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 ,1EN IMMIGKATION 
 
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 I EN IMMIGRATION 
 
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 90, West Nile Street, Glasgow; or 
 
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GIFT OF 
 
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ALIEJN IM.MIGRATION. 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 TO THE 
 
 BOARD OF TRADE 
 
 ON 
 
 ALIEN IMMIGRATION. 
 
 HcrKentrlr tu hat^ ftotuM aC 9«rlijunnit bff CoMnutOr of iter fAaUitu: 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, 
 
 BY EYEE AND SPOTTISWOODE, 
 
 PKISTBKS TO THE QITKEX'S MOST KXCELLEST ilAJESTT. 
 
 And to be purchased, either directly or through any Bookseller, from 
 
 ETRE XND SPOTTISWOODE, East Hakdisg Stkeet, Fleet Stkeet, E.G. and 
 
 32, Abixgdox Street, Westmi^-stee, S.W. ; or 
 
 JOHN MENZIES & Co., 12, Hauovek Steeet, Edinburgh, and 
 
 90, West Nile Stbeet, Glasgow ; or 
 HODGES, FIGGIS, & Co., Limited. IW, Geafton Stbeet, Dublis. 
 
 1893. 
 [C— 7113.] Price U. 7d. 
 

 ^' 
 
 ,*t«^ 
 
 oe*^ 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 General Report - - - - - - iii 
 
 1. Report by Mr. Schloss : — 
 
 American legislation and practice - - - 1 
 
 Appendix - - - - • - 95 
 
 2. Report by Mr. Burnett : — 
 
 Nature and effects of Alien Immigration into Ameiica 185 
 Appendix ------ 303 
 
 For fuller details see separate list of contents prefixed to each 
 Report, pp. v-viiiand pp. 181-183. 
 
GENERAL REPORT. 
 
 To the Secretary of the Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to submit herewith the reports wliich 
 have been prepared by Mr. SchloHs antl Mr. Burnett on the 
 subject of Alien Inimigmtion into the United States, in pursuance 
 of the instructions of the Board of Trade as set forth in the 
 reports themselves. 
 
 The occasion of the preparation of the reports was partly the 
 discussion which took place at the beginning of last Parliamen- 
 tary Session on the subject of Alien Immigration into this country. 
 But it may be useful to state here that independently of this 
 discussion the Department was desirous to have some such 
 reports prepare<l for the information of the public, and the 
 opportunity of the creation of an independent Labour Depart- 
 ment at the Board of Trade, with the increase of staff attendant 
 on that change, was readily made use of for that purpose. Since 
 the Board of Trade wa« charged some years ago with the duty of 
 collecting and publishing statistics relating to Alien Immigiation 
 into the Uniteil Kingdom, a great deal of information has come 
 into its |x>ssession not merely on the special subject entinisted to 
 it, but with regard to the general question of Alien Immigration 
 itself, and particularly with regard to the laws and regulations 
 of the United States on the subject and the proceedings of the 
 various Committees of Congress and of Commissioners appointed 
 from time to time by the executive of that country. But it has 
 always been felt that to imderstand rightly what is going on in 
 the United States a study of the subject at first hand by 
 gentlemen acquainted with the movement as it presents itself in 
 this country was expedient. When Mr. Schloss and Mr. Burnett 
 were appointed, therefore, the infoi*mation already in possession 
 of the Board of Trade was placed in their hands so as to facilitate 
 their inquiries on the spot in the United States. The accom- 
 panying reports containing the results of their observations 
 speak for themselves. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great amount of information contained 
 in these repoi-ts,and the extensive labour involved, their prepara- 
 tion has been accomplished substantially within the time allotted 
 at the outset, and the result will be in the hands of the public 
 very soon after the date originally specified. This result has 
 also been accomplished in the case of Mr. Burnett in spite of his 
 devoting a good deal of time since his return to other official 
 work which could not be postponed. 
 
 o 77399. Wt. 6844. A 2 
 
 38I20G 
 
IV 
 
 Such assistance has been afforded to Mr. Burnett and Mr. 
 Schloss by the communication of documents and otherwise as 
 the department could properly furnish, and the result, it is 
 believed, is highly valuable, as both gentlemen have obviously 
 bestowed much care and labour in obtaining information on the 
 subjects they were instructed to investigate. It may be ex- 
 pedient, however, to state that the preparation of the reports 
 has been left entirely in their . hands ; that the opinions ex- 
 pressed are in each case the personal opinions of the gentlemen 
 reporting ; and that in submitting the reports to the Board of 
 Trade I am not to be considered as adopting any opinions stated 
 on behalf of the department. 
 
 It is hoped that before long it may be possible to publish 
 reports on other branches of the subject which are in 
 preparation. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 Board of Trade, (Signed) R. Giffen. 
 
 June 30, 1893. 
 
REPORT BY MR. SCHLOSS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Instructions to Messrs. Burnett and Schloss - - 1 
 
 Scope and Method of Inquiry . . - - 1 
 
 Matters dealt with in the Report of Mr. Schloss - - 3 
 
 Brief statement of the United States laws restricting 
 
 immigration generally ----- 4 
 
 Account of the sifting process carried out prior to and 
 
 upon the embarkation of immigrants - - - 9 
 
 The sifting process carried out at Now York - - 12 
 
 The sifting process carried out at Baltimore - - 30 
 
 The sifting process carried out at Boston in relation to 
 
 Transathuitic immigrants - - - - 35 
 
 The sifting process carried out at Boston in relation to 
 
 immigrants coming from Canadian ports - - 41 
 
 The sifting process carried out at Philadelphia - - 43 
 
 Observations on the temporary restriction of immigration 
 
 through quarantine, September 1892 to February 1893 47 
 Observations on the methods of restricting immigration 
 
 prescribed by the Act of 1893 - - - 50 
 
 Observations on the restriction of immigration on the land 
 
 frontiers ,..--- 55 
 
 Brief account of the restriction of immigration on the 
 Canadian frontier (furnished by Mr. Burnett) : 
 
 At Buffalo ------ 57 
 
 „ Chicago ------ 58 
 
 „ Detroit ------ 59 
 
 „ Pittsburgh ----- 60 
 
 Brief statement of the United States laws for the 
 
 exclusion of the Chinese - - - - 61 
 
 General conclusions as to the efficiency attained in the 
 application of restrictive measures in the United States : 
 In relation to general immigration : 
 
 Classes of immigrants excluded - - - 64 
 
 Paupers or persons likely to become a public charge 65 
 Contract labourers - - - - 71 
 
 Enforcement of the United States laws regulating 
 and restricting immigration ; in relation to im- 
 migation from Canada - - - - 74 
 
 Enforcement of the United States laws regulating 
 and restricting immigration ; in relation to trans- 
 oceanic immigration - - - - 75 
 
Page 
 Effect of the enforcement of the United States 
 laws regulating and restricting immigi-ation upon 
 the ratepayers in the United Kingdom - - 87 
 
 Enforcement of the laws for the exclusion of Chinese 
 
 labourers - - - - - 89 
 
 Appendix A. — Note on the state of opinion in the United 
 States with reference to restrictions on immigration 
 and summary of proposals on the subject recently 
 before Congress : 
 
 Part I. — Opinions of statesmen, economists, &lc, - 95 
 Opinions of working-men (furnished by 
 
 Mr. Burnett) - - - - 100 
 
 General conclusions as to the drift of 
 
 public opinion in the United States - 101 
 
 Part II. — Summary of Bills dealing with the 
 restriction of immigration recently before Con- 
 
 - 102 
 
 Appendix B. — Statistical Tables. 
 
 Table I. — Nativity, sex, and age of alien steerage pas- 
 sengers who arrived at New York during 1892 - 111 
 
 Table II. — Number and nativity of alien steerage pas- 
 sengers debarred from landing at New York during 
 1892 ; also number and nativity of those returned 
 during 1892 within one year of landing from causes 
 existing prior to landing - - - - 112 
 
 Table III. — Destination and occupation of alien steerage 
 
 passengers arriving at New York during 1892 - 113 
 
 Table IV. — Number and disposition of pregnant women 
 
 detained for examination at New York during 1892 - 114 
 
 Table V. — Number and causes for which immigrants were 
 stopped for special examination by the medical staff at 
 New York during March 1892 - - - 115 
 
 Table VI. — Number and causes for which immigrants 
 were stopped for special examination by the medical 
 staff at ^ew York during March 1893 - - 116 
 
 Table VII. — Arrivals of alien steerage passengers at New 
 York in 1890, 1891, 1892, and first three months of 
 1893 116 
 
 Table VIII. — Nativity, sex, and age of immigrants who 
 
 arrived at Baltimore during 1892 - - - 117 
 
 Table IX. — Number and nativity of immigrants debarred 
 from landing at Baltimore during 1892; also number 
 and nativity of those returned during 1892 within one 
 year of landing from causes existing prior to landing - 117 
 
vu 
 
 Table X. — Destination and occupation of immigjrants 
 
 arriving at Baltimore during 1892 - - - llcS 
 
 Table XL — Religions of immigrants arriving at Baltimore 
 
 during 1892 - - - - - - 119 
 
 Table XII.— Nationality, sex, and age of immigrants 
 
 landed at Boston from Transatlantic ports during 1892 IH) 
 
 Table XIII, — Numlier and nationality of immigrants 
 coming from Transatlantic ix)rts debarred from landing 
 at Boston during 1892 ; also number and nationality of 
 those retuniod during 1892 within one year of landing 
 from causes existing prior to landing - - - 120 
 
 Table XIV. — Destinatioh and occupation of immigrants 
 
 landed at Boston from Transatlantic ports during 1892 121 
 
 Table XV. — Nativity and sex of immigrants (second- 
 cabin and steerage) landed at Philadelphia during 1892 122 
 
 Table XVI. — Number and nativity of immigrants (second- 
 cabin and steerage) debarred from landing at Phila- 
 delphia during 1892; also number and nativity of 
 those returned during 1892 within one year of landing . 123 
 
 Table XVII. — Destination and occupation of immigrants 
 (second-cabin and steerage) arriving at Philadelphia 
 during 1892 - - - - - - 124 
 
 Table XVIII. — Number ot immigrants inspected and 
 admitted into the United States at the ports named, 
 number of the prohibited classes discovered and returned 
 to the countries whence they came and number admitted 
 on bond during year ending June 30, 1892 - - 125 
 
 Appendix C. 
 
 Part I. — Letter of instructions from the Foreign Office to, 
 and report of H.B.M. Consul-General at Hamburg upon 
 the conditions under which emigration to the United 
 States is carried on at Hamburg and Bremen - - 126 
 
 Part II. — Letter of instructions from the Foreign Office 
 to H.B.M. Consuls in the United States and reports 
 of H.B.M. Consuls at Boston and New Orleans, Vice- 
 Consul at Pensacola, Consuls at San Francisco, Gal- 
 veston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Charleston, and Baltimore, 
 and Consul-General at New York upon the laws or 
 regulations respecting the control or restriction of alien 
 immigration or alien contract or other labour - - 127 
 
Vlll 
 
 Page 
 Appendix D. — Text of principal laws and regulations 
 affecting the immigration into, and exclusion of 
 foreigners from, the United States : 
 
 Part I. — Federal laws and regulations relating to 
 
 general immigration - - - - 136 
 
 Part II. — State laws relating to general immigra- 
 tion -----. 147 
 
 Part III. — Federal laws and regulations relating to 
 
 Chinese immigration - - - -150 
 
 Part IV. — State laws relating to Chinese immigra- 
 tion ------ 162 
 
 Appendix E. — Notes on the principal decisions of the 
 courts in the United States with respect to the con- 
 struction of laws restricting immigration - - 165 
 
 List of books, &c., bearing on the question of immigration 
 
 into the United States ... - 373 
 
REPORT BY MR. SCHLOSS. 
 
 To the Controller-General of the Commercial, Labour, 
 and Statlstical Departbients, Board of Trade. 
 
 Sir, June 30th, 1893. 
 
 In presenting my report upon certain |X)ints in connection 
 with the immigration of foreigners into the United States 
 investigated by order of the Board of Trmle it may be convenient 
 to set forth the text of the instructions under which the inquiry 
 was undertaken. These instructions were as follows : — 
 
 " Board of Trade, Whitehall Gardens, 
 " Gentlemen, February 24th, 1893. 
 
 *' I AM directed by the Board of Trade to inform you that 
 you have been appointed to inquire into the laws relating to the 
 immigration of foreigners into the United States, the practical 
 methods of enforcing those laws, the state of opinion in the United 
 States with reference to restrictions on innnigration, the proposals 
 on the subject before Congress, and the nature and economic 
 eflfect of the immigration of destitute foreigners from the eastern 
 parts of Europe. For this purpose you will forthwith proceed 
 to the United States, and make such inquiries as can be made in 
 a time which' will admit of your ix^port or reports being laid 
 before Parliament early in July next. 
 
 "It will probably be convenient, owing to the limited time at 
 your disposal, that the subjects for inquiry should be divided, 
 and I am to suggest, as the most convenient arrangement, that 
 Mr. Schloss should inquire more particularly into the United 
 States laws and their administration, and Mr. Burnett into the 
 nature and economic effects of that portion of the immigration 
 which is of the character of the recent immigration of destitute 
 foreigners from the eastern parts of Europe into England. 
 
 " I am, &c. 
 ** (Signed) Courtenay Boyle. 
 
 " To Messrs. John Burnett 
 "and David Schloss." 
 
 Scope and Method of Inquiry. 
 
 The division of labour suggested in these instructions was 
 carried out, the entire question of the nature and economic 
 effect of immigration being investigated by Mr. Burnett exclu- 
 sively (except that at his request I obtained for him the opinions 
 
on certain points of some large employers of labour at Phila- 
 delpliia), while the other subjects of inquiry specified in the 
 instructions were investigated by me without any assistance 
 fiom Mr. Burnett (except that he examined into the practice 
 under the immigration laws in certain places upon the northern 
 frontier of the United States which I had not time to visit, 
 communicating for the purposes of this report the result of his 
 inquiries, and that he in like manner obtained and passed on to 
 me the opinions of working-men in all parts of the United States 
 visited by him in regard to the restriction of immigration). 
 
 The task which devolved upon me was thus of a two-fold 
 nature : I had to ascertain what laws exist in the United States 
 restricting immigration, and in what manner these laws are in 
 practice enforced ; and I had also to inquire what alterations in 
 these lawd have been recently proposed, and what is the general 
 drift of opinion in the United States in regard to the restriction 
 of immigration.* 
 
 With respect to the first part of my inquiry it may be 
 permissible to allude briefly to the lines upon which the 
 investigation was undertaken. 
 
 That the IFnited States has for some years past erected, 
 as it were, a legislation sieve for keeping out certain classes of 
 persons, everyone who takes any interest in the question is 
 aware. But the terms of the restrictive laws enacted in the 
 United States are by no means of so narrow a character that it 
 is possible, merely by reading these statutes and without a 
 special inquiry as to the interpretation given to them in the 
 United States, to ascertain with precision what manner of 
 persons these laws aim at excluding. Nor, again, would it be 
 possible without personal investigation made on the spot to 
 discover with any approach to certainty in what manner these 
 laws, as they are in practice applied, operate to restrict or to 
 regulate immigration. The aim, therefore, which has been kept 
 in view has been to watch the sifting process carried out by the 
 immigration authorities in the United States in all its details, 
 with the object of presenting a picture of this process accurate 
 in all respects and sufficiently minute to enable an exact idea 
 to be formed of its practical operation — of the width of the 
 meshes, of the manner in which the sieve is worked, and of 
 the class of immigrants who are kept out of the United 
 States by means of these restrictions. Whatever measure of 
 success may have attended the effoit to carry out an inves- 
 tigation conducted upon the lines just indicated, it appears, 
 at any rate, unquestionable that by no analysis of the 
 
 * With reference to the " proposals before Congress " mentioned in the in- 
 structions, it should be stated that, by the time that Mr. Burnett and I reached the 
 United States, the House of Representatives had ceased its session, after adopting 
 certain of these proposals (embodied in the Law of March 3, \893, post, pp.142-144). 
 The principal among these proposals are summarized in Appendix A., Part II., post, 
 pp. 102-110. In Part I. of the same Appendix, post, pp. 95-102, will be found a 
 statement in regard to the general drift of opinion in the United States with respect 
 to restrictions on immigration. 
 
otticiiil statistics and rejxirts {niblished by the American in»- 
 mij^tion authorities would it be passible to supply complete 
 and trustworthy information in regartl to the actual operation 
 of the restrictive laws in force in the United St»ites ; and it is 
 hoped that the narrative of an eye-witness who luis endeavoured 
 to examine the matter thoroughly at close quavtei-s may iK)ssess 
 some degree of utility.* 
 
 Matters dealt with. 
 
 The matters dealt with in this report will be treated under 
 the following principal headings! : — 
 
 I. — Brief statement of the laws restricting innnigration 
 
 generally, pp. 4-9. 
 II. — Account of the sifting pi-ocess Ciirrie<l out : — 
 
 (a.) Prior to an<l upon the embirkation of immigrants, 
 
 pp. 9-12. 
 (6.) On the arrival of immigrants — 
 (i.) At New York, pp. 12-30. 
 (ii.) At Baltimore, pp. 30-35. 
 (iii.) At Boston, pp. 35-43. 
 (iv.) At Philadelphia, pp. 43-47. 
 (r.) Observations on the tempomry restriction of 
 immigration through quarantine, September 1892 to 
 February 1893, pp. 47-50. 
 (d.) Observations on the methods prescribed by the 
 
 law of 1 893, pp. 50-54 
 (e.) Brief account of the restriction of immigration on 
 the land frontiers, pp. 55-60. 
 III. — Brief statement of the laws for the exclusion of the 
 
 Chinese, pp. 61-63. 
 IV. — General conclusions as to the efficiency attained in the 
 application of restrictive measures in the United States, 
 pp. 63-93 
 Appendix A. — Note on the state of opinion in the United 
 States with reference to restrictions on immigration, and 
 summary of the proposals on the subject recently before 
 Congress, pp. 95-110. 
 Appendix B. — Statistical Tables, pp. 111-125. 
 Appendix C, Part I. — Letter of instructions from the Foreign 
 Office to, and report of H.B.M. Consul-General at Hamburg 
 upon the conditions under which emigration to the United 
 States is carried on at Hamburg and Bremen, pp. 126-127. 
 Part II. — Letter of instructions from the Foreign Office to 
 HB.M. Consuls in the United States, and reports of 
 
 * The Foreign Office was so good as to instruct the Consul-General at Hamburg, 
 and the Consuls through the United States, to furnish [information as to certain 
 matters dealt with in the present report. This information will be found in 
 Appendix C, post, pp. 126-135. 
 
 f For fuller list of contents of this report, see ante, pp. v.-viii. A list of books, 
 &c. bearing on the question of immigration into the United States is given, post pp. 
 373-383. 
 
H.B.M. Consuls at Boston, New Orleans, Vice-Consul at 
 Pensacola, Consuls at San Francisco, Galveston, Phil- 
 adelphia, Chicago, Charleston, and Baltimore, and Consul- 
 General at New York upon the laws or regulations respecting 
 the control or restriction of alien immigration or alien 
 contractor other labour, pp. 127-135. 
 
 Appendix D. — Text of principal laws and regulations affecting 
 the immigration into and exclusion of foreigners from the 
 United States, pp. 136-164. 
 
 Appendix E. — Notes on the principal decisions of the Courts 
 in the United States with respect to the construction of 
 laws restricting immigration, pp. 165-180. 
 
 I. — Laws restricting Immigration. 
 
 The laws enacted by the United States for the restriction of 
 immigration may be said to date from 1882. Prior to that date, 
 " the restrictive legislation of the Government was confined to 
 " the prohibition of the coolie trade, involuntary immigration, and 
 " the exclusion of certain defective and delinquent classes."* In 
 May, 1882, was passed the law excluding Chinese labourers 
 from the United States for a period of ten years ; but the con- 
 sideration of this and of the other Acts which have been passed 
 in relation to the Chinese may be deferred. The sifting process 
 which will be described is that which is carried out in regard 
 to immigration generally, by virtue of a series of enactments, the 
 earliest of which was the " Act to regulate immigration," of 
 August 3, i882.t This statute imposed " a duty of 50 cents 
 " [2s.] for each and every passenger not a citizen of the United 
 " States who shall come by steam or sail vessel from a foreign 
 " port to any port within the United States." J This duty 
 (usually referred to as the ' head-tax " or " head-money ") is to 
 be paid to the Customs officials " by the master, owner, agent, or 
 " consignee of every such vessel," and the money thus collected 
 " shall constitute a fund to be called the immigrant fund, and 
 " shall be used, under the direction of the Secretary of the Trea- 
 " sury, to defray the expense of regulating immigration under 
 " this Act, and for the care of immigrants arriving in the United 
 " States, for the relief of such as are in distress, and for the general 
 " purposes and expenses of carrying this Act into effect." The 
 Secretary of the Treasury was charged with the duty of executing 
 the provisions of this Act " and with supervision over the business 
 
 * Tables showing Arrivals of Alien Passengers and Immigrants in the United 
 States from 1820 to 1888, p. 130. In particular, the importation of women for the 
 purposes of prostitution was forbidden by an Act of March 3, 1875. 
 
 t The laws referred to in the text are Federal laws. In regard to State laws, 
 dealing mainly with the restriction of the employment of aliens, particulars will be 
 found in Appendix D., post, pp. 147-150. 
 
 J This duty is collected not only in respect to alien passengers who land at any 
 port in the United States but also in respect to those who, by virtue of the laws 
 regulating immigration, are not allowed to land. 
 
" of imiuigration to tho Uniteil States, and for that purpose " he 
 mi^jht enter into contracts with any immigration connnission, 
 boanl, or officei*s designated by the i;foveruor of any particular 
 State in the Union, *' to take charge of the local ati'airs of 
 " inunigiiition in the jx)rts within siud State, and to provide for 
 " the support and relief of such immigrants therein landing as 
 " niHv fall into distress or need public aid, under the rules and 
 Illations to be prescribed by said Secretary ; and it shall be 
 tiu' duty of such State commission, Ixwird, or officers so 
 " designated to examine into the condition of ^wissengers arriving 
 " at the ports within such State in tiny ship or vessel, and for 
 " that purpose all or any of such commissioners or officers or 
 •* such other person or persons as they shall appoint, shall be 
 " authorized to go on board of and through such ship or vessel ; 
 " and if on examination there sliall be found among such 
 " jwissengers any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to 
 " take care of himself or heraelf without becoming a public 
 '* charge, they sludl report the same in writing to the collector 
 " of such port, and such pei-son shall not be permitted to land." 
 By another section it is enacted that " all foreign convicts except 
 " those convicted of political offences, upon arrival shall be sent 
 " back to the nations to which they belong and from whence they 
 •* came/' that " the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe 
 " regulations for the return of the aforesaid persons to the coun- 
 " tries from whence they came," and that " the expense of such 
 " return of the aforesaid persons not permitted to land shall be 
 " borne by the owners of the vessels in which they came." 
 
 By an Act passed in 1884 it was enacted that, until the 
 provisions of the Act of 1882 imposing a duty on alien 
 passengers coming by water fix)m a foreign port to any port in 
 the United States should be made applicable to passengers 
 coming into the States by land carriage, those provisions should 
 not " apply to passengers coming by vessels employed exclusively 
 " in the trade between the ports of the United States and the 
 " ports of the Dominion of Canada or the ports of Mexico." 
 
 The next step in the direction of restricting immigration was 
 taken in 1885, when an Act was passed making it unlawful " to 
 ** prepay the transportation, or in any way assist or encourage 
 " the importation or migration of any alien or aliens, any 
 " foreigner or foreigners, into the United States, its Territories, 
 " or the District of Columbia, under contract or agreement, 
 " parol or special, express or implied, made previous to the 
 " impprtation or migration of such alien or aliens, foreigner or 
 " foreigners, to perform labour or service of any kind in the 
 " United States, its Territories, or the District of Columbia." 
 
 Any violation of this law " by knowingly assisting, encou- 
 " raging, or soliciting the migration or importation of any alien 
 " or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, into the United States, its 
 " Territories, or the District of Columbia, to perform labour or 
 " service of any kind under contract or agreement, express or 
 
" implied, parol or special, with .such alien or aliens, foreigner 
 " or foreigners, previous to becoming residents or citizens of 
 " the United States," is punishable by a heavy fine. The 
 master of a vessel who shall knowingly land or permit to be 
 landed in the United States " from any foreign port or place, 
 " any alien labourer, mechanic, or artizan who, previous to 
 " embarkation on such vessel, had entered into contract or 
 " agreement, parol or special, express or implied, to perform 
 " labour or service in the United States " is made liable to fine 
 and imprisonment. Certain exceptions are made, of which the 
 principal are those in favour of skilled workmen engaged abroad 
 " to perform labour in the United States in or upon any new 
 " industry not at present established in the United States, 
 " provided, that skilled labour for that purpose cannot be other- 
 " wise obtained," and in favour of " professional actors, artists, 
 " lecturers or singers," and of " persons employed strictly as 
 " personal or domestic servants." It is also provided "that 
 " nothing in this Act shall be construed as prohibiting any 
 " individual from assisting any member of his family or 
 " any relative or personal friend, to migrate from any foreign 
 " country to the United States, for the purpose of settlement 
 " here." 
 
 The execution of the law against the importation of contract 
 labour was, at first, in the hands of the Customs officials, 
 but by a statute passed in 1887, the Secretary of the Treasury 
 was charged with the duty of executing the provisions of this 
 law, a power of contracting with State commissions, boards, or 
 officers similar to that contained in the immigration law of 
 1882 being conferred upon him. By the Act of 1887, contract 
 labourers of the prohibited class are not to be permitted to land, 
 and are to be sent back " to the nations to which they belong 
 " and from whence they came," at the cost of the owners of the 
 vessels bringing them to the United States. 
 
 In 1888 certain further amendments were made in the alien 
 contract labour law. The Secretary of the Treasury was 
 authorized " in case he shall be satisfied that an immigrant 
 " has been allowed to land contrary to the prohibition of that 
 " law, to cause such immigrant within the period of one year 
 " after landing or entry, to be taken into custody and returned 
 " to the country from whence he came, at the expense of the 
 " owner of the importing vessel ; or, if he entered from an 
 '• adjoining country, at the expense of the person previously 
 " contracting for" his services. Provision was also made 
 authorizing the payment to informers of ii part, not to exceed 
 one half, of penalties recovered under the alien contract labour 
 law. 
 
 In 1890 an important change in the method of administering 
 the immigration and contract labour laws was made by the 
 termination of the contract previously existing between the 
 Federal Government and the Commissioners of Immigration of 
 
the Stat-e of New York. At this port, where the ^i-eat bulk of 
 the iinmi^mts into the United States coming by sea disem- 
 bark, the manner in which tliese laws were administered was 
 found to U' unsatisfactory, and accordingly on April 19, 1890, 
 the duty of carrying out these laws at New York was under- 
 taken by the Treasury Department itself, the Hon. Col. John 
 B. Weber being appointed as the principal officer responsible 
 for the administration of all mutters concerning the regulation 
 of immigration an<l the exclusion of conti*act labour at New York. 
 In 1891 an amendatory Act was passed, which named as classes 
 of aliens to " be excluded fix)m atlmission into the United States, 
 " in accordance with the existing Acts i*egidating innnigration, 
 " other than those concerning Chinese labourers : All idiots, 
 " in.sane persons, paupers or persons likely to become a public 
 • cliarge, persons suflTering from a loathsome or a dangenms con- 
 *' tagious disease, jx^rsons who have been convicted of a felony or 
 *' other infamous crime or uiisdemeanonr involving moral turpi- 
 " tude, polygamists, an<l also any pei-son whose ticket or passage 
 **^ is paid for with the money of another, or who is assisted by 
 " others t^) come, unless it is affinnatively and satisfactorily 
 " shown on special intjuiry that such person does not belong to 
 " one of the foivgoing cIhsscs, or to the class of contnict labourers 
 " excluded by the Act of February 26th, 1885, but this section 
 " shall not be held to exclude |X}rsons living in the United 
 " States from sending for a relative or a friend who. is not of 
 " the excluded classes under such regidations tis the Secretary 
 " of the Treasury may prescribe." Express provision is made 
 for excepting persons convicted of political offences from exclu- 
 sion under the Act. Another section makes it a violation of 
 the contract labour law to promise employment by adver- 
 tisements " printed and published in any foreign country ; and 
 " any alien coming to this country in consequence of such an 
 " advertisement shall be treated as coming under a contract as 
 " contemplated by such Act ; and the penalties by said Act 
 " imposed shall be applicable in such a case ; provided, this 
 " section shall not apply to States and immigi-ation bureaus of 
 " States advertising the inducements they ofter for immigration 
 " to such States." It is further enacted, " that no steamship 
 " or transportation company or owners of vessels shall directly, 
 " or through agents, either by writing, printing, or oral repre- 
 " sentations, solicit, invite, or encourage the immigration of any 
 " alien into the United States, except by ordinary commercial 
 " letters, circulars, advertisements, or oral representations, 
 '* .stating the sailings of their vessels and the terms and Jacili- 
 " ties of transportation therein ;" any violation of this enact- 
 ment is to be punished by the same heavy fine as if it were a 
 breach of the contract labour law. With respect to the class 
 of persons to be excluded as contract labourers, this Act pro- 
 vides that (in addition to actors, artists, lecturers, singers, and 
 servants) ministers of any religious denomination, persons 
 
belonging to any recognized profession, and professors for 
 
 colleges or seminaries shall be excepted from the operation of 
 
 the Act of 1885 ; on the other hand, the provision in that Act 
 
 permitting any person to assist " any member of his family, or 
 
 " any relative or 'personal friend " to settle in the United 
 
 States, is now modified by the deletion of the words in italics. 
 
 It is made a misdemeanour punishable by a heavy fine or im- 
 
 prisonmeot or both, to bring or to aid in bringing into the 
 
 United States any alien not entitled to admission. The Act 
 
 created the new office of Superintendent of Immigration, who 
 
 is to be an officer of the Treasury Department, subordinate 
 
 to the Secretary of the Treasury. With regard to immigrants 
 
 arriving by water, it is made the " duty ot the commanding 
 
 " officer and the agents of the steam or sailing vessel by 
 
 " which they came to report the name, nationality, last resi- 
 
 " dence, and destination of every such alien, before any of 
 
 " them are landed, to the proper inspection officers, who shall 
 
 " thereupon go or send competent assistants on board such 
 
 " vessel, and there inspect all such aliens, or the inspection 
 
 " officers may order a temporary removal of such aliens for 
 
 " examination at a designated time and place, and then and 
 
 " there detain them until a thorough inspection is made. But 
 
 " such removal shall not be considered a landing during the 
 
 " pendency of such examination. The medical examination 
 
 " shall be made by surgeons of the Marine Hospital Service. 
 
 " In cases where the services of a Marine Hospital surgeon can- 
 
 " not be obtained without causing unreasonable delay, the 
 
 " inspector may cause an alien to be examined by a civil 
 
 " surgeon, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall fix the com- 
 
 " pensation for such examination. The inspection officers and 
 
 " their assistants shall have power to administer oaths, and to 
 
 " take and consider testimony touching the right of any 
 
 " such aliens to enter the United States, all of which shall be 
 
 " entered of record. During such inspection after temporary 
 
 " removal the superintendent shall cause such aliens to be 
 
 " properly housed, fed, and cared for, and also in his discretion, 
 
 " such as are delayed in proceeding to their destination after 
 
 " inspection. All decisions made by the inspection officers or 
 
 " their assistants touching the right of any alien to land, when 
 
 " adverse to such right, shall be final unless appeal be taken to 
 
 " the Superintendent of Immigration, whose action shall be 
 
 " subject to review by the Secretary of the Treasury." Officers 
 
 and agents of vessels may be heavily fined or be imprisoned, or 
 
 be both fined and imprisoned, if they " either knowingly or 
 
 " negligently land or permit to land any alien immigrant at any 
 
 " place or time other than that designated by the inspection 
 
 " officers." By this statute power is given to the Secretary of the 
 
 Treasury to prescribe rules for inspection along the borders of 
 
 Canada, British Columbia, and Mexico, and provision is made for 
 
 the appointment of special officers to carry out this inspection. 
 
9 
 
 The Feileral Ck)vemmeut is to take over the entire adminis- 
 tration of the laws re^bitin<^ iunuigration, this duty being no 
 longer left to St»ite commissions, boards, or otficers. Aliens 
 who may uidawfully corns into the United States "shall, 
 " if pnvcticjilile, be immediately sent back on the vessel by 
 " which they were brought in. The cast of their maintenance 
 " while on land, as well as the expense of the return of such 
 " aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of the vessel on 
 ** which such aliens came." It is also provided that any " alien 
 " who shall couie into the United States in violation of law 
 " may be returned as by law provided, at any time within 
 " one year thereafter, at the expense of the person or persons, 
 " vessel, transportation company, or corporation bringing such 
 " alien into the United States, and if that cannot be done, then 
 " at the expense of the United States; and any alien who 
 " becomes a public charge within one year after his arrival 
 " in the Unite<.l States from causes existing prior to his landing 
 ** thei-ein shall be deemed to have come in violation of law, 
 " and shall be retumeil as aforesaid." 
 
 With the addition (maile by a joint resolution of Congress 
 approved in August, 1892) of a provision enabling foreign 
 exhibitors, &c., at the Chicago Exhibition to import under 
 contract alien employees required for the puq^oses of that 
 exhibition, the laws just summarized constitute the co<le in force, 
 at tlie time of my visit to the United States. An Act passed in 
 March, 1893, but which came into operation oiHy in May, 1893, 
 made certain alterations in the existing law, especially in the 
 direction of iuipasing upon the steamship companies the duty of 
 inquirnig into and vouching for the eligibility of all immigrants 
 carried by them, but did not in any way extend or vary the 
 class of pei'sons previously declared ineligible. Since it is 
 desired to describe the workmg oi the immigi-ation laws under 
 the conditions actually witnessed by the writer, it seems best to 
 reserve the consideration of this new statute (which did not 
 come into force until after he had left America) to a hiter part 
 of this report, and to proceed at once to give an account of the 
 sifting process as it was seen in operation during the months of 
 March and April, 1893. 
 
 II. — The Sifting Process : prior to and upon 
 Embarkation. 
 
 The plan best adapted for our purpose will be to watch what 
 goes on in relation to a number of typical emigrants from the 
 time when they apply for their passage-tickets to the time when 
 they reach New York, and to follow them up until they are 
 finally " cleared " — until, that is, they step on to the soil of the 
 United States as accepted settlers.* 
 
 ♦ It should be observed that the action of the steamship companies described m 
 the text is that which was taken in normal periods. As is explained later on 
 (pp. 47-50), between the beginning of September, 1892, and the end of February, 
 
 o 77399. B 
 
10 
 
 The first step taken by a man who desires to emigrate tO' 
 America will be to apply at the office of an agent or sub-agent 
 of the steamship line by which he desires to travel. The agent 
 or sub-agent has received from the Steamship Company copies 
 of the United States laws dealing with the regulation of immi- 
 gration and prohibiting the importation of contract labour, and 
 has instructions to make certain that he does not book any 
 passenger in contravention of these laws. The result is that, at 
 the very outset, the intending passenger is subjected to some 
 sort of questioning, and though the test thus applied has pro- 
 bably not been, so far, at all strict, yet a man grossly and. 
 obviously ineligible is liable to have his application for a passage- 
 ticket refused.* 
 
 Having succeeded in obtaining his passage-ticket, our immi- 
 grant finds that the next ordeal which awaits him is a series of 
 medical examinations. If he is a foreigner coming from, say 
 Grothenburg or Hamburg, he will, on his arrival at Liverpool, gO' 
 to one of the emigrant board] ng-housesf where he will reside 
 until he is put on board of the vessel which is to take him to- 
 America. While at the boarding-house, the immigrant is under 
 constant medical surveillance ; for the steamship companies 
 employ a medical man (some companies employing a special 
 "shore doctor," others sending the surgeon of the ship in 
 which the immigrants are to sail), whose duty it is to pay a 
 daily visit to the boarding-houses and to inquire into the health, 
 of their inmates. One principal object of this medical inspec- 
 tion is to avoid all lisk of shipping persons whose state of health 
 might cause danger or inconvenience to their fellow-passengers. 
 But the inspection serves at the same time to enable the dis- 
 covery of persons who are likely to be treated as ineligible by 
 the American immigration authorities by reason of their state of 
 health, including, not alone " persons suffering from a loathsome 
 or a dangerous contagious disease," and idiots and insane per- 
 sons, but also persons whose state of health makes them "likely 
 to become a public charge," such as men or women with parar- 
 lysed arms, or other defects likely to interfere with their chance 
 of obtaining employment, and as pregnant unmarried women. 
 
 Let us, however, suppose that our typical immigrant has 
 escaped rejection by the doctor visiting the boarding-house. 
 The day fixed for his embarkation has arrived, and the tender- 
 
 1893, certain special inquiries were made of all intending immigrants, and certain 
 special restrictions were enforced in consequence of the quarantine precautions 
 taken in the United States with a view to avoid the introduction of cholera. 
 
 * It will be understood that the description in the text is a description of what 
 was habitually done at the time when the writer visited the United States. Since 
 his return, the new Immigration Law of 1893 has come into force, and has very 
 possibly made the questioning of the immigrant, prior to his obtaining his ticket, of 
 a much more rigorous nature than was the case before this law came into effect. 
 See post, pp. 50-54. 
 
 t The principal emigrant boarding-houses at Liverpool (all of which are licensed 
 and inspected as common lodging-houses) were visited by the writer, and werfr 
 found to provide excellent accommodation. 
 
11 
 
 has brought all the foreign immigrants from the boarding- 
 houses, and also the English passengers to the aide of the big 
 liner which is at anchor in the Mersey.* A gangway plank is 
 placed from the upper deck of the tender to the deck of the 
 liner. At the top of this gangway stands the ship's doctor. 
 Sometimes there are two gangways, and in this case the doctor 
 stands where they oonvei-ge on the liner s deck. As the immi- 
 grants pass over the gangway or gangways, each is examiued by 
 the doctor. They defile at a rate which may be estimated 
 to average about 30 a minute, so that the scrutiny possible 
 under the circumstances is not of a very searching nature. Still, 
 constant practice renders the ship's doctor expert ; and any signs 
 of disease likely to affect the health or comfort of the passengers 
 are likely to be detected. Glaring cases of disease or defects of 
 a nature to make the sufferer incapable of earning his living, and 
 thercfoi*e liable to rejection by the immigration authorities on 
 the other side, may probably be noticed, and referred to the 
 company's officials, who may decide not to take the risk of 
 carrying these passengers across the Atlantic, with the proba- 
 bility of having to bring them back as deban-ed immigrants. 
 
 After they have passed the scrutiny of the ship's doctor, as 
 they come on board, yet another ordeal awaits all these 
 travellers. For, before the ship sails, the whole of her second 
 cabin and steerage passengers are mustered on deck, and undergo 
 inspection by the medical examiner appointed for that purpose 
 by the Board of Trade under the Passenger Acts.f The duty 
 of the representative of the Board of Trade is to discover all 
 cases in which it is desirable for any sanitary reason to prohibit 
 the transportation of any passenger. This official is concerned 
 to prevent the ship's carrying any person whose presence on 
 board would cause danger to the health of his fellow-passengers,, 
 but is, of course, under no obligation to object to anyone on the 
 ground of his ineligibility as an immigrant under the laws of 
 the United States. All the same, as a matter of courtesy, it is 
 the custom of the medical examiners of the Board of Trade to 
 call the attention of the ship's doctor to any person whom they 
 may notice to be apparently ineligible under these laws. The 
 
 * It sometimes occurs that the passengers are put on board while the vessel is in 
 dock ; but the procedure observed in their embarkation on^these occasions does not 
 vary from that described above. The account given in the text is based upoa 
 inquiries made on the spot, and upon observations made upon two occasions, upon 
 one of which the writer was present without his oflBcial position being known to 
 anyone on the vessel visited. 
 
 t Now (under the new United States Quarantine Law of February 15, 1893) also 
 by the consular or medical officer of the United States. By virtue of this law a 
 medical officer of the United States, stationed at Liverpool, has for the last few 
 months inspected all vessels carrying passengers to the United States. For some 
 time past there has been an inspection by a doctor in the service or under the con- 
 trol of the United States of all persons intending to emigrate to the States from 
 certain continental ports, e.gr., Hamburg and Bremen (see Report of H.B.IVL Consul- 
 General at Hamburg, Appendix C, post, p. 127, and Investigation by the Committee 
 on Immigration of the United States Senate on the proposition for the Suspension of 
 Immigration for One Year, p. 58), and Rotterdam (see Report by U. S. Consul 
 Gardner mentioned in New York Herald, March 18, 1893). 
 
 B 2 
 
12 
 
 ship's doctor stands by the side of the official of the Board of 
 Trade, while he is making his examination of the passengers, 
 and thus obtains a further opportunity of detecting and causing 
 to be re-lnnded any persons whose rejection by the immigration 
 authorities in America on the ground of their physical or mental 
 condition he may think probable. Soon after the Board of 
 Trade doctor has completed his examination the saloon pas- 
 sengers come on board ; and as promptly as the state of the 
 tide allows, the anchor is weighed, and the steamer starts on 
 her voyage. The inspection of the Irish emigrants who are 
 embarked at Queenstown is practically identical in nature with 
 that which took place in regard to the English and foreign 
 passengers on board the vessel as she lay in the Mersey, and 
 does not demand further description. 
 
 The Sifting Process at New York. 
 
 We may now imagine our steamer to have safely crossed 
 the Atlantic, and to be lying at the entrance to the harbour of 
 New York, off " Quarantine." With the visit of the quarantine 
 doctor and his assistants, with his inspection of the immigrants 
 in order to satisfy himself that there is no infectious disease 
 prevalent among them, and that all have been duly vaccinated, 
 and with the measures of disinfection which are carried out 
 on board under his orders we have no concern. But the same 
 steamboat which brings the quarantine doctor also brings 
 another official whose proceedings we are greatly interested in 
 observing — a contract labour inspector. 
 
 The contract labour inspector (who is in plain clothes with no 
 outward token of his official position) makes his way at once to 
 the purser from whom he receives copies of the ship's manifests* — 
 lists of all the passengers taken on board at Liverpool and 
 Queenstown respectively which the master of the vessel is re- 
 quired under the United States law, " The Passenger Act, 1882," to 
 deliver to the collector of the customs of the collection district 
 of the City of New York (their accuracy being verified by his 
 oath), and which contain the particulars required to be given to 
 the immigration authorities under the Act of 1891 (see ante, 
 p. 8). Let us look, over the shoulder of the contract labour 
 inspector while he sits at one of the saloon tables with the big 
 sheets spread out before him. In one hand he holds a slip of 
 paper, in the other a small book in which the names of all the 
 passengers are arranged in alphabetical order. This index book, 
 which has been prepared for his use by the purser, enables him 
 to find without delay in the manifests the names of any pas- 
 sengers for whom he has been directed to look out. His slip of 
 paper may contain the names of employers or of foremen who 
 have gone over to Europe to enlist workmen, and of whose 
 
 * As to the manifests required under the new immigration law, see j^ost, j). 50. 
 
18 
 
 inipeiuling retani with their ilHcit companions the authorities 
 may liave been warned by the trade union or by some rival 
 manufacturer. Or he may have received information from 
 Washington that a recently released convict is likely to arrive.* 
 His search for the names on his list being concluded, the 
 inspector next proceeds to nm his eye down the columns of the 
 manifests, page by page. The particulai-a given in these mani- 
 fests are — " number ; name in ftill ; age, years, months ; sex ; 
 " calling ; the country of which they are citizens (nationality) ; 
 " last re-'idence ; intended destination or location ; date and 
 " cause of death [of any passenger who may have died on the 
 •' voyage] ; location of compartment or space occupied ; number 
 " of pieces of baggage; tninsient, or in transit, or intending 
 " protracted 80Journ."t The eye of the inspector may run 
 without a pause from the first name to the last ; but if he is 
 observed to linger over ceii^in pages, we may know that ho has 
 detected sijjns of the presence on board of the class of persons 
 for whom he is looking out. He lias remarked that a larger 
 number of men, mo:?t of them coming from the same district, 
 and all of the same occupation, are put down as destined for 
 the same town in the United States. Possibly the inspector 
 has had notice that a strike among workmen of this class is at 
 this moment l)eing fought out in that town. Obviously, these 
 men are being imported to fill the places of the strikers. In any 
 event, the simultaneous arrival of so many men of the same 
 trade is a highly suspicious circumstance which must be reported 
 to the nuthorities. 
 
 His examination of the manifests concluded, the contract 
 labour inspector goes up on deck, and mixes with the immi- 
 grants. If he has reason to believe that any persons who ought 
 to be debarred from landing are included among the passengers, 
 he will find them out, and order them to consider themselves in 
 his custody. His eyes are keen, and he knows exactly what to 
 look for. Thus, for example, not long ago a contract labour 
 inspector was instructed to keep a look-out for a number of 
 glass-blowers wlio were expected to arrive under contract to 
 labour. These men came as second-class passengers, and were, 
 no doubt, careful to do and say nothing which might betray 
 their cliaracter. But the inspector singled them out, and 
 detained them for examination. He had discovered the men 
 
 * The labour contract inspector who boards ressels at "Quarantine" also looks out 
 for persons " wanted " by the police of the United States or of a foreign country. 
 
 t The form of manifest given in the text is that which was used at the time 
 when the writer was making the investigations necessary for this report. Since 
 he left the United States, a new form has been adopted diflFering in some respects 
 from the old ; thus, in the new form the " country of which they are citizens " is 
 stated as to cabin passengers only, while as to passengers other than cabin pas- 
 sengers the list states " native country " and " whether citizens of the United 
 States." In the new lists " intended destination or location " and " location of com- 
 partment or space occupied " have to be stated only as to passengers other than 
 cabin passengers, while " port of embarkation " has to be stated in respect to all 
 passengers. As to the manifests or lists of immigrants required under the new 
 immigration law, see post, p. 50. 
 
14 
 
 by certain physical peculiarities which betoken the glass-blower 
 — the callosity of the hand, a peculiar protuberance and 
 callosity of the skin under the eye caused by the heat of the 
 furnace, and a mark on the lips due to the pressure of the blow- 
 pipe. Very probably there may be no cause to suspect any 
 particular irumigrants on the ship ; but in any case the inspector 
 takes a leisurely survey of the swaniiing decks, and passing 
 slowly amid the throng asks first one man and then another 
 what his destination is, whether he has got work promised him, 
 and so on. It would appear that, if he has no particular ground 
 of suspicion, the inspector is content with " sampling " the crowd 
 by examining a few passengers only. But if there were reason 
 for special vigilance, it is probable that his cross-examination 
 might be more vigorous and more general. 
 
 The time taken by the steamer to cover the distance between 
 " Quarantine " and the wharf where she lands her saloon and 
 second- cabin passengers is a little over an hour. When the 
 wharf is reached, an uniformed "boarding officer" of the 
 immigration authorities comes on board, and, as soon as 
 possible, the luggage of the immigrants is got out of the hold, 
 and placed upon a barge which has been brought alongside by 
 a steamer sent by the immigration authorities. When this has 
 been accomplished, the steerage passengers embark, some upon 
 this steamer, others upon the barge, and the steamer, with the 
 barge lashed to it, steams across the harbour to the Immigrant 
 Depot at Ellis Island, which is reached in about 20 minutes. 
 
 The Immigrant Dep6t at Ellis Island.* 
 
 In order to acquaint ourselves ^A'ith the details of the sifting 
 process carried out in the magnificent establishment maintained 
 by the immigration authorities at Ellis Island, we will follow 
 our imaginary immigrants as they disembark from the official 
 tender. 
 
 The space into which the immigrants step is railed off in 
 such a manner that exit is possible only by entering the large 
 building in front of the wharf, and the crowd is soon surging 
 through the door and mounting the staircase which leads to the 
 first floor. Here the process of sifting begins. 
 
 * The description of the Immigrant Dep6t at Ellis Island and of the sifting 
 process carried on there is a " composite picture," intended to show the operation 
 of the restrictive machinery as applied in practice, the details of this picture being 
 based upon visits, most of them very long visits, paid by the writer on seven different 
 idays, including not alone the visits paid with disclosure of his official capacity, but also 
 a visit paid upon an occasion when, without anyone connected with the administra- 
 tion of the Depot having any idea who he was, and when none but one or two 
 subordinate officials knew that any stranger was present, he accompanied a ship- 
 load of immigrants to Ellis Island, and was able to observe how each was dealt 
 with. He is bound to say that what he saw upon this occasion in no respect 
 differed from what he saw when he visited Ellis Island afterwards with the knowledge 
 of the authorities. At no time was any single thing concealed, or any proceeding 
 whatever in any single respect modified by reason of the presence of the oflScial 
 investigator cf a foreign Government. 
 
15 
 
 The sifting process may be said to oousist of three separate 
 *stages in the case of men, of four in the case of women. Ah 
 the crowd reaches the door of tlie vast hall, splendidly lighted 
 all over by larjje top-li^lits and in ptirts also by side-windows, 
 the immigrants find themselves at the entrance to a corridor, 
 the sitles of whicli are hi<^h partitions of open wire-work of 
 great sti-eugth, sufficiently wide to enable three persons to stand 
 abreaai One on each side of the be^nnmg of this corridor, stand 
 two female officials — the matron and her assistant.* The matron 
 closely scrutinizes the women, directing those whom she believes 
 to be pregnant to stand aside for further examination. Wonder- 
 fully acute is this matron, and it is probable that not many 
 pregnant women escape her vigilant eye. She judges of the 
 condition of the women inspected by the appejirance of their 
 faces rather than by that of their persons, and gets through her 
 work with gi-eat expedition. Usually the fact of pregnancy is 
 I'eadily admitted. If not, she directs the woman to stand back, 
 and deals with her 8uljse(|uently. But supposing the woman 
 under examination to admit her condition, tlie next (juestion is 
 whether she is married or single. If she comes in with her 
 husband, as is frecjuently the case, little difficulty arises. 
 Perhaps she says that he is coming on directly, if so, she has to 
 wait until he appears and chiims her. If the husband does not 
 appear, then the woman Ls detained for subseciuent investigation. 
 All who have been passed by the matron go on to the next 
 branch of the sifting process together with the male immigrants, 
 and w^hat haf)pens to them we will now see. 
 
 The immigrants pass through the comdor in single file, 
 •except that parents are allowed to carry infants and to lead 
 small children by the hand. In the centre of the corridor stands 
 an officer whose duty it is to see that the stream does not flow 
 too quickly. Marshalled by this officer the immigrants pass 
 before the doctors, generally two and often three in number, who 
 are assisted by the steward of the hospital. Men are obliged to 
 take ofi* their hats, and tv^omen to remove shawls covering their 
 heads, in order that diseases manifesting themselves by erup- 
 tions, &c., on the head, may not escape detection. The rate at 
 which the stream passes through the doctors may be estimated 
 .at about 19 per minute. In one instance as many as 29 persons 
 per minute were seen to pass ; but this was in the case of 
 immigrants from Bremen, who had already been inspected prior 
 to their embarkation by a doctor under the control of the 
 United States authorities in that portf On the other hand, 
 I was informed that in the case of a specially bad lot of 
 immigi-ants the rate would be no higher than 15 per minute. 
 In the majority, of instances a single keen glance is sufficient 
 
 * Usually two matrons are employed, but one was discharged last year when the 
 immigration fell off owing to the quarantine restrictions enforced during the cholera 
 period (see post, pp. 47-50). 
 
 t bee ante, pp. 11 n. 
 
16 
 
 to enable the doctors to form their opinion. Occasionally a 
 few brief questions are put ; in this manner, for instance, it is 
 ascertained that a man who looked at first sight uncommonly 
 like an idiot, is only slightly the worse for liquor. Those whose 
 cases cannot be determined off-hand, are ordered to enter an 
 enclosure on the right-hand side, and are subsequently examined 
 at leisure. Tiie rest pass through into a large enclosed space on 
 the left extending right across the centre of the building. At 
 the far end of this space are eight narrow passages, the sides of 
 which are closed in by stout partitions of open wire, each 
 of these gangways being wide enough to allow one person only 
 to pass through at a time.* It will be observed that at the 
 corner of the furthest gangway stands a man who is shouting 
 out names. This has nothing to do with the sifting process ; 
 the names called out are those of passengers for wliom letters or 
 telegrams are waiting. But at the side of each of the gangways 
 in use — if the number of the immigrants is not great, perhaps 
 only six or seven gangways will be in use — sits a clerk at a 
 desk with a big book in front of him. It is by these " registra- 
 tion clerks " that the process of ascertaining whether the 
 immigrant is eligible or ineligible on other than purely medical 
 grounds is performed. How this is done we will now observe. 
 
 As the immigrant comes up to him, the registration clerk 
 " takes him in '*' with a rapid glance, and then proceeds to put 
 to him a series of questions, the answers to which enable the 
 clerk to fill in the columns of the ledger in front of him. These 
 columns bear the following headingst : — (1.) Name. (2.) 
 Nationality. (3.) Last residence. (4.) Destination. (5.) Oc- 
 cupation. (6.) Age. (7.) Sex ; sub-divisions, M. and F. (8.) 
 Married or Single ; sub-divisions, M. and S. (9.) Number in 
 Family. (10.) Illiteracy of those over 16 years ; sub-division?, 
 Cannot Read, Cannot Write, Can neither Read nor Write. (11.) 
 Money brought by those over 20 Years ; sub-divisions. Over 
 .^100 [20/-.], Under .^100. (12.) If ever Inmate of Prison or 
 Almshouse^ ; sub-divisions. Prison, Almshouse. (13.) Condition 
 of Health. (14.) Vessel. (15.) Date. 
 
 For the most part the answers of the immigrants are accepted 
 as sufficient. During the numerous visits paid to Ellis Island, 
 no instance was observed in which a registration clerk required 
 any sort of proof of alleged capacity to read or write. The 
 amount of money alleged to be in the possession of an immigrant 
 appears to be seldom tested by a registration clerk ; but if the 
 question how much money the man had were material in 
 considering his admissibility, the registration clerk would, it 
 was said, insist on seeing it. On the other hand, the registra- 
 tion clerk by no means confines himself to asking the questions 
 
 * In times of pressure 10 gangways can be arranged. 
 
 t No doubt these headings are no'\T in some slight respects altered to agree with 
 the new manifests required by the recent Immigration Law ; see post, p. 50. 
 
 X The term " almshouse " is applied in the United States to a house in which 
 indigent person? are supported out of funds raised by taxation. 
 
17 
 
 to fill iu the columns of his ledger. For example : a 
 person going West may be tisked to pixxluce his railway ticket ; 
 and a girl or a young lad unaccompanied by any responsible 
 escort, is sure to be reijuested to show that she or he is in a 
 position to proceed to ultimate destination, and may, if this 
 be deeme<l necessary, be detiiined for fui*ther imiuiry. Persons, 
 young or old, who appear unlikely to be able to maintain and 
 look after themselves, will be asked whether they are expected 
 by relations, and may be made to pixxluce some proof of this 
 tact; and if satisfactory proof that they are expected by 
 relations able and willing to take care of them be not im- 
 meiliately produced, they are liable to be kept back for further 
 examination. 
 
 The description juet given may produce the impression that 
 the process of inspection and interrogation carried out by the 
 registry clerks is one occupying a considerable time. But the 
 bulk of the oises investigated are of a simple nature. Long 
 practice has given the clerks the ability to work at a great 
 speed ; and the process is, in reality, very expeditious. Some 
 clerks get through their work much quicker than others ; but 
 on the average it may be said that the immigrants pass through 
 this part of the sifting nuvchinery at the rate of a little less 
 than one per minute, say at the rate of 11 in 12 minutes. 
 This is the avei'age rate ; but it must be remembered that while 
 in cases in which parents answer for young children a party of 
 five jjersons may be dispased of in three minutes, a single 
 individual, if of doubtful eligibility, may require and will 
 receive a comparatively lengthy investigation, lasting perhaps 
 two minutes. 
 
 As the immigrant is passed by the registration clerk, he steps 
 out from the corridor into the open hall a free man save for one 
 contingency. While he was under examination by the registry 
 clerk, one of the contract labour inspectors was hovering near. 
 Perhaps the registry clerk gave him a hint that this man was 
 a case for him — being, it may be, one of a suspicious batch ; 
 perliaps the contract labour inspector may have had his own 
 suspicions aroused by the man's answers to the registry clerk. 
 In either case our immigrant has to undergo a further ordeal. 
 The Contract labour inspector asks him to what place he is 
 going and what he is going to do there. If he says he is going 
 to work in a mill, then how does he know that he is going to 
 have work in this mill ? Did the owner of the mill or a 
 foreman send him word to come. If the man is incautious 
 enough to admit that he has been promised employment, or 
 if his answers are in any respect unsatisfactory, then the path 
 to liberty is barred, and he must wait in the " contract labour 
 pen," as it is unofficially designated — an enclosure shut in by 
 high wire fencing — until there is time to fully inquire into his 
 guilt or innocence. 
 
 Although it is with the restrictions upon immigration, rather 
 than with the general question of immigration that we are 
 
18 
 
 •concerned, we may permit ourselves to take a parenthetic ' 
 glimpse at the onward progress of the fortunate multitude 
 whose right to enter the great American Republic has not been 
 denied. As they emerge from the gangways and pass un- 
 challenged, or at any rate unimpeded, by the contract labau:^ 
 inspectors into the free end of the big hall, they see in front of 
 them a small office (simply a few square feet of floor-space 
 railed in by wire fencing) which is allotted to the ever- helpful 
 agent of the steamship company by whose vessel they 
 arrived, at whose side stands the principal representative 
 of the railway companies. Here arrangements for the onward 
 journey of those who are going out West are expeditiously 
 made. On the right hand a little further down the hall is a 
 small stand for the sale of postage stamps, and an authorized 
 exchange office where the stranger is certain of receiving 
 the full value of his foreign money ; while on the opposite 
 side is a telegraph office. Coming out of the haU the 
 immigrant finds offices for the sale of railway tickets and 
 steamship passages, a number of compartments reserved for the 
 use of the representatives of various societies for befriending 
 new arrivals, and a huge refreshment counter where at reason- 
 able prices he can provision himself for his journey inland. On 
 the floor below he finds vast rooms in which his baggage has 
 been placed while he was going through the sifting process 
 upstairs, and where he can register his goods and chattels 
 through to his destination. If he is going out West^ his re- 
 quirements will be attended to at one end of the place ; if to 
 New York, at the other. The westward-bound passenger is 
 taken in a steamer direct to the railway station, where separate 
 waiting-rooms are reserved for him, all manner of land-sharks 
 being carefully kept out. If New York is the end of his 
 journey, he goes down a staircase past an office specially set 
 apart for the keepers of boarding-houses (who are not allowed 
 to make themselves a nuisance by touting all over the place) 
 to the same wharf at which we saw him landed (but now to 
 the other, the free end of this wharf) and is conveyed to New 
 York, the official steamboat disembarking him at what must 
 be confessed to be a somewhat ramshackle and decidedly in- 
 convenient landing-place — the " Barge Office." Perhaps he 
 may step across to the employment bureau close at hand, 
 perhaps he may be taken in charge by an accommodating 
 boarding-house keeper or by a resident relation or friend. In 
 any case we can follow him no further, but must go back to 
 Ellis Island in order to see what is happening to the unlucky 
 people whom we left in the agonies of detention. 
 
 We will begin with the women whose pregnancy the matron 
 has detected, and who have been unable to satisfy her that their 
 husbands were among the throng of passengers filing in for 
 inspection. These women we find that the matron has brought 
 with her into a large enclosure in the middle of the hall where 
 she is carefully questioning them. Some of them produce letters 
 
19 
 
 from their htisbandft wlio are ah-eady in the United States, and 
 are at once relea.so<l from custo<ly. In other cases it may bo 
 necessary to det»iin the woman nntil a telegram has been sent 
 and a reply receiveil verifyin<^ her assei-tions. If a woman still 
 persists in denyint^ that she is in the family way, she is told 
 that fthe will have to j];o to the doctors to bo examined. This 
 threat nsually extorts a confession. If not, she is tiiken to the 
 offices of the medical staff, and althoup^h on no occasion, it is 
 stated, has any woman accused of boinjjj pi'egnant been required 
 to submit to Jictual mediciil examination, yet the dread of dis- 
 covery invariably cows the guilty into admitting tlieir condi- 
 tion. 
 
 In the ca.se of a woman wluwe pregnant state has been estab- 
 lished, and who either has no husband or has left her husband 
 behind her in the Old World, the law prohibiting the landing of 
 ** paupers or persons likely to iK'Come a public charge " clearly 
 applies. A woman thus circumstanced is sure to find her way 
 into some infinnary maint»iined at the f)ublic cost, which sho 
 will le^ive encumbere<l by the bunlen of an infant, and in all 
 probability utterly unable to obtain by her own exertions the 
 means of existence. Yet even in a case like this, it by no means 
 follows that the right to return the woman will >)e exercised. 
 To mention an instance, the paHiculars of which have been in- 
 vestigatetl by the writer, a woman who said with eveiy appearance 
 of truth that her husljiind inten<led to follow her shortly to the 
 Uniteil States, and whom a priest well known to the authorities 
 promised to look after until her husband arrived, was allowed 
 to stay. In the case of an unmarried girl the authorities are 
 frequently able to induce the father of the expected infant to 
 marry her, making this a condition of her being allowed to 
 land.* But if the father cannot be found, or declines to marry 
 the girl, then it is (a.s I was infoimed) the rule that she is 
 at once returned as a debarred immigrant. Exception, however, 
 is made in favour of women whose pregnancy is too far 
 advanced to make it safe for them to undertake the sea voyage. 
 In a case such as this the mother of an illegitimate child is 
 assurred of a haven in the New World ; for the ruling of 
 the Treasury Department is that since the infant, being bom 
 on American soil and under the jurisdiction and protection of 
 the United States, is an American citizen, and since its mother, 
 being its natural guardian, cannot be separated from it, neither 
 mother nor child can properly be expelled from the territory 
 of the Republict 
 
 The next subject to claim our attention is that of the medical 
 detentions. Making our way to the offices of the medical staff, 
 
 * If the father is in New York, the marriage is often solemnized at Ellis Island 
 itself by one of the missiocaries who attend there. 
 
 t Notwithstanding misrepresentations made by the mother when under examina- 
 tion by the immigration authorities {Decisions tinder the Tariff and Navigation 
 Laws, etc., December 1892, p. 1257). 
 
20 
 
 which occupies a number of well-lighted rooms at one side of the 
 building separated by a corridor from the noise and bustle of 
 the central hall, we find that one or two cases of obvious ineligi- 
 bility have already been dealt with, a recommendation for the 
 return of these persons having been sent in to the Commissioner 
 of Immigration. These are cases of individuals whose physical 
 or mental deficiencies make it out of the question that they 
 should succeed in earning their living, and who are unable to 
 indicate any persons, such as sons or other near relations, 
 willing to undertake their support. Obher cases have been sent 
 " inside " (to a special detention room) for further inquiry, these 
 immigrants having alleged that they are expected by some 
 relative willing and able to be responsible for their main- 
 tenance. 
 
 The doctors have just finished their diagnosis of a case of 
 scarlatina ; the patient is about to be taken to the hospital at 
 the other side of the Island. This hospital contains 75 beds, 
 while 25 more are contained in two large rooms in the main 
 building contiguous to the offices of the medical staff! These 
 rooms are kept for the families of patients under treatment in 
 the detached hospital. Thus, the parents and brothers of the 
 girl suffering from scarlatina will go to these rooms and remain 
 there under observation, so that if any of them develop 
 symptoms of the disease, the case may be at once removed into 
 hospital. A pale, sickly -looking boy of five or six years is 
 under examination, and the stethoscope reveals the fact of acute 
 pulmonary atid bronchial trouble. His mother is allowed to 
 go with him into the hospital, while her husband and the two 
 elder children are, with great consideration, provided with 
 accommodation in one of the observation rooms. 
 
 We next proceed to the large detention room already alluded 
 to under its familiar name of " inside." Here we find a number 
 of people seated on benches, while at the far end are four special 
 inspectors, whose duty it is to make a careful inquiry into the 
 circumstances of these detained persons, and a gatekeeper, 
 who verifies by his signature all orders for release, and sees that 
 no one passes out except those who have been examined and 
 discharged. Beyond the row of inspectors and the gatekeeper 
 is the information bureau, which is a waiting-room for immi- 
 grants and for the relatives and friends who come to meet them. 
 The four special inspectors deal in a thorough manner with 
 every case. Here is a Swedish girl whom the registry clerk 
 had stopped because she had neither a ticket for her destination 
 (Chicago) nor any money whatever. She explains to the 
 inspector that she has lived for many years in Minneapolis, that 
 she had been to Sweden on a visit and had been robbed of her 
 purse with all its content^?. She has friends in Chicago, and is 
 sure cf getting employment there. However, the inspector will 
 not take the responsibility of passing her, and she goes back to 
 her seat. Here is a woman who is going to join her husband in 
 
21 
 
 Ohio, and who is also unprovided with either money or idlway 
 ticket. She is detained until her friends out West, to whom a 
 telegram is at once forwarded, sliall have sent her the where- 
 withal to proceed on her journey. Next comes a grey-haired 
 crone, long past work. She is made to turn out her pockets 
 and proiluces a handful of loose silver : a further search in a 
 mysterious recess hidden awa}'^ among her innermost raiment 
 enables her to exhibit 10 sovereigns and a crumpled bank-note. 
 But the inspector i*emains unmoved by this display of wealth, 
 and is only satisfied when he reads a couple of letters from the 
 old lady's son in Michigan, which appetu* to esttiblish the fact 
 that this man is a shopkeeper in e*isy circumstances, well able 
 and perfectly ready to tiike cai-e of his mother in lier declining 
 years. After this woman has been discharged, the inspector has 
 to consider one of the cases sent ** inside " by the doctors. This is 
 a man with the sight of one eye destroyed by cataract, which 
 shows signs of extending very shortly to the other. However, he, 
 too, manages to satisfy the inspector, and goes forth on his way 
 i-ejoicing. One of the other inspectors has in the meantime had 
 to deal with two sisters, tlie elder of whom Civnnot be more than 
 16. They are coming out to live with their married brother in 
 New Jersey, but the ii)si>ector declines to allow them to brave 
 the perils of the sti-eets and of the jouniey to Newark, 
 short though it Ixj, without an escort. They therefore go back 
 to the bench, where they sit pictures of despair. But the in- 
 spector has sent for the official in charge of the information 
 bureau, and very soon the girls' brother, who has been wait- 
 ing here all day, has heard of their arrival, has, somewhat 
 indignantly, replied to the questions which the inspector has 
 put to him,* and is hurrying away with one pretty sister on 
 each arm to look up their baggage downstairs. Not only 
 young girls, but also youths who do not appear to have 
 reached years of discretion are forbidden to leave Ellis Island 
 unaccompanied, and the seats in the information bureau are 
 filled w^ith young people who have proved to the inspectors that 
 they are expected by relations, but who are waiting for these 
 relations to fetch them away. The care which is exercised in 
 this respect is, indeed, typical of one important aspect of the 
 action of the Ellis Island authorities, who, while they endeavour 
 to keep out undesirable immigrants, make the most strenuous 
 effoits to secure the well-being and comfort of those who are 
 admitted.! 
 
 * If there is any doubt as to the ability of a relative to support an immigrant who 
 does not appear certain to be able to maintain himself, the relative is asked to make 
 an affidavit verifying his means. 
 
 t It would be difficult to sneak too highly of the pains taken to make things 
 jmooth for the immigrants. What a young peasant woman said in the hearing of 
 the >vriter to a subordinate employee, who insisted on being allowed to carry her 
 heavy hand-luggage, might, with truth, be said by thousands of -veary and bewil- 
 dered travellers who have been in like manner " personally conducted " by the Ellis 
 Island officials : " I don't know if every one in America is going to be as kind as 
 " you, but, if they are, I am going to have a pleasant time here." 
 
22 
 
 To return to the special detention ward, we find that the four 
 inspectors have by now dealt with every case submitted to 
 them, and that the only occupants of this room are the woman 
 who is waiting for money to be sent to take her to Ohio, a 
 Norwegian girl far advanced in pregnancy, who has been *' sent 
 inside " by the matron, the young Swedish woman bound for 
 Chicago, and a man with a wooden leg. The Norwegian girl 
 has an uncle in South Dakota, who is at once communicated 
 with. The father of her expected infant came out to America 
 six months ago. It is possible that this man may be induced to 
 marry the girl; and if the Commissioner of Immigration is 
 fully satisfied as to this, then she will be released. On behalf 
 of the unlucky Swede the Commissioner has been approached by 
 one of the Swedish missionaries. The representative of the 
 steamship company having undertaken that, if it shall be found 
 that the woman's statement is correct, she shall have her lost 
 railway ticket replaced by a duplicate, and the mission making 
 itself responsible for looking after her in the meantime, and 
 agreeing to supply her with a sum of money for her expenses on 
 the way, she is released in charge of a benevolent compatriot. 
 Nor does the man with the wooden leg have to wait long for the 
 termination of his imprisonment. His aunt had been waiting 
 in the information bureau, and soon the man is stumping along 
 by her side down the corridor, past the medical offices and the 
 treasurer's room, turns to the left as they come at the end of the 
 passage to the room marked " Secretary " (in rear of which is 
 the private room of the Commissioner of Immigration), and 
 entering at a door on his right hand finds himself in the office of 
 the Commissioner.* The Commissioner passes in review the 
 facts of the case. The man is 22 years of age, is in good 
 health, is a carpenter, and is not by reason of his wooden leg 
 incapacitated from working at his trade. These facts are 
 verified by an affidavit sworn by the man upon his detention 
 by the medical staff. His aunt has also made an affidavit, in 
 which she deposes to the means of herself and her husband, 
 which appear to be considerable, both earning a good income. 
 The Commissioner asks the man if he can get about, and he is 
 requested to cross and recross the room, which he does with 
 little difficulty. A few questions are put to him, from the 
 answers to which it is fairly evident that the man has a good 
 chance of earning his livelihood ; and his aunt expresses her 
 complete willingness to see that he shall not in any way 
 " become a public charge." The Commissioner has no hesitation 
 in making an order for the release of the man, who hurries off 
 
 * The Commissioner of Immigration referred to is the late Commissioner, the 
 Hon. Col. John B. Weber, who was in office at the time when the Ellis Island 
 establishment was inspected by the writer. In consequence of the accession to 
 power of the Democrats, this gentleman, who is a Kepublican, resigned his position, 
 quitting Ellis Island at the end of March 1893, and was succeeded by Dr. Joseph H. 
 Senner, a gentleman on the editorial staff of the great German newspaper of New 
 York, the Staats Zeitung. 
 
23 
 
 with his relative to hunt up his baggage and catch the next 
 boat for New York.* 
 
 " We will now make our way back to the central hall and go 
 over to the side which we have not yet inspected, the side 
 opposite to the detention room alretvly described. That room 
 is used exclusively for the detention of pei*sons (other than 
 contract labourers) who have arrived to-day. Those who have 
 on previouft days been ordered to be detained, othei'wise than 
 for diseases requiring hospittU treatment, are confined in a 
 Comp*irtment on the other side of the hall, which wo will now 
 visit The sole occupant of this place at pi*esent is a woman 
 with an illegitimate child, a woman who, with her infant, 
 will almast certainly be sent btick as " likely to become a 
 public charge." Wo pass thi-ough to the next compartment, 
 which is revserved for the examination of peraons suspected of 
 coming within the category of contract labourers. The first 
 batch of men examined declai-e that they are shop assistants, 
 that thej' hope to obttiin emj)loyment, hut have no idea who 
 will employ them, though they a<lniit that the brother of one 
 of their number keeps a store in the town to which they 
 are going. They are <|uite certnin that this shopkeeper did 
 not send them word that he would give them employment. 
 They are down in the ship's manifest tis masons, but that is a 
 mistake. The inspector is at his wit's en<l to know what to 
 think, but ultimately decides to let the men go. The next case 
 is that of a Welshman and his young son, iron-workers by 
 trade. This Welshman has come to America because his elder 
 son, who came over some time ago, and is employed at sonie 
 works in Illinois,. wrote that the foreman had said there would 
 be work for them. This is a case on the borderland of illegality. 
 If the foreman had urged the son in Illinois to send for his 
 
 .. ^ With reference to three classes of immifirants, no one of which came under the, 
 personal observation of the -writer during his inspection of the Ellis Island dep6t — 
 persons whose passage was assisted by charity and persons who had been inmates of 
 (a) an ** almshouse " or (6) a prison — the following information was given by Col. 
 Weber. He said that persons whose passages had been paid for by charity ^ i.e., by 
 money voluntarily given by philanthropic persons, (chiefly Jews) were not treated as 
 being necessarily ** paupers," but were considered to be persons in need of tem- 
 porwy support. All such persons — it may be observed — are specially examined, 
 and have to show affirmatively that they do not come under any one of the forbidden 
 categories, though this procedure is not obser\'ed in the case of a man Avhose pas- 
 sage has been prepaid by a relative {see the Immigration Law of 1891, section 1, 
 Appendix D., post, p. 139, and Report of the Select Committee of the House of 
 Representatives on Immigration and Naturalization, 1892, pp. 342-344). 
 
 With respect to persons who admit that they have been inmates of a poorhouse, 
 Col. Weber stated that there are not many immigrants who make this confession. 
 If they do, they are generally debarred from landing. Though an exception may 
 occasionally be made. Thus, two children came to New York from an English 
 workhouse to join their parents who had previously^ome to the United States, 
 ■where they had obtained work at good wages. Inquiries were made from the person 
 by whom the father of these children was employed ; and, upon this gentleman 
 giving a certificate that the man was a sober, honest, and industrious servant. Col. 
 Weber allowed the children to land. 
 
 With respect to persons who admit having been in prison, Col. Weber would look 
 to the nature of the ofifence. A man convicted of an assault in which he used a 
 knife would be sent back ; but if he, e.g., had stolen a handkerchief or committed 
 some other slight offence. Col. Weber would not debar him from landing unless the 
 offence was recent and showed a depraved character. 
 
