1-5 - - O OnI •aDUBJnsuj •sjiBcIag! in t^ ri o o N O QO 0> t^ ^ iriQO r^ o r-% t^ in ri ts tN. O 0\ I- •juaui.wopug uioaj « >n Ti- r^^o C/1 >> ri 5 o CO M O <»> wvo rx in o O M M N •uoj;bioossy •ung piiB -jBg [BJldSOJI •suonnqujuo3 [EnpJAtpui tvl^ t^ m rt ^ t^ t M « M ■ r„ m Tf ro r^ On Ow \o in tx in 'o P4 ci el -rf -^ c/^ V- 'O •^\0 t^ m r^ 0J3 <■-•) ri vo O O C fO MOOOO O .S uaqoji}^ 00 •XJOjEJoqB'j •3JB3 jBuoissajoaj; uoijBJ4Siutiupy 00 N 46 The growth of the work is shown by the following table : Average Number Admitted 1/ „ li > 3 X In •the first building l)revious to 1 1880I 75 4.141 In one building 1880 to I 8q + . 24b 1 10,661 Wi ith both buildings i8q4 to 1 1899. 023 ■ 7.586 With last addition 1899 to 1904... 837 : 20,724 Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Delano established and endowed a homeopathic hospital, known as the Laura Franklin Free Hospital for Children, which was opened under the aus- pices of the Sisters of St. Mary on No- vember 2 1 St, 1886. The wards extend the full depth of the building, and occupy one- half of the first and second floors. Opening from the wards are wide balconies, which, as far as possible, are used by the chil- dren during convalescence. A kindergarten, supported by the Laura Franklin Sewing Society, w-as begun in 1903 to help make convalescence a pleasant season. During the summer as many of the children as possible are sent out of town. Daily service is said in the chapel. The hospital has accommodations for fifty children between the ages of two and twelve j-ears, and is for curable and non- contagious diseases. It is under the control of a board of five trustees who have the power to appoint their successors. In addition to the resident doctor and 47 superintendent, the staff consists of two day nurses, two night nurses and nine pu- pils. A regular training school, organ- ized in igoo, offers a course covering two and one-half years, part of which is spent in other institutions. Ward supplies are administered in con- nection with the operating department. Everything used is not only noted in de- tail, but is credited to the individual and occasion to which it belongs. The figures in the following table show that the amount of work done has increased annually during the past four years. Dur- ing the same period the exceptional de- crease in the daily cost is the result of im- proved supervision of both the use, and ob- taining of supplies. One of the most difficult problems for institutions is to obtain an honest fulfillment of con- tracts. It is much more difficult for a hospital superintendent than for an ordi- nary housekeeper to detect fraud in either the quantity or the quality of articles paid for: ii *j 52 •" II ^5 >,2 ^s S 3 u ttf u a c7 ;z;h 2H -U 1901 343 14,865 153 $ -95 1902 347 17,06s 156 .76 1903 388 20,033 220 .67 1904 400 20,843 222 1 -59 (3) 48 Analysis of expense accoinit for three years : >. g -^ ■" v^ 6 u 5 C v.. v. rt c: ^^ c-u t^! >-j 1903 $ 374 00 $ 587 00 $ 70 00 Sal 842 00 1,462 00 $411 00 435 00 1904 428 62 860 2Z 73 16 Sal 787 00 1,366 59 384 00 406 84 1905 520 00 670 00 102 00 Sal. 1,080 00 1,340 00 384 00 424 00 bb _c ST = 6 3 _3 in u 10 k2 *{ u i ■^ Oi 1903 $ 372 00 $ 5.06 2 00 2,047 00 1 1 Sal. 742 00 645 00 1 \ 1904 370 00 5.03 9 94 1,388 80) 60 00 933 72. Sal. 693 75 603 00 1905 213 00 4.80 5 00 380 00 60 00 361 00 Sal. 728 00 600 oo| When the Rector of Trinity Church moved from 50 Varick Street in 1873, the building was occupied as a parish infirmary. Additions were made to provide sufficient space to care for twenty-seven patients. The green breathing space between the hos- pital and old St. John's Chapel makes a pleasant outlook from the wards and in- sures fresh air for the patients. Sister Eleanor, of the Sisters of St. Mary, was in charge from the opening ^of the hospital until 1900, when the present superintendent entered upon her work. 49 One difficulty of the building is the small- ness of the wards, necessitated by the use of the various rooms, with the least possi- ble advantage in arrangement. Under the superintendent there are a day nurse, a night nurse and eight pupils. These are usually somewhat below the age at which candidates are admitted to regu- lar training in the larger hospitals. The work done while serving here is prepara- tory to the regular course later on. The attending staff consists of four physi- cians, appointed for the year, serving for a period of three months at a time. Services are held in the chapel daily at 7 P. M. The Holy Communion is cele- ' brated on Monday and Friday mornings, and there is also a Sunday afternoon ser- vice. A housekeeper has charge of the purchas- ing and distributing of supplies. Formerly a druggist was employed, but prescriptions are now prepared outside of the hospital. The majority of the cases are surgical. Only a small number of the patients are able to pay for their treatment, the remain- der being supplied by an annual appropria- tion from the corporation. Less than half of the patients have any connection with the Church. The annual cost of the hospital is $13,- 000. It has gradually increased from $7,000. SO The monthly pay roll is $360. Classifying the annual accounts we have the following table : bi) c ■^ J2 •5 u u c s 4) 11 3 > c-u J w C- — ii^ $891 $ 900 $3,580 $4,200 1.584 360I 393 672 420 "•0 >3 n u 1) rt u rt rt a a ^u 1902 256 1,035 5,477 128 $1 99 1903 282 1.394 5.347 144 I 92 In the matter of expense the year 1904 seems to be a fairly typical year for these four hospitals. Their daily cost for ward patients during that year is given as fol- lows : St. Luke's $ 1.98 St. Mary's 69 Laura Franklin 59 Trinity 1.92 Taking the accounts of thirty-four hos- pitals for 1904 as reported to the Saturday and Sunday Association of New York City, their figures of daily cost are found to range from 31 cents at the Mother's Homeof SI the Sisters of Misericordia to $6.37 at the Lying-in Hospital. The average of the thirty-four is $1.79. St. Luke's and Trinity are higher and St. Mary's and Laura Franklin are much lower. St. Luke's has an expensive plant and the requirements of a great institution involve expenditures which a small one need not incur. The extreme opposite is the case of expense at Trinity. The plant is badly suited to the work and the amount of work is small. In comparing the current expense ac- count of these four institutions it is to be re- membered that this figure is always taken not to include repairs, insurance, taxes, im- provements and whatever appears to be- long exclusively to the capital account. Comparing the percentage of the current expense devoted to each department for this same year we have the following ta- ble of percentages : — ^ — tn ti C OJ cS V >> c u u u > V .0 W r •3 u C4 u V 5 -0 '> 13 St. Luke . . 10 22 6 2 3 3 10 30 12 2 St. Mary . . 5 16 I I 6 24 27 20 L. Franklin 10 18 3 4 8/2 40 >< 16 Prinitv 7 19 3 _3_ 33 32 3 St. Mary's first figure is small because of its being in charge of a religious order. Probably the second, third and fourth should be in a single column. The dis- crepancy at St. Luke's would then appear greater than it is. The reason for this is that so much more attention is and can be given to the professional end of the work than elsewhere. St. Mary's laundry plant is particularly modern and expensive. The housekeeping column suggests more atten- tion to system at St. Luke's and Laura Franklin. At St. Mary's the smaller pro- vision account is attributed to the use of less meat than elsewhere. Patients newly discharged from hospi- tals and others not acutely but really ill are unable to pursue their ordinary avoca- tions. They need healthful rest to prepare them for future usefulness. For such St. Andrew's Hospital was started in East Six- teenth Street with twelve beds by the Sis- ters of St. John Baptist in 1886. They moved to their present quarters three years later and in January, 1901, doubled their capacity by the purchase of the adjoining house. From twenty-eight to thirty-five women can be accommodated. There are three wards and a sitting room on the sec- ond floor and above are two more wards and three individual rooms. A trained nurse is in charge of the patients. Five dollars a week is charged, but suita- ble cases are not refused when approved by 53 the visiting physician. There are a few cribs for children whom mothers can not leave behind. All who can, pay a little. There are three endowed beds yielding an annual income of $550. Books, magazines and various opportunities for recreation are provided. Friends often come and read aloud to the patients. The close proximity to Stuyvesant Square is an advantage. -3 ci u Ah ° f^ m ^ jj u S >- s V ^ >» CO s y~ ^C^Oj i—i w rttS ZH 1900 |$i,i57 77l$i9i 25|$550 oo|$i,670 p\ 176 1901 1 :,273 07I 177 oo| 550 oo| 1,819 62I 138 1902. 1903. 1904. 2,767 90I 759 25 2,720 12 820 20 3,129 6o| 838 00 550 00 2,202 13 I 3,196 68 I 3,079 48 131 233 25s From the opening of the hospital to Oc- tober I St, 1904, 2297 patients were admitted. The daily cost per patient in 1903 was 79c. The hospital is kept open during the eight winter months. During that time most convalescents prefer to be in the city near their friends. In the summer it is better and they prefer to be out of town. Beginning in 1903 a summer branch was opened at Woodcliff, New Jersey. About the same time that St. Andrew's Hospital was started, All Saint's Home for Convalescent Men and Boys was opened by the Brothers of Nazareth. This has been conducted at Verbank, Dutchess County. 54 The situation of tlic farm is high and healthful. The Noyes Memorial Home, opened at Peek-skill, September 29th, 18S8, is a large, old-fashioned, two-story frame house, with accommodations for twenty children. It is the out of town branch of St. Mary's Hospital where the children who are convalescent or in frail health may have the advantage of country life. The at- tempt is made to arrange for them to stay long enough to have their health estab- lished. The building with over an acre of land was given by Mrs. Emily Noyes in memory of her husband. It adjoins the property of the Sisterhood where St. Gab- riel's School is situated. Five beds are en- dowed, yielding an income of over $700. The house is kept open the whole year. Donations. Interest. Current E xpense. 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 $1,867 00 1,873 50 2,753 39 2,016 00 2,180 17 $675 00 759 15 600 00 750 00 $2,450 84 2,434 48 2,619 44 2,584 59 2,799 55 Dispensaries have been said to owe their origin to John Wesley, who no doubt saw their need in his work. Some English physicians, however, are known to have es- tablished them about the middle of the Eighteenth Century to offset the growing custom of apothecaries giving free advice. The Royal General Dispensary of London 55 was established in 1770 and several others soon after. The Philadelphia Dispensary was begun in 1786 and the New York Dis- pensary in 1791. Dr. Muhlenberg's Parish Dispensary grew out of an experience sim- ilar to Wesley's. Dispensaries are of two kinds, out-de- partments of hospitals and adjuncts of mission or parish houses where no patients are expected to stay. The out-patient department of St. Luke's Hospital, opened in its present quarters in November, 1896, receives patients in four departments, medical, surgical, gyne- cological and opthalmic. This work, while separate from the hospital, is often used by patients after they are dismissed from the ward. A small charge is made for the med- icines supplied and the rule is not to sup- ply treatment to those who are able to pay a regular physician. The dispensary is conducted in the base- ment of the Men's Pavilion and opens di- rectly upon the street, so that it in no way conflicts with the work of the hospital it- self. The medical patients make an aver- age of four visits, the surgical five to seven, and the gynecological from ten to fourteen. The average daily attendance at the dis- pensary is given in the following table : 56 1 897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 17.4 26.2 26.S 34-7 34-8 34-8 38.1 36.8 o "^ ~ n 16.4 23.1 27-3 30.6 32.2 36.2 42.7 46.8 o *- O S 3-3 20.4 21.2 22.1 27.4 31- 40.7 30-5 . n c. i c m u w J2.S2 y u y. V >Q C c U a 1897 ••■• 9.930 8,163 4,660 $2,562 03 $1,314 41 1898 .... 18,117 IS. 370 6,82s 3.578 8b 2.529 44 1899 .... 19.558 15.817 8,015 3.653 74 2,691 20 1900 ... . 23.490 21,769 9.235 4.468 09 3.424 76 I90I 24,536 25.264 9,609 4.399 62 3.652 07 1902 .. . . 26,113 27.059 10,959 4.473 96 4.217 15 1903 — 30,912 31.650 12,904 5.725 35 4,892 00 1904 .... 