24 
 
 father and brother, then the contract labour inspector would feel 
 bound to report the matter to the Commissioner for his decision. 
 But apparently, all the foreman did was to answer a question 
 put by the man as to the probability of work being offered to 
 his father and brother if they came out. So these men, too, are 
 released. Much less doubtful is the case of 11 other iron- 
 workers, natives of Austria, whose statement (as is usual when- 
 ever the inspectoi- is satisfied that illegality is fairly presum- 
 able) is taken down in writing and sworn to by the suspected 
 labourers. One of these men, who has a brother-in-law at work 
 at 51 certain iron mill, " says that he received, one month ago, a 
 " letter from his brother-in-law, A. B., telling him that there 
 " was work for 11 men at the same mill in which he is em- 
 " ployed ; that each man would receive two dollars per day 
 " for his work, and for him to come, and bring 10 men with 
 " him ; that all should have work at the above-mentioned price 
 " jDer day. Affiant further says, that the boss or foreman of 
 " the said mill told his brother-in-law that he had work for 11 
 " men, which was so stated in said letter received by him one 
 " month ago. Affiant further says that his passage was paid 
 " by said brother-in-law, the other 10 men paying their own 
 " passage to America ; they would not have come to America 
 " but for said letter and assurance of work."* Here there is 
 no practical doubt that the men came to the States upon the 
 express invitation of the owners of these ironworks given by 
 the foreman of the mill as agent for the owners ; the affidavit 
 will go before the Commissioner, with the recommendation of 
 the inspector, that these 11 ironworkers be returned to Europe, 
 and he will certainly send them back, and that without delay, 
 unless they obtain a respite by claiming a re-hearing. 
 
 What a re -hearing is like, we may learn by proceeding to a 
 room at the end of the depot, where an Italian workman is at 
 this moment endeavouring to obtain the rescission of an order 
 for his expulsion made two days ago. This man was one of 
 eight who came under the following circumstances, set forth in 
 detail in an affidavit sworn on arrival jointly by the whole 
 party. C. D. deposed that he had received a letter from E. F., 
 whose full address was given, informing him that E. F. had 
 obtained instructions from the section chief of the permanent 
 way staff of a certain railway company to come at once 
 to G., bringing with him from 12 to 15 men who should have 
 work at a dollar and a quarter a day, " and in response to 
 " said letter deponents have come to America, and say that they 
 " consider the letter a contract and agreement to work, and 
 " further say they would not have come to America except 
 " for said letter received by C. D., and say further that they 
 '• all know the contents of said letter. C. D. says further 
 " that F. keeps a boarding-house, and boards Italian railroad 
 
 * Copied from the affidavit sworn ou March 6, 1893, l)y 11 iron-workers, who 
 were consequently ordered to be returned to Havre by the steamship company 
 which had brought them to the United States, as having come in violation of the 
 contract labour Taw. 
 
25 
 
 " labourers." The contract labour inspector sits at a tiible, 
 examining the immigrant through an official interpreter and 
 taking full notes of his statement, while a lawyer employed on 
 the man's behalf, a clgrk from the office of the* steamship line 
 which brought t!ie man to America, and does not wtrnt to be 
 compelleil to take him back, and an Italian gentleman eager to 
 secure fair play for his compatriot, assist in the proceedings. 
 Tlie man on his trial is now ready to swear that practically 
 the whole of the statements contained in the affidavit previously 
 sworn by him are incorrect. He had never intended to go to 
 G. at all ; he always meant to stay in New York. He had 
 never the slightest idea what work he was going to get, or what 
 wages he was going to receive, and so on.f 
 
 The contract labour inspector does not appear inclined to 
 recommend a I'eversal of the decision for the expulsion of this 
 immigrant ; nor does the Commissioner, before whom the matter 
 is brought, see his way to avoid excluding the man. An appeal 
 to the Superintendent of Immigration and to the Secretaiy of 
 the Trea«iury Department will no doubt be made on his behalf ; 
 but the Washington authorities are not likely in a case like this 
 to reverse the judgment of the Commissioner at New York J 
 
 * 'J'hese particular* are extracted from the affidavit made in a case re-heard in the 
 presence of the writer on March 2*, 1893. 
 
 t The < '■^■'■nvr of Immigration (Col. Wibcr) said that on a re-hearing 
 
 pcr»ons .! ontract hilKiurers almost invariably t^wenr to the contrary of 
 
 what the V I li originally ; he had only known two cases in which contract 
 
 laboureri* had repeuttd th«*ir former statemeutx in the affidavit made by them on 
 appeal, adding •• I never was more sorrv to have to send anyone back than I was in 
 having to bar these two men." 
 
 I As a concrete example of the manner in which immigrants are dealt with, the 
 following account furnished by the immigration authorities at Ellis Island, of the 
 disposition of a vessel's complement of steerage passengers may be of interest : — 
 
 bisi'osiTiox of SS. '-'Gallia's" Steerage Passexoeks, Aiarch 13, 1893. 
 Total number arriving at Immigration Station - - - . 598 
 
 Temporarily detained for second or more careful examination 
 
 60 
 
 Causes for Detention. 
 
 Disposition of Persons detained (after 
 examination). 
 
 Pregnancy 
 
 Minors • - - . - - 3 
 
 To be called for (defective addresses, young 
 women, or who, for various reasons are 
 
 held for responsible callers) - - 21 
 
 No money - - - - - 13 
 
 Doctor's certificates - - - - 11 
 
 Suspected contract labour violators - 9 
 
 Total - - -60 
 
 Pregnancy, married at this station and dis- 
 charged - - ... - 2 
 
 Pregnancy, held uuder affidavit — not dis- 
 posed of - - - - - 1 
 
 Idinors discharged to parents . - - 3 
 
 To be called for, discharged to relations atul 
 friends - - - - - 21 
 
 Xo money, received money and tickets and 
 sent to destination - - - - 13 
 
 Doctor's certificates, cases slight, and sur- 
 roundines >;ood, discharged - - 11 
 
 Contract labour violators, not sulficient 
 e^^dence. discharged - - - 9 
 
 Total - - - CO 
 
 Number discharged after detention - 
 Ntunber detained for further consideration 
 
 Total 
 
 - 60 
 
 o 77399. 
 
26 
 
 We have now visited all the principal parts of the main 
 building at Ellis Island. At the back of this building stand the 
 detention house and the hospital. The detention house, which 
 is used at night only, contains three distinct divisions, one for 
 married persons, another for single men, and the third for single 
 women. Each bedstead has an upper and a lower tier, the bed 
 on each tier holding two persons. The sanitary arrangements 
 are satisfactory ; the place is kept scrupulously clean, and the 
 accommodation provided, although far from luxurious, is, on the 
 whole, about as good as that provided upon an ordinary emigrant 
 ship. 
 
 The hospital, which, as already stated, contains 75 beds, is 
 adequate for most purposes ; but some bad cases of infectious 
 disease and all violent lunatics are sent, the former to special 
 hospitals, the latter to an asylum belonging to the State of New 
 Jersey with which the immigration authorities have a contract. 
 
 To the hospital come, in addition to new arrivals fresh from 
 the ship, those who, after being some months in the country, 
 fall into destitution by reason of ill-health. Here, for example, 
 is a woe-begone Italian, who was sent here on the ground that 
 the state of his lungs renders it impossible for him to earn his 
 living. In an isolation ward is a young Jewess wearing a 
 perpetual smile ; she is imbecile. Both these immigrants landed- 
 in New York within the last twelve months, and will in a few 
 days be sent back to Europe as having become a public charge. 
 If it can be made out that their destitute condition arises from 
 causes existing prior to their landing, then the expense of their 
 return will be borne by the steamship companies by which they 
 were brought ; if not, then they will be sent back at the cost 
 of the United States. 
 
 In addition to the various buildings already described in 
 detail, Ellis Island contains within its area of five-and-a-half 
 acres a house for the resident doctors, a well-arranged laundry, 
 an engine-house, wherein is situated the plant required for gene- 
 rating the electric light used all over the depot* and the steam 
 used for heating purposes, and also the pumping apparatus for 
 pumping water to the necessary elevation for the supply of the 
 buildings ; there is, too, a simple but sufficiently commodious 
 refreshment room for the use of the staff. 
 
 The character of the machinery erected for the purpose of 
 sifting out the undesirable from among the general crowd of 
 immigrants entering the port of New York has, it is hoped, now 
 been sufficiently indicated. It remains to speak of the staff, to 
 whom is assigned the working of this machinery and to attempt 
 to give some idea of the extent of the task to be coped with and 
 of the results obtained. The staff at Ellis Island (according to 
 
 * In the main building alone there are on the ground floor 17 arc-lights, each of 
 2,000 candles power, and 75 incandescent lamps, each of 16 candles power; on the 
 first floor there are 10 arc-lights of 2,000 candles power each, and no less than 
 263 incandescent lights of 16 candles power each. On the wharf in front of the 
 main building there are 5 arc-lights, each of 2,000 candles power. 
 
27 
 
 the figures supplied by the authorities there) consists of the 
 following officials : — Commissiiyiiers Office,' 1 eoniniissioner, 1 
 assistant commissioner, 1 treasui*er tuul di8burHin«r agent, 1 
 private secretary, 1 steno»(nipher and type-writer, 3 messenger ; 
 Executive Bwretiu, 1 chief clerk, 2 clerks ; Landing Department, 
 1 superintendent of lauding and assisttint inspector, 1 chief regis- 
 try clerk and assistant inspector, 13 registry clerks, 1 night clerk, 
 1 matron, 2 boarding officers ; Infoi'mation Office, 2 clerks (1 male 
 and 1 female), 2 interpi-eters, 9 gatekeepei-s, 4 night watchmen, 
 7 watchmen, 16 labourers, 1 lampist, 1 plumber, 8 charwomen ; 
 Engitieera Depannient, 1 assisttint custotlian and chief engi- 
 neer, 3 assistant engineers, 6 firemen; Contract Labour Depart- 
 Tnent, 10 inspectors, 6 interpreters ; Medical Department, 1 
 surgeon in charge, 2 assistant surgeons, 1 steward and assistant 
 inspector, 1 apothecary, 8 hospital attendants. 
 
 Tlie heavy nature of the work to be performed by this statt' 
 of 119 persons may be judged by the fact that the total number 
 of immigrants who pass through the Ellis Island depot in the 
 year is normally* between 400,000 and 500,000. What makes 
 the work the more trying is that the flood of immigration has 
 by no means an even flow. During the winter months the 
 number of arrivals is comparatively small ; but, as soon as March 
 comes round, the rush begins. Two to three thousand immi- 
 grants fretjuently arrive and are inspected in one day, while the 
 numbers not seldom run up to three or four thousand. f On one 
 occasion no less than 5,280 immigrants were passed through 
 the .*^ifting machinery at Ellis Island between 8 a.m. and 
 5.30 p m. 
 
 As to the results of the action taken in regard to the restric- 
 tion of immigration, these may be judged from the statistics 
 given in Appendix B., Tables L-VI., j^oat, pp. 111-116, which 
 the ElUs Island authorities have been good enough to place at 
 the disposal of the writsr.J 
 
 ♦ The total number of immigrants dealt with at New York in the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, ] 892, as given in the Report of the Superintendent of Immigration 
 for that year was admitted, 445,987 ; returned either without being permitted to 
 land or after landing (under the one-year clause), 2,235 ; bonded, 2,011 ; total, 
 450,233. From Sept. 1, 1892, to ilarch 1, 1893, the volume of immigration dealt 
 with at Ellis Island was, on account of the cholera, quite abnormally low, see post, 
 pp. 47-50. 
 
 t The extent to which the volume of immigration varies according to the season 
 of the year will appear from the figures, showing the arrivals of alien steerage pas- 
 sengers at New York in 1890-93, which are given in Appendix B., Table VII,, 
 post, p. 116, figures for which the writer is indebted to the kindness of the immigra- 
 tion authorities at that port. 
 
 X These statistics, it will be seen, relate exclusively to steerage passengers, saloon 
 and second-cabin passengers not being (except in rare instances) subjected to the 
 sifting process carried out at Ellis Island. In addition to these steerage passengers, 
 there arrived at New York in 1892 the following saloon and second-cabin passengers: 
 citizens of the United States, 63,346 ; Irish, 5,974 ; English, 22,358 ; Welsh, 261; 
 Scotch, 5,913; German, 13,497; French, 3,939; Eussian, 541 ; Polish, 47: Swiss, 
 1,264; Swedish, 1,845 ; Norwegian, 536; Belgian, 811; Dutch, 1,345; Italian, 
 1,730 ; Spanish, 1,603 ; Portuguese, 179 ; Danish, 913 ; Hungarian, 447 ; Austrian, 
 1,299 ; Bohemian, 189 ; Finnish, 36 ; Armenian, 37 ; Chinese, 256 ; Australian, 62 ; 
 Turkish, 203 1 Greek, 39 ; of all other nativities, 3,784 ; total, 132,454. 
 
 c 2 
 
28 
 
 The figures contained in these tables show that the total 
 number of the cases in which alien immigrants were deah. with 
 under the immigration laws at Ellis Island in the course of 1892 
 was 375,178, of which 874,741 were cases of persons dealt with 
 on their first arrival. Out of these 374,741 persons, 2,187 were 
 debarred from landing ; while 437 immigrants, who had been 
 permitted to land in 1891 or 1892, were sent back at the 
 expense of the steamship companies in 1892, as having become 
 a public charge by reason of causes existing prior to landing. 
 In addition, it has been ascertained that in the course of tlie 
 year 1892 14 other [--ersons, who within 12 months from the 
 date of their first arrival at New York had becoiiie chargeabie 
 to the public from causes not proved to have existed ])rior to 
 their landing, were returned by the Ellis Island authorities, the 
 cost of the return journey of these people being defrayed by the 
 United States. 
 
 With respect to the rejection of ineligible immigrants, it will 
 be seen that out of the total number of alien steerage passengers, 
 arriving at New York in 1892, in all 2,137 were debarred from 
 landing. It is a fact worthy of notice that, although nearly 
 one-third of all the steerage passengers brought to the port of 
 New York in the course of this year were brought by British 
 lines,* yet only 204 out of the 2,187 debarred immigrants, o-r 
 considerably less than one-tenth of the total, were persons who 
 had been brought by British lines. f This fact appears to indi- 
 cate that the class of immigrants brought by British steamships 
 is exceptionally high, and makes it seem probable that our 
 steamship companies exercise a more than common degree of 
 vigilance in discovering and rejecting would-be immigrants of an 
 undesirable type. 
 
 Our share df the total number of 437 persons, who, having 
 been allowed to land, w^ere afterwards returned at the ex- 
 pense of the steamship companies, is not to so marked an extent 
 noteworthy for its smallness. For in 1892 there were in all 
 115 persons, who had been brought by British lines, and who 
 were sent back at the cost of those lines as having become a. 
 public charge from causes existing prior to their landing. J 
 
 With regard to the special precautions taken to discover the 
 existence of pregnancy with a view to the exclusion of persons 
 whose condition is likely to prevent them from being or remaining; 
 
 * Out of the 389,852 steerage passengers who arrived at New York in 1892, there 
 were 110,507 who were brought by British lines. These figures, furnished by the 
 authorities at Ellis Island, include citizens of the United States as well as aliens. 
 The total number of citizens so included is stated as 15,111 ; but how many of these 
 came by British lines is not stated. 
 
 t The nativity of the 204 persons brought by British lines and debarred from, 
 landing is stated to have been as follows ; Irish 76, English 73, Welsh 3, Scotch 14, 
 Polish 2, Russian 28, Swedish 1, Finnish 1, German 6. 
 
 X The nativity of the 115 persons sent back under the one-year clause by and at 
 the cost of British lines is stated to have been as follows ; Irish 40, English 20, 
 Welsh 2, Scotch 6, Polish 4, Russian 30, Swedish 4, Bohemian 2, other Austrian 1, 
 German 6. 
 
29 
 
 self-Bupp' Ttiug, ceii^iu statistics placed at my disposal by the 
 Ellis Island authorities will be found in Table IV. in Appendix 
 B., jx^^f, p. 114, 
 
 The care which is taken by the mediwil sUiti' to detect disease 
 may be illusti-ated by the figures given in Appendix B., Tables 
 V. and VI., post, pp. 115, 11(], showing the cases in which immi- 
 grants wer-e ."topped for special examination in two specimen 
 tt^onths (March, Ls92, and March, 1893), which were furnished 
 by the couitesy of the immigiivtion authorities at New York. 'It 
 will be oliserved that ihp aiusfs of detention for special exami- 
 nation extentl over a wide range of disciises, both menttil and 
 physiail, and include inc>pacitating defects, whether arising 
 from the deciiy of old age or the effects of accident. 
 
 In passing, it may be reu)arked with reference to the nativity 
 shown in the statistical tables relating to immigration at New 
 York tluit, aCsOrding to the statement of Colonel Weber, so far 
 as tliis jx)rt is concerned, out i»f all innnigrants entered as 
 Russians about 90 per cent, are Hebrews, while 10 per cent, 
 only of tho.«e entered as of Polish birth are members of the 
 Hebrew race. 
 
 It is worthy of note tliat, accoixling to the estimate of Colonel 
 Weber, about .)0 per ceiit of all tlie immigi-ants who arrive at 
 New Yoik come with their pa8.sage8 prepaid by persons in 
 America, i- ostly relatives of the immigrants. 
 
 It is trusted that the methods ailopted by the immigration 
 authorities at New York for the detection of ineligible immi- 
 iirants have by now been sufficiently explained. It remains to 
 point out that these methods are applied almost entirely to 
 steerage passengei*s ; neither saloon nor second-class passengers 
 are, as a rule, sifted at all. If a contract labouier or a batch of 
 conti'act ial)Ourei's is discovered among the second- cabin passengers 
 by the contiact labour inspector on boarding the vessel as she 
 enters the harbour, then he will I ring this man or these men 
 with him to Ellis Island for investigation there. But such cases 
 are quite exceptional ; and in all other cases the saloon and 
 second-class passengers are allowed to land without being taken 
 to Ellis Island on being inspected by matron, doctors, or registry 
 clerks a-^ to their eligibility as immigi*ants. The reasons which 
 the writer has heard given by officials employed in the immi- 
 gration service to account for the fact that the machinery of 
 Ellis Islam! is applied to the steerage passengers alone are, in 
 the first place, that the second-cabin passengers arriving at New 
 York are so numerous that it would be impracticable to examine 
 them as well as the steerage at the Island Depot ; and farther, 
 that the second-cabin passengeis, whr) include among their num- 
 ber many citizens of ihe United States, would bt; difficult to 
 handle, as they would not submit to interrogation and restraint 
 as tamely as do the ordinary steerage passengers. Whether, if 
 second-class passengers were- examined at Ellis Island, any large 
 proportion would be found to be ineligible, is open to doubt 
 
30 
 
 The cost of a second -cabin passage to New York would appear 
 to be in most cases very considerably higher than the steerage 
 fare,* so that it may be unlikely that among the second-class 
 immigrants many are " paupers or likely to become a public 
 charge." 
 
 The Sifting Process at Baltimore. 
 
 Next to New York in importance as a point of entry for 
 immigrants, though coming far behind New York, is the port 
 of Baltimore, t At Baltimore the arrangements for the inspec- 
 tion of immigrants, although based in all respects- upon the same 
 principles as those in force at New York, differ in some par- 
 ticulars worthy of note. While (as has already been mentioned) 
 at New York saloon and second-cabin passengers are (with rare 
 exceptions) exempt from the necessity of going through the 
 sifting machine, the less elaborate machinery in operation in 
 Baltimore is applied without distinction to all immigrants (i.e., 
 aliens coming to settle, as distinguished from mere visitors or 
 tourists) whether travelling as first-class, as second-cabin, or as 
 steerage passengers. 
 
 But it should be observed that, while at New York the saloon 
 and second-cabin passengers (as will have been seen from the 
 figures already given) form a large fraction of the total arrivals, 
 at Baltimore the great bulk of the arrivals are those of steerage 
 passengers. This is shown by the figures furnished by the 
 agents of the North German Lloyd Steamship Company at 
 Baltimore which are subjoined. 
 
 List of Passengers who arrived at Baltimore during the 
 Years 1891 and 1892 by the following Lines. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Where from, and Line. 
 
 Cabin. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Steerage. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Bremen — North German Lloyd 
 Rotterdam — Netherlands Line - 
 Hamburg — Hamburg- American Packet 
 Company - _ _ - 
 Liverpool — Allan Line 
 
 473 
 55 
 
 15 
 102 
 
 151 
 
 44,970 
 
 712 
 
 2,456 
 563 
 
 45,443 
 767 
 
 2,471 
 816 
 
 Total- 
 
 645 
 
 151 
 
 48,701 
 
 49,497 
 
 * Mr. Boumphrey, General Manager of the Cunard Steamship Company, Limited, 
 writes under date of May 26, 1893 : " You may take it that the second-cabin fare, 
 " speaking generally, is from 63 p.c. to 65 p.c. higher than that of the steerage. 
 " For instance, when our steerage rate was 4/. 4s., our second was 71. ; when other 
 " people's steerage was 4l., their second cabin was 6/. 10s., with our present rate of 
 *' 5/. 5s. for steerage, we are asking 8^. and 9/. for seconds in the Boston ships, and 
 " 9/. and lOZ. in the New York ones." 
 
 t If arrivals from Canada were counted in, then Boston would rank second ; but 
 the figures given in the official publications of the United States Immigration 
 Service do not cover arrivals from Canada (see Report of Superintendent of Immi- 
 gration -for year ending June 30, 1892, p. 41, n.). 
 
31 
 
 1892. 
 
 Where from, and Lioe. | Cabin. 
 
 i 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Steerage. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Bremen— North German Lloyd 
 Liverpool — Allan Lino 
 Hamburg— Unmbur^-American Packet 
 Company - - . . 
 Rotterdam — Netherlands Line 
 
 426 
 51 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 101 
 
 43,878 
 296 
 
 3,607 
 834 
 
 44.304 
 448 
 
 S.&IO 
 838 
 
 Total - 
 
 484 
 
 .101 
 
 48,615 
 
 49,200* 
 
 The examination at Baltimore is conducted in a large shed 
 incomparably less commodious that tlie splendid depot at Ellis 
 Island by a staff relatively minute in number. On the occasion 
 when this Baltimore depot was visited, what appears to be the 
 full staff,! consisting of one contract labour inspector and four 
 registry clerks, was at work under the supervision of the Com- 
 missioner. The number of the persons brought by the vessel 
 whose clearance was witnessed was 789 ; these were medically 
 inspected in 28 4 minutes, two persons (a boy and a girl) being 
 told to stand on one side for subsequent special examination. 
 The boy (about 10 yeai*s of age) attracted the attention of the 
 contract labour inspector, who brought him back to the doctor ; 
 but his singular gait and the glazed, fixed look of his eyes, which 
 gave him the appearance of imbecility, turned out to be due to 
 the effects of liquor. The girl (about 12 years old) was noticed 
 by the doctor on account of her face being covered with spots, 
 which (the doctor said) induced him to suspect the presence of 
 syphilis. Whether this suspicion was correct cannot be stated, 
 for the girl escaped into the crowd ; it was expected by the 
 doctor that the registry clerks would discover and detain her 
 during the process of inspection and interrogation ; but she was 
 not discovered by them, and the doctor abandoned all hopes of 
 finding her.t 
 
 The whole of the 789 immigrants were inspected and exa- 
 mined by the registry clprks and the labour contract inspector 
 (the methods adopted being generally similar to those in vogue 
 at the New York immigration depot §) in 3 hours 40 minutes, it 
 
 * The figures in the text relate to all passengers, whether immigrants or not. 
 It will be seen by the figures giveu in Appendix B,, Table VIIL, post, p. 11 7, 
 that out of this total of 49,200 passengers arriving in 1892, in all 48,467 were 
 immigrants. 
 
 t See the official figures, post, p. 64. 
 
 J The medical gentleman employed on this occasion was acting as quarantine 
 doctor as well as for immigration purposes. The vessel, it should be explained, 
 had called at New York before coming to Baltimore, and had passed a quarantine 
 inspection at the former port. The doctor did not compel immigrants to uncover 
 their heads as they passed him ; as to the practice in this respect at New York., 
 see ante, p. 15. 
 
 § The columns in the registers of immigrants are, in the main, the same at 
 Baltimore as at New York, except that the column as to healthis headed " Condition 
 of Health and Physical Condition," the latter phrase referring to defects such as 
 an amputated arm or leg, and that there is at Baltimore a column headed " If in 
 Possession of Ticket " {i.e., railway ticket for the journey inland), and another 
 column headed "Keligion," with sub-divisions " Cath.," " Prot,," and " Heb." 
 
32 
 
 being stated that the work would have been got through with 
 greater expedition but for the fact that almost all these officials 
 were new employees unaccustomed to their duties, the former 
 officials, with one exception, having recently resigned in con- 
 sequence of the entry into power of the Democratic party. No 
 person was debarred from landing, though a Jewish woman 
 with two very young children came very near to being sent, back, 
 or, at any rate, detained for further inquiries. The particulars 
 of this case appear worthy of narration as affording a typical 
 illustration of the merciful manner in which the immigration laws 
 are applied. This woman possessed, for the support of herself and 
 her two children, no more than 20 cents (lOc^.). She said that 
 she was going to St. Louis to join her husband who had prepaid 
 her passage to Baltimore ; but she had no ticket for her railway 
 journey. She did not know her husband's address, which was 
 no doubt accounted for by the fact that she w^as unable to read. 
 But the agent of the steamship company hoped to be able to 
 find out through the books at the office the address of the 
 husband, which he would presumably have given when buying 
 the prepaid passage. An agent of Baron de Hirsch was present, 
 and he volunteered to pay the woman's railway fare to St. 
 Louis, taking his chance of the husband's refunding the money. 
 Thereupon the won^ian and her children were released, and 
 allowed to go on their journey. 
 
 The shed, in which the sifting process is carritd on in Balti- 
 more, is, as has been said, far less commodious than the great 
 depot at Ellis Island, but appeared to afford facilities in the 
 main sufficient for- the purpose for which it is used. Large 
 numbers can he- dealt with here, if necessary, without incon- 
 venience ; and it was stated that on one day in 1892 over 4,000 
 immigrants were inspected in about eight hours. The extent 
 of the work carried out by the immigration authorities at Balti- 
 more may best be judged from the figures given in Appendix B., 
 Tables YIII.-XI., j^ost, pp. 117-119, figures which these autho- 
 rities were so good as to place at my disposal. 
 
 It will be seen that the total number of the cases in which 
 immigrants (saloon, second-class, and steerage togetlier) were 
 dealt with by the immigration authorities at Baltimore in 1892 
 was 48,484, that 48,467 persons were dealt with on their first 
 arrival, of whom 65 were debarred from landing, and that 
 17 persons, who had been allowed to land in 1891 or 1892, were 
 sent back in 1892. Of the 65 debarred immigraiits, 41 were 
 excluded as " paupers or likely to become a public charge," 
 while 20 weie offenders against the contract labour law,* the 
 remaining 4 being persons afflicted with various bodily ailments. 
 
 * It appears probable that these 20 persons formed but a small fraction of the 
 total number of persons who came to Baltimore during 1892 in contravention of 
 the contract labour law, it being said that many men of this class who arrive 
 at Baltimore, being fully acquainted with the provisions of this law, avoid its en- 
 forcement by making statements tending to show that they do not come within these 
 provisions, especially by alleging that thty are coming to join relatives. 
 
33 
 
 No one was rejected as an idiot or a lunatic, a convict or a 
 polypiinist. 
 
 The 17 persons above referred to as having been allowed to 
 land at Baltimore, and having sul>se(juently been returned, were 
 all returned at the eaLpense of the ownei's of the vessels which 
 had brought them, as having within one year after debarkation 
 bv^come a public charge from causes existing prior to landing. 
 As to the ot he •• class of returnel immigrants — those who, having 
 l)ecoine a public charge from causes not pix)vable to liave existed 
 prior to landing, must be sent back at the cost, not of tlie steam- 
 ship comj^anies, but of the United States — it has been ascertained 
 that no case of this <lescription occurred at Baltimore in 1892. 
 
 Out of the 65 persons who were debarred from landing 14,* 
 and of the 17 persons returned under the one-year clause 6,t 
 were bivught and returned by British vessels. 
 
 It is to be remarked that at Baltimore the immigrants are 
 asked to state their religious profession, and that (as shown by 
 Table. XL in Appendix B., post, -p. 119) rather more than half 
 (24,640 out of 48,467) were Roman Catholics, while 21,424 per- 
 sons were entered as Pi-otestants and the rest (2,403) as Hebrews. 
 While the total number of Russian immigrants entering the 
 poi-t of Baltimore in 1892 was 4,880, it will be seen that only 
 1,949 of these were Hebrews ; of the 8,583 Poles, again, no more 
 than 57 were Hebrews. At New York (it will be remembered) 
 it is estimateil that of all the Russian immigrants coming to that 
 port 90 per cent, and of all the Poles 10 per cent., are Hebrews 
 (ante, p. 29). The large number of non-Hebrew Russians 
 figuring in the Baltimore returns is stated to be due to the con- 
 sideiuble number of Memnonites who seek refuge in the United 
 States b}' way of the Maryland city, and who (it may be of 
 interest to add) are regarded as a highly desirable body of 
 settlers. 
 
 ■ Speaking geneiTiUy of the immigration taking place at Balti- 
 more, it is said that this is of an exceptionally good character. 
 The unpopular Italian is a rare visitor, 20 only out of a total of 
 48,467 immigrants belonging to that nationality. On the other 
 hand, those warmly-welcomed settlers, the Swedes (352) and 
 the Norwegians (65), form but a small fraction of the year's immi- 
 gration. But the strong point in favour of Baltimore is the fact 
 that, on account of the railway fares to many parts of the West 
 being cheaper from Baltimore than from New York, Boston, or 
 Philadelphia, the Maryland port is a favourite with those who 
 wish to go out West In short, the bulk of the immigration into 
 Baltimore, instead of remaining in and over- crowding that city, 
 flows precisely in those channels in which it is the most bene- 
 ficial, and consists of those hardy and industrious settlers who 
 
 * The nativity of these 14 persons is given as— English, 13 ; Scotch, 1. 
 t The nativity of all these 6 persons is given as English. 
 
34 
 
 form the most acceptable accession to the population of the 
 United States.^ 
 
 It must be added that a very large proportion of immigrants 
 who land at Baltimore come with passages prepaid by relatives 
 or friends already in the United States. The agent of the North 
 German Lloyd Line, by which the great majority of immigrants 
 are brought to Baltimore, estimates that of all the steerage passen- 
 gers carried to this port by that line from 65 to 70 per cent, come 
 with prepaid passages. 
 
 It should be stated that the arrangements made at Baltimore 
 for the convenience of those immigrants who leave by rail- 
 way are extremely good, the trains being made up at the door 
 of the immigration depot, and no unnecessary delay occurring 
 between the landing of the immigrants and their departure on 
 the cars. 
 
 The facilities afforded by the detention house at Ellis Island 
 are not to be found at Baltimore. In some cases jDersons de- 
 tained by the immigration authorities are kept on board the 
 vessel which brought them, the steamship company having to 
 see that they do not escape ; in other cases an immigrant under 
 detention will reside at a boarding-house until finally allowed 
 to land or sent back. It appears that in one respect the prac- 
 tice at Baltimore is different from that at New York, for at the 
 latter port the cost of an immigrant's food during detention is 
 nowf invariably paid by the company on whose vessel he came, 
 and that, even though he is ultimately allowed to land ; but at 
 Baltimore, if an immigrant is " delayed " (as it is there called) 
 for inquiries to be made in order to decide whether he shall be 
 permitted to land, the cost of his maintenance is charged to the 
 steamship company only in case the immigrant is ultimately 
 debarred from landing ; in other cases the expense usually falls 
 upon the Government, and is defrayed out of the head -tax. :|: On 
 the other hand, in one point the steamship companies are treated 
 with greater severity at Baltimore than at New York. If a 
 man (for example) landed at New York in December, 1892, be- 
 comes a public charge at, say, Buffalo, in May, 1893, from some 
 cause which can be shown to have existed at the time when he 
 was landed, then the immigration authorities at Ellis Island do 
 indeed compel the steamship company by which the man was 
 brought to America to take him back from New York to 
 Europe at their own expense, but they do not apply to the 
 steamship company to pay the immigrant's fare from Buffalo. 
 
 * From Table X., Appendix B., post, p. 118, it will be seen that the entire 
 number of persons coming to Baltimore in 1892 with the intention of settling in any 
 part of the State of Maryland was no more than 4,264, much less than one-tenth of 
 the total immigration at Baltimore. 
 
 t Since the Federal authorities took over the regulation of immigration at New 
 York. Compare the regulations under the new immigration law, Art. 9, in Appen- 
 dix D., post, p. 145. 
 
 X The agent of the North German Lloyd Steamship Company stated that cases 
 not seldom occur in which (e.^r.) the husband of a woman who has been detained 
 pending inquiries, and who is ultimately released, recoups to the immigration autho- 
 rities the cost of her keep. 
 
35 
 
 Now, if an immigrant landed at Baltimore is afterwaixis returned 
 by the steamship company under the one-year clause, the immi- 
 gration authorities at that port insist that the steamship com- 
 pany shall pay the full amount of the expenses incurred in 
 transporting him to Baltimore from the place where he had 
 become a public charge.* 
 
 The Sifting Process at Boston. 
 
 The immigration which takes place at Boston is of two kinds, 
 which it will be convenient to deal with separately — Trans- 
 atlantic immigration, and immigration from the Dominion of 
 Canada, and we will begin with the treatment of Transatlantic 
 immigrants. 
 
 Transatlantic Immigrants. 
 
 The practice at Boston resembles that in force at Baltimore 
 in this respect, that the sifting process is applied to second-cabin 
 passengers in the same manner as to immigrants arriving in th« 
 steerage ; but saloon passengers are only inspected in a casual 
 manner, no questions being put to them unless there is some 
 special ground for suspicion. The sifting process itself differs 
 in important respects from that adopted either at New York or 
 at Baltimore. In the first place, Boston does not possess any 
 locality in the nature of an immigrant depot. Wherever a 
 ship happens to dock, there are her passengers examined, on the 
 ship and in the shed at the wharf, without any mechanical ap- 
 pliances — gangway barriers, " detention pens," &c. — such as exist 
 at New York and Baltimore. In the next place, the big regis- 
 ters with their columns of information, which the clerks are 
 expected to fill in with the answers elicited from the immigrants, 
 are not to be found at Boston. ' Indeed, it would be physically 
 impracticable to find a place for these huge books on the deck 
 where the inspectors carry out their examination. However, 
 the best way to explain the system in vogue at Boston will be 
 to describe the landing of a ship's complement of passengers, 
 witnessed by the writer. 
 
 The ship in question, bringing 32 saloon, 259 second-cabin 
 and 774 steerage passengers, was boarded by the immigration 
 inspectors immediately she came up to the dock. The medical 
 officer, however, could not be found ; it was shortly after 2 p.m. 
 
 * With respect to the treatment of the expectant mothers of illegitimate infants, a 
 case (mentioned by the doctor on duty as having recently occurred) in which 
 a pregnant tmmarried woman, accompanied by the father of the expected infant 
 was allowed to land upon the assurance, given by this man, that he would marry 
 the girl when they arrived at their destination out West, seems to shoAv that less 
 strictness is maintained in regard to this matter at Baltimore than at New York.' 
 For at New York, in a case like this, the woman would have been sent back, unless 
 the man consented to be married to her, there and then, at Ellis Island. 
 
.36 
 
 on a Saturday afternoon when the arrival of the vessel (which 
 was not expected to come in quite so soon) was announced, and 
 he had gone for the day. The commissioner was also absent, 
 being detained at home by illness, and the general direction of 
 the work was in the hands of Mr. Colcord, one of the immigrant 
 inspectors. It should be observed that there is no special 
 contract labour inspector stationed at Boston, where the immi- 
 grant inspectors (four in number) combine with their other 
 duties that of endeavouring to detect breaches of the contract 
 labour law. As soon as the steamship was made fast, one 
 of the immigration inspectors went to the purser's cabin, 
 where he examined the passenger lists, apparently looking out 
 for certain' names, of which he had a note on a slip of paper. 
 Nothing suspicious being detected, the inspection of the passen- 
 gers was forthwith commenced. A gangway plank was let 
 down from the ship's side to the dock, sloping downwards at a 
 sharp angle. At the head of the gangway stood two inspectors, 
 each with a small note-book ; a third inspector assisted gene- 
 rally. The second-class passengers were taken first; and be- 
 tween 3.38 p.m. and 4.50 p.m. (when work ceased for the day) 
 about 190 answered the questions put to them and passed out, 
 the only detentions being those of two young girls, whom Mr. 
 Colcord declined to allow to go on shore alone, and who accord- 
 ingly waited until next day, when their mother came for them. 
 The doctor not being present, there was no medical examination ; 
 but it was stated that, if the immigrant inspectors had noticed 
 any person apparently ineligible by reason of disease, they would 
 have detained him for inspection by the doctor next day. It must 
 be added that the work of the inspectors was performed under 
 circumstances involving some inconvenience, because of the noise 
 and confusion which went on all the time, the deck being 
 crowded with people impatient to get on shore. It must, how- 
 ever, be stated that on the following d;iy stricter discipline was 
 maintained, and the inspectors were able to get through their 
 task with very slight impediment. 
 
 When the business of inspection was resumed next morning, 
 two gangT\ay planks were let down on to the wharf. . At 
 the head of one gangway stood Mr. Colcord with a second 
 inspector, who took notes for him of the answers made by the 
 immigrants. At the head of the other gangway stood a third 
 inspector, who both asked questions and noted answers. The 
 balance of the 259 second-cabin passengers left over from 
 yesterday were first examined, then the steerage. 
 
 The questions put to the immigrants were of two classes, the 
 ordinary questions, put to determine the admissibility of the 
 immigrant under the immigration laws, and some special 
 questions put in order to enable the compilation of certain 
 statistics, which are furnished to the Collector of Customs 
 (nativity, destination, and whether going to any and what 
 
relation).* The questions put for the inConiiation of the 
 Collector of Customs were put to each and every passenger 
 without exception : but with regjinl to the interrogatories admi- 
 nistered with specific reference to the restnction of innnigiation 
 a large degi-ee of discretion was used. Everyone over the 
 age of 20 years was asked how much money he had, and in 
 some ciiscs people were obliged to show their money. At the 
 same tinu;, it should be observed that, whether a pei*son had 
 nmch money or little seemed to have a very small bearing upon 
 the (|ue8tion of his eligibility. One man with only 5s. in the 
 world, two pei"sons with only oO cents [2s.] each, one man with 
 only 20 cents [lOt/.], two persons (the one a man, the other an 
 unmarried woman) with no money whatever in their possession, 
 all these were allowed to land. 
 
 The question' of age appeai*ed to be gone into principall}'- in 
 either of two cases : (a) if it was not clear at a glance whether the 
 immigrant was over or under 20 yeai-s (and tvccordingly whether 
 the money question had to be inquiretl into or not) ; and also, 
 (/>> if a man or a woman lookeil to be too old to earn a living, 
 and seemetl on this ground " likely to become a public charge." 
 
 Other (|uestion8 wei-e put aA they seemed required in each 
 case. A gi-wit many people were asked if they had ever been 
 ill ? If they had ever been in a hospital or other public insti- 
 tution ? Some were asked if they had ever received poor-law 
 relief. But here, again, no harshness was exercised. Thus a 
 wheelwright with a son of 15 years, owned to having had relief 
 from the guardians some time ago, but was not excluded. Nor 
 was another man, travelling with his wife and daughter, who 
 admitted that he had had potatoes for seed given him in a bad 
 year by the poor-law authorities, debarred from landing. 
 
 So far we have been dealing with the non-medical part of 
 the inspection, which at Boston precedes the medical examina- 
 tion. The doctor stands at the foot of the two gangways at the 
 point where they converge on the wharf ; and the immigrants, 
 after they have been examined by the inspectors, defile past 
 him, in most cases walking, in a few instances running down 
 the gangway plank. Occasionally the inspectoi^ observe some 
 case presenting suspicious symptoms (e.g., a man who showed 
 some signs of defective intellect, and another who had caught a 
 bad cold on the voyage and looked as if he were going blind), 
 and call up the doctor, who then comes on to the deck and gives 
 his opinion as to the true character of the disease. 
 
 The whole of the passengers (other than those who had been 
 examined on the preceding day) were inspected, first by the 
 immigrant inspectors and then by the doctor, in 3 hours 27 min. 
 Adding this to the work of the preceding day we find that the 
 total time spent in examining the entire complement of the 
 vessel's second- cabin, and steerage passengers (1,083 in number) 
 
 * The Customs authorities appear to have requested the immigration officers to 
 furnish these particulars for quarantine purposes ; see post, pp. 47-50. 
 
38 
 
 other than five detained for special investigation, was 4 hours 
 39 min., the rate at which the immigrants passed on to the 
 wharf as they were released being nearly three to the minute on 
 the first day, and about two to the minute on the second. It 
 should be added that the passengers brought by this ship were, 
 on the whole, a specially eligible lot of people. Of the steerage 
 passengers 555 were natives of Ireland, 202 of England, 13 of 
 Scotland, 1 of Denmark, and 1 of Russia {a. Jew who was said 
 to have been some time in England and who spoke English 
 well), while 2 were citizens of the United States. Of the total 
 number of 772 alien steerage passengers* three were in transit 
 to places outside the United States, and 49 were resident in the 
 States, while the others were all (according to their state- 
 ments) going to join persons who might in most cases be pre- 
 sumed to be likely to look after their welfare by helping them 
 to find employment or otherwise — to join brothers and sisters, or 
 both, 458 ; uncles or aunts, or both, 74 ; cousins, 49 ; parent 
 or parents, 65 ; husbands, 19 ; sons or daughters, or both, 35 ; 
 wives, 3 ; nephews, 2 ; brotlier-in-law, 1 ; sisters-in-law, 2 ; 
 friend^, 12. 
 
 The only detentions made w6re those of a woman with three 
 children, and a man travelling alone, these five persons being 
 detained as apparently likely to become a public charge. The 
 woman was deserted by her husband whose whereabouts she did 
 not know, but had grown-up children living in the United States 
 to whom she was allowed .to telegraph. One of these children 
 (a daughter) afterwards came to Boston and fetched her mother, 
 brother, and two sisters away, no objection being made to their 
 landing. The man, who owned to being 50 or 51 years of 
 age, and who looked to be so far advanced in years that he could 
 scarcely be expected to find employment without difficulty, was 
 also subsequently released, his nephew, described as " a boss at a 
 puddling furnace," having come to Boston to claim him. 
 
 The system of examination in force at Boston having now 
 been illustrated, it may be of interest to inquire how this sys- 
 tem compares, in point of efficiency, with the more elaborate 
 methods adopted at New York and at Baltimore. First as to 
 the absence of registers ; this is a defect with compensating 
 qualities of its own. No doubt, a man who has to fill in columns 
 already prepared with appropriate headings is less likely to 
 forget to ask a question of importance than is an investigator 
 who has to carry his schedules in his head. On the other hand, 
 a clerk filling in blanks in a printed book is apt to get mechani- 
 cal in his work, to take down answers without paying much 
 attention to their nature, and to refrain from putting any 
 further questions which these answers may suggest. But at 
 
 * Of the 774 steerage passengers, including citizens of the United States, the 
 destinations were as follows : — Connecticut, 1; Colorado, 1; California, 1; Illinois, 
 8 ; Iowa, 1 ; I^Iaine, 3 ; Minnesota, 2 ; Massachusetts, 700 ; New Hampshire, 7 ; 
 Nebraska, 1; New York, 12; Pennsylvania, 2; Rhode Island, 31; Wisconsin, 1; 
 in transit, 3. 
 
39 
 
 Boston the questions put varieil to a couvenient extent with the 
 circumstances, and even a prompt and categorictil roply (if its 
 accuracy were doubted) wa» not seldom followed up by further 
 interrogation. Thus, in some instances, an immigrant, who 
 professed to be able to I'eail mid write, was asked to demonstrate 
 his ability there and then, a test which the writer never saw 
 applied elsewhere. Especially to be commended is the plan 
 sometimes adopted at Boston of dispensing the interix>gator 
 from the labour of taking down answei-s, this being done by 
 another man standing by his side. To observe closely the 
 demeanour of a person under examination is a matter of the 
 first imix>rtance, and the eyes of an investigator ought always 
 to be free. 
 
 Next as to the absence of any special immigrant dep6t ; in 
 this respect Boston is certainly unfortunate. The deck of a 
 vessel is not a place suitable for carrying out an inspection of 
 the natui*e necesstiry under the circumsttinces. The features 
 of a i*eH»onably well-appointed depot, with proper barriers and 
 detention compartments tend to impress the persons under 
 examination with the official character of the inquiry, to make 
 them more readily amenable to discipline, and to lead them to 
 give the i"equii*ed information with greater promptness, and in 
 all pi-obibility with greater accuracy than they exhibit where 
 no special appliances exist, and where only a TninimuTti of for- 
 mality is observed. At the same time, there can be but little 
 doubt that the inspectora would do their ^vork l^etter, if things 
 were made more comfortable for them than is now the case, 
 especially in cold or rainy weather. 
 
 As to the medical inspection, it would appear that the first 
 essential is a pi-oper light ; and this requisite was sadly wanting 
 on the occasion above described, when the immigrants came 
 rapidly down steeply-inclined gangways with a strong sun 
 behind them. What with the shadow cast over the upper part 
 of their faces by the hats of the men (which they were not 
 ordered to remove) and with the comparative darkness of the 
 shed into which the immigrants passed in order to come before 
 the doctor, his task of discrimination was one, under all the 
 circumstances, almost impossible to perform with precision. 
 
 The genei-al chai-acter of the work carried out by the immi- 
 gration authorities at Boston in relation to Transatlantic im- 
 migi*ation in 1892, will he judged from the figures placed by 
 them at my disposal, which are contained in Tables XII.-XIV. 
 set forth in Appendix B., post, pp. 119-121. 
 
 The figures supplied by the immigration authorities at Boston 
 refer to all passengers of every class (saloon, second-cabin, 
 and steerage) other than citizens of the United States and 
 '' transients," but do not include in the gross total of arrivals 
 (29,7(^9) the persons (113) debarred from landing; bearing this 
 in mind, we shall see that the total number of the cases in which 
 immigi-ants of alien natiojiality brought to Boston from Trans- 
 
40 
 
 atlantic ports were dealt with by the immigration authorities 
 in the course of the year 1892 was 29,895. The persons dealt 
 with on their first arrival numbered 29,822, of whom 29,709 
 were allowed to land, while 113 were excluded. In all, 73 immi- 
 grants, who had been allowed to land in 1891 or 1892, were 
 sent back in 1892. Out of the 113 persons who were debarred 
 from landing, 105 were excluded as ''paupers, or likely to 
 become a public charge," 3 because they were suffering from 
 various physical maladies, 1 as insane, and 4 as " assisted immi- 
 grants," that is to say, persons whose passages had been in 
 whole or in part paid for by others, and who were unable to 
 prove that they did not belong to one of the classes of persons 
 ineligible as immigrants, or to the class of contract labourers.* 
 No convict was detected and returned, nor any polygamist. 
 Not a single individual is stated to have been debarred as a 
 contract labourer. 
 
 The 73 persons, who (as stated above), after having been 
 allowed to land, were subsequently sent back, were all persons 
 who had become a public charge from causes existing prior to 
 their landing, and were accordingly returned at the cost of the 
 owners of the vessels which had brought them to America, t 
 No case occurred in which, the cause of a man's becoming a 
 public charge not being shown to have existed prior to landing, 
 he was sent back at the cost of the United States. 
 
 Of the 113 persons who, after crossing the Atlantic, were 
 debarred from landing at Boston in 1892,:}: in all 107,§ and of 
 the 73 persons returned to the Old World under the one-year 
 clause in the course of 1892, in all 68 had arrived in British 
 vessels.il 
 
 * As an example of the lenient manner in which the law is administered may be 
 cited a case of recent occurrence in which a young man of 19, who came to Boston 
 with no money and without friends in the United States, was allowed to land, the 
 steamship company having agreed to support him until he could find employment. 
 
 f The causes specified are: — "Public charge, 45 ; Insanity, 18; Pregnancy, 2 ; 
 Paralysis, 1 ; Diseased, 7." 
 
 J The total number of passengers arriving at Boston from Transatlantic ports 
 in 1892, whether citizens or aliens, and whether resident, transient, or settlers 
 (including those debarred from landing), is stated to have been 32,963, the 
 proportion brought by British lines being as under : — 
 
 By what Lines brought. 
 
 Cabin. 
 
 Inter- 
 mediate. 
 
 Steerage. 
 
 Total. 
 
 British Lines - . - 
 All other Lines - 
 
 1,628 
 470 
 
 4,246 
 
 25,204 
 1,415 
 
 31,078 
 1,885 
 
 Total - - 
 
 2,098 
 
 4,246 
 
 26,619 
 
 32,963 
 
 § The nativity ascribed to these 107 persons is: — " Great Britain " (? United 
 Kingdom), 93 ; Germany, 1 ; Russia, 2 ; Poland, 6 ; other countries, 5. 
 
 II The nativity ascribed to these 68 persons is " Great Britain," 55 ; Germany, I ; 
 Russia, 4; Poland, 2 ; Sweden, 4; Finland, 1 ; Austria, 1. 
 
41 
 
 It fthoaM be noted that, according to the belief entertained 
 by the immigration authorities, pi-actically the whole of the 
 2,G04 Ru8sianH,and prolvibly about 10 per cent, of the 874 Poles 
 arriving at Boston from Ti*ansatlantic ports in 1892 were 
 Hebrews ; while it is stated tliat both of the two Russians and 
 one of the three Germans debarred from landing were Hebrews 
 (these persons being refused admission " by reason of physical 
 " disability which rendered them likely to become a public 
 " charge," and that the four Russians, two Poles, and one 
 Austrian sent back under the one-year clause were all Hebrews, 
 the causes of their return being : — " Public charge, 4 ; In- 
 sanity, 2 ; Diseaseil, 1." All these 10 debarreil or returned 
 Hebrews were brought by British vessels and were sent back to 
 British ports. 
 
 It is worthy of remark that, according to the estimate of the 
 Boston immigration authorities, the proportion of immigrants 
 luriving at that city in 1892 from Transatlantic poi-ts whose 
 imssage to America was paid for by relatives or friends in the 
 United States was higher than at New York or even at Balti- 
 more, being reckoned at " about 75 per cent." 
 
 Boston does not possess any detention house for immigi-ants. 
 In some cases a person detained in order to enable inquiries to 
 be made* or pending his return is imprisoned on the vessel which 
 brought him or which is going to take him back. But if this course 
 would involve an undue degree of' inconvenience to the steamship 
 company {e.g., if an appeal to the Washington authorities as to 
 the man's return is pending), then the immigrant is detained in 
 the ** almshouse " of the State of Massachusetts. The i-ule here 
 (as at New York) is that the maintenance of an immigrant 
 detained for inquiries to be made shall be defrayed by the 
 steamship owners, whether he be ultimately allowed to land or 
 not But (also in accordance with the New York, rather than the 
 Baltimore practice) the cost of conveying to the port, e.g., a 
 lunatic who, within one year after landing, has got into an 
 asylum at a distance, is not claimed from the steamship company 
 which has to take him back from Boston. 
 
 Canadun Immigration at Boston. 
 
 The immigration into Boston from Canadian ports {e.g., 
 Yarmouth and Halifax) is quite distinct in character from that 
 which takes place from the Transatlantic ports, f and is treated 
 
 * In a statement prepared by Mr. Wrightington, Commissioner of Immigration 
 at Boston, for the Chicago Exhibition, it is mentioned that, taking all the IVIassa- 
 chasetts ports together, the whole number of immigrants from all countries tempo- 
 rarily detained for further investigation during the 10 years ending December 31, 
 1892, was 1,242, of whom 662 were returned and 580 were ultimately allowed to land. 
 
 t Questioned as to whether the Canadian vessels brought passengers from Europe 
 travelling t-id the Dominion, the authorities at Boston answered in the negative, 
 asserting without hesitation that practically no immigrants who come to Canada 
 from Europe use Boston as a point of entry into the United States. But the figures 
 given later (jpost, p. 42 7i.) show that cases, no doubt exceptional, do occur in 
 which European immigrants enter, or attempt to enter the United States by this 
 route. 
 
 o 77399. D 
 
42 
 
 in a widely different manner. Persons found to be ineligible or 
 to have come in violation of the alien contract labour law are 
 debarred from landing ; but the examination of the passengers 
 on vessels coming from the Dominion is of a very slight character. 
 On the occasion upon which the writer witnessed the landing 
 of the passengers brought by a steamer from Yarmouth, Nova 
 Scotia, the doctor and the immigrant inspector stood at the head 
 of the gangway plank, the passengers defiling past them. The 
 inspector put questions to the first few who came along (he said 
 he usually questioned about one person in ten), asking if the 
 man had been here before ? For how long ? Where was he going 
 to ? For whom was he going to work ? Had he got work 
 already ? The rest he merely glanced at. The entire examina- 
 tion of the 24 passengers by doctor and immigrant inspector 
 occupied five minutes. 
 
 The total number of the aliens who arrived at Massachusetts 
 ports, chiefly at Boston, froQi ports in the Dominion of Canada 
 during 1892 was 27,461, of whom 63 were not permitted to 
 land but returned,* 56 because considered likely to become a 
 public charge, 1 because afiiicted with physical, and 1 because 
 suffering from mental disease, and 5 as contract labourers, 
 while 37 persons were sent back to Canada under the one-year 
 clause, the causes of such return being specified as " epilepsy, 1 ; 
 " dipsomania, 1 ; insanity, 8 ; pregnancy, 5 ; public charge, 22." 
 
 It is fairly certain that the five quarrymen who were sent 
 back to Canada in 1892 as having come in violation of the 
 contract labour law were not the only persons, were indeed but 
 a very minute proportion of the persons who came to Boston 
 or the minor ports of Massachusetts, under circumstances making 
 their entry into the United States unlawful. For a very large 
 part of the Canadian immigration into Boston and these 
 smaller ports is that of " birds of passage," men, that is, who 
 come over every spring, and after working through the summer 
 in the United States, return to their homes in Canada. These 
 farm hands, fishermen, carpenters, &c., know well enough that 
 they have a job waiting for them, employment having been 
 promised to them before they started ; but they are far too well 
 acquainted with the United States laws to be entrapped into 
 compromising admissions. Mr, Colcord, the able inspector at 
 Boston already referred to, says that " they teach the contract 
 " labour law in the Nova Scotian schools." Be this as it may, 
 the application of this law is, in the case of very many among 
 the immigrants from the Dominion, attended with almost 
 insuperable difficulties. What is more, Mr. Colcord declared 
 that, in his belief, every immigrant from Canada whom the 
 
 * The nationality of these 63 debarred persons is given by the immigration 
 authorities as follows : — " 43 were natives of the Dominion of Canada, 13 of New- 
 ** foundland, 2 of England, and 4 were natives of Finland. The English subjects 
 '* had been residing in Nova Scotia between one and two years. The Finns were 
 " direct from their native country viA Nova Scotia." 
 
43 
 
 inspocU)!^ hiid Htopped at Boston, had afterwanlN <^ot into the 
 Unitini Stiites hy tlie laiul fi*ontior, usually by Vanceborough, 
 Maine. He said they had investigated some such caacs and 
 found this to be the fact. 
 
 Thk Sifting Process at Philadelphia. 
 
 The machinery used at Phihidelphia for the restriction of 
 iinniignition is of special inteixjst as showing the possibility of 
 obtiiining a degree of efficiency little, if at all, inferior to that 
 obtained at the admirably appointed depot in New York, while 
 dispensing witli the employment of tlie more elaborate apparatus 
 which is in use, and which in no doubt required at that place, 
 where the number of persons to bo dealt with is so much 
 larger than at Philadelphiiu* 
 
 At Philadelphia, as at Boston, no special examination is made 
 in the case of saloon passengers, uidess on a cursoiy inspection 
 there appears some rea«on for suspicion ; but, na at Baltimore 
 and Boston (though not at New York), the second-cabin 
 l)iUvsengei's are examined with the siime care as the steerage 
 innnigrants. As at Baltimore, a large shed is used for the 
 appliciition of the sifting process, though the second-class 
 immigi-ants, if few in nuniber, are often inspected on the ship 
 which brings them or as they come off the ship down the 
 gangway plank, f The medical examination takes place on board 
 the ship. Upon the occasion when the writer was present, 
 the p*issengers (other than the single saloon passenger, a citizen 
 of the United States) were mustered on deck (their number 
 being 157 second class, 505 steerage, total 662) and made to 
 deBle between two doctors, of whom one was examining for 
 quarantine purposes as port physician, while the other, repre- 
 senting the Federal Government, was inspecting both for 
 quarantine and also for immigration purposes. { The rate at 
 wliich the immigrants passed the doctors was about 27 to the 
 minute ; but one case of an aged man, badly crippled by 
 rheumatism, was held over for special examination (lasting 
 IJ minutes) at the end. Men were not, as a rule, compelled to 
 take off their hats, though this was insisted upon in* the case of 
 an immigrant whose face was covered with a rash. 
 
 After the medical examination was ended, the immigrants 
 (on this occasion both second-cabin and steerage alike) walked 
 from the ship to the inspection shed some little distance off, 
 care being taken that none of them got away. 
 
 * It was stated that the greatest number of immigrants landed in one day at 
 Philadelphia was 1,170. 
 
 t As to the questions with regard to the eligibility of immigrants which at Phila- 
 delphia have since 1882 been required to be answered by the doctor and the purser 
 of the ship bringing them, see post, pp. 46, 47. 
 
 X The port physician had a lay assistant ; the federal doctor, a medical assistant ; 
 but the duties of these assistants were in connection with quarantine, rather than 
 with immigration purposes. 
 
 D 2 
 
44 
 
 The inspection of the immigrants was carried out by two 
 interpreters, two ordinary immigrant inspectors, and a special 
 contract labour inspector, all acting under the Commissioner, 
 Mr. John J. S. Rodgers. A boarding-house keeper gave her 
 assistance for the detection of pregnancy. There is somewhat 
 less specialization than at New York, the contract labour in- 
 spector (as well as the interpreters and ordinary inspectors) 
 acting as registry clerk at one of the sifting gangways, while 
 the interpreters and the ordinary inspectors not only look out 
 for ineligibility, but do their best to detect and detain violators 
 of the contract labour law. The columns in the registers are 
 in the main identical with those in use at New York, but there 
 is here no separate column for " Condition of Health." The 
 work is got through in a somewhat more leisurely manner at 
 Philadelphia than at New York, the amount of time given to 
 the examination of each immigrant averaging nearly two 
 minutes. In several cases a vigorous attempt to obtain ad- 
 missions justifying the rejection of immigrants as contract 
 labourers was made, but no amount of cross-examination could 
 elicit anything sufficiently definite to warrant their being barred. 
 The rheumatic old man was passed by the inspectors because 
 he was claimed by relatives willing to look after him. At the 
 end of the proceedings only two persons remained for further 
 inquiry. The one was a penniless Irish youth who had come 
 with a ticket for Philadelphia prepaid by someone in Trenton, 
 New Jersey, to which place he desired to go. Finally, the 
 agent of the Hibernian Society offered to pay his fare to 
 Trenton and he was discharged. The other detained immigrant 
 was a man advanced in years, an ironworker from Stockton-on- 
 Tees, coming, as he alleged, on a visit to a son at a town in Ohio. 
 He had a little over 21. in his possession, but had no railway 
 ticket for his journey inland. The Commissioner had received 
 a letter from the poor-law authorities of this town warning 
 him that the old man was coming, that he had been in receipt of 
 relief from the guardians in England (which he admitted to have 
 been the case), that he was physically unfit to work, and that his 
 relatives in the United States would not and could not support 
 him. After hearing the man's story the Commissioner sent 
 him back to be detained on the ship pending further investiga- 
 tion."^ 
 
 The work done by the immigration authorities at Philadel- 
 phia in 1892 will be seen from the figures given in Appendix B, 
 Tables XY.-XVII., 'post, pp. 122-124, which these authonties 
 
 * It appears likely that this man was ultimately allowed to land ; for, nearly a 
 month later, the agents, at Liverpool, of the ship which brought him stated that he 
 had not come hack on the next or the following vessel. The rough guess which 
 the Commissioner made was that the information as to this man's intended arrival 
 was given by his son's wife, whom the man alleged to be on bad terms with him, 
 and who, it seemed likely, did not want to be encumbered by the presence of her 
 father-in-law. The old man asserted positively that hiu son expected, and would 
 welcome, bim. 
 
45 
 
 good enough to place at the dispasal of the writer. The 
 figures given in these tjibles (which refer t'» alien passengers 
 travelling in the second-cabin or steerage, other than '* tran- 
 sients," but do not deal with saloon passengers, and in which the 
 20 persons debarred from landing are not included in the gross 
 total of arrivals, 29,292) show that the total number of the 
 cases in which the iumiigration authorities had in the course of 
 the year 1892 to deal with passengera who had come to the 
 United States with a view to settling there by way of Phila- 
 delphia was 29,338.* Of these, 29,312 were cases of persons 
 dealt with on their first arrival, while 26 pei'sons who landed 
 in 1891 or 1892 were returned in 1892. Out of the 29,312 
 jxjfsons who came as immigrants in 1892, in all 20 were de- 
 barred from landing, of whom 1 8 were rejected as " paupcra, 
 or likely to become a public charge," 16 of these being stated 
 to have been stowaways and 2 pregnant women, and 2 were 
 denied admission as violatora of the contmct labour law. The 
 26 persons mentioned as having been returned after being 
 allowed to landf include 25 who were sent back at the cost 
 of the steamship companies, and 1 immigrant, who, having 
 within one year of landing become a public charge by reason 
 of causes not existing at the time of landing, was returned at 
 the cost of the United States. It will be remarked that among 
 the 20 persons delmrred from landing there was not a single 
 individual who was excluded on the ground that he was dis- 
 covered to be an idiot or insane, or a convict, or a polygamist, 
 and only two who were kept out an contract labourers. 
 
 Of the 20 persons debarred from landing at Philadelphia 4,t 
 and of the 26 immigrants returned after having been allowed 
 to land 14,§ had been brought by British lines.|| 
 
 With respect to the particulai-s of nativity given in the 
 statistical tables last referred to it should be noted that of the 
 2,601 Russians 1,959 (say 75 per cent), and of the 3,111 Poles 
 388 (about 12 J per cent.) are believed to have been Hebrews. 
 
 * The total number of arrivals at Philadelphia in 1892 was 32,025, of whom 2,284 
 were citizens of the United States and 429 were tourists and visitors (of the 
 following nativities :— Irish, 34 ; English, 107 ; Welsh, 9 ; Scotch, 10 ; German, 97 ; 
 French, 9; Russian, 8; Polish, 19; Swiss, 1; Swedish, 34; Norwegian, 15; 
 Belgian, 5; Italian, 3; Spanish, 17 ; Danish, 18; Hungarian, 7; Austrian, 12; 
 Finnish, 2 ; Turkish, 5 ; of all other nativities, 27). 
 
 t Of these 26 persons, 19 were returned because they were suffering from 
 physical, and 3 because afOicted with mental disease, 3 because of pregnancy, and 
 one on account of deformity. 
 
 X The nativity of these 4 persons is given as follows : — English, 2 ; German, 2. 
 
 § The nativity of these 14 persons is given as follows : — Irish, 10 ; Russian, 4. 
 
 II By " British lines " is meant lines of vessels sailing from British ports ; some 
 of these vessels sailing to Philadelphia are American-owned. Out of the total 
 arrivals at Philadelphia in 1892 (32,025), 111 saloon, and 19,781 second-cabin and 
 steerage passengers are stated to have been brought by British lines, as against 294 
 saloon and 11,839 second-cabin and steerage passengers brought by all other lines. 
 A certain number of British vessels (on some of which immigrants were carried) 
 not belonging to regular lines are included in " other lines." The details as to these 
 " tramp " vessels could not be obtained. 
 
46 
 
 At Philadelphia it is reckoned that more than 50 per cent, of 
 all immigrants come with their passage prepaid by relatives or 
 friends in America. 
 
 There is no detention house at Philadelphia. Persons detained 
 {e.g., for inquiries to be made) are treated differently according 
 as it appears probable or unlikely that they will eventually be 
 allowed to land, those belonging to the latter class being kept on 
 board ship in the custody of the steamship company, the others 
 being sent either to an emigrant boarding-house or to the public 
 " almshouse." Whether the man be ultimately landed or not, 
 the cost of his maintenance during detention is at Philadelphia 
 defrayed by the steamship company. If an emigrant, who 
 landed at Philadelphia, becomes a public charge at some place 
 distant from that city, and is sent back thither for return 
 under the one-year clause, the cost of his journey to the port 
 is defrayed out of the immigrant fund (the " head-tax " money). 
 
 It is worthy of remark that at Philadelphia it has been the 
 practice since 1882 for the following queries to be filled in, 
 signed by the ship's doctor and purser, and handed to the im- 
 migration authorities before any passengers are disembarked : — 
 
 *' OflB.ce of U. S. Commissioner of Immigration, 
 1,224, Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 
 
 ,189 . 
 
 To Oflficers of Steamship . 
 
 You will please write answers to the following questions, and return 
 the same to this office. 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
 1. How many passengers on board ? Saloon, , : 
 
 Steerage, 
 
 2. Is there any loathsome or dangerous contagious sickness on board P 
 
 . Any other sickness ? . 
 
 3. How many lunatics P 
 
 4. How many idiotic or imbecile persons ?__ 
 
 5. Any immigrants assisted or transported by any foreign Govern- 
 
 ment P_ . 
 
 6. Have there been any deaths on board P 
 
 7. Have there been any births P 
 
 8. Are there any stowaways or workaways on board P. 
 
 9. Are there any who have been convicted of a felony or other crime 
 
 or misdemeanour involving moral turpitude that you know of ? 
 
 10. Are there any polygamists P 
 
47 
 
 11. How man^ yery old or feeble persons unacoompanied by those able 
 
 and willing to care for thorn P - 
 
 12. Do yoa know of any destitute persons? 
 
 Paupers P , 
 
 13. How many cripples, or blind, or deaf P 
 
 li. Are any of the females (married or unmarried) pregnant, destitute, 
 or alone P . 
 
 15. Any immigrants coming to this country in violation of contract- 
 
 labour law P ., 
 
 16. Has the physician or purser of this steamship made due and careful 
 
 pTBOual examination of each of the passengers, in order that the 
 lorcgoing questions may be correctly answered P , 
 
 Physician. 
 Witness : 
 
 Purser." 
 
 At Philadelphia the juidress to wliich pei-sonH who give that 
 city as their destination iire going is in all cases taken by the 
 immigration authorities. With r&spect to persons going to a 
 distance from Philmlelphia, if they have not money enough to 
 pay for their food on their onwani journey, then " lunches," 
 each costing 25 cents (Is.), are given to them at the expense 
 of the United Stjites (the money coming out of the immigrant 
 fund, the head- tax) so that they shall have rations sufficient to 
 support them until they reach their destination. In some months 
 the total cost of these free rations amounts to as much as 
 ^100 (20i.) in the month. 
 
 Temporary Restriction of Immigration through 
 Quarantine, Sept. 1892 — Feb. 1893. 
 
 The enforcement of regulations intended to preserve the 
 health of a country may, it is obvious, involve the restriction of 
 immigi-ation either generally or from certain particular points. 
 In order to keep out disease, it may be deemed necessary to keep 
 out persons who might conceivably bring disease with them. 
 Such incidental restrictions it would be out of place to deal 
 with here. But the circumstances under which immigration 
 into the United States was recently during a period of six 
 months limited by the application of rules made for quarantine 
 purposes, but discriminating between different classes of immi- 
 grants appear to deserve a brief description. Cholera having in 
 the summer of 1892 broken out with some virulence in various 
 parts of Europe, the following circular was issued by the United 
 States authorities, the approval of President Harrison being 
 expressly denoted by his signature. 
 
48 
 
 " CIRCULAR. 
 
 QUARANTINE RESTRICTIONS UPON IMMIGRATION TO 
 AID IN THE PREVENTION OF THE INTRODUCTION 
 OF CHOLERA INTO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Department No. 150. 
 
 Treasury Department, 
 Office of the Supervising Surgeon-G-eneral 
 U. S. Marine-Hospital Service, 
 Washington, D. C, September 1, 1892. 
 
 To Collectors of Customs, Medical Officers of the Marine -Hospital 
 Service, Foreign Steamship Companies, State and Local Boards of 
 Health : 
 
 It having been officially declared that cholera is prevailing in various 
 portions of Russia, Cermany, and France, and at certain ports in Great 
 Britain, as well as in A-sia, and it having been made to appear that 
 immigrants in large numbers are coming into the United States from the 
 infected districts aforesaid, and that they and their personal effects are 
 liable to introduce cholera into the United States, and that vessels con- 
 veying them are thereby a direct menace to the public health , and it 
 having been further shown that under the laws of the several States 
 quarantine detentions may be imposed upon those vessels a sufficient 
 length of time to ensure against the introduction of contagious diseases, 
 it is hereby ordered that no vessel from any foreign port carrying immi- 
 gi-ants shall be admitted to enter at any port of the United States until 
 said vessel shall have undergone a quarantine detention of twenty days 
 (unless such detention is forbidden by the laws of the State or the regula- 
 tions made thereunder), and of such greater number of days as may be 
 fixed in each special case by the State authorities. 
 
 This circular to take immediate effect except in cases of vessels afloat 
 at this date, which will be made the subject of special consideration upon 
 due application to the Department. 
 
 Walter Wtman, 
 Supervising Surgeon-General XJ» S. 
 Marine-Hospital Service. 
 
 Charles Foster, 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Approved September 1, 1892. 
 Benjamin Harrison." 
 
 To impose upon vessels bringing immigrants'^ a detention of 
 twenty days was, of course, virtually to forbid the carriage of 
 immigrants ; and, although it is said that as a matter of fact, 
 the period of detention actually enforced was in but few cases 
 of anything like the length prescribed by this circular, yet in 
 consequence of the measures adopted in pursuance of this 
 circular the flow of immigration into the United States received 
 a very serious check. It must be stated that the virtual 
 exclusion of immigrants which the circular contemplated was 
 gradually modified, exceptions being made in favour first of one 
 class and then of another class of immigrants. By a circular of 
 
 * An immigrant within the meaning of these quarantine regulations is defined to 
 be "any person who arrives from his home in a foreign country with the intention 
 of making a permanent settlement " in the United States. 
 
49 
 
 November 16, 1892, it was laid down that cabin passengers 
 might be carried without involvnnor the detention for twenty 
 days of the vessel bringing them, and a like exception was made 
 in favour of citizens and residents of the United States and 
 their families returning to the United States in the steerage. 
 A further exemption wtis made in respect to tliose steerage 
 passengers who had actually made their ai-rangeiuents for 
 emigration to the United States before Septeml^r 1, 1892. 
 But the most important exemptions were those* made in 
 favour of steerage passengers who, while not coming within 
 the previous exemptions — not being citizens, residents, or mem- 
 bers of the families of citizens or residents of the United States 
 returning from abroatl, but being new innnignints coming for 
 the first time to the United States— came within certain specified 
 categories, being the wives (travelling alone or with their 
 children) of citizens or residents, or being nearly related (as 
 fathers, mothers, sons, daughtera, brother's, or sistera),! to 
 persons who were citizens or residents of the United States, 
 and going to America to live with those persons and form part 
 of their households. As was inevitable, the steamship com- 
 panies, who could not afford to have their ships detained on 
 account of their bringing immigi-ants not within the exemptions 
 successively made by the United States authorities, declined to 
 ctirry any .steerage passengers except such as stated that they 
 came within one or other of the exempted categories ; and in 
 this manner the quarantine rules adopted in order to keep out 
 choleni operated to greatly reduce the volume of immigration 
 into the United States.^ However, the whole subject of 
 quarantine was considered by the Legislature ; and on Feb. 15, 
 1893, an Act was passed "granting additional quarantine 
 powers, and imposing additional duties upon the Marine- 
 Hospital Service " ; and on Feb. 24, 1893, a code of quarantine 
 regulations was issued, neither the new Act nor the new regula- 
 tions making any such discrimination in favour of particular 
 classes of immigrants as had been made under the rules in force 
 since September, 1893 ; and those rules became obsolete. It is 
 now no longer necessary that a man desirous to emigrate to the 
 
 * These exemptions appear to have been created, not by the issue of any general 
 regulations, but by special instructions given in regard to vessels which arrived 
 to the officials at each of the different ports. It appears to have been considered 
 that the danger of bringing in the cholera was smaller while the numbers of the 
 immigrants was kept down by this discrimination in favour of certain classes of 
 immigrants. 
 
 t The statement as to the exemptions made by the United States authorities is 
 based upon the forms of declaration used at this period by the steamship companies 
 who required each immigrant to show that he came within one or other of certain 
 specified classes. But in a letter addressed by Mr. O. L. Spaulding, Assistant 
 Secretary, Treasury Department, on Dec. 9, 1892, to the Allan Line of steamships 
 it is stated that no exemption can be made in favour of the fathers, mothers, 
 brothers, or sisters of residents and citizens (^Decisions under the Tariff and Navi- 
 gation Laws, Sfc, December 1892, p. 12.34). 
 
 X For figures as to volume of immigration at New York during the cholera 
 period see Appendix B., Table VII., post, p. 116. 
 
50 
 
 United States should be able to prove that he is, e.g.^ a son or 
 a brother of a citizen or resideot. On the other hand, the 
 provisions of the new quarantine law are stringent ; in particular 
 it is enacted " that whenever it shall be shown to the satis- 
 " faction of the President that by reason of the existence of 
 " cholera or other infectious or contagious diseases in a foreign 
 " country there is serious danger of the introduction of the 
 " same into the United States, and that notwithstanding the 
 " quarantine defence this danger is so increased by the intro- 
 " duction of persons or property from such country that a 
 " suspension of the right to introduce the same is demanded 
 " in the interest of the public health, the President shall 
 " have power to prohibit, in whole or in part, the introduc- 
 " tion of persons and property from such countries or places 
 " as he shall designate and for such period of time as he may 
 " deem necessary." As a fact, the steamship companies appear 
 to prefer anticipating by their own action any such measures 
 as might be adopted by the Government of the United States 
 under the section just cited, and, in consequence, the principal 
 English companies, at any rate, are at present in most cases 
 very reluctant, if they do not absolutely decline, to book to the 
 United States immigrants coming from countries infected with 
 cholera. 
 
 Methods prescribed by the Act of 1893. 
 
 For the reasons given above it has seemed best to defer the 
 consideration of the New Immigration Law of 1893 ; but the 
 provisions of this statute must now be shortly described. This 
 law enacts, in the first place, " that, in addition to conforming 
 " to all present requirements of law, upon the arrival of any 
 " alien immigrants by water at any port within the United 
 " States, it shall be the duty of the master or commanding 
 " officer of the steamer or sailing vessel having said immi- 
 " grants on board to deliver to the proper inspector of immi- 
 " gration at the port lists or manifests made at the time and 
 " place of embarkation of such alien immigrants on board such 
 " steamer or vessel,, which shall, in answer to questions at top 
 " of said lists, state as to each immigrant the full name, age, 
 " and sex, whether married or single ; the calling or occupation ; 
 " whether able to read or write ; the nationality ; the last 
 " residence ; the seaport for landing in the United States ; the 
 " final destination, if any, beyond the seaport of landing ; 
 *'■ whether having a ticket through to such final destination ; 
 " whether the immigrant has paid his own passage or whether 
 " it has been paid by other persons, or by any corporation, 
 " society, municipality, or government ; whether in possession 
 " of money, and if so, whether upwards of thirty dollars, and 
 " how much, if thirty dollars or less ; whether going to join a 
 " relative, and if so, what relative and his name and address ; 
 " whether ever before in the United States, and, if so, when 
 
&1 
 
 " and where; whether ever in prison or almshouse* or sup- 
 " ported by chai-ity t ; wliether a polygrtuiist ; whether under 
 " conti'act, express or impUed, to {K'rforiu labour in the United 
 " States ; and wliat is tlie immigrant's condition ol* health 
 " muntidly mid pliysiciilly, and whether deformed or crippled, 
 " and if so, from what cause." It is furtlier provided " that 
 " the iiumi^^rants sliall bo listed in convenient groups and no 
 " one list or manifest shall contain more than thii-ty names. 
 ** To each immignuit or head of a family shall be given "a ticket 
 " on which shall be written his name, a number or letter 
 ** designating the list, and his number on the list, for con- 
 " venieuce of identification on aiTival. Each list or manifest 
 ** aliall be verifietl by the signature and the otith or affirmation 
 " of the master or commtuiding officer or of the officer fii-st 
 " or second below him in command, taken Ixifore the United 
 " States consul or consular agent at the jxyrt of departure, 
 " before the sailing of sivid vessel, to the effect that he has 
 " made a personal extuuination of each and all of the passengers 
 " named therein, and that he has ctiused the surgeon of said 
 " vessel sailing therewith to make a physical examination of 
 ** each of said passengers, and that from his personal inspec- 
 *' tion and the report of said surgeon he believes that no one 
 ** of said pjissengers is an idiot or insane pei-son, or a pauper or 
 " likely to become a public charge, or suffering from a loath- 
 " some or dangerous contagious disease, or a peraon who has 
 " been convicted of a felony or other infamous crime or mis- 
 •* demeanour involving moral turpitude, or a polygamist, or 
 " under a contract or agreement, express or implied, to perform 
 " labour in the United States, and that also, according to the 
 " best of his knowledge and belief, the information in said list 
 " or manifest concerning each of said passengers named therein 
 " is correct and true ; ' and " that the surgeon of said vessel 
 " sailing therewith shall also sign each of said lists or manifests 
 " before the departure of said vessel, and make oath or affir- 
 " mation in like manner before said consul or consular agent, 
 " stating his professional experience and qualifications as a 
 " physician and surgeon, and that he has made a pergonal 
 " examination of each of the passengers named therein and 
 " that said list or manifest, according to the best of his know- 
 " ledge and belief, is full, correct, and true in all particulars 
 " relative to the mental and physical condition of said pas- 
 " sengers. If no surgeon sails with any vessel bringing alien 
 " immigrants, the mental and physical examinations and the 
 " verifications of the lists or manifests may be made by some 
 ^' competent surgeon employed by the owners of the vessel ; " 
 and further " that in the case of the failure of said master or 
 
 * As to the sense in which the term " almshouse " is applied in' the United 
 States, see ante, p. 16 n. 
 
 t The word " charity," as used in the United States, covers not alone money 
 voluntarily contributed by benevolent persons, but also money raised by taxation , 
 e.g., poor-rates. 
 
62 
 
 " commanding officer of said vessel to deliver to the said in- 
 " spector of immigration lists or manifests, verified as aforesaid, 
 " containing the information above required as to all alien 
 " immigrants on board, there shall be paid to the collector of 
 " customs at the port of arrival the sum of ten dollars [£2] for 
 " each immigrant qualified to enter the United States concern- 
 " ing whom the above information is not contained in any list as 
 " aforesaid, or said immigrant shall not be permitted so to enter 
 " the United States, but shall be returned like other excluded 
 " persons." 
 
 The necessity of furnishing the elaborate particulars required 
 by this Act which is imposed upon the steamship companies has 
 led them to direct their agents on booking an immigrant to put 
 to him a series of questions corresponding with those mentioned 
 in the Act. The immigrant is only given his ticket* after 
 he has furnished the information required. At the time 
 (May 5 and 6, 1892) when the writer was making investiga- 
 tions in Liverpool, on his return from the United States, the 
 form of interrogatories adopted by the Liverpool companies was 
 one with twenty-one questions corresponding with the questions 
 which the new Act requires to be answered in the manifest of 
 immigrants, and bearing at its head a conspicuous notice that 
 "if it is found upon the arrival of the immigrant in the United 
 " States that the following questions have not been correctly 
 " answered, the immigrant will be immediately returned. The 
 " immigrant will be required to swear to the truth of the 
 " following answers, if it be called for by the Commissioner of 
 " immigration at the port of arrival in the United States. (A 
 '• false oath will subject the immigrant to fine or imprison- 
 " ment.)" These interrogatories were signed by the immigrant, 
 who certified that " I have made true answers to the questions 
 " which were asked in language understood by me, and which 
 " answers have been recorded above."f 
 
 The information obtained by the booking agents from the 
 intending emigrants is sent to the office of the company, where 
 it is embodied in the manifests required by the new law, each 
 sheet being allowed to contain no more than thirty names (so 
 that for a ship's complement of, say, 1,000 immigrants more 
 than thirty separate lists would have to be made out). 
 
 Before the ship sails the manifests relating to all her immi- 
 grants are verified, as the new law directs, by the oaths of her 
 captain and her doctor, taken before a consular agent of the 
 
 * This applies equally in the case of a man who has had his passage paid for him 
 hy a friend in America, and who asks to have the *' prepaid certificate " exchanged 
 for a passage-ticket. 
 
 t The form of interrogatories which I saw in use was one originally prescrihed 
 hy the United States Treasury Department in a code of regulations dated March 
 11, 1893, which was withdrawn not long after its publication, and replaced by the 
 regulations printed in Appendix D., post, pp. 144-147. As the matter now stands, 
 the manner in which the steamship companies shall obtain the particulars which 
 have to be inserted in the manifests is left optional ; but it appears probable that 
 the form described in the text will be used. 
 
93 
 
 Unitetl States who comes on board for the piii-poso, each sheet 
 being require<l to be sworn to sepamtely. 
 
 The new immi^i^tion law also contains certain provisions, as 
 to the operation of which (since this Act only came into force 
 after the writer of this report had left the United States) it is 
 not possible to give any information in this place. It is enacted 
 •* that it shall be the duty of every inspector of arriving alien 
 " immigrants to detain for a special inquiry, under section one 
 " of the Immigration Act of March third, eighteen hundred 
 " and ninety -one, every person who may not appear to him to 
 " be clearly and beyond doubt entitled to admission, and all 
 " special inquiries shall be conducted by not less than four 
 " officials acting as inspectors, to be designated in writing by 
 " the Secretary of the Treasury or the Superintendent of 
 " Immigration, for conducting sjKJcial inquiries ; and no immi- 
 " grant shall be admitted upon sjxicial incjuiry except after a 
 " favourable decision mmle by at least three of said inspectors ; 
 " and any decision to admit shall be subject to appeal by any 
 " dissenting inspector to the Superintendent of Immigration, 
 •' whose action shall be subject to review by the Secretary of 
 " the Treasury, as provided in section eight of said Immigration 
 " Act of March thirti, eighteen hundred and ninety-one." 
 
 With respect to the inquiry to be made under the new law, 
 the regulations of the Treasury Department provide that '* the 
 " Commissioner of Immigration shall enter of record the name 
 " of every immigrant found upon examination to be within 
 " either of the prohibited classes, with a statement of the 
 " decision in each case, and at the same time give notice in 
 " writing to the master, agent, consignee, or owner of the 
 " vessel upon which such immigrant arrived, together with the 
 " grounds of refusal to land such immigrant, that said vessel is 
 " required to return such immigrant to the port whence he 
 " came. The regular examination of immigrants under the 
 " special inquiry required by statute will be separate from the 
 " public, but any immigrant who is refused permission to land, 
 " or pending an appeal in his case, will be permitted to confer 
 " with friends or counsel in such manner as the commissioner 
 " may deem proper. Any immigrant claiming to be aggrieved 
 " by the decision of the inspection officers may appeal there- 
 " from, and such appeal shall stay his deportation until decision 
 " shall be had thereon. Such appeal shall be in writing, and 
 " shall specify the grounds of appeal, and shall be presented to 
 " the commissioner, who shall at once forward such appeal to 
 " the Department with all the evidence in the case and his 
 " views thereon. Any examining inspector dissenting from a 
 " decision to admit an immigrant may appeal therefrom, which 
 " appeal shall be in writing and specify the grounds thereof, 
 " and shall be forwarded by the commissioner to the Depart- 
 " ment in like manner as in cases of an appeal by an immi- 
 " grant. Upon a decision of the appeal the immigrant shall be 
 
54 
 
 " at once landed or deported in accordance with such decision, 
 " and, in case landing is refused, the master, agent, consignee, 
 " or owner of the vessel by which the immigrant arrived shall 
 " be notified of such decision by the commissioner, and that the 
 " immigrant will be placed on board said vessel to be returned 
 " as aforesaid. The expenses for the keeping and maintenance 
 " of such immigrants as are ordered to be returned pendicg the 
 " decision of their right to land and the subsequent expenses 
 " for the keeping and maintenance of those ordered to be re- 
 " turned, and the expense of their return shall be borne by the 
 " owner or owners of the vessel on which they came." 
 
 The new immigration law also deals with the practice, which 
 had at one time extensively prevailed, of admitting persons 
 apparently unlikely to be self-supporting, on a guarantee given 
 by some philanthropic institution or other surety that such 
 persons should not become 'a public charge. In future " no 
 " bond or guaranty, written or oral," of this nature shall be 
 received without the authority in each case of the Superinten- 
 dent of Immigration given with the written approval of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 It is further provided " that all steamships or transportation 
 " companies, and other owners of vessels, regularly engaged in 
 " transporting alien immigrants to the United States, shall 
 " twice a year file a certificate with the Secretary of the 
 " Treasury that they have furnished to be kept conspicuously 
 " exposed to view in the ofiice of each of their agents in foreign 
 " countries authorized to sell emigrant tickets, a copy of the 
 " law of March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and of 
 " all subsequent laws of this country relative to immigration, 
 " printed in large letters, in the language of the country where 
 " the copy of the law is to be exposed to view, and that they 
 " have instructed their agents to call the attention thereto of 
 " persons contemplating emigration before selling tickets to 
 " them ; and in case of the failure for sixty days of any such 
 " company or any such owners to file such a certificate, or in 
 " case they file a false certificate, they shall pay a fine of not 
 " exceeding five hundred dollars [.;^100], to be recovered in the 
 " proper United States court, and said fine shall also be a lien 
 " upon any vessel of said company or owners found within the 
 " United States."* 
 
 * From Steam and Sail (a newspaper published in New York) of May 20, 1893, 
 it appears that the Commissioner of Immigration at that port requires the immi- 
 grants to be landed at Ellis Island in batches of thirty, each batch being composed 
 of the persons whose names appear on one of the lists required under the new law, 
 and the batches being delivered at the dep6t in order. What occurred in relation 
 to the landing and inspection of the first shipload of immigrants which arrived after 
 the new law came into operation is thus described : " The work involved in divi- 
 " ding this surging crowd of human beings into the original groups in which they 
 " embarked can be readily seen. On the transfer steamers it was necessary to put 
 " ropes round each group, and a man who witnessed the operation remarked that 
 '* they looked like big bunches of asparagus. All that actually remained to be done 
 " when the ' Majestic's ' passengers reached Ellis Island was to examine each group 
 
55 
 
 Restriction of Immigration on the Land Frontiers. 
 
 With reference to the restriction of immigmtion on the land 
 frontiers of the United States, the Act of 1891 (ante, p. 8) 
 gave express power to the Secretary of the Treasury " to ])re- 
 " scribe rules for inspection along the boixiers of Canada, Britisli 
 " Columbia, and Mexico so as not to obstruct or unnecessarily 
 " dehvy, impede, or annoy passengers in ordinary travel between 
 " said countrie^s : pn)vided, that not exceeding one inspector 
 " shall be apj)ointed for each customs district, and whose salary 
 " shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars [j^240] per year " ; 
 and by the recent code of regulations issued by the Treasury 
 Department it is provided that " collectoi*s of customs on tlie 
 " Cantulian frontier, and at all jwints where conmiissionei-s of 
 " immigi-ation are not employed, are charged within tlieir re- 
 ** spective districts with tlie execution of the laws pertiiining 
 " to immigration, and all importation of labourers under con- 
 *' tract or agreement to perform labour in the United States. 
 " They will employ all customs, inunigration, and other officers 
 " assigned to them for duty in the enforcement of the Immigra- 
 " tion Acts ; and all such officers are hereby designated and 
 " authorized to act as immigi-ation officers." 
 
 The principal immigration into the United States which takes 
 place across the la^id frontiers is that from the Dominion of 
 Canada. Wliat the precise volume of this immigration may be 
 it is not possible to say. For, since 1885, the United States 
 authorities have ceased to collect or publish any statistics rela- 
 ting to the number of immigi-ants entering the Republic by land. 
 The immigration into the States from Canada is of two kinds. 
 Fii*st, there are the natives of the Dominion, who emigrate into 
 the United States in considerable numbers. Some of these 
 people come with the intention of settling permanently in the 
 States, others are " birds of passage," who come for a season 
 only. From inquiries made in Boston, it would appear that the 
 proportion of the Canadian immigrants who come to stay is 
 steadily increasing. The estimate given in the last annual 
 report of the United States immigration authorities of the num- 
 ber of the " birds of passage " who " cross the border " every 
 spring to return every autumn is 60,000* ; but it seems possible 
 that this estimate includes those persons (say 25,000-30,000 
 annually) who enter the United States from the Dominion not 
 by the land frontier but by sea. In addition to the emigration 
 of natives of Canada (whether permanent or temporary) there 
 is a somewhat extensive movement of immigrants coming across 
 the Atlantic to Canadian ports and making their way thence to 
 
 " in order and compare the answers of each immigrant with his record as found in 
 " the list of his group. Letters of the alphabet described each group, and registry 
 " clerks simply began at group A., examined the thirty immigrants it comprised, 
 ♦• and then went on down the alphabet in regular order." {Steam and Sail, May 
 19, 1893, p. 5.) 
 * Annual Report of Superintendent of Immigration for 1892, p. 11. 
 
ditterent parts of the United States. Here, again, anything like 
 an exact estimate is impracticable.* The report of the Canadian 
 Department of the Interior for 1892 gives the number of the 
 arrivals at Halifax, Quebec, and Montreal, the three principal 
 ports for immigration into the Dominion, as " in round numbers 
 " 52,000. These people comprised 28,000, who declared their 
 " intention of settling in Canada, while the majority of the 
 " remainder were avowedly en route to the United States."t 
 
 The character of the measures adopted for the restriction of 
 immigration upon the northern frontier of the United States it 
 was not possible for me within the time at my disposal to 
 investigate personally, my attention being taken up with the 
 sea-ports. But Mr. Burnett visited some places of importance 
 on the Canadian frontier, and his observations in respect to the 
 restriction of immigration at these places are subjoined. 
 
 * It is sometimes attempted to found an estimate of the number of persons coming 
 to Canada en route for the United States upon the figures given in the Heports of 
 the Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada. Thus the Annual Report 
 of the Superintendent of Immigration (of the United States) for 1892, represents 
 that " the Minister of Agriculture of the Dominion of Canada, in his official report 
 *' for the calendar year 1891, reports the following immigrant passengers as arrived 
 " at Canadian ports from European countries en route for the United States during 
 " the following calendar years :— 1885, 2.5,927; 1886, 53,429 ; 1887, 91,053 ; 1888, 
 " 85,708 ; 1889, 84,862 ; 1890, 103,854; 1891, 105,213" (p. 30, note 6.). But this 
 is a mistake. The figures quoted by the Superintendent of Immigration are not 
 given in the Canadian Report as those of arrivals at Canadian ports en route for 
 the United States, but as ** immigrant passengers for the United States " (^Report 
 of the Minister of Agricultwe for the Dominion of Canada for the calendar year 
 
 1891, p. xxiv). That as many as 105,213 persons arrived in 1891 at Canadian ports 
 en route for the States [seems to be impossible. The great bulk of the persons 
 arriving at Canadian sea-ports are brought by vessels sailing from the United 
 Kingdom. Now, the total number of the emigrants carried from the United King- 
 dom to British North America in 1891 was only 33,752 {Statistical Tables relating 
 to Emigration and Immigration from and into the United Kingdom in the year 
 
 1892, p. 27). It seems probable tliat the 105,213 persons mentioned in the Canadian 
 Eeport include a large number of passengers who passed from one point in United 
 States territory to another through the Dominion. Certainly these 105,213 Avere not 
 all immigrants going to the States rid Canadian sea-ports. 
 
 f Report of the Department of the Interior [of the Dominion of Canada] for the 
 Year 1892, p. xv. The Allan and the Beaver Lines, two of the three great English 
 steamship companies taking passengers to Canada, have furnished the number of 
 the persons carried in 1892 to Canadian ports with through tickets for places within 
 the United States, which was 11,658, while the Hansa line sailing from Hamburg 
 carried to Canada 2,019 persons, of whom it is stated by the owners of these steam- 
 ships that " about two-thirds went to places in the United States." The Dominion 
 Line was asked to supply the figures, but has not done so. 
 
57 
 
 Bruf Account of the Restriction of Immigration on 
 THE Canadian Frontier (furnished by Mr. Burnett). 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 At Buffalo tlie Collector of Customs has under him one Restriction of 
 inspector of immigration. There is also a medical examina- C^natiia" 
 tion of immigrants by a medical man appointed by the Mr'^Burn^tt'^^ 
 local authorities, mainly for purposes of tjuanintine. The 
 insj>ector looks out for persons coming within the classes 
 prohibited by the Immigration Acts. More immigrants are 
 sent back under the Contract Labour Law from Buffalo 
 than from any other town on the frontier. Seven Oennans 
 hml recently been stopped in Buffalo because they came 
 from Hamburg, which was a district affected by cholera. 
 They weie lx)und for Winnipeg, but came down to Buffalo 
 in the first place. Only one of them came tujross to see if 
 he would be allowed to land, and the other's waited at the 
 other side ; he was sent back. The inspector had no exact 
 figures, but estimated that from 400 to 500 unmigrants 
 from Canada were sent back last year under the Alien 
 Contract Law. Tliere was supervision maintained by Cus- 
 toms officials at the ferries, and at the bridges, and there 
 was a large immigration from Canada, the greater propor- 
 tion being young men. Thirteen Russian Jews who came 
 last year by Halifax were stopped as being paupers. The 
 Jewish Association of the city took the matter up, gave 
 security, and they were allowed to pass. 
 The immigration inspector himself states that he thinks it 
 undesirable to have prosecutions under the Alien Contract 
 Labour Law, which he thinks tends to bear rather hardly 
 upon employers. Since July, 1891, he has deported 40 or 
 50 only, but altogether he has dealt with upwards of 500 
 under the Contract Labour Law. Where possible, he did 
 not deport aliens coming under contract if he could avoid it. 
 The way in which he disposes of most cases in which he 
 finds that men have come under contract, is to have them 
 discharged from the employment of those to whom they are 
 under contract. That enables them to take other employ- 
 ment in the city, whereas if he deports them, they will not 
 be allowed to return for five years. He has to deal with 
 cases in which the contracts are both actual and implied. 
 Sometimes they are actual written contracts about which 
 there can be no mistake. For instance, tlie Grand Trunk 
 Railway had brought over a passenger agent from England 
 at a salary of S12o a month. This man was deported 
 
 o 77399. E 
 
.58 
 
 Itestriction of 
 Canadian 
 immigration.by 
 Mr. Burnett. 
 
 The case was taken into court, but the inspector's decision 
 was confirmed. So far as implied contracts are concerned, 
 he considers that if any immigrant comes under a general 
 assurance of work from anyone connected with, or employed 
 in any firm, that would be an implied contract. As a rule, 
 labour organizations report to him cases of suspected or 
 probable labour contract. He is not himself a trade 
 unionist, nor does he sympathize with them, but if they 
 report cases of infringement of the Act, he is obliged to do 
 liis duty. Many immigrants who come over under contract 
 are badly treated by the employers, who know that the 
 contracts cannot be enforced. In drawing a distinction 
 between men who should be merely discharged, or who 
 should be deported, he applies the discharge system to those 
 who express a desire to settle in the country and become 
 naturalized citizens. He has to enforce the Immigration 
 Acts generally, and in one case prosecuted a man for 
 introducing girls as prostitutes, and had him sentenced to 
 12 months imprisonment. 
 
 Chicago. 
 
 At Chicago little seems to be done in respect to supervision 
 of immigrants. It is only a port of arrival for immigrants 
 from Canada to a limited extent. There are two inspectors 
 of immigrants nominally under the direction of the Col- 
 lector of Customs, but these inspectors do not seem to have 
 much to do, and are seldom to be found at the office. Their 
 chief duty is to look gifter cases of infraction of the Alien 
 Labour Contract Law. They may receive information as 
 to suspicious cases from Washington, or direct from trade 
 unions who think the law has been violated. There are 
 not many cases arising in Chicago in which persons are 
 .sent back. Last year, during a strike in Chicago, the 
 trade unions concerned made many complaints of violation 
 of the law, bu't they do not seem to have been well 
 founded. The Collector of Customs states that the principal 
 work is, of course, to attend to the collection of custom dues. 
 Immigrants coming from Canada, he says, come chiefly by 
 Port Huron, Duluth, Detroit, or other points on the frontier, 
 so that practically there is little immigration work done 
 at Chicago. The two immigration inspectors are special 
 agents of the Treasury, and though nominally under his 
 orders, they receive their instructions from Washington. 
 He can, of course, give them orders if he thinks necessary, 
 and they must obey him, but he knows nothing of the 
 orders they may receive from the Treasury ; he does not 
 know how they may be employed, and they do not report 
 to him what they are thus instructed to do. He quotes 
 only one case in which he had employed them to attend 
 to the removal of a German woman who became insane 
 
59 
 
 before »he had been a year in the country, and they put liestrictiou of 
 her on' board a Pulhnau avr where she could be looked Cauudian 
 after, and sent her back to her port of arrival. If lie Z'!'^Tum''^ 
 knows of any cause of suspicion, or thinks jiction would be 
 necesstiry, lie sliould not hesitate to j^nve such ordei-s iis he 
 thinks desirable to the inspectors. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Detroit bein^ a port of anival for immigi'ants to a considerable 
 extent, the ari-angeinents for inspection are much more com- 
 plete than at Chicago. As stated by the Deputy Collector 
 of Customs, there is one officer entirely set apart for the 
 work of immigrant inspection, to which he devotes his 
 whole time. It is also part of the duty of Custom House 
 officers generally, to scrutinize peraons ariving by any of 
 the boats. At Detroit there are also two meilical officera 
 who attend to the work of inspection of immigi'ants from 
 the sanitary point of view. The bulk of the immigrants 
 coming to, or passing through, Detroit into the United 
 States come by way of Windsor by the Canadian and 
 Pacific Railway. By the courtesy of the Canadian autho- 
 rities the United States officials are alloweil to make their 
 examination at the Windsor I'ailway station of the com- 
 pany. They are all closely examined to see that they do 
 not come within any of the prohibited categories of the 
 Immigration Acts. They do not send many btick ; last 
 year not more than about half-a-dozen out of a total of 
 3,405 jurivals. The facilities for inspection were not, how- 
 ever, very gi-eat. The railway company generally brought 
 their immigi*ant trains in during the night,* and they can- 
 not inspect them without detaining them until the next 
 morning. As many as 300 had been brought at one time 
 in three cat's ; so many people crowded together was not 
 good for theii* health, and inspection under such conditions 
 was not easy. A large number of people cross from 
 Windsor to work in Detroit every day, and some American 
 workers objected to this system. It had been legally held, 
 however, that so long as a man does not come into Detroit 
 under contract, but comes in search of, and obtains work in 
 the ordinary way, he is at liberty to live where he likes 
 afterwards, and can go and come at his pleasure. There 
 had been questions raised by trade unions as to alleged 
 contract labour being sent to supply the place of men on 
 strike at Battle Creek, because the men had gone there in 
 answer to an advertisement. It is invariably difficult to 
 
 * By a circular of the Treasury Department dated June 1st, 1893, it is ordered 
 that " hereafter alien immigrants shall not be permitted to enter the United States 
 " at places on the Canadian and Mexican frontiers between the hours of 6 o'clock 
 " p.m. and 7 o'clock a.m."— D. F. S. 
 
 E 2 
 
60 
 
 Restriction of 
 Canadian 
 immigratiou.by 
 Mr. Burnett. 
 
 obtain a conviction if the case is fought out. The collector 
 is not aware what the result was in this case. The Cus- 
 toms officials, who have no connexion with immigration, 
 have three sets of regulations to observe — the Federal, the 
 State, and the Local — in respect of quarantine, and their 
 duty is to enforce those which are the most rigorous. 
 During last summer there was a 10 days' quarantine ; last 
 winter, however, they admitted passengers who had come 
 from Europe into Detroit on the certificate of the authorities 
 at the Canadian point of landing as to the health of the 
 vessel by which these people had been brought to the 
 Dominion. 
 
 PirrSBURGH. 
 
 There is also an inspector of immigration stationed at Pitts- 
 burgh to observe whether immigrants come there who fall 
 within tlie scope of the prohibited classes. It is true there 
 is little in Pittsburgh for such an inspector to do, Pittsburgh 
 not being a first place of arrival from anywhere. Prac- 
 tically, therefore, the only duties of the inspector there are 
 to look after cases which may be referred to him from 
 head-quarters at Washington, or which he has heard of 
 through communications received from the trade unions, or 
 from the authorities connected with the administration of 
 the criminal laws, or from charitable institutions. Em- 
 ployers in the district consider his position a mere sinecure. 
 The inspector himself, however, says that many cases arise 
 in which he has to make inquiries to see whether the 
 Labour Contract Law has been violated or not. It is, he 
 considers, very difficult to obtain a conviction under the 
 Labour Contract Law. There has been one case decided in 
 court against an inspector, the point on which the decision 
 was given being, that the employer said to the man who 
 came, " I can find you work at four dollars a day," instead 
 of " I will find you work at four dollars a day." Pitts- 
 burgh, though not a point of first arrival, he considers a 
 great centre of distribution, and a fair number of people 
 of all nationalities come there. Cases of infraction of the 
 Labour Contract Law are often not discovered till some 
 time after the man has come, and he receives information 
 by means of letters. Much work also came to him through 
 the authorities, who generally instructed him when people 
 who had not been a year in the country, and who were 
 found to be unsatisfactory, were sent back. 
 
61 
 
 III.— Laws for exclusion of Chinese.* 
 
 The tirst step taken by the Cioveniment of the United Sttites 
 with a view to the enactment of legislation excluding Chinese 
 lalx^ureref from the Unitetl States was the insei-tion in the 
 treaty with China conchide<l in 1880 of a provision declaring 
 that the Unite<l States should have the right to regulate, limit, 
 or mispend the coming of Chinese labourers to the States or 
 their residence therein ; such right was to be exercised rea- 
 Ronably, and the immigration of Chinese lalK)urers and their 
 residence in the United States was not to Ixi absolutely 
 prohibited. 
 
 By virtue of this treaty, Congi-ess in 1882 passed the fii-st 
 Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited the entry of Chinese 
 labourers into the United States during a period of ten years. 
 The Act was not to apply " to Chinese labourers who were in 
 " the United States on the 17th day of November, 1880 [the 
 " day on which the treiity above mentioned was concluded], or 
 " who shall have come into the same befoi*e the expiration of 
 " 90 days next of the passage of this Act," provision being made 
 for the identification of the persons thus excepted, who, if they 
 should at any time desire to leave the United States on a visit 
 to their homes in China or for any other purpose, were to 
 receive a certificate enabling them to re-enter the States without 
 objection. 
 
 The tenn, *' labourers," is defined to mean both skilled and 
 unskilled labourers and to include persons employed in mining. 
 Chinamen, other than labourers, desiring to enter the United 
 States are to produce a certificate from the Chinese Government 
 identifying them as entitled to the privilege of entry. The 
 naturalization of Chinese of any class by any Federal or State 
 court was forbidden. The Chinese immigration law of 1882 was 
 amended in 1884 by a statute which contained more stringent 
 provisions with respect to the identification of Chinese labourers 
 coming within the excepted category above-mentioned and 
 also with respect to the identification and classification of 
 Chinese persons other than labourers desiring to enter the 
 United States, and which declared that the provisions of the 
 former Act should " apply to all subjects of China and Chinese 
 " whether subjects of China or of any other foreign Power,"t 
 
 * The laws referred to io the text are Federal laws ; various State laws on the 
 subject of Chinese labour will be found in Appendix D., post, pp. 162-164. 
 
 f Certain classes of Chinese were already excluded by legislation forbidding the 
 immigration of coolies, prostitutes and convicts. 
 
 X It is contended by some that the Act of 1884 prolonged the suspension of the 
 immigration of Chinese labourers until July 5, 1894 ; see Beport of the Select Com- 
 mittee of the House of Representatives on Immigration and Naturalization, 1891 
 (on Chinese immigration)— the *' Lehlbach Report" — p. IV. An Act " to prohibit 
 '* the coming of Chinese labourers to the United States " passed in September, 1888, 
 
62! 
 
 In October, 1888, an Act was passed, as a supplement to the 
 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, by which it was provided that 
 thenceforth Chinese labourers who might have resided in the 
 States, but had left, or should leave the States, should not be 
 allowed to re-enter the country. 
 
 The period, during which the immigration into the United States 
 of Chinese labourers was suspended by the Act of 1882, expired 
 in May, 1892 ; but by an Act passed May 5, 1892, it was 
 provided that " all laws now in force prohibiting and regulating 
 " the coming into this country of Chinese persons and persons 
 " of Chinese descent are hereby continued in force for a 
 " period of 10 years from the passage of this Act." By the law 
 of 1892 any Chinese person or person of Chinese descent, when 
 adjudged to be not lawfully entitled to be or remain in the 
 United States, is to be removed thence to China, unless he proves 
 that he is a subject or a citizen of some other country, in 
 which event he is to be removed to such country, but if such 
 country '■• shall demand any tax as a condition of the removal 
 " of such person to that country," he is to be removed to 
 China. In the case of any Chinese person or person of 
 Chinese descent arrested under this legislation, such person is to 
 be adjudged to be unlawfully within the United States unless 
 he shall establish by affirmative proof his lawful right to remain 
 in the United States. The penalty for unlawfully being or 
 remaining in the United States is imprisonment with hard labour 
 for any period not exceeding one year, followed by removal from 
 the country. If a Chinese person who has been denied admission 
 into the States applies for a writ of habeas corpus, no bail is to 
 be allowed, " and such application shall be heard and determined 
 promptly without unnecessary delay." With respect to Chinese 
 labourers entitled to remain in the United States, it was enacted 
 that these persons should apply to the collector of internal 
 revenue of their respective districts within one year after the 
 passage of this Act for a certificate of residence, and that any 
 Chinese labourer who should omit to take out his certificate in 
 due time (before May 6, 1893) or who on or after that date 
 should be found within the United States unprovided with a 
 certificate should be deemed to be unlawfully within the United 
 States, and might be arrested and taken before a United States 
 judge, whose duty it should be to order his deportation, unless 
 he should prove that he had been unable, through accident, 
 sickness, or other unavoidable cause, to procure his certificate, 
 and should also prove " by at least one credible white witness, 
 " that he was a resident of the United States at the time of the 
 " passage of this Act ; and if upon the hearing, it shall appear 
 " that he is so entitled to a certificate, it shall be granted upon 
 " his paying the cost." Provision is also made for granting a 
 
 is generally treated as not having come into operation by reason of its being so 
 framed as not to come into effect until the ratification of a treaty with China, which 
 never was ratified ; see post, Appendix D., p. 156 n. 
 
(J3 
 
 certificate to any Chinese person not a labourer who may have 
 a right to b© and remain in the United States, and who may 
 desire such certificate as evidence of such right. 
 
 A code of regulations for the issue of certificates drawn up by 
 the Secretary of the Treasury by virtue of this Act will ho found 
 in Appendix D., }yo8t, pp. 158-1G2. Attention is there drawn to 
 tlie fact that " no class of Chinese are prohibited from coming 
 " into the United States or remaining here except such tis may 
 ** properly and within the meaning of said statutes be known as 
 ^'labourers.' But i>er8ons other than labourei*s nmst present 
 <* M a condition precedent to landing the certificiite required by 
 ^section 6 of the Act approved July 5, 1884," i.e., a certiticate 
 iasaed by the Chinese Government or any other Government of 
 which the man may be a subject showing him to have the 
 permission of the Govemment concerned, iully describing him, 
 ami showing him to be cii titled to enter the United States. 
 • Those regulations <locliii*e that under tho term lal)ourer8 are 
 to be classed " all chusses of Hkilled and unHkille<l lalxmrei*s, and 
 " persons employed in mining, as well as hucksters, peddlers, and 
 " persons engaged in taking and drying or otherwise pre- 
 " serving shells or fish for home consumption or exportation 
 " and laundryinen." " Pei-sons who are employed in stores 
 " but who are not owners or part owners in the business shall Ix) 
 " classed as labouftirs. A person to be exempted from the opera- 
 *' tions of this law as a merchant must be an owner or part 
 ** owner of a bond fide mercantile establishment."* 
 
 rV. — General Conclusions as to the Efficiency attained 
 IN THE Application of Restrictive Measures in the 
 United States. '^' 
 
 From the preceding pages it will have been seen that the 
 measures adopted in the United States for the restriction of 
 immigration are of two kinds, those which are applied in the 
 case of general immigration being based mainly upon discrimina- 
 tion between different classes of persons without regard to the 
 nation or race to which such persons belong ; while, on the other 
 hand, those which are employed in the case of the Chinese are 
 based mainly upon the exclusion of members of a specific race 
 as such. 
 
 A. General Immigration 
 
 With respect to the nature of the measures taken to restrict 
 by discrimination the general (non-Chinese) immigration into the 
 United States, the leading features of the sifting process applied 
 
 * For the Special provision made to enable Chinese exhibitors and their employees 
 to attend the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago see Appendix D, post, 
 p. 142. 
 
64 
 
 for this purpose have ah'eady been shown by a description, 
 based upon personal investigation, of the methods adopted at 
 the principal sea-ports. In a memorandum placed at the dis- 
 posal of the writer by the Treasury Department of the United 
 States the number and position of the special force engaged in 
 carrying out the regulation of immigration under the (general) 
 immigration laws is given as folloWs : — 
 
 At Ellis Island, New York, 1 Commissioner, 1 Assistant Com- 
 missioner, 100 employees ; Baltimore, 1 Commissioner, 4 
 employees ; Boston, 1 Commissioner, 4 employees ; Phila- 
 delphia, 1 Commissioner, 6 employees; Gloucester, Mass., 1 
 Inspector ; ProvincetowD, Mass., 1 Inspector ; New Bedford, 
 Mass., 1 Inspector ; in the office of the Superintendent of 
 Immigration, 1 Chief Clerk, 3 employees; San Francisco, 
 1 Commissioner ; in addition an immigrant Inspector is sta- 
 tioned at each of the following places : — Tacoma, Wash. ; St. 
 Paul, Minn. ; Detroit, Mich. ; Portland, Maine ; Concord, 
 N. H. ; Pembina, N. D. ; and Boston. 
 
 We have to add the contract labour inspectors stationed as 
 follows : — 
 
 At New York, 15 ; at Chicago, 2 ; and one at each of the fol- 
 lowing places : — Baltimore ; Philadelphia ; Buffalo ; Portland; 
 Oregon ; Pt. Townsend, Wash. ; Burlington, Vermont ; 
 Key West, Florida ; Pittsburgh ; Springfield, Illinois ; El 
 Paso, Texas ; Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. ; Milwaukee, Wisconsin ; 
 Suspension Bridge, N. Y. 
 
 The list just given shows the total number of persons employed 
 in regulating immigration and in enforcing the contract labour 
 laws (including the Superintendent of Immigration) to be 165. 
 It will be observed that the list does not take into account the 
 medical staff ; and it is proper to bear in mind that the officials 
 of the United States customs are required, wherever practicable, 
 to co-operate with the officers attached to the immigration 
 service. 
 
 The amount received in respect of the head-tax on passengers, 
 which constitutes the income of the " Immigrant Fund," varies 
 with the volume of immigration; this amount was nearly 
 70,000?.' in the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1892. The total 
 sum expended annually out of this fund for the purpose of 
 regulating immigration appears to be about 60,000?. 
 
 Classes of Immigrants excluded. 
 
 Such being the character of the apparatus employed in the 
 work of separating from the mass of immigration the particular 
 persons whom the United States desires to prevent from settling 
 within its territory, it remains to consider what degree of success 
 attends the attempt to discriminate against the different pro- 
 hibited classes of immigrants. The persons against whona this 
 
t)5 
 
 discrimination is levelled may, for pivicticivl pui-posea, be classitied 
 as bein^ inelipble — 
 
 (a) on moral gfrounds; 
 
 (6) on grounds of public health and comfort ; 
 
 (c) on economic gixjunds. 
 
 The persons exclude<l on moral grounds are (i.) convicts 
 (i.e., " persons who have been convicteti of a felony or other 
 infamous crime, or misdemeanour involving moral turpi- 
 tude "), and (ii.) polygamists.* Persons suffering from loath- 
 some or dangerous contagious diseases, and violent lunatics, 
 may be treated as excludecl in the interest of public health and 
 comfort. Diseases of another type may in many cases bring 
 about the exclusion of an immigrant — diseases, that is, whether 
 of mind or body, which disable the sufferer from pursuing his 
 tra<ie or occupation. Persons rejected as being afflicted with a 
 complaint of this latter type (that is to say, idiots, harmless 
 lunatics, and persons suffering from diseases other that loath- 
 some or dangerous contagious diseases), and also all immigrants 
 rejecte<l on account of physical defects, such as an arm 
 amputated or broken, may properly be included in class (c) as 
 being rejected on economic grounds. When we come to examine 
 this class (o), we observe that the persons excluded on economic 
 grounds are either (i.) persons unlikely to be self-supporting, or 
 (ii.) jxjrsons under contract to labour. f 
 
 Paupers or Persons likely to become a Public Charge. 
 
 Concerning the two classes of persons to whom admission into 
 the United States is denied upon economic grounds a few words of 
 explanation appear necessary. First, as to pei*sons unlikely to be 
 self -sup jK)rting, it is to be noted that the aim qf the United States 
 in forbidding the admission of immigrants unlikely to be able to 
 provide for their own support has consistently been the pro- 
 
 • To these must be added prostitutes, whose importation is forbidden by an Act 
 of 1875, see ante, p. 4 n. 
 
 t It will be noted that, although the United States law refers to " any person 
 •* whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another or who is assisted by 
 •♦ others to come " as a distinct type of ineligible immigrant, such perBons are not 
 treated in the text as a distinct class. The reason is, that such persons' are only 
 ineligible if they fail to prove affirmatively that they do not belong to one or other of 
 the classes specifically excluded. It appears probable that more than half of all the 
 immigrants who come to the States come with passages prepaid by relatiyes or friends 
 in America ; and the fact that a man's ticket has been bought for him by a kinsman 
 or a friend in the States, in practice, decidedly increases his chance of admission. In- 
 deed, immigrants whose passages are prepaid by relatives are exempted from the 
 special inquiry made in respect of an ordinary ** assisted emigrant " (see Report of 
 Select Committee of the House of Representatives on Immigration and Naturali- 
 zation, 1892, the "Stump Report," p. 344). For it is felt that, as a rule, a man 
 would not send for, e.g., bis brother, unless he felt fairly certain that his brother would 
 be able to make a living in the new country and he were willing to help his brother 
 to find work, and, if need be, to support him until he gets work. The case is 
 different if the passage of an immigrant has been paid by a benevolent society ; an 
 " assisted immigrant " of this type being looked upon with suspicion ; see crn^e, 
 p 33 n. 
 
66 
 
 tection of the public from the pecuniary burden which would 
 inevitably fall upon the citizens if these incapable aliens were 
 to be allowed to settle in the States. The mere fact that an 
 immigrant is unable to provide for himself has never been 
 considered to be of itself a sufficient reason for his exclusion 
 under the immigration laws; an immigrant of this type is 
 regarded as inadmissible, only if his incapacity to provide for 
 himself will necessarily involve his being provided for by the 
 public. This is clearly shown by the judgment of Mr. Justice 
 Brown in the case of In re Day, 27 Fed. Rep. 678-682, set 
 forth in Appendix E., post, pp. 165-167, a case decided under 
 the original statute of 1882, which forbids the admission into the 
 United States of '' any person unable to take care of himself or 
 herself without becoming a public charge." Here the immigrants 
 in question were eight children from 12 to 15 years of age, who 
 had been sent from England, arrangements having been made 
 " looking to the placing of two of the children with a Mr. 
 " Hopkins, a farmer, in Manitoba, and of the rest with persons 
 " in Kansas," and their tickets to Manitoba and Kansas having 
 been provided and paid for. These children were forbidden to 
 land by the Commissioners of Immigration on the ground of 
 " their being unable to take care of themselves without becoming 
 a public charge." But Mr. Justice Brown was of opinion 
 that, since arrangements had been made for these children to be 
 sent to persons who had agreed to take charge of them, the mere 
 fact that they were obviously unable to take care of themselves 
 did not of itself constitute a reason for their exclusion. In the 
 words of the judgment : — " By the expression * unable to take 
 '' * care of themselves without becoming a public charge,' the law 
 " does not intend an inability having reference to the passenger's 
 " personal efforts alone. Such a construction would exclude 
 " every child from our shores, since no child, by his personal 
 " efforts alone, can take care of himself. All the means of care 
 " or support that are provided for the passenger, and are avail- 
 " able for his benefit, must be taken into account. The law 
 " intends those only that are likely to ' become a public charge,' 
 " because they can neither take care of themselves, or are under 
 " the charge or protection of any other person, who by natural 
 " relation or assumed responsibility furnishes reasonable 
 " assurance that they will not become a charge on the public." 
 
 To be eligible an immigrant must either be able to support 
 himself, or must be able to show that his not being able to sup- 
 port himself will not cause expense to the public ; but there is 
 no necessity for him to be possessed of means. The very gene- 
 rally diffiised impression that the United States laws are in- 
 tended to exclude a poor man merely as such, and that the 
 possession of a certain sum of money is a condition which must 
 be fulfilled, if a man is to secure admission as an immigrant, 
 is incorrect. It is true that the immigration law of 1891 
 expressly excludes " paupers or persons likely to become a 
 
67 
 
 public charge." But it would lie a mistake to aaaume that 
 in the eye of the United States law all poor men are indis- 
 criminately regarded as " paupers " ; nor is the fact that a man 
 possesses little or no money looked upon as proving that he is, 
 of necessity, '* likely to become a public charge." 
 
 The definition* of the word " pauper " given by Bouvier, the 
 recognised law lexicographer in the United States, is " One so 
 " poor that he must be supported at the public expense ; " and 
 there can bo no doubt that this definition accurately represents 
 the sense in which the term " pauper " is used in the immigration 
 laws of the States. Poverty, however extreme, is not considered 
 to be identical with pauperism. According to the American 
 law, a poor man is a pauper, only if he is unable to support 
 himself. 
 
 That the fact of a man's poverty is not regarded as proof 
 that he is " likely to become a public charge " is demonstrated 
 by the judgment of Mr. Justice Benedict in the case of In re 
 Feinknopf, 47 Fed. Rep. 447-452, an extract from which is 
 printed in Apjxjndix E., post, pp. 174, 175. In that ctvse an 
 Austrian Ciibinct-maker, the value of whose baggage was esti- 
 mated at £4, but who possessed in cash no more than 28., had 
 been ordered to be returned to the place whence he came as " a 
 person likely to become a public chai'ge " The man was un- 
 (|ue8tionably what is often called in this country a " destitute " 
 alien. But the fact of his " destitution " (i.e., his lack of pecu- 
 niary means) was the only evidence obtained by the immigrant 
 inspector and produced before the court in support of the 
 contention that this cabinet-maker was "likely to become a 
 public charge ; " and, under these circumstances, it was held 
 that " the case is devoid of any evidence whatever of any fact 
 " upon which to base a determination that the petitioner is 
 *' likely to become a public charge ; " and the order for the 
 man's return to Europe was accordingly declared by the court 
 to be invalid. 
 
 It is clear that the restrictions upon immigration imposed 
 by the laws of the United States are framed with the object 
 of excluding the " destitute " alien, only if and so far as his 
 " destitution " is likely to impose a burden upon the pockets 
 of the public. 
 
 The view of the true construction of the United States imnii- 
 gi-ation laws here taken is in accordance with that expressed in 
 the Report of Colonel Weber, the late Commissioner of Immigra- 
 tion at New York, and Dr. Kempster, who with other gentlemen 
 were sent to Europe in 1891 to investigate the subject of 
 emigration to the United States. ' In that report we read :— 
 
 "In investigating your proposition with reference to pau- 
 perism, the question was raised as to the definition of the word 
 * pauper' within the meaning of existing law. We did not 
 regard a person as a pauper who presented every appearance of 
 industry, willingness, and physical capability to labour, even if 
 
08 
 
 his means on landing were limited, nor yet if he was assisted by 
 friends, relatives, or philanthropic persons, unless such assistance 
 implied a leaning upon others for support. The greatest num- 
 ber of those arriving within the last year, who because of special 
 conditions ^surrounding their cases received assistance en route, 
 were Jews ; yet they very rarely become a charge upon the 
 public. Indeed, no race or nationality present so clean a record 
 in such respect as they. 
 
 " A person who by reason of unexpected misfortunes or perse- 
 cutions is deprived of his accumulations, who has been subjected 
 to pillage and plunder while fleeing from the burdens which 
 have become unbearable, if capable of supporting himself and 
 family, if he has one, with a reasonable certainty after obtaining 
 a foothold, and that foothold is guaranteed by friends or rela- 
 tives upon landing, or strong probable surrounding circumstances, 
 is not, according to our definition, a pauper. The history of this 
 country is full of instances of men from all countries who have 
 reached great prominence in our commercial, financial, profes- 
 sional, and legislative bodies, both in State and nation, who 
 would have been returned as paupers if the standard of pau- 
 perism was based upon money possessions when landing. 
 
 " Again, a large class of persons who land here with little or 
 no means are girls and young women who only partially fill the 
 increasing demand for domestic work, and who would be consi- 
 dered as paupers if the lack of means upon arrival was esta- 
 blished as the rule to determine pauperism. The decision of the 
 eligibility for landing of such persons must, to some extent, be 
 left discretionary with the immigrant officials at our seaports, 
 who it would be unreasonable to expect could in every instance 
 detect the weakness of the subject or predict his future status."* 
 
 So much as to the proper construction of the immigration 
 laws. What the practice in respect to the admission of persons 
 possessed of small or of no means has been, is beyond question. 
 With regard to the practice which prevailed under the law of 
 1882, forbidding the entry of " any person unable to take care 
 " of himself or herself without becoming a public charge," we 
 have the evidence of Mr. Edgar L. Ridgway, President of the 
 New York Board of Emigration (by which the immigration law 
 was administered at New York up to April, 1890) who was 
 asked before the Select Committee on immigration and naturali- 
 zation which sat in 1890 : " But you do not permit them to land 
 " if they are not suitable people ? ' Having answered " No, 
 sir," Mr. Ridgway was then asked : "Those whom you do not 
 " permit to land are persons who do not have any money ? " 
 He replies : " Not in all cases. For instance, there might be a 
 " rugged, hardy young man come here, with nobody dependent 
 " upon him, and he not have any money, but he would be 
 
 * Report of the Commissioners of Immigration upon the causes which incite 
 Immigration t9 the United States (the " Weber Report"), pp. 126, 127. 
 
69 
 
 ** allowed to land."* The practice under the Act of 1891, in 
 which " paupers or persons likely to become a public charge " 
 are expressly mentioned as ineligible, is shown by the evidence 
 given belore the Select Committee on immigration and naturali- 
 zation which sat in 1892, by Colonel Weber. 
 
 " Q. To what extent are you or your inspectors influenced 
 by the possession or non-possession of money by immigrants ? 
 How far do you make that an earmark of poverty or 
 wealth ? — A. That depends somewhat upon the circum- 
 stances. The man, of course, who comes here with *^10 [2/.] 
 is certainly very little better off than the man who has -^1 
 [4«.] or ^2 [Ss.]. It is only a question of a few days for 
 his money to give out, you understand. The appearance of 
 the man, his vocation, his willingness to work, his apparent 
 industry, and the demand for the kind of work that he is 
 ready to give, is what governs in such cases. I have sent 
 men back who had ^100 [20^.] in their pockets. 
 
 " Q. As likely to become a public charge ? — A. Yes, sir. 
 
 " Q. And not criminals ? — A. And not criminals. 
 
 " Q. And had not been in any poorhouse ? — A. According 
 to their statements they ha<l not been in any poorhouse. 
 
 " Q. On what theory of reasoning did you ao that ? Was 
 it on account of physical defects ? — A. His appearance in- 
 dicate<l that he was a roysterer and a bum who would 
 probably land in the police station before a great while. 
 
 ♦*Q. Notwithstanding his SlOO 1—A. Notwithstanding 
 his ^100. 
 
 " Q. You might think that he was not sick or diseased in 
 any way, and had never been in nny prison or poorhouse, 
 and had ^100 when he came along, and yet you would turn 
 him back ? — A. He would give his vocation, perhaps, as 
 clerk, and they are a drug in the market in this country, "f 
 
 Thus a man is liable to be sent back as " likely to become a 
 public charge," even though he be possessed of means. On the 
 other hand, a man may not have one farthing in the world, and 
 yet may be deemed eligible and allowed to land. That persons 
 possessed of little, if any, means have habitually been allowed 
 to enter the United States no one will deny. The last Report 
 of the Superintendent of Immigration (for 1892) , in giving an 
 account of the money brought by the immigrants over the age 
 of 20 years who arrived and were admitted at the port of New 
 York during the six months ending June 30, 1892, states expli- 
 citly that " the 9,306 Russians who brought less than $100 [20Z.] 
 " were nearly all destitute. Very few of them had sufficient 
 " money to pay their passage to their destination in the interior 
 " of the country. The vast majority of them came on tickets 
 
 * Report of the Select Committee of the House of Representatives on Immigration 
 and Naturalization, 1891 (the " Owen Keport "), p. 561. 
 
 t Report of the Select Committee of the House of Representatives on Immigration 
 and Naturalization, 1892 (the '* Stump Report "), p. 359. 
 
7Q 
 
 " furnished by the * Baron Hirsch Fund.' " * The reason why 
 these destitute people (who appear to have been Hebrew refugees) 
 were not debarred from landing was, that they were wUling and 
 able to work, that their co-religionists were willing au.l able to 
 look after them until they obtained employment, and that it 
 was, as a matter of fact, not likely that they would " become a 
 public charge." 
 
 Although it has been the practice to permit the landing of 
 persons who were obviously likely to be unable immediately to 
 support themselves (having no means, and not being certain to 
 obtain employ? ment at once), provided always that either their 
 relatives or some charitable individuals or institutions were 
 ready to support them for an interval (until they could get 
 work),t yet it should be clearly understood that a different rule 
 obtains in the case of persons who, being unprovided with money, 
 and being unfit to obtain employment, -will be permane7itly 
 unable to provide for their own support. A man too old or 
 too ill to earn his living by his labour would, even though he 
 had no money, be allowed to land, if a son of his resident in the 
 United States were shown to be willing and able to look after 
 him. But such a man as this would not be allowed to land, if 
 it was clear that he would have to depend for his support 
 (permanently, and not for an interval only) upon relief given 
 by a benevolent individual or institution. 
 
 But, although a man in need of temporary assistance is not 
 considered to be necessarily ineligible on this ground, provided 
 that some relative or some benevolent individual or institution 
 is williDg and able to support him, yet if this be not the case, 
 and if, therefore, he would, if admitted, become a charge upon 
 the publiq funds even for a brief period, he will be denied 
 admission. To permit the landing of a man who, although it is 
 fairly certain that he will in, say, a month's time be able to 
 provide for himself, will have to be kept by the public purse 
 during that month, is against the law.J 
 
 * Annual Report of Superintendent of Immigration for 1892, p. 26. With this 
 statement should be compared the case of certain passengers who were brought, 
 most of them as " assisted immigrants," to New York by the steamship " Massilia," 
 in January 1892. The majority of these people were refugees from Kussia ; many of 
 them had suffered exceptional hardships, their journey being prolonged until all their 
 means were exhausted. There were 277 persons in all ; of whom, according to the 
 statements made to the registry clerks, one had 3/., one had 6a., and one had 4*. ; 
 another man had 10/., but concealed this fact. The remaining 273 were one and 
 all absolutely penniless. Yet out of these 277 persons eight alone were debarred 
 from landing. (^Report of Select Committee of the House of Representatives on 
 Immigration and Naturalization, 1892, the " Stump Report," pp, 340-349, 396- 
 403.) 
 
 ■J- The fact that persons in need of temporary assistance may be perfectly eligible 
 as immigrants is fully recognized in the practice which obtains at Philadelphia 
 of giving to indigent persons free rations sufficient for their journey out West, the 
 cost of these " lunches " being paid for out of public funds; see ante, p. 47. 
 
 X Even in a case like this exceptions appear to be made in exceptional cases. 
 Thus Col. Weber told the writer that if an immigrant were temporarily inca- 
 pacitated through having broken his leg on the voyage to America, he should allow 
 him to land if he thought it probable that the man would ultimately b« able to earn 
 hii living, and so cease to lie a public charge. 
 
71 
 
 . * To recapitulate. Umler the lawH of the United States neither 
 dniitutioii nor inability to provide for his own support is of 
 itielf, necessarily an^l under all circumstances alike, a ground for 
 the exolusioQ of an alien. An alien may be lx)th destitute and 
 unable to support himself, and may yet be admissible. The 
 persons whom the Uniteil States aims at keeping out of the 
 country under the anti-jmuper sections of its immigration laws 
 are thase persons who, whether destitute or not, are likely to l^e 
 unable Ui support themselves, under circumstjinces which make 
 it pix>b»ible that the buixlen of their support will be cast upon 
 the public 
 
 Contract Labourers. 
 
 We come now to consider the laws forbidding the admission 
 of contract labourers — " any alien or aliens, any foreigner or 
 " foreigners under contract or agreement, parol or special, express 
 " or implied, made prcvious to the importiition or migration of 
 " such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, to perform labour 
 " or service of any kinti in the United States " (with certain ex- 
 ceptions specified in the statutes). The object of the laws against 
 contract labour is the protection of the American working-men 
 from the competition of aliens induced to come to the United 
 States by a promise of work made by employers.* 
 
 It will be seen that the protection which tliis legislation aims 
 at conferring upon the American workman is of a strictly limited 
 character. Its object is to prevent the importation of gangs oif 
 foreign workmen, such as, before the enactment of these laws, 
 were brought into the country to do work, especially t6 perfonn 
 coarse labour, at wages lower than those obtained by workmeil 
 already in the country, to prevent the American employers from 
 filling the places of men out on strike by sending for aliens from 
 abroad, and to prevent them from importing skilled artizans to 
 be employed in substitution for skilled men already in the United 
 States. 
 
 But these anti-contract labour laws were not enacted with 
 the view of making it impossible for the American employer to 
 get work done by foreigners already in the United States, or 
 
 * In the Report of the Committee on Labour, to which the Alien Contract Labour 
 Bill was referred, and which recommended its passage, the object of the proposed en- 
 actment is thus explained : — "The Bill in no measure seeks to restrict free immigratioii. 
 " Such a measure would be, and justly so, odious to the American people. The 
 '* foreigner who voluntarily and from choice leaves his native land and settles in this 
 " countrj' with the intention of becoming an American citizen, a part of the Ameri- 
 " can body politic, has always been welcome to our shores. . . . With tkis claw 
 " of immigrants this bill has no concern. Its object is to restrict and prohibit the 
 " immigration or rather the importation of an entirely different class of persons, the 
 " inunigrant who does not come * by his own initiative but by that of the capitalist.' 
 •* It seeks to restrain and prohibit the immigration or importation of labourers who 
 " would have never seen our shores but for the inducements and allurements of men 
 " whose only object is to obtain labour at the lowest possible rate, regardless of the 
 V social and material well-being of our own citizens, and regardless of the evil con- 
 •• sequences which result to American labourer* from such immigration." — Report 
 of Committee of House of Representatives on Labour, 1884, pp. 1, 2. 
 
72 
 
 who might come to the United States of their own free will 
 without being induced to come by any arrangements for their 
 employment made with him previous to their arrival in the 
 country. And, as a fact, large numbers of foreign workmen, 
 both skilled and unskilled, are employed in the States ; and, in 
 many instances, large bodies of aliens are employed under gang- 
 masters, whose treatment of their subordinates is said to be 
 often most harsh.* The American employer is at full liberty to 
 employ the labour of foreigners at any wages which the men 
 are willing to accept, provided always that these aliens did not 
 come to the United States in consequence of a promise of work 
 held out by him to them before they entered the States. 
 
 While the protection which the contract labour laws are 
 intended to afford to the American working-man is of the 
 narrow nature here indicated, in one respect the provisions of 
 these laws are in a marked degree stringent. For an alien 
 workman to come within the meshes of the law as a contract 
 labourer, it would (according to the best authorities) appear to 
 be by no means necessary that he shall have made with the 
 employer whose service he proposes to enter a contract expressly 
 specifying all the terms of service. The employer may have 
 confined himself to an offer of an engagement specifying neither 
 the wages to be received nor the length of time for which the 
 man is to be employed. Nevertheless, the acceptance of an offer 
 such as this, followed by the consequent emigration to the 
 United States of the workman to whom the offer was made, 
 makes him liable to exclusion as a contract labourer. 
 
 The point just referred to was raised in the case of United 
 States V. Udgar (48 Fed. Rep. 91-94),t where Mr. Justice Hallett 
 said, " Upon the letters which passed between the parties and 
 " the payment of passage-money by defendant, and the act of 
 " the men in coming to Philadelphia, it is difficult to make a 
 " complete contract to perform labour, because the elements of 
 " time and ccmipensation are entirely wanting. But there is 
 " force in the suggestion of counsel for the Government that, in 
 " construing a measure of public policy in a case where there 
 " may be reason to believe that the act complained of is in 
 " violation of the spirit, if not the letter of the law, we ought 
 *' not to be critical about the terms of the contract for labour 
 " mentioned in the statute ; and we are not disposed to declare 
 " what shall be a sufficient contract under the law." In this 
 case the determination of the point now under consideration 
 was not necessary to the decision. But this point seems to be 
 covered by the recent case of United States v. Great Falls & G. 
 My. Co. (53 Fed. Rep. 77,78, advance sheets). This was an action 
 
 * See the article on " Italian Immigrants and their Enslavement," by Dr. S. 
 Merlino, Forum, April 1893, pp. 183-190, and compare the evidence given before 
 the Select Committee in 1891 by Mr. John W. Keagh, Inspector of Public Works 
 Report of Select Committee of House of Representatives on Immigration and Natu- 
 ralization, 1891, (the " Owen Report"), pp. 540-552. 
 
 t See Appendix 'E.^post, pp. 175-176. 
 
78 ' 
 
 by the United States to recover from a railway coiiipmiy tlio 
 penalty of 1,000 di)llars (200/.) for the importation of a labourer 
 under contract. The offer made to the labourer (John Lamont) 
 wu« that, if he would immigrate into the United States, the 
 company would (as it was stated in the pleadings) " continue 
 *' him as an employee at wages satisfactory to the said John 
 ** Irfiinont" The case being argued on demurrer (the defen- 
 dants claiming that the complaint "did not state facts sufficitnt 
 " to constitute a cause of action "), the judge (District Judge 
 Knowles) treated it on the footing that the only doubtful point 
 was whether the complaint sufficiently alleged the acceptance 
 of the offer. That the tvcceptance of this offer, in which neither 
 tiie duration of the proposed eniployment nor the wages to be 
 received wtis expressly stated, would, if duly pleaded and proved, 
 justify the court in regarding the workman as a contract 
 labourer, appeal's to have been deemed unquestionable.* 
 
 It is, however, proper to mention that, so far as the sea-ports 
 visited (New York, Baltimore, Boston and Philadelplda) are 
 concerned, the immigration authorities at these ports, when 
 questioned by the writer, were unanimous in declaring that the 
 men, who were sent back by them as contract labourers, were 
 in all c*u>es men who were proveil to have an explicit agreement 
 as to the rate of wages which they were to receive. At New 
 York it appeared that in very many cases in which men came 
 under an agi-eement of! the non-specific type (i.e., with an assu- 
 rance of getting work, but with no specific agreement as to 
 what their wages were to be), the contract labour inspectors 
 were accustomed to recommend that the men in question 
 should be debarred from landing as contract labourers, while 
 the Commissioner of Immigration (Colonel Weber) invariably 
 declined to endorse any such recommendation, it being his 
 practice to debar as contract labourers such men only as had 
 received and accepted an offer of work specifying the rate of 
 wages which they were to get from the employer. 
 
 But, whatever the practice may have been at New York under 
 the administration of Colonel Weber, a case which occurred before 
 his tenure of office, and for the particulars of which I am indebted 
 to the coui-tesy of the Honble. Michael H. Herbert, Secretary of 
 the British Embassy at Washington, shows that a less lenient in- 
 terpretation has at times been given to the terms of the contract 
 labour' law. This case was as follows : — An Englishman, intend- 
 ing to go out to a place in Texas, obtained from the agents of 
 the steamship company, by which, he was in May, 1889, carried 
 to New York, a letter of introduction to the " reception and 
 locating agent " of a railway company at that place. This letter 
 specified that " the bearer of this is entitled to all the accommo- 
 " dation and assistance provided by the Southern Pacific Co.'s 
 " Immigrant's House at . Texas, free upon presentation 
 
 * See full report of this case in Appendix E.^post, pp. 179, 180. 
 o 77399. F 
 
74 
 
 " of this certificate at the office of the Home," and was given 
 upon condition of the immigrant's signing (as he did) a declara- 
 tion that he was willing, and able to work, and would accept the 
 first employment ofFrred him on arrival, unless a choice of more 
 than one occupation were offered, in which event he was to be 
 at liberty to accept that which might suit him best. This decla- 
 ration was treated by the immigration authorities at New York 
 as "a contract or agreement to perform labour or service " within 
 the meaning of the contract labour laws, and the man was 
 debarred from landing as a contract labourer. 
 
 Having now set forth what are the precise classes of persons 
 whom the immigration laws are intended to prevent from 
 settling in the United States, it remains to inquire what degree 
 of success appears to be achieved in this direction. 
 
 Enforcement of Laws; as to Immigration from Canada. 
 
 When we approach this portion of our subject, it will be found 
 convenient to take as our basisthe statistics oiven in the last annual 
 report of the Superintendent of Immigration as to the arrivals 
 of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1892, which are set forth in 
 Appendix B., Table XVITI., ^wst, p. 125 ; but before proceed- 
 ing to comment upon these statistics, it must be pointed out that 
 the figures as to arrivals of immigrants given in that report 
 do not include arrivals from British North America or from 
 Mexico, and do not, therefore, give us information in respect to 
 those immigrants who came to the United States from the 
 Dominion of Canada by sea, or those who entered the United 
 States by its northern or its southern frontiers. As to the 
 immigration to the United States from Canada by sea (which 
 takes place by way of the Massachusetts sea-ports) it will 
 be seen from the account given above (pp. 41— i3) that the 
 restrictive measures adopted at Boston are of anything but 
 a rigorous (character. With respect to the immigration over the 
 frontiers of the United States (taking place principally across 
 the borders between the United States and Canada) it should be 
 noted that the immigration authorities of the United States 
 do not claim that any efficient restrictions have been carried 
 out, the last report of the Superintendent of Immigration 
 (for 1892) expressly declaring that the legislative provisions 
 made for the regulation and restriction of immigration along the 
 southern and northern borders of the United States have " been 
 practically inoperative."* 
 
 It is, however, certain that in respect at any rate of the enforce- 
 ment of the contiact labour laws some by no means unsuccessful 
 action has been taken upon the northern frontier, a view which 
 is borne out by the observations of Mr. Burnett given above 
 {ante, pp. 57-60) and by the statement made in the Annual 
 
 * Annual Report of the Superintendent of Immigration for 1892, p. 11. 
 
76 
 
 Report for 1892 of the Superintendent of Immigration (p. 1, 
 note), that in the year ending June 30, 1892, 831 persons were 
 returjied to Canada as alien contract hibourers ; for it is believed 
 that these 831 individuals were, with but few exceptions, per- 
 sons who hivd endeavoured to enter the United States by its 
 northern fi*ontier.* All the same, it would be f.ir from easy to 
 suppose that these 800 and oild persons detected and debarred 
 as contract labourers at points along the extensive northern fron- 
 tier of the United States constituted more than a small fiaction 
 of the total number of immigrants who, in the course of the 
 year 1892, entered the United States from the Dominion of 
 Canada under contract, expr**8s or implied, to perform labour 
 in the States.! To s«y nothing of the positive iussertion of 
 Mr. Colcord, the immigrant inspector at Boston, quoted above, 
 that eveiy one of the persons whom the Boston auth-rities had 
 return**d to CanaiJa us conti*act labourers had afterwards got in 
 over tl)e land frontier, we have the undoubted fact that many 
 thousands or Cinadians cross the border into th? New England 
 States every spring, retutiiing in the following autunm (see ante, 
 p. 55) Now, on the one hand, there can be little doubt that 
 many of these " birds o'' passage " come with arrangements as 
 to employment of the nature forbidden by the Ameiican law 
 matle befi rehand : an<l, on the «'ther hand, these men knew far 
 too nuich about the American law to " give themselves awi»y " 
 by unwise admissions.^ 
 
 Enforcement of Laws; as to Transoceanic Immigration. 
 
 It is tune to turn from the confessedly less efficient regulation 
 and restriction of immigration carried out in the ca-e of persons 
 entering the United States from British North America or from 
 Mexico to the more elaborate system which is in force in relation 
 to those who come across the ocean to the American Republic. 
 
 As we have seen, the restrictive process applied in the case of 
 transoceanic passengers to the detection and rejection of ineligible 
 immigmnts practically consists of two ])arts of which the first is 
 carrird out by the ^teamship companies before bringing their 
 jhgers to America, while the second is performed by the 
 
 * A few of these S31 persons returued to Cana^la as contract labourers are 
 believed to bt* persons who arrived by. sea ; the reNt appear to have been stopped at 
 various inland " ports" (see Annual Report of Superintejident of Iinmiyrution f:»r 
 1892, p. 36, Table No. 10), presuinabl}' at towns on the g^reat lakes. 
 
 t Compare Report on Immigration by the Chief of the Miscellaneous Division, 
 Secretart/'ji Office, for the j-ear eudiiiij June 30, ISlil, p. 7; especially the state- 
 ment of the imraijrrant inspector at Newport, Verm nt : "We are receiving at 
 *' this port three carloads of these French Canadians each day, who are en unite to 
 *• the various manufacturing towns in New England, and a large number of them 
 " are. in my opininu, under an implied contract to labour." 
 
 X Compare ihe statement of Mr. Colc<'id quoted above {ante, p. 42), that "they 
 " teach the contract labour laws in the Xova Scotian schools," J?e this as it may, 
 it is certain that a workman, who after spending a suminer in the States returns to 
 Canada, will take wi'b him a full knowledge of the precisions of the contract labour 
 laws. 
 
 F 2 
 
76 
 
 officials of the Urdted States when these passengers arrive at 
 the seaport for which they are bound. That the steamship 
 companies are interested in discovering ineligible persons, and 
 in preventing them for obtaining a passage, is obvious. For, by- 
 placing the steamship owners under the obligation of carrying 
 back at their own cost passengers who may be found to be inad- 
 missible, and also those who, after having been admitted, are, 
 within a year of their being landed, found to have become a 
 public charge from causes existing prior to their 'landing^, 
 the laws of the United States inflict what is practically a, 
 fine upon the owner of a vessel in every case in which he 
 is proved to have shipped an ineligible immigrant. The penalty 
 in question is not very heavy ; still, it is sufficient to induce 
 the steamship companies to exercise a certain degree of care. 
 Accordingly, the discrimination between tiie eligibles and the 
 ineligibles begins as soon as the intending immigrant applies 
 for his I )assage- ticket. It is, of course, impossible to Say how 
 strict are the precautions usually taken by agents or sub- 
 agents in order to ascertain the eligibility of applicants for 
 tickets. It will probably not be contended that anything 
 approaching to a strict inspection takes place, or that auy 
 searching interrogatories are, as a rule, administered. Still, there 
 can be no question that gross carelessness on the part of an agent 
 or sub-agei>t would be resented by a steamship company saddled 
 with the expense of bringing back passengers impi'operly booked. 
 It is asserted that some of the principal companies on the Con- 
 tinent compel an agent who has booked a passenger declared 
 ineligible by the United States authorities to refund the cost of 
 the man's return journey.* So far as the Liverpool'companies are 
 concerned, no case has, it is stated, occurred in which a booking 
 agent has been discovered to be guilty of misconduct in know- 
 ingly or negligently booking ineligible immigrants. It was 
 pointed out that the agents of the Liverpool lines are under a 
 strong inducement to exercise due care, because want of care 
 would be followed by the withdrawal of the offender's agency, 
 not alone for the particular company injured by neglect on any 
 occasion, but for all the companies having their head- quarters 
 at Liverpool ; for, in regard to the appointment and dismissal 
 of agents, all these lines act in concert. f 
 
 It must be observed that in regard to one class of immigrant 
 the necessity for satisfying the agent of the man's eligibility 
 does not appear to have existed in all cases. In those very 
 numerous instances in which a passage is paid for in America by 
 
 * Compare the report of H.B.M. Consul-General at Hamburer, post, Appendix 
 C, p. 127 ; and the report of the United States Consul at Rotterdam, U. S. Consular 
 Reports, Sept. 1892, p. 139. Mr. Gustav Schwab, of Messrs. Oelriclis and Co., 
 aggnts at New York for the North German Lloyd steamship line, has written to me : — 
 *' In reply to your question I would say that our company, as we are informed, 
 " actually oblige agents to refund the amount of passage for returned immigrants 
 " that are barred." 
 
 f The Passenger Acts require that every passage broker shall be licensed by 
 justices, and shall give bond to the Crown to the amount of 1,000/. for the proper 
 conduct of his business. 
 
77 
 
 •i resident in the United States anxious to bring over a relation 
 or friend, the purchaser of the passage has been in the habit of 
 sending to the intending inunigrant a certificate to be exchanged 
 by him for a passage-ticket, this exchange being very often 
 ert'ected by posting the certificate to the head office of the 
 conipiny, and receiving by post tlie passage-ticket. In a case 
 sueli as this, na opportunity for peraonal inspection and inter- 
 rogjition exists. But it is undeniable that very little danger is 
 likely to arise from the absAice of such opportunity. In the 
 first place, the agent in the United States, who sells the pre- 
 paid p<v8sage, has warned the purchaser that by reason of the 
 piY>visi()iLs of the United States laws his money is liable to be 
 thrown away if he sends the ticket to a man whom the immi- 
 gration authorities reject. In the next place, the very fact that 
 a man is sent for by a relation or friend who may be presumed 
 not to desire to be burdened with the presence in his house or 
 in his neighlx)urhoo<l of a ne'er-do-weel relation or acquaintance 
 is of itself a guarantee that he is unlikely to be debarred from 
 landing tis '* likely to Ixjcome a public charge." And now that 
 the ntw immigration law of March 3, 1893, has come into 
 operation, it would appear that the holder of a prepaid certificate 
 will be unable to exchange it for a passage-ticket unless and until 
 he has submitted himself to personal inspection and interro- 
 gation by a repi-esentative of the steamship company. 
 
 On the whole, it would appear that, speaking generally, the 
 examination of intending immigrants at the time when they 
 take their tickets, as carried out hitherto, has possessed a 
 certain, probably not very high, degree of value as a means of 
 weeding out from the crowd of applicants those whom the laws 
 of the United States declare inadmissible. In regard to the 
 point now under consideration, the Annual Report of the 
 Superintendent of Ininiig ration for the fiscal year ended June 
 30, 1892, contains the following passage : — " The number of 
 " landings would have increased enormously but for the 
 " restrictive features adopted March 3, 1891. Steamship agents 
 " report their refusal to sell tickets to 50,000 applicants * Of 
 " the thousands who were deterred from consulting ship agents 
 " by reason of the prohibitive features of the law it is not 
 " possible to estimate. It is evident that the law has exercised 
 " a wholesome and deterrent effect upon immigration" (p. 8). 
 It is a little diflScult to accept without considerable reservation 
 this, perhaps, somewhat unduly optimist conclusion. There can, 
 however, be little doubt that the statute of 1893 (see a7ite, pp. 
 50-54) is likely to make steamship agents more careful than 
 hitherto in lx)oking immigrant passengers. It is quite probable 
 that, in the course of getting the twenty-one different questions 
 
 * Mr. Gustav Schwab, who is admittedly one of the foremost authorities upon the 
 subject of iramignition into the United States, wrote, in answer to an inquiry by 
 the writer of this report, that he did not beUe^e that he c(mld give any figures with 
 reference to this statement, and that " this would be a very difficult thing to prove." 
 
78 
 
 contained in the interrogatories now administered to all 
 applicants for passage-tickets properly filled in, facts may be 
 elicited which may tend to the rejection of an ineligible 
 immigrant.* To wliat extent this will be the case, time will 
 show ; but in any event it is difficult to avoid the suspicion that 
 the elaborate ibrmalities now required when an immigrant is 
 booked have a certain tendency to defeat their own object. 
 Suppose, for example, that twenty cr thirty different men have in 
 the course of a short time been successively rejected by the local 
 steamship agent because, in answer to his question, they 
 admitted that they had at one time or other been inmates of a 
 workhouse. It may be surmised that it will " get about " that 
 persons similarly situated will, if tl.ey wish to emigrate to the 
 United States, do well to be less lavish of the truth when under 
 examination. 
 