3>.ii5 32,867 13.347 6,119 46 4,870 00 The Wilkes Dispensary is an important part of the work of St. Mary's Free Hos- pital for Children. Surgical cases are treat- ed in the morning and medical cases in the afternoon. Ten cents is charged for the filling of prescriptions. In addition to this the visiting nurse carries the ministrations of the institution into the homes of those 57 who are unable to attend the clinic. Be- sides her professional work she does much in the way of providing comfort for the pa- tients and combines the professional with the work of a friendly visitor. For three j'ears sterilized milk was pro- vided for the poor children, but this work has now been removed to its own head- quarters where it is is carried on to a larger extent than formerly. Figures for five recent years are here given : v 0, tn to tS'o n 01 >• C .2 .5 "S^g . - rt 1 (D iS CO CI. > 6 s n. i' a £S 189^ 4,639 9-643 $1,610 87 $ 499 77 1898 11,203 1,646 20 1,364 00 1900 5,966 13.382 1,463 68 1,293 74 1902 6,234 14.193 22,891 $459 53 1,452 24 1,550 01 190416,413 15.957 22,891 465 00 1,728 60 1,708 89 In the basement of Trinity Mission House in connection with the down-town relief bureau the dispensary is conducted mainly for those recommended by the Sis- ters in charge of the work here. During the summer of 1905 the plant was re-furn- ished; the consultation room, the examina- tion room and the drug room being entire- ly refitted. On two mornings of the week a trained nurse is in attendance and special attention is given to women. The charge made for medicines in all cases is twenty- 58 five cents for the first visit and ten cents for subsequent visits. This, however, is not strictly enforced, though an effort is made to treat only those entitled to free medical care. The expenses in- clude the salaries of the physician, his at- tendant, and the drug clerk, beside the cost of medicines. A summary of the work is here given : >. >. s c .0 . £ S Ch ■^ ■t^ • s ■s? .5 n ■2 5 .i '•J oS '0 w •J-. '-< a u u u u X C-r- ^^ ',- C- ^ 'A 1900 :,8i9 5. 273 393 5.SOO 1,190 $769 87 I90ili,775 5,394 385 6,282 1,605 765 05 $1,530 01 1902 1,537 4.912 675 6,509 1,796 720 25 1.573 46 1903 1,506 5,036|852|5,86i 1,304 716 00 1,553 79 1904 I, bi5|4. 9871821 15,708 1.073 797 90 1,595 n A clinic is held at St. Chrysostom's Chapel on three afternoons in the week. Both medical and surgical cases are re- ceived. Prescriptions are supplied by a neighboring druggist. Ten cents is the charge made to all who apply. A trained nurse is also in attendance part of the time. During 1901, 1940 patients were treated; in 1904, 517 cases, and in 1905, 307. The Bloomingdale Clinic of St. Michael's Church was organized in 1891. Its recep- tion and consultation rooms are in the base- ment of the Parish Building completed in 1902. Patients are received every after- 59 noon in the medical and surgical depart- ments, the nose and throat department and the eye and ear department. A night clinic for diseases of the eye and ear is also held. Beside the regular work of the clinic a trained nurse endeavors to keep track of such patients as need her care in their own homes. The cost of the work is about $400.00 annually, $300.00 of which pays the salary of the nurse. During 1901, 1,403 cases were treated. In 1902, 2,627 cases; in 1903, 4,679; and in 1904, 3,I97- St. Bartholomew's Clinic is at 215-17 East 42nd Street. The present building was opened on August ist, 1902. It occupies two city lots to the east of the parish house and is six stories high. The present building has been especially appreciated because of the difficulties under which the work had previously been con- ducted. From a small beginning under prim- itive conditions, the present building is re- garded as a model institution. The nine de- partments are served by a staff of fifty- three physicians. Patients presenting them- selves are assigned to one of these depart- ments where a thorough history of the case is elicited and a complete examination made, before treatment is prescribed. Such cases as are supposed to be able to provide for themselves are investigated. All others 60 are accorded the advantages at the dis- posal of the institution. The operating department has been equip- ped as thoroughly as modern surgical sci- ence can suggest, and patients undergoing operations of suflficient seriousness are cared for from twelve to forty-eight hours in wards provided for that purpose. There are seven nurses in residence in addi- tion to the house surgeon. The laboratory work is conducted in the house. The head nurse is general supervisor of the institution, providing supplies of every kind, and a drug- ' gist is in daily attendance to provide what- ever is required in his department. The chief attention of the staff is given to the nose and throat departments, upon which the daily attendance is perhaps the largest in the city. Beside providing every comfort and con- venience for both patients and workers, the building is fire proof, and an attempt has been made to have it dirt proof. Its erection cost about $600,000, and the annual expense is in the neighborhood of $17,000. An effort has been made to raise the standard of efficiency rather Number of Patients treated Number of visits to Dispensary Number of children un der 1 5 years Number of operations Paid prescriptions Total prescriptions.. . . 15,881 13.237 14,683 53.073 54.18s 5.155 93S iS.-'oi 23.508 5.447 1 .1 92 18,227 23,178 61 than to consider questions of economy. As part of the work of St. Luke's Asso- ciation of Grace Church, which has been at work since 1868, a physician and a trained nurse work among the sick poor of the east side and have their headquarters at "Grace Hospital." It is not a regular dis- pensary but does a similar work with the co-operation of the clergy of the parish. V'isits made by physicians Visits received by physicians V^isits made by nurse Visits received by nurse . .. 32 1,897 3,843 1902 120 1,090 2,223 3.518 1903 lOI 661 2,494 3.354 159 606 2,251 3,081. The Association has an invested Endow- ment Fund of $8,149.80. The cost of the work, met by the Rector of the parish, is itemized under the following accounts: 1901 1902 1903 1904 Acct. Beneficiaries $ 145 SO $ 210 00 $ 222 DO $ 120 00 Doctors' 484 00 456 00 429 00 401 90 Druggists' 508 23 589 13 558 64 466 74 Nurses' 578 29 223 00 608 46 448 13 Funeral 306 50 552 73 88 00 282 50 Diet-kitchen 158 96 330 83 459 57 410 64 Hospital 137 40 2 50 12 50 143 89 Taking the number of visits paid to and by the physicians at four of these clinics during the year 1904, and the ratio of ex- pense and receipts to this figure, we have the following: St. Luke's Vv'ilkes' Trinity _. . St. Bartholomew's SECTION II-INSTITUTIONS FOR THE INCURABLE (INCLUDING THE BLIND AND DEAF). Home for Incurables (1866), 3rd Ave. and 184th Street, Isaac C. Jones, M. D., Medical Superintendent. The Home of the Holy Comforter, Free Church Home for Incurables (1879), 139th Street and Riverside Drive, Beverley Chew, Treasurer. Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed \'irgin Mary (1893)- 155th Street and Broadway, Mother Francesca, Superior, The House of Rest for Consumptives (1869), Bolton Road, Inwood, Woodbury G. Langdon, President. The Society for the Relief of the Destitute Blind of the City of New York and Vicinity (1869), Amsterdam Avenue and 104th Street, Hon. Henry E. Howland, President. The Church Mission to Deaf Mutes (1872), 587 West 145th Street, Rev. John Chamberlain, D. D., Gen, Manager, 63 At the close of the Civil War, the prob- lem of permanent invalidism being unusu- ally serious, attracted considerable atten- tion. It was then that the Reverend Wash- ington Rodman, of Grace Church, West Farms, decided to devote some portion of his Rectory to the care of one or two per- sons not able to care for themselves. From this beginning he projected an institution which might care for incurable patients. Receiving encouragement as his plan be- came known, the Home for Incurables was incorporated in April, 1866. Soon after- ward a whole house was secured for the work which continued to grow. The cor- ner stone of the present building was laid June nth, 1S73. The north wing, built in 1879, increased the capacity from 60 to 140. The north pavilion, erected in 1885, and the four-story south pavilion, erected ten years later, raised the capacity to 207. The most recent addition provides sep- arate apartments for 25 women nurses. The building as it stands in 1906 is 450 feet long, and its capactiy is 300. The house is arranged so that many .of the patients occupy small wards, but most cf them have rooms where no* more than two are together. Some aged couples are thus enabled to maintain a shadovv' of their foimer homes. Smoking rooms, sun par- lors, wide piazzas and an entertainment hall 64 (4) offer opportunity for comfort and enjoy- ment. Daily drives are provided by one friend of the institution. About 135 em- ployees do the work of the house. The store room and drug room are systematical- ly regulated and the whole administration is centered in the superintendent's office. The Board of 24 Managers are elected four at a time to serve six years. The Chaplain, who is always a clergyman of the Episcopal Church, devotes considerable time both to public services and to individ- ual ministrations. The present medical sup- erintendent assumed charge in 1876. One of the four resident physicians sees every pa- tient daily. Paralysis, locomotor ataxia and rheumatic affections are the chief afflic- tions of the patients. Every year there are some patients discharged cured. Upon the death of a patient no post mortem ex- amination is permitted. The helplessness of the patients here has elicited a wide interest on the part of a large portion of the community. Almost since the beginning a number of friends have given thought and time to the work of supplying "auxiliary comforts" for the patients. The Ladies' Auxiliary Board was organized in 18S1. Part of its work has been the supplying of the necessary linen, towels, etc., for the Home. The cost of this is over $1,000 annually. 65 All patients who are able to pay are charged $7 per week. There are fifty-two beds endowed in perpetuity and thirteen more during the life of the donors. The average annual number of free patients for the past five years has been 76, patients supported on free beds 60, and pay patients 213. The average current expense account for the same period was $106,831 -35- The average current expense account and daily average of patients has been as fol- lows : For the decade 1873-1883 For the decade 1883-1893 For the decade 1893-1903 For the year 1903 For the year 1904 For the year 1905 Current Expense cs > nl $ 21, 600 45.333 82,206 140 222 117.547 108,700 118,988 270 276 The following table shows the sources of income for five years : 1901 1$ 24,3841$ 25,7901$ 55.9521$ 8,970 Def. 23',452'r 6"i,'367'i' 63,5801 1,242 Bal. 25,731 147.330I 58,856] 107.577 Bal. 29,928 6,849! 59,148 32,269 Det. 32,i2o| 40.482I 61,036! 44.339 r)ef- 1902., 1903. 1904.- 1905. The variations in the annual donations are due to the fact that no distinction is drawn between legacies and ordinary gifts. Sister Louise started the House of the Holy Comforter to provide a home for in- 66 curable women of the better class and to supply training for homeless girls between the ages of nine and eighteen. It was opened September 15th, 1879. At first the struggle for daily maintenance was severe. Upon the death of Sister Louise in 1884, the Sisters of St. John Baptist, and later the Sisters of the Visitation took charge. Since 1894 a matron and nurses have ad- ministered the house. The house has oc- cupied several sites. From 1894 to 1904 it was at 151 Second Avenue. For these ten years the average number admitted was six, the average number in the house was thirty-seven and the average current ex- penses $8,323. For the ten years previous nine was the average admitted; thirty was the average in the house and $3,983 the average running expenses. In November, 1904, the present site, cost- ing $225,000 was occupied. The wards of this building have an unobstructed view of the Hudson River. Beside the work for in- curables carried on at the former house, there is here a children's ward. Accepted applicants are admitted on three months' probation in order to discover whether they are able and willing to ac- commodate themselves to their changed en- vironment. The effort is made to supply all the patients with congenial occupation. There were forty-nine patients in the 67 home in 1905. Of these, four were chil- ren. The number of days care given was sixteen thousand, four hundred and twen- ty-five, and the cost per day per patient about sixty cents. The mortgage on the present property is $46,000. The Permanent Fund amounts to $64,735-11. The Sisters of the Annunciation opened their home for crippled and incurable chil- dren at Ti West Ninety-fourth Street on May ist, 1893. The following year a prop- erty with fifty acres, seven miles from Stamford, Connecticut, was procured as a summer house where the children spend three or four months annually. A double house, with a capacity of twenty, at 518 West 152nd Street, was occupied from 1897 until the erection of high buildings in the immediate vicinity made removal ad- visable. In 1905 a plot 100 feet square was bought at the northeast corner of Broad- way and 155th Street. Here a four-story building is being erected. Three wards with ten beds each are to have a southern ex- posure, and this property when completed will probably cost $150,000. During the year ending October ist, 1904, the running expenses of $2,257.32 included $484 for fuel, $555 for food, $658 for car fare, cartage and carriage hire and $559 for wages. 68 Girls are admitted between the ages of four and sixteen. Occasionally one or two remain after that age if they can be useful in assisting in the work of the home. There are seven or eight members of the Order who conduct the house. Only three or four persons are regularly employed. Rev. Dr. Peters, Mr. H. J. Cammann and Miss E. A. Bogle were instrumental in the founding and early progress of the House of Rest for Consumptives. The work was begun in 1869 and the site at Mount Hope occupied in 1872. In the be- lief that consolidation with a larger insti- tution would benefit the work, an agreement was made with St. Luke's Hospital in June, 1891, by which forty beds in the latter in- stitution were set aside for the patients of the House of Rest. Up to this time 1,676 patients had been received into the institu- tion. The arrangement with St. Luke's re- mained in force until January ist, 1902. The present site was then acquired and oc- cupied March 28th, 1903. It consists of ten acres overlooking the Hudson River, upon which are two buildings, formerly private residences. One of these is used for men and the other for women. Access to the place is difficult in bad weather, and the nature of the work makes it hard to obtain satisfactory employees. 