 After the immigrant has been accepted by the booking agent 
 he hns (as above explained) to undergo a certain amount of 
 medical inspection carried out on behalf of the steamship company. 
 If, for example, the man is domiciled in one of the emigrant 
 boarding-houses (as is the case, e.g., at Liverpool, when a Swede 
 who has come from Gothenburg via Hull is waiting for the 
 vessel that will take him to America), he will be examined before 
 he comes on board by a doctor sent by the company. It might, 
 indeed, appear to be possible that this boarding-house inspection 
 should be made so severe as to effectually prevent the shipment 
 of even a single person who could fairly be treated by the 
 United States authorities as ineligible on the ground of ill- 
 health. But, in practice, the task of accurate elimination is not 
 altogether easy. M. man may have cataract in one or both of 
 his eyes, and yet if he has a son in America willing and able to 
 support him, this man may be allowed to land. The doctor 
 who visits the boarding-house will very probably not care to 
 undertake the duty of cross-examining the man upon points 
 such as these in order to get at the facts. Possibly the doctor may 
 report the state of the man's eyes to the office. Clerks at the 
 office, even if they take the trouble to go into the mattei-, have 
 no means of ascertaining the truth with jirecision. It is likely 
 enough that the company will send the man over and take their 
 chance of his being returned. More difficult still to deal with 
 are the cases of women whom the doctor thinks to be pregnant, 
 and who may be unmarried. A medical man entertains a very 
 natural reluctance to challenging a woman with being about to 
 become the mother of an illegitimate child. Sometimes the 
 woman denies that she is pregnant ; sometimes she insists that 
 
 * In one dinictiou the administration of the new interrogatories, prefaced as they 
 are by a warning that the immigrant may be required by the authorities in the United 
 States to swear to ihe truth of the answers given by him (including, of course, the 
 statement that he has never been in prison), would appear to be likely lo bear fruit. 
 For there is reason to believe that benevolent societies, previously accustomed to 
 send dischaiged pritoners to the United States, will hesitate to do so now, when this 
 course of action is clearly shown to involve the direct encouragement of untruth, if 
 not of perjury. 
 
79 
 
 she is iDaiTied. Possibly, the doctor leaves the case to be dealt 
 with by the office, but the authorities at the office, although they 
 often tiy to get at the ti*uth, and very painful scenes have at 
 tinu's occurred when a justly or unjustly indipiant woman has 
 Ijeen subjected to cross-examination, do not find it at all an easy 
 task to ascertain the facts. 
 
 While a certain proportion of immigrants are examined at a 
 boanling- house, all, without exception, are inspected upon em- 
 Iwirkation. But the sci*utiny which the ship's doctor makes 
 while the passengers are hurrying on boaixl, suppltmented 
 though it l>e by a second glance given during the examination 
 by the medical officer of the Board of Tra<le, cannot be con- 
 sidered to he of a veiy searching character. In particular, the 
 detection of pregnant unmarried women is, under the circum- 
 stances, far from easy ; and a person of diseased intellect is 
 extremely likely to pass this test without detection. 
 
 At this point we pass to the second part of the sifting pro- 
 cess, tl)at which is carried out on the arrival of immigrants by 
 the innuigration authorities of the United States, a subject 
 which, as above i-emarked, it is propased to consider in con- 
 nexion with the details given in Appendix B., Table XVIII., 
 post, p. 125. With regaixi to the last column of this Table, which 
 is headed " Bonded," this relates to 2,135 persons allowed to land 
 upon a guarantee given by some responsible person that these 
 innnigrants should not become a public charge. Since the prac- 
 tice of taking guarantees of this nature has now been practically 
 (j-ave in quite exceptional instances) abolished**it will not be 
 necessary further to refer to this matter. 
 
 The figures given in the table just referred to (A|)pendix B., 
 Table X\/ 111., post, p. 125,) show that out of a total of 583,962 
 immigrants who arrived at different ports in the United States 
 during the year ending June 30, 1892, in all 2,164 were pre- 
 vented from landing as baing inadmissible under the immigra- 
 tion laws, of whom there were rejected as idiots, 4 ; as insane, 
 17; as paupers, 1,002 ; as diseased persons, 80; as convicts, 26 ; 
 as " assisted immigrants," 23 ; as prostitutes, 80 ; as contract 
 labourers, 932 ; while during the same period 637 persons, who 
 had been allowed to land, but who within one year of their 
 arrival had been found to have become a public charge, were 
 during the same period deported from the United. States, f 
 
 * Mr. A. B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary, Treasury Department, *• addressed a 
 " letter to the commissioner of immip^ration at each principal port of the United 
 " States on the 6th ol December, 1891, directing that no further bonds be taken, 
 " except upon specific authorizatidn of the Secretary of the Treasury in an^' given 
 " case;" up to March 3rd, 1892 "only two bonds have been taken since the date 
 " of that communication." {Report of Select Commiitee of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives on Immigration and Naturalization, 1892, the " trtump Report," pp. 
 4-6.) By the Immigration Law of 1893, sec. 7, Appendix D., post, p. 144, the 
 practice of taking bonds or other guarantees that immigrants shall not become a 
 public charge is altogether prohibited except with the written approval in each case 
 of the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 t It \^-ill be seen that the figures given in Appendix B., Tables I.-XVII., show that 
 during the calendar year 1892 the number of immigrants who arrived and were 
 
80 
 
 With . respect to the persons who, on reaching the United 
 States, were at once sent back as ineligible, we remark that 
 these form a very small fraction indeed — considerably less than 
 one-half of 1 per cent. — of the total arrivals. The question to 
 be considered is whether the proportion of ineligible passengers 
 among this large number of close upon 600,000 was in reality 
 so small as this, say, -37 per cent, of the whole. Did the sifting 
 machinery erected by the Legislature of the United States really 
 eliminate all the persons whom it was intended to detect and 
 reject, or did it let through with the good grain any amount, 
 and what amount of worthless chaff? 
 
 These are questions which it is, of course, by no means essy 
 to answer. Still, it is hoped that the detailed description which 
 has been given of the sifting process as actually carried out at 
 the principal sea-ports of the United States may enable a judg- 
 ment to be formed as to the measure of efficiency which this 
 process may fuirly be considered to possess. Taking first the 
 persons whom it is desired to exclude upon moral grounds, it 
 can scarcely be deemed probable that the 26 persons sent back 
 (all of them from New York) as convicts in the year ending 
 June 30, 1892, were the only persons out of the total of about 
 600,000 immigrants arriving at the different sea-ports of the 
 United States in that year who had " been convicted of a felony 
 " or other infamous crime or misdemeanour involving moral 
 '' turpitude." The figures given in Appendix B., Table II., posf, 
 p. 112, show that out of the 27 persons sent back as convicts from 
 New York in th^ calendar year 1892, no less than 26 were Italians. 
 The detection of Italian convicts is, according to a statement 
 made to the writer by Colonel Weber, the late Commissioner of 
 Immigration in New York, very greatly facilitated by the 
 circumstance that all Italian immigrants are furnished with 
 passports, which are examined by the registry clerks, and which 
 bear an endorsement of any conviction which the holders may 
 have undergone.^" But in other cases how can it be possible to 
 detect by mere inspection, as a man walks past the doctors and 
 the registry clerks, the fact that he was some time ago sentenced 
 as guilty of an offence against the criminal law ? The same 
 remark applies also in the case of polygamists. The fact that 
 not a single person was sent back from any sea-port in the 
 whole of the United States as a polygamist in the 12 months 
 ending June 30, 1892, may, no doubt, be due to the abandonment 
 of polygamy which is said to be taking place among the Mor- 
 
 tlealt with by the immigration authorities at the four great ports (New York, Balti- 
 more, Boston, and Philadelphia), visited by the writer, was 482,342, of whom 2,335 
 (say, -48 per cent.) were debarred from landing; 1,114 of these immigrants being 
 rejected as contract labourers ; while in all 553 persons were sent back (after having 
 been landed) as having within one year of their landing become a public charge. 
 
 * It is stated that the Italian authorities will not permit an emigrant to leave the 
 country without a passport. — Report of the Select Committee of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives on Immigration and Naturalization, 1891 (the " Owen Report "), p. 403. 
 
81 
 
 mon&* But, in any case, it is clear that the sifting niachiooiy 
 employed is quite inadequate eftectually to detect all pei*soiis 
 coming within the category of ]iolygamists. 
 
 In I'egard to the discrinunation which it is endeavoured to 
 exercise against pei-sons ineligible by reason of disease, whether 
 disease of a nature to destro}' the comfort or to injure the health 
 of other persons, or disease of a nature to incapacitate the 
 sufferer from earning his living, a good deal must depend upon 
 the zeal and ability of the medical staff in each case ; and in 
 criticising the syste'.n it will be proper to take it at its best. 
 Even at its heni the system is, of coui-se, very far from being 
 infallible. There must, so far as a layman can judge, be many 
 classes of bodily ailments seriously impairing a man's capacity 
 to earn his living, which cannot be expected to be diagnosed by 
 an inspection so hasty as that which is carried out, for example, 
 at Ellis Lsland, where the time devoted to the examination of each 
 inuuigmnt usually averages about three seconds.! But that 
 very many boilily ailments of many different kinds are, as a fact, 
 detected by the medical staff atttvched to the innnigi-ation service 
 is abundantly proved. 
 
 With respect to idiocy and insanity, it may be taken to be 
 certain that there are many persons undoubtedly suffering from 
 various forms of mental deficiency or disease who are quite likely 
 to pass in the crowd of inunigi-ants wholly unobserved by the 
 meilical sUvff, At the same time, there appears to be little doubt 
 that the medical inspection as at present carried out is adequate 
 to check any such wholesale " dumping " of imbeciles and luna- 
 tics as is alleged to have taken place in times past.| To carry 
 
 • Sec Report of the Commissioners of Immt'gratioti upon the Causes which incite 
 Immigration to the United States (the "Weber Report "), p. 185. 
 
 f What per-centage of persons, whose iueligibility by reason of bodily ailments 
 would have been detected if the inspection had been much more thorough, does, as 
 a fact, escape detection it is impossible to say. It has been claimed that the medical 
 inspection of immigrants lias, at any ratCi exhibited much greater eflBciency since the 
 r^^lation of immigration was taken over by the Federal Government. Thus» in an 
 address delivered in January, 1893, Col. Weber said : "The practice of the old 
 •* State Board of Emigration, which the United States officials have continued, and 
 *' which is founded not upon mandatory law, but upon regulations, has been to take 
 " care of those who fall into distress wjthiu twelve months of their landing, at the 
 " expense of the immigration fund, instead of sending them to the city hospitals for 
 " treatment at the expense of our tax- payers. The year 1889, the last complete 
 " year under State control, showed an average daily attendance of such immigrants 
 " of 266. Under the Federal control for the first full year, namely, 1891, that 
 " average was reduced to 73^, and for 1892, 81 and a fraction. Now this means 
 " a better class of immigrants or a more careful sifting at the threshold, one or the 
 " other, and perhaps it is both." But inquiries made by the writer tend lo fhow 
 that t.^e diminution of the daily attendance of immigrants seeking hospital treatment 
 at New York is in a very large measure due, not to any of the causes suggested 
 by Col. Weber, but to the fact that, while under the old State Board little diffi- 
 culty was made in supplying hospital treatment to all applicants, Col. Weber, 
 when he came into office, initiated a much stricter system, so that it soon became 
 known that unless a man was not alone indigent, bat also really ill, it was of no use 
 for him to ask the immigration authorities to take him as a hospital patient. 
 
 X There appears to be some evidence that, so far at any rate as New York is con- 
 cerned, the rejection of the mentally diseased has been more rigorous under the 
 Federal, than under the State administration. In a paper read on June 12, 1893, at 
 
82 
 
 out anything like a thorough examination of the mental condition 
 of all immigrants would be a most formidable task. But, within 
 its own limitations, the medical inspection may fairly be con- 
 sidered as by no means inefficient for the purpose of detecting, 
 at any rate, gross cases of mental deficiency or disease. 
 
 Speaking generally of the medical inspection of inunigrants, 
 whether in relation to bodily or to mental disease, it must be 
 said that, although it is true that only a few seconds are, on the 
 average, devoted to the examination of each individual, yet there 
 are very many among the emigrants who are quite obviously up 
 to the standard of soundness insisted upon, while others require 
 and receive an inspection of more than the average duration, and 
 if any doubt still remains, are ordered to stand aside for subse- 
 quent leisurely scrutiny. No one would pretend that a doctor 
 examining men on behalf of an insurance company could do his 
 work properly if he took them at the rate of one in every three 
 seconds. But different degrees of strictness appear legitimate in 
 different circumstances ; and that the inspection carried out by 
 the medical officers attached to the immigration service of the 
 United States does, as a matter of fact, succeed in detecting a 
 considerable proportion of the cases proper for rejection on 
 grounds within its province seems to be, on the whole, reasonably 
 clear. 
 
 So far as the detection of pregnancy is concerned. New York 
 is probably far ahead of the other sea-ports visited ; certainly, 
 the chance that a woman in this condition will succeed in passing 
 t,he matron at Ellis Island unchallenged must, according to the 
 information given to the writer, and to what he has himself 
 observed, be a poor chance indeed. 
 
 Coming now to the question of the exclusion of per&ons 
 likely to become a public charge, we may divide these into two 
 classes. First, we have the persons who from ill-health or old 
 age are incompetent to earn their own living. That a con- 
 siderable proportion of such cases will, in all probability, be 
 detected by the doctors, we may admit. But after a case of 
 this kind has been discovered by the medical staff, it still very 
 frequently remains to be determined whether the man has such 
 expectation of receiving support, e.g., from his children already in 
 the United States, as will render it improbable that the burden 
 of his maintenance will fall upon the public. If the man's son 
 
 the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Colonel Weber states that " the number 
 " of insane immigrants under Federal officials never reached 25 per cent, of those 
 " turned over to them by the State Board, after disposing of the subjects so trans- 
 " ferred by recovery, death, or removal to local institutions at the end of the year." 
 Colonel Porter, Commissioner of the Department of Public Charities and Correction 
 of New York City, told the writer that there has been a great improvement in recent 
 years ; that formerly foreign lunatics were " dumped " wholesale into the United 
 States, but that this has now been stopped. If this improvement goes on, we may 
 expect to see the effect in the figures as to inmates of lunatic asylums. So far, 
 however, as regards the asylums of the city of New York, it must be said that no 
 signs whatever of a more rigorous exclusion of mentally diseased immigrants can 
 be perceived in the gtatistici of these institutiong. 
 
83 
 
 lives near to the sea-port, ho may come to claim his parent, 
 and it may be possible to ascertain, with at any rate some small 
 approach to certainty, that he is both willing an J able to look 
 after the immigi*ant. But in other cases the inspectors have, as 
 a rule, to be content with assuring themselves on some pHmd 
 facte evidence that the immigrant is expected and will be wel- 
 comed by a resident in the United States, whose ability, 
 however, to undertake the task of airing for the newcomer it is 
 impracticable to verify with any exa<tness. It must further 
 be remarked that it not infrequently occurs that an immi- 
 grant, whose annval was a subject of rejoicing to his relatives 
 in the States, is sooner or later found to be a greater tax upon 
 their means or upon their temper than they care to bear, and is 
 cast adrift without resources, under circumstances which make 
 it in the highest degree likely that he will shortly become a 
 public charge. 
 
 Leaving on one side the cases in which an immigrant ad- 
 mittedly depends for sup{K)rt upon relatives, and turning to 
 those cases in which the persons subjected to the scrutiny of the 
 immigration authorities will have to be maintained exclusively 
 by their o^vn exertions, how far, we ask, is it probable that the 
 very rapid diagnosis made by the immigrant in*spectors will suc- 
 ceed in eliminating from the stream which defiles past them all 
 those individuals who are likely to be either too idle or too 
 incompetent to provide for their own support ? 
 
 It is impossible to deny that the test applied is of a very 
 pough-and ready character. The point of greatest importance 
 in deciding the question whether a particular immigi-ant is 
 likely to provide for himself and his family by his own exertions 
 is, obviously, the man's antecedents. And upon the subject of 
 the man's antecedents the inspector is, and, for the most part, is 
 likely, in spite of the answers which he receives as the immi- 
 grant passes in front of him, to remain blankly ignorant. If it 
 so happen that the immigrant admits that his passage was paid 
 for him by a charitable institution, or that he was at one time 
 or other in receipt of poor-law relief, then the inspector has 
 some evidence of ineligibility to go upon. But then, can it be 
 considered at all certain that all persons whose pa<^sage has been 
 paid by charity, or who have ever had relief from the guardians, 
 will confess the facts ? And even as to those who do confess 
 the facts, a large degree of discretion has, in piactice, to be exer- 
 cised. For every case in which a man has had poor-law 
 relief is not treated alike ; ^ and immigrants whose passage has 
 been, in whole or in part, y>aid for by benevolent institutions or 
 individuals are only sent back if they are judged to be unlikely 
 to earn their own living in the States. f In fact, in the whole of 
 the fiscal year, 1892, no more than 23 persons in all were sent 
 
 * For caces rf persons who confessed to having had poor-law relief, but nrho 
 ^ere vet allowed to land, see ante, p. 37. 
 
 t As to assisted immigrants, see ante, pp. 23 7i., 65 n., 68. 
 
. 84 
 
 back (2 1 from Boston, 2 from "San Francisco) on the ground of 
 their being " assisted immigrants." 
 
 Speaking generally, it must be confessed that it would be 
 idle to expect the inspectors by putting to an immigrant a few- 
 hurried questions, the truth of his answers to which cannot, for 
 the most part, possibly be tested in any manner whatever, to 
 determine with precision whether the man was going to be self- 
 supporting or not. 
 
 It is not intended to suggest that, by reason of the inevitable 
 imperfection of the system of regulating immigration in force in 
 the United States, that country is, in fact, to any very great extent 
 flooded with immigrants of the non-self-supporting type. For 
 it must be remembered that a very large part of the immigra- 
 tion into the United States is, at present, that of persons coming 
 out to seek their fortune in America at the invitation of friends 
 and relatives already established there; and it maj, perhaps, 
 not be unreasonable to suppose that such an invitation is most 
 likely to be extended to persons of whose character and ante- 
 cedents something favourable is known by those whom they are 
 to join in the States. In cases of this description the task of 
 discrimination imposed upon the immigration authorities has, 
 in effect, been performed for them. But so far as the system 
 itself is concerned, the fundamental difficulty necessarily en- 
 countered by any system, which attempts to analyse by a 
 cursory examination the component members of a promiscuous 
 crowd of persons as to whose antecedents little or nothing can 
 be known, and to pick out those who are unlikely to succeed 
 in the battle of life, must be considered to be one of a most 
 serious character. 
 
 We must, however, not forget that, in those cases in which an 
 inspector makes the mistake of treating as likely to be self- 
 supporting an immigrant who afterwards belies this supposition, 
 if the man becomes a public charge within one year of his land- 
 ing (from causes existing prior to his landing) he may be com- 
 pulsorily returned at the expense of the steamship company by 
 which he was brought to the United States. In the fiscal year 
 1892 in all 637 persons were sent back under this " one-year 
 clause," which, as ancillary to the system of inspection upon 
 arrival, undoubtedly possesses much practical value. 
 
 The special subject of contract labour remains for considera- 
 tion. In the year ending June 30, 1892, in all 932 persons 
 are in the table now under consideration stated to have been 
 sent back from different sea-ports of the United States as con- 
 tract labourers, of whom 832 were returned from the port 
 of New York. How far would it be safe to assume that 
 these 932 persons were the only, or nearly the only persons who 
 came across the ocean to the United States in the course of the 
 12 months in question in violation of the contract labour laws ? 
 Speaking broadly, it may be said that the system of inspection 
 in force at the sea-ports of the United States in relation to 
 
85 
 
 transooeaoic pMBengers has the et!ect of inakin<r it at all times 
 far from easy to import large gangs of men ; and, in a casein 
 wliich a strike hns broken out, may make it extremely ditiicult 
 to import even a few men at a time to take the place of strikere. 
 It is, of course, not to be supposed that the inspectoi-s are able 
 to detect ever}^ case in which either a single individual or a 
 number of men together emigiate to the United States under a 
 contract or agreement to perfomi labour or service made pre- 
 vious to departure. In respect to single individuals discovery 
 is certainly very difficult, since the only available proof of the 
 immigrant's being a contract labourer consists, in most cases, in 
 his own confession ; though it is said to occur occasionally that a 
 man is so alarmed at the prospect of leing returned as a " pauper, 
 or person likely to become a public chaige," that, in order 
 to show that he is likely to be able to provide for his own 
 support, he eagerly proclaims the fact that he has already 
 obtained a promise of employment, and so convicts himself 
 of ftilling within the prohibited category of contract laljourer, 
 But in i-egard to groups of men the mere fact that a large 
 number of workmen all of the same occupation and all, 
 very probably, coming from the same district arrive simul- 
 taneously, all bound for the same destination, at any rate 
 affords to the inspector an impoi*tant clue, and enables him to 
 cross-examine the men with sufficient vigour and pertinacity to 
 elicit, in some cases, a confession of their guilt. It nmst, how- 
 ever, be said that, even under circumstances such as these, an 
 inspector can seldom feel cei'tain that he has* to do with a 
 genuine case of contract labour, it often happens that the 
 strongest apparent indications of guilt are present where the 
 men are entirely innocent. For example, a Hungarian who 
 came over two years ago and is doing well, writes to his two 
 brothers who are working in his own trade at home, urging 
 them to join him. The letter goes the round of the village and 
 is talked about through the district. Finally, not alone the two 
 brothers but also four or five of their friends emigi-ate to 
 America, and present themselves, all together, to the inspectors. 
 To all appearances, this must be a gang of contract labourers, 
 but it is, in reality, nothing of the kind. Then again, it will 
 occur that a number of workmen belonging to the same trade, 
 and most of them coming from more or less the same neighbour- 
 hood, but whose simultaneous emigration is caused not by any 
 arrangement with an American employer but by the depressed 
 condition of the industry in which they are engaged, meet 
 fortuitously on the steamship. They find on board a fellow- 
 craftsman who has been in the States already and is returning 
 after a visit to his friends in the old country. He can speak a 
 little English, and giving out that he " knows his way about/' 
 becomes the natural leader of the group, which he undertakes 
 to pilot through the intricacies of the immigrant depot. The 
 obvious conclusion for the inspector to come to is that this 
 
86 
 
 man is a " boss " or foreman who has been sent by his em- 
 ployer to recruit and bring over a gang of workmen. But 
 this conclusion is, of course, entirely unfounded ; and after 
 a lengthy cross-examination, the inspector lets the men 
 go, and passes on to the next group feeling thoroughly 
 puzzled and disheartened. Under all these circumstances it 
 is not surprising to find that in the fiscal year 1892, out of 
 the total number of 30,733 immigrants arriving at Phila- 
 delphia, 2 only were detected and rejected as contract labourers, 
 while' at Boston, with a total immigration of 32,6*12, not a single 
 person was debarred from landing as having emigrated in viola- 
 tion of the contract labour law. At the same time, it must be 
 remembered that in all cases in which a strike is pending the 
 trade union is very likely to request the inspectors to keep a 
 sharp look out for men of the particular trade affected, and the 
 employers, knowing this, will not improbably be deterred from 
 attempting to import alien labour ; and in any event will not 
 dare to threaten the adoption of this course. Now, since to a 
 body of men out on strike the threat that foreigners will be 
 imported to fill their places is always discouraging in the 
 extreme, there can be no doubt that the alien contract labour 
 law, making it impossible for employers to hold out a menace 
 of this description, secures for American labour in its contests 
 with capital a tactical advantage of no inconsiderable value.* 
 
 * Keferring generally to the restriction of immigration of any of the prvihibited 
 classes, it is claimed, (and justly claimed) that, at New York at any rate, where the 
 ^reat bulk of the immigration into the United States takes place, the substitution 
 of the Federal for the .St?te authorities as administrators of the immigration laws 
 has resulted in a marked improvement in the operation of the sifting machinery. 
 Thus, in his address, delivered in January, 1893, already referred to. Col. Weber 
 said that "the State Board of Emigration Commissioners during the five years 
 " preceding the control and supervision of 'he business by the Federal authorities 
 " barred and returned to Europe 1,977 people. During the time the United States 
 " have had charge, namely, from April 19th, 1890, down to the 1st of November 
 " 1892, about two years and seven months, there were barred and returned to 
 *' Europe as follows : — 
 
 " From April 19th to December 31st, 1890, inclusive - 343 
 
 "For the year 1891 ------ 1,18I 
 
 " From January 1st to October 3Ist, 1892, inclusive - - 1,.527 
 
 "Total - - - 3,0.^1" 
 
 These figures, it should be noted, take no account of persons returned under the 
 one-year clause of the Act of 1891 . It vail bo remembered that the total number of 
 persons debarred from landing at New York and returned to Europe in the calendar 
 year 1892 was 2,137, a figure larger than the total mentioned above as having been 
 barred and returned during the whole of the five years preceding the assumption of 
 control by the Federal authorities. 
 
 Another fact brought forward by Col. Weber in his Chicago paper (referred to 
 ante, p. 82 n.) is that " the number of steamship tickets for immigrants returning 
 " to Europe based upon reduced or charitj rates issued by the companies to persons 
 " havino- some means, but who failed in successfully competing here for a livelihood 
 " show a decreasing tendency, several of the more important lines marking in 1892 
 *' a decline of 25 per cent, over those of 1889." That the number of "charity 
 passages " is smuUer now than in 1889 is true. Thus the number of charity 
 
87 
 
 Effect of Enforcement of United States Laws upon 
 Ratepayers in United Kingdom. 
 
 Before leaving the subject of the regulation and restriction of 
 general immigration it seems proper to inquire to what extent 
 file rejection by the United States of certain classes of immi- . 
 rants operates to cast a burden ujx)n the public in the United 
 Kingiloin by causing to be landed on our shores aliens who 
 thei\;uix)n become recipients of public relief. That a certain 
 number of foreignei*s are brought back to ports in the 
 United Kingdom after being either debarred from landing upon 
 their original arrival in the United States or sent back from 
 the States as having become a public charge is certain. Thus, as 
 we have seen, in the calendar year 1892 there were debarred from 
 landing at New York and returned at the cost of the steam- 
 sliip companies to poi*ts in the United Kingdom 38 aliens 
 (Polish, 2 ; Russian, 28 ; Swedish. 1 : Ficnish, 1 ; German, 6) ; 
 and there were, in addition, returned from New York at the 
 expense of the steamship companies under the one-year clause to 
 such jKJi-ts 47 ( Polisli, 4 ; Russian, 30 ; Swedish, 4 ; Bohemian, 2 ; 
 other Austrian, 1 ; German, 6). From Boston we got back in 1892 
 as debarred immigrant**, 14 foreignei*s (German, 1 ; Russian, 2; 
 Polish, 6 ; of other nativities, 5) ; and also returned under the 
 one-year clause 13 aliens in all (German, 1 ; Russian, 4 ; Polii?h, 
 2 ; Swedish, 4 ; Finnish, 1 ; Austrian, 1). From Philadelphia 
 
 ftKuaige* ptinted by the following lines (Hccording to information Hupplied to the 
 writer by the compatiicis) waa : — 
 
 Line. Period. 
 
 Number 
 of Charity 
 Passages. 
 
 1 
 T«r«-*k o^«— « T 1^^^ / J"^y 1' 1888, to June 30, 1889 
 North Genoan Lloyd -| j^jv i, i89i; to June 30, 1892 
 
 177 
 
 108 
 
 Netherlands American! ' j^, ^^ j^^^ ^^^g 
 Company ^*^^""" J July 1, 1891, to June 30, 1892 
 
 308 
 308 
 
 . ^ . _ r July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889 
 i\ncnor - - --^ j^,^. ^^ jgg^^ ^^ j^^^ 3^,^ ^gg^ 
 
 39 
 47 
 
 wi,;.o «.o. / ^^^y 3, 1888, to June 2, 1889 - - iCl 
 nnitestar - "\ July 3, 1891, to June 2, 1892 - - 130 
 
 But how far these figures go in proving the exercise of greater care on the admis- 
 rion of immigrants since Col. Weber was appointed by the Federal authorities in 
 April 1890, is open to doubt. It is quite possible that the diminution in the number 
 of charity passages is to some extent caused bj- the steamship companies being now 
 compelled to take back, free of charge, persons who would formerly have gone back 
 to Europe on charity passages. 
 
88 
 
 we received as immigrants prevented from landing by the United 
 States authorities in 1892, and sent back at the expense of the 
 steamship companies in all 2 foreigners (Germans) and as 
 returned by reason of their having become a public charge 
 other 4 aliens (Russians). A very considerable pro|)ortion of 
 the foreigners rejected and returned by the United States 
 appear, after being re-landed in the United Kingdom, to 
 have been sent on to the Continent by the steamship com- 
 panies by which they were brought from America to this 
 country.* But in regard to any cases in which this course 
 may not have been pursued, the question arises, to what 
 extent do the foreigners sent back to this country by the 
 United States immigration authorities become a burden upon 
 the rate-payers of the United Kingdom ? With a view to. ascer- 
 taining the facts the Board of Trade recently requested the 
 Local Government Board (England and Wales), the Secretary 
 for Scotland, and the Local Government Board (Ireland) to 
 inquire how many cases occurred in 1892 in which foreigners 
 sent back to this country by the iojmigration authorities in the 
 United States were received into workhouses, lunatic asylums, 
 &c. in certain places where this would have been the most likely 
 to happen, if at all. 
 
 The information furnished to the Local Government Board 
 (England) and by that Board placed at the disposal of the Board 
 of Trade relates to the -following parishes or unions — the parish 
 of Liverpool, the adjacent West Derby Union and township of 
 Toxteth Park, the Incorporation of Southampton, the adjacent 
 South Stoneham Union, the Incorporation of Kingston- upon-Hull 
 and the Grimsby Union. Tlie only cases in which foreigners 
 sent back by the United States authorities are stated to have, in 
 the course of the year 1892, been admitted into any institution 
 maintained by the rates in the districts named are three cases 
 which occurred in the parish of Liverpool.f 
 
 The information obtained by the Secretary for Scotland relates 
 to the parishes of "North and South Leith, Greenock, Barony 
 and Glasgow, and to the Go van Combination. The Secretary 
 for Scotland states that no case in which a foreigner sent back 
 by the immigration authorities of the United States was during 
 1892 received into any poorhouse, lunatic asylum, &c., occurred 
 in any of the parishes just named, but that four cases of this 
 nature occurred in the Govan Combination.! 
 
 * In reply to questions put by the writer the Companies in Liverpool cavryiD^! 
 immigrants to the United States stated that tliey invariahly sent back to the Con- 
 tinent all foreign passengers, rejected or returned by the immigration authorities in 
 the United States, the only exception being one case in which a lunatic was sent to 
 the workhouse at Liverpool. 
 
 t The nativity of the three returned immigrants is not given ; their names are 
 stated as " Jean Bedmoun or Jean Louis Bedmounx," " Claus T. Emanuelson or Chas. 
 V. Emanuel," and " Fehx Stahlger or Felix Stardecker." 
 
 % Nativities not indicated ; names given as " Walter Ravensohn," ** Augusta 
 Zadcuber," " Otto Zadouber," and " Elias Freer." 
 
S9 
 
 -^QThe Local Government Boani (Ireland) states that '* it does 
 •• toot appear that any person of foreign nationality sent back 
 " to the Uniteil Kingtloni by the United States Government 
 " was reoeiveil into a workhouse or lunatic asylum in Belftist, 
 ** Cork, or Londonderry in the year 1892." 
 
 B. Chinese Immigration, 
 
 Passing from the restrictions in force in respect to j^eneral 
 immigration, we now come to the subject of the exclusion of 
 Chinese labourers from the United States. As will have been 
 seen from the account of the anti-Chinese legislation given in a 
 previous part of this report, this legislation provides in the 
 first place for the exclusion of Chinese labourers who attempt 
 to enter the United States, ^d in the next place for the com- 
 pulsory deportation of all Chinese labourers * who should not, 
 witlun a period now expired, have proved their right to remain 
 in the United States and have taken out a certificate of residence. 
 With respect to the actual application of this legislation I am 
 not able to speak from personal investigation ; for it was not 
 possible within the time at my disposal to visit the places 
 where Chinese immigr.mts enter or seek t(0 enter the United 
 States; and the. date fixed for'^he deportation of Chinese to 
 connnence (May G, 1893) was subsequent to my leaving America. 
 But in regard to the efiects proiluced by the operation of the 
 anti-Cliinese laws it may be of interest to note that, before 
 the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 came into operation, the 
 number of persons of Chinese nationality entering the United 
 States had been in each of the foUowing yeai*s (each year ending 
 June 30)— in 1877, 10,594; in 1878, 8,992; in 1879,9,604; 
 in 1880, 5,802 ; in 1881, 11,890; in 1882 (i.e., between July 1, 
 1881 and June 30, 1882), 39,579, and between July 1, 1882, and 
 August 5. 1882, (this Act coming into effect on August 6, 1882) 
 6,613.* But in the whole period from August 6, 1882, to June 
 30, 1892, no 'more than 9,193 Chinese are stated in the oflScial 
 figures to have entered the United States, f. 
 
 It should, however, be observed, that in the official figures no 
 account is taken as to 1886 or any subsequent year of im- 
 migrants coming by the land frontiers of the United States, 
 either on the north or the south. It seems to be certain that 
 some Chinese labourers get into the United States by British 
 Columbia. It is said in the Export of the Select Committee of 
 the House of Representatives which investigated the subject of 
 
 * Certain exceptions being made in favour of persons unavoidably prevented from 
 taking out certificates of residence within the period named. See ante, p. 62. 
 
 t Statistical Abstracts of the United States for 1891, p. 219 ; for 1892, p. 223. 
 The 9,193 were not all new-comers ; some were undoubtedly Chinese labourers who 
 had been in the United. States before. But the re-entry of Chinese labourers was 
 forbidden on and after October 1, 1888, and the total number of Chinese stated to 
 have entered between August 6, 1882, and June 30, 1889, is only 1,913. It would 
 appear to be probable that the bulk of the 9,193 were new arrivals. 
 
 o 77399. G 
 
90 
 
 Chinese immigration in 1891, that the number of Chinese cross- 
 ing over in this manner " does not exceed three hundred annu- 
 ally ;" * while the same authority states that an irruption of 
 the same character has taken place on the southern frontier 
 of the United States. — " The sub-committee also ascertained that 
 quite a number of Chinamen came into this country from 
 Mexico."t 
 
 On the whole, the measures adopted for the exclusion of 
 Chinese labourers appear to have been attended with a large 
 amount of success. It is, however, necessary to remark that the 
 oflBcial statistics show that the number of persons of Chinese 
 nationality entering the States by sea with the full knowledge 
 of the authorities has for some years been increasing, the 
 figures being in 1887 (when the lowest point was reached) 10 ; 
 in 1888, 26 ; in 1889, 118 ; in 1890, 1,716 ; in 1891, no less 
 than 2,836 ; and in 1892, 2,7284 Thus in the last three years 
 alone more than 7,000 Chinese entered at United States sea-ports, 
 all of them, of course, securing admittance upon the ground 
 that they were not labourers, but were doctors, teachers, 
 preachers, or other professional men, or merchants. It is, 
 however, impossible to avoid suspecting that a considerable pro- 
 portion of these immigrants were, in fact, labourers. § 
 
 With regard to the new Chinese Exclusion Act of 1 892 it 
 appears to be generally agreed that the provisions of this law 
 would, if enforced, lead to the deportation of a very large 
 number of Chinese labourers now in the United States. || Upon 
 this subject it may be proper to quote the information which 
 
 * Report of the Select Committee of the House of Representatives on Immigra- 
 tion and Naturalization, 1891 (on Chinese immigration — the ''Lehlbach Report)," 
 p. I. 
 
 t/6.,p.n. 
 
 X See Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1 892, p. 223. 
 
 § Compare the following extract from the New York Tribune, March 31, 1893: — 
 
 "Washington, March 30. — The enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act causes 
 " the Treasury officials much trouble, as the Celestial proves himse)/ to be a slippery 
 " person. He is now engaged in turning himself into a merchant from a labourer. To 
 " such an extent is this the case that Assistant Secretary Spaulding has written the 
 " following letter to collectors on the Pacific coast to stop the fraud. He says : 
 " * The department is informed that a practice obtains among Chinese labourers in 
 " * this country who have accumulated small sums of money of entrusting such 
 *' ' money to merchants, which is treated as a part of the capital of the business. 
 " ' Chinese labourers who have made such disposition of their savings, although 
 " ' not actively engaged in mercantile business, have claimed to be merchants and 
 " * thereby entitled to leave the country and to return to the United States. The 
 ** ' Department desires you to closely scrutinize the certificates which may be pre- 
 " ' sented at your port, of returning Chinese, and to require evidence of the standing 
 " * of the holders as bond fide merchants actively engaged in business. In no case 
 " ' should Chinese be permitted to enter as merchants, unless their right to the privi- 
 " ' lege isclearly established, and where it appears that the practice herein referred to 
 *' ' attempted, the certificates presented should be ignored, the holders arrested, and 
 " * the facts reported to the Department.' " 
 
 II With regard to the question of Chinese registration under the Act of 1892 in the 
 State of California, we read that " comparatively no applications [by Chinese for 
 " registration] have been received. Out of a possible 72,472 only four certificates 
 " of residence have been issued." (^Fifth Biennial Report of the Bureau of 
 Labour Statistics of the State of California, for the years 1891-1892 p. 14). 
 
9t^ 
 
 appeared in certain English newspapers soon after the date when 
 this deportation was to have begun. 
 
 " Philadelphia, May 16. 
 
 " The decision of the United States Supreme Court 
 declaring the Chinese Exclusion Act to be constitutional 
 attracts great attention. The belief is that the Govern- 
 ment would have preferred an opposite decision. The law 
 required the deportation of unregistered Chinese, but any 
 attempt to put it into force was postponed pending the 
 decision of the Supreme Court. No orders have yet been 
 issued for its enforcement. Only 4,000 Chinese out of 
 100,000 in the country have registered themselves. Over 
 ^5,000,000 [1,000.000/.] would be recjuired to enforce the 
 Jaw, were such a course possible, but only i^36,800 [7,360/.] 
 are available for the purpose, and, therefore, the law 
 will iprobably remain a dead letter. Since its passage 
 there has been a decided change of feeling on the subject, 
 it being recognized that deportation would deprive the 
 Pacific States of a useful labouring class who have become 
 necessary to their welfare. A movement will bo made at 
 the coming Session of Congress to repeal the worst features 
 of the Act 
 
 " No indication has yet been given of the intentions of the 
 Chinese in regard to registry. They may now seek to 
 register, though the time has expired. The Chinese Minis- 
 ter at Washington declines to say anything about the 
 decision of the Supreme Court or about a retaliatory 
 policy towards Americans in China, which the Chinese 
 Government may adopt. The withdrawal of the Embassy 
 is expected. The President has decided not to send a United 
 States Minister to China until her policy is made known. 
 The State Department officials believe that China will 
 protect the Americans now there, who number about one 
 thousand. Merchants here fear that the dispute with 
 China will give England the control of the tea trade, and 
 will result in the transfer of the petroleum trade to Russia. 
 
 " The decision of the Supreme Court particularly affects 
 three Chinamen in New York who were arrested with the 
 view to their expulsion, but were released on habeas corpus 
 pending the decision. They must now leave the country." 
 — Our Correspondent. Times, May 17, 1893. 
 
 " The Ca-binet at Washington yesterday discussed the 
 Chinese Exclusion Act. It is understood that a decision 
 was arrived at that the law could not be enforced, there 
 being no funds available for the purpose. The Act only 
 carries an appropriation of 100,000 dols. [20,000/.], of which 
 amount Mr. Carlisle, Secretary of the Treasury, stated that 
 less than 85,000 dols. [7,000/.] remained, adding that it 
 was estimated that to deport all the Chinamen in the 
 country who had not complied with the law would cost 
 
 G 2 
 
92 
 
 over 5,000,000 dol. [1,000,0001]— ReuterJ'— Westminster 
 Gazette, May 17, 1893. 
 
 " Philadelphia, May 17. 
 
 " The Cabinet has practically decided to take no action 
 regarding the Chinese Exclusion Law before the meeting of 
 Congress, because no adequate fund has been appropriated 
 for its enforcement. The Government will, therefore, wait 
 till the Chinese Minister can send an official copy of the 
 decision of the Supreme Court to Pekin and receive instruc- 
 tions in reply, for he will probably do nothing without in- 
 structions. There are evidences that the strong current of 
 public opinion in America against enforcing the harsh pro- 
 visions of the Act is increasing. Counsel for the Chinese 
 Six Companies have sent a telegram to the Treasury De- 
 partment asking for a suspension of the law. The Wash- 
 ington officials doubt the reports of intended retaliation on 
 the part of the Chinese, as no evidence has been received 
 pointing to any such action. 
 
 " The United States Collector at San Francisco, who has 
 been talking about the decision of the Supreme Court, says 
 that when the deportation begins he proposes to deal first 
 with the criminal and worthless classes. Of these he has a 
 list of 1,000 whom he could send home. The steamer Em- 
 press of China has sailed from Vancouver for China with 
 400 Chinese on board, most of whom had been refused 
 admission into the United States. — Our Correspondent!' 
 Times, May 18, 1893. 
 
 Philadelphia, May 19. 
 
 " According to advices from Washington, the Chinese 
 Minister has assured the Secretary of State that he believes 
 the Chinese Government will not retaliate on account of 
 the Exclusion Law ; that nothing will be done to disturb 
 friendly relations with the United States ; and that no 
 trouble will result from the Act. The United States evi- 
 dently will not make more than a perfunctory effort to 
 force it. 
 
 " Meanwhile, a strong religious movement is being or- 
 ganized throughout the country to bring pressure to bear 
 on Congress to repeal or modify the law. The Presbyterian 
 General Assembly at Washington has passed a resolution 
 opposing the Act, while the Methodists have appointed May 
 28 as a day of prayer to secure just treatment for the 
 Chinese in the country, and invite other religious bodies to 
 co-operate. — Our Correspondent." Times, May 20, 1893. 
 
 " The Sun's Washington correspondent telegraphs that 
 Mr. Ashton, counsel to the Chinese Government, in reply 
 to a question addressed to him regarding the Chinese Ex- 
 
93 
 
 elnnion Law, aaid that China had already informed Mr. 
 Gresham, Secretary of State, that if any steps were taken 
 under the law all relations with China mi^ht ho. considered 
 as terminated, that all Americans in China would be ordered 
 to withdraw, and that all trade between China and the 
 United States would be stopped. — Renter" Weatminst&r 
 Gazette, May 29, 1893. 
 Whatever may be the extent to which the Chinese Exclusion 
 ActH may have been evaded in practice, it is obvious that the 
 system of restriction which these Acts were framed to carry out 
 is of a character free from much of the difficulty which sur- 
 rounds the application of the enactments which have been 
 passed in the United States for the I'egulation and restriction 
 of general immigration. For, in the enforcement of the Chinese 
 Exclusion Acts, only quite a ininimtim of discrimination is 
 required All that the inspector, when enforcing the anti- 
 Chinese Acts, has to find out is whether a man is or is 
 not a member of the Chinese race, tind if so, whether he is or 
 is not a lalwurer. .\bout the first question no doubt is 
 likely to arise ; and although it would appear that a certain 
 number of Chinese persons have succeeded in disguising the 
 fact of their being labourers, yet under all the circumstances 
 of the case, the difficulty of distinguishing between a labourer 
 and a merchant is, ,at any rate, very appreciably smaller 
 than that which arises when (as is the case under the 
 general immigration laws) it is (attempted to , ascertain by 
 inspection whether, for example, an immigrant is or is not going 
 to support himself and Ms family by his own exertions. With 
 respect to the new provisions of the anti-Chinese law of 1892, 
 there can be no question that a process of elimination such as 
 is contemplated by this enactment would, if carried out with 
 thoroughness, form a most effective complement to any system 
 of restrictive measures applied at the threshold. Certainly, in the 
 present instance, the deportation of many thousands of Chinese 
 labourers, which the enforcement of the provisions of the Chinese 
 Exclusion Act of 1892 would bring about, would do very much 
 to remedy the results of any imperfection which may have 
 existed in the methods hitherto adopted for preventing the 
 entrance into the United States of working-men belonging to 
 the prescribed race, and would afford to American labour a 
 degree of protection against unwelcome competition surpassing 
 in efficacy that which it is possible to afford under any system 
 relying entirely upon mere exclusion. 
 
 Before bringing my report to a close, I crave leave to express 
 my best thanks to all those officials of the United States Immi- 
 gration Service who, at so much expense of time and trouble, 
 furnished information necessary for the purposes of the inquiry 
 
94 
 
 which I was instructed to make. In particular, I am deeply 
 indebted to the courtesy of Col. John B. Weber, late Com- 
 missioner of Immigration at New York ; of Dr. Wheeler, of the 
 Marine Hospital Service, the head of the medical staff at Ellis 
 Island, New York ; of Mr. John J. S. Rodgers, Commissioner of 
 Immigration at Philadelphia; and of Mr., Charles A. Colcord, 
 Immigrant Inspector at Boston. I desire to gratefully ac- 
 knowledge the assistance given to me, in regard to certain points 
 of law touched upon in my report, by Mr. Calderon Carlisle, 
 Counsel to the British Embassy at Washington. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) David F. Schloss. 
 
95 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 NOTB ON THE StATE OK OPINION IN THE UNiTED StATKS WITH 
 
 Rbibbbncb to Restbictions ON Immigration and Summarv of 
 
 THB PBOPOSALS ON THE SuBJECT RKCKNTLY BEFORE CoNGRESS, 
 
 PART I. 
 Opinions op Statesmen, Economists, &c. 
 
 The opinions in regard to the restriction of immigmtion hold by load- 
 ing politicians are sufficiently indicated by the proposals made in the 
 various Bilhi, an abstract of which is given in the second part of this 
 Note. But those who are interested in the subject will find three articles 
 by Senator Chandler, the first (** Consular Certificates for intending 
 Immigrants ") in the Imlependentt October 1, 1891 ; the second 
 (" Methods of Restricting Immigration") in the Foruniy March, 1892 ; 
 the third (" Shall Immigration be suspende<l? ") in the North American 
 Review, January, 1893. An article in the North American Review, 
 February, 1893. by Senator H. C. Hansbrough, entitled " Why Im- 
 migration should not be Suspended," discusses the subject mainly from 
 the point of view of quarantine, suggesting that to close the ports would 
 lead to an incursion by the northern land frontier, and advocating 
 consular 8uper>nsion and inspection. 
 
 Among American economists there are some who entertain a deep 
 conviction of the necessity for further restricting the volume of 
 immigration. General Francis A. Walker, President of the Techno- 
 logical Institute at Boston, wrote an article in the Forum, August, 1891, 
 under the title of " Immigration and Degradation," in which he con- 
 tended that the foreigners Uved below the American standard of comfort ; 
 that the natives were unwilling to compete with the foreigners in the 
 labour market, and that in this manner immigration had " checked the 
 " disposition of the native towards the increase of population at the 
 " traditional rate." General Walker maintains that the immigrants of 
 the present day are inferior to those of the past, and concludes by urging 
 the suspension, at any rate for a time, of " the indiscriminate hospitality 
 " which has thus far been cheerfully exercised." In an article on 
 "Immigration," published in th6 Yale Review, August, 1892, General 
 Walker advocates that for the next ten- years a deposit of 20/. shall 
 ** be required from every alien entering our ports ;" *' that, in case any 
 " person making such deposit shall depart out of the country within 
 ** three years after the time of such payment, the amount shall be 
 ** refunded to him ; that, at the expiration of such term of three years, 
 ** the amount of the deposit shall be repaid to every person then remain- 
 ** ing in the country, upon the presentation of satisfactory evidence that 
 " he is at the time a law-abiding and self-supporting citizen ; that no 
 " power-of-attorney given, or assignment made, prior to the day when 
 ** such repayment by law becomes due, shall have any effect to authorize 
 " and enable any other person than the immigrant himself to receive 
 ** such refund, or any part of it ; and that no part thereof shall be sub- 
 " ject to attachment to satisfy any debt contracted prior to such date." 
 In an interview which the writer had with him. General Walker said 
 that, in his opinion, the main effect of the Contract Labour Law has 
 
96 
 
 been to keep out skilled labour ; but it has not kept out many people of 
 any class, because it is so eagy to evade it. The law was a concession 
 to the demands made by the working-class. Greneral Walker does not 
 think there will be further restriction of immigration. If this were to 
 come about, it must come from the masses, especially the working- 
 classes ; and they are rather proud of the country having tlie door open 
 for foreign refugees. There is little public feeling on the subject, and 
 very little feeling among the working-class against immigration. Every- 
 thing in this country is spasmodic ; the enforcement of immigration 
 restriction is an example, and the anti-immigration " boom " has pretty 
 well spent itself. There is a vast amount of land for sale in the West 
 and the South, and the owners want foreigners to buy this land. You 
 could put five millions of people, properly proportioned of men, women, 
 and children, in Virginia, North Carolina, West Virginia, Kentucky and 
 Tennessee; and if you would keep them there at your cost for six 
 months, they would ever afterwards get a good living there, far better 
 than they had ever got in Europe. You could put the five millions in all at 
 once, provided you were willing to support them for the first six months, 
 and the country would then be under-peopled, according to the European 
 standard very greatly under-peopled. If you could get the emigrants on to 
 the land, General Walker would not object to their coming ; but they stick 
 in the big cities. General Walker says that the native increase has been 
 checked because of the increased immigration of foreigners, the natives 
 shrinking from manual labour. This arose when class distinctions were 
 first created, and the first creation of class distinctions was when a new 
 class came, who, unlike the native American, who did manual labour 
 and also brain work, were fit to do manual labour only ; then the better 
 class of people shrank from the conflict with this lower caste. This 
 began when the Irishmen came. The position is that people do not care 
 that they should have more children than can get into skilled pro- 
 fessions, and avoid the necessity of their doing manual labour ; just as 
 the native American would not work in gangs with the Irishmen, so 
 now the Irishmen will network in gangs with the Italians. It is to 
 immigration that the creation of class is due. There was no economic 
 ueoessity for importing foreigners ; the work which they do could have 
 been done by natives ; thus the Erie Canal was built by native American 
 labour. Up to 10 years ago, when the immigration began to swamp 
 native labour, the trade unions were not required. Labour then more than 
 held its own ; working men lived well in two-storied houses ; capital 
 had to be begged and prayed to open up new industries ; labour then had 
 the upper hand. General Walker's view has always been in favour of 
 proper restrictions by trade unions, though, when his book on the wages 
 question was written, trade unions, were not required for the protection 
 of labour as is the case at this moment. General Walker says that his 
 view on the subject of immigration is largely biological ; the immigrants 
 now coming are bad stock. 
 
 Professor Richmond Mayo Smith, Professor of Political Economy 
 and Social Science in Columbia College, New York, whose book, Emi- 
 gration and Immigration^ is well known to all students, told the writer 
 that consular inspection of immigrants, of which he approved when he 
 wrote his book, is not generally favoured in the United States. He had 
 advocated a system of mutuality, the Germans and Italians, for instance, 
 should be assisted by the United States to retain intending emigrants 
 liable to military service, and in return should assist the United States 
 to keep out criminals. But public opinion was indignant. This 
 Republic, it was said, would never consent to prop up the despotic 
 military tyrannies of Europe. Professor Mayo Smith thinks that, on 
 
ImUiic©, the drift of public opinion in the United States is for the most 
 part oppofted to the further i-estriction of imniip^tion. The West wants 
 men, hut the East wants to restrict immigi-ation, hecauso the newcomers 
 Hlop in the towns. Professor Mayo Smith now sees more difficulty 
 than formeriy in the way of consular inspection, and, since the general 
 view is against it, is not prepared to recommend such inspection. Nor 
 is lie prepared to advocate any change in the machinery for restricting 
 immigration. Hut he thinks that the immigrants are coming too fast ; 
 and ho would like to check the tide hy imposing a head tax of 5/. 
 (iOMtMd of the present head tax of *2s.) on each passenger. In all 
 «4lMr respects he is satisfied with the existing laws, if properly 
 administered. 
 
 Calling on the Hon. Robert P. Porter, Superintendent of thc^ United 
 States Census, I was referred by him to the Independent of October 
 1, 1891, in which he gives his views at length. Mr. Porter there 
 maintains that the character of immigration has undergone a change for 
 the worse, and propos«»8 consular ins|)ection " and, if necessary, the 
 prohibition of immigration from entire districts.** 
 
 Mr. Brock, the hea<l of the Statistical Bureau of the Treasury De- 
 partment, in an interview with the writer, said that he would be content 
 if the existing laws were more rigorously applied, and if some amend- 
 menta were made — in particular, in the direction of regulating the 
 immigration hy the Canadian and Mexican borders. 
 
 Mr. Carroll D. Wright, the heml of the Department of Labour of the 
 United States, declined to express an opinion upon the question of 
 immigration generally, because he has not investigated it. He was of 
 opinion that, whether or not further restrictions will be imposed upon 
 immigration into the United States, will depend upon the chai-acter of 
 future immigration. If unsuitable people still come in, then some 
 stringent measures will be taken. With respect to the law against 
 ahen contract labour, Mr. Wright said "the practical effect of the 
 ** working of the contract labour law is to keep out just those elements 
 " which would Ik* most valuable to the country, while it lets in just 
 " those who the are least desirable.** 
 
 Mr. Horace Wadlin, head of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labour 
 Statistics, told the writer that he thinks the present law in regard to 
 immigration is sufficiently strong, if properly carried out. Criminals, 
 paupers, and incapable persons ought to be kept out of the country. A 
 few years ago such persons were not rigidly excluded, but if the present 
 laws are thoroughly carried out, they would effect the desired exclusion. 
 Matters in this respect have certainly been better since 1891. It is pos- 
 sible that it may be necessary to institute a further inspection on the 
 European side. Si)eaking generally, Mr. Wadlin does not think it 
 probable that there will be much further restiiction of immigration by 
 fresh legislation. Mr. Wadlin thinks that the great evil which arises 
 from immigration comes from the concentration in certain districts of 
 certain classes of immigrption. 
 
 Professor Arthur T. Hadley, formerly at the head of the Connecticut 
 Bureau of Labour Statistics, and now Professor of Political Science at 
 Yale University, in an interview with the writer, said that in the Con- 
 necticut Labour Report for 1885 * he suggested the restriction of immi- 
 gration as a possible necessity of the immediate future. Since then his 
 views have been somewhat modified. He still believes that the quality 
 of labourers is a more important thing for the country than the increase 
 
 * See First Annual Report {Second Series) of the Bvreav of Labour Statistics 
 of the State of Connecticut, pp. 59-63. 
 
 » 
 
96 
 
 of their numbers ; but much of the existing agitation for the restriction 
 of immigration is connected with ideas whose acceptance would do more 
 to interfere with improvement in quality among the labouring classes 
 than the immigration itself is likely to do. In other words, the opposi- 
 tion to immigration is connected, to a considerable extent, with opposi- 
 tion to improved machinery and to that habit of trying to do a great deal 
 of work which has done so much to make the present position of the 
 American labourer what it is. As to the likelihood of further restriction, 
 Professor Hadley does not expect this to come in the immediate 
 future ; but in connexion with quarantine there might be temporary 
 measures of restriction connected with mistaken notions regarding the 
 best means of preserving the public health. 
 
 Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University, has been 
 good enough to write his opinion, which is as follows : — " I believe 
 " every healthy and honest man, woman, or child brought into this 
 " country to be an altogether desirable addition to the resources of the 
 " United States. Consequently, I think that immigration should not 
 " be restricted, except by rules intended to keep out paupers, criminals, 
 " and persons afflicted with incurable or contagious diseases. As to 
 ** the Contract Labour Law, it seems to me a stupid piece of demagogic 
 " barbarism. The more skilled labourers that can be brought to the 
 " United States the better for the country. More labourers, skilled 
 " and unskilled, are just what this half-occupied continent needs." 
 
 Professor Taussig, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard Uni- 
 versity, told the writer that he thinks the contract labour law bad in 
 principle ; and that, so far as he knows, it works badly. He thinks it 
 wrong to discourage a man from securing his position before he comes 
 here. The law is easily evaded by tacit agreements concealed from 
 view, especially by those who form the least desirable addition to the 
 population of the United States. As to restriction of immigration 
 generally Professor Taussig did not wish to express any opinion, not 
 having his mind made up so as to express definite views. 
 
 Professor Peabody, Plummer Professor of Morals in Harvard Uni- 
 versity, informed the writer that, in his opinion, the public in the 
 United States has not yet got a sufficient basis of facts ascertained with 
 scientific precision to enable it to found thereon a scheme of further 
 legislation in the direction of restricting immigration. As to what 
 future legislation of this character there will be it is not possible to 
 frame a forecast. Probably there will be no further restrictions, unless 
 there arises some kind of panic. In that case there would be further 
 restriction. Everything in this country is done spasmodically. 
 
 Professor Edmund F. James, Professor in the School of Finance, 
 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, said that very few people indeed 
 take an interest in the immigration question, except quite spasmodically. 
 He himself, while not believing that the immigration has caused 
 want of employment, would like to see the number of immigrants 
 reduced to 100,000 annually. The huge influx at present taking place 
 makes the formation of a distinctive national character impossible, and 
 has bad effects politically. But he does not know what are the precise 
 changes in the law, which would be rquired in order to bring about the 
 decrease in immigration desired by him. 
 
 Mr. Edward Atkinson, whose writings on economic questions are 
 well known, presented in the Forum, May, 1892, his view of the 
 immigration question in an article, the drift of which will be gathered 
 from its title, " Incalculable room for Immigrants." To Mr. Atkinson, 
 " it seems almost pusillanimous to refuse a refuge to the oppressed and 
 " to the industrious and capable, for fear that the institutions of this 
 
99 
 
 " country may suffer. If we cannot deal with one half of this great 
 " continent, of which the resources are as yet hardly even known, will 
 " not this prove that our capacity is not yet equ.-il to our opportunities ? 
 '' lloa5t us we may of what we have accomplished, we shall no longer 
 '* be able to justify by our conduct of atfairs the nietliods whicii were 
 ** established by our predecessors." 
 
 In the North American /ievieic, April, 1892, 'there is an article by 
 Mr. Charles Stowart Smith, President of the New York Chamber of 
 Commerce, in which it is urged that all intending immigrants over 
 15 years of age ought to be requireil, '*as a condition before embarking 
 ** for the United States, to appear before the American consul an(l 
 ** receive firom him a certificate, to be presented on arriviU, that the 
 ** party intending to emigrate 'o the United Stjites could read and 
 *• Mrrite his native language." Mr. Smith adds, ♦' 1 hold that existing 
 ** laws, prop«'rly enforctnl, with an amendment embracing the reading 
 ** and writing (}ualitication above indicated, would protect society from 
 ** the evils connected with immigration, and would insure to us the 
 ** immense benefits arising from the enormous human stream which 
 ** must continue to flow to this country.** 
 
 At an interview which the writer had with Mr. Abraham Hewitt, 
 that gentleman, who is a largo iron -master, and was formerly mayor of 
 N»?w York City, said that, \\hen in Congress as a senator, he had voted 
 against the contrsict labour law. In his opinion the general view in the 
 United States at this moment is that legislation should be confined to 
 keeping out the incapable. 
 
 The Rev. Edward Kverett Hale, a writer of repute, in an article in 
 the Social Economise, February, 1893, entitled, " How to deal, with our 
 Immigrants/' states that he was at the head of a committee which, 
 through an agent in Manchester, imported girls to be employed as 
 domestic servants. The agent ** engaged them with the understanding 
 " that they were to receive two dollars (8*.) a week for the firet six 
 ** months of their service. It was also understood that the employer 
 ** should pay 45 dollars (9/.) of this in advance, in order that their 
 " passage might be paid to Boston, and that they might be sent each 
 ** to the particular home where she was to work. The girl, when she 
 ** engaged herself in Manchester signed a document promising to work 
 ** for six months on these terms." Mr. Hale says, ** I conceive it to be 
 ** a great mistake that the statute prohibiting contracts for labour 
 ** abroad should break up any such arrangement as this." 
 
 As showing the views held by those connected with the transportation 
 of immigrants may be instanced an article in the Forum, Feb., 1893, 
 (" A Practical Remedy for Evils of Immigration,") by Mr. Gustav H. 
 SSchwab. Mr. Schwab, who is a member of Messrs. Oelrichs & Co., 
 agents at New York for the North German Lloyd Steamship Line, is 
 opposed to consular certification, which he thinks would not achieve its 
 object, and maintains that " the regulation and sifting of immigration 
 " can most steadily and efficaciously be carried out through the steam- 
 " ship companies, and their agents in Europe. . . . A formula should be 
 " prescribetl by the United States Government for the examination of 
 *' intending immigrants by the agent in Europe, and the immigrant 
 *' should be required to answer satisfactorily questions that will prove his 
 ** right to admission upon lauding in this country. He should be 
 " warned that, in case the answers he gives should prove incorrect upon 
 " further information or examination ou arrival here, he will be 
 " returned ; and he might be required, upon arrival here, to swear to 
 *' the answers he has given if his case appears doubtful. A requirement 
 " of this kind, with the prospect of punishment for perjury, would un- 
 " doubteilly operate as a wholesome deterrent." Mr. Schwab advocates 
 
100 
 
 that " in case it should appear that the status of the immigrant was 
 *' incorrectly given, the steamship company should be obliged to return 
 " him " ; and ** in case any wilful violation of the regulations on the 
 " part of the agent or connivance with the immigrant is shown, the 
 " steamship company would be liable to a fine or penalty." In either 
 case Mr. Schwab supposes that the steamship company would hold the 
 agent liable. He thinks that *' the term during which immigrants, who, 
 " after landing in this country, become burdens upon the public, or are 
 " discovered to belong to the interdicted classes, can be returned should 
 " be extended," so as to cover " such period as may seem proper to 
 " protect our poor-houses, insa,ne asylums and other institutions." 
 Another exponent of the opinions of the shipping interest, Mr. Emil L. 
 Boas, the New York representative of the Hamburg- American Line, 
 in Steam and Sail, April 23, 1893, urges that immigration adds to the 
 wealth of the country, and has not lowered wages, while he thinks that 
 the present restrictive laws are in every respect adequate to keep out 
 undesirable immigrants. 
 
 The amendments in the existing immigration laws which are advocated 
 by Colonel Weber (the late Commissioner of Immigration at New York) 
 as set forth in his address delivered at the Cooper Union, New York, in 
 January 1893, and repeated in his paper read before a congress at the 
 Chicago Exhibition, on June 12, 1893, are as follows : — 
 
 " The plan that I would suggest is that laid down in Dr. Kempster's, 
 and my Report referred to, from which I have seen no reason to deviate 
 in its general features, except to add a clause vesting in the President 
 the power to suspend immigration temporarily in the case of threatened 
 pestilence, and possibly an educational qualification ; the Report having 
 been written before the outbreak of the typhus and cholera of last year, 
 and before illiteracy statistics were kept at the Immigration Bureau. I 
 would hold the sub-agents of steamship companies, of whom there are 
 many thousands scattered over Europe, responsible for the sale of a 
 ticket to a prohibited person, reaching him not directly by our law, for 
 that is impossible, but striking at his pocket through the steamship 
 agencies or companies in this country; compelling him to pay the return 
 passage of a defective immigrant and levying a fine in each instance in 
 addition, if necessary ; or in other words, imposing a penalty, which in 
 a single case would wipe out the commissions received in a groat many. 
 . .... As one of the details of this plan, I- would have each in- 
 tending emigrant, when he applies for a ticket, sign and swear to a 
 duplicate statement covering all necessary points, oi\e copy to be sent 
 through the steamship agents ta the Inspection Bureau in the United 
 States, retaining the other for personal presentation by the immigrant 
 upon arrival, and which would answer as a descriptive list showing 
 precisely what he had sworn to upon purchasing his ticket. I would 
 continue a rigid inspection here, and besides hold every alien immigrant, 
 after landing, subject to compulsory deportation, in the discretion of the 
 courts, whenever he develops into pauperism or criminality, and until 
 he had assumed the burdens and acquired the privileges of citizenship ; 
 or, in other words, I would have him passing through the Immigration 
 Bureau continuously until he became a citizen." 
 
 Opinions of Working-men. 
 
 With respect to the opinions on restriction of immigration entertained 
 ^ . . by working-men, Mr. Burnett has prepared the following note : — 
 
 working-men, Mr. Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of 
 by Mr. Burnett. Jiabour, is in favour of certain modified forms of restricting immi- 
 
101 
 
 P*atiou. The uietiiod^ ho proposes are indirect. Ho is in favour 
 of compelling steumship companies to provide better acoomuiodation 
 for their immigrant patjsengers. This will naturally have the eti'ect 
 of raising the cost of tran&it and would thus restrict immigration. 
 The accommodation ho suggests sliould be at least as good as that 
 provided for what are termed " intermediates " or second-class 
 paaaengers. He does not lielieve in a system of consulai- inspection 
 in Europe, or the gnuiting of a certificate to those who may be con- 
 sideix'd satisfactory, because he fears such a method will limit, if 
 not destroy, the right of political asylum. The sub-agents of 
 shipping companies should be held responsible for certifying the 
 emigraoU they seud. In case of a false certificate the immignints 
 should be sent back and the agent (Usqualified by means of refusal 
 of any fuilher emigrants sent by him. 
 
 Mr. P. J. M'Guire, General Secretary of the United Brotherhood of 
 Carpenters and Joiners, is of opinion that the bulk of the members 
 of that organization are in favour of some form of restriction, but 
 are undecided as to what shape such restriction should take. Some 
 
 . are in favour of an etlucatioual test ; others are for a head-tax ; 
 others would entirely prohibit immigration from certain countries 
 such as Kussia, Poland, and Hungary ; whilst others would also 
 prohibit the Italians. 
 
 Mr. Linalian, President of the Chicago Trades and Labour Assembly, 
 speaking on behalf of that body says generally that some process of 
 selection of suitable immigrants should be adopted. 
 
 Mr. Frank Foster, of the Boston Central Labour Union, Is opposcnl 
 to i*estriction, because in his opinion it would prevent the admission 
 of men from Europe who belong to international trade unions. 
 
 On the other hand Mr. Abraham, secretary of the same body, thinks 
 that immigration has now become excessive, and in the case of some 
 nationalities ought to be prohibited entirely. 
 
 Mr. George M*Neil, another of the leaders of the hibour movement 
 io Boston, is in favour of rastriction and would suspend immigration 
 entirely for some time. 
 
 Mr. T. W. Powderly, General Master-workman of the Knights of 
 Labour, ij strongly in favour of restriction. In his opinion it is 
 desirable to fix a term of years, during which no immigrant should 
 be permitted to land unless he can show that he has sufficient 
 means to maintain himself and those dependent on him for one 
 year. 
 
 General Conclusions. 
 
 The general impression which I derived from conversation with persons 
 whom I met in the course of my stay in the United States was this. The 
 subject of the restriction of immigration has agitated the public mind in the 
 United States for many years. The question has been very exhaustively- 
 investigated on five principal (in addition to several minor) occasions by 
 Committees of the Legislature — by the " Ford Committee " of 1888, 
 the " Owen Committee " and the " Lehlbach Committee " (on Chinese 
 immigration), both of which made areix)rt in 1891, the " Stump Com- 
 mittee," which reported in 1892, and the " Chandler Committee " which 
 made its report early in the present year (1893). The legislation which 
 has recently been adopted (the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1892, and the 
 new immigration law of 1893) may fairly be taken to represent the extent 
 to which the United States, as at present advised, is prepared to go in 
 the direction of restricting immigration. The East finds some of its 
 
102 
 
 cities, especially those upon the sea-board, inconveniently crowded with 
 newly-arrived foreigners, and is inclined to check the flood of immigra- 
 tion. The West is disposed to welcome a considerable accession of new 
 comer?, for whom it is able to find eniployment. The South is convinced 
 that its prosperity would be greatly increased by an extensive immigra- 
 tion.* The net result of these conflicting views, entertained by different 
 sections of voters, is, that it is, on the whole, unlikely that any very 
 stringent measures in restriction of immigration will, for the present at 
 any rate, be passed by Congress. At the same time, a careful eye will 
 be kept upon the administration of the existing laws. The Senate, in 
 the spring of the present year (1893), passed a resolution instructing 
 the Immigration Committee to inquire into the condition and character 
 of alien immigrants coming into the United States, and whether the 
 laws against the introduction of contract labour are properly enforced, 
 as well as to inquire into the execution of the immigration laws. This 
 inquiry is being carried on ; and if, as the result of this investigation, 
 amendments are seen to be required, these will be proposed, and no 
 doubt, passed ; and if cholera were to break out in the United States, 
 there can be no question that the most stringent measures for restricting 
 or for prohibiting, for a time at least, the immigration of aliens would, 
 in all probability, be advocated with every chance of success. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Bills recently before Congress. 
 
 It will be proper to indicate by a brief analysis the nature of the 
 various proposals for legislation in respect to the restriction of immi- 
 gration made during the last two sessions of Congress. Some of the 
 Bills in question approached the subject primarily from the point of 
 view of quarantine. Thus, Mr. Gallinger brought into the Senate a 
 Bill enabling the President, whenever it should be shown to his satis- 
 faction " that by reason of the existence of cholera in a foreign country 
 " there is danger of the introduction of the disease into the United 
 " States, and that, notwithstanding the quarantine defence, this danger 
 " is so increased by immigration that a suspension of the same is de- 
 " manded in the interests of public health," to suspend by proclamation 
 " immigration from such country or place, and for such period of time 
 " as he may deem necessary. "| Two Bills brought into the House of 
 Representatives by Mr. Brosius provided for the establishment of a 
 new Federal system of quarantine, and proposed to enact that pending 
 its establishment all immigration from European and Asiatic coun- 
 tries should be suspended for one year. Two Bills on this subject were 
 introduced into the House of Representatives by Mr. Stump, who pro- 
 posed that "from and after the first day of March, eighteen hundred and 
 " ninety-three, and until otherwise directed by the Secretary of the 
 " Treasury, no alien immigrant shall be permitted to land at any port 
 " in the United States w^ho has not been quarantined at the port of de- 
 " parture for at least seven days immediately preceding the day of em- 
 
 * In April 1893, a Convention of the Governors of the Southern States was 
 held at Richmond, Va,., •' to stimulate immigratiofl into the South " ; see also the 
 article on " Our need of Immigrants " in the Manufacturers* Record (Baltimore) 
 Feb. 10, 1893, and that on " Immigiant's Opportunities in Georgia," in the Southeiii 
 States (Baltimore) March 1893, both from the pen of Mr. C. J. Haden. 
 
 t Compare the provisions of the new Quarantine Law of Feb. 15, 1893, ante, 
 p. 50. 
 
103 
 
 '* barkation/' and that i>ower s^hould l>e given to the Secretary of the 
 Treasury, with the approval of the President, " whenever in his jiidg- 
 ** ment the public aaJPety shall require it, or in case the quanmtino 
 " regulations at home and abroad are found insufficient to afford full 
 " and ample protection against th«» introduction of cholera, or any dan- 
 ** gerons, contagious, or infectious disease into the ITnited States, to 
 ♦' restrict, suspend, or prohibit immigration, and to exclude all alien 
 *• immigrants from any designated foreign i)ort, or from any country or 
 ** locality, whether such immigration be by water or land, for such 
 " length of time as he may dt*em proper." 
 
 Mr. Peffer introduced into tht* Senate a Bill providing for the 
 examinadun of intending emigrants by the consuls of the United 
 States, who were to certify as to their eligibility under the Act, the 
 certificate to give the holder full right to enter the United States. 
 The Hill defines the classes of persons who are to bo ineligible jis 
 immigrants, including ** nil manual labourers, including clerks, sales- 
 ** men, master mechanics, and the like, who do not intend to renounce 
 ** allegiance to the Government of the country of which they are 
 " citirens or subjects, and become citiiens of the United States.'* 
 Mr. Chandler brought into the Senate five different Bills. The first 
 of these Bills provided for consular certificates being obtained by 
 immigrants before de|)arture testifying to their having (after inquiry) 
 been found to be eligible for admission into the United States. Mr. 
 Chandler's second Bill proposetl to check the volume of immigration by 
 imposing upon the owners of vessels bringing emigrants to the United 
 States from any place abroad more than two thousand miles from the 
 United States certain stringent conditions as to the amount of cubic air- 
 space to be provided and otherwise, and proposed to enact that " no 
 *' steerage or third-class passengers shall be landed in the United 
 " States from any steamer in the Trans-atlantic passenger trade." In 
 his third Bill Mr. Chandler proposed to suspend " the admission of 
 alien emigrants for settlement or residence '* for one year, except 
 in the case of person^ " coming from American countries who were 
 •* citizens thereof and actually resident therein for not less than one 
 " year l)efore their departures." His fourth Bill added to the classes 
 already prohibited as iumiigrants persons unable to read and write, 
 persons not provided with money enough to support them for two 
 months after arrival, " not to exceed 3UK) [20/.] for each single person 
 " or head of a family, and $25 [5/.] for each member of a family accom- 
 " panying or sent for by " the head of the family ; also '* persons blind 
 '* or crippled, or otherwise physically imperfect, so that they are wholly 
 ** or partially disabled from manual labour, unless it is affirmatively and 
 ** satisfactorily shown on special inquiry that such persons are sure of 
 " an abundant support, and not likely to become a public charge " ; 
 lastly " persons belonging to societies which favour or justify the unlaw- 
 " ful and criminal destruction of property or life." This Bill also made 
 provision for consular inquiry and certification (the certificate not to 
 give the right to admission into the United States) ; and went on to 
 limit the number of immigrants to he brought by any vessel by doubling 
 the amount of cubic air-space per passenger previously required, and to 
 make other requirements as to the accommodation to be provided for 
 passengers. Mr. Chandler's fifth Bill omits the requirement that immi- 
 grants, in order to be admissible, shall possess money enough to support 
 them for two months, but is otherwise similar to his fourth proposal. 
 
 In the House of Representatives Mr. Stump introduced (in addition 
 to the two quarantine Bills already mentioned) two other Bills, the first 
 cf which was almost identical with the first Bill of Mr. Chandler above 
 
104 
 
 mentioned, while the second Bill was, in the main, identical with the 
 new immigration law of March 3, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Oates brought into the House of Representatives a Bill, the 
 leading features of which were that it added to the prescribed classes 
 of immigrants ** anarchists," and made it a misdemeanour punishable by 
 fine or by imprisonment, or by both fine and imprisonment for an alien 
 to come or for any person to bring or assist in bringing an alien into the 
 United States in violation of the law. Any alien coming into the 
 United States in violation of law might be returned within two years 
 thereafter at the cost of the company which brought him, or, if not, at 
 that of the United States. The Bill of Mr. Oates proposed to limit the 
 volume of immigration by enacting that no vessel bringing passengers 
 from any foreign port should " transport at one voyage more than in the 
 " proportion of one passenger to every five registered tons of such 
 " vessel," and by imposing a head-tax of 1/. for each alien passenger 
 brought in by sea or land. This Bill also proposed to establish a 
 system of consular inquiry into the eligibility of immigrants, to take 
 place at least three months prior to embarkation ; the consul was to 
 give a certificate which, however, was not to be conclusive proof of the 
 right of the holder to admission into the United States. This Bill 
 further contained certain provisions as to the inspection of immigrants. 
 
 The Bill introduced into the House of Bepresentatives by Mr. Geary 
 included in the prescribed categories both " anarchists " and " socialists." 
 To offer employment through advertisements abroad or to come to the 
 United States in consequence of such an advertisement was to be deemed 
 a violation of the contract labour law. It was to be a misdemeanour 
 punishable by fine or imprisonment or both to bring to the United 
 States any alien not lawfully entitled to admission. Provision was 
 made for consular certification of intending emigrants (to take place at 
 least three months prior to embarkation) ; the immigrants were to re- 
 ceive their certificates only upon their signing an agreement that if the 
 holder " shall within five years after landing in the United States be 
 *' convicted of any felony or other infamous crime or misdemeanour in- 
 ** volving moral turpitude, or shall become a public charge by reason 
 *' of causes existing prior to his arrival in the United States . . . 
 " on demand by the proper authorities he shall voluntarily depart from 
 " said United States." But this certificate was not to be conclusive 
 evidence of the right of the holder to enter the United States. Other 
 clauses relate to the inspection of immigrants ; declare that " the writ 
 " of habeas corpus shall not be issued by any court of the United 
 " States in behalf of any persons det-ained by the collector of customs 
 " under this Act, or whose right to land has been decided adversely to 
 " such person by the collector of customs, unless such person shall on 
 " oath depose in his petition for such writ of habeas corpus that he is a 
 ** citizen of the United States of America, or has prior to his then 
 ** arrival in the United States legally declared his intention to become 
 " a citizen of the United States ; " and impose a head tax of 1/. on 
 each alien coming into the United States. This Bill also provided 
 " that any alien who shall come into the United States in violation 
 " of law may be returned, as by law provided, at any time within 
 " five years thereafter, at the expense of the person or persons, 
 " vessel, transportation company, or corporation bringing such alien 
 '* into the United States; and, if that cannot be done, then at the 
 " expense of the United States ; and any alien who becomes a public 
 " charge within five years after his arrival in the United States from 
 " causes existing prior to his landing therein shall be deemed to have 
 " come in violation of law, and shall be returned as aforesaid. And 
 
105 
 
 " any alien who, within five years after his arrival in the United 
 ** States, shall be convicted in any court of record of the United 
 ** States, or of any state or territory, or the district of Columbia,. 
 *' of any felony, or other infamous crime or misdemeanour involving 
 " moral turpitude, shall be deemed to have come in violation of law, 
 ** and shall, on the expiration of his term of imprisonment, if im- 
 ** prisoned, and if not, then ns soon after such conviction as possible, 
 " be arrested by the United States marshal and returned to the country 
 " from wiiMice he came, the expenses of such return to be paid by the 
 ** Unitod States out of the immigration fund. And if any country to 
 ** which any |K?rson is returned, under the provisions of this section, 
 ** shall refuse to i*eceive such persons, then the President of the United 
 ** States shall, on being advised of such action on the part of such 
 ** foreign country, issue his proclamation prohibiting all innnigration 
 ** from Hurh country until it hUows such pei*8on to be returned." It 
 was further provide<l that no proceedings for violation of the Contract 
 Labour Law of 1 885, or of this proposed Act, should " be settled, com- 
 ** promiscil, or discontinueil without the consent of the court, entered 
 ** of record with reasons therefor." 
 
 Mr. Lo«lge brought into the House of Repi"e'*entatives a Bill requiring 
 consular cert itioat ion in all cases ; the list of prescribed classes of immi- 
 grants was to be extended so as to exclude any person who is an 
 " anarchist or nihilist, or who is hostile to the form of Government or Con- 
 ** stitution of the United Stiites." The consular certificate (which must 
 be applied for at least three months before embarkation) is to set forth 
 the eligibility of the holder, that he or she " is a perstm of good character 
 " and reputation ; that he or she receives no assistance, either charitable 
 " or otherwise, to enable him or her to emigrate ; that ho or she is 
 ** self-supjwiting, and if he or she has a dependent family, is capable 
 ** of sup|>orting such family. Said ceruncaie shall also certify that the 
 " bolder, if over 12 years of age can, to the personal knowledge of the 
 " consul or diplomatic representative signing such certificate, both read 
 ** and write his or her native language and can read the Constitution of 
 ** the United States either in English or in the native language of the 
 ** said holder of such certificate. Such certificate shall also certify that 
 ** the holder is physically and mentally sound, m good health, and free 
 from disease or deformity as certified by a physician in good and regular 
 " standing known to the consular or diplomatic representatives with 
 *' whom such medical certificates shall dg nied." The consul is to 
 inquire into the character of the applicant for a certificate and to 
 ** require proof as to all the facts certified to." On his arrival in the 
 United States the immigrant is to be again examined in order to see 
 that he can read and write, and is physically and mentally sound. 
 Other provisions relate to the inspection of immigrants; impose a 
 head-tax of 1/. for each immigrant, and restrict the number of pas- 
 sengers to one for every five registered tons of the vessel. It is made a 
 misdemeanour, punishable by a fine of 200/. in each case, to bring in an 
 alien unprovided with a certificate. An immigrant must, at any time 
 within 12 months of his arrival, justify his presence in the country by 
 producing his certificate ; if he fail to do this, he is to be fined and sent • 
 back. 
 
 Another Bill, introduced into the House of Representatives by Mr. 
 William A. Stone, proposed to enact that whenever any alien desires to 
 migrate to the United States he or she shall apply to the representative 
 of the United States nearest his or her residence, and shall testify on 
 oath " the reason of his or her desire to become a citizen of the United 
 " States, bis or her trade or occupation, age, state of health, and 
 o 77399. H 
 
106 
 
 " whether he or she is the owner of real or personal estate, and of what 
 " value. And such applicant shall also file at the time a passport of 
 ** recent date from the Government to which such apphcant belongs 
 *' granting i^ermission to migrate, and also a certificate from the chief 
 " officer or minister of police of the place where such applicant resides, 
 " certifying that he or she is under no charge of crime or violation of 
 " law, and has not been for the period of five years. The said repre- 
 " sentative shall, upon receipt of such application, passport, and certi- 
 ** ficate, if they appear to be correct, fix a day when such application 
 " will be heard, not less than thirty days from the receipt of such 
 *' application. Notice of such application and hearing, together with a 
 " full description of the applicant, the name, age, place of birth, present 
 " and previous residence, occupation, and so forth, as given, shall be 
 " sent to the state or foreign office of the Government to which the 
 •* applicant belongs, and to the chief officer or minister of police where 
 " the applicant then resides, at least twenty days before the said hearing. 
 " The said representative shall subpoena and examine such witnesses at 
 " the hearing as shall enable him to determine whether the application 
 " signed and sworn to by the applicant is true, and whether the appli- 
 " cant is a fit subject to become a citizen and resident of this country, 
 ** and if said representative shall find said applicant be a fit and projjer 
 " person to become a resident and citizen of this country, under the pro- 
 ** visions of this Act, he shall, upon the payment of twenty dollars [4/.], 
 " for the purpose of defraying the expense of said investigation, issue 
 " and deliver to the applicant, under his official seal, a permit which 
 " shall enable the applicant to embark at any time within the period of 
 " ninety days, after thirty days from the date theieof, and which shall 
 " recite that the applicant has been examined and found worthy to 
 " become a citizen and resident of the United States, and which permit 
 ** shall contain a complete and accurate description of the person to 
 ** whom it is issued. But if it shall appear on said investigation that 
 " said applicant is an idiot, or so weak-minded as to be unable to pro- 
 " vide for himself or herself, or insane, or a pauper, or a dependent 
 " person, or likely to become such, or a person suffering from any sick- 
 " uess, disease, or other disability, physical or mental, or that he or she 
 " has been convicted of any crime or felony, or any misdemeanour 
 " involving moral turpitude, or of any crime or misdemeanour against 
 " the Government from which he or she desires to migrate, or any 
 " other Government, or that he or she has been engagctl in any plot or 
 " unlawful scheme against any Government or any of its officers, or 
 " that he or she is or has been a member of any society of a secret 
 " character, which approves the use of unlawful means against any 
 " Government or its officers, or against any individual, or that he 
 " or she is a member of any secret society, party, or organization 
 " whose constitution or compact is contrary to the constitution and 
 " laws of the United States, or if he or she is a polygamist, or if he 
 " or she has entered into any contract or agreement to labour in 
 ** this country, express or implied, or is coming here at the request of 
 " any labour or employment agent, or if the Government having juris- 
 ** diction over such applicant shall object to his or her leaving the 
 " country, or if it shall appear that such applicant has not the means 
 " or expectation through some relative, or otherwise, of support for at 
 ** least one year after he or she reaches this country, or if it appears 
 ** that such applicant is of bad moral character, or that the applicant, if 
 ** a male, is over fifty-five years of age, or if a female, over fifty years of 
 '* age, such permit shall be refused by such representative (unless it 
 " kppears that such applicant, if over the specified age, and otherwise 
 
107 
 
 ** eligible, has reasonable e\)>ectation8 of support through 80me child 
 *' already in this country), aud any money paid by such applicant 
 ** on account of his or her application to the United Stiites, or to 
 " any of its officers, shall l>e ivfundeil." The permits to be given 
 under this Act are, unless obtained by fraud, to be conclusive evi- 
 dence of the holder's right to enter the United States. If an immi- 
 grant i(i brought without a |)c.rmif, then " any officer, employee, or 
 " person intere8te<i in " the vessel bringing him, if acting knowingly, 
 are to \)e fined ; the owners of tl^ie vessel are also to be fined ; 
 80, too, are any persons aiding or contributing to the landing of 
 an immigraot not provided witb a permit. >It is further provided 
 that *^any alien immigrant who shall first come to this country by 
 ** water, after the {tassage of this Act, without u permit as aforesaici, 
 ** may be airested at any lime within five years after his arrival here, 
 ** by warraut issueil by a I'nited States commissioner, aud upon 
 ** hearing and trial in the Unite<l States district or circuit court, and 
 " conviction, he or she shall be ret»u*ned to the country from wliich he 
 " or she came, at the expense and in the custody of« the steamship 
 ** com{>any, line, or vessel that brought him or her heie, if practicable, 
 " and if not, at the expi*nse of the United States, and the expense of 
 ** the arrest, trial, and return shall Ixj borne by such vessel, or line, or 
 ** company, to be recovered by atUichment or libel against any vessel or 
 *' property of such steamship line or company, or vessel, at the instance 
 " of tha United States attorney of the court having jurisdiction," The 
 " Act is to apply " to all alien immigrants who shall first come by 
 " water to some other country bordering upon the Unifetl States, and 
 " then seek to enter the United States therefrom ; ** but is not to apply 
 ** to children under sixteen years of age coming with their parents or 
 *' other relatives, or to persons who come as travellers or visitors on 
 ** passports issued by their respective countries, gmnting leave of 
 ** absence or permission to be absent for a given period of time, or to 
 " persons tmving property or capital invested in this country re(iuiring 
 ** their presence here, who shall l)e furnished a special permit by the 
 " United States representative on satisfactory evidence of their invest- 
 " ments in this country. Persons coming as travellers or visitors on 
 " passports who shall engage in business of any kind, or perform 
 " labour of any kind, shall forfeit their privileges as travellers or 
 " visitors, and be subject to arrest and return to their country as alien 
 ** immigrants without permits." 
 
 Mr. Washburn brought into the Senate a Bill increasing the 
 head-tax on passengers from 2s. to 4*. and providing that in the case 
 of all vessels bringing alien passengers to the United States from 
 foreign ports distant more than 2,0GO miles from the States " the 
 " owner, master, agent, or consignee of such vessel shall deliver for 
 " each such vessel to the collector of the port of arrival, or if there 
 " be no collector at such port, then to the nearest collector of cus- 
 " toms, a bond with sureties in the penal sum of not less than 350,000 
 " [10,000/.]," conditional for the return by him of any alien immi- 
 grants brought by such vessel and found within two years from their 
 arrival to have come in violation of the law, or to have become a 
 public charge. Further, each adult male immigrant, each adult female 
 immigrant unaccompanied by her husband or parent, and eaoh minor 
 unaccompanied by parent or guardian is to make a declaration on oath 
 before a consular officer of the United States, or before one of the 
 Commissioners of Immigration, or one of the Immigrant Inspectors to be 
 appointed under the Act specifying a great number of particulars in 
 relation to the deponent, including-^" Fifth. Whether or not th^ 
 
 H 2 
 
108 
 
 " immigrants named in such sworn declaration are of good moral/ 
 '* character." This provision was to apply also to European or Asiatic 
 immigrants, who within five years of their arrival in Canada or Mexico 
 should seek thence to enter the United States. This Bill gave power 
 to the Secretary of the Treasury to appoint one commissioner of 
 emigration and a suitable number of immigrant inspectors for each of 
 the tv,^elve ports of Europe from which the greatest number of alien 
 immigrants have come to the United States during recent years, 
 and also "to appoint and employ a sufficient number of assistant 
 '" surgeons of the Marine Hospital service, so that one such officer 
 " shall sail on each steamship leaving any principal port of Europe 
 " for any port of the United States, and having on board not 
 " less than one hundred steerage and second-cabin passengers." The 
 Secretary of the Treasury was directed to advertise in European news- 
 papers " a brief abstract of those provisions of the laws of the United 
 " States which define the classes of aliens whose landing therein is 
 " prohibited, and the penalty for presenting a false declaration." 
 
 A Bill introduced in the Senate by Mr. Quay is, in the main, iJjiiticul 
 with that brought into the House of Representatives by Mr. Stone^ 
 which has been already described. 
 
 Mr. Beltzhoover introduced in the House of Representatives a Bill 
 which proposed that every intending emigrant should, prior to his 
 departure, make an affidavit before the consul or diplomatic represen- 
 tative of the United States resident at or nearest to his place of 
 residence, " That his removal to the United States is with the 
 " bona fide intention of residing there permanently and becoming a 
 " citizen thereof," and added to the ineligible classes that of " anar- 
 chists." Mr. Beltzhoover's Bill also provided that " any alien (ex- 
 " cept idiots and lunatics) who shall come into the United States 
 " in violation of any of the provisions of this Act or other laws of 
 " the United States, or who shall bring, aid, or assist in bringing into 
 ** the United States any alien, including idiots and lunatics, contrary to 
 " the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and, if 
 " prosecuted within two years thereafter, shall, upon conviction, Ibe fined 
 " for each such person who comes, is brought, or assisted, not exceeding 
 " one thousand dollars [200/.], and maybe imprisoned or sentenced to hard 
 " labour for not more than three years, one or both, a:t the discretion of the 
 " court trying the case ; but any such person who is called and testifies 
 " as a witness for the United States shall not be prosecuted for such 
 " offence ; and any alien who shall come into the United States in 
 " violation of law may be returned at any time within two years 
 " thereafter, at the expense of the vessel or transportation company, 
 " whether by land or water, by whose line such person was brought 
 ** into the United States, and if that cannot be done, then at the 
 " expense of the United States ; and any vessel refusing to return 
 " any such rejected person shall not receive clearance papers from 
 " any port of the United States while thus refusing." This Bill pro- 
 posed to restrict the volume of immigration by enacting " that no vessel 
 ** which brings passengers to any of the ports of the IJnited States 
 " from any foreign port shall transport at one voyage more than in 
 *' the proportion of one passenger to every five registered tons of 
 " such vessel, not including children under the age of one year in the 
 " computation, and computing two children over one year and under 
 " eight years of age as one passenger; ana any vessel which violates 
 " this section shall be fined by the collector of customs, or by any 
 " United States court having jurisdiction, not exceeding five hundred 
 *' dollars [100/.] for every passenger brought in excess of the limit hereiii 
 
109 
 
 ** prescribed." Mr. Beltzhoover further }>roix)3e(l that " any alien who 
 ^ desires to emigrato to the United States, to reside therein or to 
 ** become a citizen tliereof, may apply to a consul or diplomatic repre- 
 ** seutative of the United States " for a certificate of emigration to be 
 given after inquiry ; but this document is not to be conclusive evidence 
 of the holder's right to be mimitted into the United States. This Bill 
 also contained provisions as to the inspection of immigrants. 
 
 A Bill, which had alreiuiy pa8se<I the Senate, was referred to the 
 Select Committee on Immigration and Naturalization on January 6, 
 1893, and was repotted next day with an amendment ; as so amended 
 this Bill was identical with the new law of March 3, 1H93, except that 
 it contained the foUowins: additional provisions : " That section one 
 ** of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, in 
 " amendment of the immigration and contract labour Acts, be, and 
 ** hereby is, amended by adding to the classes of aliens thereby 
 ** excluded from admission into the United States the following : — 
 
 " All pel-sons physically capable and over sixteen years of age who can- 
 ** not read and write with reasonable facility their own language, 
 " except that an aged person not so able to read and "write who is the 
 " l)arent or grandparent of an admissible immigrant may accompany 
 •* or be sent for by such immigmnt. 
 
 •* Persons blind or crippled, or otherwise physically imperfect, so that 
 " they nre wholly or partially disabled from manual labour, unless it is 
 ** affirmatively and fatisfaclorily diown on special inquiry that such 
 ** persons are sure of an abundant support and not likely to become a 
 " public charge. 
 
 " Persons belonging to any society or organization which sanctions 
 ♦* or justifies the unlawful destruction of life or property." 
 
 On Feb. 13, 1893, Mr. Greenleaf introduced in the House of 
 Representatives a Bill, by which it was proposed to enact that the 
 United States should " obtain permission from European Powers to 
 ** locate United States emigration agents in their respective countries " ; 
 that no agents should "be located in the non-European provinces be- 
 ** longing to legitimate European Governments, and no emigration from 
 " such provinces shall be allowed to enter the United States of America ; 
 ** that any Government refusing permission to locate these emigration 
 " agents shall forfeit the entire right of emigration, on the part of its 
 " citizens, to the United States of America." These emigration agents 
 are to have power to grant or deny a certificate of emigration ; but 
 shall not grant a certificate '*to persons who are prevented from 
 " landing under our present laws ; nor shall a certificate be granted to 
 ** persons who are known in their respective localities as immoral in 
 •** character, or to persons having been convicted and punished, or 
 " imprisoned for crimes, except such political crimes as are provided 
 " for in the treaties." It is further provided " that each adult, having 
 *' received the necessary permission from his own Government to 
 '•■ emigrate to the United States of America, shall produce the cerifi- 
 " cate from the United States agent of emigration, to be inspected by 
 " the United States Consul at port of embarkation ; and this certificate 
 ** shall be countersigned by the United States authorities at ports, both 
 " of embarkation and entry ; that the landing at any United States port 
 " of all adult immigrants, not in ix)ssession of such certificates, shall be 
 " considered a violation of our immigration laws ; and any steam or 
 " sailing vessel bringing over such immigrants shall be compelled to 
 " return them to place of embarkation ; that all immigrants from 
 ** European countries where the passport system is employed shall 
 •** be debarred from entering the United States of America, if such 
 
110 
 
 " immigrants seek entrance through British or Spanish possessions in 
 " America, or through Mexico " ; and, in the last place, " that every 
 " adult immigrant to the United States of America, from the United 
 " Kingdom of Great Britain, or from any Britisli colony or possession 
 " in America, or from any Spanish possession in America, or from 
 " Mexico, shall not be permitted to enter the United States of America, 
 " unless provided with a certifioate under the seal of the home Govern- 
 " ment, showing a citizenship cf not less than five years, and testifying 
 " as 10 the good character of the immigrant." 
 
 The extent to which the various proposals here set forth were, in the 
 end, adopted will be seen by a reference to the terms of the new immi- 
 gration law of March 3, 1893, Appendix D., post, pp. 142-144. 
 
Ill 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 Statistical Tables. 
 
 TABLE I.-(New York.) 
 
 Statement showing the Nativity, Sex, and Age of Alien Steerage 
 Pitssengers who arrived at the Port of New York, from let January 
 to Sltt Deoember I8i^, inclasivc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ita. 
 
 
 Aj 
 
 "l5~ 
 Years 
 and 
 undur 
 40. 
 
 !•• 
 
 
 Natirlly. 
 
 Mmlas. 
 
 Fe. 
 male*. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Under 
 
 IS 
 Year^ 
 
 40 
 
 Years 
 
 and 
 
 over. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Irelan.1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 , 15.S17 
 
 14.727 
 
 80.044 
 
 S.68S 
 
 28368 
 
 1344 
 
 80,044 
 
 Enprland 
 
 
 
 
 1U15 
 
 6,»«7 
 
 17362 
 
 8300 
 
 11,968 
 
 1,794 
 
 17362 
 
 Wales - 
 
 
 
 
 8S5 
 
 S06 
 
 660 
 
 122 
 
 882 
 
 56 
 
 660 
 
 Scotlnixl 
 
 
 
 
 «,M1 
 
 U*4 
 
 8383 
 
 781 
 
 2302 
 
 882 
 
 8385 
 
 Geniiany 
 
 
 
 
 9II.704 
 
 28.4W 
 
 68.196 
 
 ujm 
 
 46316 
 
 6389 
 
 68,106 
 
 Fnmce- 
 
 
 
 
 1.98i 
 
 l.f8» 
 
 8,281 
 
 649 
 
 2316 
 
 897 
 
 8,251 
 
 Russia - 
 
 
 
 
 1 «0,:80 
 
 12.SSB 
 
 8.\569 
 
 9.181 
 
 21331 
 
 8,197 
 
 88360 
 
 Poland • 
 
 
 
 
 |1W« 
 
 ejne 
 
 22.063 
 
 43SI 
 
 15300 
 
 1308 
 
 22366 
 
 Switserland 
 
 
 
 
 5.777 
 
 2464 
 
 6.W1 
 
 084 
 
 4302 
 
 505 
 
 6.941 
 
 owcu6n 
 
 
 
 
 10,298 
 
 12,617 
 
 81.850 
 
 4342 
 
 24371 
 
 2387 
 
 81360 
 
 Nonray 
 
 
 
 
 7,M7 
 
 4380 
 
 12,907 
 
 1.936 
 
 9.721 
 
 1.160 
 
 12307 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 
 S.04B 
 
 1,074 
 
 8.128 
 
 814 
 
 1344 
 
 865 
 
 8,128 
 
 Hollnnd 
 
 
 
 
 8,481 
 
 2,506 ' 5,987 
 
 2,"10 
 
 3,246 
 
 781 
 
 6387 
 
 Ital>' - 
 
 
 
 
 1 44.745 
 
 18,050 1 57.795 
 
 8347 
 
 41385 
 
 7313 
 
 57,795 
 
 Spain • 
 
 
 
 
 ' ia> 
 
 28 154 
 
 IS 
 
 181 
 
 10 
 
 154 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 
 
 1 ,.«. 
 
 905 2,341 
 
 877 
 
 1386 
 
 278 
 
 2341 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 
 
 1 5,228 
 
 8,883 ! 85G1 
 
 1 
 
 1,690 
 
 6,244 
 
 627 
 
 8361 
 
 Hungary 
 
 
 
 
 j 2U80 
 
 7305 j 28.485 
 
 3.000 
 
 22,438 
 
 2,957 
 
 28,186 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 
 
 1 16,500 
 
 6,«>9 23.2f)8 
 
 3.107 
 
 17,651 
 
 2,460 
 
 23308 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 
 
 
 8,086 
 
 2.164 5,190 
 
 1,218 
 
 3.433 
 
 639 
 
 6.190 
 
 FinUnd 
 
 
 
 
 21,897 
 
 1,718 1 6.413 
 
 639 
 
 4.846 
 
 428 
 
 6,418 
 
 Armenia 
 
 
 
 
 816 
 
 18 ' 864 
 
 21 
 
 808 
 
 35 
 
 864 
 
 Australia 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 13 
 
 - 
 
 IS 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 
 
 184 
 
 62 
 
 196 
 
 46 
 
 127 
 
 23 
 
 196 
 
 Greece - 
 
 
 
 
 488 
 
 8 
 
 501 
 
 59 
 
 408 
 
 84 
 
 501 
 
 All Other Countries • 
 
 
 
 2,251 
 
 1389 
 
 3.490 
 
 694 
 
 2,455 
 
 341 
 
 3400 
 
 To 
 
 tals • 
 
 
 
 243,268 
 
 131,473 374.741 
 
 66395 
 
 271331 
 
 37315 
 
 374.741 
 
112 
 
 TABLE II.— (New York.) 
 
 Statement showing the Number and Nativity of Alien Steerage Pas- 
 sengers debarred for various causes from landing at the Port of 
 New York, from 1st January to 31st December 1892, inclusive ; also 
 Number and Nativity of those returned (during 1892) within one 
 year of landing from causes existing prior to landing. 
 
 
 Debarred from Landing. 
 
 Returned within one 
 Year of Landing. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 "5 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 t-i 
 
 IIS 
 
 "(5 
 
 li 
 
 6% 
 
 1"' 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
 
 Ireland - 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 _ 
 
 69 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 76 
 
 50 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 England - - - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 51 
 
 21 
 
 - 
 
 73 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 Wales . 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Scotland - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 "Germany 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 161 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 192 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 84 
 
 France - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Russia - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 254 
 
 77 
 
 15 
 
 340 
 
 51 
 
 11 
 
 — 
 
 62 
 
 Poland - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 7 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 Sweden - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 10 
 
 Norway - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 Belgium - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 I 
 
 Holland - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Italy - 
 
 26 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 132 
 
 483 
 
 14 
 
 655 
 
 80 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 99 
 
 Spain ... 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Portugal 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Denmark 
 
 - 
 
 -- 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 Hungary 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 23 
 
 Ill 
 
 1 
 
 135 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 21 
 
 Austria - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 88 
 
 304 
 
 12 
 
 404 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 26 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 . - 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 Finland - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 r ~ 
 
 24 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Armenia - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 -^ 
 
 Turkey - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 .— 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — . 
 
 Greece - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 . 9 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 -A.11 Other Countries - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 4 
 
 23 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Totals - 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 932 
 
 1,092 
 
 80 
 
 2,137 
 
 • 
 
 376 
 
 49 
 
 12 
 
 437 
 
113 
 
 TABLE 111.— (New Youk.) 
 
 DssTixATios and Occupation of Alien Steerage PASSENGeRS arriving at 
 
 the Port of New York during the Year ending December Slst, 1892. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 No. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 No. 
 
 Alacka 
 
 1 
 7 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 15,219 
 
 Alabama - 
 
 297 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 710 
 
 Arisooa 
 
 156 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 259 
 
 AikaoMM - 
 
 358 
 
 Nortli Dakota 
 
 2,293 
 
 OoiUMOlioat 
 
 8,189 
 
 Nebraska - - - 
 
 3,966 
 
 Colorado - 
 
 1,743 
 
 Nevada - - - 
 
 432 
 
 
 5,851 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 15,889 
 
 Delaware - 
 
 470 i New Mexico - - | 
 
 196 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 415 1 
 
 *New York 
 
 172,972 
 
 Florida 
 
 343 1 
 
 Ohio 
 
 7,807 
 
 Georgia - 
 
 S99 
 
 Oregon 
 
 733 
 
 Indiana 
 
 1,955 
 
 reunsylvania 
 
 51,823 
 
 Indian territory 
 
 291 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 2,814 
 
 Illinois 
 
 38,080 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 166 
 
 Iowa - - - 
 
 5,948 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 1,300 
 
 Idaho 
 
 844 
 
 Tennessee - 
 
 388 
 
 Kentucky - 
 
 ft45 
 
 Texas 
 
 2,290 
 
 Kansas . . - 
 
 2,431 
 
 UUih 
 
 429 
 
 Ix>uisiana - - - 
 
 551 
 
 Vermont 
 
 671 
 
 Maine 
 
 391 , 
 
 Virginia _ - - 
 
 323 
 
 Maryland - 
 
 2,035 j 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 674 
 
 Michigan - 
 
 9,039 1 
 
 Wisconsin - - - 
 
 7,749 
 
 Missouri . - - 
 
 8,229 i 
 
 Washington 
 
 1,077 
 
 Minnesota - 
 Mississippi - 
 
 9,802 1 
 201 
 
 Wyoming - - - 
 
 430 
 
 
 
 Montana - 
 
 1,102 
 
 Total 
 
 374,741 
 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. 
 
 Architects - 
 
 72 
 
 j Machinists - - - 
 
 1,672 
 
 Brewers - - - 
 
 563 
 
 Millers 
 
 636 
 
 Butchers - - - 
 
 1,814 
 
 1 Musicians - - - 
 
 660 
 
 IJarbers ... 
 
 848 
 
 1 Painters - - - 
 
 1,425 
 
 Bakers 
 
 1,583 
 
 Peddlers - 
 
 789 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 1,786 
 
 Plasterers - - - 
 
 268 
 
 Bartenders - - - 
 
 280 
 
 Porters . - - 
 
 242 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 716 
 
 Potters 
 
 217 
 
 Carpenters - - - 
 
 3,656 
 
 Printers - - - 
 
 582 
 
 Cabinetmakers 
 
 1,559 
 
 ' Saddlers - 
 
 578 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 377 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 3,575 
 
 Cigarn:akers 
 
 624 
 
 Spinners . - - 
 
 451 
 
 Cooks 
 
 431 
 
 Tailors 
 
 5,076 
 
 Coopers _ - - 
 
 434 
 
 Tinsmiths - 
 
 755 
 
 fFarmers - - - 
 
 28,612 
 
 Tanners - - - 
 
 573 
 
 Florists - - - 
 
 208 
 
 : VVaggonsmiths 
 
 416 
 
 Gardeners - 
 
 701 
 
 Weavers - - - 
 
 1,534 
 
 Hatters - - - 
 
 418 li Waiters - 
 
 763 
 
 Ironmoulders 
 
 866 1 All other occupations 
 
 14,764 
 
 Labourers - - - 
 
 104,348 No occupation, including 
 
 
 Locksmiths 
 
 i,196 
 
 women and children 
 
 180,638 
 
 T.aundrymen 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Masons 
 
 Miners . - - 
 
 3,353 
 4,670 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 374,741 
 
 ! 
 
 * It appears that immigi-ants passing through New York on their way to Canada 
 are entered in tlie List of Destinations under " New York." The Commissioner of 
 Immigration estimated the number of such persons at about 2,000 per annum. 
 
 •j- Under " Farmers " are entered all agricultural labourers. — D. F. S. 
 
114 
 
 to 
 
 .S 
 
 \^ 
 
 H 
 
 OQ 
 
 'I 
 
 s 
 
 ii 
 
 Is 
 I ^ 
 
 a> «^ 
 
 o OJ 
 
 ^' 
 
 SS*'gSgJSggS»:|?!5'-g|*&|?2|SSg^^;32 
 
 i 
 
 8. Women whose husbands remained in Europe. Barred. 
 
 9. Widows. Barred. 
 
 10. Single women discharged without marriage. 
 
 11. Single women. Barred. 
 
 12. Single women married at immigrant station and then 
 
 discharged. 
 
 13. Women going to husbands. Barred. 
 
 14. Women with husbands. Barred. 
 
 15. Women barred on account of husband. Sickness. 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 ! 1 1 -" 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ! h 
 
 1 
 
 ;* 
 
 1^1 1 1^1 I 1 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 I 1 1 l-l 1 1 1- 
 
 lO 
 
 n 
 
 1 •" 1 1 1 1 i 1 M 1 1 1 1 -^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 ,«|^,0C«, 1^1 , 1^1 |«, j |«|0, 1 |rH 
 
 s 
 
 - 
 
 |WI»lj^r-l[,Hin| 1 ]M51rHr-ler5| |MiMlO[ | 1 | 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 |rH|rH|iO| |fHOS»Jj |0flrHr-lt^|rH| W iH I> i-l | | W 
 
 g 
 
 ci 
 
 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I i 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 *M ^ 1 1 *> 1 1 1 I 
 
 '■O 
 
 00 
 
 1 1 I M ^ 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 »3 
 
 us 
 
 Note.— The columns below refer as follows :— 
 
 1. Women with husbands, legitimately pregnant. 
 
 2. Women accompanied by husbands, detained. Dis- 
 
 charged later. 
 
 3. Women whose husbands died on voyage. Barred. 
 
 4. Women going to husbands, being prepaid. 
 
 5. Women going to husbands, detained. Discharged 
 
 later. 
 
 6. Widows discharged. 
 
 7. Women whose husbands remained in Europe. Dis- 
 
 charged. 
 
 !>: 
 
 ^1 I^I^-H, 1^1 1 1-^^^ |^,« 1^1 , 1 l^^, 
 
 s 
 
 «o 
 
 1 1 1 ^ , , ^ , 1 ^^ , 1^. , 1 ^ , 1 », 1 1 ^ , „ 1 1 
 
 s 
 
 M 
 
 I«I''l*i^^-8^^ISI!l«^SIS-='^l 1-S 
 
 eo 
 
 ^• 
 
 i«icct-».^« ,^^^ i-s-^gg^s I'^gji-^-'s; 
 
 8 
 
 « 
 
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 r-l 
 
 (A 
 
 «« 1 rHwt.^*, 1 «*,*, 1 ;2^ 1 ! :- 1 g 1 1 « 1 I 1 « 
 
 s 
 
 ri 
 
 ^^«'SS5^§;5§S?g'^5S''^|«SSS5''*'«3 
 
 g 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 09 
 
 & 
 
 
 Arabian 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Assyrian 
 
 Bohemian 
 
 Belgian 
 
 Danish 
 
 Knglish 
 
 French 
 
 Finland era - 
 
 German 
 
 Hungarian - 
 
 Hollanders - 
 
 Icelander 
 
 Irish . 
 
 Italian 
 
 Luxeinburghers 
 
 Norwegian - 
 
 Polish - 
 
 Portuguese - 
 
 Russian 
 
 Swiss - 
 
 Scotch 
 
 Swedish 
 
 Nova Scotian 
 
 Roumanian • 
 
 Welsh • . 
 
 Prussian 
 
115 
 
 TABLE v.— (New York.) 
 
 NuMBEB of »nd Causes for which Immigrants were stopned for special 
 examination by the Medical Staff* during the Passing Examination of 
 rMsensers arriying ut the U.S. loimigration Station, Ellis Island, 
 N.Y., daring the Month of March 
 
 Diaeaw. 
 
 Hjdrorephmlus 
 
 Goitre . 
 
 Sprmin of ankle 
 
 rimotara ol femur, old 
 
 Hyiteria 
 
 LeasorrhoBa 
 
 Coluboma 
 
 Obwnration* • 
 
 GnuiuUr eyelids 
 
 Ulcer of nose - 
 
 Weak ininded - 
 
 Infected wound of forehead 
 
 AtaoeM oonnect. tinuc 
 
 Gantritifl 
 
 Tinea or ■jrocsia 
 
 Alcoholism, a<'ute 
 
 Synovitii o( knee, chronic 
 
 Ixjw of ann 
 
 Tumour of face 
 
 Glnuconia 
 
 Idiot 
 
 Jaundice 
 
 Alcoholism, chronic - 
 
 Akthma 
 
 Pleuriii.v 
 
 Scarlet feTer - 
 
 Loaa of aight in one eye 
 
 Aiuemfai 
 
 Lame, ri«ht l«fr 
 left Ipff - 
 
 Cellulitis, hatid 
 
 Abaceas of jaw - 
 
 iJehility of old ase 
 
 Measles 
 
 Pneumonia, catarrhal 
 . lobar 
 
 M resolving 
 
 Caries, iaw bone 
 
 dental tissue • 
 
 Opacity of cornea 
 
 Chorea - 
 
 Aciie 
 
 Paralysis 
 
 M'ouni of eye - 
 
 Bronchitis, aciite 
 
 Keratitis 
 
 Diphtheria 
 
 Paralysis, infantile 
 
 Feeble minded 
 
 Leaf mute 
 
 t'oiijunctivitis 
 
 Hernia - 
 
 Effects of child-birth - 
 
 Tubercle of lungi 
 
 Ulceration of ear 
 
 Alopecia areata 
 
 No. 
 
 Dii 
 
 Malarial fever 
 
 Tubercular disease, glands of neck 
 
 Ahsi*etisuf arm 
 
 Lar>'ngiti:i 
 
 I'tasis - 
 
 l*nnnus 
 
 Kc7«ma 
 
 Loss of one leg 
 
 Insane - 
 
 Club foot 
 
 Chicken-pox - 
 
 Fnicture of clavicle - 
 
 Ectropion 
 
 Cur>'ature of spine • 
 
 IrrcKUlar heart 
 
 KiTccts of sea Kickncss 
 
 Hydrocele 
 
 Scald of foot - 
 
 Valvular disease of heart 
 
 Catamct of ej'e 
 
 Kract ure of m&lleolus 
 
 Defoniiify of face 
 
 Lupus vulgaris 
 
 I)iarrha>a 
 
 Kctcum of scalp 
 
 FavuM • 
 
 Suppurating glands of groin 
 
 Staphyloma - 
 
 Ankylosis 
 
 Kheumatikin • 
 
 Contu^ion of leg 
 
 Amenorrhea - 
 
 Pediculi cori>oris 
 
 Knrsipeias 
 
 Elfects of dentition • 
 
 Ulcer of oomoa 
 
 Tul>ercular disease of knee joint 
 
 Wound of scalp 
 
 Marajtmus 
 
 \\ ound of finger 
 
 Pruritto 
 
 Cirrhosis of liver 
 
 Gunshot wound, old - 
 
 Hip joint disease, chronic 
 
 Lipoma 
 
 Ulcer of lip - 
 
 Effi'cts of alx>rtion - 
 
 Paralysis of iris 
 
 Tubercular disease, hip joint 
 
 Atrophy It- ft arm and hand 
 
 Tonsilitis 
 
 Knock knee - 
 
 Loss of eye 
 
 Enlarited spleen 
 
 Total . 
 
 No. 
 
 In addition to the above list 182 cases of pregnancy were stopped for examination by the 
 matron, and 82 cases comprising various disesses were sent to hospital direct from steamships. 
 * Presumably cases detained for observation, D. F. S. 
 
116 
 
 TABLE YI.— (New York.) 
 jtifuMBEK, of and Causes for which Immigrants were stopped for special 
 examination by the Medical Staff during the Passing Examination of 
 Passengers arriving at the U.S. Immigration Station, Ellis Island, 
 N. Y., during the Month of March 1893. 
 
 Disease. 
 
 No. 
 
 Disease. 
 
 No. 
 
 Syncope - - . - 
 
 1 
 
 Observation*— fever - 
 
 3 
 
 Paralysis agitans ... 
 
 1 
 
 Staphyloma - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Keratitis - - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Hip-joint disease 
 
 1 
 
 Loss of one finger ... 
 
 1 
 
 Ectropion .... 
 
 2 
 
 „ right le« 
 
 3 
 
 Pterygium .... 
 
 1 
 
 Lupus vulgaris 
 
 1 
 
 Fracture of tibia, old 
 
 1 
 
 Anaemia .... 
 
 47 
 
 Talipes equinus ... 
 
 4 
 
 Tubercular glands of neck - 
 
 2 
 
 Malarial fever . - . 
 
 2 
 
 Abscess of hand 
 
 1 
 
 Ei-ysipelas, foot 
 
 1. 
 
 Cataract, one eye 
 
 15 
 
 Rheumatism, chronic 
 
 2 
 
 ,j both eyes - 
 
 6 
 
 Idiot 
 
 1 
 
 Opacity of cornea 
 
 30 
 
 Incised wound, forehead 
 
 2 
 
 Loss of one eye 
 
 9 
 
 Sprain of ankle ... 
 
 2 
 
 Lame, right leg 
 
 20 
 
 Diphtheria .... 
 
 1 
 
 „ left leg .... 
 
 16 
 
 Ulcer of foot . . . - 
 
 3 
 
 Pavus 
 
 10 
 
 Paralysis, infantile - 
 
 1 
 
 Eczema capitis ... 
 
 5 
 
 Loss of nose . - . - 
 
 1 
 
 Curvature of spine . . - 
 
 11 
 
 Hernia .... 
 
 3 
 
 Conjunctivitis - - - . 
 
 2 
 
 Pannus .... 
 
 1 
 
 Loss of sight in one eye 
 
 87 
 
 Goitre 
 
 4 
 
 Paralysis of hand ... 
 
 1 
 
 Valvular disease of heart - 
 
 2 
 
 Wound, eye-lid - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Measles .... 
 
 9 
 
 Debility of old age - - - 
 
 1 
 
 Torticollis .... 
 
 2 
 
 Tumor of knee- - - . 
 
 1 
 
 Alcoholism, acute - 
 
 
 Pneumonia, lobar 
 
 3 
 
 Ankylosis, knee 
 
 
 resolving 
 
 2 
 
 Intermittent fever - 
 
 
 Eczema, fac« .... 
 
 1 
 
 Dislocation of ankle, old 
 
 
 Congenital deformity left foot 
 
 1 
 
 Senile debility ... 
 
 
 Bronchitis, aeute ... 
 
 5 
 
 Inflammation connect, tissue, foot 
 
 
 Diarrhoea .... 
 
 1 
 
 Loss of left leg 
 
 
 Chorea - - - . ■ 
 
 1 
 
 Masturbation 
 
 
 Hemiplegia, right ... 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 Effects of child-birth 
 Total 
 
 
 left - - - 
 
 304 
 
 Lameness due to infantile paralysis 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 In addition to the above list 214 cases of pregnancy were stopped for examination by the 
 matron, and 43 cases comprising various diseases were sent to hospital direct from steamships. 
 * Presumably cases detained for observation, D. F. S. 
 
 TABLE VII.— (New York.) 
 Arrivals of Alien Steerage Passengers at the Port of New York. 
 
 Month. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 1893. 
 
 January - - - . - 
 
 7,541 
 
 11,092 
 
 13,761 
 
 11,239 
 
 February . . . - 
 
 13,668 
 
 15,377 
 
 20,882 
 
 8,068 
 
 March ..... 
 
 28,045 
 
 41,391 
 
 40,681 
 
 28.073 
 
 X' - ■ ■ ■ ■ 
 
 47,795 
 
 59,447 
 
 63,289 
 
 
 61,330 
 
 62,155 
 
 66,454 
 
 — 
 
 June ..... 
 
 37,309 
 
 53,380 
 
 52,878 
 
 — 
 
 July ..... 
 
 26,983 
 
 33,853 
 
 34,707 
 
 — 
 
 August - ... - 
 
 25,914 
 
 32,«65 
 
 80,938 
 
 
 September .... 
 
 30,853 
 
 36,591 
 
 16,036 
 
 — 
 
 October . - - - . 
 
 31,434 
 
 36,798 
 
 4,691 
 
 — 
 
 November .... 
 
 30,590 
 
 28,019 
 
 12,769 
 
 
 December . . . - 
 
 17,048 
 
 20,116 
 
 17.655 
 
 - 
 
 Total - 
 
 358,510 
 
 430,884 
 
 374,741 
 
 47,380 
 
117 
 
 TABLB Vm.— (Baltimom.) 
 
 Statement showing the Nativity, Sex, and Age of Immigkants who arriTdcl 
 at the Port of Baltimore, Md., from Ist January to Slst December 
 18P2, inclusive. • 
 
 
 Sex. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Milaa. 
 
 J^malM. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Under 
 15 years. 
 
 IS years 
 
 and 
 under 40. 
 
 40 years 
 and over. 
 
 TotaL 
 
 Iratond . 
 
 . 
 
 41 
 
 G 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 9S 
 
 SnvlMMl- 
 
 133 
 
 77 
 
 212 
 
 iU 
 
 180 
 
 IS 
 
 212 
 
 WalM . 
 
 i 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Sootlaiid 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 5 
 
 Gemany 
 
 14^17 
 
 12.780 
 
 26,747 
 
 8,532 
 
 14,844 
 
 8.871 
 
 26.747 
 
 Prance . 
 
 S 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 , 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Ruuia . 
 
 S.04 
 
 2,246 
 
 4380 
 
 1,700 
 
 2,688 
 
 610 
 
 4,S80 
 
 Poland - 
 
 5,802 
 
 8,191 
 
 8.583 
 
 2,131 
 
 5,554 
 
 898 
 
 SM*) 
 
 SwitEerland 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 Sweden - 
 
 1M> 
 
 168 
 
 352 
 
 Hi 
 
 238 
 
 32 
 
 352 
 
 Norway 
 
 87 
 
 28 
 
 63 
 
 14 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 65 
 
 Holland . 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 84 
 
 Italy - 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 Denmark 
 
 196 
 
 7» 
 
 215 
 
 42 
 
 160 
 
 IS 
 
 215. 
 
 Hungar>- 
 
 676 
 
 887 
 
 1.072 
 
 2S5 
 
 652 
 
 135 
 
 1,072 
 
 Austria - 
 
 ijau 
 
 876 
 
 s;500 
 
 607 
 
 2,625 
 
 368 
 
 8.600 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 um 
 
 1488 
 
 8A86 
 
 SOO 
 
 1,408 
 
 328 
 
 2,636 
 
 Finland - 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 All other countries - 
 
 S4 
 
 24 
 
 48 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 48 
 
 Total . 
 
 17,302 
 
 21.16S 
 
 48,407 
 
 •1438 
 
 •28.054 
 
 •6,205 
 
 48,467 
 
 * These figures stand in the statistical tables famished by the immigration authorities at 
 Baltimore as 14,218, 28,(M8, and 6^6 respectively ; but with obvious inaccuracy. 
 
 TABLE IX.— (Baltimore.) 
 
 Statement shomng the Number and Nativity of Immigrants debarred for 
 various causes from landing at the Port of Baltimore, Md., from Ist 
 January to 31st December 1892, inclusive ; also number and nativity 
 of those returned (during 1892) within one year of landing from causes 
 existing prior to landing. 
 
 
 Debarred from landing. 
 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 Paupers, or 
 likely to 
 become 
 Public 
 Charge. 
 
 Diseased 
 Persons. 
 
 Contract 
 Labourers. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Betumed 
 
 within 
 
 One Year 
 
 of landing. 
 
 England .... 
 Scotland . - - - 
 Gfemiany .... 
 Russia .... 
 Poland .... 
 •Hungarv - . - - 
 Austria' ... - 
 Bohemia - . - - 
 All other countries 
 
 13 
 1 
 2 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7i 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 7 
 4 
 
 15 
 1 
 
 21 
 1 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Totals 
 
 41 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 65 
 
 17 
 
118 
 
 TABLE X.— (Baltimore.) 
 
 Destination and Occqpation of Immigkants arriving at the Port of 
 Baltimore, Md., during the Year ending December 31st, 1892. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 No. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 No. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 47 ! 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 370 
 
 Arkansas - - - 
 
 74 1 
 
 Nebraska - 
 
 1,441 
 
 Coauecticut 
 
 73 
 
 Nevada 
 
 13 
 
 Colorado - - - 
 
 117 1 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 142 
 
 California - - - 
 
 91 1 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 3 
 
 Delaware - 
 
 82 
 
 New York - 
 
 1,911 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 199 
 
 Ohio 
 
 4,692 
 
 Florida 
 
 8 
 
 Oregon - - - 
 
 3d 
 
 Georgia - - - 
 
 22 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 7,313 
 
 Indiana ... 
 
 964 
 
 Khode Island 
 
 11 
 
 Indian Territory 
 
 5 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 13 
 
 Illinois ... 
 
 10,642 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 237 
 
 Iowa 
 
 1,664 
 
 Tennessee - - - 
 
 43 
 
 Idaho 
 
 1 
 
 Texas 
 
 150 
 
 Kentucky - 
 
 208 
 
 Utah 
 
 2 
 
 Kansas . _ - 
 
 898 
 
 Vermont - - - 
 
 6 
 
 Louisiana - . - 
 
 11 
 
 Virginia _ - _ 
 
 125 
 
 Maine 
 
 15 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 287 
 
 Maryland - 
 
 4,264 
 
 Wisconsin ... 
 
 4,675 
 
 Michigan - 
 
 4,116 
 
 Washington 
 
 59 
 
 Missouri 
 
 1,326 
 
 Wyoming . . - 
 
 10 
 
 Minnesota - - - 
 
 1,939 
 
 Canada _ _ - 
 
 3 
 
 Montana . - - 
 
 18 
 
 Oklahoma - - - 
 
 8 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 124 
 
 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 6 
 
 Total - 
 
 48,467 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 i 
 No. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. 
 
 Architects 
 
 13 
 
 Machinists 
 
 .2e 
 
 Brewers _ - - 
 
 79 
 
 Millers - 
 
 165 
 
 Butchers - . - 
 
 283 
 
 Musicians - 
 
 43 
 
 Barbers . - - 
 
 31 
 
 Painters - 
 
 120 
 
 Bakers 
 
 211 
 
 PeddlHrs - 
 
 38 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 441 
 
 Porters 
 
 4 
 
 Bartenders 
 
 29 
 
 Potters - - - 
 
 12 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 252 
 
 Printers - _ - 
 
 19 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 717 
 
 Saddlers - 
 
 83 
 
 Cabinet makers 
 
 171 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 491 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 19 
 
 Spinners - 
 
 14 
 
 Cigar makers 
 
 35 
 
 Tailors 
 
 518 
 
 Cooks 
 
 8 
 
 Tinsmiths - 
 
 60 . 
 
 Coopers - - - 
 
 47 
 
 Tanners ... 
 
 19 
 
 ♦Farmers - - - 
 
 4,910 
 
 Wagonsmiths 
 
 140 
 
 Florists 
 
 10 
 
 Weavers - 
 
 146 
 
 Gardeners - , - 
 
 86 
 
 Waiters - 
 
 23 
 
 Hatters 
 
 8 
 
 All other occupations 
 
 845 
 
 Ironmoulders 
 
 91 
 
 No occupation, including 
 
 
 Labourers - 
 
 6,130 
 
 women and children 
 
 30,591 
 
 Locksmiths 
 
 202 
 
 
 
 Masons 
 
 Miners - - - 
 
 128 
 1,109 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 48,467 
 
119 
 
 TABLE XI.— (Baltimore.) 
 
 Reliuions of Imxiobants am\'uig at the Port of Baltimore, Md. 
 during the Year ending December Slst, 1892. 
 
 Xatwvality. 
 
 Caiholio. 
 
 PPDteetant. 
 
 Hebrew. 
 
 Total. 
 
 IraUtid • 
 
 
 « 
 
 86 
 
 _ 
 
 1« 
 
 Rnirland . 
 
 . 
 
 18 
 
 106 
 
 8 
 
 812 
 
 Wa]rs 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 Scotland - 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 ff 
 
 Isermaoy - 
 
 
 
 9AU 
 
 i7.aa6 
 
 127 
 
 26,747 
 
 Fnim • 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 t088 
 
 1.949 
 
 4jm 
 
 POlMd • 
 
 
 
 8.188 
 
 S6S 
 
 57 
 
 8,5S.n 
 
 ■witwrlaiMl 
 
 
 
 It 
 
 IS 
 
 — 
 
 23 
 
 Sweden • 
 
 
 
 
 352 
 
 — 
 
 852 
 
 Nonmy - 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 (12 
 
 — 
 
 65 
 
 Holland - 
 
 
 
 SS 
 
 SO 
 
 2 
 
 Hi 
 
 lUly 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 20 
 
 Denmark • 
 
 
 
 
 215 
 
 — 
 
 215 
 
 Hunitary - 
 
 
 
 785 
 
 210 
 
 107 
 
 1,07* 
 
 Austria - 
 
 
 
 S.1S4 
 
 2fl6 
 
 110 
 
 8,600 
 
 Bohemia • 
 
 
 
 Ma7 
 
 78 
 
 21 
 
 2,638 
 
 Finland • 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 
 22 
 
 All oth.rs - 
 
 
 — 
 
 m 
 
 28 
 
 48 
 
 Total 
 
 
 • 
 
 UfiM 
 
 tlM* 
 
 2.408 
 
 48.467 
 
 TABLE XII.— (Boston.) 
 
 Statement showing the Nationality, Sex, and Age of Immigrants landed 
 at the Port of Boston, Mass., from Trannatlantic ports from let 
 January to 31st December 1892, inclusive. 
 
 N.B. — These figures do not include the 113 persons who arrived 
 from Transatlantic ports in 1892, but were debarred from landing. 
 
 
 Sex. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Nationality. 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 years 
 
 and 
 under 4(». 
 
 
 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Under 
 15 years. 
 
 40 years 
 and over. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ireland ■ 
 
 6J66 
 
 5,587 
 
 10,863 
 
 WO 
 
 9428 
 
 784 
 
 10,853 
 
 l^^r : : 
 
 3.752 
 
 3,226 
 
 6.978 
 
 1,5*4 
 
 4,404 
 
 1,030 
 
 0,978 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 Scotland - 
 
 798 
 
 850 
 
 1343 
 
 418 
 
 1.039 
 
 191 
 
 1,643 
 
 Germany - 
 
 318 
 
 207 
 
 525 
 
 126 
 
 332 
 
 67 
 
 525 
 
 France 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 Russia 
 
 1,472 
 
 1432 
 
 2,604 
 
 811 
 
 1,558 
 
 240 
 
 2,604 
 
 Poland 
 
 605 
 
 269 
 
 874 
 
 169 
 
 631 
 
 74 
 
 874 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 4 
 
 Sweden 
 
 2,016 
 
 1,664 
 
 3,680 
 
 568 
 
 2,805 
 
 312 
 
 3,680 
 
 Norway 
 
 637 
 
 444 
 
 1,081 
 
 126 
 
 864 
 
 91 
 
 1,081 
 
 Belinum - 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 35 
 
 e, 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 Holland . 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 — 
 
 25 
 
 Italy 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 
 12 
 
 — 
 
 12 
 
 Spain 
 
 9 
 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 Azore Islands 
 
 483 
 
 238 
 
 721 
 
 118 
 
 531 
 
 72 
 
 721 
 
 Denmark 
 
 95 
 
 44 
 
 139 
 
 27 
 
 105 
 
 7 
 
 139 
 
 Hunpu-v - 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 Austria 
 
 128 
 
 65 
 
 193 
 
 42 
 
 131 
 
 20 
 
 193 
 
 Finland 
 
 7C 
 
 49 
 
 119 
 
 16 
 
 88 1 
 
 15 
 
 119 
 
 Australia • 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 10 
 
 Turkey 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 i 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 Greece 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 3 1 
 
 — 
 
 3 
 
 All other Cwmtries - 
 
 88 
 
 87 
 
 125 
 
 17 
 
 92 , 
 
 16 
 
 126 
 
 Total - 
 
 15,849 
 
 13.860 
 
 29,709 
 
 4,933 
 
 21,846 1 
 
 1 
 
 2,930 
 
 29,709 
 
120 
 
 TABLE XIII.— (Boston.) 
 
 Statement showing the Number and Nationality of Immigrants coming 
 from Transatlantic ports debarred for various causes from landing 
 at the Port of Boston, Mass., from 1st January to 31st December 
 1892, inclusive ; also Number and Nationality of those returned 
 (during 1892) within one year of landing from causes existing prior 
 to landing. 
 
 
 
 
 Debarred from Landing. 
 
 Returned 
 within 
 
 One Year 
 of land- 
 ing. 
 
 NationaUty. 
 
 Insane. 
 
 Paupers, 
 
 or likely 
 
 to become 
 
 Public 
 
 Charge. 
 
 Diseased 
 Persons. 
 
 Assisted 
 Immi- 
 grants. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ireland 
 England - 
 Scotland - 
 Germany - 
 Russia 
 Poland - 
 Sweden - 
 Azore Island 
 Austria 
 Finland - 
 All other Coi 
 
 3 
 
 intries 
 
 
 1 
 
 33 
 45 
 7 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 87 
 49 
 7 
 3 
 2 
 6 
 
 1 
 8 
 
 35 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 T 
 
 otal - 
 
 1 
 
 105 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 113 
 
 73 
 
121 
 
 TABLE XIV.— (Boston.) 
 DMnHATiON aud UcccrATioir of Ijimiojuivts landed from Transatlantic 
 ports at the Port of Boatou, Mass., during the Year ending 31st 
 Deoembcr 1892. ,. 
 
 AkOMM 
 
 Deetination. N.>. | 
 
 Detinatioii. 
 
 1 No. 
 
 . 
 
 - ( 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 8 
 
 ArkMMu 
 
 
 1 ' 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 
 
 64 
 
 OoBMettcut . 
 Ookmdo 
 
 
 
 108 1 
 82 
 
 Nebraska 
 NewJerM7 • 
 
 
 
 46 
 11 
 
 Odirornia 
 
 
 
 SOS 
 
 New Mexico • 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Mawara 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 New York - 
 
 
 
 2.094 
 
 DliirietorColnmbM . 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Ohio . 
 
 
 
 79 
 
 Florids • 
 
 
 
 S 1 
 
 Oregon- 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 Oeonna 
 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 Pennsylvania • 
 
 
 
 4M 
 
 IlMliMI*. 
 
 . 
 
 
 II 
 
 Rhode Island • 
 
 
 
 1AM 
 
 lUinoU • 
 
 . 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Iowa 
 
 
 
 
 1(12 1 
 
 South DakoU • 
 
 
 
 rti 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Kanaac 
 
 
 
 
 
 Texas • 
 Utah - 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Loakiuia 
 
 4 
 
 Maine • 
 
 
 
 4tt 
 
 Vermont 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 Maryland 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 Virpdnia 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Michigan 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 West Virsinia 
 
 
 
 lU 
 
 Mitwuri 
 
 
 
 t8 
 
 Wiaoonsin 
 
 
 
 283 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 
 
 579 
 
 Washington • 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Montana 
 MtManliiiw ill 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Wyoming . . . . 
 
 .4- 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Hampihire 
 
 
 
 486 
 
 Total 
 
 29,709 
 
 Occupatioa. 
 
 Ho.* 
 
 Ooeopation. 
 
 . No. 
 
 Architeei - • . 
 
 1 
 
 Machinists - 
 
 169 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Millers 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Butchers 
 
 
 
 
 69 
 
 Musicians 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Barbers 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Painters 
 
 
 
 
 100 
 
 Bakers 
 
 
 
 
 68 
 
 Peddlers 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 
 
 
 06 
 
 Plumbers 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Bartenders 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 
 
 
 S9 
 
 Porters 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 Potters 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 Cabinet-makers 
 
 
 
 
 SI 
 
 Printers 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 Confectioners 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 Saddlers 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 Cigar-makers • 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 Servants 
 
 
 
 
 4,756 
 
 Cooks - 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 
 
 
 171 
 
 Coopers - 
 
 
 
 
 IS 
 
 Spinners 
 
 
 
 
 243 
 
 Dyers - 
 
 
 
 
 59 
 
 Tailors 
 Tanners 
 
 
 
 
 450 
 
 Farmers* 
 
 
 1,896 
 
 5 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 
 
 
 46 
 
 Tinsmiths 
 Weavers 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 Hatters 
 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 607 
 
 Ironmoulders - 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 Waiters 
 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 Labourers 
 
 
 
 
 6,173 
 
 All other occupations 
 
 
 3,670 
 
 Locksmiths 
 Laundrymen 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 2 
 
 74 
 
 No occupation, including 
 and children 
 
 Total 
 
 women 
 
 10,462 
 
 Masons 
 
 29,709 
 
 Miners 
 
 
 100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • Including agricultural labourers.— D. F, S. 
 
 o 77399. 
 
122 
 
 TABLE XV.— (Philadelphia.) 
 
 Statement showing the Nativity and Sex of Immigbants (Second-cabin 
 and Steerage) landed at the Port of Philadelphia, Pa., from 1st 
 January to 31st December 1892, inclusive.* 
 
 N.B. — These figures do not include the 20 persons who arrived in 1892, 
 but were debarred from landing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Sex. 
 
 i>auunH>iii^. 
 
 Males. . 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.094 
 
 1,930 
 
 4,024 
 
 England 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.912 
 
 1,435 
 
 a347 
 
 Wales 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 113 
 
 63 
 
 176 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 271 
 
 224 
 
 ' 495 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,982 
 
 2,911 
 
 6,893 
 
 Prance 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 112 
 
 57 
 
 169 
 
 Russia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.552 
 
 1,049 , 
 
 2,601 
 
 Poland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2,202 
 
 909 
 
 3,111 
 
 Switzerlan 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 57 
 
 23 
 
 80 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.212 
 
 576 
 
 1,788 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 619 
 
 ' 337 
 
 956 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 628 
 
 ' 324' 
 
 852 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 197 
 
 132 
 
 329 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 28 
 
 150 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 - 
 
 17 
 
 Portugal - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Denmark • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 256 
 
 140 
 
 396 
 
 Hungary ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,486 
 
 • 439- 
 
 1,875 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 790 
 
 205 
 
 995 
 
 Bohemia - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 24 
 
 51 
 
 Finland - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65 
 
 28 
 
 98 
 
 China 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 Australia - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 . - . 
 
 1 
 
 Turkey - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 86 
 
 Greece 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 — 
 
 16 
 
 All other countries 
 
 
 
 
 495 
 
 329 
 
 824 
 
 Tot 
 
 al 
 
 
 18,117 
 
 11.175 
 
 29,292 
 
 * The nativity of immigrants of different ages is not given in the statistical Fable furnished 
 by the immigration authorities at Philadelphia ; the number of immigra*its of different ages 
 was as follows :— Under 15 years, 6,361 ; 15 years and under 40, 20,0^4 ; 40 years j^nd over, 2,853; 
 not stated, 14. 
 
123 
 
 TABLE XVL— (Philadelphia.) 
 
 Statement showing the Number and Nativity of Immigrants (Second- 
 cabin and Stt»erage) debarred for various causes from landing at the 
 Port of Philadelphia, Pa., from Ist January to Slat December 1892, 
 inclosive ; also Number and Nativity of those returned (during 1892) 
 within one year of landing. 
 
 
 
 
 DeUrred from Landing. 
 
 
 Returned 
 
 within 
 
 On** Year of 
 
 IjandiuK. 
 
 Natlrlty. 
 
 Paupera, or 
 
 likely to 
 
 become Public 
 
 Chanre. 
 
 ContriMjt 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 Iraknd- 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 __ 
 
 
 S 
 
 10 
 
 EnvUuid 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Booiland 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 - 
 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 Qemmny 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Rium . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 PolMid . 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Belgium 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 - 
 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 All other Oountriea ' 
 
 
 t 
 
 — 
 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 Totals. 
 
 
 • 
 
 18 
 
 s 
 
 2U 
 
 26 
 
 T 2 
 
TABLE XYII.— (Philadelphia.) 
 
 Destikation and Occupation of Immigeants (Second -cabin and Steerage) 
 arriving at the Port of Philadelphia, Pa., during the Year ending 
 ui'^lflt December 1892. - t 
 
 —f-, — . _ 
 
 Destination. 
 
 No. 
 
 1 ; r 
 
 Destination. ' STa. 
 
 Alabama - - 
 
 20 
 
 New Hampshi 
 
 re - - 1 
 
 Arizona - . _ 
 
 3 
 
 North Caroliu 
 
 I - - 2 
 
 Arkansas - 
 
 7 
 
 North Dakota 
 
 132 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 161 
 
 Nebraska - 
 
 215 
 
 Colorado 
 
 55 
 
 Nevada - 
 
 2 
 
 California - - - 
 
 94 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 806 
 
 Delaware 
 
 168 
 
 New Mexico 
 
 2 
 
 District of Columbia 
 
 45 
 
 New York 
 
 3,810 
 
 Florida 
 
 2 
 
 Ohio 
 
 944 
 
 Georgia - - . 
 
 6 
 
 Oregon 
 
 9 
 
 Indiana ... 
 
 266 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 12,739 
 
 Illinois - . . 
 
 2,932 
 
 Ehode Island 
 
 37 
 
 Iowa - - . 
 
 538 
 
 South Carolin 
 
 I - - 13 
 
 Idaho 
 
 14 
 
 South Dakota 
 
 184 
 
 Kentucky - 
 
 31 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 24 
 
 Kansas - . _ 
 
 169 
 
 Texas 
 
 30 
 
 Louisiana - - - 
 
 12 
 
 Utah 
 
 114 
 
 Maine - - 
 
 1 
 
 Vermont - 
 
 7 
 
 Maryland - 
 
 492 
 
 Virginia - 
 
 - - 35 
 
 Michigan - 1 
 
 550 
 
 -West Virginia 
 
 44 
 
 Missouri - J - " 
 
 232 
 
 jWisconsin 
 
 2,763 
 
 Minnesota - f - 
 
 978 
 
 Washington 
 
 39 
 
 Mississippi - - . 
 
 4 
 
 Wyoming - 
 
 6 
 
 Montana - . _ 
 Massachusetts . 
 
 41 
 518 
 
 
 
 Tota 
 
 I - - 29,292 
 
 
 
 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 No. 
 
 Architects 
 
 6 
 
 Millers - 
 
 51 
 
 Brewers - - - 
 
 45 
 
 Musicians 
 
 48 
 
 Butchers - 
 
 232 
 
 Painters - - - 
 
 141 
 
 Barbers - - _ 
 
 44 
 
 Peddlers - 
 
 17 
 
 Bakers - 
 
 196 
 
 Plasterers 
 
 6 
 
 Blacksmiths 
 
 190 
 
 Porters - - - 
 
 6 
 
 Bartenders 
 
 17 
 
 Potters ... 
 
 18 
 
 Bricklayers 
 
 32 
 
 Printers - - - 
 
 40 
 
 Carpenters 
 
 411 
 
 Saddlers - 
 
 23 
 
 Cabinetmakers 
 
 17 
 
 Shoemakers 
 
 324 
 
 Cigarmakers 
 
 98 
 
 Spinners - - - 
 
 32 
 
 Cooks - _ - 
 
 38 
 
 Tailors - 
 
 546 
 
 Coopers - - - 
 
 34 
 
 Tinsmiths - - - 
 
 45 
 
 *Farmer8 - - - 
 
 1,485 
 
 Tinplate-workers - 
 
 3 
 
 Florists - - - 
 
 5 
 
 Tanners - 
 
 55 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 82 
 
 Waggonsmiths 
 
 31 
 
 Hatters - 
 
 10 
 
 Weavers - - - 
 
 236 
 
 Ironmoulders 
 
 93 
 
 Waiters - • - 
 
 30 
 
 Labourers 
 
 6,691 
 
 All other occupations 
 
 6,186 
 
 Locksmiths 
 
 105 
 
 No occupation, including 
 
 
 Laundrymen 
 
 2 
 
 women and children 
 
 10,711 
 
 Masons - - - 
 
 127 
 667 
 
 
 
 Miners _ - - 
 
 
 Machinists 
 
 126 
 
 Total 
 
 29,292 
 
 Including agricultural abourers— D. F S, 
 
125 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 f— < 
 
 ■a 1 
 
 o S 
 
 a s 
 
 V ^ 
 
 '^l I I i I I gl I I I I I I I I I 
 
 *s 
 
 CO o r»> 
 
 "* © © 
 
 M %< 
 
 o ^ H, 
 ^ O M 
 
 rj OQ M 
 
 a ^ 
 
 53 O {H 
 
 ¥ '^ rS 
 
 .9-2 8 
 
 ^ 3 .2 
 
 ^ :a f^ 
 
 00 O o 
 
 s A< 
 
 '^ 
 
 <W •»!• 
 
 
 'I 
 
 I 
 
 I I I 1 i 1 Sn "^i 
 
 38 
 
 1 1 I 1 1 1 irs I I IS IS I 
 
 fiii I n I II igi ) i«is8 
 
 I I I I I I I M 1 I I II i I I I 
 
 - t«i I I i I { I II 1 I I II I I 
 
 1 I I I IJ I I MSI I I I I I I 
 
 - t^L^\ ^4...; f.^*..^. 
 *•" II I I I I I I ? II II I II 
 
 S^S 
 
 II I I I I ^M II 
 
 i**! 1 1 II 1 iiai I.I I II i 
 
 ■ ' ■ i f - I 
 
 I II I i 1 t I II -^ t I I II I 
 
 I I 
 
 I I 
 
 18 
 
 I I 
 
 I 1 
 
 S8 * '^i S '^' 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 s ■«; 
 
 llllJlla«fliill£.iit ^ 
 
 • fl • • • 
 
 Wpqc 
 
 
 5 h, W S ;?; ;2; ;?; ;z; 12; Ph la. ft< Ph plh PL( x M !« 
 
126 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Letter of Instructions from the Foreign Office to, and report of H.B.M. 
 Consul- General at Hamburg upon the conditions under which Emigration 
 to the United States is earned on at Hamburg and Bremen. 
 
 Sir, Foreign Office, February 24, 1893. 
 
 I AM directed by the Earl of Rosebery to transmit to you a copy of a 
 letter from the Board of Trade respecting emigration from Hamburg and 
 Bremen to the United States, and I am to instruct you to report, with as little 
 delay as possible, on the points on which the Board requires information. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 The Honble. Charles S. Dundas, (Signed) Edward Grey. 
 
 Her Britannic Majesty's Consul-General, 
 Hamburg. 
 
 [Eaclosure.] 
 
 Board of Trade, Commercial Department, 
 Sir, London, S.W., February 22, 1893. 
 
 I AM directed by the Board of Trade to request that you will be good 
 enough to move the Earl of Rosebery to give directions for inquiries to be 
 made by Her Majesty's Consular Authorities at Hamburg and Bremen with a 
 view to the following particulars being obtained as soon as possible for the 
 information of this Department with regard to the conditions under which 
 emigration is carried on from those ports. 
 
 The points upon which the Board would be glad to receive definite information 
 are: — 
 
 (a.) What qualifications do the shipping companies require an intending 
 
 emigrant to possess, or what conditions do they require him to fulfil 
 
 in order to be reasonably certain of his being permitted to enter the 
 
 United States? 
 
 (b.) What class or classes of emigrants do the shipping companies reject 
 
 as being likely to be refused admission into the United States ? 
 (c.) What means are adopted by the companies or their agents (either before 
 or after embarkation), in order to ascertain whether emigrants possess 
 the required qualifications or fulfil the requisite conditions ? 
 {d.) Is any, and if any, what inspection of intending emigrants to the 
 United States made, either before or after embarkation, on behalf of 
 local authorities charged with the administration of measures relating 
 to public health, or on behalf of the Imperial Government, and how 
 is such inspection carried out P 
 This information is required in connection with the inquiries which are now 
 being made by this Department in relation to the question of immigration into 
 the United States. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 The Under Secretary of State, (Signed) R. Giffen, 
 
 Foreign Office. 
 
 Her Majesty's Consulate-General, Hamburg, 
 My Lord, March 13, 1893. 
 
 With reference to your Lordship's Despatch of the 24th ultimo trans- 
 mitting copy of a letter from the Board of Trade respecting emigration from 
 Hamburg and Bremen to the United States, and instructing me to report on 
 
127 
 
 the points on which information is desired by the Board of Trade, I have 
 now the honour to report that with regard to the questions (a) and {h), the 
 shipping companirs both here and at Bremen take all emigrants except those 
 prescribed in the following classes: — 
 
 (1.) Idiots, blind, deaf and dumb, crippled, or with infectious or loathsome 
 
 sickness, and pregnant unmarried females, 
 (i.) Paupers or those who have received the means for their journey from 
 
 any society or pauper fund. 
 (3.) Criminals, ])olygamists , anarchists, and persons who proceed to the 
 
 States under contract to labour. 
 (4.) Persons above IG years old who can neither read nor write if unaccom- 
 panied by their parents or othei relatives who will be responsible for 
 them, 
 (c.) Passenf^ers are carefully examined previous to embarkation, and with 
 regard to this I draw especial attention to the fact that the agent who has 
 booked on this side those passengers whom the United States reject has 
 out of his own pocket to defray the cost of their return journey. This aflFords 
 or rather perhaps guarantees protection to the steamship companies against 
 carrying emigrants liable to rej^tion. 
 
 (a.) All steerage passengers embarking b^ the steamers of the Hamburg- 
 American Packet Company in Hamburg are mspected — 
 
 (1) by a medical officer of the Hamburg Government ; 
 
 (2) by the doctor belonging to the Company itself; and 
 
 (3) by a health officer of the New York Quarantine Department who has 
 
 taken up his residence here for the time being. 
 The same system is employed at Bremen with the exception that in that 
 H)rt I am not aware that there is any resident health officer of the United 
 "tates, but a medical man employed under the control of the United States 
 Consulate. 
 
 I may add that the Hamburg- American Packet Company are doing all in 
 their power to reduce the numbers of Russian and Galician Jews seeking to be 
 transported br their steamers. The result is that this class are diverted to the 
 United Kingaom and Rotterdam ; more, however, to the latter than the former, 
 because our own lines are averse, I think, to accepting emigrants coming direct 
 horn Hamburg at present. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) Chas. S. Dundas, 
 The Right Hon. the Earl of Rosebery, Consul-General. 
 
 Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State 
 for Foreign Affairs, Foreign Office, 
 London. 
 
 U 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Letter of Instructions from the Foreign Office to H.B.M. Consuls in the 
 United States and Reports of H.B.M. Consuls at Boston and New 
 Orleans, Vice-Consul at Pensacola, Consuls at San Francisco, Galveston, 
 Philadelphia, Chicago, Charleston and Baltimore, and Consul-General at 
 New York upon the laws or regulations respecting the control or restriction 
 of alien immigration or alien contract or other labour. 
 
 Sir, Foreign Office, February 24, 1893. 
 
 I AM directed by the Earl of Rosebery to transmit to you a copy of a 
 letter from the Board of Trade respecting the question of alien immigration 
 into the United States, and, in accordance with the Board's request, I am to 
 instruct you to forward to Her Majesty's Minister at Washington the report 
 reouired for the information of Messrs. Schloss and Burnett. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) Edward Grey, 
 
128 
 
 [Enclosure.] 
 
 Board of Trade, Commercial Department,' 
 Sib, London, S.W., February 22, 1893. 
 
 As the Earl of Rosebery is no doubt aware, it is the intention of this 
 Department to cause inquiries to be made, through the medium of Special 
 Commissioners, now about to proceed to the United States, with reference to 
 matters connected with the question of alien immigration into that country. 
 In order to enable these gentlemen properly to carry out the task entrusted to 
 them, the time at their disposal being limited, the Board are ad\ased that it 
 would be desirable if reports could be obtained from Her Majesty's Consuls 
 throughout the United States with regard to the following points bearing 
 upon the subject of the inquiry, and I am accordingly to request that you will 
 be good enough to move his Lordship to cause instructions to be given with 
 that object. 
 
 The questions upon which the assistance of Her Majesty's consular staff is 
 desired are : — 
 
 (a.) Whether any and what laws or regulations respecting the control or 
 restriction of alien immigration or alien contract or other labour 
 exist in the States and Territories within the respective British consular 
 districts, and in what manner and to what extent are such laws or 
 regulations enforced ? 
 (b.) It would be of advantage if Her Majesty's Consuls at New Orleans, San 
 Francisco, Philadelphia, and Baltimore,* could, in addition, be asked 
 to state in what manner and to what extent the Federal laws (as 
 distinguished from the State laws) on these matters are enforced, 
 (c.) The Board would further be glad if those of Her Majesty's Consuls 
 whose districts may be near the northern or southern boundaries of 
 the United Statesf could be asked to report as to the steps taken to 
 regulate or restrict the immigration of aliens over the land frontier 
 {e.g., from Canada, British Columbia, or Mexico), and also to give 
 their impression of the volume and character of such immigration, 
 having in view the questions of the nationalities and occupations of 
 the immigrants (i.e., as to whether miners, agriculturists, &c.), and 
 also as to whether they are usually possessed of capital or not. 
 It would be convenient if in instructing Her Majesty's Consuls in the sense 
 of this letter those gentlemen could be asked to forward such information as 
 they may be in a position to furnish to Her Majesty's Minister at Washington 
 with as little delay as possible, so that their reports may be handed or trans- 
 mitted to Messrs. Schloss and Burnett, the Board's Commissioners, on 
 application. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 The Under Secretary of State, (Signed) R. Giffen. 
 