69 The pay roll amounts to about $550 a month and includes three men besides the Super- intendent, and ten women besides four nurses. The cost of the present property was $149,000.00. The annual income from invested funds is $15,000.00. The property is controlled by a Board of fifteen Trustees, three of whom are elected every five years. The object of the work is to care for con- sumptive cases in advanced stages of the 'disease. One of the problems of the house is to keep the patients sufficiently warm during the winter. The high ceilings make the rooms difficult to heat and clothing is expensive for the patients who are ex- pected to spend much time in the open air. The following table gives average statis- tics for thirty years and the figures for the first year in the present building: 6 •a S •d to n •0 ana to-X u . u . > > > 3 <^ 478 $1,116 $6,827 $2,100 Sal. . . . 640 630 480 1,580 1,420 1901 571 291 1.405 7,642 2.341 Sal. . . . 742 730 557 1.833 1.648 1902 601 220 975 8,023 2,406 Sal. . . . 756 744 568 1,870 1,683 J903 ■ •• 685 307 638 8,154 ^■tH Sal. . . . 8681 816 621 2,050 1.848 1904 ... 850 571 666 8.654 2.954 Sal. . . . 818 806 611 2,021 1,819 89 The income was derived frOm the follow- ing sources : T3 ■ H "a. . B.m s.a t/2 CO • >.s^ cj ^ ■s _S V !i ci S u « -^ i' i< M Q Q'i 1900 $ 3,689 81 $2,646 52 $11,798 81 1901 10,955 88 7,3>8 17 8,991 62 1902 . 8,398 23 4.587 23 11,917 43 1903 . 11,866 27 6,458 78 10,592 56 1904 • 12,197 82 4,332 25 10,672 47 At present four single rooms and one double room are endowed. The Permanent Fund amounts to over $112,000 and the Endowment Fund to $28,000. The former, composed of accumulated admission fees, may be used for permanent improvements to the Institution, but only the income from the latter is ever touched. A Board of twenty-one Trustees controls the affairs of the Home, and twenty-seven ladies, forming the Board of Managers, as usual, attend to the running of the Insti- tution. The usual age limit adopted for admis- sion to the various Homes is sixty for wo- men and sixty-five for men. A question of some interest is the comparative length of life of aged couples within institutions and of those outside. The following table gives figures for three of the chief institutions : 90 -0 u 'i < D < < St. Luke's. 1887-1895 (8 yrs.) 45 women.. 64 13 3-5 77 3-5 1896-1900 (4 yrs.) 23 women.. 63 8 71 1900-1903 (4 yrs.) 21 women.. 65 i-? 10 3-7 75 4-7 Home for Old Men. 69 1-3 72 10 2-3 80 1897-1904 39 men 5 77 St. Johnland. 1901-1904 13 men 68 1-2 3 3-4 72 1-4 It is evident that the men do not thrive in the Homes as well as the women do. St. Johnland in the country does not seem to show as good results as do the City Homes. Country life is perhaps less interesting and stimulating, and those who go to St. John- land are not usually in as good condition as are those who go to Cathedral Heights. These figures may be compared with the averages obtained by life insurance agen- cies. The average expectation of life in accordance with the Northumberland and the American table is : Nohthumberland American l-'iRvires. Figures. For the ape of 62 12 1-4 years 12 7-8 years For the ape ot 6s 10 7-8 years 1 1 1-10 year For tne age ot 68 Q 1-2 years 9 1-2 years For the age ot 72 7 3-4 years 7 1-2 years 91 Benevolent work among dependent wo- men has been organized at Trinity Chapel for thirty years. Largely through the initi- ative of Mrs. G. W. Stryker a comfortable place was found where the beneficiaries could be cared for together. The present capacity of the house is thirteen and it is kept filled. When vacancies occur, com- municants of Trinity Chapel are given the precedence. The admission fee is $225. At the time of admission arrangement is made in the case of an emergency arising by which the candidate should be deemed no longer a proper person to be retained in .the Institution. The present premises are rented at an annual cost of $1,100. Cur- rent expenses amount to about $1,700. The Board of Managers consists of the Vicar of Trinity Chapel and four women. In connection with the Sisters' work at the Mission House of Trinity Church, at 211 Fulton Street, St. Elizabeth's Society was started in November, 1892. The pur- pose of its organization was to give a nega- tive answer to the question, Shall certain aged communicants of Trinity Church be separated from their parish associations and all that they hold dear, and suffer the indignity of "The Island?" It was de- cided to at least partially provide for their maintenance, and since May, 1893, the pres- ent house at the corner of Greenwich and 92 Carlyle Streets, reported to have been built for the Governor of the State, has been rented for that purpose. It is conducted after the model of similar English founda- tions, which are not institutions, but places where individuals are provided with shelter and heat. There are usually ten beneficiar- ies in the House. They are admitted on the recommendation of the Sisters at the Trinity Mission House, and are all com- municants of the church. Their ages range in 1904 from sixty to eighty-seven. Most of them are Germans. One is deaf and dumb. Each individual has entire control of her own room. Cleanliness alone is urged, and no rule is enforced regarding meals nor the length of time the tea-pot shall remain on the stove. Small kitchens are fitted up adjoining some of the rooms, thus adding greatly to the comfort of the bene- ficiaries, who seem to appreciate what is done for them, their freedom from restraint and their being allowed to remain amidst old friends and familiar scenes. Mutual assistance helps over many of the rough places. A janitress lives in the building, cares for the hallways, and gives oversight to those who may require it. Some of the members of St. Elizabeth's Society visit the house to see that all needs are provided for. Each member of this Society has her 93 own special charges. Grocery tickets are supplied and a monthly pension of $3. In case of illness the patient can be removed to Trinity Hospital. For the purpose of caring for the sick and needy of St. Philip's Colored Church. a Society called the Sisterhood of St. Philip was started in 1870. After two years' ex- perience the Rev. S. D. Denison, Mrs. C. A. Guignon, Mr. A. F. Potter and oth- ers, decided that better care ought to be provided for aged parishioners who needed it. A house was found close to the church in Muloerry Street, the first floor of which could be used and the rest rented to help pay expenses. Here a Home for infirm col- ored folk was organized in June, 1872. About five years later the lease of a house built on land owned by the Parish at 127 West Thirtieth Street was bought. Here they remained until 1895, when, the house being in bad repair, was torn down and its site occupied by the present Parish House of St. Philip's Church. The average cur- rent expense for seventeen years at the House was $465. The figure for 1902 is $1,191. The new Home with accommodations for fifteen is situated on the Boston Road near One Hundred and Sixty-seventh Street. It was a two-story frame dwell- ing with an addition built for a music 94 room. This has been furnished as a Chap- el and the billiard room above converted into four sleeping rooms. It was opened in November, 1896, and the following St. Philip's Day, the twenty-fifth anniversary, the Bishop of the Diocese held a service of benediction. At that time the managers of the Home had for fifteen years been ac- cumulating a building fund which reached the sum of $3,000. The house, with three city lots, cost $11,500. The mortgage has since been reduced to $2,750. A steam heating plant, substituted for stoves in 1902, has added to the comfort, safety and healthful condition of the house. The. matron supplies occupation for the inmates as far as she can. When able each cares for her own room. As few re- strictions as possible are enforced, though any one temporarily leaving the house is expected to obtain permission. All the old people are encouraged to feel a pride in the success and appearance of the Home. On the day of the removal from the old house, the last of the twenty-nine persons who had been cared for from the begin- ning died. During the seven years of the existence of the new Home, twenty have been admitted, of whom five have died. The age fixed for admission is sixty. With increased accommodations it was found possible to care for others than members 95 of the Parish. These are now received upon the payment of $150. No sectarian rules interfere with the freedom of the beneficiaries, and more than one-half of the present inmates were received from outside of the Parish. It is probable that most of those cared for would in time have become public charges for they belong to a long-lived race. The need of provision for the care of old men as well as old women has long been felt. The cost of the Home has increased with the number of bene- ficiaries. The burden of this has fallen largely upon the parishioners of St. Phil- ip's almost all of whom are poor people. For many years a donation visit to the Home has been made in November, at which provisions, clothing and money are contributed. At a bazaar, held on Lin- coln's Birthday, 1904, $1,036 was realized for the benefit of the Home. The Rev. H. C. Bishop, Rector of St. Philip's Church, is the President of the Board of Managers. This Board of twen- ty-one members is elected at the annual meeting in May and meets quarterly. They publish reports of the work every two years. About half the members of the Board are women, who constitute an exec- utive committee, which look after the man- agement of the house and make frequent visits. The need of endowment is obvious. 96 (6) All that has been received toward this end has been a piece of property in Yonkers, yielding a net annual income of about $38, which is used toward the support of the donor in the Home. Grace Hospital is a part of the work of the settlement at Grace Chapel. It con- sists of the House of the Holy Child for eight little ones, flanked by the House of Simeon for eight old men and the House of Anna for eight old women. The Parish Dispensary has its headquarters in the building. A resident house mother with the assistance of three committees has charge of the houses. The special charac- teristic of this work among the aged is the introduction of the "Brabazon sys- tem/' which for twenty-five years has been successful in English work-houses. The main feature of this system is the teach- ing of the infirm some useful occupation in , which they can be interested. The Persian rug industry, taught and practiced by the old men has yielded an income of about two hundred dollars a year. They had the satisfaction of donating the pro- ceeds to some charitable object. The play room and night nursery of the House of the Holy Child are on the sec- ond floor of the central building. It is a temporary home for children in such an 97 emergency as contagious diseases, infirm- ity or death of parents. The annual num- ber admitted is about eighty; their stay is usually brief. The need of such a refuge had long been felt at the Day Nursery of the Parish on Fourth Avenue. Figures for four years are as follows : Cost of Maintenance, 1905, $6,688.32; 1904, $6,713.76; 1903, $6,253.26; 1902, $6,- 260.29; 1901, $6,039.42. The Church of the Holy Communion from the beginning has given a conspicu- ous place to work among the dependent. In 1869, St. John's Inn for A'ged Men was built at St. Johnland, Dr. Muhlenberg's social community, 54 miles from New York; and the Parish Home for Aged Women was begun by the Rev. F. E. Lawrence. For many years this latter oc- cupied premises adjoining the Sisters. It became a separate corporation in May, 1872, and in 1905 was removed to St. John- land, where the Muhlenberg House, ac- commodating 24, is located. The annual charge is $150; but this is often paid by the Parish authorities. In 1904 the Sunset House for 12 aged couples was opened at St. Johnland as the newest branch of the work. St. John's Inn, the largest building on the estate, is a comfortably fitted house, with curtained alcoves for forty old men. A smoking room, reading room and bil- liard table are provided. They spend much of time out of doors and are free from re- strictions. The main work at St. Johnland is for boys, girls and little children. In 1868 two cottages were erected for crippled con- valescent children. Later it was felt that the more children there were and the long- er they stayed the better. In 1905 there was room for 50 boys and 45 girls. The Babies' Shelter of the Church of the Holy Communion was opened as a day nursery in September, 1873. From one floor, it came in 1885 to own its own house at 118 West 2ist Street. The policy was gradually adopted of keeping the children over night. In 1894 this work having sup- erseded the day nursery, the Shelter was moved to St. Johnland, where ten years later its own building, known as "Lawrence House," was erected. Its capacity is 24. The annual charge is $170, but about $600 is all that is usually obtained from this source. The endowment fund (in 1904 amounting to $48,079.51) yields over $2,- 200 which is paid to the Society of St. Johnland. The question of the economical prepara- tion of the meals is not entirely solved. Supplies are furnished from the central store house twice a week, and the newer 99 houses have each their own kitchens. Whether separate dining rooms in each house can be served from a central kitchen or whether different households shall con- tinue to eat in a central place is yet to be decided. The Salary and Expense account at St. Johnland is analyzed as follows : M >. d nl "o P ■0 S •0 sy 3 > IS <- fe!u v^< J Ch faj 1901 $1,440 $268 $ no $.^,S3 $2,071 $7,735 $2,749 Sal. 2,020 2Q 1,035 814 2,998 1,949 1902 1,469 280 1 10 377 2,481 8,262 2,070 Sal. 2,075 340 1,000 644 3,303 2,214 1903 2,989 427 130 306 2.139 8,550 2,338 Sal. 2,120 1,060 697 3,822 2.323 1904 2,200 472 149 343 2,404 9,182 3,031 2,o8ol 1,178 808 4,156 2,680 The analysis of Income is as follov vs: 3 "O . u j2 S:2 3 ca ■J) KCh 1901 $7,772 41 $11,692 oo|$5,o6i 82 $ 592 94 Def. 1902 8,278 39 10,047 53| 6,269 03 1,329 47 Bal. 1903 8,643 79 11,971 531 6,990 73 435 7i Def. 1904 8,786 55 11,768 75 8,150 05 372 55 Bal. The Orphans' Home is considerably old- er than these last named places and was the first of the institutions for children es- tablished by the Episcopal Church in New York. In the year 1851 the god-parents of three orphan children at St. Paul's Chapel decided that their wards should not be placed in a secular asylum. A needy wid- 100 ow was engaged to look after them and a room rented in Robinson Street. The need of a Church Orphanage was now brought to the attention of the clergy. Ten men who became interested met at the residence of the Rev. Dr. J. H. Hobart (i) on De- cember 5th, 1851, and decided to establish such an institution. For a short time the Orphanage was at 37 Renwick Street, then at 74 Hammond Street, and five years later two houses at 146 West Thirty-ninth Street, where eighty children could be cared for, were occupied. The corner- stone of the building on Forty-ninth Street, east of Park Avenue, was laid October 2nd, i860, and the house occupied the fol- lowing April. It was a brick, four-story building with dormitories, class-rooms and play-rooms. An extension built afterward provided a chapel and infirmary. This property was bought by the New York Central Railroad in 1903. With part of the proceeds, which amounted to $250,- 000 fourteen city lots have since been bought at One Hundred Thirty-fifth Street and Convent Avenue, where it is proposed to erect a modern fire-proof building. Beginning in 1894, the children spent seven summers at Woodsburgh, L. I., the I. The others were Rev. Dr.s. Wainwright- Taylor, Hawks. Tuttle, Price, and T- M. Parks, and Messrs. \V. Moore, W. Kent and W. K^ Bogert. lOI Seaman Homestead at Fishkill-on-Hudson was then rented, and the place proving sat- isfactory, the property was purchased and additions made to accommodate all of the children. Having spent the summer of 1903 at the completed Home, it was de- cided not to return to the city for the fol- lowing winter. The children once admitted are required to remain at least tv/o years. The boys us- ually stay until they are twelve and the girls about two years longer. Care is tak- en to see that all have been baptized and they are usually brought to confirmation before leaving. Friends or relatives are welcomed on the last Friday or the first Sunday of the month. Only orphans can be received at the Or- phans' Home, but the effort is made to help, not to supersede the natural guard- ians. Pauperization is guarded against. Relatives are expected to pay 75c a week during the children's stay, and in every decision regarding them the Managers try not to assume responsibility. Taking up statistics at the Orphans' Home, 960 children were received under its care during the first quarter of a cen- tury of its existence, and a somewhat smaller number during the second period of 25 years. During the 40 years' stay at 49th Street the average number in the Home at one time was not far from 140. From 1863 to 1883 the average running ex- penses per annum were about $13,000, or $100 per child. Since then the expenses have gradually risen to $23,000 in 1903 when the average number of children was not far from 100. The following table gives the Expense and Salary account : 1900 Sal. 1 90 1 Sal. 1902 Sal. 1903 Sal. 1904 Sal. $1,882 1,129 1,048 1,140 441 $ 290 384 306 1,482 320 $2,202 7,622 2,941 7.230 2,1 12 7,146 3.585 8.794 1.773 6,073 !8,758 7,693 9,090 8,567 7,330 >I,129 1,337 450 1,633 1,315 The following table shows sources of Income : « 1900 1$ 6831$ 896|$25,6i3|$i,5i7l Bal. 1901 1 872I i,i49l 18,414! 1,9611 Def. 1902 1 1,804! i,i2ol I 779] fa'- 1903.. 1,536 9411 29,490 2,880 Bal. 1904 1 1.091I 489I 2i,79i| 2,40o| B al. For the ten years ending 1890 the aver- age number of children was 145, and the average running expenses $14,966. For the ten years ending 1901 the average number 103 of children was 117, and the average run- ning expenses $18,954. The annual cost per child thus advanced from $103.21 to $162.00. For the five years for which the figures were given above, the average cost was $212. The Sheltering Arms was one of a num- ber of Institutions which sprang from ac- tivities centering at St. Michaefs Church. The need was felt for a place where chil- dren could be received in emergency and not for a definite period. From temporary quarters in a wooden building at One Hun- dredth Street, they occupied the present site in 1869. The present superintendent took charge the following year. Here are five adjoining cottages under a single roof. An additional cottage for a family of twen- ty girls was built in 1877, and five years later another for forty boys. The Sheltering Arms charges $6 per month with permission to take the chil- dren away at any time. As far as the con- ditions here seemed to permit, the cottage system has been in operation from the be- ginning. Under the superintendent a house mother is in charge of each of the five cottages. The newest of these is rath- er large for the purpose, but all supply much semblance of home life. The older children help and guide younger ones in their work and play, and after the little ones 104 have been put to bed the school children are found in their respective sitting rooms preparing the morrow's lessons. During the first twenty years of the his- tory of the Sheltering Arms (1866-1886) 1,347 children were cared for. Since then an average of eighty-two has been admitted annually, and there have usually been 158 in the Home. The following table of cur- rent expenses shows unusual uniformity : For ten years, 1871-1S81 $15,719 For ten years, 1881-1891 18,732 For ten years, 1891-1901 19,823 For tne year 1901 21,896 For the year 1902 20,877 For the year 1 903 21 ,646 For the year 1904 20,864 For the year 1905 24,137 The Expense and Salary account at the Sheltering Arms fof five years is as fol- lows : 1 90 1 Salary 1902 Salary '903 Salary 1904 Salary 1905 Salarv 3 ti •- iz u c a .a u . 1) .^ •5 i ^c3 3 a. $1,142 $85 $2,253 $ 9,845 2,048 4,093 1.498 54 2.545 9,541 1.844 4.158 1,087 69 2,151 9,311 2.438 4.254 1,102 66 1,9.19 9,841 1. 671 4.783 1,042 45 2,500 10,237 1.931 4,563 $1,631 982 2.341 1,462 1,817 The Income was derived as follows : 1 90 1 1902 1903 1904 1905 $4,789 61 $5,029 28 $18,308 29 4.008 85 S.061 72 14.292 79 4.55,1 85 6.67s 65 14.574 57 4.308 22 6,578 37 24.663 97 3,848 59 5.656 67 23.916 64 105 To this same period belongs the found- ing of the Shepherd's Fold, the Children's Fold and St. Barnabas' House. The first two were operated together in hired houses. One received children committed by the Courts, while the other conducted the Home. At one period of its history, through the mistaken policy of leaving the whole responsibility in the hands of an incompetent superintendent, the work lost the confidence of the public and its afifairs became a matter of general criticism. The work, however, was revived and later con- siderably expanded. From 1893 to 1902 over one hundred boys were cared for at Mt. Minturn near White Plains and about fifty girls at One Hundred Fifty-fifth Street. This work has since been consoli- dated with the Sheltering Arms. St. Barnabas' House for the past forty years has provided temporary shelter for homeless women and children at the origi- nal site as part of the work of the P. E. City Mission Society. Its capacity was doubled in 1877 by the purchase of the ad- joining house. From 1867 to 1886 the House was in charge of Sister Ellen and the Order of the Good Shepherd. After their retirement, for a while they conduct- ed a small Training School for Girls on Ninth Avenue. The House of the FToly Child of Grace ic6 Hospital was opened in 1896 for the tem- porary care of little children. The Orphanage of the Church of the Holy Trinity, founded by the Rev. S. H. Tyng, Jr., in 1871, was conducted for many years at 400 East Fiftieth Street until 1903, when its wards were turned over to other homes. The Eighth Ward Mission in Charlton Street was founded in 1877 for orphan boys older than those commonly admitted to institutions. It was developed some- what along the lines of a modern settle- ment, while some of the time the boys were cared for at a Branch establishment at Ossining. Since October, 1857, a Home for train- ing young girls has been conducted in con- nection with Christ Church, South Amboy. Since 1886, it has been in charge of the Sisters of St. John Baptist. This Or- der aso conducted an Industrial School at Morristown from 1896 to 1902, and receives children for training at the Sisters' House in East Seventeenth Street. One of the workers with the Sisters opened a training school at her own charges in Washington Square in 1881, incorporated as the Society of St. Martha. For some years it was continued at Twenty-second Street, and since 1895 on a small farm of twelve acres at Bronxville, New York. 107 A somewhat similar work for boys has been conducted at Priory Farm, near Ver- bank, N. Y. The fine school house of St. Paul was erected in 1894. The following table gives some figures for the year 1904 or thereabouts : „ c U u-t V c •ti M 2 >.£ V « . 5 ■^ c Ch "P. -£ 3 % u '7. u: •Z'^ 1900 $2,040 oo|$6,3i2 00 $4,103 00 $3,718 00, 1901 3.471 49 6.355 05 3,975 17 6.777 30. 1902 3.053 80 6,026 55 2,682 44 6,982 46. 1903 2,960 64 3.783 Z1 16 39 7.768 74 1904 2.653 67 2.850 62 42 58 7.997 49I 1905 3.279 23 6,096 78 325 00 7.791 24. 130 V 4.3 ^ -^ ra-i u u $187 78 186 22 242 2.1 253 30 199 38 176 43 1900 1900 1902 1903 1904 ■ 905 >19.342 14 19,740 6 21.074 74 16,215 38 12,750 02 14. "4 45 103 106 87 64 64 80 The Midnight Mission, begun in 1867, for fifteen years maintained a Home at 260 Greene Street, which was practically lit- tle more than a temporary sheliter for women who had no intention of real re- form. The Sisters of St. John Baptist took charge in 1882 and five years later opened St. Michael's Home at Mamaroneck. To the original building a Chapel with a Re- fectory beneath it was added and in 1901 a fire proof building for a thoroughly mod- ern laundry and comfortable dormitories. The city house was discontinued in 1896. At present the Midnight Mission has its city office, and its representative, who re- ceives applications and takes the applicants to Mamaroneck. Only girls from fourteen to twenty years of age are received. They come of their own will or through persua- sion and are not under restraint. The work of reforming older and more hardened cases, for which the Midnight Mission was started, is not attempted. Such work is 131 felt to be practically hopeless. There is not enough character left to build on. The younger girls, often with weak will power, living amidst bad surroundings with in- sufficient education, have a difficult situa- tion to face. They can be helped by being started right, and when right habits have been formed, they can be encouraged to continue in well-doing. St. Michael's Home is not a prison. It ought hardly to be called a Reformatory. Its aim is to provide a healthful environ- ment and a helpful education. The girls are divided into two classes. When they first enter the house they wear a brown habit. After eight months, if they have done well, they are advanced and put on a blue dress. Promotion is made a dis- tinct event in the life of the house and is based upon a system of marking, ten marks being the maximum for a day. At the end of the year prizes are given to honor girls. All are expected to stay at least two years. When ready to leave, a Sei-- vice of Benediction, made as impressive as possible, sends them back to the world with renewed confidence. About two-thirds of them do well after leaving. The training given is chiefly physical and spiritual. The laundry, not a place of drudgery, but ofifering an opportunity for healthy work and an education in the do- 132 ing of that work, is the chief occupation. Two workrooms provide instruction in sewing. In one ordinary stitches are taught and clothing made; in the other fine needle work and embroidery are taken up. The girls are read to as they sew. Each girl has her own garden and consid- erable time is spent out of doors. They are thus taught to do things they need to know and to be interested in them as well. Beside their regular work, during recrea- tion time they learn to work for others, and each year a good stock of useful clothing is sent to poor families at the Sisters' Mis- sion of the Holy Cross, Avenue C and Fourth Street. Every effort is made to exert an individ- ual influence upon the girls. Seven Sis- ters and two other resident workers make it possible for some of them to get to know all of the girls individually. This friend- ship counts for much. The chapel is made the center of this work and the girls are led on, if possible, to become regular communicants of the Church. A night school is held during the winter where the girls are taught some of the ele- mentary branches which they have neglect- ed or have not had opportunity to master at school. During the seventeen years that the Home has been in operation to October ist, 133 igo4, six hundred sixty-six girls have been received and given some training. An earnest effort is made to keep track of the graduates of the Home, but it is not hard for the girls to drop out of sight when they so desire. A certain percentage do so, and it is always regarded as an in- dication that they are not doing well. This fortunately is not necessarily the case, though it is not to be hoped that all can be permanently kept in the path they have been trained to. Beside their letters, the visits to the Home by the graduates at the familiar Church festivals, is an encourag- ing sign. There is an association of twenty-one la- dies interested in St. Michael's, who help to raise funds and to supply work for the girls to do. Much of this work is dis- posed of at an annual sale. I 1905 I 1904 I 1903 I 1902 Subscriptions Board Paid Earned by Work .... Income from Endow- ment For maintenance per individual Total for maintenance Average number .... 