 Foreign Office. 
 
 British Consulate, Boston, U.S.A., 
 Sir, March 8, 1893. 
 
 Having been instructed by the Earl of Rosebery to forward to you a 
 report respecting the question oi alien immigration into the States comprising 
 this consular district ; I have the honour to report that, having examined into 
 the matter, I find that no State Legislation is in force in this consular district 
 on the question of alien immigration, as by virtue of certain decisions of the 
 United States Supreme Court foreign immigration is a matter of commerce 
 which the Federal Government alone can regulate. A State may enact laws 
 for its protection from the inroad of foreign paupers where such inroad is not 
 prevented by Federal enactments ; but the Federal Government having 
 
 * These are places which it was believed that the Special Commissioners would not be able to 
 v-isit during the time at their disposal ; in the result, however, Philadelphia was visited by both 
 Mr. Burnett and Mr. Schloss, and Baltimore by Mr. Schloss. 
 
 t It was considered doubtful whether either of these boundaries could be visited ; in the result, 
 however, Mr. Burnett visited certain places on the northern boundary. 
 
129 
 
 in ooimexion therewith, all State Legislation to that end is by such 
 Federal Legislation superseded. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) W. H. Stuaet. 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 British Consulate, New Orleans, 
 Sib, March U. 1893. 
 
 I HAVE received a circular fVom the Foreign Offioe, enclosing copy of 
 one from the Board of Trade containing qnestions relative to matters con- 
 nected with the alien immigration into this country, instructing me to report 
 on the subject for the information of Messrs. Schloss and Burnett : 
 
 (a.) The laws and regulations respectiog the control of alien immigration 
 are promulgated and enforced by the Federal Government, with which 
 the State has nothing to do. 
 (6.) The question as to the manner and to what extent the Federal laws (as 
 distinguished from the State laws) in these matters are enforced could 
 only be answered by the Ck)mmi88ioner for Immigration at New 
 Orleans, who, 1 have been informed, has been called to Washington, 
 probably to give evidence on this very question, 
 (o.) The State of Louisiana not being contiguous with Mexico, there can be 
 no immigration over the frontier. As a matter of fact, the only person 
 at New Orleans able to give information is, as I have stated above, 
 now at Washington. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) 0. L. St. John. 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote. G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 
 
 ike. &0. &C. 
 
 ^'**"» ^British Consulate, New Orleans, 
 Sir, March 13, 1893. 
 
 With reference to ray Despatch of the 11th instant, on alien immi- 
 gration, I hare the honour to enclose, m original, a despatch from Mr. Howe, 
 Her Majesty's Vice-Consul at Pensacola, on the same subject. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) C. L. St. John. 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 [Enclosure.] 
 
 British Vice-Consulate, Pensacola, 
 Sir, March 10, 1893. 
 
 Refkrring to your Despatch of the 9th instant, and to the enclosure 
 therewith, respecting the subject of alien immigration into the United States, 
 I have to report as follows as regards the port of Pensacola : — 
 
 There are not any laws or regulations of the State of Florida respecting the 
 control or restriction of alien immigration, or alien contract. 
 
 In the event, possibly, of alien immigrants arriving at Pensacola, the 
 Federal laws in such respect would no doubt be brought to bear. 
 
 There is no immigration in the usually accepted term to this port of any 
 class of persons. 
 
 I am. Sec. 
 C. L. St. John, Esq., (Signed) Osmond C. Howk. 
 
 H.B.M. Consul, New Orleans. 
 
 u«»iuH arit moil h-nif-Mnq 9d vi/ixsM ns') ,9fn zrrvfo'tid 
 
130 
 
 British Consulate, San Francisco, 
 Sir, March 16, 1893. 
 
 [ HAVE been instructed to transmit to you a report on immigration as 
 far as it concerns the States under the jurisdiction of this consulate ; and I now 
 have the honour tx) enclose my Report on the subject for the information of 
 Messrs. Schloss and Burnett. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 
 (Signed) Denis Donohoe. 
 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
 
 Her Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary, 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 [Enclosure.] 
 
 Report on the Immigration Laws as carried out on the Pacific Coast 
 of the United States. 
 
 The State of California at present takes no part in the regulations connected 
 with alien immigration, though there is still a State Act on the subject which 
 has not been repealed by the Legislature. The whole matter is now managed 
 by a United States Commissioner of Immigration, who acts under the 
 instructions of the Bureau of Immigration at Washington. 
 
 He boards all passenger vessels and questions such passengers as he con- 
 siders necessary, carrying out in this respect the Act of Congress of February 
 26, 1885 (23 Stat. 332), the Act amendatory thereof of February 23, 1887 (24 
 Stat. 414), and the amendment of October 19, 1888 (25 Stat. 566), and also 
 the Act approved March 3, 1891. All these Acts are issued by the Treasury 
 Department, and are published in circulars, the first marked — 
 
 1889. 
 Department No. 122. 
 
 Miscellaneous Division. 
 
 The, second circular, styled " Amendment to Immigration and Alien Con- 
 tract Labour Laws," is marked — 
 
 1891. 
 
 Department No. 39. 
 
 Miscellaneous Division. 
 
 These circulars can be procured at the Treasury Department, Washington. 
 
 The Commissioner of Immigration at San Francisco informs me that he puts 
 his questions to immigrants about as follows : — Name, nationality, where from, 
 where going to work, if under a contract, who sent for him, who pays his 
 passage, and is that passage money to be repaid, amount of capital, &c., &c. 
 
 He makes a note of the answers, and makes periodical reports to the Bureau 
 in Washington, where, he has no doubt, full tables on this question would be 
 furnished to the Commissioners, upon application. 
 
 The amount of immigration here is, of course, very small as compared with 
 that in the Eastern States, and it is a very rare thing to have any one stopped 
 from landing ; of course this is entirely apart from the laws governing the 
 entrance of Chinese. 
 
 The Commissioner also informs me that there are scarcely any immigrants 
 from Mexico through Southern California, though an inspector is stationed at 
 San Diego, and one where the Guaymas Railway joins the Southern Pacific at 
 Toucson, Arizona, or at the frontier town of Nogales, in the same State. 
 Data as to immigration through British Columbia, which is also looked after 
 by inspectors appointed bv the United States Government at frontier towns, 
 the Commissioner here informs me, can readily be procured from the Bureau 
 
vn 
 
 in Washin((ton, which is in the Treasury De|)artment. I may state that the 
 Fedf ral laws that I have quoted regulate the immigration of aliens on the 
 Pacific coast. 
 
 British Consulate, San Francisco, 
 MaKh 18, \i<93. 
 
 British Consulate, Galveston, 
 SiE, March 17, 1893. 
 
 Ik accordance with instructions which I have received from the Earl of 
 Rosebery, I have the honour t-o report upon certain questions respecting alien 
 immigration into the State and Territory comprising my consular district, viz., 
 Texas and New Mexico, as follows : — 
 
 (a.) Whether any and what laws or regulations respecting the control or 
 
 restriction of alien immigration or alien contract or other labour exist 
 
 in this consular district, and in what manner and to what extent are 
 
 such laws or regulations enforced P 
 
 Ai r^f^B Texas, no State laws or regulations respecting alien immigrants 
 
 exist. The Federal Contract Labour Law would, I presume, be enforced were 
 
 there anj direct immigration by sea, but such direct immigration does not 
 
 take place, and the cases of those aliens arriving here by steamer are dealt with 
 
 at their original port of arri\'al. 
 
 With respect to New Mexico, I am informed by the Governor that there are 
 no laws or regulations respecting alien immigration or alien labour apart from 
 those of the National Government. 
 
 (6.) The regulation of alien inunigration from Mexico. 
 In both Texas and New Mexico no 8{)ecial steps are taken to regulate this 
 immigration. 
 
 No statistics appear to be kept of either numbers, nationality, occupation, 
 Sec, but it can be confidently stated that the numl)er of immigrants, apart 
 from mere transient travellers, coming in Arom Mexico is very small ; in fact, 
 it may be said there are scarcely any at all. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) Horack D. Nugent, 
 To Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 British Legation, Washington. 
 
 British Consulate, Philadelphia, 
 SiH, March 20, 1893. 
 
 In accordance with instructions received from the Foreign Office, I beg 
 to enclose herewith the laws and regulations governing immigration at the 
 port of Philadelphia,* together with the Annual Report for the fiscal year 
 ending June 30, 1892, issued by the Superintendent of Immigration. 
 
 There are no State laws within this consular jurisdiction governing immi- 
 gration, as all immigration is under the supervision of the Federal Government. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) Robt. Chas. Clipperton, 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. H.M. Consul. 
 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 • The enclosure referred to was the Treasury Department publication of March 11, 1893, 
 containing the regulations of that date (since superseded by those of April 25, 1893), and the 
 laws affecting general immigration. 
 
132 
 
 British Consulate, Chicago, 
 Sir, March 20, 1893. 
 
 In accordance with instructions received from the Earl of Rosebery I 
 herewith transmit to you a report on the question of alien immigration as far 
 as concerns my district for the information of Messrs. Schloss and Burnett. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 His Excellency (Signed) J. Hayes Sadler. 
 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 British Embassy, Washington, D.C. 
 
 [Enclosure.] 
 On Alien Immigration from Canada into the Consular District of Chicago. 
 
 ^ In the border states of the consular district of Chicago, comprising the 
 States of Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana, there are no 
 laws or regulations controlling or restricting the free entry of aliens into the 
 United States from Canada or alien or other labour contract. 
 
 Since the scare of cholera in the autumn of 1892 certain regulations have 
 been made regarding the examination of immigrants and their baggage which, 
 under certain circumstances can be detained and fumigated, but this can only 
 be considered a temporary measure of precaution taken by the Boards of 
 Health. 
 
 There are no records kept in these States regarding the number of aliens 
 who may arrive from Canada, or pass through to other States of the Union , 
 nor are there any statistics existing from which any just appreciation can be 
 formed of such immigration unless the United States authorities in such 
 States should have furnished the Federal Government with such information. 
 My impression is that the number of immigrants into Dakota and Montana is 
 infinitesimal ; there are a certain number of Canadians who enter every year 
 into the lumber districts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, and after the season's 
 work is over return to their own country, but the number of immigrants is 
 small, the chief route taken by immigrants from Canada to these parts being 
 through the State of Michigan. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) J. Hayes Sadler, 
 
 British Consulate, Chicago, H.B.M. Consul at Chicago. 
 
 Majch 20, 1893. 
 
 British Consulate, Charleston, S.C,, 
 Sir, March 21, 1893. 
 
 I AM directed by the Earl of Rosebery to transmit to you a report 
 respecting the question of aUen immigration into the United States, so far as 
 it applies to this consular district, for the information of Messrs. Schloss and 
 Burnett, Board of Trade Commissioners ; and, in accordance with these 
 instructions, have the honour to report as follows : — 
 
 There are practically no laws or regulations respecting the control or restric- 
 tion of alien immigration or alien contract labour, of a state or local character, 
 that have any force or can be exercised in this district. The Supreme Court 
 of the United States has held — in Passenper Cases, 7 Howard 282 — that the 
 whole subject of immigration is exclusively within the control of the Federal 
 Government. The States can only regulate it or legislate upon the subject to 
 a very limited degree, and only on the line of their police power. 
 
 In the General Statutes of the State of South Carolina, chapter LV,, 1891, 
 there is an entire chapter entitled '*0f Immigrants and Seamen," but its 
 scope is confined almost exclusively to the licenses and rules for regulation of 
 immigrant and sailor boarding-houses in the city of Charleston. There are 
 also, in several of the other States of the Union, laws purporting to deal with 
 
133 
 
 iK\>i f,,rh\(](\fn subject of foreign iinmiKr&tioti, but the consideration of such 
 S ,tes may be eliminated from the present inquiry, as all lejj[islation 
 
 *>i 1 is void, the matter being, aa above shown, exclusively within the 
 
 jirovince of the General Go>'emment. 
 
 It may therefore be broadlv stated that, so for as this Consular District is 
 concerned, and, indeed, to the best of my knowledge and belief, every other 
 United States (Consular District, the only valid laws now existing on the 
 subject are the Acts of Congress, of which there are quite a number bearing 
 on the question. The Acts now in force will l)e found in Volume I. of the 
 Supplement to Revised Statutes of the United States, 2nd edition, on pages 
 H7, .'<70, 47y. i>4\, Cui,\ and UM. 
 
 A reference to these Acts will show that certain classes of immigrants are, 
 by law, excluded, and that all contracts for labour in the United States of a 
 prosoective immigrant are declared void, excepting in the cases of ministers 
 of the Gospel, professors in colleges, professional men, and other i)ersons 
 8|)eciRed in the Act of March 3rd, 1891, as being exempted from its prohibi- 
 tions. 1 would also beg, in this connexion, to refer to the case of Rev. E. 
 Walpole Warren, who came over from England under contract to be rector of 
 Trinity Church, New York, the Supreme CJourt deciding that such a contract 
 was not prohibited by the Acts of Congress, thus reversing, on appeal, the 
 decision of the lower court. (See Church of the Holy Trinity v. United 
 States, 143 U.S. 457.) 
 
 The forej^oing are the only enactments telating to immigration, excepting 
 those relatmg to the Chinese, that have uny force, or could be put into opera* 
 tion here, but no cases have arisen under these laws, as there is no immigration 
 directly from foreign countries into this district. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) A. Harknkhs, 
 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Acting Consul. 
 
 Washington. D.C. 
 
 *ir«c<j 9ii3 tb'jLiUiii. Ai ijiiiui, ''M I ..i Jill 
 
 British Consulate^ Baltimore, 
 Sir, • - March 22, 1893. 
 
 In compliance with instructions I have the honour to report to you 
 that in Maryland there is no State law, as distinct from Federal law, to regulate 
 or control alien immigration. 
 
 There is in existence a State Board of Immigration, whose duty consists in 
 seeing that the Federal law is observed. 
 
 I transmit copy of the laws with regard to immigration,* and which has 
 been handed to me by a member of the Board. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) W. F. Segrave. 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
 &c. &c. &c. 
 
 Her Britannic Majesty's Consulate General, 
 Sib, New York, March 24, 1893. 
 
 I HAVE the honour to send you herewith enclosed, in accordance with 
 instructions received from the Earl of Rosebery, a report on the subject of 
 alien immigration into the United States so far as it relates to this consular 
 district, for the information of Messrs. Schloss and Burnett, the special com- 
 missioners now on a visit to this country, with respect to that question. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 (Signed) Wm. Lane Booker. 
 Sir Julian Pauncefote, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
 H.M.'s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, 
 Washington, D.C. 
 
 * The document referred to was the Treasury Department publication of March 11, 1893, 
 already referred to. 
 
184 
 
 Quarantine at 
 New York 
 established by 
 laws of New 
 York State, 1863, 
 chap. 358. 
 Equipment of 
 station and 
 floating hos- 
 pital. 
 
 Detention of 
 vessels at float- 
 ing hospital and 
 at quarantine. 
 
 Laws strictly 
 enforced. 
 
 Vaccination. 
 
 Diseases classed 
 as quarantinable, 
 
 Powers and 
 duties of health 
 
 Duty of 50 cents 
 on each pas- 
 senger levied by 
 Act of Congress 
 of August 3rd, 
 1882. 
 
 Supervision of 
 immigration in 
 United States 
 given to Secre- 
 tary of Treasury. 
 Act of 26th 
 Februarv, 1885 
 first prohibited 
 importation of 
 immigrants to 
 perform labour 
 under contract. 
 Contract labour 
 to be returned 
 at expense of 
 owner of ship 
 bringing them. 
 Secretary of 
 Treasury can 
 return contract 
 labourer within 
 one year after 
 landing. 
 
 Persons pro- 
 hibited from 
 admission to 
 United States. 
 
 Those guilty of 
 political ofEences 
 admitted. 
 
 [Enclosure.] 
 
 Report on Quarantine and Alien Immigration into the United 
 States, so far as it relates to the Consular District of New York. 
 
 The establishment of a quarantine for the harbour and port of New York 
 for all vessels, their crews, passengers, equipage, cargoes, and other property 
 on board of the same, arriving thereat, exists under the laws of the State of 
 New York, 1863, cap. 358, section 1. 
 
 Sections 2 to 7 provide for the construction, equipment, location, &c. of 
 the station, and of a floating hospital. 
 
 Section 8, as amended by the laws of 1865, cap. 592, section 1, stipulates 
 that, from the 1st of April to the 1st of November, vessels arriving from a port 
 where disease subject to (quarantine is known to exist, or if any such disease 
 should have occurred durmg the voyage, must anchor in the vicinity of the 
 floating hospital, anchored in the lower bay below the narrows, and (section 
 9) there remain for at least 30 days after their arrival, and at least 20 days 
 after their cargo shall have been discharged, unless the health officer shall 
 grant a permit to proceed ; and vessels from foreign ports and where disease 
 is not known to exist shall be visited by the health officer and detained, should 
 
 Suarantinable disease be found on board, for such period as the officer may 
 etermine. 
 
 These laws are enforced, and so far as the anchoring of the vessel is con- 
 cerned, are carried into effect strictly ; but vessels are seldom detained for the 
 prescribed period. 
 
 Section 10 provides for the vaccination of persons with insufficient evidence 
 of effective vaccination, and known to have been recently exposed to small- 
 pox. 
 
 Section 1 1 stipulates that yellow fever, cholera, typhus, or ship fever, and 
 small-pox, and any new disease not now known of a contagious, infectious, or 
 pestilential nature, are the diseases subject to q^uarantine. 
 
 The subsequent sections relate to the sanitary measures to be employed 
 when merchandize should be landed, the powers and duties of the health 
 officer, &c. 
 
 The Act of Congress of August 3rd, 1882, levied a duty of 50 cents on each 
 and every passenger, not a citizen of the United States, arriving in the United 
 States from a foreign port, to be paid to the collector of Customs of the 
 collection district at which the vessel arrives. 
 
 Section 2 of this Act gives supervision to the Secretary of the Treasury over 
 the immigration business of the United States. 
 
 The first Act passed by Congress prohibiting the importation and immi- 
 gration of foreigners and aliens under .contract to perform labour in the 
 United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia, was that of the 
 26th of February, 1885. 
 
 An amendatory Act, approved February 23rd, 1887, places the execution 
 of the first Act in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, and provides 
 that persons brought into the United States in contravention thereof shall be 
 returned to the country from which they came at the expense of the owners 
 of the vessels bringing them. 
 
 An amendment to the Act of February 23rd, 1887, was approved, and gives 
 power to the Secretary of the Treasury to take into custody, one year after 
 landing, and return to the country from whence he came, any person who may 
 have entered the United States, its Territories, or District of Columbia, con- 
 trary to the provisions of the Act of February 23rd, 1887. 
 
 The Act passed by Congress and approved March 3rd, 1891, entitled '* An 
 " Act in amendment to the various Acts relative to immigration and the 
 " importation of aliens under contract to perform labour," prohibits the admis- 
 sion of " idiots, insane persons, paupers, or persons likely to becoms a j)ublic 
 " charge, persons suffering from a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, 
 " who have been convicted of felony or other infamous crime or misdemeanour, 
 " polygamists," but does not include persons convicted of a political offence, 
 notwithstanding such offence is designated as a crime by the laws of the 
 country where such offence was committed. 
 
135 
 
 Miniatertof 
 
 5 of thit Act amends section 5 of the Act of February 2(>th, 1885, "'|jf,'}-onJ^®"^'. 
 and admits ministers of any religious denomination, persons belonging to any SSoilarmoir* 
 recognized profession, and professors for colleges and seminaries. admitted. 
 
 Section / of this Act authorizes the President to appoint a Superintendent Appointmont of 
 ot Immigration. of immigration. 
 
 The preceding laws have been strictly enforced since their enactment. Laws onfomHi. 
 
 "An Act to facilitate the enforcement of the immigration and contract Masters of ships 
 labour laws of the United Sutes," approved 3rd March, 1893, and which ''S'u.ust""' 
 comes into force on the 3rd May, 1893, imposes on the masters of vessels provido lists 
 bringing immigrants to the United States the duty of providing lists, and in containinK 30 
 eaoh lilt not mMe than 30 names, and must contain replies to 19 questions ^>"^*">"^<^ • 
 retDecting eftoh pMaenger as to age, sex, occupation, &c. 
 
 On tiie Ist of September, 1892, the President of the United States, by virtue presidont'a 
 of the authority of an Act of Congress, approved March 3rd, 1879, issued a Prj^'*g;*\muber 
 Proclamation ordering that all vessels bringing immigrants into the United i^^l impoHini^ »V 
 States be detained at Quarantine for 20 days. Ihis had the effect of practically dayit' quarantine, 
 stopping immigration, and it has only now begun to be resumed in volume. ImmiKration 
 
 The Act of Cx)ngress of 15th Februar)-, 1893, repeals that of March, 1879, but JopJS 
 power is still given by it to the President, when he is satisfied that there is power of the 
 danger of cholera or other infectious disease being introduced into the United Pn«*ident to 
 States, to prohibit the introduction of |)ersons or property from such countries |UIJdi,Jj!of * 
 or places as he shall designate, and for such period as he shall deem necessary. passenKers. 
 
 ^ easels arriving with passensers from Europe and the other countries Bills of health 
 mentioned in this Act (15th February, 1893) must comply with the require- J? j!ri,'i"*J|^a"J,. 
 ments as to bills of health, inspection of crew and passengers, &c. before SenKeJi Srp<!rt* 
 departure from port, and with the quarantine regulations of the Treasury of departure. 
 Department of 24th February, 1893, and, should the sanitary condition of the 
 vessel be sati!<factory to the State health officer at Quarantine in this harbour, 
 the ship H-ill be permitted to land her passengers. 
 
 By a Department Order, issued on the 13tU of March, 1893, the inspection United States 
 of |Mssen^ers taken on l>oard vessels at intermediate foreign ports, and subject ij*'"'*"'"'!."'"*^*"' 
 to inspection under the previsions of Article 1 of the Regulations of the genKei^at mter- 
 IVeasury of 24th February, 1893, shall be made by a consular officer of the mediate ports. 
 United States. Should there be no consular officer at the port, the inspection I>x>al health 
 shall be made by the local health officer. hSStT^ 
 
 These are the requirementt now in force. 
 
 By an arrangement between the New York State and the Federal quarantine J''''*^^* P^***^ 
 authorities, vessels at present passed by the State health officer at Quarantine state^heuUh 
 are not subjected to examination by the United States officials. otficers not 
 
 inspected by 
 United States 
 
 It is thought by the agents of the large steamship companies that the officials. 
 examination of immigrants at the port of embarkation proposed by the Act of Examination of 
 16th February, 1893 will^have the effect of eliminating undesirable and pro- ^™^'^e*arture 
 hibited persons from among the passengers, and, consequently, save the ?JprovedEy 
 companies great trouble ana expense on the arrival of their vessels at New steamship 
 YorC '«^''*»- 
 
 The examination, however, of cabin passengers prescribed by that Act will. Examination of 
 it is believed, cause a serious falling off in the number of that class of passengers cabin passengers 
 to the United States. not approved of. 
 
 The statistics of immigration from Canada across the northern l>oundary of Statistics of 
 the United States have not been published since the year 1885, and there }JJ™'^nada 
 being no British consular at any of the ports within this consular district where cSmot be given, 
 immigrants would enter, it is not possible to give the information desired. It 
 is thought that the approximate number, &c. can be obtained at the Bureau 
 of Immigration at Washington. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing that the only New York State law affecting 
 immigration is the Quarantine Law of 1863, with its amendments. Other 
 laws are Federal, and all, 1 believe, are referred to in this report. 
 
 Immigrants do not come by sea into any port of my district except this, and New York the 
 I am not aware of any State law affecting immigration existing in Rhode only port of 
 Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey, but in Delaware there is a law requiring SJVhere^ 
 a Ucence from the State authorities, and a payment of ($1) one dollar per immigrants 
 Ijgmj^ come by sea. 
 
 (Signed) Wm. Lanb Booker, 
 
 Consul-General. 
 
18G 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Text of Principal Laws and Regulations affecting the 
 Immigration into, and Exclusion of Foreigners from 
 the United States.* 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Federal Laws and Regulations relating to General 
 Immigration. 
 
 An Act to Regulate Immigration. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be levied, collected, and paid 
 a duty of fifty cents for each and every passenger not a citizen of the United 
 States who shall come by steam or sail vessel from a foreign port to any port 
 within the United States. The said duty shall be paid to the collector of 
 customs of the port to which such passenger shall come, or if there be no 
 collector at such port, then to the collector of customs nearest thereto, by the 
 master, owner, agent, or consignee of every such vessel, within twenty -four 
 hours after the entry thereof into such port. The money thus collected shall 
 be paid into the United States Treasury, and shall constitute a fund to be 
 called the immigrant fund, and shall be used, under the direction of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, to defray the expense of regulating immigration 
 under this Act, and for the care of immigrants arriving in the United States, 
 for the relief of such as are in distress, and for the general purposes and 
 expenses of carrying this Act into efEect. The duty imposed by this secti':n 
 shall be a lien upon the vessels which shall bring such passengers into the 
 United States, and shall be a debt in favour of the United States against the 
 owner or owners of such vessels ; and the payment of such duty may be 
 enforced by any legal or equitable remedy. Provided, That no greater sum 
 shall be expended for the purposes herein-before mentioned, at any port, than 
 shall have been collected at such port. 
 
 Section 2. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby charged -with the 
 duty of executing the provisions of this Act and with supervision over the 
 business of immigration to the United States, and for that purpose he shall 
 have power to enter into contracts with such State commission, board, or 
 officers as may be designated for that purpose by the governor of any State to 
 take charge of the local affairs of immigration in the ports within said State, 
 and to provide for the support and relief of such immigrants therein landing 
 as may fall into distress or need public aid, under the rules and regulations to 
 be prescribed by said Secretaiy ; and it shall be the duty of such State com- 
 mission, board, or officers so designated to examine into the condition of 
 passengers arriving at the ports within such State in any ship or vessel, and 
 for that purpose all or any of such commissioners or officers or such other 
 person or persons as they shall appoint, shall be authorized to go on board of 
 and thi-ough any such ship or vessel; and if on such examination there shall 
 be found among such passengers any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person 
 unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a i)ublic charge, 
 they shall report the same in writing to the collector of such port, and such 
 person shall not be permitted to land. 
 
 Section 3. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall establish such regulations 
 and rules and issue from time to time such instructions not inconsistent with 
 law as he shall deem best calculated to protect the United States and immi- 
 grants into the United States from fraud and loss, and for carrying out the 
 provisions of this Act and the immigration laws of the United States ; and he 
 
 * It has not appeared necessary to set forth the laws prohibiting the importation of coolies, of 
 persons inveigled or kidnapped for servitude, and of women brought in for the purposes of pros- 
 titution, and the immigration of persons undergoing sentence for felonious crimes (other than 
 political), or whose sentence had been remitted on condition of their emigration. 
 
137 
 
 shall prescribe all forms of bond?, entries, and other papers to be used under 
 and in the enforceaient of the various provisions of this Act. 
 
 Section 4. That all foreign convicts except those convicted of political 
 offences, upon arrival, »hall be sent back to the nations to which they l)e!on^ 
 and from whence they came. The Secretary of the Treasury may uesiffnate 
 the State board of charities of any state in which such board shall exist by law, 
 or an^ commission in any State, or any person or persons in any State whose 
 duty It shall be to execute the provisions of this section without compensation. 
 The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe regulations for the return of the 
 aforesaid persons to the countries from whence they came, and shall furnish 
 instru?tion8 to the board, commission, or persons charged with the execution 
 of the proviiiions of this section as to the mode of procedure in respect thereto, 
 and may change such instructions from time to time. The expense of such 
 return of the aforesaid })ersons not permitted to land shall be borne by the 
 owners of the vessels in which they came. 
 
 Section 5. That this Act shall take effect immediately. 
 
 Approved, August 3, 18S2 (22 SUt., 214). 
 
 Act of June 26, 1884 (23 St^t. 53), section 22, exempting from tax passengers 
 arriving by vessels employed in the trade between the United States and 
 Dominion of Canada and Mexico. 
 
 That until the provisions of section one, cha;)ter three hundred and seventy- 
 six, of the laws of eighteen hundred and eighty-two, shall be made applicable to 
 passengers coming into the United States by land carriage, said provisions 
 shall not apply to passengers coming by vessels employed exclusively in the 
 trade between the ports of the United States and the ports of the Dominion of 
 Canada or the ports of Mexico. 
 
 An Act to prohibit the importation and immigration of foreigners and aliens 
 under contract or agreement to perform labour in the United States, its 
 Territories, and the District of Columbia. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Repres(ntatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the passage of this Act 
 it thall be unlawful for any person, company, partnership, or corporation, in 
 any manner whatsoever, to prepay the transportation, or in way assist or 
 encourage the importation or migration of any alien or aliens, any foreigner or 
 foreigners, into the United States, its 'J'erritories, or the District of Columbia, 
 under contract or agreement, parol or special, express or implied, made previous 
 to the importation or migration of such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, 
 to perform labour or service of any kind in the United States, its Territories, 
 or the District of Columbia. 
 
 Section 2. That all contracts or agreemenls, express or implied, parol or 
 special, which may hereafter be made by and between any person, company, 
 partnership, or corporation, and any foreigner or foreigners, alien or aliens, 
 to perfurm labour or service or having reference to the performance of labour 
 or service by any person in the United States, its Territories, or the District of 
 Columbia, previous to the migration or importation of the person or persons 
 whose labour or service is contracted for into the United States, shall be utterly 
 void and of no effect. 
 
 Section 3, That for every violation of any of the provisions of section one of 
 this Act the person, partnership, company, or corporation violating the same, 
 by knowingly assisting, encouraging or soliciting the migration or importation 
 of any alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, into the United States, its 
 Territories, or the District of Columbia, to perform labour or service of any 
 kind under contract or agreement, express or implied, parol or special, with 
 such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, previous to becoming residents or 
 citizens of the United States, shall forfeit and pay for every such offence the 
 sum of one thousand dollars, which may be sued for and recovered by the 
 United States or by any person who shall first bring his action therefor, in- 
 cluding any such alien or foreigner who may be a party to any such contract 
 or agreement, as debts of like amount are now recovered in the circuit courts 
 o 77399. K 
 
138 
 
 of the United States ; the proceeds to be paid into the Treasury of the United 
 States ; and separate suits may be brought for each alien or foreigner being a 
 party to such contract or agreement aforesaid. And it shall be the duty of the 
 district attorney of the proper district to prosecute every such suit at the expense 
 of the United States. 
 
 Section 4, That the master of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within 
 the United States on any such vessel, and land, or permit to be landed, from 
 any foreign port or place, any alien labourer, mechanic, or art! zan who, previous 
 to embarkation on such vessel, had entered into contract or agreement, parol 
 or special, express or implied, to perform labour or service in the United 
 States, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and on conviction thereof, 
 shall be punished by a fine of not more; than five hundred dollars for each and 
 every such alien labourer, mechanic or artizan so brought as aforesaid, and may 
 also be imprisoned for a term not exceeding six months. 
 
 Section 5. That nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to prevent any 
 citizen or subject of any foreign country temporarily residing in the United 
 States, either in private or official capacity, from engaging, under contract 
 or otherwise, persons not residents or citizens of the United States to act as 
 private secretaries, servants, or domestics for such foreigner temporarily 
 residing in the United States as aforesaid ; nor shall this Act be so construed 
 as to prevent any person, or persons, partnership, or corporation from 
 engaging, under contract or agreement, skilled workmen in foreign countries 
 to perform labour in the United States in or upon any new industry not at 
 present established in the United States : Provided, That skilled labour for 
 that purpose cannot be otherwise obtained ; nor shall the provisions of this 
 Act apply to professional actors, artists, lecturers, or singers, nor to persons 
 employed strictly as personal or domestic servants : Provided, That nothing in 
 this Act shall be construed as prohibiting any individual from assisting any 
 member of his family or any relative or personal friend, to migrate from any 
 foreign country to the United States, for the purpose of settlement here. 
 
 Section 6. That all laws or parts of laws conflicting herewith be, and the 
 same are hereby, repealed. 
 
 Approved, February 26, 1885 (23 Stat., 332). 
 
 An Act to amend an Act to prohibit the importation and immigration of 
 foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labour in 
 the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That an Act to prohibit the importation and 
 immigration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform 
 labour in the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia, 
 approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, and to 
 provide for the enforcement thereof, be amended by adding the following : 
 
 " Section 6. That the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby charged ^vith the 
 duty of executing the provisions of this Act, and for that purpose he shall 
 have power to enter into contracts with such State commission, board, or 
 officers as may be designated for that purpose, by the governor of any State to 
 take charge of the local affairs of immigration in the ports within said State, 
 under the rules and regulations to be prescribed by said Secretary ; and it 
 shall be the duty of such State commission, board, or officers so designated to 
 examine into the condition of passengers arriving at the ports within such 
 State in any ship or vessel, and for that purpose all or any of such commis- 
 sioners or officers, or such other person or persons as they shall appoint, shall 
 be authorized to go on board of and through any such ship or vessel ; and 
 if in such examination there shall be found among such passengers any 
 person included in the prohibition in this Act, they shall report the same 
 in writing to the collector of such port, and such person shall not be permitted 
 to land. 
 
 " Section 7- That the Secretary of the Treasury shall establish such regula- 
 tions and rules, and issue from time to time such instructions, not inconsistent 
 with law, as he shall deem best calculated for carrying out the provisions of 
 this Act ; and he shall prescribe all forms of bonds, entries, and other papers 
 to be used under and in the enforcement of the various provisions of this Act. 
 
** Section 8. That all persons included in the orohibition in this Act, upon 
 arrival, shall be sent back to the nations to which they helonf? and from 
 whence they came. The Secretary of the Treasury may desif^nate the State 
 board of charities of any State in which such board shall exist by law, or any 
 commission in any State, or any person or ])erson8 in any State, whose duty 
 it shall he to execute the provisions of this section and' shall be entitled to 
 roMonable compensation therefor to be fixed by regulation prescribed by the 
 Sea«tary of the Treasury. The Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe 
 regulations for the return of the aforesaid j)ersons to the countries from whence 
 they came, and shall furnish instructions to the board, commission, or persons 
 charged wiih the execution of the provisions of this section as to the time of 
 prooedure in respect thereto, and may change such instructions from time to 
 time. The expense of such return of the aforesaid persons not permitted 
 to land shall bi« borne by the owners of the vessels in which they can\e. And 
 any vessel refusing to pay such expenses shall not thereafter be permitted to 
 land at (ir clear from any port of the United States. And such expenses shall 
 He a lien on said vessel. I'hat the necessary expense in tbe execution of this 
 Act for the present fiscal year, shall be paid out of any money in the Treasury 
 not otherwise appropriated. 
 
 " Section 9. That all Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with this Act are 
 hereby repealed. 
 
 ** Section 10. That this Act shall take eflect at the expiration of thirty days 
 after its passage." 
 
 Approved, February 23, 1887 (24 Stot., 414). 
 
 A.MKNDMF.NTS TO THE AlIBN CoNTRACT-LaBOUR LaW CONTAINED IN 
 
 THE Dkficiency Bill, Approvkd October 19, 1888 (25 Stat., 
 5GG). 
 
 That the Act approved February twenty-third, eighteen hundred and eighty. 
 seven, entitled "An Act to amend an Act to prohibit the importation and 
 " immigration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to per- 
 " form labour in the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia," 
 be, and the same is hereby, so amended as to authorize the Secretaiy of the 
 Treasury, in case that he shall be satisfied that an immigrant has been allowed 
 to land contrary to the prohibition of that law, to cause such immigrant 
 within the period of one year after landing or entry, to be taken into custody 
 and returned to the country from whence he came, at the expense of the 
 owner of the importing vessel ; or, if he entered from an adjoining country, at 
 the expense of the person prenously contracting for the services, 
 
 Ihat the Act approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred andeighly- 
 five, entitled " An Act to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners 
 " and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labour in the United 
 " States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia," be, and the same is 
 hereby, amended so as to authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to pay an 
 informer who furnishes original information that the law has been violated 
 such a share of the penalties recovered as he may deem reasonable and just, 
 not exceeding fifty per centum, where it appears that the recovery was had in 
 consequence of the information thus furnished. 
 
 An Act in amendment to the various Acts relative to Immigration and the 
 Importation of Aliens under contract or agreement to perform labour. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled, That tbe following classes of aliens shall be 
 excluded from admission into the United States, in accordance with the 
 existing Acts regulating immigration, other than those concerning Chinese 
 labourers : All idiots, insane persons, paupers or persons likely to become a 
 public charge, pei'sons suffering from a loathsome or a dangerous contagious 
 disease, persons who have been convicted of a felony or other infamous crime 
 or misdemeanour invoh-ing moral turpitude, polygamists, and also any person 
 whose ticket or passage is paid for with the money of another or who is 
 assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown 
 on special inquiry that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing 
 excluded classes, or to the class of contract labourers excluded by the Act of 
 
 K 2 
 
140 
 
 February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, tjut this section shall 
 not be held to exclude persons living in the United States from sending for a 
 relative or a friend who is not of the excluded classes under such regulations 
 as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe : Provided, That nothing in 
 this Act shall be construed to apply to or exclude persons conxicted of a 
 political offence, notwithstanding said political offence may be designated as a 
 " felon,y, crime, infamous crime, or misdemeanour, involving moral turpitude "" 
 by the laws of the land whence he came or by the court convicting. 
 
 Section 2. That no suit or proceeding for violations of said Act of Februaiy 
 twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, prohibiting the importation 
 and migration of foreigners under contract or agreement to perform labour 
 shall be settled, compromised, or discontinued without the consent of the 
 court entered of record with reasons therefor. 
 
 Section 3 That it shall be deemed a violation of said Act of February 
 twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, to assist or encourage the 
 importation or migration of any alien by promise of employment through 
 advertisements printed and published in any foreign country ; and any alien 
 coming to this country in consequence of sucli an advertisement shall be 
 treated as coming under a contract as contemplated by such Act; and the 
 penalties by said Act imposed shall be applicable in such a case : Provided, 
 This section shall not apply to States and immigration bureaus of State* 
 advertising the inducements they ofPer for immigration to such States. 
 
 Section 4. That no steamship or transportation company or owners of 
 vessels shall directly, or through agents, either by writing, printing, or oral 
 representations, solicit, invite or encourage the immigration of any al'en into 
 the United States except by ordinary commercial letters, circulars, advertise- 
 ments, or oral representations, stating the sailings of their ves?els and the 
 terms and facilities of transportation xherein ; and for a violation of this 
 provision any such steamship or transportation companj^ and any such owners 
 of vessels, and the agents by them employed, shall be subjected t > the penal- 
 ties imposed by the third section of said Act of February twenty-sixth, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-five, for violations of the provisions of the first section of 
 said Act. 
 
 Section 5. That section five of said Act of February twenty-sixth, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-five, shall be, and hereby is, amended by adding to the 
 second proviso in said section the words " nor to ministers of any religious 
 " denomination, nor persons belonging to any recogiiized profession, nor pro- 
 *' fessors for colleges and seminaries," and by excluding from the second 
 proviso of said section the words " or any relative or personal friend." 
 
 Section 6. That any person who shall brinsjf into or land in the United 
 States by vessel or otherwise, or who shall aid to bring into or land in the 
 United States by vessel or otherwise, any <Jien not lawfully entitled to enter 
 the United States shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall, on 
 conviction, be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by 
 imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by both such fii:e and 
 imprisonment. 
 
 Section 7- That the office of superintendent of immigration is hereby created 
 and established, and the President, by and with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate, is authorized and directed to appoint such officer, whose salary shall 
 be four thousand dollars per annum, payable monthly. The superintendent 
 of immigration shall be an officer in the Treasury Department, under the 
 control and supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury, to whom he shall 
 make annual reports in writing of the transactions of his office, together with 
 such special reports, in writing, as the Secretary of the Treasury shall require. 
 The Secretary shall provide the superintendent with a suitably furnished office 
 in the city of Washington, and with such books of record and facilities for 
 the discharge of the duties of his office as may be necessary. He shall have a 
 chief clerk at a salary of two thousand dollars per annum, and two first-class 
 clerks. 
 
 Section 8. That upon the arrival by water at any place within the United 
 States of any alien immigrants it shall be the duty of the commanding officer 
 and the agents of the steam or sailing vessel by which they came to report the 
 name, nationality, last residence, and destination of every such alien, before 
 any of them are landed, to the proper inspection officers, who shall thereupoD 
 
141 
 
 {(o OT send competent ftssistants on board such vessel and there inspect all 
 auch aliens, or the inspection oflRoers may order a temporary removal of such 
 aliens for examination at a desi)fnHted time and place, and then and there 
 detain them until a thorough inspection is made. But such a removal shall 
 not he considered a landing during the pendency of such examination. The 
 medical examination shall be made by surgeons of the Marine- Hospital 
 Ser%'ice. In cases whero the services of a marine-hospital surgeon can not be 
 obtained without causing unreasonable delay, the inspector may cause an alien 
 to be examined by a civil surgeon and the Secretary of the Treasury shall ux 
 the compensation for such examination. The inspection officers and their 
 asaistants shall have power to administer oaths, and to take and consider 
 testimony touching the right of any such aliens to enter the United States, all 
 of which shall be intered of record. During such inspection after temporarv 
 removal the sui)erintendcnt shall cause such aliens to be properly housed, fed, 
 and cared for, and also, in his discretion, such as are delayed in proceeding to 
 their destination after inspection. All decisions made by the inspection 
 officers or their assistants touching the right of any alien to land, when adverse 
 to such right, shall he final unless appeal be taken to the superintendent of 
 immigration, whose action shall be suoject to review by the Secretary of the 
 Treasury. It shall be the duty of the aforesaid officers and agents of such 
 vessel to adopt due precautions to prevent the landing of any alien immigrant 
 at any place or time other than that designated by the inspection officers, and 
 any such officer or agent or person in charge of such vessel who shall either 
 knowingly or negligently land or |)ermit to land any alien immigrant at any 
 place or time other than that designated by the inspection officers, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanour and punished by a fine not exceeding one 
 thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by 
 both such line and imprisou'rent. 
 
 That the Secretary o» the Treasury may prescribe rules for inspection along 
 the bordeis of Canada, British Odumbia, and Mexico so as n()t to obstruct or 
 unnecessarily delay, unpede, or annoy passengers in ordinarv travel between 
 said countries : Prodded^ That not exceeding one inspector shall be appointed 
 for each customs district, and whose salary shall not exceed twelve hundred 
 dollars per year. 
 
 All duties imuoseu and nowers conferred by the second section of the Act 
 of August tnird, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, upon State commissions, 
 boards, or officers actmg under contract with the Secretary of the Treasury 
 shall be i>erformed and exercised, as occasion may arise, by the inspection 
 officers of the United States. 
 
 Section y. That for the preservation of ihe peace and in order that arrests 
 may be made for crimes under the laws of the States where the various United 
 States immigrant stations arc located, the officials in charge of such stations as 
 occasion may require shall admit therein the proper State and municipal officers 
 charged with the enforcf ment of such laws, and for the purposes of this section 
 the jurisdiction of such officers and of the local courts shall extend over such 
 stations. 
 
 Section 10. That all aliens who may unlawfully come into the United States 
 shall, if practicable, be imtnediately sent hack on the vessel by which they 
 were brought in. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as the 
 expense of the return of such aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of 
 the vessel on which such aliens came ; and if any master, agent, consignee, 
 or owner of such vessel shall refuse to receive back on board the vessel such 
 aliens, or shall neglect to detain them thereon, or shall refuse or neglect to 
 return them to the port from which they came, or to pay the cost of their 
 maintenance while on land, such master, agent, consignee, or owner shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine not less 
 than three hundred dollars for each and every offence ; and any such vessel 
 shall not have clearance from any port of the United States while any such 
 fine is unpaid. 
 
 Section 11. That any such alien who shall come into the United States in 
 violation of law may be returned as by law provided, at any time within one 
 year thereafter, at the expense of the person or persons, vessel, transportation 
 company, or corporation bringing such alien into the United States, and if that 
 cannot be done, then at the expense of the United States; and any alien who 
 
142 
 
 becomes a public charge within one year after his arrival in the United States 
 from causes existing prior to his landing therein shall be deemed to have 
 come in violation of law and shall be returned as aforesaid. 
 
 Section 12. That nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to affect 
 any prosecution or other proceeding, criminal or civil, begun under any exist- 
 ing Act or any Acts hereby amended, but such prosecution or other proceedings, 
 criminal or civil, shall proceed as if this Act had not been passed. 
 
 Section 13. That the circuit and district courts of the United States are 
 hereby invested with full and concurrent jurisdiction of all causes, civil and 
 criminal, arising under any of the provisions of this Act ; and this Act shall 
 go into effect on the first dav of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 Approved, March 3, 189r(26 Stat., 1084). 
 
 Joint Resolution of Congress authorizing foreign exhibitors at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition to bring to this country foreign labourers 
 from their respective countries for the purpose of preparing for and 
 making their exhibits. 
 
 * Resolved hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled. That the Act of Congress approved February 
 twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-five, prohibiting the importation 
 of foreigners under contract to perform labour, and the Acts of Congress 
 prohibiting the coming of Chinese persons into the United States, and the 
 Acts amendatory of these Acts, shall not be so construed nor shall anything 
 therein operate to prevent, hinder, or in anywise restrict any foreign exhibitor, 
 representative, or citizen of a foreign nation or the holder who is a citizen of 
 a foreign nation of any concession or privilege from the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, from bringing into the United States under contract, such 
 mechanics, artizans, agents, or other employees, natives of their respective 
 foreign countries, as they, or any of them, may deem necessary for the purpose 
 of making preparation for installing or conducting their exhibits or of prepar- 
 ing for installing or conducting any business authorized or permitted under 
 or by virtue of or pertaining to any concession or privilege which may have 
 been granted by the World's Columbian Exposition in connection with such 
 Exposition : Provided, however. That no alien shall by virtue of this Act enter 
 the United States under contract to perform labour except by express per- 
 mission, naming such alien, of the Secretary of the Treasury ; and any such 
 alien who may remain in the United States for more than one year after the 
 close of said Exposition shall thereafter be subject to all the processes and 
 penalties applicable to aliens coming in violation of the Alien Contract Labour 
 Laws aforesaid. 
 
 Approved, August 6, 1892. 
 
 An Act to facilitate the enforcement of the immigration and contract-labour 
 laws of the United States. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled. That, in addition to conforming to all 
 present requirements of law, upon the arrival of any alien immigrants by water 
 at any port within the United States, it shall be the duty of the master or 
 commanding officer of the steamer or sailing vessel having said immigrants 
 on board to deliver to the proper inspector of immigration at the port lists or 
 manifests made at the time and place of embarkation of such alien immigrants 
 on board such steamer or vessel, which shall, in answer to questions at the top 
 of said lists, state as to each immigrant the full name, age, and sex, whether 
 married or single ; the calling or occupation ; whether able to read or write ; 
 the nationality ; the last residence ; the seaport for landing in the United 
 States ; the final destination, if any, beyond the seaport of landing ; whether 
 having a ticket through to such final destination ; whether the immigrant has 
 paid his own passage or whether it has been paid by other persons or by any 
 corporation, society, municipality, or government ; whether in possession of 
 
 ♦ Preamble omitted. 
 
143 
 
 money, and if so, whether upwards of thirty dollars and how much if thirty 
 dollars or less ; whether going to join a relative, and if so, what relative and 
 his name and address ; whether ever hefore in the United States, and if so, 
 when and where; whether ever in prison or almshouse or supported br 
 charity ; whether a polygamist ; whether under contract, express or iniwlied, 
 to perform labour in the United States ; and what is the immigrant'o conaition 
 of nealth mentally and physically, and whether deformed or crippled, and if so, 
 from what cause. 
 
 Section 2. That the immigrants shall be listed in convenient groups and no 
 one list or manifest shall contain more than thirtjr names. To each immigrant 
 or head of a family shall be given a ticket on which shall bewritten his name, 
 a number or letter designating the list, and his number on the list, for con- 
 venience of identification on arrival. Each list or manifest shall be verified 
 by the signature and the oath or affirmation of the master or commanding 
 olBeer or of the officer first or second below him in command, taken before the 
 United States consul or consular agent at the port of departure, before the 
 sailing of said vessel, to the effect that he has made a personal examination of 
 each and all of the passengers named therein, and that he has caused the 
 surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith to make a physical examination of each 
 of said passengers, and that from his |>er8onul inspection and the report of said 
 surgeon he believes that no one of said passengers is an idiot or insane person, 
 or a pauper or likely to become a public charge, or suffering from a loathsome 
 or dangerous contagious disease, or a person who has been convicted of a 
 felony or other infamous crime or misdemeanour involving moral turpitude, 
 or a polygamist, or under a contract or agreement, express or implied, to perform 
 labour in the United States, and that also, according to the best of his 
 knowledge and belief, the information in said list or manifest concerning each 
 of said passengers named therein is correct and true. 
 
 Section 3. That the surgeon of said vessel sailing therewith shall also sign each 
 of said lists or manifests before the departure of said vessel, and make oath or 
 affirmation in like manner before said consul or consular agent, stating his 
 professional experience and qualifications as a physician and surgeon, and that 
 ae has made a personal examination of each of the passengers named therein 
 and that said list or manifest, according to the best of his knowledge and belief, 
 is full, correct, and true in all particulars relative to the mental and physical 
 condition of said passengers. If no surgeon sails \vith any vessel bringing 
 alien immigrants, the mental and physical examinations and the verifications 
 of the lists or manifests may be made by some competent surgeon employed 
 by the owners of the vessel. 
 
 Section 4. That in the case of the failure of said master or commanding officer 
 of said vessel to deliver to the said inspector of immigration lists or manifests, 
 verified as aforesaid, containing the information above required as to all alien 
 immigrants on boturd, there shall be paid to the collector of customs at the 
 port of arrival the sura of ten dollars for each immigrant qualified to enter the 
 United States concerning whom the above information is not contained 
 in any list as aforesaid, or said immigrant shall not be permitted so to enter 
 the United States, but shall be returned like other excluaed persons. 
 
 Section 5. That it shall be the duty of every inspector of arriving alien immi- 
 grants to detain for a special inquiry, under section one of the Immigration 
 Act of March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, every person who may 
 not appear to him to be clearly and beyond doubt entitled to ad-nission, and 
 all special inquiries shall be conducted by not less than four officials acting 
 as inspectors, to be designated in writing by the Secretary of the Treasury or 
 the superintendent of immigration, for conducting special inquiries ; and no 
 immigrant shall be admitted upon special inquiry except after a favourable 
 decision made by at least three of said inspectors ; and any decision to admit 
 shall be subject to appeal by any dissenting inspector to the superintendent of 
 immigration, whose action shaJi be subject to re^-iew by the Secretary of the 
 Treasurv-, as provided in section eight of said Immigration Act of March 
 third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one. 
 
 Section 6. That section five of the Act of March third, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety-one, " in amendment of the varicus acts relative to immigration and 
 the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labour." is 
 hereby amended by striking out the words " second proviso " where they first 
 
144 
 
 occur in said section and inserting the words *' first provisa '* in their place ; 
 and section eight of said Act is hereby so amended that the medical exami- 
 nations of arriving immigrants to be made by surgeons of the Marine-Hospital 
 Service may be made by any regular medical officers of such Marine-Hospital 
 Service detailed therefore by the Secretary of the 'i'reasury ; and civil surgeons 
 shall only be employed temporarily from time to time for specific emergencies. 
 
 Section 7. That no bond or guaranty, written or oral, that an alien immigrant 
 shall not become a public charge shall be received from any person, company, 
 corporation, charitable or benevolent society or association, unless authority to 
 receive the same shall in each special case be given by the Superintendent of 
 Immigration, with the written approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 Section 8. That all steamship or transportation companies, and other owners 
 of vessels, regularly engaged in transporting alien immigrants to the United 
 States, shall twice a year file a certificate with the Secretary of the Treasury 
 that they have furnished to be kept conspicuously exposed to view in the office 
 of each of their agents in foreign countries authorized to sell emigrant tickets, 
 a copy of the law of March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, and of 
 all subsequent laws of this country relative to immigration, printed in large 
 letters, in the language of the country where the copy of the law is to be 
 exposed to view, and that they have instructed their agents to call the attention 
 thereto of persons contemplating em.igration before selling tickets to them ; 
 and in case of the failure for sixty days of any such company or any such 
 owners to file such a certificate, or in case they file a false certificate, they 
 shall pay a fine of not exceeding five hundred dollars, to be recovered in the 
 proper United States court, and said fine shall also be a lien upon any vessel 
 of said company or owners found within the United States. 
 
 Section !>. That after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 three, all exclusive privileges of exchanging money, transporting passengers or 
 baggage, or keeping eating-houses, and all other like privileges in connection 
 with the Ellis Island immigrant station, shall be disposed of after public 
 competition, subject to such conditions and limitations as the Secretary of the 
 Treasury may prescribe. 
 
 Section 10. That this Act shall not apply to Chinese persons ; and shall take 
 effect as to vessels departing from foreign ports for ports within the United 
 States after sixty days from the passage of this Act. 
 
 Approved, March's, 1893. 
 
 REGULATIONS RELATING TO GENERAL IMMIGRATION. 
 
 Regulation of Immigration. 
 
 Treasury Department, Office of the Secretary. 
 Washington, B.C., April 25, 1893. 
 
 Article 1. Collectors of customs will collect, as provided in section 1 of the 
 Act of August 3, 1882, a duty of 50 cents for each and every passenger not a 
 citizen of the United States who shall come by steam or sail vessel from a 
 foreign port to any port of tha United States, except such vessels as are 
 employed exclusively between the ports of the United States and the ports of 
 the Dominion of Canada or of the poris of Mexico, as provided in section 22 of 
 the Act of June 26, 1884. 
 
 Article 2. All such moneys collected must be deposited to the credit of the 
 Treasurer of the United States on account of ''Immigrant fund" with an 
 assistant treasurer of the United States, or national bank depository, in the 
 same manner as other miscellaneous collections are reported. Separate 
 accounts of the receipts and expenditures of money under the Act must be 
 rendered monthly to the Secretary of the Treasury, on forms to be furnished 
 by the Government for the purpose. 
 
 Article 3. Collectors of customs on the Canadian frontier, and at all points 
 where commissioners of immigration are not emj)ioyed, are charged within 
 their respective districts with the execution of the laws pertaining to immigra- 
 tion, and all importation of labourers under contract or agreement to perform 
 
145 
 
 labour in the United Statw. Thev will employ all customs, immigration, and 
 other officers assigned to them forauty in the enforcement of the immigration 
 Acts ; and all such officers are hereby designated and authorized to act as 
 immigration officers. 
 
 Article 4. Whenever it shall be necessary, in making the examination of 
 immigrants, lo temporarily remove them from the vessel upon which they 
 arrived to a desirable place provided fi>r the examination, such immigrants shall 
 not )>e regarded as landed so long as they are undergoing the examination, 
 anil are in charge of the officers whose duty it is to make such examination ; 
 and such removal shall not be considered a landing during the pendency of 
 any question relating to such examination, or while awaiting their return as 
 provided by law. 
 
 Article 5. The commissioner of immigration shall enter of record the name 
 of every immigrant founil upon examination to be within either of the 
 prohibited classes, with a statement of the decision in each case, and at the 
 same time give notice in writing to the master, agent, consignee, or owner of 
 the vessel upon which such immigrant arrived, together with the grounds of 
 refusal to land such immigrant, th at said vessel is required to return such 
 immigrant to the port whence he came. 
 
 Article 6. 'Vhe regular examination of immigrants under the special inauiiy 
 required by statute will be separate from the public, but any immigrant wno is 
 refused permission to land, or pending an appeal in his case, will be permitted 
 to confer with friends or counsel in such manner as the commissioner may 
 deem proper. 
 
 Article 7- Any immigrant claiming to be aggrieved by the decision of the 
 inspection officers may appeal therefrom, ana such appeal shall stay his 
 deportation until decision shall be had thereon. Such appeal ahall be in 
 writing, and shall specify the grounds of appeal, and shall be presented to the 
 commissioner, who shall at once forward such appeal to the Department with 
 all the evidence in the case and his views thereon. 
 
 Any examining in8[)ector dissenting from a decision to admit an immigrant 
 may appeal therefn)m, which appeal shall be in writing and specify the 
 grounds thereof, and shall be forwarded by the commissioner to the Department 
 in like manner as in cases of an appeal by an immigrant. 
 
 Article 8. Upon a decision of the appeal the immigrant shall be at once 
 landed or depirted in accordance with such decision, and, in case landing is 
 refused, the master, agent, consignee, or owner of the vessel Ihy which the 
 immigrant arrived shall be notified of such decision by the commissioner, and 
 that the immigrant will be placed on board said vessel to be relumed as 
 aforesaid. 
 
 Article 9. The expenses for the keeping and maintenance of such immigrants 
 as are ordered to be returned pending the decision of their right to land and 
 the subsequent expenses for the keeping and maintenance of those ordered to 
 be returned, and the expense of their return shall be borne by the owner or 
 owners of the vessel on which they came. 
 
 Article 10. At least twenty-four hours before the sailing of the vessel upon 
 which immigrants are ordered to be returned, the master, agent, consignee, or 
 owner of such vessel shall notify the commissioner of the proposed hour of 
 siihng, who shall thereupon place on ';)oard all immigrants to be returned by 
 such vessel as aforesaid, and in case any master, agent, consignee, or owner of 
 such vessel shall refuse to receive such immigrants on board, or shall neglect 
 to retain them thereon, or shall refuse or neglect to return them to the port 
 from which they came, or to pay the cost of their maintenance while on land, 
 such master, agent, consignee, or owner shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than 3300 for each and 
 every ofience, and any such vessel shall not have clearance from any port of 
 the United States while any such fine is unpaid. 
 
 Article 11. No vessel bringing immigrants in the steerage or in apartments 
 ether than in the first or second cabin, from ports where contagious or infec- 
 tious diseases are prevailing, shall be admitted to entry unless it appear by the 
 certificate of the consular officer at such port that said immigrants have been 
 detained at the port of embarkation at least five days under medical observa- 
 tion in specially designated barracks or houses set apart for their exclusive 
 
146 
 
 use, and that their clothing, baggage, and personal effects have been disinfected 
 before being placed on board by one of the following methods : — 
 
 (1.) Boiling in water not less than thirty minutes. 
 
 (2.) Exposure to steam not less than thirty minutes, the steam to be of a 
 temperature not less than 100° C. (212° F.), nor greater than 115° C. 
 (239° F.), and unmixed with air. 
 
 (3.) Solution of carbolic acid of a 2 per cent, strength. 
 
 This method (No. 3) may be applied only to leather goods, such as trunks, 
 satchels, boots, shoes ; to rubber goods, &c., the articles to be saturated with 
 the solution. 
 
 (4.) Articles that would be destroyed or injured when subjected to any of 
 tlie above methods may be disinfected by immersion in solution of bichloride 
 of mercury, 1 part to 2,000, until all parts are thoroughly saturated, due 
 precaution being taken against mei'curial poisoning. 
 
 The above restrictions will also be applied to vessels bringing immigrants 
 from non-infected ports, but who come from infected localities. 
 
 Article 12. There shall be delivered to the commissioner of immigration 
 at the port of arrival by the master or commanding officer of the vessel, lists 
 or manifests, made at the time and place of embarkation, of such immigrants, 
 which shall, in answer to questions at the top of said hsts or manifests, state 
 as to each of said passengers — 
 
 (1.) Full name. 
 
 (2.) Age. 
 
 (3.) Sex. 
 
 (4.) Whether married or single. 
 
 (5.) Calling or occupation. 
 
 (6.) Whether able to read or write. 
 
 (7.) Nationality. 
 
 (8.) Last residence. 
 
 (9.) Seaport for landing in the United States. 
 
 (10.) Final destination in the United States. 
 
 (11.) Whether having a ticket through to such final destination. 
 
 (12.) Whether the immigrant has paid his own passage or whether it has 
 been paid by other persons, or by any corporation, society, municipality, or 
 government. 
 
 (13.) Whether in possession of money, and if so, whether upward of $30, 
 and how much, if $30 or less. 
 
 (14.) Whether going to join a relative, and if so, what relative, and his 
 name and address. 
 
 (15.) Whether ever before in the United States, and if so, when and where. 
 
 (16.) Whether ever in prison, or almshouse, or supported by charity. 
 
 (17.) Whether a polygamist. 
 
 (18.) Whether under contract, express or implied, to perform labour in the 
 United States. ' 
 
 (19.) The immigrant's condition of health, mentally and physically, and 
 whether deformed or crippled ; and, if so, from what cause. 
 
 Article 13. Said immigrants shall be listed in convenient groups, and no 
 one list or manifest shall contain more than thirty names. There shall be 
 delivered to each such immigrant or head of a family, prior to or at the time 
 of embarkation, or at some time on the voyage before arrival, as may be found 
 most convenient, a ticket, on which shall be written his name, a number or 
 letter, designating the list and his number on the list for convenience of 
 identification on arrival.* Each list or manifest shall be verified by the 
 signature and the oath or affirmation of the master or commanding officer, or 
 of the officer, first or second, below him in command, and of the surgeon of 
 said vessel or other medical officer, as provided in sections 2 and 3 of the Act 
 of March 3, 1893, therefore the above affida%dts must be attached to each list 
 or manifest, which lists or manifests must be kept separate and not fastened 
 together. 
 
 * By a circular of the Treasury Department (1893, Department No. 65, Marine Hospital 
 Service), dated May 4, 1893, it is directed that the inspection card required for quarantine pur- 
 poses by this circular may be used also as the " ticket " mentioned in the text, blank spaces to 
 be filled in by the ship's surgeon or agent being provided with this object. 
 
147 
 
 In case there is a surgeon sailing with the vessel, that officer must sign and 
 verify each list or manifest, and the verification by another surgeon will not 
 be in compliance with the law. 
 
 All forms of lists or manifests and affidavits sent out by authority of this 
 Department are suggestive merelv, and will not relieve anv person from the 
 necessity of complying strictly with all the provisions of saia Act of March 3, 
 1893. 
 
 Article 14. In case of the failure of said master or commanding officer of 
 said vessel to deliver to the said inspector of immigration lists or manifests, 
 verified as aforesaid, containing the information above required as to all immi- 
 grants on board, there shall be paid to the collector of customs at the port of 
 arrival the sura of $10 for each immigrant qualified to enter the United States 
 concerning whom the a1)ove information is not contained in any list, as afore- 
 said, or said immigrant shall not be permitted so to enter the United States, 
 but shall be returned like other excluded persons. 
 
 Article 15. The certificate required by section 8 to be filed by the Secretary 
 of the Treasury shall be filed upon the first days of January and July of each 
 year. 
 
 Article 16. These regulations shall take immediate effect, except as to the 
 last paragraph of Article 7 and Articles 11 to !(>, inclusive, and as to those 
 articles they will take effect on the 3rd day of May, 1893. 
 
 J. G. Carlisle, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 State Laws rblatino to General Immigration.* 
 Alabama. Code of 1886, Vol. II., Section 3,762. 
 
 An^ immigrant who abandons or leaves the ser\'ice of an employer without 
 repaving all passage money and all other advances must, on conviction, be 
 fined in a sum not more than double the amount of wages for the unexpired 
 term of service and imprisoned not longer than three months, or sentenced to 
 hard labour for the county for not more than three months, at the discretion 
 of the jury.f 
 
 California. Constitution, Article 19, Section 1. 
 
 By the Constitution of California " the legislature is to prescribe all neces- 
 sary regulations for the protection of the State and the counties, cities, and 
 towns thereof firom the presence of aliens who are or may become vagrants, 
 paupers, mendicants, criminals, or invalids afflicted with contagious or infec- 
 tious diseases, and from aliens otherwise dangerous or detrimental to the well- 
 being or peace of the State, and to impose conditions upon which such per- 
 sons may reside in the State, and to provide the means and mode of their 
 removal;from the State upon failure or refusal to comply with such conditions." 
 {American Statute Law, by F. J. Stimson, p. 5.) , 
 
 Idaho. Constitution, Article 13, Section 5. 
 
 No person not a citizen of the United States, or who has not declared his 
 intention to become such, shall be employed upon or in connexion with any 
 State or municipal works.J 
 
 • With some exceptions (indicated where they occur) the details Riven in the text in 
 relation to the State laws bearing upon general immigration are taken from " a compilation 
 " of the labour laws of the various States and Territories and the District of Columbia, pre- 
 " pared under the direction of Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labour," 1892. 
 
 t This section is given by Mr. Carroll D. Wright : but in the First Supplement to American 
 Statute Laic, by F. J. Stimson, p. 72, it is said that " the provision of this section seems to be 
 " omitted in the new code." This Supplement is dated 1888, Mr. Wright's Compilation, 1892. 
 
 X To carry into efifect this article of the Idaho Constitution, an Act was passed on March 14, 
 1891, forbidding the employment of ahens on State or municipal works (Laws 1890-91, p. 233) ; 
 see American Digest, 1891, p. 65. 
 
148 
 
 Illinois. Act of 1889. 
 
 Section 1. It shall be unlawful for any board or commission, or any ofl&cer 
 or other person acting for the State, or for any county, township, city, village, 
 district, or other municipality in the State, or any contractor or sub -contractor, 
 tinder any or either of said municipalities, to employ any person or persons, 
 other than native-born or naiuralized citizens or those who have in good faith 
 declared their intentions to become citizens of the United States, when such 
 employees are to be paid, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, out of any 
 funds raised by taxation. 
 
 Section 2. It shall be the duty of any person or persons employing labour 
 or other services, to be paid for, in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, out 
 of any funds raised by taxation, to file with the treasurer or disbursing officer 
 of such funds a certificate showing to the best of his knowledge and belief 
 that the persons so employed .... are citizens of the United States, or 
 have in good faith declared their intentions to become such citizens, or are of 
 such age or sex that they cannot declare their intentions to become citizens, 
 or cannot be formally declared to be citizens by an order of a court of record. 
 
 Section 5. Whenever any employer, contractor or sub-contractor, by written 
 or oral information, or from any source has reason to believe that he has in his 
 employ persons other than native or naturalized citizens, or those who have in 
 good faith declared their intentions to become citizens, whose pay is to be 
 drawn in whole or in part, directly or indirectly, from such public funds, he 
 shall at once investigate the matter, and if he shall find said information to 
 have been correct, he shall discharge such employee or employees, and a failure 
 to do so shall render him liable to the municipality .... for any of , 
 such funds paid to such alien .... 
 
 Section (>. In all cases where an alien after filing his declaration of intention 
 to become a citizen of the United States, shall, for the space of three months 
 after he could lawfully do so, fail to take out his final papers and complete his 
 citizenship, such failure shall be prima facie evidence that his declaration of 
 intentions was not made in good faith. 
 
 Indiana. Elliott's Supplement of 1889, Chapter 7. 
 
 Section 438 It shall be unlawful for any person, company, 
 
 partnership or corporation, in any manner whatsoever, to prepay transportation 
 or in way assist or encourage the importation or migration of any alien or 
 aliens, any foreigner or foreigners, into the State of Indiana under contract 
 or agreement, parol or special, express or implied, made previous to the 
 importation or migration of such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, 
 to perform labour or service of any kind in this State. 
 
 Section 439 All contracts or agreements, express or implied, 
 
 parol or sjiecial, which may hereafter be made by and between any person, 
 company, partnership or corporation, and any foreigner or foreigners, alien or 
 aliens, to perform labour or service, or having reftrence to the performance of 
 labour or service, by any person in the State cf Indiana previous to the 
 migration or importation of the person or persons whose labour or service is 
 contracted for, into the United States, shall be utterly void and of no effect. 
 
 Section 440. For every violation of any of the provisions of .... this 
 Act, the person, partnershij), company or corporation violating the same by 
 knowingly assisting, encouraging or soliciting migration or importation of any 
 alien or aliens, or of any foreigrer or foreigners into the State of Indiana to 
 perform labour or service of any kind under contract or agreement, express or 
 imphed, parol or special, with such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners, 
 previous to becoming residents or citizens of the United States, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in 
 any sum not less than one hundred dollars nor more than five thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 Section 441. Nothing in this Act shall be so construed as to prevent any 
 citizen or subject of any foreign country temporarily residing in the United 
 States, either in a private or official capacity, from engaging under contract or 
 otherwise, persons not residents or citizens of the United States, to act as 
 private secretaries, servants, or domestics for such foreigner temporarily 
 
149 
 
 residing in the United States, nor shall this Act be so construed as to prevent 
 any person or persons, jwrtnership or corporation, from enjjaginp;, under 
 contract or agreement, skilled workmen in foreign countries to perform labour 
 in the State of Indiana, in or upon any new industry not at present established 
 in the State : ProrUled, That skilled labour for that purpose cannot otherwise 
 be obtained ; nor shall the provisions of this Act apply to professional actors, 
 artists, lecturers, or sini^ers, nor to persons employed strictly as personal 
 or domestic ser^'ants : ProtiUfd, That nothing in this Act shall be construed 
 as prohibiting any individual from assisting any meml)er of his family, or 
 relative, or personal friend to migrate from any foreign country to the State 
 for the purpNOse of settlement here. 
 
 Kentucky. Statutes.* 
 
 A contract for labour or service made with an alien previous to his coming 
 into the State of Kentucky is a binding contract for seven years, but no 
 longer. 
 
 MASSAcursKTTS. Publlc Statutes of 1882, Chapter 18. 
 
 Section 12. Every corporation which brings into this commonwealth any 
 person not having a settlement therein, or by whose means or at whose 
 instigation any such person is so brought, for the purpose of performing 
 labour for such corporation, shall give a bond to the Commonwealth, to be 
 delivered to the State board (of health, lunacy and charity) in the sum of three 
 hundred dollars, conditioned that neither such person, nor anyone legally 
 dependent on him lor support, shall within two years become a city, town, or 
 State charge. 
 
 Virginia. Code of 188", Chapter G, 
 
 Section 44. A contract for labour for a term of service, not exceeding two 
 years, made in a foreign country, with a person who shall immigrate to this 
 State, and duly attested by the United States (^onsul or commercial agent at 
 the port where such immigrant shall embark, shall be respected and enforced 
 to the same estent and in the same manner as if made within the State. 
 
 Wyoming. Constitution, Article 19. 
 
 Section 1. No person not a citizen of the United States or who has not 
 declared his intention to become such, shall be employed upon or in con- 
 nexion with any state, county, or municipal works or employment. 
 
 Section 2. The legislature shall by appropriate legislation see that the 
 provisions of the foregoing section are enforced. 
 
 Revised Statutes of 1887. Title 10. 
 
 Section 1,0/5. No contract made for labour or services with any alien or 
 foreigner previous to the time that such alien or foreigner may come into the 
 Territory, shall be enforced within this Territory for any period after six months 
 from the date of such contract. 
 
 Section 1,0/6. Any alien or foreigner who shall hereafter perform labour or 
 services for any person or persons, company, or coriioration withiii this Terri- 
 tory shall be entitled to recover from such person or persons, company or 
 corporation, a reasonable compensation for such labour or services, notwith- 
 standing such person or persons, company or corporation, may have paid any 
 other party or parties for the same; and in actions for the price of such 
 labour or services no defence shall be admitted to the effect that the defen- 
 dant or defendants had contracted with other parties, who had, or pretended 
 
 • This is given in Reports on the Status of Aliens and Foreign Companies in the United 
 States. Commercial, No. 17 (1887) (United States), [C— 5170] p. 16 ; see also American Statute 
 Laic by F. J. Stimson.p, 629. 
 
150 
 
 to have, power or authority to hire out the labour or services of such party 
 or parties, or to receive the pay or price for such labour or services. 
 
 Section 1,077- Any person, whether he or she, acts for himself or herself, or as 
 agent, attorney, or employee for another or others, who shall, in pursuance of, 
 or by virtue of, any contract made with any alien or foreigner, made before 
 such alien or foreigner came into the Territory, receive or offer to receive any 
 money, pay or remuneration for the labour or services of any ahen or 
 foreigner, excepting the person so performing such labour or services, shall 
 be deemed guilty of a misdemeanour and, on conviction thereof, shall be jfined 
 in a sum not less than five hundred dollars, and not more than five thousand 
 dollars, and imprisoned in the county jail for not less than three nor more 
 than twelve months, for each and every offence.* 
 
 PART III. 
 
 Federal Laws and Regulations relating to Chinese Immigration. 
 An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the expiration 
 of ninety days next after the passage of this Act, and until the expiration of 
 ten years next after the passage of this Act, the coming of Chinese labourers 
 to the United States be, and the same is hereby, suspended ; and during such 
 suspension it shall not be lawful for any Chinese labourer to come, or, 
 having so come after the expiration of said ninety days, to remain within the 
 United States. 
 
 Section 2. That the master of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within 
 the United States on such vessel, and land or permit to be landed, any 
 Chinese labourer, from any foreign port or place, shall be deemed guilty of 
 a misdemeanour, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of 
 not more than five hundred dollars for each and every such Chinese labourer 
 so brought, and may be also imprisoned for a term not exceeding one year. 
 
 Section 3. That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese 
 labourers who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, 
 eighteen hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before 
 the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of this Act, and who shall 
 produce to such master before going on board such vessel, and shall produce 
 to the collector of the port in the United States at which such vessel shall 
 arrive, the evidence herein-after in this Act required of his being one of the 
 labourers in this section mentioned ; nor shall the two foregoing sections 
 apply to the case of any master whose vessel, being bound to a port not within 
 the United States, shall come within the jurisdiction of the United States by 
 reason of being in distress or in stress of weather, or touching at any port 
 of the United States on its voyage to^any foreign port or place : Provided, That 
 all Chinese labourers brought on such vessel shall depart with the vessel on 
 leaving port. 
 
 Section 4. That for the purpose of properly identifying Chinese labourers 
 who were in the United States on the seventeenth day of November, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same before the expira- 
 tion of ninety days next after the passage of this Act, and in order to furnish 
 them with the proper evidence of their right to go from and come to the 
 United States of their free will and accord, as provided by the treaty between 
 the United States and China dated November seventeenth, eighteen hundred 
 and eighty, the collector of customs of the district from which any such 
 Chinese labourer shall depart from the United States shall, in person or by 
 
 * In addition to the provisions mentioned in the text it may be noted that the Constitution;; 
 of Kentucky and Oregon '• provided that .the legislature Ishall pass laws prohibiting free 
 " negroes from coming to or living in the State, and making such action felony." American 
 Statute Law, by F. J. Stimson, p. 5. Mr. Stimson remarks : " Quaere how far this is constitu- 
 tional under the United States (Jonstitution." 
 