52,655 597 1,914 155 7,748 $2,198 291 2,509 2,502 164 $2,124 336 2,045 3,132 168 7,560 $2,374 259 1,923 236 8,728 3,7 The Shelter for Respectable Girls was begun in 1871 as one of the activities of the Church of the Holy Communion. Its object is to do preventive work among girls who through untoward circumstances or their own foolishness have gotten into dan- 134 gerons positions. The door stands open to strangers and to girls who are out of work or without friends. They are not expected to stay more than two or three weeks, and often a few hours is sufficient to tide them over a crisis. Reasonable board is asked of those who can pay. The present site was purchased in 1904 at a cost of over $16,000. There is a mortgage of $7oOO. Figures for the work at the Shelter for five years are as follows : 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 x 608 866 705 509 .S6i V.\^ 386 583 421 155 '47 7.361 8,343 6.621 5,928 .330 c 2 5.437 5.289 5.794 4.334 1.908 The income was derived as follows '.nard. Donations. "Tz BaF. X2 Def. Bal. 1900 I$i,40i 69|$6,365 »9 $ 1901 1-554 25 5-594 82 ,002 1.648 82 6,924 80 6 17 1^03 2,086 52 5,274 83 1.414 71 Ba- looi I 2.. .8 77l 5.222 55l ■ -4 Pef. St. Barnabas House supplies a temporary refuge for homeless women and children. It can not be called a reformatory although it mini.sters to those recently discharged from the work house and others on the borderland of delinquency and degeneracy. The work among the children is similar to that at Grace Hospital and the Sheltering 135 Arms. Two thousand women and children are received in the course of the year. They do. not make lengthy visits, but all is done to help and encourage them while they are under the care of the residents. 136 Chapter III. Critique. Pliilanthropic institutions in New York arg recent because so largely the result of changes which have come over the thought and life of modern Christendom within a hundred years. The conception of life as an organism and the idea of evolution have so affected modern thought, that the older statements of science, philosophy and the- ology have had to be recast. Theology had already ceased to be regarded as the Queen of Sciences before the dawn of the Nine- teenth Century. Yet among the significant changes since then may be included the newer attitude of philosophy toward the fundamental tenets of religion. Prophe- cies of the extinction of religion or of the Christian religion are not as confidently heard as they were a hundred years ago. A chapter of recent philosophic history re- counts the absorption of some ideas which trace their origin to the evangelical move- ment of John Wesley. A decadent Cal- vinism had enabled a triumphant Deism to remove the thought of God beyond the bounds of human interest. The nineteenth century has seen the thought of God en- throned in its vital contact with human life. Wesley, like his contemporary pliiloso- 137 phers, was an individualist. He addressed his message to individuals, urging the ne- cessity of individual salvation, as the great work of life. He preached this everywhere, but as the sphere of his operations widened and he came to deal with men in great numbers questions of the social welfare were forced upon his attention. The re- cent social movement owes much of its initial energy to him. All questions of individual welfare, religious, economic, po- litical, when studied broadly, resolve them- selves into social questionss. Belief in the importance of the individual as taught by Wesley, Burns, Rousseau, and Adam Smith makes every individual important. The logic of the situation is irresistable. Again the old dogma of the Divine Fatherhood implies human brotherhood. The familiar battle cry of Liberty, Equality and Fra- ternity suggests the same transition. The idea of liberty is individual enough ; but its realization demands equality, and this in turn depends upon a recognition of fratern- itj'. The reaction from the extreme position which generations of thinking had reached in 1789, has caused the individual ideals of the eighteenth century to be superseded by the social ideals of the twentieth. So has the thought of humanity and the need of humanity taken the place of the thought of self and personal safety. Over 138 against the gross materialism of those whose one aim in life is to amass the largest possible fortune and the grosser envy of those whose chief grievance is that they have not had the opportunity to do the same thing, there is the yearning inter- est in, and sympathy for, those who have not had the opportunity of obtaining the things of inlinitely greater importance. But not only is the isolation of social distress impossible, its palliation is waste- ful. The disease it.self rather than its symptoms must be dealt with. Philan- thropy is a serious thing and requires coun- sel, time and patience, not alms alone. The industrial condition of the mass of the pop- ulation requires consideration. The need of a living wage, a sanitary environment, the removal of unnecessary temptation even for the benefit of those unable or un- willing to look out for themselves are ob- jects of the newer benevolence. Enthusi- asm is not easily aroused over such abstract matters as social conditions, yet such effort alone can remove the cause of distress. Dean Hodges has well said that every man's great need was a chance and a friend. Without the opportunity to earn a living, to procure all of the necessaries and some of the comforts of life, and to properly educate one's children, — a man is poor whatever his income. The chance 139 to obtain this is part of the poor man's demand for justice. Our present poor laws guarantee to every one the means for subsistence. No one need starve. Will it be possible for the state to guar- antee to every one the means for earning a subsistence? The larger scale and im- proved methods of modern business prom- ise some degree of business stability in this very unstable world. It is not too much for even the unskilled worker to ask for some degree of certainty regarding an opportunity to earn a living, some pro- vision for old age and just compensation in case of accident. The consciousness of their comparative certainty would exert a strong moral influence, injecting a new ele- ment of hope into the social organism and making men more willing to work and to work well. With practically all who are willing to do their best provided for, ques- tions of relief would be confined to the so- called unfit and undeserving. With the op- portunity for a normal life within the reach of all classes, wretchedness would become a sign of mental or moral delin- quency and could be dealt with accordingly. If the spirit of socialism is to spread, here is a field where it would be likely to prove helpful. Tammany Hall's experiment at supplying work to a large number of ap- parently inefficient men, though perhaps 140 crude, shows some of the difficulties in the case. The relation of Christianity to the un- fit has long been a problem or a stumbling block ; the Church has been accused of fos- tering that which nature declares ought not to survive. Formerlj' this was even defended on the ground of the beneficial influence of such charity upon the character of him who showed mercy. This has doubtless been so; but today we feel that mercy is due even the unfit. There is no wish to cultivate unfitness, but to redeem it. Complex human nature has always some redeemable side. Diseased bodies often house useful personalities. The pos- sibilities of the morally unfit are always indeterminate. Evidence of entire hope- lessness is inconclusive, for while "there is life there is hope."' This furnishes ground for that optimism wliich alone can accomplish anything for the unfit. The Church obstinately contends that the aim of true philanthropy is not to judge the world, but to save the world, '"not to des- troy men's lives, but to save them." As long as life is capable of happiness the effort to foster that happiness is worth while. An honest democracy teaches that the happiness of even the unfit is as really important as the happiness of the "true elite." One aim of philanthropy should 141 be to achieve this without interfering with the welfare of the rest of the community. The argument against making the spir- itual needs of the people the only or even the most obvious concern of Church work is that these are not recognized as vital by the unreflective members of the community. The principle of the Anglican Church has always been that her service should be con- ducted in a language "understanded of the people," and either a conscious or instinc- tive wish for the up-building of life in its entirety has led the Church in all ages to enter the field of benevolence. This kind of service is one whose meaning is "under- standed" of all. Historically and logically, the first effort of the Church in the field of benevolence has been in the direction of the relief of the unfortunate ; because the need of effort in this direction is most evident. In considering the practical side of insti- tution work, problems connected with the cost are always to the forefront. Some analysis of these figures has been given. The following table is of some interest for comparative purposes. The figures are for the most part for the year 1904. 142 P5- o O'-t: St. Luke's .... St. Mary's St. Andrew's Incurables | i Holy Comforter Annunciation House of Rest . Destitute Blind Gallaudet S. Luke's Old Men St. Philip's . . . Orphan's Home Shelter Arms . . St. Johnland . . . House of Mercy St. Micnael's . . Shelter $1 981 89 64 io| 60 36 80 44 1 66| 80 50 45 19 25 75 57 73 49 62 2 93 70 28 29 33 o o Yes No No Yes? No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No No Eg X $2,279,605 800,000 225,000 150,000 150,000 90,000 90,000 400,000 120,000 11,500 200,000 100,000 16,000 The variation in these figures for daily cost at first sight, seems great. Some are easily accounted for. St. Luke's Hospital, the Home for Incurables and the House of Rest are more expensive than some other institutions because of the great cost of efficient hospital care. The Gallaudet Home is 50 per cent more expensive than the Home for the Blind because it has so few beneficiaries at present, while the latter is always full. Donations in kind have kept ex- penses down at the House of the Annunci- ation and at St. Philip's. The inconveni- ence of the plant at the House of Mercy has been referred to, yet the cost there appears to be within the figure at the Bed- 143 ford Reformatory, which is the model state institution. The question of the need of endowments for philanthropic, moral and religious work is being very widely felt, and being very widely met. It would hardly seem neces- sary to many workers, to discuss the ques- tion of the danger of large invested funds in the hands of trustees of any of these branches of the work, and yet conditions in this country are not so different from those elsev/here. The danger here already is seen to be, and the result always is, a de- crease in the efficiency of the management of the work. The leaders of work of this kind are like other workers. If relieved from the spur of necessity, the quality of the work will be in danger. The security resulting from endowment is bound to bring a consciousness of irresponsibility. It is therefore important that in the choice of trustees and managers, persons be se- lected who appreciate the feeling of respon- sibility in themselves and so will demand it of those whom they themselves will con- trol. On the other hand, it is true that there are many kinds of work which can not be done Vifithout a degree of security which alone can give stability to the effort that is being made. If the Presidents of our Uni- versities and the Rectors of our Churches 144 (9) were to degenerate into linancial agents for the collecting of funds, it would be easy for thcni to be nothing else than such agents. This would mean leaving the work without an administrative head. Mr. Bur- dett, the Knglish authority referred to else- where, has suggested that invested funds may wisely equal five times the annual ex- penditui^e of an institution. Experience would seem to show, especially in view of the decreasing interest obtainable from in- vested funds, that this amount is really very small. An endowment which shall yield one-half the annual expenses would be unlikeh' to greatly injure most philan- thropic agencies. The second colunni in the above table shows the ratio of income from endowment to the whole income. Eight or nine of the eighteen appear to have reached 50 per cent. It is obvious that it would be well for the Home for Incurables to take steps to increase its endowment. The third col- umn is intended to show which institu- tions habitually have deficits or make up running expenses from legacies which would better be reserved for endowment or permanent improvements. The question is asked, How can the strain of raising sufficient funds be les- sened? A study of tlic institutions ought to suggest at least a partial answer. The 145 kind of work done and the efficiency with which it is carried on must commend them- selves to the thinking public. Constant vigilance seems to be required to keep in- 'Stitutions in touch with a community's real needs. This is true of the continuance as well as of the initial undertaking of any branch of work. The fads of donors and the theories of those in positions of influ- ence easily prevent needed work being properly done. Not what can be done, but what is really needed should govern the plans of those who make them. A real need properly presented to the public will not be allowed to go unsatisfied. The work must be done efficiently. Oth- erwise it ought not to be supported by the community. This requires increase in the cost, but it is a necessary increase. Too much effort has been wasted in trying to do a quantity of work without proper at- tention to its quality. The salarj' of effi- cient workers ought to be higher than that paid inefficient workers. The importance of securing the aid of the right kind of peo- ple is of primary importance in the case of matrons and superintendents. It is also im- portant in the selection of employees and of managers. It has been said that managers are selected because of their wealth, social prominence, or executive ability. Perhaps this is necessarily so. It were better if they 146 were always selected because of their dis- interested devotion to the work. Every effort should be made to enlist the enthusi- asm of the managers and trustees. An enthusiastic Board is the best advertise- ment of an institution. Legitimate ad- vertising is not only legitimate. It is the only wise policy. Publicity is not only a guarantee of honesty, but a chief means of increasing the supporting constituency. The two institutions called by the name of St. Luke, while always in need, still tes- tify to the fact that their efficient though expensive work has met with recognition. They have set up a good standard which may well be emulated. One thing is quite certain; the cost of all institutions is ris- ing and their future is not as bright finan- cially as it might be. They must justify themselves to the judgment of the next generation even more truly than they have to this. The public will rally to meet the increasing cost of efficient work if assur- ance is only forthcoming that the money will be wisely spent. The two demands upon Twentieth Century Philanthropy are that it be intelligently and unselfishly con- ducted. State inspection of private institutions and corporations is a great safeguard to beneficiary, trustee, employee and the pub- lic. It is increasingly general and as a 147 policy should be extended. Not that in- spectoi's are likely to know more than ex- perienced workers or that they can even understand the problems which have to be met, but the criticism and the necessity of facing criticism of varying kinds is most helpful to men in positions which ought to be responsible. Perhaps sufficient has been said upon the subjects of dietaries. This is a matter of special importance to growing children. Two examples may be given of what is done in institutions for adults. The ordi- nary dietary at the Home for the Blind consists of cereal, meat, coffee, and bread and butter for breakfast, roast or fish and two vegetables for dinner ; hash or beans and cake or fruit for supper. At the House of Mercy, where the Inspector of the State Board of Charities suggested a more sub- stantial, if coarser fare, they have cereal, coffee, bread and butter for breakfast, meat and one vegetable for dinner and some relish as cake or fruit added to the plain supper. There is but one quality of food used by all of the residents of the House, and the aim is to make this as good as practicable. From the point of view of expense the most significant item in the dietary is meat. Some institutions have a contract with dealers by which various cuts are served for a uniform price, 12 cents or 148 ii'-^ cents. There are objections to so rigid a contract. If a careful watch can be kept on the market some superintendents feel that better satisfaction can be had by com- paring the prices of dealers whenever there is a fluctuation. Another question has been asked, "Are so many institutions really needed?" The question of the over-lapping of effort has perhaps always been a danger difficult to avoid. It may seem as though a suffi- cient number of institutions was necessary to provide effectively for all the various kinds of need; but on the other hand, more institutions should not exist than can be maintained at a fairly high degree of efficiency. It may therefore have been noted, and perhaps with satisfaction, that the policy of the present Bishop of New York, regarding the combining of weak parishes has also to some extent been ap- plied to some of the benevolent institu- tions. A few good ones are always prefer- able to many, or even a few more, main- tained with less efficiency. The question of the comparative wisdom of a few large institutions as compared with some upon a smaller scale is one of some difficulty. The more centers of in- terest there are, the more individuals are likely to have their interest aroused. Peo- ple feel attracted toward institutions which 149 have special claims upon them, either be- cause of their vicinity or because of some personal reason which is likely to be lost in the case of combination. A little group of friends who have given their best ef- forts to establish a work dear to their hearts do not continue with the same en- thusiasm and can not feel the same "con- sciousness of kind" when they find them- selves a small minority in a large central board of managers. Again, the careful classification of beneficiaries and the segre- gation of certain classes among them may often be for their benefit, and can often be better accomplished when truly by them- selves, instead of being made a department of a general work. We have referred to the wisdom of drafting off some of the more sensitive and self-respecting of the aged dependents from the public institutions. Not only is the public burden lightened, but the wel- fare of the beneficiaries is greatly pro- moted. Reasonable comforts in such cases would rightly be regarded as unjustifiable luxury in a public institution. Educational efforts among the helpless have a greater chance of success in a small institution than in a large one. Examples of this may be seen perhaps at Grace Hos- pital and at the Home for the Blind. Op- portunities for moral and religious in- 150 fluence, of course, are greater in institu- tions under Church influence. Institutions for children are being made to conform to the standards of well-conducted schools. The plan of conducting them as Homes with the idea which was in the mind of their founders that they should be rather a place of retreat has practically broken down. The question of conducting these schools in the city or in the country is not always easy to solve. The advantage of fresh air and of contact with nature which country life oflfers is an advantage ; on the other hand, the separation from contact with those men and women who are most vitally interested in the progress of the work is a distinct loss. What can be said of the future Remedial Benevolence? It has altered and is chang- ing its character. Since it was permitted "both to die and to bear children" at Epidaurus to the founding of St. Barthol- omew's Hospital in London "for the enter- tainment of poor diseased persons till they get well" is a long step. Since then the scientific and professional side has been greatly developed. Dr. Muhlenberg ex- pressed the human and religious side at St. Luke's. While the scientific side of the work is bound to continue to develop, there is reason to believe that the human side with its increased interest in the welfare of tlie individual will receive increased at- tion. This may tend to the multipli- cation of smaller institutions. The con- nection between hospitals and medical schools in some cases has been un- pleasantly close. Refuges for the depen- dent and jails have been in too suggestive proximity. Why might not they both be better affiliated with the settlement as we find in the one case at St. Bartholomew's Clinic and in the other at Grace Hospital? As for the orphanage and the reformatory it has already been pointed out that they are rapidly assuming the character of schools. It is not too much to say there- fore that there is reason to feel that the trend of modern philanthropy is setting away from Remedial work as such, and in the direction of Constructive and Recrea- tive effort. The disabled and the orphan will still need to be cared for, but a better spirit will characterize the care. The mis- fortune will not be accentuated by remedial methods. Rather will the care and the methods recognized as necessary in dealing with normal persons, be widened to include those who heretofore have been made to feel themselves almost social outcasts or at least objects of curios- ity. With the broadening of human sym- pathy is coming a great moral lift in phil- anthropic methods. Cold science or cold 152 justice is to be piiperseded by tbat real sympathy which is more remedial than any other agency on earth. The Church has always recognized the iniportancc of what has been called con- structive effort, to which her moral influ- ence has always been related. She has led the way of progress in both literary and industrial education. Her temptation today in this direction is to duplicate what is already being done and well done by the community at large. With the wiser adjustment of insurance and pension methods to be hoped for. and with the wide recognition of the impor- tance of education, the Church of the fu- ture may find an easier, more legitimate, less expensive direction for effort, which in the long run may be found to be of greater value than relief or educational work. This work is in the almost limitless realm of play. No department of American life needs more development, more guidance, or has greater opportunities than that to be found in the realm of recreation. "Our busy Americans feel that life would be bearable were it not for its leisures ;" yet the ten- dency to increase our leisure hours is apparent. Not only have the hours of daily work been shortened, and the number 153 of public holidays increased, but in many trades the workers are compelled to be idle many weeks in the year. On the other hand, the past few years have seen much interest aroused in recreative needs. The game of golf has brought new life to many a weary body and we may hope that its in- fluence upon the minds and morals has been likewise beneficent. Mr. Jacob Riis, the apostle of Recreative Philanthropy, has demonstrated how many opportunities the city was able to give and owed to the chil- dren. The aim of Recreative Philanthropy should be so to guide the leisure of people, that they might return to work, not only rested, but more alert, and more interested. One man's contribution to any product of modern manufacture is superficially so meaningless and insignificant that it is hard for him to feel real interest in it. Its monotony and mechanical character tends to dwarf his personality and so permanent- ly limit his efficiencj^ Recreation must pro- vide something more than diversion. It is usually the soul's great opportunity for expansion. New channels of activity and enjoyment are opened up. As life broadens, so it may be expected to deepen. As it becomes more interesting, it is found to be more signifiaent. The widening of the horizon gives an opportunity for perspec- 154 tive, and as people begin to see the reasons for things, and understand the relations of life, their personality assumes greater in- dependence and strength. As a man's daily work comes to have a meaning, over and above its being a means of subsistence, the value of the man's work is more than doubled. He will aim to bring all he can to it instead of getting only what he can from it. Work furnishes the means