151 
 
 deputv, go on board each vessel having on board any such Chinese labourer 
 and cleared or about to sail from his district for a foreign port, and on such 
 vessel make a list of all such Chinese labourers, which shall be.entered in 
 registry books to be kept for that purpose, in which shall be stated the name, 
 age, occupation, last place of reaidence, physical marks or peculiarities, and all 
 facts necessarv for the identification of each of such Chinese labourers, which 
 books shall be safely kept in the custom-house ; and every such Chinese 
 labourer so departing from the United States shall be entitled to, and shall 
 receive, free of any charge or cost upon application therefor, from the collector 
 or his deputy at the time such list is taken, a certificate, signed by the col- 
 lector or his deputy and attested bv his seal of office, in such form as the 
 Secretary of the Treasury shall prescrioe, which certificate shall contain a state- 
 ment of the name, age, occupation, last place of residence, personal description, 
 and facts of identification ot the Chinese labourer to whom the certificate is 
 issued, corresponding with the said list and registry in all particulars. In 
 case any Chinese labourer after having received such certificate shall leave 
 such vessel before her departure he shidl deliver his certificate to the master 
 of the vessel, and if such Chinese labourer shall fail to return to such vessel 
 before her departure from port the certificate shall be delivered by the master 
 to the collector of customs for cancellation. The certificate herein provided 
 for shall entitle the Chinese labourer to whom the same is issued to return to 
 and re-enter the United States upon producing and delivering the same to 
 the collector of customs of the district at which such Chinese labourer shall 
 seek to re-enter ; and upon delivery of such certificate by such Chinese 
 labourer to the collector of customs at the time of re-entry in the United 
 States, said collector shall cause the same to be filed in the custom-house and 
 duly cancelled. 
 
 Section 5. That any Chinese labourer mentioned in section four of this 
 Act being in the United States, and desiring to depart from the United 
 States by land, shall have the right to demand and receive, free of charge or 
 cost, a certificate of identification similar to that provided for in section four 
 of this Act to be issued to such Chinese labourers as may desire to leave the 
 United States by water ; and it is hereby made the duty of the collector of 
 customs of the district next adjoining the foreign country to which said 
 Chinese labourer desires to go to issue such certificate, free of charge or cost, 
 upon application by such Chinese labourer, and to enter the same upon registry 
 books to be kept by him for the purpose, as provided for in section four of 
 this Act. 
 
 Section 6, That in order to the faithful execution of articles one and two of 
 the treaty in this Act before mentioned, every Chinese person other than a 
 labourer who may be entitled by said treaty and this Act to come within the 
 United States, and who shall be about to come to the United States, shall be 
 identified as so entitled by the Chinese Government in each case, such identity 
 to be evidenced by a certificate issued under the authority of said Government, 
 which certificate shall be in the English language or (if not in the English 
 language) accompanied by a translation into English, stating such right to 
 come, and which certificate shall state the name, title, or official rank, if any, 
 the age, height, and all physical peculiarities, former and present occupation 
 or profession, and place of residence in China of the person to whom the 
 certificate is issued and that such person is entitled conformably to the treaty 
 in this Act mentioned to come within the United States. Such certificate 
 shall he prima facie evidence of the fact set forth therein, and shall be produced 
 to the collector of customs, or his deputy, of the port in the district in the 
 United States at which the person named therein shall arrive. 
 
 Section 7. That any person who shall knowingiy and falsely alter or sub- 
 stitute any name for the name written in such certificate or forge any such 
 certificate, or knowingly utter any forged or fraudulent certificate, or falsely 
 personate any person named in any such certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a 
 misdemeanour ; and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceed- 
 ing one thousand dollars, and imprisoned in a penitentiary for a term of not 
 more than five years. 
 
 Section 8. That the master of any vessel arriving in the United States from 
 any foreign port or place shall, at the same time he delivers a manifest of the 
 cargo, and if there be no cargo, then at the time of making a report of 
 
162 
 
 the entry of the vessel pursuant to law, in addition to the other matter 
 required to be reported, and before landing, or permitting to land, any 
 Chinese passengers, deliver and report to the collector of customs of the 
 district in which such vessels shall have arrived a separate list of all Chinese 
 passengers taken on board his vessel at any foreign port or place, and all such 
 passengers on board the vessel at that time. Such list shall show the names 
 of such passengers (and if accredited ojfficers of the Chinese Government 
 travelling on the business of that Government, or their servants, with a note of 
 such facts), and the names and other particulars, as shown by their respective 
 certificates; and such lists shall be sworn to by the master in the manner 
 required by law in relation to the manifest of the cargo. Any wilful refusal 
 or neglect of any such master to comply with the provisions of this section 
 shall incur the same penalties and forfeiture as are provided for a refusal or 
 neglect to report and deliver a manifest of the cargo. 
 
 Section 9. That before any Chinese passengers are landed from any such 
 vessel, the collector, or his deputy, shall proceed to examine such passengers, 
 comparing the certificates with the list and with the passengers ; and no 
 passenger shall be allowed to land in the United States from such vessel in 
 violation of la .v. 
 
 Section 10. That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of 
 the provisions of this Act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and 
 shall be liable to seizure and condemnation in any district of the l-'nited 
 States into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found. 
 
 Section 11. That any person who shall knowingly bring into or cause to be 
 brought into the United States by land, or who shall knowingly aid cr abet 
 the sam^e, or aid or abet the landing in the United States from any vessel of 
 any Chinese person not lawfully entitled to enttr the United States, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in 
 a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisoned for a term not 
 exceeding one year. 
 
 Section 1 2. That no Chinese person shall be permitted to enter the United 
 States by land without producing to the proper officer of customs the certificate 
 in this Act required of Chinese persons seeking to land from a vessel. And 
 any Chinese person found unlawfully within the United States shall be caused 
 to be removed therefrom to the country from whence he came, by direction of 
 the President of the United States, and at the cost of the United States, after 
 being brought before some justice, judge, or commissioner of a court of the 
 United States and found to be one not lawfully entitled to be or remain in 
 the United States. 
 
 Section 13. That this Act shall not apply to diplomatic and other officers of 
 the Chinese Government travelling upon the business of that Government, 
 whose credentials shall be taken as equivalent to the certificate in this Act 
 mentioned, and shall exempt them and their body and household servants 
 from the provisions of this Act as to other Chinese persons. 
 
 Section 14. That hereafter no State court or court of the United States 
 shall admit Chinese to citizenship ; and all laws in conflict with this Act are 
 hereby repealed. 
 
 Section 15. 'i'hat the words '* Chinese labourers," wherever used in this 
 Act, shall be construed to mean both skilled and unskilled labjurers and 
 C^Ihinese employed in mining. 
 
 Approved, May 6, 1382 [22 Stat., 58]. 
 
 An Act to amend an Act entitled **An Act to execute certain treaty 
 ** stipulations relating to Chinese," approved May sixth, eighteen hundred 
 and eighty-two. 
 
 Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled. That section one of the Act entitled 
 " An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese," approved 
 May sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-two, is hereby amended so as to read 
 as follows : 
 
 "Whereas in the opinion of the Government of the United States the 
 coming of Chinese labourers to this country endangers the good order of 
 certain localities within the territory thereof; therefore, 
 
153 
 
 " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatioes of the United 
 Siaits of America in Contjress assembled. That from and after the jvassuxe of 
 this Act, and until the expiration of ten years next after the \ assaj^e of this 
 Act, the cjminif of C'hinesc lab3urr>rs to the United States be, and the same 
 is ht ! '. \>1. and during such suspension it shall nut be lawful for any 
 
 Chii come from any foreign port or place, or having so come to 
 
 remui.. v. .i..... \..>^ I aited States." 
 
 Section two of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 ** Section 'J. That the master of any vessel who shall knowingly bring within 
 the I'nited States on such vesiel, and land, or attempt to land, or permit to be 
 landed, any Chinese labourer, fro:n any foreign port or ulace, shall be deemed 
 
 fuilty of a misdemeanour, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a 
 ne of not more tlian five hundred dollars for each and every aucii Ciiinese 
 labourer so brought, and may also be imprisoned for a term not exceeding 
 one year." 
 
 Section three of the said Act is herrby ami'nded so as to read as follows : 
 "Sectional. That the two foregoing sections shall not apply to Chinese 
 labourers who were in the I'nitcd States on the seventeenth day of November, 
 ♦ ightten hundred an<l eighty, or who shall have come into the same before 
 the expiration of ninety days next after the passage of the Act to which this 
 Act i^ amendatitry, nor shall said sections apply to Chinese labourers, who shall 
 produce to such mast r before going on board such vessel, and shall produce 
 to the collector of the port in the United States at which such vessel shall 
 arrive, the evidence here n-after in this Act required of his being one of the 
 labourers in this section mentioned ; nor shall the two foregoing sections apply 
 to the case of any master whose vessel, being bound to a port not within 
 the United States, shall co»ne within the jurisiliction of the United States by 
 reason of l>cing in distress or in strtss of weather, or touching at any port of 
 the United States on its voyage to any foreign port or place : Provided, That all 
 Chines? lab Hirers brought on such vessel shall not be |)ermiited to land except 
 in case of absolute necessity, and must depart with the vessel on leaving 
 port." 
 
 Section four of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 '* Section 4. That for the purpose of properly identifying Chinese labourers 
 who were in the Unite»l States on the seventeen th day of November, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty, or who shall have come into the same bcfcre the expiration 
 of ninety day? next after the passage of the Act to which this Act is amendatory, 
 and in order to furnish them with the proper evidence of their right to go 
 from and come to the United States as provided by the said Act and the treaty 
 between the United States and China dated November seventeenth, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty, the collector of customs of the district from which any such 
 Ctiinese labourer shall depart from the United States shall, in person or by 
 deputy, go on board each vessel having on hoard any such Chinese labourer, 
 and cleared or about to sail from his district for a foreign port, and on such 
 vessel make a list of all such Chinese labourers, which shall be entered in 
 registry books, to be kept for that purpose in which shall be stated the 
 individual, family, and tribal name in full, the age, occupation, when and 
 where followed, last place of residence, physical marks oi peculiarities, and all 
 facts necessary for the identification of each of such Chinese lab jurers, which 
 books shall be safely kept in the custom-house ; and every such Chinese 
 labourer so departing from the United States shall be entitled to and shall 
 receive, free of any charge or cost upon application therefor, from the collector 
 or his deputy, in the name of said collector and attested by said collector's 
 seal of office, at the time such list is taken, a certificate, signed by the collector 
 or his deputy and attested by his seal of office, in such form as the Secretary 
 of the Treasury shall prescribe, which certificate shall contain a statement of 
 tlie individual, family, and tribal name in full, age, occupation, when and 
 where followed, of the Chinese labourer to whom the certificate is issued, 
 corresponding with the said list and registry in all particulars. In case any 
 Chinese labourer, after having received such certificate, shall leave su?h vessel 
 before her departure, he shall deliver his certificate to the master of the vessel ; 
 and if such Chinese labourer shall fail to return to such vessel before her 
 departure from port, the certificate shall be delivered by the master to the 
 o 773d'J. L 
 
154 
 
 collector of customs for cancellation. The certificate herein provided for shall 
 entitle the Chinese labourer to whom the same is issued to return to and 
 re-enter the United States upon producing and delivering the same to the 
 collector of customs of the district at which such Chinese labourer shall seek 
 to re-enter, and said certificate shall be the only evidence permissible to 
 establish his right of re-entry ; and upon delivering' of such certificate by such 
 Chinese labourer to the collector of customs at the time of re-entry in the 
 United States, said collector shall cause the same to be filed in the custom- 
 house and duly cancelled." 
 
 Section six of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 *•' Section 6. That, in order to the faithful execution of the provisions of this 
 Act, every Chinese person, other than a labourer, who may be entitled by 
 said treaty or this Act to come within the United States, and who shall 
 be about to come to the United States, shall obtain the permission of and 
 be identified as so entitled by the Chinese Government, or of such other 
 foreign Government of which at the time such Chinese person shall be a 
 subject, in each case to be evidenced by a certificate issued by such Govern- 
 ment, which certificate shall be in the English language, and shall show such 
 permission, with the name of the permitted person in his or her proper 
 signature, and which certificate shall state the individual, family, and tribal 
 name in full, title or official rank, if any, the age, height, and all physical 
 peculiarities, former and present occupation or profession, when and where and 
 how long pursued, and place of residence of the person to whom the certificate 
 is issued, and that such person is entitled by this Act to come within the 
 United States. If the person so applying for a certificate shall be a merchant, 
 said certificate shall, in addition to above requirements, state the nature, 
 character, and estimated value of the business carried on by him prior to and 
 at the time of his application as aforesaid : Provided, That nothing in this Act 
 nor in said treaty shall be construed as embracing within the meaning of the 
 word 'merchant' hucksters, peddlers, or those engaged in taking, drying, or 
 otherwise preserving shell or other fish for home consumption or exportation. 
 If the certificate be sought for the purpose of travel for curiosity, it shall also 
 state whether the applicant intends to pass through or travel within the United 
 States, together with his financial standing in the country froni which such 
 certificate is desired. The certificate provided for in this Act, and the identity 
 of the person named therein shall, before such person goes on board any vessel 
 to proceed to the United States, be vised by the indorsement of the diplomatic 
 representatives of the United States in the foreign country from which said 
 certificate issues, or of the consular representative of the United States at 
 the port or place from which the person named in the certificate is about to 
 depart ; and such diplomatic representative or consular representative whose 
 indorsement is so required is hereby empowered, and it shall be his duty, 
 before indorsing such certificate as aforesaid, to examine into the truth of 
 the statements set forth in said certificate, and if he shall find upon examination 
 that said or any of the statements therein contained are untrue it shall 
 be his duty to refuse to indorse the same. Such certificate vised as 
 aforesaid shall be prima facie evidence of the facts set forth therein, aad 
 shall be produced to the collector of customs of the port in the district in the 
 United States at which the person named therein shall arrive, and afterwards 
 produced to the proper authorities of the United States whenever lawfully 
 demanded, and shall be the sole evidence permissible on th-; part of the 
 person so producing the same to establish a right of entry into the United 
 States ; but said certificate may be controverted and the facts therein stated 
 disproved by the United States authorities." 
 
 Section eight of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 " Section 8. That the master of any vessel arriving in the United States from 
 any foreign port or place shall, at the same time he delivers a manifest of the 
 cargo, and if there be no cargo, then at the time of making a report of the 
 entry of the vessel pursuant to law, in addition to the other matter required to 
 be reported, and before landing, or permitting to land, any Chinese passengers, 
 deliver and report to the collector of customs of the district in which such 
 vessels shall have arrived a separate list of all Chinese passengers taken on 
 board his vessel at any foreign port or place, and all such i)assengers or. 
 
156 
 
 botld'tlM thmI •! that time. Siuh list shall shcv the names of such 
 pMMngan (and if accredited officers of the Chinese or of any other foreij^n 
 Government, travelling on the business of that Government, or their servants, 
 with a note of such facts), and the names and other particulars as shown by 
 their respective certificates ; and »u-?h list shall be sworn to by the mas^^er in 
 the manner required by law in relation to the manifest of tlie cargo. Any 
 refusal or wilful neglect of any sucli master to comply with the provisions of 
 this section shall incur the same penalties and forfeiture as are provided for a 
 refusal or neglect to report and deliver a manifest of the cargo." 
 Section ten of said Act is heroby amended so as to read as follows : 
 "Section 10. That every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of 
 the provisifmi of this Act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and 
 shall be liable to seizure and condemnation in any district of the United States 
 into which such vessel may enter or in which she may be found." 
 
 Section eleven of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 •' Section 1 1 . That any person who shall knowingly bring into or cause to be 
 brought into the United States by land, or who shall aid or abet the same, or 
 aid or abet the landing in the United States from any vessel, of any Chinese 
 person not lawfully entitled to enter the United States, shall be deemed guilty 
 of a misdooi^nour, and shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not 
 exceeding one thousand dollars, and imj»risoned for 3 term not exceeding one 
 year. " 
 
 Section twelve of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 " Section 12. That no Chinese person shall be |>ermitted1;o enter the United 
 States by land without producing to the proper officer of customs the certificate 
 in this Act required of Chinese i)er3ons seeking to land from a vessel. And 
 any Chinese ])erson found unlawfully within the United States shall be caused 
 to be removed therefrom to the country from whence he came, and at the cost 
 of the United States, after being brought before some justice, judge, or com- 
 missioner of a court of the United States and found to be one not lawfully 
 entitled to be or to remain in the United States ; and in all such cases the 
 person who brought or aided in bringing such person to the United States 
 shall be liable to the Government of the United States for all necessary 
 expenses incurred in such investigation and removal ; and all peace officers of 
 the several States and Territories of the United States are hereby invested 
 with the same authority as a marshal or United States marshal in reference to 
 carrying out the provisions of this Act, or the Act of which this is amendatory, 
 as a marshal or deputy marshal of the United States, and shall be entitled to a 
 like compensation, to be audited and paid by the same officers. And the United 
 States shall pay all costs and charges for the maintenance and return of any 
 Chinese person having the certificate prescribed by law as entitling such Chinese 
 person to come into the United States who may not have been permitted to 
 land from any vessel by reason of any of the provisions of this Act." 
 Section thirteen of said Act is hereby amended so ae to read as follows : 
 " Section 13. That this Act shall not apply to diplomatic and other officers of 
 the Chinese or other Governments travelling upon the business of that Govern- 
 ment, whose credentials shall be taken as equivalent to the certificate in this 
 Act mentioned, and shall exempt them and their body and household servants 
 from the provisions of this Act as to other Chinese persons." 
 
 Section fifteen of said Act is hereby amended so as to read as follows : 
 " Section 15. That the provisions of this Act shall apply to all subjects of 
 China and Chinese, whether subjects of China or any other foreign Power ; and 
 the words Chinese labourers, whenever used in this Act, shall be construed to 
 mean both skilled and unskilled labourers and Chinese employed in mining." 
 
 Section 16. That any violation of any of the provisions of this Act, or of the 
 Act of which this is amendatory, the punishment of which is not otherwise 
 herein provided for, shall be deemed a misdemeanour, and shall be punishable 
 by fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment for not more 
 than one year, or both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Section 1/. That nothing contained in this Act shall be construed to affect any 
 prosecution or other proceeding, criminal or ciA'il, begun under the Act of 
 which this is amendatory; but such prosecution or other proceeding, criminal 
 or ci%'il, shall proceed as if this Act had not been passed. 
 Approved, July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 115). 
 
 L 2 
 
156 
 
 An Act to prohibit the coming of Chinese labourers to the United States.* 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress assembled. That /rom and after the date of the exchange 
 of ratifications of the pending treaty between the United States of America 
 and His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of China, signed on the twelfth day 
 of March, anno Domini eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, it shall be unlawful 
 for any Chinese person, whether a subject of China or of any other power, to 
 enter the United States, except as herein-after prodded. 
 
 * ***** 
 
 Section 13. That any Chinese person, or person of Chinese descent, found un- 
 lawfully in the United States, or its Teriitories, may be arrested upon a warrant 
 issued upon a complaint, under oath, filed by any party on behalf of the Unite! 
 States, by any justice, judore, or commissioner of any United States court, 
 returnable before any justice, judge, or commissioner of a United States court, or 
 before any United States court, and when convicted, upon a hearing, and found 
 and adjudged to be one not lawfully entitled to be or re nain in the United 
 States, such person shall be removed from the United States to the country 
 whence he came. But any such Chinese person convicted before a commissioner 
 of a United States court may, within ten days from such conviction, appeal to 
 the judge of the district court for the district. A certified copy of the judgm.ent 
 shall be the jirocess upon which said removal shall be made, and it may be 
 executed by the marshal of the district, or any officer having authority of a 
 marshal under the provisions of this section. And in all such cyses the person 
 who brought or aided in bringing such person into the United State shall be 
 liable to the Government of the United States for all necessary expenses incurred 
 in such investigation and removal; and all peace officers of the several States 
 and Territories of the United States are hereby invested witli the same autho- 
 rity in reference to carrying out the provisions of this Act, as a marshal or 
 deputy marshal of the United States, and shall be entitled to like compensa- 
 tion, to be audited and paid by the same officers. 
 
 Approved, September 13, 1888 (25 Stat., 476). 
 
 An Act a supplement to an Act entitled "An Act to execute certain treaty 
 stipulations relating to Chinese," approved the sixth day of May, eighteen 
 hundred and eighty-two. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the passage of 
 this Act, it shall be unlawful for any Chinese labourer who shall at any time 
 heretofore have been, or who may now or hereafter be, a resident within the 
 United States, and who shall have departed, or shall depart, theri,*from, and 
 shall not have returned before the passage of this Act, to return to, or remain 
 in, the United States. 
 
 Section 2. That no certificates of identity provided for in the fourth and fifth 
 sections of the Act to which this is a supplement shall hereafter be issued ; 
 and every certificate heretofore issued in pursuance thereof, is hereby declared 
 void and of no effect, and the Chinese labourer claiming admission by virtue 
 thereof shall not be permitted to enter the United States. 
 
 Section 3. That all the duties prescribed, liabilities, penalties and forfeitures 
 imposed, and the powers conferred by the second, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, 
 sections of the Act to which this is a supplement are hereby extended and 
 made applicable to the provisions of this Act. 
 
 Section 4. That all such part or parts of the Act to which this is a supple- 
 ment as are inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed. 
 
 Approved, October 1, 1888 (25 Stat., 504). 
 
 * It is usual to treat the whole of this Act as inoperative because the exchange of ratifications 
 mentioned in the first section never took place ; and this statute is omitted, no doubt \jpon this 
 
 S-ound, from the laws set forth in the circular on exclusion of Chinese issued by the Treasury 
 epartment on May 7, 1892 (1892, Department No. 69, Division of Special Agents). But it would 
 appear that section 13 of this Act came into operation (notwithstaudin? the non-ratificition of 
 the treaty in question) ; see United States v. Gee l^se, 50 Fed. Rep. 271, 967, 968. This section 
 is accordinjjly given in the text. 
 
167 
 
 Ax Act to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Hepres.vitatires of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembieil. That all laws now in lorce pro- 
 hibiting and re^ulutini( the coming int j tlii^ cjuntry of Chinese persons and 
 I>er3ons of Chines? descent ar*j hereby coitinue I i i force for a period of ten 
 years fro n th ; passage of this Act. 
 
 Section l?. That any Chinese person or person of Chinese descent, when 
 convicted and adjudged under any of said laws to be not lawfully entitled 
 to be or remain in the Uniti'd States, shall be removed from the United 
 Stntea to China, unless he or they shall make it appear to the justice, 
 judge, i»r commissioner before whom he or they are tried that he or they 
 are subjects or citizens of some other country, in which case he or they shall 
 be removed from the United S*a*es to such country : Prodded, That in 
 any case where such other country of which such Chinese person shall claim 
 to be a citize ) or subject shall demand any tax as a condition of the removal 
 of s'>ch person to that country, he or she shall be removed to China. 
 
 Section ',]. That any Chinese perjon or person of Chinese descent arrested 
 under the provisions of this Act or the Acts hereby extended shall be ad- 
 judged to be unlawfully within the Uniteil States imless such person shall 
 establish, by affirnative prv)of, to the sitisfuction of su:?h justice, judge, or 
 commissioner his lawful riglit to remain in the United States. 
 
 Section 4. That any such Chinese person or person of Chinese descent 
 convicted and adjudged to be not lawfully entitled to be or remain in the 
 United States shall Ik; imprisoned at hard labour for a period of not exceeding 
 one year and thereafter removed from the United States, as herein-before 
 provided. 
 
 Section 5. That after tlie passage of this Act on an application to any judge 
 or court of the United States in the first instance for a writ of habeas cwpus, 
 by a Chinese person seeking to land in the United States, to whom that 
 privilege has been denied, no bail shall be allowed, and such application shall 
 ne heard and determined promptly without unnecessary delay. 
 
 Section 6. And it shall be the duty of all Chinese labourers within the limits 
 of the United States, at the time of the passage of this Act, ami who are 
 entitled to remain in the United States, to apply to the collector of internal 
 revenue of their respective districts, within one year after the passage of this 
 Act, f(.r a certificate of residence, and any Chinese labourer, within the limits 
 of the United States, who shall neglect, fail, or refuse to comply with the 
 provisions of. this Act, or who, after one year from the passage hereof, shall 
 be found within the jurisdiction of the United States without such certificate 
 of residence, shall be deemed and adjudged to be unlawfully within the 
 United States, and may be arrested, by any United States customs' ofiicial, 
 collector of internal revenue or his deputies, United States marshal or his 
 deputies, and taken before a United States judge, whose duty it shall be to 
 order that he be deported from the United States as herein-before provided, 
 unless he shall establish clearly to the satisfaction of siid judge, that by 
 reason of accident, sickness or other unavoidable cause, he has been unable 
 to procure liLs certificate, and to the satisfaction of the court, and by at least 
 one credible white witness, that he was a resident of the United States at the 
 time of the passage of this Act ; and if upon the hearing, it shall appear that 
 he is so entitled to a certificate, it shall be granted upon his paying the cost. 
 Should it appear that said Chinaman had procured a certificate which has 
 been lost or destroyed, he shall be detained and judgment suspended a reason- 
 able time to enable him to procure a duj)licate irora the officer granting it, 
 and in such cases, the cost of said arrest and trial shall be in the discre- 
 tion of the court. And any Chinese person other than a Chinese labourer, 
 having a right to be and remain in the United States, desuring such cer- 
 tificate as evidence of such right may apply for and receive the same without 
 charge. 
 
 Section /• That immediately after the passage of this Act, the Secretary of 
 the Treasury shall make such rules and regulations as may be necessary for 
 the efficient execution of this Act, and shall prescribe the necessary forms and 
 furnish the necessary blanks to enable collectors of internal revenue to issue 
 the certificates required hereby, and make such provisions that certificates 
 
158 
 
 may be procured in localities convenient to the applicants, such certificates 
 shall be issued without charge to the applicant, and shall contain the name, 
 age, local residence and occupation of the applicant, and such other descrip- 
 tion of the applicant as shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, 
 and a duplicate thereof shall be filed in the office of the collector of internal 
 revenue for the district within which such Chinaman makes application. 
 
 Section 8. That any ])erson who shall knowingly and falsely alter or substi- 
 tute any name for the name written in such certificate or forge such certificate, 
 or knowingly utter any forged or fraudulent certificate, or falsely personate 
 any person named in such certificate, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and 
 upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one thousand 
 dollars or imprisoned in the penitentiary for a term of not more than five 
 years. 
 
 Section 9. The Secretary of the Treasury may authorize the payment of such 
 compensation in the nature of fees to the collectors of internal revenue, for 
 services performed under the provisions of this Act in addition to salaries 
 now allowed by law, as he shall deem necessary, not exceeding the sum of one 
 dollar for each certificate issued. — -Approved, May 5, 1892.* 
 
 Regulations for the Issue of Certificates of Residence to Chinese 
 Labourers, and Chinese Persons other than Labourers, under the 
 provisions of the Act of May 5, 1892. 
 
 Treasury Department, Office of the Secretary, 
 Washington, D.C., July 7, 1892. 
 
 Section 7 of the Act of Congress approved May 5, 1892, entitled ''An Act 
 " to prohibit the coming of Chinese persons into the United States," provides 
 " that immediately after the passage of this Act the Secretary of the Treasury 
 " shall make such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the efficient 
 " execution of this Act, and shall prescribe the necessary forms and furnish 
 " the necessary blanks to enable the collectors of internal revenue to issue 
 " the certificates required hereby, and make such provision that certificates 
 " may be procured in localities convenient to the applicants," &c. 
 
 In accordance with the foregoing authority, the following rules and regula- 
 tions are prescribed for the purposes therein indicated, to wit : 
 
 Applications for Certificates of Residence. 
 
 Collectors of internal revenue will receive applications on the following 
 form, at their own offices, from such Chinese as are conveniently located 
 thereto, and will cause their deputies to proceed to the towns or cities in their 
 respective divisions where any considerable number of Chinese are residing, 
 for the purpose of receiving applications. 
 
 No. ,. 
 
 Application of Chinese labourer {or Chinese person other than labourer) for 
 certificate of residence under Act of May 5, 1892. 
 
 I* , a Chinese hereby make 
 
 application to the collector of internal revenue for the district of 
 
 ^ for a certificate of residence under the provisions of 
 
 the Act of Congress approved May 5, 1892, and state that I arrived in the 
 
 United States on the day of , 18 , 
 
 at the port of __ , per , and that I was 
 
 lawfully within the limits of the United States residing at , , 
 
 * With respect to the Jomt Resolution of Congress authorizing the coming of Chinese 
 persons into the United States for certain purposes connected with the World's Columbian 
 Exposition at Chicago, see ante, p. 142. 
 
^159 
 
 on the 5th tlay of May, 1892. That my a^e was ^ years on 
 
 my laat birthday, and that my present local residence is at . 
 
 and my occupation is . 
 
 I further state that a true photographic likeness*^ of myself is affixed to this 
 application. 
 
 (Sign here) . 
 
 Subscribed and sworn to before me this day of 
 ,189 ,at 
 
 Deputy Collector, Internal Revenue, 
 District 
 
 [Photograph to be affixed here.] 
 
 NoTK. — If the applicant con sign his rame in Knglish it is preferred that he 
 aboald do so. If he cannot si^n in Knglish let him sign in Chinese cliaracters, the 
 deputy collector in that ca«e writing the English equivalent underneath the signature. 
 
 if the applicant cannot write hiit name at all, let hiui make his mark in the usual 
 form. 
 
 No applications will be received later than May 5, 189.'J. 
 
 Collectors and deputies will give such notice through leading Chinese, or 
 by notices posted in the Chinese (quarter of the various localities, as will be 
 sufficient to apprise all Chinese residing in their districts of their readiness to 
 receive apnlications and the time and place where they may he made. 
 
 All applications received by deputies must be forwarded to the collector's 
 office, from whose office all certificates of residence will be issued, and sent to 
 the deputy for delivery. 
 
 Photographs. 
 
 Every applicant will be renuired to furnish three unmounted photographic 
 likenesses of himself or herself, one to be affixed to the application and two to 
 be affixed to the certificate of residence, one to the original and one to the 
 duplicate. These photographs will be securely affixed to the papers bv strongly 
 adhesive paste, (jreat care will be taken in receiving the photographs to see 
 that they accurately represent the features of the applicant. 
 
 If the collector or his deputies have any doubt in regard to the eorrectness 
 of the photograph presented, they will refuse to receive the application and 
 require a correct one. 
 
 The photographs shall be sun pictures, such as are usually known as card 
 photograpns, of sufficient size and distinctness to plainly and accurately 
 represent the entire face of the applicant, the head to be not less than H 
 inches from base of hair to base of chin. No tintype or other metal picture 
 will be received. 
 
 Affidavits of Witnesses. 
 
 The affidavits of two credible witnesses of good character to the fact of 
 residence and laA\-ful status within the United States must be furnished with 
 every application. These affidavits shall be, in substance, as follows : 
 
 Affidavits of Witnesses to Application of Chinese Labourer {or Chinese Person 
 other than Labourer) for Certificate of Residence. 
 
 We, , residing at , - , do solemnly sweat 
 
 that we are well acquainted with , a Chinese , 
 
 whose application for a certificate of residence is set forth on a preceding 
 
 • "The regulations of the Treasury Department in relation to the registration of Chinese 
 labourers have been modified, dispensing with the attaching of photographs to applications of 
 Chinese labourers (or Chinese persons other than labourers) for certificate of residence under 
 the Act of May 5th, 1892, and requiring the affidavit of only one credible witness of gocd 
 character to the fact of the residence and lawful statute [qy. status] of the applicant within the 
 TTnited St&tes.'— Philadelphia Ledger, April 10, 1893. 
 
160 
 
 page ; that we know of our own knowledge that on the Stli day of May, \S'.}2, 
 
 said was within the limits of the United States, residing- 
 
 at , and we are informed and verily believe that said 
 
 ^ arrived in the United States on the' 
 
 ,18 
 
 day of , 18 , per , and was la%vfullT 
 
 within the United States on said 5th day of May, 181)2; that the said a})plicant 
 
 now resides at . and is by occupation a ,. 
 
 and that the photograph affixed to the foregoing application is a correct likeness 
 of said applicant. 
 
 Signatures of witnesses : _______• 
 
 Subscribed and 
 
 )Worn to before me this 
 . 189 . 
 
 day of 
 
 Deputy Collector, Internal Revenue, 
 District of 
 
 Tf the applicant is unable to furnish such witnesses satisfactory to the 
 collector or his deputy, his application will be rejected, unless he shall furnish 
 other proof of his right to remain in the United Slates, in which cEise the 
 application with the proofs presented shall be forwarded to the Commissioner 
 of Internal Revenue for his decision. 
 
 The witnesses must appear before the collector or his deputy, and be fully 
 questioned in regard to their testimony before being sworn. 
 
 Issue of Certificates of Residence. 
 
 Certificates of residence in the following form ^\ ill be furnished, bound ira 
 books of one hundred each, and numbered consecutively from one upwards, 
 to wit : 
 
 No. 
 
 (Original.) 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 Certificate of Residence issued to Chinese Labourer {or Chinese Person other 
 than Labourer) under the Provisions of the Act of May 5, 1892. 
 
 This is to certify that ,a Chinese 
 
 now residing at , has made application. No. , to me 
 
 for a certificate of residence under the provisions of the Act of Congress 
 approved May 5, 1892, and I ceitify that it appears from the affidavits of 
 
 witnesses submitted with said application that said was 
 
 within the limits of the United States at the time of the passage of said Act, 
 
 and was then residing at , and that he was at that time 
 
 lawfully entitled to remain in the United States, and that the following is a 
 descrijmve list of said Chinese : 
 
 Name. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Local 
 Residence. 
 
 Occupa- 
 tion. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Colour of 
 Eyes. 
 
 Com- 
 plexion. 
 
 Physical 
 Marks or 
 
 Pecu- 
 liarities for 
 Identifica- 
 tion. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
161 
 
 And as a further means of identification I have affixed hereto a photographic 
 of said . 
 
 Given under my hand and seal this day of » 
 
 H!< , at . Slate of . 
 
 [Collector's Collector of Internal Revenue, 
 
 Skal.] District of . 
 
 [Photofp-aph to be affixed here.] 
 
 (Stub.) 
 
 Name. 
 
 Age. 
 
 Local residence. 
 
 Occupation. 
 
 Height. 
 
 Colour of eyes. 
 
 Complexion. 
 
 Physical marks or peculiarities for identification. 
 
 The original, duplicate, and stub will be printed on one page so that the 
 original and duplicate can he cut ofp, leaving the stub in the book. 
 
 All books of certificates must be kept in the collector's office and all certifi- 
 cates must be issued from there. 
 
 All certificates must be accounted for, and if any certificate is destroyed 
 before bein^ issued an affidavit must be attached to the book in which it was 
 contained showing the facts in regard to its destruction. 
 
 After signing the certificate, and befote issue, the collector must affix his 
 official seu thereto in ?uch a manner that part of the seal impression will be 
 made on the photograph, and, in addition thereto, he will write across the 
 photograph in red ink (but not across the features), the number of the cer- 
 tificate and the name of the Chinese )>erson. 
 
 IssuBOP Cbrtificatbs ok Rrsidenck to Chinbsb Persons other 
 THAN Labourers. 
 
 The same forms will be used in issuing certificates of residence to Chinese 
 persons other than labourers as are used in issuing certificates to labourers, by 
 inserting between the words '* Chinese " and " labourers," wherever they 
 should occur in said forms, the words " person other than,'* a blank space 
 being provided in each form sufficient to admit of writing the four words, 
 " person other than labourer." 
 
 Issue of Duplicate Original Certificates. 
 
 In all cases of loss or destruction of original certificates of residence where 
 it can be established to the satisfaction of the collector of the district in which 
 the certificate was issued that such loss or destruction was accidental, and 
 wiihout fault or negligence on the part of the applicant, a duplicate of the 
 original irpy be issued under the same conditions that governed the original 
 issue. Across the face of each of such duplicates so issued and the stub 
 thereof the collector shall write, in red ink, the words, " Issued in lieu of 
 original certificate No. , wlrch, upon evidence submitted, appears to have 
 been unavoidably " lost " [or destroyed, as the case may be], to which shall be 
 attached the collector's official signature. And upon the issue of every such 
 duplicate certificate the collector shall, by circular letter, report the fact to the 
 office of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue and to each collector of 
 internal revenue, embracing in such report the serial number of the certificate 
 for which the duplicate was issued and the name and personal description of 
 the person to whom issued, as appearing in the original application. 
 
162 
 
 Collector's Record of Certificates issued. 
 
 Collectors of internal revenue will keep in their offices an alphabetical record 
 of all certificates of residence issued. A suitable book for this purpose will be 
 prepared by the Treasury Department and furnished to collectors in due 
 time. 
 
 Definitions. 
 
 The persons referred to in the Acts of Congress to which these regulations 
 apply, and whose immigration into the United States is prohibited, are limited 
 to Chinese labourers. No class of Chinese are prohibited from coming into 
 the United States, or remaining here, except such as may properly and within 
 the meaning of said statutes be known as " labourers." But persons other 
 than labourers mast present as a condition precedent to landing the certificate 
 required by Section 6 of the Act approved July 5, 1884, 
 
 Collectors of internal revenue and their deputies are instructed that all 
 classes of skilled and unskilled labourers, and persons employed in mining, as 
 well as hucksters, peddlers, and persons engaged in taking and drying or 
 otherwise preserving shells or fish for home consumption or exportation and 
 laundrymen shall be classed as labourers. Persons who are employed in stores 
 but who are not owners or part owners in the business shall be classed as 
 labourers. A person to be exempted from the operations of this law as a 
 merchant must be an owner or part owner of a bond fide mercantile establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Charles Foster, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 PART IV. 
 State Laws relating to Chinese Immigration.* 
 
 California. Deering's Codes and Statutes, 1885. 
 Vol. I. — Constitution, Article 19. 
 
 Section 2. No corporation now existing or hereafter formed under the laws 
 of this State shall, after the adoption of this constitution, employ, directly or 
 indirectly, in any capacity, any Chinese or Mongolianf .... 
 
 Section 3. No Chinese shall be employed on any State, county, municipal, 
 or other public work, except in punishment for crime. 
 
 Section 4. The presence of foreigners ineligible to become citizens of the 
 United States^ is declared to be dangerous to the well-being of the State, and 
 the legislature shall discourage their immigration by all the means witliin its 
 power. Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is for ever pro- 
 hibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void. All 
 companies or corporations, whether formed in the country or any foreign 
 country, for the importation of such labour, shall be subject to such penalties 
 as the legislature may prescribe. The legislature shall delegate all necessary 
 power to the incorporated cities and towns of this State for the removal of 
 Chinese without the limits of such cities, and towns, or for their location within 
 prescribed portions of those limits, and it shall also provide the necessary 
 
 * Save where otherwise indicated, the details given in the text in relation to the State laws 
 bearing? on Chinese immigration are taken from the Compilation of Mr. Carroll D. Wright, 
 already referred to. 
 
 t This section of the Californian constitution and sections 178 and 179 of the Penal Code, 
 which were enacted to give it effect, were adjudged by the circuit court of the United States to 
 be in conflict with the treaty of the United States with China and to be therefore void. See In 
 re Tiburcio Parrot, 5 Pac. C. L. J., Supplement. 
 
 X A Chinaman cannot be naturalized as a citizen of the United States. See the decision 
 quoted in Wharton, Int. Law Digest, § lOT.and section 1-t of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 
 ante, p. 152. 
 
163 
 
 iMpslation to prohibit the introJuction into this State of Chinese after the 
 adoption of this constitution. This section shall be enforced by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
 Vol. I.— Political Code, p. 475. 
 
 Section 3,2,15 (added by chap. 15,'i, Acts of 1887). No supplies of any kind 
 or character, ** for the benefit of the State or to be paid for by any moneys 
 ** appropriated or to 1)e appropriated by the Stale," manufactured or jn*own in 
 this State, which art* in whole or in part the product of Mongolian labour, 
 shall be purchased by the officials for the State having the control of any public 
 institution under the control of the State, or of any county, city and county, 
 city, or town thereof. 
 
 Vol. IV.— Penal Code, p. 51. 
 
 Section 178> Any officer, director, manager, member, stockholder, clerk, 
 agent, servant, attorney, emjdoyee, assignee, or contractor of any corporation 
 now existing, or hereafter fcrmed under the laws of this State, who shall 
 employ, in any manner or capacity, upon any work or l)usine8S of such cor- 
 poration, any Chinese or Mongolian, is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is 
 punishable by a fine of not less than one hundred nor more than one thousand 
 dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail of not less than fifty nor more 
 than five hundred days, or by both such fine and imprisonment ; provided, 
 that no director of a corporation shall be deemed guilty under this section who 
 refuses to assent to such employment, and has such dissent recorded in the 
 minutes of the board of directors. 
 
 1. Every person who, having been convicted for violating the provisions of 
 this section, commits any subsequent violation thereof after such conviction is 
 punisha))le as foUons : 
 
 2. For each subsequent conviction such person shall be fined not less than 
 five hundred nor more than five thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not 
 less than two hundred and fifty days nor more than two years, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment.* 
 
 Section 179. Any corporation now existing, or hereafter formed under the 
 laws of this State, that shall employ, directly or indirectly, in any capacity, any 
 Chinese or Mongolian, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and upon conviction 
 thereof shall for the first offence be fined not less than five hundred nor more 
 than five thousand dollars, and upon the second conviction shall, in addition 
 to said penalty, forfeit its charter and franchise, and all its cor|)orate rights and 
 privileges, and it shall be the duty of the Attorney- General to take the neces- 
 sary steps to enforce such forfeiture.* 
 
 By a Califomian Statute passed on March 20, 1891 (St. 1891, c. 140,p. 185), 
 general provisions are enacted to prevent Chinese from coming into the State, 
 and for the registration and certification of those already in the State ; see 
 American Digest, 1891, p. 633. 
 
 Nevada. General statutes of 1885. 
 
 Chap. 22. Preamble. — Whereas, all Chinese who come to this coast arri\'e 
 here under a contract to labour for a term of years, and are bound by such 
 contract, not only by the superstitions of their peculiar religions, but by leaving 
 their blood relations, ftithers, mothers, sisters, brothers, or cousins, as hostages 
 in China for the fulfilment of their part of the contract ; and, whereas, such 
 slave labour and involuntary servitude is opposed to the genius of our institu- 
 tions, opposed to the prevailing spirit of the age, as well as to humanity and 
 Christianity, and degrades the dignity of labour, which is the foundation of 
 republican institutions; and, whereas, section 1/ of article one of the consti- 
 tution of the State of Nevada reads as follows : " Neither slavery, nor in- 
 " voluntary servitude, unless for the punishment of crimes, shall ever be 
 " tolerated* in this State ; '* Therefore, 
 
 * See note t on preceding page. 
 
164 
 
 The people of the State of Nevada ... do enact as follows : 
 
 Section 4,764. The immigration to this State of all slaves and other people 
 bound by contract to involuntary servitude for a term of years, is hereby pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 Section 4,765. It shall be unlawful for any company, person or persons, to 
 collect the wages or compensation for the labour of the persons described in the 
 first section of this Act. 
 
 Section 4,766. It shall be unlawful for any corporation, company, person or 
 persons, to pay to any owner, or agent of the owner of any such persons 
 mentioned in section 1 of this Act, any wages or compensation for the labour 
 of such slaves, or persons so bound by said contract to involuntary servitude. 
 
 Section 4,767- Any violation of any of the provisions of this Act shall be 
 deemed> misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than three 
 himdred dollars, nor more than one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment in 
 the county jail for a term of not less than three months or more than six 
 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 Chapter 23, Section 4,947. From and after the passage of this Act, no 
 .Chinaman or Mongolian shall he employed, directly or indirectly, in any 
 capacity, on any public works, or in or about any buildings or institutions, or 
 grounds, under the control ci this State. 
 
 Section 4,948. Hereafter no right of way or charter, or other privileges for 
 the construction of any public works by any railroad or other corporation or 
 association shall be granted to such corporation or association, except upon 
 the express condition that no Mongolian or Chinese shall be employed on or 
 about the construction of such work in any cajjacit}'. 
 
 Section 4,949. Any violation of the conditions of this Act shall work a 
 forfeiture of all rights, privileges, and franchise granted to such corporation or 
 association. 
 
 Oregon. Constitution, Article 1, Section 32. 
 
 . . . The Legislative Assembly shall have power to restrain and legulate 
 the immigration to this State of persons not qualified to become citizens of the 
 United States.* 
 
 Hill's Annotated Laws of 1887, Chapter S7. 
 
 Section 4,235. ... It shall be unlawful to employ any Chinese labourers 
 on any street or part of street of any city or incorporated town of this State, or 
 any public works or public improvement of any character, except as a punish- 
 ment for crime ; and all contracts wiiich any person or corporation may have 
 for the improvement of any such street or part of street, or public works or 
 improvements of any character, shall be null and void from and after the date 
 of any employment of Chinese labourers thereon by the contractor. . . .f 
 
 • This is given in Report s on the Status of Aliens and Foreign Companies i?i the United 
 States, Commerci&l.l^o. 17 (1887) (United States) [C— 5170], p. 29; see also American Statute 
 Laio, by F. J. Stimson, p, 14. A Chinaman cannot be naturalized as a citizen of the United 
 States ; see ante, p. 162, «. 
 
 t This section has been held void by the United States circuit court in Baker v. Portland, 
 5 Saw. 566. In City of Portland v. Baker the circuit court of the State for the founh district 
 held the section valid. An appeal was taken to the supreme court of the State, but the case 
 was decided in that court upon other points. {.City of Portland v. Baker, 8 Oregon, 356.) 
 
165 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 Notes on the Pbivcipal Dbcisions of the Courts in the United States 
 with res})ect to the Construction of Laws Restricting Immigration. 
 
 The Act of March 3, 1H75, prohibits the importation for purposes of prosti- 
 tution of women from all countries, net from Chinn, Japan, and the Oriental 
 countries alone. — U.S. v. JohnsoH, 19 Blatchfortl, C. Ct. 257. 
 
 An actor is not a Chinese labourer, Re Ho Kimj, S Sawyer, C. Ct., 438; 
 t. r. 14 Fel. llep. 724. But a seaman is, Re Fnok; fi5 How. (N.Y.) Pr. 404. 
 
 A Chinaman refused the right to land is entitled to a writ of habeas corpus ; 
 •ee Re Chung Ooo Pooi, 25 Fed. Rep. 77^ 
 
 /« re Day, 27 Fed. Rep. 678-632 ; judgment. 
 
 Brown, J. — ** Arthiu* Day and the seven other persons for v/hose beneBt 
 this writ of habeas corpus was procured, arrived at this port as passenj^ers on 
 the steamer Warwick, on the 24th of April 1886. llie petition and return show 
 that they are children from 12 to 15 years uld, who had been supported by 
 charity at a reform and industrial school, in Bristol, England ; that they had 
 been committed to that school, by the local magistrates, as tmants ; that most 
 of them have one parent or both parents living in Bristol ; that they were put 
 on the Warwick and their passage money paid to this country ; that certain 
 arrangements had been made looking to the placing of two of the children 
 with a Mr. Hopkins, a farmer, in Manitoba, and of the rest, \nth persons in 
 Kansas ; and that their tickets to Kansas and Manitoba had been provided 
 and paid for. The Commissioners of Emigration acting in pursuance of 
 the provisions of the Act of Congress approved Augusts, 1882 (22 Stat. 214) 
 under theit employment by the Secretary of the Treasury, in reference to pas- 
 sengers arriving at this port, upon examination of these children upon their 
 arrival, not beinx' wholly satisfied as to the provisions designed for them, 
 found that they were * unable to take care of tneniselves without becoming a 
 public charge ' and reported accordingly to the collector cf the port, and their 
 landing was stopped. 
 
 ** Upon this writ of habeas corpus it is sought to review the finding of the 
 Commissioners of Emigration and to reverse their decision that the children 
 ought not to be permitted to land. Some additional facts favourable to the 
 children have been made known on this hearing, not presented to the Com- 
 missioners, including a written obligation for each of the children b}' a 
 responsible resident here, furnishing indemnity against any charge that might 
 be incurred on their account for a period of two years. 
 
 " 1. It is the business of the Commissioners and not of this Court, to ascer- 
 tain the facts, and to deterniine whether or not any particular passenger comes 
 within the provisions of the statute, so as not to be entitled to land. Section 
 2 of the Act provides that the Commissioners ' shall examine into the condi- 
 
 * tion of passengers arriving in any ship or vessel j and for that purpose, they 
 ' are authorized to go on board and through any such ship or vessel ; and if, 
 
 * on such examination, there shall be found among such passengers any convict, 
 
 * lunatic, idiot, or any other person unable to take care of himself or herself 
 
 * without becoming a public charge, they shall report the same to the collector 
 
 * of such port, and such person shall not be permitted to land.' The authority of 
 Confess to pass such regulations has been repeatedly afl&rmed ; and the 
 validity of the Act of 1882 sustained by the Supreme Court in the case oi Edye 
 V. Robertson, 1 12, U. S. 580 ; s. c. 5 Sup Ct. Rep. 247. 
 
 " The provisions above quoted manifestly impose upon the Commissioners 
 the duty of determining the facts upon which the relusal of the right to land 
 
166 
 
 depends. The general doctrine of the law in such cases is that where the 
 determination of the facts is lodged in a particular office or tribunal, it is con- 
 clusive and cannot be reviewed except as authorized by law — Foley v. Harrison^ 
 15 How. 448; Dorskeimer v. U. S.,7 Wall, 166; Goodyear v. Providence 
 Rubber Co., 2 Cliff, 351, 3/5; affirmed 9 Wall, 788, 798 ; Martin v. Mott, 12 
 Wheat. 19 ; Cli7ikenbeard v. U. S.,2\ Wall, 65, 70 ; The Philadelphia, etc. v. 
 Stimpson, 14 Pet. 448, 458 ; see TJ. S. v. Line/, 18 Fed. Rep. 15-20, and cases 
 there cited ; U. S. v. McDowell, 21 Fed. Rep. 663. 
 
 " The statute of 1882 makes no provision for any review of the decision of 
 the Commissioners upon the evidence before them. No such review can 
 therefore be had upon a writ of habeas corpus. That subject was elaborately 
 considered by Biatchford, J., in the case of 8tupp, 12 Blatchf. 501, 519, who 
 had been held by a United States Commissioner for extradition under the 
 treaty with Belgium. The rule deduced from an examination of the authori- 
 ties, and of the statutes in reference to the powers of a federal court under a 
 Avrit of habeas corpus, is that * the court issuing the writ must inquire and 
 
 * adjudge whether the Commissioner acquired jurisdiction of the matter, by con. 
 ' forming to the requirements of the treaty and the statute ; whether he exceeded 
 ' his jurisdiction ; and whether he had any legal or competent evidence of the 
 ' facts before him on which to exercise a judgment as to the criminality of the 
 ' accused. But such court is not to inquire whether the legal evidence of facts 
 ' before the Commissioner was sufficient to warrant his conclusion 
 
 * The proper inquiry is limited to ascertaining whether the Commissioner had 
 ' jurisdiction and did not exceed his jurisdiction, and had before him legal and 
 ' competent evidence of facts whereon to pass judgment as to the facts of 
 ' criminality, and did not arbitrarily commit the accused without any legal 
 
 * evidence.' This rule has since been repeatedly applied, and must govern the 
 present case. See In re Fowler, 18 Blatchf. 430, 443 ; s. c. 4 Fed. Rep. 303, 
 and cases there cited ; In re Wadge, 15 Fed. Rep. 864 ; In re Byron, 18 Fed. 
 Rep. 722. 
 
 " The petition and the return show that the Commissioners were acting 
 within their jurisdiction. There was competent evidence before the Commis- 
 sioners for making up a decision, though not all the evidence that has since 
 been made known. The evident youth of the children ; their own answers to 
 inquiries ; the absence of any person that had legal authority or control over 
 them or was under any legal responsibility for their support, were all important 
 facts. Upon these facts it was for the Commissioners alone tj decide whether 
 there were suitable guaranties against the likelihood that the children might 
 become a public charge. That the Commissioners seek to combine humanity 
 with a faithful administration of their public duties is known to the Court, and 
 is beyond question. 
 
 " By the expression ' unable to take care of themselves without becoming a 
 public charge/ the law does not intend an inability having reference to the 
 passenger's personal efforts alone. Such a construction would exclude every 
 child from our shores, since no child, by his personal efforts alone, can take 
 care of himself. All the means of care or support that are provided for the 
 passenger, and are available for his benefit, must be taken into account. The 
 law intends those only that are likely to ' become a public charge ' because they 
 can neither take care of themselves or are under the charge or protection of any 
 other person, who by natural relation or assumed responsibility furnishes 
 reasonable assurance that they will not become a charge upon the public. 
 
 " 2. Under the provisions of the Act of 1882 the Commissioners so long 
 as they retain jurisdiction over the passengers, and at any time before the 
 return of the passengers to whom landing is refused, may reconsider their 
 decision. Under section 4 of the Act they are charged with the execution up 
 to the actual time of the return of the passengers, and their jurisdiction of the 
 matter continues until the order for return has been executed. In cases like 
 the present therefore, where the refusal to permit the landing of passengers is 
 based entirely upon the absence of sufficient guaranty for the proper care of 
 young persons, it may often happen that further knowledge of the facts, or 
 the subsequent; furnishing of sufficient sponsors, or of additional guaranties, 
 would remove all reasonable objections. The report to the collector does not 
 oust the Commissioners of jurisdiction. That report is not for the purpose of 
 a further hearing before a different tribunal. The passengers, by section 4, 
 
167 
 
 ■tm remain subject to the disposition of the Coinmissicmers ; and tliere is no 
 TlHinn why any additional facts bearing on the case that may become known 
 at any time before the passengers arc returned, should not be considered. The 
 Bummar)- way in which such cases must be determined in the first instance 
 makes such reconsideration necessary. The case here is much stronger than 
 that of the appraisers of merchandize, whom the Supreme Court in the case of 
 Bartlett v. Kane, 6 How. 263, held to be authoriied after their report to the 
 collector to make a re-examination and to modify their report, even though an 
 appeal had been already taken from their decision. See also lasigi v. Collector, 
 1 Wall, 37iy, :i^3. 
 
 *• 3. The additional evidence and the pecuniary Kuaranties in behalf of the 
 children, produced before me, must be submitted to the Commissioners and 
 not passed upon by this court in the first instance. The court could not 
 undertake to determine their suflBciency without substituting its own judg- 
 ment u|K)n the facts in the place of the judgment of the Commissioners, 
 whose duty it is by law to determine the question and who hate never had 
 presented to them the additional matter referred to. As the Commissioners 
 are acting clearly within their jurisdiction and upon competent evidence, this 
 court cannot review their determination upon habeas corpus." 
 
 The Act of Congress of August ,3, 1882, doei not authorize the detention of 
 an immigrant for the purpose of being returned, unless, after examination, he 
 ii found by the commissioners to be a *' convict, lunatic, idiot, or person unable 
 *' to take care of himself without becoming a public charge." There is no 
 authority to forbid a final landing, except upon a finding by the commissioners 
 of some one of those four facts, and a report thereof to the collector. Payment 
 of the passage money b^ a foreign government is only evidence of inability, 
 not necessarily conclusive ; and u|>on a traverse to the return upon habeas 
 corpus, it being p^vved that the commissioners had not found or reported either 
 of the above statutory facts, and voted that the person " be not allowed to 
 land,'* held insufficient.—//* re O'Sullivan, 31 Fed. R«p. 447. 
 
 Under the Act of Congress of February 2(), 1885, and the amendment there- 
 to of February 23, 1887, relating to the immigration of aliens under a contract 
 to labour in the United States, the claim that only the persons soliciting or 
 encouraging the immigration are aflfected by the Acts cannot be sustained. — In 
 re Cummings, 32 Fed. Rep. 75. 
 
 An immigrant arriving in this country, under a contract to labour on a 
 dairy farm, the product of which, or a part thereof, forms an article of mer- 
 chandize that competes with others in a similar business, and whose passage 
 here has been paid by the agent of the employer, is not within the exception 
 under the Act of Congress of 1885, sec. 5, which provides that the prohibition 
 therein contained shall not apply to persons employed strictly as personal or 
 domestic servants, &c. — lb. 
 
 The decision of the collector upon the status of an immigrant, whose right 
 to land in the United States is challenged on the ground that he is under a 
 contract to labour, is conclusive, and not open to review in the courts on 
 habeas corpus, if there was competent evidence before the collector on which 
 to exercise his judgment ; and if habeas corpus proceedings are resorted to, 
 and facts not previously placed before the collector are therein disclosed, the 
 whole case may afterwards be again presented to the collector. — lb. 
 
 The decision of the collector of the port that a Chinese labourer is not en- 
 titled to land does not conclude the Courts ; (and such labourer will, notwith- 
 standing such decision, have his remedv by habeas corpus). — United States v, 
 Jung Ah Lung, 124 U.S. 621, 628, 629. "^ 
 
168 
 
 In re Bracmadfar, 37 Fed. Rep. 774. 
 
 On the 2 1st of February, 188.9, 21 Armenian immigrants arrived at the port 
 of New York by the Netherlands steamer Leerdam. On the following day the 
 secretary of the commissioners sent a letter to the CDllector stating that he was 
 directed by the commissioners to report these immigrants "liable to become a 
 public charge." The collector thereupon directed that the immigrants be not 
 allowed to land, but be returned by the Leerdam. On the 23rd a writ of habeas 
 corpus was issued, returnable forthwith, upon a petition setting forth that the 
 report had been made without an examination of these immigrants by any of 
 the commissioners and without authority. The writ was addressed to the 
 collector and to the commissioners of emigration. The return of the collector 
 set forth a report from the commissioners stating the persons were " liable to 
 become a public charge " and they were accordingly held for return and land- 
 ing refused. The return of the Commissioner Stephenson on whom the writ 
 was also served stated that th3 report had been made without authority from 
 the commissioners, and without examination of the immigrants by any of the 
 commissioners. A traverse was filed to the return of the collector substanti- 
 ally to the same effect. 
 
 Brown, J. " Upon this testimony it is plain that the intention of the statute 
 had not been complied with at the time the report was made to the collector, 
 and that the report was made by the secretary with >ut authority. Tiie ques- 
 tion whether immigrants should be allowed to land, or be sent bacK is one 
 that cannot be determined except under the responsibility which the statute 
 impos-^s. It must be either by the b )ard of commissioners or by some one of 
 them, or by some person whom the board of commissioners has authorized to 
 
 pass finally upon the question The commissioners as appears 
 
 from the evidence, have never devolved upon any subordinate the right to 
 determine this question, or whether an adverse report shall be made to the 
 collector. The report on this case must therefore be treated as a nullity ; and 
 as a sufficient examination appears to have been made by one of the commis- 
 sioners to show that the persons ought not to be detained, and no further 
 examination appearing to be needed or desired they should be discharged and 
 allowed to land." 
 
 In re Falagano et al. 38 Fed. Rep. 5.90. 
 
 The relators were immigrants who arrived at the port of New York on the 
 13th of February, 1889, on the Utopia from Naples, Italy. The commissioners 
 after examination reported to the collector that they were likely to become a 
 charge to the public. The collector after the receipt of the Commissioners' 
 report heard other evidence as to the relators' condition, and determined that 
 they were not likely to become a public charge. The relators sued out a writ 
 of habeas corpus directed to the collector and the commissioners of emigration. 
 
 Lacombe, J. " . . . . I am satisfied that there is no power in the col- 
 lector of the poi't to reverse the action of the commissioners in determining 
 the status of these persons, and think there is sufficient authority in sub-divi- 
 sion 2 of the Treasury Order of Sept. Ij 1885, to warrant the emigrant com- 
 missioners in keeping these persons in a suitable place until some arrangement 
 can be made with the steamship company to conveniently return them to the 
 port whence they came. If there are peculiar circumstances as suggested on 
 the argument, which would tend to modify the former finding of the commis- 
 sioners of emigration such facts should be laid before them. They do not 
 become /Mnc^MS officio by a single decision, but may review such decision 
 whenever justice requires such action. Writ dismissed." 
 
 In re Murnane et al. 39 Fed. Rep. 99. 
 
 Lacombe, J. '* . . . . The second section of the Act of August 3, 1882, 
 requires the determination as to the condition of immigrants to be had by the 
 board of commissioners. For the purpose of enabling and assisting them to 
 make such examination they are authorized either individually or through 
 persons whom they may appoint, to go on board any ship or vessel bringing 
 immigrants to this port, but this permission is not to be construed as autho- 
 
169 
 
 mfeMv Uim to cMeffftte to any person other than themselves the important 
 fonefions— ^twrn-juaicial in tiieir character — which are by that act connderl to 
 them." 
 
 In rr Uirtzr, -iO Fed. Rej). &2A. 
 
 The petitioner, an immi^rrant from Switzerland, arrived at (/astle Garden, 
 October IS, ia*<9. On examination by the proper officers, he stated and signctl 
 an affidavit in substance that he was engaged by contract to work for a silk 
 manufacturer at Paterson, N. J., which being reuorted to the collector, 
 he was directed to bo sent l>ack in accordance witn the provisions of Act 
 of February 23, 1S87 (24 Stat. 414 c. 22<)). 
 
 Brown, J., delivering opinion — 
 
 •* If the nrisoner made false statements to the examining officers, he alone 
 is to blame ror the condition in which he finds himself now. It is not possible 
 for me to release him on habeas corpus. It may be a suitable case for an 
 application for a further hearing before the collector. I think it is so. 
 liut it would be for the collector to hear any such application in the first 
 instance and determine it, not for this court ; because this court is not 
 the tribunal to make an original examination into the facts, but merely to see 
 that the proceedings by the collector or other officers were fairly conducted and 
 legally sufficient. 1 cannot say that they have been in any respect irregular 
 or unfair ; and they were based upon evidence that was the best that could 
 be obtained, and a'pparentlv conclusive." Evidence being the affidavit which 
 he swore to and signed, and oral statements to the officers. 
 
 A woman who ia engaged as a milliner is not a " urofessional artist " within 
 the exception of the Act of ('ongress prohibiting the immigration of aliens 
 under contract to jjerform labour, 23 Stat. 332 ; 22 Stat. A\A,^United States 
 V. T^OMfMOw, 41 Fed. Rep. 28. 
 
 A declaration in debt for the penalty imposed by Act U. S., February 26, 
 1885, forbidding the importation of foreigners under contract of labour, which 
 fails to allege that the foreign labourer did actually immigrate to this country, 
 and that the defendant M'hen he assisted him to migrate knew that he 
 was under contract, is fatally defective ; following United States v. Craig, 
 28 Fed. Rep. 1\)b. ^United States v. Borneman, 41 Fed. Rep. 751. 
 
 The owners of a Danish ship claimed that head-money exacted for immigrants 
 was illegally exacted and should be refunded. Held, that the exaction fell 
 within Act U. S., August 3, 1882, c. 376 (22 Stat. 214), and that the court 
 could not give weight to an argument that the " favoured nation " clause of 
 the treaty with Denmark affected the case. — Thingvalla Line v. United States, 
 24 Ct. CI. 255. 
 
 By the treaty with China of November 17, 1880 (22 Stat. 13, Art. 2), it 
 is provided thet " Chinese subjects, whether proceeding to the United States 
 " as teachers, students, merchants, or from curiosity, together with their body 
 " and household servants, shall be allowed to go and come of their own free 
 " will and accord, and shall be accorded all the rights, privileges, immunities, 
 " and exemptions which are accorded to the citizens and subjects of the most 
 " favoured nation." Held, that the wife and children of a Chinese merchant 
 who is entitled to come into the country under this treaty are entitled to come 
 with him, without the certificate which Act Cong. July 5, 1884 (23 Stat., 115), 
 requires of every Chinese person other than a labourer. — In re Chung Toy 
 Ho, 42 Fed. Rep. 398. 
 
 o 77399. M 
 
170 
 
 Where immigrants have been prevented from entering the country on the 
 ground that they have come contrary to the provisions of the contract labour 
 law, the finding as to the facts by the superintendent of immigration, appointed 
 by the Secretary of the Treasury under Act Cong. February 23, 1887, when 
 confirmed by the collector, acting pursuant to the regulations of the Secretary 
 of the Treasury, is a finding of a tribunal duly constituted by law, and is not 
 subject to review by the circuit court.— Jw re Vito Rullo, 43 Fed. Rep. 62. 
 
 Under the Act of Congress prohibiting the importation o£ aliens under 
 contract to perform labour, which directs the Secretary of the Treasury not to 
 permit such aliens to land, the fact, that the refusal of a permit to land 
 is to confine the immigrant to the ship on which he came while she remains in 
 port, does not authorize him to be released under habeas corpus when it clearly 
 appears that he is within the pur^^ew of the Act. — In re Florio, 43 Fed. Rep. 
 114. 
 
 The Act of Congress prohibiting the importation of aliens under contract to 
 perfomri labour is a constitutional exercise of the power to regulate commerce 
 with foreign nations ; following United States v. Craig, 28 Fed. Rep. 795. — Ih. 
 
 The ordinance enacted by the city of San Francisco, known as the " Bing- 
 ham Ordinance," which requires all Chinese inhabitants to remove from the 
 portion of the city theretofore occupied by them outside the city and county 
 of San Francisco, or to another designated part of the city and county, is void 
 as being in direct conflict with the constitution, treaties, and statutes of the 
 United States, particularly in the sense that it is discriminating and unequal 
 in its operation, and an arbitrary confiscation of property without due process 
 of law. — In re Lee Sing, 43 Fed. Rep, 359 ; In re Sing Too Quan, ih. 
 
 An immigrant who has been convicted in the country from which he came 
 of an assault with a deadly weapon, and has served the term of imprisonment 
 imposed, is a convict, within the meaning of the Act regulating immigration. 
 — In re Aliano, 43 Fed. Rep. 517 ; In re Varana, ih. 
 
 The "Chinese Restriction Act of 1882," as amended in 1884 (23 Stat. 
 1 1 5), provides that every vessel whose master shall knowingly violate any of 
 the provisions of this Act shall be deemed forfeited to the United States, and 
 shall be liable to seizure and condemnation. Held, that a vessel stolen from 
 its owner, and used, while out of his control, without his knowledge or con- 
 sent, in bringing Chinese labourers into the United States in violation of law 
 does not become liable to seizure and forfeiture. To work a forfeiture of a 
 vessel, the master must knowingly violate the statute. A person in control of 
 a stolen vessel is not master of the vessel in the sense in which the term is 
 applied to an officer in the statute. — United States v. The Geo. E. Wilton, 43 
 Fed. Rep. 606. 
 
 Defendants contracted with a resident of France to connie to this country 
 and work for them in the manufacture of *' French silk stockings," which were 
 shown to be articles materially different from ordinary silk stockings. It was 
 shov/n that there had been manufactured here stockings whereof the feet were 
 the same as those of the " French silk stockings," but the legs were different, 
 and made by different machines. Held, that the manufacture of the complete 
 " French silk stockings " was a new industry, within the exemption of 23 Stat. 
 332, c. 164, imposing a penalty on the importation of contract labour. — United 
 States V. McCallwm, 44 Fed. Rep. 745. 
 
Machines for the manufacture of " French silk stockings " were already in 
 use in this country for knittinjf tho feet, and there was evidence that a skil- 
 ful workman mijfht learn to run them in a few weeks. It was shown for 
 defemlants that their machines stood idle until they imported the Frenchman 
 in question, and that thaj bad advertised for men to run them, hut had failed 
 to find any that were competent. Held, that the evidence did not disclose such 
 efforts on defendants' part as to show a necessity to resort to foreign workmen, 
 and tbej are liable for the i)enalty.— /^. 
 
 Act Cong. February 26, K^Sa, prescribing a penalty of $1,000 for importing 
 fimignere under contract to pcrforqi labour, and providing thai the penalty 
 may oe sued for and recovered " as debts of like amount are now recovered in 
 the circuit wiurts," does not give the circuit courts exclusive jurisdiction of 
 such suits. The district courts have concurrent jurisdiction under llev. St. 
 U. S. sec. 56,'^, which gives them jurisdiction of '* all suits for penalties and 
 ** forfeitures inpurroij under any law of the United States." — JJnitrd States v. 
 tVhitcotub Mef tend Co.^A^ Fed. Rep. 89. Such jurisdiction is not 
 
 taken from tin ourts by Act Cong. Aug. 13, 1888, providing that the 
 
 circuit courts aimll have original cognizance of ** all suits of a civil nature,*' 
 where the amount involved exceeds ^,000 ; since a suit to recover the penalty 
 under the Act of February 26, 1885, is of a penal and ^uo^t-criminal nature. 
 — lb. 
 
 The regulation of the Secretary of the Treasury declares that the superin- 
 tendent of immigration at the port of New York shall examine into the 
 condition of passengers arriving at that port, and report to the collector 
 whether any person is within the prohibition of Act Cong. February 2(>, 1885. 
 Act Cong. February 23, 188/, amending the Act of 1885, provides that if, on 
 such examination by the superintendent, any person shall be found within the 
 prohibition of the Act, and the same is reported to the collector, such person 
 shall not be permitted to land. Held, that such power of determination is 
 vested in the superintendent of immigration, and not in the collector. — In re 
 Bucciarello, 45 Fed. Rep. 46,'!. 
 
 Act Cong. May 6, 1882, section 6 (22 Stat. 58, c. 126), provides that every 
 Chinese person, other than a labourer, who may be entitled to come within 
 the United States, shall produce a preacribed certificate of his identity and of 
 his right to enter ; and Act July 5, 1884, provides that this certificate " shall 
 ** be the sole evidence permissible on the part of the person so producing the 
 *' same to establish a right of entry into the United States.'* Act October 1, 
 1888, prohibits any Chinese labourer who had been, or was then, or might 
 hereafter be, a resident within the United States, and who had departed or 
 might depart therefrom, to return to or to remain in the United States. 
 Held, that since the passage of the latter Act, no Chinese person, formerly 
 resident in the United States, but temporarily absent therefrom, is entitled to 
 return without the prescribed certificate. — Wan Shing v. JTnited States. 11 S. 
 Ct. 729, 140 U. S. 424. 
 
 A Chinese person 16 years of age claimed the right to enter the Unitcu 
 States because he was born here, and hence a citizen. He and his father 
 testified that he was bom on a certain street, and went to China with his 
 mother when he was 10 years old, but he remembered no circumstance of his 
 early life, and knew nothing of the English language. The father, who worked 
 on a sewing-machine, produced a so-called " store-book," showing the purchase 
 of a ticket for the boy and his mother ; but he gave no particulars of his life 
 in San Francisco, or of his being known among his neighbours as having any 
 children. The boy remembered nothing but the names of three men, who, he 
 said, accompanied him to China, but he testified that his mother had fre- 
 quently repeated these to him. HeZc?, that the evidence was not sufficient to 
 establish his citizenship; Brewer, J., dissenting. — Quock Ting v. United 
 States, 11 S. Ct. 733, 140 U. S. 417; Id. 11 S. Ct. 851, 140 U. S,417. 
 
 IK 2 
 
172 
 
 Nishimura Ekiu v. United States, 142 U. S. 658-664 ; judgment. 
 
 Mr. Justice Gray delivered the opinion of the Court : — 
 
 *' As this case involves the constitutionality of a law of the United States, 
 it is within the appellate jurisdiction of this Court, notwithstanding the appeal 
 was taken since the act establishing Circuit Courts of Appeals took effect. 
 Act of March 3, 1891, c. 517, sec. 5 ; 26 Stat. 827, 828, 1115. 
 
 " It is an accepted maxim of international law, that every sovereign nation 
 has the power, as inherent in sovereignty, and essential to self-preservation, 
 to forbid the entrance of foreigners within its dominions, or to admit them 
 only in such cases and upon such conditions as it may see tit to jirescribe. 
 Vattel, hb. 2, sees. 94, 100; 1 Phillimore (3rd ed.) c. 10, sec. 220. In the 
 United States this power is vested in the national Government, to which the 
 Constitution has committed the entire control of international relations, in 
 peace as well as in war. It belongs to the political department of the Govern- 
 ment, and may be exercised either through treaties made by the President and 
 Senate, or through statutes enacted by Congress, upon whom the Constitution 
 has conferred power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, including the 
 entrance of ships, the importation of goods, and the bringing of persons into 
 the ports of the United States ; to establish a uniform rule of naturalization ; 
 to declare war, and to provide and maintain armies and navies ; and to make 
 all laws which may be necessary and proper for carrying into effect these 
 powers and all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of 
 the United States or in any department or officer thereof. Constitution, 
 art. 1, sec. 8; Head-Money Cases, 112 U. S. 580; Chae Chan Ping v. United 
 States, 130 U. S. 581, 604-609. 
 
 " The supervision of the admission of aliens into the United States may be 
 entrusted by Congress either to the Department of State, having the general 
 management of foreign relations, or to the Department of the Treasury, 
 charged with the enforcement of the laws regulating foreign commerce ; and 
 Congress has often passed Acts forbidding the immigration of particular 
 classes of foreigners, and has committed the execution of these Acts to the 
 Secretary of the Treasury to collectors of customs and to inspectors acting 
 under their authority. See, for instance. Acts of March 3, 1875, c. 141 ; 
 18 Stat. 477; August 3, 1882, c. 376; 22 Stat. 214; February 23, 1887, 
 c. 220; 24 Stat. 414 ; October 19, 1888, c. 1,210; 25 Stat. 566 ; as well as 
 the various Acts for the exclusion of the Chinese. 
 
 " An alien immigrant prevented from landing by any such officer claiming 
 authority to do so under an Act of Congress and thereby restrained of his 
 liberty, is doubtless entitled to a writ of habeas corpus to ascci-tain whether 
 the restraint is lawful. Chew Heong v. United States, 112 U. S. 536 ; United 
 States V. Jung Ah Lung, 124 U. S. 621 ; Wan Shing v. United States, 140 
 U. S. 424; Lau Ow Bew, Petitioner, 141 U. S. 583. And Congress may, if 
 it sees fit, as in the statutes in question in United States v. Jung Ah Lung, 
 just cited, authorize the courts to investigate and ascertain the facts on which 
 the right to land depends. But, on the other hand, the final determination 
 of those facts may be entrusted by Congress to executive officers ; and in such 
 a case, as in all others, in which a statute gives a discretionary power to an 
 officer, to be exercised by him upon his own opinion of certain facts, he is 
 made the sole and exclusive judge of the existence of those facts, and no other 
 tribunal, unless expressly authorized by law to do so, is at liberty to re-examine 
 or controvert the sufficiency of the evidence on which he acted. Martin v. 
 Mott, 12 Wheat. 19, 31 ; Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad v. Stimpson, 
 14 Pet. 448, 458 ; Benson v. McMahon, 127 U. S. 457 > In re Oteisa, 136 U. S. 
 330. It is not within the province of the judiciary to order that foreigners 
 who have never been naturalized, nor acquired any domicile or residence within 
 the United States, nor even been admitted into the country pursuant to law, 
 shall be permitted to enter in opposition to the constitutional and lawful 
 measures of the legislative and executive branches of the national Government. 
 As to such persons, t-he decisions of executive or administrative officers, acting 
 within powers expressly conferred by Congress, are due process of law. Mur- 
 ray V. Hoboken Co., 18 How. 272; Hilton v. Merritt, 110 U. S. 97. 
 