to live. Leisure is man's opportunity for cul- ture. We are what culture makes of us more than what our work makes of us. It has been said that "man is worth not what his work is worth, but what his leisure is worth." (i). Leisure and its wise use is essential to health. It is also the first condition of progress. Improvement, invention, discov- ery, etc., are made possible through suffic- ient leisure and freedom from the grinding necessity of constant work. Every man needs time to think and to think collected- ly. A people on the brink of nervous pros- tration are unable to do this, and learning so to think, is one of the best preventives of nervous breakdown. The opportunity for economic, cultural and moral improvement through effort in this direction can hardly be estimated. Al- ready the Parish Houses and Social Settle- (i) "Socialism and Labor" by Rt. Rev. T. L. Spalding, page 175. merits have passed beyond the experimental stage in their work of redemption of the leisure of the people, and the supplying of a recreation which shall be more than a redemption of time, and shall be of positive use in the augumenting of the efficiency of the individual. New opportunities and increased possi- bilities of enjoyment have been truly created by these agencies for the vast num- bers of the unprivileged. Recreative phil- anthropy has contributed very considerably to the establishing of a social cohesion in neighborhoods and of true centers of en- lightenment. People are taught how to work together, for the work in which their interest is aroused is more social than it is individual ; from the kindergarten to the mothers' meeting the members learn the significance and the importance of what may be called for the lack of a better term '"team" work. The comparative claims of the secular and religious settlement have been urged with the usual conclusion that both have their places. The argument against the religious settlement is that it cannot appeal to all the people of the community, and that its general adoption would draw away the energies of the church from spiritual work. The time will never come when every Church organization will be able to iq6 conduct work on any considerable scale, but the time has already come when the sharpness of theological distinctions which divide people are passing away. It is al- most if not quite true that people of our east side know but "tliree religions,"' the Roman Catholic, the so-called Evangelical and the Hebrew. So great a reduction of the number of conflicting voices is a sig- nificant fact in practical church work. It also makes much more nearly possible the restoration of the old parish idea of a neighborhood ministered to from a single ecclesiastical center. In the great un- churched districts, already the Clnirclies which have undertaken work on settle- ment or institutional lines have found that they can minister to the neighborhood with- out theological prejudice playing the part which it formerly did. The main objection to the secular settle- ment is its elimination of religion. This objection is already strongly felt with re- gard to the puljlic schools. Religion has been called the poor man's only romance. In endeavoring to supply him with new interests, it is well to be careful how the old are superseded ; and this same warning applies to the work of those great institu- tions nominally ecclesiastical, which have magnified the social side of their work so as to eclipse the religious side. 157 Industrial work is sometimes undertaken whose influence is in no way related to the Church's main object. Is such work of value, or should all side issues be com- pelled to assist the main result which is aimed at? This question of unity of work and its importance, as against re- garding any good work as being its own justification, needs to be weighed; either extreme will probably lead to unwisdom. Proportion and unity are essential to suc- cess. Neither dissipation of energy nor the insistence of only employing agencies which will visibly fall into line with the personal wishes of the leader can produce the best results. A question of some interest connected with these clubs is their influence upon the home. Is there danger of their becoming rivals of the home? The fact that an in- creasing number of men and women are without homes and that the crowded and unsanitary conditions of many so-called homes, makes the saloon or any social cen- ter a welcome retreat therefrom, does not affect the principle that any influence which tends to undermine the home and the family is dangerous. The family is the moral unit of society, and so many disin- tegrating influences tending to weaken it make the need of strengthening it more important. The family life is waning in 158 America, and in some communities it is said hardly to exist. It is difficult to see how such conditions can fail to endanger the moral welfare of the community. The influence of many otherwise heneficent institutions, even sometimes including the Church, is to weaken the family tie by offering too divergent interests to the mem- bers. A vital problem is to learn how to man- age the club so as to enlist the interest of the whole family. If the members of the family cannot learn to live together in goodwill where circumstances make it com- paratively easy and necessary that they should, the prospect of doing so in the more artificial conditions of the outer world are not favorable. The possibilities of mutual helpfulness within the family need to be reiterated and emphasized. A question of some interest is as to the sort of place where it is wise to conduct work among those whose surroundings have heretofore been of the crude>t. Too great disregard of this question has inter- ferred with success. Of course, people of culture ought hardly to be asked to work amidst unsanitary conditions, and, unless necessary, ought not to be kept too constant- ly in surroundings whose moral and esthet- ic infiuence is too deadening. It may be re- 159 membered that this complaint was the chief objection of Edward Denison in his great work in Stepney. It is well known on the other hand that sumptuous surroundings are distinctly artificial to boys who have not yet emerged from hoodlumism. Being poor does not prevent appreciation of beauty, but too sudden change from one set of conditions to another cannot satis- factorily be made. The effort to lift any group of individuals should be gradual, be- ginning on a level where the members of the group will feel at home. It is far better to have the first improving influence come from the person of the leader rather than from the physical environment. If this in- fluence be real and in the right direction, the demand for the other will make itself felt, and it might almost be said that until demanded, the physical environment should hardly be allowed to assume the role of the pearls which may so easily and thought- lessly be cast before the innocent swine. There is no reason why life in the home, in the club and in the workshop should not be endowed with a halo of interest which shall relieve altogether the monotony and anxiety which is too prevalent. Smiles are at a premium in the life of the modern metropolis. When the toilers can be made to see how much enjoyment is within their grasp this will not be so. The effort to 1 60 (10) truly beautify the modern city, to bring the best art within the reach of every one, has a distinct influence upon the general wel- fare. Make the habitual environment of the people artistically helpful instead of degrading, and the curve of happiness will rapidly rise. The economic and ethical in- fluence of the ministry of beauty is not a negligible quantity in modern culture. The Church building has stood for such influ- ence in the modern town. Especially has this been true since the Gothic Revival. The Erection of Grace Memorial House in 1880, and of the other buildings of this Parish since tliat time has shown how beau- tiful useful buildings may be made. St. George's Home for Deaconesses in Six- teenth Street and tlie Church of the Holy Trinity in Eighty-eighth Street exert a beneficent influence upon those who never enter their doors. As the age has become increasingly crit- ical, and thinking men have become en- stranged from the Church which their fath- ers had unquestioningly reverenced, new demands are made upon ecclesiastical ac- tivity. It is not to be expected that men will support the Church because their fath- ers did, nor tliat moral and religious inter- ests can retain their primacy unchanged. If the aim of the Church be only to pre- 161 serve the old customs and to maintain Church attendance, she is doomed to fail- ure. Church attendance is a partial index of the interest felt in religious activity. As such it is to be encouraged, yet the dan- ger of regarding it as an end in itself is most seductive. It is the moral stimulus, not any outward and accidental expression of it that is desired. Human welfare, men's permanent happiness, not numbers of ad- herents, must be made the object of Church work. As more unselfishness is the age- long and ever new demand upon the moral life of the individual, so must unselfish- ness be demanded of the churches' corpor- ate life. The Church that shall, as her great work, seek to save her life shall lose it, and only the church that shall be will- ing to give all her energy for the welfare of men shall receive the reward which Christian preaching has always promised to the unselfish. This larger unselfishness, bad policy though it may sometimes be called, is the only thing which can com- mend the Church of the twentieth century to the conscience of thinking men. Too many priests and Levites have been tempt- ed to pass by on the other side when una- ble to see in needy neighbors good material for Church membership. What is needed is more of the neighborliness of those strangers to culture and refinement, who, 162 like the Good Samaritan, without too careful calculation, are always ready to do a good turn whenever the opportunity pre- sents itself. As the poor themselves in the long run have proven themselves the best benefactors of their neighbors, so the neighborly instinct which is one of the best kinds of unselfishness is one of the les- sons all Church workers need to learn. Neighborhood work of this kind is the great future field of activity of the Chris- tian Church. 163 APPENDIX I. Events Marking the Beginnings of Church Philanthropy in Nezu York About 1853. 1853. — St. Luke's Hospital begun. (Corner stone laid May 6th, 1854, by Bishop Wainwright.) 1853. — Home for the Sisters of the Holy Communion built. 1854. — (Jan. 12.) — St. Luke's Home for In- digent Women, incorporated. 1852.— (October.)— St. Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes begun. 1853. — "The Trustees of the Fund for the Relief of Widows and Orphans of Deceased Clergymen, and of the Aged, Infirm and Disabled Clerg>'- men." incorporated. 1852. — Coenties' Slip Mission Station started. 1854. — New Sailors' Home in Market St. established. 1853. — Mrs. Wm. Richmond began visiting Blackwell's Island. 1853. — St. George's Mission School opened. 1852. — Grace Chapel at Twenty-eighth St. opened. 165 1853.— Grace Chapel at Eleventh St. opened. (1854, Sewing School. 1855, Work Society). 1851.— Zion Chapel (418 West Forty-fourth Street) begun. 1854.— St. Michael's Church built. 1853.— St. Peters School House built. 1855.— St. Paul's Chapel School for Girls inaugurated. The Trinity System of Parish Schools. 1854.— St. Simon's German Mission, Clif- ton, S. I. 1853.— Bishop Wainwright planned Train- ing College for diocese of New York (St. Stephen's.) 1853.— (January.)— Rev. E. H. Canfield, Rector of Christ Church, Brooklyn. 1854.— P. E. Mutual Benefit Society of Brooklyn. Other Events in This Country Relating to the Philanthropic Movement About 1853. 1853.— (January 27.) — Corner stone Five Points Mission. 1854.— (March) — Five Points House of In- dustry incorporated. 1853. — Wilson Industrial School (called First Industrial School established in this country.) 185 1. — New York Home and School of In- dustry "to give work to the female poor" incorporated. 166 1854.— Brooklyn Industrial School Associa- tion and Home for Destitute Chil- dren. 1853.— (April 1 2th.)— "An act to provide care and instruction for idle and truant children." 1853.— C. L. Brace founded Children's Aid Society. J854.— First Newshoys' Lodging House. 1853.— New York Juvenile -A-sylum opened. 1853. — (Jan. 13.) — Special Committee Asso- ciation for Improvement of the Con- dition of the Poor, to inquire into the sanitary conditions of the dwell- ings occupied by the laboring classes (reported October loth.) Committee of Legislature result of this report. 1853.— (Apr. 5.)— An act to authorize the formation of corporations for the erection of buildings. 1854.— (Aug. 3.)— Workmen's Home Asso- ciation. First Model Tenement in Mott Street. 1852.— (January.)— First public bath and laundry, Mott and Grand Streets. 1852.— First building law for Brooklyn (fire escapes.) 1851.— Law of New York City regulating Building and Loan Associations. 1852.— Young Men's Christian Association of New York organized. 167 1851-1855- — Thirteen States including New- York enacted prohibitory liquor leg- islation. 185 1. — Demilt Dispensary incorporated. 1852. — N. W. Dispensary incorporated. 1853. — James Anderson established library at Pittsburg (400 books) which in- spired Andrew Carnegie's interest in libraries. 1852. — New York Ophthalmic Hospital, in- corporated. 1853. — New York Infirmary for Women and Children, Stuyvesant Square, organized. 1854. — Nursery and Child's Hospital, 571 Lexington Avenue, incorporated. 185 1. — Maimonides' Free Library, 723 Lex- ington Avenue. 1853. — New York House of Refuge erected on Randall's Island. 1854. — (Mar. 14.) — Brooklyn Female Em- ployment Society organized. 1851. — Graham Home for Old Ladies, Brooklyn, incorporated. 185 1. — Brooklyn E. D. Dispensary and Hos- pital. 185 1. — Swiss Benevolent Society of New York. 1852. — Brooklyn Homeopathic Dispensary. 1853. — Mariners" Family Asylum at Clifton opened. 168 1851. — Town Lil)rary Law of Massachu- setts. 1854. — Massachusetts Reformatory for Girls at Lancaster. .1853. — "New era of theological study," (L. W. Bacon's History American Chris- tianity, p. 381.) 1852. — Mount Sinai Hospital incorporated. 1852. — "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published. 1852. — Annual appropriation for asj-lums of the insane of the Army and Navy. Events in Europe About 1853 Associated With Philanthropy. 1853. — Elberfield system of Poor Relief es- tablished. (Statute passed July 9th, 1852.) 1853. — Ranke Haus founded at Hamburg by J. H. Wichern. 1854. — Code of rules governing destitute children of Berlin. 1855. — Epoch making Swedish law con- cerning the distilling and sale of spirits. 1854. — (Oct. 20.) — Florence Nightingale .sailed for the Crimea. 1852. — Co-operative Conference in London. 1852. — Industrial and Provident Society Act passed Parliament. First of a sequence of Acts in the interests of the savings and investments of work- ing classes. 169 i854- — Marylebone Association for improv- ing the dwellings of the industrious poor. 1852. — Grant of French Government of ten million francs for improvement of workingmen's dwellings in cities. 1851. — Quatre Mares' Insane Asylum at Rouen. (One of the first and best asylums built after the law of 1838.) 1855. — Through the efforts of Dorothea Dix, Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the condition of the lun- atic asylums in Scotland and great reforms followed throughout the United Kingdom. 1854. — First Industrial Schools Act for Scotland. 1853.— (Dec. 27.)— Meeting at "Hall of As- sociation." F. D. Maurice petitioned to become the principal of a work- ingman's college (967 signatures.) 1854. — (Jan.) — Adoption of Tom Hughes' resolution to establish a working- man's college. 1854. — (Oct. 30.) — Inaugural address by F. D. Maurice. 1853. — Royal Charter for Queen's College, Harley Street. "First formal public sanction in modern times to the prin- ciple that the education of English women was not less important or less worthy of honor than that of men." 170 ]854— First English Reformatory Act. 1853. — English '"Ticket of Leave" system established. 1853. — Board of Charity Commissioners created by Act of Parliament to sup- erintend the administration of char- itable and educational endowments of Great Britain. "The j'ear was marked by the in- troduction to the House of Lords and to the public of a number of new schemes for the benefit of the London poor. The first success- ful effort that had been made to reach the very dregs of society, — the first to penetrate to the deepest dens of vice, filth and misery." 1851. — (June 23.) — The seventh Earl of Shaftesbury took his seat in the House of Lords. 1S51. — Sisters of St. John Baptist, Clewer. 1853. — All Saints' Sisters, London. 1855. — Sisters St. Margaret, E. Grinstead. 1853. — Workingmen's Coffee House of Dun- dee. (Combination Reading Room and Restaurant.) 171 APPENDIX II. Extension of the Work of Church Philan- thropy in New York About the Year 1873. 1872.— (Dec. 14th)— Home for Old Men and Aged Couples incorporated. 1872.— Church Mission to Deaf Mutes. 1874.— (Feb. 5th.)— Sisters of St. John Bap- tist organized. 1872-1874. — Expansion of work of Sisters if St. Mary. (St. Gabriel's House and Convalescent Hospital at Peeks- kill, School and Orphanage at Memphis and Trinity Hospital, New- York, House for Old Women, 127 Cedar Street.) 1872.— St. Augustine's Chapel, 262 Bowery. i873._St. John's Guild establishes barge for sick children. 1872.— Home for the Aged incorporated. 1873. — Workingmen's Club with co- operative benefit. 1874.— Day Nur- sery at Church of Holy Communion. 1873.— (June nth.)— Corner Stone Home for Incurables laid. 1872.— (Oct. 4th.)— Corner Stone St. Thomas Mission Chapel laid. 1873. — Calvary Chapel built. 1873.— St. Peter's Half built. 1871.— (Nov. I2th.)— St. Peter's Parish House. Brooklyn, opened. 172 1872. — Sister Julia began work in Brooklyn. 1873. — Hospital at Albany Avenue. Brook- lyn. 1872.— (Nov.)— "Sisterhoods and Deacon- esses," by H. C. Potter, published. J873.— (Nov. 1st.)— Italian Mission begun. 1871.— Orphanage Church Holy Trinity. 1873. — Sheltering Arms Nursery of Brook- lyn. 1874. — House of Rest moved to its own property on ]\It. Hope. 1872.— St. Philip's Colored Home begun. 1874.— (Mar. 8th.)— St. Margaret's Sun- day School, Van Brunt St., Brook- lyn, started. Other Events Marking Philanthropic Ex- tension About the Year 1873. 1873. — First National Conference of Char- ities, etc. 1872.— State Charities Aid Association founded. 1872.— (July 3rd.)— New York Times sug- gests fresh air (during summer ex- pends $10,000 for 20,000 people.) 1873. — New York Diet Kitchen Association. 1874. — Brooklyn Flower and Fruit Charity organized. 1874. — Metropolitan Throat Hospital, 351 West 34th St., incorporated. 1873. — New York Society for the Suppres- sion of Vice. 173 1872.— West Side German Dispensary of City of New York, 328 West 42nd Street. 1874.— Young Men's Hebrew Association, 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue, incorporated. 1874.— New York Training School for Nurses at Bellevue Hospital incor- porated. 1873.— Young Women's Christian Associa- tion of the City of New York organ- ized. 1872.— McAuley Water Street Mission or- ganized. 1873.— Kindergartens introduced into the Public Schools at St. Louis. 1873.— "The Kindergarten Messenger" be- gun by Miss Elizabeth Peabody. 1874.— (July 22nd.)— Peabody Home for Aged Women. 1872.— (May.)— South Brooklyn Employ- ment Society organized. 1874.— Hospital Book and Newspaper Soci- ety, New York. 1875.— Farming out of the poor abolished. Events in Europe About 1873. 1872.— Rev. S. A. Barnett, Vicar of St. Jude's, Whitechapel. 1873.— Coffee Palace Limehouse (Rhodes- well Road.) 174 i874- — Children's Sanatoria in Kolljcrg and Rothenfeldt, followed by the Ger- man Fresh Air expansion. 1873. — (Jan.) — Arnold Toynbee matricu- lated at Pembroke College, Oxford. 1875. — Toynbee goes to VVhitechapel. 1875. — T. H. Green set up a coffee tavern in St. Clement's. 1873.— (Jan.)— Girl's Public Day School Co. opened first school at Chelsea. 1872. — Destitute persons' Act (South Aus- tralia.) First recognition of board- ing out .system of children in Aus- tralia. Victoria followed. 1873. — University extension established at Cambridge University. 1874. — (Mar. 24th.) — First Diggers' Break- fast given by Ruskin to 'the Hinksey road makers. APPENDIX III. Events About the Year 1885 Marking tlie Completion of the Thirty Years' Development of Chnreh Philanthropy. 1883. — (Jan. 1.) — Wm. S. Rainsford be- came Rector St. George's Church. 1883. — (Oct. 20.) — Henry C. Potter conse- crated Bishop. 1883. — (Jan. 25.)— Dedication of Grace Memorial House. 175 1885. — Clinrcii of the Reformation built, (later Pro-Cathedral, now Epiphany Chapel, Stanton Street.) 1885. — Holy Cross Mission Church built. 1885. — Holy Cross Parish School Building, Avenue C and Fourth Street. 1886. — Home for the Blind at 104th Street built. 1885.— (Dec.)— Gallaudet Home for Deaf Mutes. 1887. — (June I.) — St. Michael's Home opened at Mamaroneck. 1883.— St. Mark's (Memorial) Chapel, Ave- nue A and Tenth Street built. 1884. — All Souls' Summer Home, Sea Cliff, opened. 1887.— (Nov. 17.)— Men's Club of St. Thomas' Chapel organized. 1886. — Brothers of Nazareth organized and All Saints' Convalescent Home be- gun. 1883. — Kindergarten basis of East Side Home begun. 1886.— Vanderbilt Clinic, P. & S. erected. 1887. — St. George's (Tracy) Memorial House, 204 E. 17th Street, built. 1886. — First Deaconess at St. George's (J. E. Forneret.) 1884. — Advent Guild Festival inaugurated at St. Chrysostom's. 1884. — Galilee Mission established, 401 East 23rd Street. 176 (II) 1885.— "Yemcrsca" (Sister Cornelia's) Home at Ocean Beach and Holy Trinity Home at South Norwalk. iflSj. — Church Association for Advance- ment Interests of Labor organized. 1886-1887. — Corporation office and Trinity Mission House l)uilt. 1884.— Holy Trinity Mission House and Day Nursery, 307 East 112th Street. 1885.— Guild House St. Mary Virgin built. 18S4.— School House, Sisters St. John Bap- tist, built. 1886.— (Sept.)— St. Andrew's Convalescent Hospital, 217 East 17th Street open- . ed. 1884.— Girls' Friendly Society branches at St. George's, Pro-Cathedral and St. Paul'.s Chapel. St. Ann's, Brooklyn. 1886.— (Nov.)— Laura Franklin Hospital opened. 1887. — Church Periodical Club founded. 1885.— Chapel and North Wing Home for Incurables, Fordham, built. 1883. — Mt. Minturn bought, and Industrial Training for Boys opened at Shelter- ing Arms. 1S85.— (Jan. 25.) — 191 9th Avenue opened by the Sisters of the Good Shep- herd. 38 Bleecker Street acquired as a Clergy House for the P. E. City Mission Society. 177 1887.— (May 5)— St. Phebe's Mission House, Brooklyn, opened. 1888.— (Mar. s.)— David Hummel Greer elected Rector of St. Bartholomew's Church. Other Events About 1885. 1885. — Young Peoples' Society Christian Endeavor. 1883- 1886.— Brotherhood of St. Andrew de- veloped from a Bible Class to a Na- tional organization, 1885. — "Daughters of the King" organized. 1887. — College Slettlement A,ssociation at Smith College. 1885. — Tenement House Building Company incorporated. 1886. — National Christian League for the Promotion of Social Purity, 2)2) East Twenty-second Street, organized. 1887. — Neighborhood Guild, New York. 1885. — White Cross Society organized. 1884.— Sherred Hall built, first building of new General Theological Seminary. 1886. — Vacation School part of the public school system of Newark. (First in Boston, 1878.) 1886. — First directed playground, Parmeter Street, Boston. 1885. — Margaret Fahnestock Training School for Nurses, 304 East 20th Street, organized. 178 1885. — Association of Working Girl's Socie- ties organized. 1884. — Avenue C Working Boys' Clul) at 650 East 14th Street. .1884. — Bartholdi (Edgewatcr) Creche ge- gim. 1884. — Industrial Educational Association of New York City organized. Brooklyn Bureau of Charities: 1885. — Laundries. 1884. — Woodyards. 1887. — Lodgings. 1887. — Nurseries. Castleton : 1885.— C. O. S. 1885. — Savings Society. 1886. — Free Circulating Library. Events in Great Britain About 1885 Mark- ing the Maturity of Modern Philanthropic Ideas. 1885. — (January.) — Toynbec Hall, Wliitc- chapel. 1886. — Toynbee House, Glasgow. 1885. — University Club, Bethnal Green, be- gun by P. R. Buchanan. 1885. — Trinity College Mission, Cambcrwell. 1887. — Peoples' Palace, Mile End Road. 1886. — Recreative Evening School Associa- tion. 1883. — Mansion House Committee on dwell- ings of the poor. 179 i886. — Mr. Chas. Booth began his study of London poverty. 1883.— (October.)— "Bitter Cry of Outcast London" published. 1883. — (January.) — W. H. Freemantlc pub- lished "The World the Subject of Redemption." 180 VITA. The writer of the foregoing was born at Morrisania, New York, August 20th, 1871. After graduating from Grammar School No. 61. he studied at the College of the City of New York, where he was Prize Speaker in 1S91 and 1892. In this latter year he entered Columbia University and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Class of 1893. He graduated from the General Theo- logical Seminary in 1896, being Seymour Prizeman (for extempore speaking) that same year, and was ordered Deacon by the Bishop of New York, May 31st, 1896. After serving as Chaplain of the City Pris- on and Ludlow Street Jail, New York, for about six months, he became Curate of Grace Church, Plainfield, New Jersey, where he was ordained Priest by the Bishop of New Jersey. April 24th, 1898. At the Fourth Lambeth Conference he served as Chaplain to the Bishop of Texas, and in the summer of 1900 was in residence at the Oxford House, London. A sermon en- titled : "The Verdict of Mankind on the Facts Found in the Trial (if Jesus of Naz- areth" preached in the University Chapel at Bonn, was printed by request in 1900. During the years 1893 and 1894 and again from 1897 to 1900 he was in residence as a 181 graduate student at Columbia University. He took charge of the Mission Chapel of St. Luke's Church, Brooklyn, New York, in 1901, and the following year became Assistant to the Rector of Christ Church, Brooklyn. In 1904 he assumed the Rector- ship of St. Clement's Church, in the same place. While residing in Brooklyn, he has acted as Chaplain of the Brooklyn Home for Consumptives. In 1906 he was appoint- ed Alumni Prize Examiner at the General Theological Seminary, and a member of the Social Service Committee of the Dio- cese of Long Island. 182 RECORDER PRESS PLAI NFIELD, N. J (12) 1 5 i 4 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below OCT 14 N 2 7 1953 FEB 2 REr" 7942 xx\%^ Form L-9-15m-7,'32 AA 000 796 894 ^3)78 ONIVEKSTTV of CALIFORNIA ,,!iS ANGtLilSB 1 BRAKY