 *' The Immigration Act of August 3, 1882, c. 376, which was held to be 
 constitutional in the Head-Money Cases, above cited, imposed a duty of 50 cents 
 for each alien passenger coming by vessel into any port of the United States, 
 
173 
 
 to be paid to the co)lector of customs, aiid bv him into the Treasury, to con- 
 stitute an immi^nrant fund ; by section 2 the secretary of the Treasury was 
 rharf^ed with the duty of executing the provisions of the Act, and with the 
 supervision of the business of immi^rration to the United States, and, for tlicse 
 purposes was empowered to make contracts with any State commission, 
 {)oard. or officers, and it was nia'le their duty to go on board vessels and 
 examine the condition of immigrants, ' and if on such examination there 
 
 * shall be found among such pasHeii^rcrs any convict, hmatic, idiot, or any 
 ' penoo unable to tuke care of himself or herself without becoming a public 
 
 * charge, they shall renort the same in writing to the collector of such |)ort, 
 
 * and such persons shall not be permitted to land ;' and by section H the 
 Secretary of the Treasury was authorized to establish rules and regulations, 
 and to issue instructions, to carry out this and other immigration laws of the 
 United States, 2'J Stat. Ul4. 
 
 " 'I'he doings of Thornley, the State Commissioner of Immigration, in 
 examining and detaining the petitioner, and in reporting to the collector, appear 
 to have been under that Act, and would be justified by the second section 
 thereof, unless that section should be taken to have been impliedly repealed 
 by the last paragraph of section 8 of the Act of March .■^, 1891, c. 551, by 
 which all duties imposed and powers conferred by that section upon Stat« 
 commissions, boards, or officers, acting under contract with the Secretary of 
 the Treasury, * shall b(? performed and exercised, as occasion may arise, by 
 the inspection officers of the United States,' 2(5 Stat. 1()85. 
 
 *• But it is unnecessary to express a definite opinion on the authority of 
 Thornley to inspect and detain the petitioner. 
 
 " Putting her in the mission house, as a more suitable place than a steam- 
 ship, pending the decision of the question of her right co land, and keeping 
 her there, by agreement between her attorney and the attorney for the United 
 States, until final judgment upon the writ of habeas corptts left her in the same 
 position, so f&r as regarded her right to land in the United States, as if she had 
 never been removed from the steamship. 
 
 " Before the hearing u|)on the writ of habeas corpus, Hatch was appomted 
 by the Secretary of the Treasury inspector of immigration at the Port of San 
 Francisco, and, after making the inspection and examination required by the 
 Act of 1891, refused to allow the petitioner to land, and made a report to the 
 collector of customs, stating facts which tended to show, and which the 
 inspector decided did show that she was a ' person likely to become a public 
 charge ' and so within one of the classes of aliens ' excluded from admission 
 into the United States ' by the first section of that Act. And Hatch intervened 
 in the proceedings on the writ of habeas corpus, setting up his decision in bar 
 of the writ. 
 
 " A writ of habeas corpus is noi like an action to recover damages for an 
 unlawful arrest or commitment, but its object is to ascertain whether the 
 prisoner can lawfully be detained in custody ; and if sufficient ground for his 
 detention by the (iovernraent is shown, he is not to be discharged for defects 
 in the original arrest or commitment. Ex parte BoUman and 8wartwotU, 
 4 Cranch, 74, 114, 125; Coleman v. Tennessee, 97 U. S., 509, 519; United 
 States V. McBratney, 104 U. S., 621, 624 ; Kelley v. Thomas, 15 Gray, 192} 
 The King v. Marks, 3 East, 157 ; Shuttleworth's Case, 9 Q. B., 651. 
 
 " The case must therefore turn on the validity and effect of the action of 
 Hatch as inspector of immigration. 
 
 *' Section 7 of the Act of 1891 establishes the office of superintendent of 
 immigration, and enacts that he ' shall be an officer in the Treasury Depart- 
 
 * ment, under the control and supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury.' 
 By section 8 ' the proper inspection officers ' are required to go on board any 
 vessel bringing ahen immigrants and to inspect and examine. them, and may 
 for this purpose remove and detain them on shore, without such removal being 
 considered a landing ; and * shall have power to administer oaths, and to take 
 
 * and consider testimony touching the right of any such aliens to enter the 
 
 * United States, all of which shall be entered of record;' ' all decisions made 
 
 * by the inspection officers or their assistants touching the right of any alien 
 
 * to land, when adverse to such right, shall be final, unless appeal be taken to 
 ' the superintendent of immigration, whose action shall be subject to review 
 
 * by the Secretary of the Treasury;' and the Secretary of the Treasury may 
 
174. 
 
 prescribe rules for inspection along the borders of Canada, British Columbia, 
 and Mexico, ' provided that not exceeding one inspector shall be appointed for 
 each customs district.* 
 
 " It was argued that the appointment of Hatch was illegal because it was 
 made by the Secretary of the Treasury and should have been made by the 
 superintendent of immigration. But the Constitution does not allow Congress 
 to vest the appointment of inferior officers elsewhere than ' in the President 
 * alone, in the courts of law or in the heads of departments ;* the Act of 1891 
 manifestly contemplates and intends that the inspectors of immigration shall 
 be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury ; and appointments of such 
 officers by the superintendent of immigration could be upheld only by pre- 
 suming them to be made with the concurrence or approval of the Secretary of 
 the Treasury, his official head. Constitution, Art. 2, section 2; United 
 States v. Hartwell, 6 Wall. 385 ; Stanton v. Wilkeson, 8 Ben. 357 ; Price v. 
 Abhott, 17 Fed. Rep. 506. 
 
 " It was also argued that Hatch's proceedings did not conform to section 8 
 of the Act of 1891, because it did not appear that he took testimony on oath, 
 and because there was no record of any testimony or of his decision. But the 
 statute does not require inspectors to take any testimony at all, and allows 
 fcnem to decide on their own inspection and examination the question of 
 the right of any alien immigrant to land. The provision relied on merely 
 empowers mspectors to administer oaths and to take and consider testimony, 
 and requires only testimony so taken to be entered of record. 
 
 " The decision of the inspector of immigration being in conformity with 
 the Act of 1891, there can be no doubt that it was final and conclusive 
 against the petitioner's right to land in the United States. The words of 
 sectiom 8 are clear to that effect, and were manifestly intended to prevent the 
 quest on of an alien immigrant's right to land, when once decided adversely 
 by an inspector, acting within the jurisdiction conferred upon him, from 
 being impeached or reviewed, in the courts or otherwise, save only by appeal 
 to the inspector's official superiors, and in accordance with the provisions of 
 the Act. Section 13, by which the circuit and district courts of the United 
 States are * invested with full and concurrent jurisdiction of all causes, civil 
 ' and criminal, arising under any of the provisions of this Act,' evidently 
 refers to causes of judicial cognizance, already provided for, whether civil 
 actions in the nature of debt for penalties under sections 3 and 4, or indict- 
 ments for misdemeanours under sections 6, 8, and 10. Its intention was to 
 vest concurrent jurisdiction of such causes in the circuit and district courts ; 
 and it is impossible to construe it as giving the courts jurisdiction to determine 
 matters which the Act has expressly committed to the final determination of 
 executive officers. 
 
 " The result is, that the Act of 1891 is constitutional and valid; the 
 inspector of immigration was duly appointed; his decision against the peti- 
 tioner's right to land in the United States was within the authority conferred 
 upon him by that Act ; no appeal having been taken to the superintendent of 
 immigration, that decision was final and conclusive ; the petitioner is not 
 unlawfully restrained of her liberty ; and the Order of the Circuit Court is 
 affirmed." 
 
 Mr. Justice Brewer dissented. 
 
 In re Feinknopf, 47 Fed. Rep. 447, 448, and 452; excerpt from judgment. 
 
 Benedict, J. — '*This case comes before the court upon the return made 
 by James O'Beirne, as acting commissioner of immigration and inspector of 
 immigration, to a writ of habeas corpus issued upon the petition of Adolph 
 Feinknopf, an alien immigrant, who has arrived by water at the port of New 
 York, and has been ordered by the said inspector of immigration to be re- 
 turned to the port whence he came. The return shows that the petitioner, 
 upon arrival, was inspected by the inspector, and, a special inquiry having 
 been demanded by the petitioner, such special inquiry was had by the said 
 inspector, and thereupon it was determined and decided by the said inspector 
 that the petitioner was a person likely to become a public charge, and there- 
 fore the inspector directed that the petitioner be detained, and sent back to 
 
175 
 
 the place wheoce he caiue. In CDiinexioii with the return is the testimony 
 t»ken upon the special inquiry held by the inspection officer. This evidence, 
 f^hioh is set forth at lenj(th in the return, consists of the testimony ot Severn 1 
 sworn witDes$e« produced by the petitioner, whose testimony, if believed, 
 shows that the petitioner is 40 years old ; that he is a native of Austria ; that 
 he is a cabinet maker by trade, and has exercised that trade for 25 years ; that 
 he has no family ; thst he has baggage with him, worth $20, and 50 cents in 
 cash; that he is a man who oan find employment in his trade, and is willing 
 to exeroiae tho same. The affidavit of the immigrant before the inspection 
 offioQt on th« preliminary in(]uiry stated the same facts, and, in addition, that 
 the immigrant has not been an inmate of an almshouse, and has not received 
 public aid or support, and has not been convicted of crime. No testimony 
 was offered upon the special inquiry to contradict this testimony, and upon 
 the argument here it was conceded on behalf of the inspector that there was 
 not l>efore him testimony from any witness tending to contradict the testimony 
 produced by the immigrant. Of course this testimony, if believeil, would not 
 warrant the conclusion that the petitioner was a person likely to become a 
 public charge ; but it is said that the testimony produced by the immigrant 
 was disbelieved by the inspector, .\s8uming such to be the fact, and con- 
 ceiling the power of the ins{)ection officer to disbelieve testimony presented to 
 him, the caj»e is still devoid of uny evidence whatever of any fact upon which 
 to base a determination that the i)etitioner is likely to become a public charge. 
 The question to l>c decided, therefore, is whether an order for the return of an 
 ahen immigrant as a person likely to become a public charge, made by 
 an ins|»ection officer, without any evidence whatever tending to show such to 
 be the fact, is a valid order, maae in compliance with law, or invalid, because 
 
 not made in compliance with law The detention of the 
 
 petitioner is contrary to law, because it is not every alien immigrant arrving 
 by water that can be returned by an inspection officer, but only un alien 
 immignuit determined in the method prescribed by the statute to belong to 
 one of the excluded classes. And when, as in this case it is shown to the court 
 ujK)n the return to a writ of habeas corpus that the order for the return of 
 the immigrant was made without such detennination as the law requires, the 
 conclusion necessarily follows that the officer in making the order exceeded his 
 jurisdiction, and in such case the duty is cast upon the court to grant the 
 discharge prayed for. The importance of the question in this case will, I 
 trust, induce tlie district attorney to take an appeal from this decision ; and, 
 to enable him to do so with effect, entry of the order for discharge will upon 
 his retiuest be delayed a reasonable time." 
 
 United States v. Edffar, 48 Fed. Rep. 91, 93, 94. 
 (Circuit Ck)urt of Appeals, Eighth Circuit, October Term, 1891.) 
 
 A labourer in England wrote to a manufacturer in the United States stating 
 tliat he had heard the latter wanted men to work in a certain branch of the 
 business, and that himself w»d a comrade, who were experienced therein, 
 desired to come to this country, and asking that passes be sent them. The 
 manufacturer replied, enclosing tickets from Liverpool to St. Louis, and 
 stating that he could give the applicants steady work. Nothing was said on 
 either side as to time or compensation. The labourers came over on the 
 tickets, but were returned by the commissioner of immigration at Philadelphia. 
 Heldf that the letters did not constitute a contract " made previous to said 
 importation and migration," within the meaning of Act Cong. February, 26, 
 . 1885, imposing a penalty for assisting or encouraging the immigration of 
 labourers under contract, since the act of coming to this country was necessary 
 to make the arrangement a binding agreement in any respect. 45 Fed. Rep. 
 44, affirmed. 
 
 Hallett, J. — '* It is averred in the complaint that defendant secured the 
 
 importation of two men from Barton Hill, Bristol, England, who were * then 
 
 ' under contract and agreement with the defendant to perform service and 
 
 * labour for said defendant in the United States, which contract was made 
 
 ■'• previous to said importation and migration * by means of correspondence 
 
 'through the mails. The letters which passed between the parties are set out 
 
176 
 
 in the complaint, and they show a proposal on the ])art of the men to come to 
 St. Louis and to enter into defendant's service on condition that transporta- 
 tion should be furnished them, and acceptance by defendant. It is averred, 
 also, that defendant paid the passacre of the men from Liverpool to St. Louis, 
 and they came as far as Philadelphia in pursuance to the agreement with him. 
 When the men arrived at Philadelphia, the facts having come to the know- 
 ledge of the officers of the government at that plac-e, they were returned to 
 England, pursuant to the provisions of an Amendatory Act approved February 
 23, 1887 (24 Stat. 414). Upon the letters which passed between the parties, 
 and the payment of passage money by defendant, and the act of .the men in 
 coming to Philadelphia, it is difficult to make a complete contract to perform 
 labour, because the elements of time and compensation are entirely omitted. 
 
 *' But there is force in the suggestion of counsel for the Government that, in 
 construing a measure of public policy in a case where there may be reason to 
 believe that the act complained of is in violation of the spirit if not the 
 letter of the law, we ought not to be critical about the terms of the contract 
 for labour mentioned in the statute ; and we are not disposed to declare what 
 shall be a sufficient contract under the law. The difficulty in supporting the 
 complaint is that there does not appear to have been any contract or agree- 
 ment whatever between defendant and the Englishmen, ' made previous to the 
 * importation or migration of such alien or aliens, foreigner or foreigners.' 
 The letter written by one of the Englishmen, and defendant's answer, did not 
 make a contract or agreement of any kind until something further should be 
 done. The act of the Englishmen in getting the tickets at Liverpool, and 
 coming to Philadelphia, was necessary to complete the contract or agreement, 
 such as it was. In other words, when the defendant prepaid the Englishmen's 
 passage, and thus assisted and encouraged them to come to the United States, 
 there was no contract for labour which had been previously made by them ; 
 and so the case is not within the statute. The point has been ruled the same 
 way in other circuits. United States v, Craig, 28 Fed. Rep. 795; United States 
 V. Borneman, 41 Fed. Rep. 751. The judgment of the circuit court is 
 afl&rmed. 
 
 In In re Didfirio et al. 48 Fed. Rep. pp. 168, 169, the competency of the 
 Court (the Circuit Court of New York, Southern Division) to review the 
 decision of the Commissioners of Immigration in cases where there is con- 
 flicting testimony was assumed by the judge (Lacombe, J.). 
 
 A railroad company which knowingly employs at its office in New York 
 [State], near the Canadian border, a person who resides in Canada, and comes 
 daily to his work in the United States, is not engaged in assisting or encou- 
 raging the "importation or migration " of an alien, within the meaning of the 
 alien contract labour law, Act. Cong. February 26, 1885, Sec. 3. — United States 
 V. Michigan Cent. R. Co. (Cir. Ct.), 48 Fed. Rep. 365. 
 
 Any person alleging himself to be a citizen of the United States and desiring 
 to return to this country from a foreign land, and that he is prevented from 
 doing so without due process of law, and who on that ground applies to any 
 United States court for a writ of habeas corpus, is entitled to have a hearing 
 and a j udicial determination of the facts so alleged, and no act of congress 
 can be understood or constriied as a bar to such hearing and judicial determi- 
 nation.— Gee Fooh Sing v. U. S., 4.9 Fed. Rep. 146. 
 
 The Act of Congress of September 13, 1888, entitled *' An Act to prohibit 
 " the coming of Chinese labourers to the United States," having been passed 
 subject to the ratification of a treaty then pending between the United States 
 and the Emperor of China, which was never ratified, is not in force, except 
 section 13 thereof, providing for the arrest and dejiortation of any Chinese 
 person found unlawfully in the United Stales ; that particulai' provision not 
 
177 
 
 bein^ within the purvifw of the Act, as (ieclarecl in section I, declaring, *' It 
 ** shall he unlawful for any (.'hinese |)ersi)n, whether a subject of China or any 
 •' other Power, to enter the United States except as herein-after provided." 
 48 Fed. Rep. &Jh limited.— {/ni/wi States v. Gee Lee (Cir, Ct. App.), .')() Fed. 
 Rep.271,y67. 
 
 Section 6 of Act Cong. May 6, 1882, as amended by Act July 5, 1884 (the 
 ('hincAC Exclusion xVct) requiring the presentation of a vised certidcate from 
 the (Chinese Government to entitle a Chinese ^)erson to enter the United 
 Statef4. and declaring it the sole evidence (»f the right to enter, does not apply 
 toa(*hineKe mcichunt domiciled in the United States, who, huviiig left the 
 country fi»r temp<»rary purpiises, animo revertendi, seeks to re-enter it on his 
 return to his business and home. Lait OwBewv. United States, 12 S. Ct. 617. 
 followed. — lb. 
 
 Iaws N. Y. 1882, c. 145, nrovidiuij for the raising by the Commi.ssioners of 
 Kmigration of a fund for the expenses of the inspection and care of alien 
 nassengers, by contract with carriers of emigrants by vessel to the city of New 
 Vork, is not enforceable, as the subject is solely within the jurisdiction of the 
 United States Congress ; and the Commissioners are not liable to the city of 
 Nevv York for the care and maintenance by the city of immijirants arriving at 
 that port, where it is not shown that there is any existing fund out of which 
 |>ayment therefore could be made by the Commissioners. — Ci/y of New York 
 V. Comttdssioners of Etniy ration, l.'i N. Y. s. 751, 5!> Hun. 624. 
 
 Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States. 
 
 Error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of 
 New York. No. 143. Argued and submitted January 7, 1892. Decided 
 February 29. 1892. 143 U. S. 457. 463-5. 
 
 The Act of February 26, 1885, "to prohibit the importation and migration 
 " of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labour in 
 " the United States, its Territories and the District of Columbia," 23 Stat. 
 332, c. 164, does not aj)ply to a contract between an alien, residing out of the 
 United States, and a religious society incorporated under the laws of a State, 
 whereby he engages to remove to the United States and to enter into the 
 service of the society as its rector or minister. 
 
 Mr. Justice Brewer delivered the opinion of the court, from which the fol- 
 lowing is an excerpt : — 
 
 " . . . . Again, another guide to the meaning of a statute is found in 
 the evil which it is designed to remedy ; and for this the court properly looks 
 at contemporaneous events, the situation as it existed, and as it was pressed 
 upon the attention of the legislative body. United States v. Union Pacific Rail' 
 road, 91 U. S. 72, 79. The situation which called for this statute was briefly 
 but fully stated by Mr. Justice Brown, when, as district judge, he decided the 
 c&ae of United States V. Craig, 28 Fed. Rep. 795, 798:— 'The motives and 
 ' history of the Act are matters of common knowledge. It had become the 
 ' practice for large capitalists in this country to contract with their agents 
 
 * abroad for the shipment of great numbers of an ignorant and servile class of 
 
 * foreign labourers, under contracts, by which the employer agreed, upon 
 
 * the one hand, to repay their passage, while, upon the other hand, the labourers 
 ' agreed to work after their arrival for a certain time at a low rate of wages. 
 ' The effect of this was to break down the lal)our market, and to reduce 
 ' other labourers engaged in hke occupations to the level of the assisted 
 ' immigrant. The evil finally became so flagrant that an appeal was made to 
 ' Congress for relief by the passage of the Act in questioji, the design of which 
 ' was to raise the standard of foreign immigrants, and to discountenance the 
 ' migration of those who had not sufficient means in their own hands, or those 
 ' of their friends, to pay their passage.' 
 
178 
 
 " It appears, also, from the petitions, and in the testimony presented before 
 the committees of Congress, that it was this cheap unskilled labour which was 
 making the trouble, and the influx of which Congress sought to prevent. It 
 was never suggested that we had in this country a surplus of brain toilers, 
 and, least of all, that the market for the services of Christian ministers was 
 depressed by foreign competition. Those were matters to which the attention 
 of Congress, or of the people, was not directed. So far, then, as the evil 
 which was sought to be remedied interprets the statute, it also guides to an 
 exclusion of this contract from the penalties of the act. 
 
 ** A singular circumstance throwing light upon the intent of Congress, is 
 found in this extract from the report of the Senate Committee on Education 
 and Labour, recommending the passage of the bill : — ' The general facts and 
 
 * considerations which induce the committee to recommend the passage of this 
 
 * bill are set forth in the report of the Committee of the House. The com- 
 
 * mittee report the bill back without amendment, although there are certain 
 
 * features thereof which might well be changed or modified, in the hope that 
 ' the bill may not fail of passage during the present session. Especially 
 
 * would the committee have otherwise recommended amendments, substituting 
 
 * for the expression " labour and service," whenever it occurs in the body of the 
 ' bill, the words " manual labour "or " manual service,'' as sufficiently broad to 
 
 * acomplish the purposes of the bill, and that such amendments would remove 
 ' objections which a sharp and perhaps unfriendly criticism may urge to the 
 
 * proposed legislation. The committee, however, believing that the bill in its 
 
 * present form will be construed as including only those whose labour or 
 
 * service is manual in character, and being very desirous that the bill become 
 
 * a law before the adjournment, have reported the bill without change.' 6059 
 Congressional Record„48t\i Congress. And referring back to the report of the 
 Committee of the House, there appears this language : — * It seeks to restrain 
 
 * and prohibit the immigration or importation of labourers who would have 
 
 * never seen our shores but for the inducements and allurements of men whose 
 
 * only object is to obtain labour at the lowest possible rate, regardless of the 
 
 * social and material well-being of our own citizens and regardless of the evil 
 
 * consequences which result to American labourers from such immigration. 
 
 * This class of immigrants care nothing about our institutions, and in many 
 ' instances never even heard of them ; they are men whose passage is paid by 
 
 * the importers ; they come here under contract to labour for a certain number 
 
 * of years ; they are ignorant of our social condition, and that they may remain 
 
 * so they are isolated and prevented from coming into contact with Americans. 
 
 * They are generally from the lowest social stratum, and live upon the coarsest 
 
 * food and in hovels of a character before unknown to American workmen. 
 
 * They, as a rule, do not become citizens, and are certainly not a desirable 
 
 * acquisition to the body pohtic. The inevitable tenden<;y of their presence 
 
 * among us is to degrade American labour, and to reduce it to the level of the 
 
 * imported pauper labour.' Page 5359, Congressional Record, 48th Congress. 
 " We find, therefore, that the title of the Act, the evil which was intended to 
 
 be remedied, the circumstances surrounding the appeal to Congress, the 
 reports of the committee of each house, all concur in affirming that the intent 
 of Congress was simply to stay the influx of this cheap, unskilled labour." 
 
 The power of the Federal superintendent of immigration to return passengers 
 is confined to *' alien immigrants," and the questions whether persons ordered 
 to be returned are of that description is jurisdictional, and may be determined 
 by the courts on habeas corpus. — In re Panzara et al. (District Court, E.D., 
 New York, June 1, 1892), 51 Fed. Rep. 275. 
 
 One who is a resident of the United States, though of foreign birth, and not 
 naturalized, and who is returning from a visit to the country of his birth, is 
 not an alien immigrant within the meaning of the laws regulating immi- 
 gration. — lb. 
 
 Under due authority from the Secretary of the Treasury, granted either by 
 general regulations or by special instructions in individual cases, pursuant to 
 
179 
 
 the Act of October 19, 1888, the suf>erintendent or inspector of iinmijfration 
 may, at any time within one year after his landing, take into custody, and 
 return to the country from which he came, an alien emigrant arriving in 
 violation of law, even though he may liave been previously passed and allowed 
 to land.— /n re Li/ieri et at. (District Court, S.D., New York, July 2i>, 18J>2), 
 62 Fed. Rep. 293 (advance sheets). 
 
 United States v. Great Falls ^ C. Ry. Co. 
 (Circuit Court. D. Montana. November 21, 1892.) 
 Report in full, from 53 Fed. Rep. 77, 78 (advance sheets). 
 Immiokation : Contract-Labour Law. 
 
 In an action at law by the United States to recover the penalty for a 
 violation of the Contract-Labour Law (Act February 2(), lSd5), a c()in|)laint 
 alleffing that defendant offered to one of its employees in Canada to continue 
 his employment if he would come to the United States, and that in considera- 
 tion of such promise, and in pursuance of such agreement, he did come to the 
 United States, and work for the defendant, is sufficient to show the acceptance 
 oftheo£ferin Canada, under the Montana rule that pleadings shall be libor- 
 ally construed, with a view to substantial justice. Comp. St. Mont. div. 1, 
 §I0(). 
 
 At law. Action by the United States against the Great Falls and Canada 
 Railway Company to recover the penalty of $1,000 for the importation of a 
 labourer under contract. 
 
 On demurrer to the complaint. Overruled. James M. McDonald, Assistant 
 United States Attorney. George W. Taylor for defendant. 
 
 Knowles, District Judge. — " This is an action brought by the United 
 States to recover of defendant $1,(K)() fur a violation of the provisions of 
 section 1 of the Act of Congress of February 26, 1885, entitled * An Act to 
 
 * prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under con- 
 
 * tract or agreement to perform labour in the United States, its Territories 
 ' and the District of Columbia.' The provisions of that section provide — 
 
 ' That it *haU be unlawful for any corporation. • • • in any manner what80<*v«;r, to 
 nrt'ijay the tmnsiMirtation • • • of any alien or ali^-ns, any foreif^ner or foreiKners. into tho 
 United States, its Territories, or the District of Columbia, under conti-act or agreement, parol 
 or special, express or implied, made previous to the importation or mifcration of such alien or 
 aliens, foreigner or foreiKners, to perform labour or services of any kind in the United States, 
 its Territories, or the District of Columbia.' 
 
 " The complaint in this case charges that defendant entered into an express 
 parol contract with one John Lamont, an alien, by which defendant agreed 
 that, in considejration that the said John Lamont would immigrate into the 
 United States, to wit, the district of Montana, and perform services and 
 labour for it, the said defendant, it would continue him as an employee at 
 wages satisfactory to the said John Lamont. This contract, it is alleged, was 
 miSe on November 5, 1891, in the Dominion of Canada, a dependency of the 
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The complaint further sets 
 forth that thereupon, upon the date aforesaid, the said John Lamont, in con- 
 sideration of the said promise, and in pursuance of the said agreement, did 
 immigrate and come into the United States, and into the State of Montana, 
 and, in pursuance of said contract, worked as a labourer upon the defendant's 
 road ; that the said defendant prepaid the transportation of the said John 
 Lamont, and did otherwise assist, encourage, and solicit his migration, know- 
 ing that he, the said John Lamont, being an alien, as aforesaid, had entered 
 into this illegal contract with said defendant. Defendant demurred to this 
 complaint, on the ground that the same did not state facts sufficient to con- 
 stitute a cause of action. 
 
 '* The principal point presented against the complaint is that there is in fact 
 no contract for labour alleged inasmuch as Lamont made no contract to work 
 for defendant. The contract was made by a proposal to Lamont by defendant 
 that if he would come to the United States, as alleged in the complaint, and 
 
180 
 
 perform services for defendant, it would give him work at such wages as 
 would be satisfactory to him. It is alleged that in consideration of said 
 promise, and in pursuance of said agreement, the said Lamont did migrate and 
 come into the United States, and in pursuance of said contract worked as a 
 labourer upon the line of the defendant's road. 
 
 "The contract here set forth appears to have been an offer on the part of 
 defendant to Lamont to continue him in its employ if he would emigrate to 
 the United States, and work for it. The wages would be satisfactory to 
 Lamont. Did Lamont accept this offer ? No doubt, it would have been 
 better to have alleged directly that he did. But, instead of that, the pleader 
 has seen fit to allege that he did emigrate to the United States, and did 
 work for defendant, and that this was done in pursuance of said agreement. 
 It must be that part of the agreement was entered into by defendant. 
 This is an action at law, and the rules for the construction of the pleadings 
 are those prescribed by the Statutes of Montana. In these it is proAaded 
 that the pleadings in the case should be liberally construed, with a view to 
 substantial justice between the parties. Comp. St. Mont. div. 1,§ 100. I 
 think that the allegalims of the performance of what was embraced in the 
 proposition sufficiently show the acceptance. The only point of trouble is, 
 where can it be said that the acceptance was made ? I think when Lamont 
 started on his migration to the United States. He came here then under a 
 contract to labour for defendant. The contract was made in Canada, and 
 defendant prepaid his transportation. The complaint states facts sufficient to 
 constitute a cause of action, and the demurrer is overruled." * 
 
 * In addition to the above cases from the recognized law reports may be noted the following 
 decision given in the Boston News, ApriJ 18, 1893 :— " A person must take a physical part in the 
 actual transportation of aliens imported under contract to work in this country before he is 
 criminally liable under section 6, chapter 551, of the Act of Congress of 1891. 
 
 " Justice Nelson so ruled in the case of Mr. Cadwallader M. Raymond, the Charlestown bicycle 
 manufacturer, who was on trial for a Violation of that section. He imported into this country 
 Messi's. Roland G. Cohen and Ernest Linegar, two subjects of Great Britain, living at Birming- 
 ham, England. The court, at the conclusion of the evidence for the Government, ordered the 
 jury to return a verdict of not guilty. The evidence tended to show that he had engaged them 
 while he himself was in England, and paid their fare to this country. 
 
 " The court, when the evidence was concluded, stated that he thought the statute was plainly 
 intended to apply to the class of persons who physically took part in the transportation of the 
 aliens, and ordered a verdict of not guilty. The defendant was discharged. The aliens were 
 allowed to go on their own recognizance." 
 
181 
 
 REPORT BY MR. BURNETT. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Scope and method of inquiry - . . _ 
 
 Tlie iunnignition gentrally - - . . 
 
 Extent of immigration - - - - - 
 
 Table showing arrivals by decades from 1820 to 1890 
 Immigration by nationalities and sexes - - - 
 
 Table showing arrivals by nationalities and by decades 
 
 of alien passengei's from 1820 to 18G7 and of immigrants 
 
 from 18G8 to 1890 - 
 Per-centages of amvals of aliens and immigrants of each 
 
 nationality by decades - . . . 
 
 Proportion of foreign bom in population 
 Increase of foreign-bora |)opulation in the United States 
 
 by principal countries of birth from 1850 to 1890 
 Proportion of males and females - - - - 
 
 Numbers and nationalities of immigrants arrived in the 
 
 Uniteil States during the 22 years each 30 June 1890, 
 
 distinguisliing between males and females 
 Immigration by occu|>ation8 - - - - 
 
 Classes of occupations, 1881-90 - - ~ - 
 
 The supply of laboui- - - - - - 
 
 State of opinion on the subject - - - . 
 
 Distinctive racial characteristics - - - - 
 
 British and Irish immigration - # - 
 
 Table of family budgets for the coal, iron, and steel 
 
 industries, classified by nationalities - - > 
 
 Canadian immigration - - - - - 
 
 German immigration - - - - . 
 
 Scandinavian immigration _ _ - . 
 
 Other immigration from Western l^urope 
 Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe 
 Immigration from Austro-Hungary - - . 
 
 Italian immigration _ - - - _ 
 
 Polish immigration - . _ - _ 
 
 Miscellaneous immigration - _ - _ 
 
 Immigration of Russian Jews - - - - 
 
 The sweating system . . _ - - 
 
 Workshop legislation and inspection _ - - 
 
 The work of Jewish organisations . - - 
 
 Statement showing income and expenditure of United 
 
 Hebrew Charities of New York for a period of six years 
 The Baron de Hirsch Fund _ . - . 
 
 Tjigo 
 185 
 186 
 187 
 188 
 189 
 
 189 
 
 190 
 192 
 
 193 
 194 
 
 195 
 195 
 196 
 198 
 200 
 201 
 202 
 
 204 
 208 
 211 
 211 
 212 
 212 
 212 
 221 
 227 
 228 
 228 
 233 
 245 
 250 
 
 251 
 254 
 
182 m 
 
 Pac:e 
 
 Jewish colonisation schemes - - - - 257 
 
 Some social defects of Jewish immigrants - - 261 
 
 Jews in receipt of public charity _ ~ _ 264 
 
 Comparative Jewish pauperism - - - _ 265 
 
 Birthplace of foreign parents (table) - - - 266 
 
 Criminality, insanity, and disease - - - 268 
 
 Nativity, &c., of parents of prisoners - - _ 269 
 
 Nativity of persons arrested - - - - 271 
 Nativity of persons held for trial, convicted, or committed 
 
 by City of New York Board of Justices, 1888-92 - 272 
 Table showing birthplaces of prisoners committed to jails 
 
 and Houses of Correction during the year ending 
 
 30 September 1890 - - - - ° 273 
 
 Insanity and general health - - - - 275 
 
 Illiteracy -----_ 279 
 
 Illiteracy in Europe - - . _ _ 280 
 
 Jewish opinion in America as to the Russian Jew - 281 
 
 Jewish immigrants and labour organisations - - 285 
 
 Opinions of labour leaders as to immigration generally - 287 
 Reports and resolutions of Trade Unions and other 
 
 American associations as to immigration - - 2.94 
 General opinion - - - - - -299 
 
 Appendix I. 
 
 No. 1. — Statement from miscellaneous tables of foreign 
 commerce of the United States, showing the number, 
 sex, and nationality of immigrants arrived in the 
 United States during each year ending 30 June from 
 1883 to 1892 inclusive - - - - 303 
 
 No. 2. — Statement from Annual Report of the Super- 
 intendent of Immigration for 1892 showing the 
 principal occupations of the immigrants of the 
 several nationalities arrived in the United States 
 during each year ending 30 June from 1875 to 1890 
 inclusive ----._ 310 
 
 Appendix II. — Table showing the foreign-born population 
 in the United States, distributed according to principal 
 countries of birth, 1850-1890 - - - 345 
 
 Appendix III. — Table showing nationality and religion 
 of recipients of relief from the New York Association 
 for Improving the Condition of the Poor during the 
 six years 1887-92 - - - - - 347 
 
 Appendix IV. — Statement showing nativity and 
 
 parentage of United States prisoners in 1890 from 
 
 Census Bulletin, No. 352 - - - - 348 
 
 Table I. — One parent foreign . . _ 343 
 
 Table II. — Both parents foreign . - - 349 
 
 Table III. — Analysis of mixed parentage - - 350 
 
188 
 
 APPENDIX V. — Factory Inspection Law (State of New 
 
 York) .----- 354 
 
 Appendix VI. — Copies of notices, &c., which may be 
 
 given under the Factory Inspection Law - - 361 
 
 Appendix VII. — State of Massachusetts Manufacture of 
 
 aothing Act - - - - - - 867 
 
 Appendix VIII. — Forms used under the above Act - 369 
 
 Appendix IX. — Legislature of Pennsylvania Text of 
 Act to prohibit the employment of any but American 
 citizens in the erection, enlargement, or improvement 
 of institutions or public buildings or public works to 
 which State Funds are appropriatcfl except as provided 
 therein ..---- 370 
 
 Legislature of Pennsylvania. Text of Act to provide for 
 the licensing of unnaturalized male persons twenty-one 
 ycArs of age and over who reside or are employed 
 within the commonwealth - - - - 371 
 
 List of works bearing on the subject of immigration into 
 
 the United States - - - • - 373 
 
185 
 
 EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION INTO THE UNITED 
 STATES, ITS NATURE AND EFFECTS. 
 
 REPORT BY Mr. BURNETT. 
 
 To the Controller-General of the Commercial, Labour, and 
 Statistical Departments, Bcmrd of Trade. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 In conformity with directions received from the Board of 
 Trade an investigation has been made into certain phases of the 
 subject of alien immigration into the United States. 
 
 Scope and Method of Inquiry. 
 
 In reporting on the results of such inquiry it is desirable in 
 the first place to set iorth the exact tenour of the instructions de- 
 fining nnd limiting the scope of the matters to be examined, in 
 order that the character and extent of the ground to be covered 
 may be at once understood. For the purposes of this report it is 
 not necessary to quote the whole text of the joint letter of in- 
 struction, but merely that poi*tion of it which specifies the second 
 division of the subject. The instruction is as follows : — To 
 inquire " into the nature and effects of that portion of the immi- 
 " gration which is of the character of the recent immigration of 
 " destitute foreigners from the eastern parts of Europe into 
 " England." 
 
 To closely observe the strict letter of this instruction might 
 have the effect not only of very much narrowing the range of 
 the questions to be examined, but might also tend to obscure some 
 of the issues involved. Immigration is, in the United States, a 
 subject of such vast importance and is so great a chapter in the 
 history of the country that it is extremely difficult to take any 
 single one of the diverse elements of which it is made up and 
 treat it by itself without reference to the other elements. No 
 report, therefore, can be complete or altogether intelligible which 
 does not take account in the first place, of the general characteris- 
 tics of such immigration. That portion of the immigration into 
 the United States which is of the character of that coming from 
 o 77399. N 
 
186 
 
 the eastern parts of Europe into England forms by no means the 
 largest proportion of the whole. It has also only begun to as- 
 sume considerable dimensions in comparatively recent years, and 
 its nature and effects have, therefore, been largely influenced by 
 the conditions previously existing, and created by other and 
 preponderant classes of immigrants. Therefore, before dealing 
 specially with the nature and effects of the immigration of 
 Russian Jews into the United States, it is proposed to give some 
 details as to American immigration generally. 
 
 It is desirable, however, in the first place, to say a few words 
 as to how the inquiry has been conducted. The time available 
 was limited, and, naturally, the area over which the investigation 
 extended was circumscribed. New York being the city of all 
 others in which the pressure of immigration is chiefly felt, occu- 
 pied a good share of time and attention. In addition the cities 
 of Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Washington Harrisburg, Pittsburg, 
 and the coke region adjacent, Columbus, Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, 
 Albany, Boston, Fall River, Newark, and Jersey City were visited. 
 The Jewish Colonies in New Jersey were also specially visited 
 and inspected. In each of these places interviews were held with 
 local authorities having knowledge of subjects directly or in- 
 directly bearing upon the social and economic effects of immigra- 
 tion, with trade union officials, and representatives of organisa- 
 tions of employers, and generally, with all persons known as 
 likely to be able to contribute special information on the subject. 
 At Washington members of the Senate and other public men 
 were seen, and United States officials in the Treasury and other 
 public departments consulted. In every case information was 
 given with the utmost readiness, and all public documents on the 
 subject were supplied freely. To enumerate all who assisted 
 in various ways would occupy too much space, and to make 
 selections would be invidious. A general acknowledgment of 
 indebtedness is therefore all that can safely be made. 
 
 The Immigration generally. 
 
 Practically the population of the United States has been built 
 up by immigration, as must be the case in every new country, 
 and but for the profusion of the supplies of immigrant labour 
 from Europe the development of the United States would have 
 been a very slow process indeed. Up to a certain point the chief 
 aim of United States legislation has been to encourage immigra- 
 tion. Even now it is felt that in respect to immigrants of a 
 special and select class, there is space and opportunity for them 
 in the States. Of late years, however, there has been growing 
 up an uneasy feeling that the recent tendency of immigration has 
 been to introduce large masses of people whose presence, instead 
 of being an advantage, is more likely to prove a source of danger 
 to the community. The favourite figure of speech used in this 
 
187 
 
 ion is, tliat tUe United States are now receiving elements 
 of population which cannot be assimilated. The earlier immi- 
 ^rrants consisteil chieHy of honest industrious people going to the 
 St/ites with the intention of bettering their position and of be- 
 coming citizens there. They were in sympathy generally with 
 the pc^Iitical, social, and religious institutions of the country, and 
 although not, in a majority of cases, speaking the language of 
 the earlier settlers, which liad, become the national tongue, 
 they were mastly prepared to acquire it as soon as possil)le. 
 There was thus seen in America a mixture of peoples of 
 <lirterent nationalities forming a singularly homogeneous and 
 united conmiunity, whose patriotism was not for the countries 
 from which they had come but for that which was now their 
 home. Chiefly by such as these and their descendants have the 
 Western States been peopled ; and their industry and frugality, 
 their thrift, and other public and private virtues have done 
 nmch to make the United States the great nation which they 
 now constitute. 
 
 Even so late as 1864 a bill was passed for the encouragement 
 of innnigration, and provided special machinery for this pur- 
 ix>se, which remained in operation for four yeai-s. Fui*ther 
 legislation in the same spirit was proposed in 1872 without 
 success, but right up to 1882 the national sentiment was strongly 
 in favour of absolutely free immigration. Since that period, 
 however, a gnulually increasing sentiment has been developing 
 in favour of the adoption of some methods of regulation or 
 restriction. In order to provide material for a clear appreciation 
 of this gradual change in feeling on so important a subject, it is 
 necesstiry to show the way in which the population of the 
 United States has been added to year by year by constant 
 ncct^HsioTis of new arrivals. 
 
 Extent of Immigration. 
 
 Voluminous statistics have been compiled by the Treasury 
 Department Bureau of Statistics, which provide the fullest in- 
 formation on this point. It is fortunately not necessary for the 
 purposes of this report to go back into the ancient history of the 
 subject, and therefore the fact that official records as to the tide 
 of immigi-ation previous to 1820 do not exist is not a matter of 
 much concern. Nor, up to 1856, was any separate account kept 
 of those who came as immigrants, and those who were merely 
 passengers and temporary sojourners in the States. From 1856 
 official statistics, w^hile distinguishing between mere passengers 
 and immigi-ants, took no account of separate nationalities. 
 Since that year the information collected has been much more 
 complete, and it is possible to gain from a few brief summaries 
 a knowledge of the extent to which other nations have contri- 
 buted to the population of the United States. Also to what 
 
 N 2 
 
188 
 
 branches of industry such immigrants belong, and in what States 
 of the Union they have chiefly settled in the flrst instance. 
 Such information is desirable if a clear notion is to be obtained 
 of the conditions at present existing, and therefore the follow- 
 ing statistical summaries are here given, fuller details, if neces- 
 sary, being reserved for an appendix. For general purposes it 
 is sufficient to show totals by decades, and this is done in the 
 following summary compiled from the Report of the Treasury 
 Bureau of Statistics : — 
 
 Showing Arrivals by Decades from 1820 to 1890. 
 
 Decade 
 ending with 
 
 Class. 
 
 Aggregate 
 Arrivals. 
 
 Annual 
 Average. 
 
 1830 
 1840 
 1850 
 1860 
 1870 
 1880 
 1890 
 
 Aliens 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 Aliens to 1855 inclusive ; 
 
 1860. 
 Immigrants 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do. 
 
 immigrants 1856 to 
 
 143,439 
 599,125 
 1,713,251 
 2,598,214 
 2,314,824 
 2,812,191 
 5,246,613 
 
 14,343 
 59.912 
 171,325 
 259,821 
 231,48? 
 281,219 
 524,661 
 
 The number of alien passengers arrived in the United States 
 from 1820 to 1855 inclusive was 4,212,624, and the number of 
 immigrants arrived from 1856 to 1890 inclusive was 11,188,556. 
 It has been estimated that prior to 1856 about 98 per cent, of 
 the total alien arrivals were of immigrants. Deducting 2 per 
 cent, for sojourners from the alien passengers arrived in the 
 United States between 1820 and 1855, and, adding the estimated 
 number of immigrants who arrived prior to 1820, we have a 
 total of immigrants arrived in the United States from the close 
 of the revolutionary war to June 30, 1890, of about 15,567,000. 
 These are the figures of the Treasury Bureau of Statistics, but 
 the report of the Superintendent of Immigration for 1892 states 
 this total at 16,662,916, a considerable difference not easily 
 accounted for 
 
 The above statement shows with tolerable clearness the 
 gradual growth of immigration during the first few decades, 
 while the last decade in particular shows an immense increase 
 upon the growth of any corresponding period. The largest 
 figures reached in any single year were those of 1882 when no 
 less than 788,992 immigrants arrived in the United States. 
 There is observable a slight falling off* in the period 1860 to 
 1870, which is probably due to the Civil War, but with that 
 exception the development has been continuous. 
 
189 
 
 Immigration by Nationalities and Sexes. 
 
 In order that the different i*acial elements, of which tliesc 
 totals have been made up, may be clearly seen, it is desirable to 
 quote a statement from the Treasury statistics showing : — 
 
 Arrivals, by Nationalities and by Decades, of Alien 
 Passengers from October 1, 1820, to December 31, 1867, 
 and of Immigrants from January 1, 1868, to June 30, 1890. 
 
 OountoiM wbenoe Mrrivad. 
 
 1811 
 
 1831 
 
 1841 
 
 .to 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 1880. 
 
 184a 
 
 18S0. 
 
 1851 
 
 to 
 
 Dec 81. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Jui.1. 
 
 Ftml 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 1861, 
 
 yean 
 
 year* 
 
 to 
 
 1871 
 
 1881 
 
 June SO. 
 
 ^ . 
 
 to 
 
 1870. 
 
 1880.' 
 
 1890. 
 
 ToUl. 
 
 Auitria-Hungary 
 
 Hi>lKium 
 
 Uenmark 
 
 Franco 
 
 Germany 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland ; 
 RnffUiid* 
 Sootlarid • 
 Ireland . . . 
 
 17 
 
 lao 
 
 8.497 
 
 22 
 
 1,063 
 
 45,875 
 
 t,79l 15M5« 
 
 5,074 
 538 
 
 4738 
 
 3.749 
 
 76,358 
 
 96Ue7 
 
 730O 
 
 72.969 
 
 383,719 
 
 6.784 
 
 7,221 
 
 20,177 
 
 17.094 
 
 31.771 
 
 88.182 
 
 38,984 
 
 72,206 
 
 50,464 
 
 787.468 
 
 718482 
 
 1.462^0 
 
 4U488 
 
 4S,i)93 
 
 142.517 
 
 366,846 
 
 4b504128 
 
 21467 784 
 2,012' 2.667 
 
 481 mum 
 
 80,7U| 
 
 3,712 38431 
 
 107.881 780J19 914^119 
 
 8681U8 460^479 6I7«488 
 
 t 
 
 38,768 87.564 149.860 
 
 435,778 436371 685.482 
 
 Total Great Britain^ 
 and Ireland •} 
 
 Itab' - • 
 
 Netherlands - 
 
 Norway and Sweden 
 
 Russia and Poland • 
 
 Spain and Portugal • 
 
 Switserland • . . 
 
 All other countries in 
 Europe . . . 
 
 Total Europe 
 
 China .... 
 
 All other countries of Asia - 
 
 Total Asia - 
 A|ric» - . - . 
 
 75.808 288.191 
 
 1/H7.763 1.338.003 1/Ma,674 984.91« 1,462,839 
 
 ^^480.880 
 
 328323 
 3,481.074 
 
 6,236,277 
 
 408 
 
 1,078 
 
 91 
 
 *1 
 
 2,622 
 
 3,226 
 
 2.253 1.870 9.281 U.728 55,7«> 
 
 1.412| 8.251 10.789 9,102, 16.541 
 
 1,201 1 13 W 20,931 ! 109.298: 211,245 
 
 656 1,621 4.536 52,254 
 
 2.759' 10.358 8,493| 9,803 
 
 4,821 4,644 25.011 23.286' 28,293: 
 
 I 1 I i I 
 
 H 
 
 2.954 
 
 307,309 
 
 53,701 
 
 668,362 
 
 265,068 
 
 6,535 
 
 388,558 
 100,874 
 925,031 
 324,892 
 43.609 
 
 961 
 
 155 
 
 116 
 
 210| 
 
 81,98S; 171,269 
 656 10,318| 11,594 
 
 98316 486388 1,597.502 2.45235712,064,407,2,261.904 4.721,602 
 
 1 1 1 1 
 
 13,692376 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 47 
 
 41397 
 fil 
 
 64301 
 308 
 
 123,201 
 622 
 
 61,711 
 6369 
 
 290,655 
 7,755 
 
 10 
 
 H 
 
 82 
 
 41.468 
 
 64,609 
 
 123323 
 
 68380 
 
 298.410 
 
 " 
 
 52{ 
 
 55 
 
 H 
 
 312 
 
 229 
 
 437 
 
 1311 
 
 * Includes Wales and Great Britain not specified. 
 
190 
 
 Countries whence arrived. 
 
 1821 
 
 to 
 
 1830. 
 
 1831* 
 
 to 
 
 1840. 
 
 1841 
 
 to 
 
 1850. 
 
 1861 
 
 to 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1860. 
 
 Jan. 1, 
 
 1861, 
 
 to 
 
 June 30, 
 1870. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 years 
 
 1871 
 
 to 
 
 1880. 
 
 Fiscal 
 years 
 
 1881 
 to 
 
 1890. 
 
 Total. 
 
 y.. '..♦.«]] 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 1 . ■ r^ , . , 
 
 British North American 
 Provinces - 
 
 2.277 
 
 18,624 
 
 41,723 
 
 59,309 
 
 153,871 
 
 388,269 
 
 892,802 
 
 1,046,875 
 
 Mexico - - - 
 
 4,817 
 
 6,599 
 
 3.271 
 
 3,078 
 
 2.191 
 
 6,362 
 
 1.913 
 
 27.231 
 
 Central America 
 
 • 105 
 
 44 
 
 368 
 
 449 
 
 96 
 
 210 
 
 462 
 
 1,734 
 
 South America 
 
 531 
 
 856 
 
 3,579 
 
 1.224 
 
 1,396 
 
 928 
 
 2,304 
 
 10,818 
 
 Wf«t Indies - 
 
 3,834 12,301 
 
 18,628 
 
 10.660 
 
 9,043 
 
 13,957 
 
 29,042 
 
 92,865 
 
 Total America 
 
 11,564 
 
 33,424 
 
 62,469 
 
 74,720 
 
 166.598 408,726 426,523 
 
 1,179,023 
 
 Islands of the Atlantic 
 
 352 
 
 103 
 
 337 
 
 3.090 
 
 3,446 
 
 10,056 
 
 15,798 
 
 38,182 
 
 Isiands of the Pacific 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 158 
 
 221 
 
 10,913 
 
 12,574 
 
 23,906 
 
 All other countries and 
 islands ... 
 
 82,679 
 
 69,801 
 
 52.777 
 
 25,921 
 
 15,232 
 
 1.540 
 
 1,299 
 
 199,249 
 
 Aggregate - 
 
 143,489 599,125 1,713,251 2,598,214 2,314,824 2.812;i91 5,246.613 15,427,657 
 
 This table includes passeng( 
 
 3rs who died on the voyage to the 
 
 United States betv 
 
 ^een 
 
 1856 
 
 and 
 
 1865 
 
 who could not be dis- 
 
 tinguished as to nationalities. 
 
 The general effect in the case of each nationality is more 
 clearly indicated by the following table from the same authority 
 showing : — 
 
 PER-CENTAGteS of the ARRIVALS of ALIENS and IMMIGRANTS of 
 
 each Nationality by Decades. 
 
 Countries whence arrived. 
 
 1821 
 
 to 
 
 1830. 
 
 1831 
 to 
 1840. 
 
 1841 
 
 to 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851 
 
 to 
 
 Dec. 31, 
 
 1860. 
 
 Jan. 1, 
 
 1861, 
 
 to 
 
 June 30, 
 
 1870. 
 
 Fiscnl 
 years 
 1871 
 to 
 1880. 
 
 Fiscal 
 years 
 
 1881 
 to 
 
 1890. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Austria-Hungary - 
 
 ~ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 •34 
 
 2-60 
 
 6-74 
 
 2-80 
 
 Belgium ... 
 
 •02 
 
 •01 
 
 •30 
 
 -18 
 
 •29 
 
 •26 
 
 •38 
 
 •28 
 
 Denmark 
 
 •12 
 
 •18 
 
 •03 
 
 •14 
 
 •74 
 
 1^13 
 
 1^68 
 
 •92 
 
 France 
 
 6-92 
 
 7-61 
 
 4-61 
 
 2-94 
 
 1^55 
 
 2*57 
 
 •96 
 
 2*38 
 
 Germany 
 
 4-72 
 
 25^46 
 
 26-87 
 
 36-63 
 
 34-02 
 
 - 
 
 25-54 
 
 27-70 
 
 29-20 
 
 Great Britain and Ireland : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 England* 
 
 15*46 
 
 I2^21 
 
 15*36 
 
 14-81 
 
 24-54 
 
 16-38 
 
 12-53 
 
 15-76 
 
 Scotland 
 
 2-03 
 
 •45 
 
 •22 
 
 1-51 
 
 1^68 
 
 3-11 
 
 2-86 
 
 2-10 
 
 Ireland - 
 
 35-36 
 
 84" 61 
 
 46^57 
 
 36-18 
 
 W82 
 
 16 54 
 
 12*40 
 
 22*56 
 
 Total Great Bri tain > 
 and Ireland -} 
 
 52-85 
 
 47-27 
 
 61-15 
 
 51-50 
 
 45-04 
 
 86*03 
 
 27-88 
 
 40-42 
 
 * Includefc "Wales and Great Britain not apecified. 
 
191 
 
 OoantriM whenee wrrivcd. 
 
 itu 
 
 to 
 1890. 
 
 ini 
 
 to 
 IMO. 
 
 1841 
 
 to 
 
 1850. 
 
 1S51 
 
 t« 
 
 Dec 31. 
 
 Jan.l. 
 
 1861. 
 
 to 
 
 June 80. 
 
 1870. 
 
 FiHoal 
 yeMTS 
 
 1871 
 to 
 
 1880. 
 
 Fiscal 
 
 years 
 
 1881 
 
 to 
 
 Total. 
 
 lUlj .... 
 
 •tg 
 
 •57 
 
 •11 
 
 •35 
 
 •51 
 
 1-98 
 
 5-86 
 
 2*52 
 
 NetlMrlands 
 
 •75 
 
 •» 
 
 •48 
 
 •48 
 
 •89 
 
 •60 
 
 1^02 
 
 '66 
 
 Kortn^andSwwIeii 
 
 •06 
 
 •JO 
 
 m 
 
 •81 
 
 4^7a 
 
 7*8l 
 
 10*84 
 
 6*00 
 
 Bui^MulPDiaiid. 
 
 •06 
 
 •11 
 
 •04 
 
 •06 
 
 •90 
 
 1^86 
 
 5^05 
 
 J'll 
 
 Sp^ Md PartiK(»l 
 
 !•» 
 
 •40 
 
 •16 
 
 •40 
 
 •87 
 
 •86 
 
 •12 
 
 •88 
 
 ewitMriAMl. 
 
 S'lS 
 
 •80 
 
 •t7 
 
 •96 
 
 1*00 
 
 100 
 
 l^66 
 
 I'll 
 
 All other oountriM in 
 Surope 
 
 >0t 
 
 *« 
 
 •01 
 
 ^ 
 
 •01 
 
 •« 
 
 .•t'*-19i 
 
 r. ^ 
 
 Totol Bitrope 
 
 «-» 
 
 8f74 
 
 93^t4 
 
 9440 
 
 89*18 
 
 80-44 
 
 89-90 
 
 88*76 
 
 China 
 
 — 
 
 •,' 
 
 — 
 
 1^80 
 
 878 
 
 4-88 
 
 1^18 
 
 1-38 
 
 lU other countriee ia Am 
 
 •(ft 
 
 •tt 
 
 •01 
 
 - 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 •18 
 
 •06 
 
 Total Alia • 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 1'0O 
 
 8^79 
 
 4^89 
 
 in 
 
 1*98 
 
 Ihicm 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 - , 
 
 fA 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 , ='i 
 
 r ' m 
 
 British North American 
 ProTineee • 
 
 !•» 
 
 r» 
 
 f44 
 
 8-88 
 
 6-64 
 
 18-68 
 
 7-40 
 
 «'19 
 
 Xexioo ... 
 
 8*98 
 
 i-io 
 
 •If 
 
 •12 
 
 •00 
 
 •«Q 
 
 •04 
 
 •18 
 
 Ontral and South America 
 
 ♦44 
 
 •16 
 
 *ts 
 
 •06 
 
 •06 
 
 •04 
 
 •06 
 
 •06 
 
 West IndiM . 
 
 2-67 
 
 t-06 
 
 •79 
 
 •41 
 
 •41 
 
 •49 
 
 •56 
 
 •69 
 
 Total America 
 
 $•06 
 
 B*8B 
 
 8^65 
 
 1- 
 
 t-ao 
 
 I486 
 
 8-18 
 
 7^64 
 
 lalandt of the Athintle . 
 
 •85 
 
 •01 
 
 •OS 
 
 It 
 
 •15 
 
 •86 
 
 •SO 
 
 •22 
 
 Islands of the Pacific 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 •01 
 
 •01 
 
 •89 
 
 •24 
 
 •16 
 
 All other countries and 
 islands 
 
 22^78 
 
 11^66 
 
 $•08 
 
 l^OO 
 
 •66 
 
 •05 
 
 •02 
 
 rso 
 
 Aggregate - 
 
 100*00 
 
 lOO^OO 
 
 100^00 
 
 lOO'OO 
 
 lOO^OO 
 
 lOO^OO 
 
 100*00 
 
 100^00 
 
 Of this enormous influx it is at once seen that by far the 
 greater proportion has been from Europe. This tendency con- 
 tinues to increase for, while in the first decade 68'89 per cent, 
 were Europeans, in the decade ending 1890 Europeans formed 
 88 per cent, of the whole. Another noticeable point brought 
 out by these tables is, that of all other nations, Great Britain 
 and Ireland taken together have been the largest contributors 
 to the population of the United States. It is true that of 
 late years Germany has supplied a growing number of her 
 people to the States, but it is certain that during the first fifty 
 years of the period under notice, Great Britain and Ireland were 
 pro\^ding more than one-half of an immigration the desirability 
 of which was never questioned. If to the proportion of Euro- 
 
192 
 
 pean immigration be added that from Britii^h North American 
 provinces, also almost exclusively European in origin, the pro- 
 portion remaining for non-European nations is so small that it 
 may be almost entirely disregarded for the purposes of this 
 report. Nor are these proportions materially affected by the 
 immigration of the two years 1891-2 which have elapsed since 
 the close of the decadal period. Right up to 1870 it is seen that 
 English-speaking people supply a majority of immigrants. In 
 1850 the Germans commenced to come in vast numbers ; a little 
 later the Scandinavian races assisted to swell the flood, then 
 in gradually increasing force those of Italy, Russia, and Austria- 
 Hungary. Most of the other European nations have either 
 fallen off, or not materially increased their numbers. So far 
 as the English-speaking races were concerned, coming as they 
 did in the lai-gest numbers, there was little difficulty of 
 assimilation. They spoke the language of the country to 
 begin with, and most of their habits and instincts were in 
 harmony with those of the people among whom they came. 
 In these respects the Germans and Scandinavians were but 
 little behind as settlers. It may indeed be said by many that 
 in some particulars they were superior, and the difficulty as 
 to language was of little consequence, owing to the readiness 
 with which the speech of the country was acquired. Only in a 
 few cases has there been shown any strong desire on the part of 
 the Germans to persist in maintaining their own language to the 
 exclusion of any other, and it is possible that in a few western 
 towns little English may be heard. The great thing is that these 
 races mixed among each other and readily became as American 
 almost as those bom in the country. Of those coming from 
 eastern and southern Europe the same cannot be said. The 
 Hungarians, the Russians, and even the Italians, have main- 
 tained habits and modes of life so different from those of the 
 other races that assimilation, at all events in the first genera- 
 tion, has proved impossible, and there are stated to be now 
 growing up in the United States settlements of aliens, neither 
 able nor desiring, to speak the language of the country, unwill- 
 ing to conform to its laws, and utterly at variance in many 
 ways with the genius and character of the American people. 
 There are undoubtedly undesirable elements among the immi- 
 grants of all the nationalities, but there can be little doubt that 
 but for those just referred to, little would be heard of any 
 immigration difficulty in the United States. 
 
 Proportion of Foreign Born in Population. 
 
 The distribution of population by sex and general nativity in 
 the United States as a whole is thus shown in the census returns 
 f or 1890:— 
 
 Aggregate population - - - 62,622,250 
 
 Males ..... 32,367,880 
 Females .... 30,554,370 
 
 Native bom - . . . 53,372,703 
 
 Foreign bom ... - 9,249,547 
 
193 
 
 The comparative increase of the total population and of the 
 forei^-born element over a period of 40 yeai-s is seen from tlie 
 following statement published in the Census returns : — 
 
 ^ '•*'^- Population. 
 
 PeraonRof 
 Foreign Birth. 
 
 Per cent, of 
 Poreifrn Born of 
 Tctel Population. 
 
 1860 
 
 lito 
 
 vm 
 
 ino 
 
 1»0 
 
 0.191370 
 S1.US.S21 
 XJK9MI 
 60.160.78S 
 a.«ISJ80 
 
 U«6i602 
 4.188.697 
 6.607ja9 
 6.679.MS 
 »3«t^7 
 
 9*68 
 1316 
 14--M 
 13 32 
 11-77 
 
 A census bulletin issued in January of the present year sup- 
 lies a table showing — 
 
 Increase of Foreion-born Population in the United States 
 by Principal Countries of Birth, 1850-1890. 
 
 Coamirji 
 
 usrsTisso. 
 
 Inereaeetrom 
 mo to 1880. 
 
 Inoreaae from 
 1860 to 1870. 
 
 IncreaMfVom 
 1860 to 1860. 
 
 if Birth. 
 
 1 
 
 No. 
 
 P*r 
 oont. 
 
 No. 
 
 Vn 
 cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Total 
 
 • U6B,ao*| 
 
 M'4r 
 
 1.11X7141 19*99 
 
 uaB,6» 
 
 84*61 
 
 I,89i096 
 
 84'88 
 
 GMUKUuidN« 
 
 )wfoaiMibMld MS.781 ' 86*78 ' <»,0M ' 46*88 ' 
 
 248.404 
 
 97*41 
 
 102,269 
 
 69-28 
 
 Mexico 
 
 • 9^464 IStt 1 t5.904 ' 
 
 61-19 
 
 14,969 
 
 64-50 
 
 14,149 
 
 106-26 
 
 Sooth AmeriM 
 
 1 • • 440 
 
 ru 
 
 1.001 
 
 2808 
 
 sot 
 
 9-26 
 
 1.720 
 
 111-47 
 
 Cuba and W« 
 
 (t Indie* • 6,886 
 
 41-80 
 
 4.8Sl| 
 
 41*75 
 
 4.217 
 
 57*86 
 
 1,581 
 
 27-89 
 
 Ir«laiid 
 
 • 16.938 1 0-91 
 
 •1.256 
 
 •0-07 
 
 244.52S 
 
 15*18 
 
 649,585 
 
 67*64 
 
 England • 
 
 - 244.982 1 
 
 1 
 
 86*88 
 
 109,114 
 
 19-66 
 
 121,562 
 
 28*04 
 
 154319 
 
 55-66 
 
 Scotland 
 
 • 72,096 
 
 42-S7 
 
 29.801 
 
 20*81 
 
 32.317 
 
 29*78 
 
 37,968 
 
 58*82 
 
 Wales 
 
 • lfl,777 
 
 20-14 
 
 8.769 
 
 11-77 
 
 28.770 
 
 62*87 
 
 15,895 
 
 58*22 
 
 Germany - 
 
 - 818,162 
 
 41-60 
 
 276,209 
 
 16-84 
 
 414,458 
 
 32*48 
 
 692,301 
 
 118*69 
 
 Austrir. 
 
 - 84.608 
 
 218-88 
 
 8.155 
 
 26-73 
 
 5,447 
 
 21*73 
 
 24,115 
 
 2,549*15 
 
 Holland 
 
 - 28,758 
 
 40-86 
 
 11.288 
 
 24*12 
 
 18,521 
 
 05*49 
 
 18,433 
 
 187-18 
 
 Belgium 
 
 - 7.104 
 
 45-73 
 
 2.982 
 
 23-76 
 
 8,481 
 
 38-37 
 
 7.759 
 
 690*94 
 
 Switzerland • 
 
 - 15,-M8 
 
 17-4S 
 
 13.468 
 
 17*92 
 
 21,826 
 
 40*93 
 
 39,969 
 
 299*21 
 
 Norway 
 
 - 140.9S6 
 
 77-65 
 
 67.483 
 
 59-07 
 
 70,251 
 
 159*68 
 
 31,317 
 
 247-02 
 
 Sweden 
 
 - 285.704 
 
 145-99 
 
 97.003 
 
 99-66 
 
 78,707 
 
 422*59 
 
 16,066 
 
 423*32 
 
 Denmark 
 
 - 68.S47 
 
 106-47 
 
 34,089 
 
 113-28 
 
 20,145 
 
 202*22 
 
 8,124 
 
 442-00 
 
 Russia 
 
 • 146,922 
 
 411-29 
 
 31.078 
 
 669-21 
 
 1,484 
 
 46*96 
 
 1,746 
 
 123*48 
 
 Hungary 
 
 - 60.909 
 
 441-69 
 
 7.789 
 
 208*43 
 
 3,737 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 - S2.745 
 
 38-36 
 
 45,072 
 
 111-87 
 
 40,289 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Poland 
 
 - 98,883 
 
 203-64 
 
 34.121 
 
 286-30 
 
 7,138 
 
 97-81 
 
 7,298 
 
 — 
 
 Prance 
 
 6.203 
 
 5-80 
 
 •9,481 
 
 •8-10 
 
 6,532 
 
 5*95 
 
 55,801 
 
 103*20 
 
 lUly - 
 
 - 138.S50 
 
 312-80 
 
 27,073 
 
 157-80 
 
 6,639 
 
 63*12 
 
 6,873 
 
 188*56 
 
 Spain - 
 
 - 1.064 
 
 20-78 
 
 1,357 
 
 36-05 
 
 •480 
 
 •11*31 
 
 1.131 
 
 36*88 
 
 Portu!?al 
 
 - 7,858 
 
 96-56 
 
 8,596 
 
 79*17 426 
 
 10-35 
 
 2,842 
 
 223*08 
 
 China 
 
 - 2,220 
 
 2-13 ' 41,426 
 
 65*71 27,477 
 
 77*26 
 
 34,807 
 
 4,591-95 
 
 other foreigt 
 
 I countriet - ! 11,141 
 
 25-76 18.637 
 
 75*03 12,310 
 
 99-30 •31,468 
 
 •71-74 
 
 Decrease. 
 
194 
 
 During the decade from 1880 to 1890 the largest per-centages 
 of increase are for persons born in Hungary, or 441*69 per cent. ; 
 in Russia, 411*29 per cent. ; in Italy, 312*80 per cent. ; in Austria, 
 218*83 per cenc, and in Poland, 203*64 per cent. In 1880, 
 persons born in the countries just mentioned did not number 
 50,000 in any case, while in 1890 they have increased, with the 
 exception of Hungary, to considerably more than 100,000 in each 
 instance ; in the case of Russia and Italy to very nearly 200,000 
 and in the case of Poland to very nearly 150,000. In 1880, 
 persons born in Hungary numbered 11,526, and they have 
 increased to 62,435 in 1890. 
 
 For the same decade there has also been an increase of over 
 100 per cent, for persons bom in Denmark and in Sweden ; for 
 persons born in Norway and in Portugal there has been an 
 increase of more than 75 per cent. ; for persons born in Canada 
 and Newfoundland, 36*78 per cent. ; for those born in England, 
 36*88 per cent. ; for those born in Scotland, 42*37 per cent. ; for 
 those born in Germany, 41*60 per cent., while for those born in 
 Ireland there has been an increase of but 0*91 per cent. 
 
 Pkoportion of Males and Females. 
 
 Further statistics show that, so far as the nations of western 
 and northern Europe are concerned, the immigration is largely 
 by families. There is thus almost an equality in the per-centage 
 of males and females among those they send. In 1892, 51 per 
 cent, of the entire Irish immigration was male and 49 female, 
 but, in the cases of Italy and Hungary the per-centages of 
 females were only 20*6 and 26*2 respectively. It is assumed that 
 when immigration is by families those who come mean to stay, 
 and become citizens of the Republic, whereas in the case of men 
 coming alone, they may only come for a time. In the case of 
 immigrants from Russia, owing to the special circumstances of 
 the great immigration, of recent years the figures are more 
 favourable than in the two latter cases, being 34*2. It is, 
 however, fairer to take figures which cover a series of years, 
 and exact proportions for 22 years are shown in the following 
 statement showing : — 
 
196 
 
 Numbers and NATfONALTTiEs of Immiorants arrived in the 
 United States (iurinpj the 22 years ending June 30, 1890, 
 distinguishing between Males and Females. 
 
 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 1 
 
 
 OoantTM. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Pw 
 
 cent. 
 
 of 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent, 
 of 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 TotaL 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 Bmiope: 
 
 Aiistri».Hung»r7 
 
 tt0.6M 
 
 e«*8 
 
 16S.068 
 
 38-2 
 
 482.612 
 
 Dennmrk. Norway. »nd Sweden 
 
 aMJiT 
 
 ei'8 
 
 370880 
 
 88*2 
 
 974.193 
 
 Franco 
 
 8vm 
 
 «8*» 
 
 47.409 
 
 86*1 
 
 131,658 
 
 Germany 
 
 - 
 
 \w,m 
 
 68t 
 
 1,01WM 
 
 41-8 
 
 2,420,419 
 
 Oteak Britain and Ireland : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 MfH^m . 
 
 
 mfia 
 
 61*t 
 
 496,888 
 
 38-8 
 
 1.286,810 
 
 Sootland . 
 
 
 168^9 
 
 61*4 
 
 99,886 
 
 38-6 
 
 257.706 
 
 Ireland 
 
 
 eui6ss 
 
 61-5 
 
 5n.4S8 
 
 48*6 
 
 1.190.186 
 
 Italy .... 
 
 
 98&910 
 
 788 
 
 78,688 
 
 21*4 
 
 367.448 
 
 Netherlands and Belsinm • 
 
 
 6M«8 
 
 61*7 
 
 38^321 
 
 383 
 
 102.764 
 
 KomU and Poland 
 
 
 WMO 
 
 6S'0 
 
 111,680 
 
 36*0 
 
 819,000 
 
 Spain and Portucal 
 
 
 1S.4M 
 
 71*6 
 
 6.121 
 
 27*4 
 
 18,666 
 
 Switierland 
 
 
 7*^ 
 
 64-8 
 
 41.768 
 
 86-7 
 
 117,006 
 
 Other Europe . 
 
 
 7,481 
 
 75-0 
 
 2,647 
 
 26*0 
 
 10.028 
 
 Total ^rope - 
 
 4.58»,6as 
 
 00*2 
 
 3.087,608 
 
 89-8 
 
 7,627,283 
 
 North and South America- 
 
 
 640,180 
 
 60S 
 
 366.488 
 
 89*7 
 
 896.668 
 
 Asia . 
 
 
 213,880 
 
 96*8 
 
 7,097 
 
 3*2 
 
 2204*77 
 
 Africa - 
 
 
 558 
 
 72-6 
 
 211 
 
 27*5 
 
 769 
 
 Islands of the Atlantic 
 
 
 17,600 
 
 65*9 
 
 9^29 
 
 34*1 
 
 26,729 
 
 Islands of the Pacific 
 
 
 17,929 
 
 76-8 
 
 6,596 
 
 23*7 
 
 23,624 
 
 All other islands and ports 
 
 
 1.764 
 
 610 
 
 uii 
 
 39*0 
 
 2,876 
 
 Total . 
 
 5,881,586 
 
 61-2 
 
 8.417,288 
 
 38-8 
 
 8.798,776 
 
 Immigration by Occupations. 
 
 The occupations of the immigrants entering the United States 
 is also a point of much importance, as in the advanced stage of 
 progress now reached there, and with a labour market already 
 somewhat crowded in some departments, the influx of kinds of 
 labour not really required by the circumstances of the countiy 
 may cause considerable inconvenience in many cases. An 
 American estimate places the value to the country of an immi- 
 grant 21 years of age, possessing a common school education, and 
 a skilled trade, at 1,500 dollars. His economic value to the State 
 
196 
 
 is said to be regulated by his social value. If he builds into the 
 social fabric readily, and becomes Americanised, economic and 
 thrifty, the estimate is a moderate one. Otherwise he sinks in 
 the scale of value, until his presence is rather a tax upon, than an 
 advantage to, the community. A rough idea of the character of 
 the immigration looked at from this point of view may be 
 obtained from the following ^statement showing 
 
 Classes of Occupations arriving in this country, 1881 to 1890, 
 
 inclusive. 
 
 Classes of Occupations . 
 
 Males. 
 
 Females. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Professional 
 
 25,257 
 
 1,749- 
 
 27,006 
 
 Skilled 
 
 514,552 
 
 25,859 
 
 540,411 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 1.853,335 
 
 245,810 
 
 2,079,135 
 
 Not stated 
 
 73,327 
 
 42,830 
 
 116,157 
 
 "Without occupation .... 
 
 759,450 
 
 1,724,454 
 
 2,483,904 
 
 Total .... 
 
 3.205,911 
 
 2,040,702 
 
 5,246.613 
 
 In this table " miscellaneous occupations " form 39*63 per 
 cent, of the total and include labourers, farmers' servants and 
 " merchants," who are mostly pedlars. 
 
 During 1892, of the 579,663 immigrants arriving 62,371 were 
 skilled artizans, 2,508 were blacksmiths; 2,506 were bakers; 
 2,723 were butchers ; 99 were architects ; 5,201 were carpenters ; 
 2,653 were cigar makers ; 9,274 were tailors ; 4,766 were shoe- 
 makers; 2,079 were painters; 751 were musicians, and 3,709 
 were masons. It thus appears that not more than 9 per cent, of 
 the whole number of immigrants belong to the ranks of skilled 
 labour. This branch of the subject is so important in its bearing, 
 that fuller statistical tables dealing with immigration by occupa- 
 tions are provided in an appendix to this report. The classifica- 
 tion in the tables which covers a period from 1875 to 1890 into 
 trades is very broad and general, but what appears from a cur- 
 sory survey of them is that America has drawn for her supply of 
 clergymen chiefly upon Great Britain and Ireland, while for her 
 musicians the countries chiefly laid under contribution have been 
 Germany and Italy. Great Britain and Ireland have been 
 chiefly instrumental in providing physicians and surgeons for the 
 United States. Teachers have been drawn from Germany, in 
 largest proportion, with Great Britain and Ireland next. De- 
 scending from the professions to the skilled trades, it is found 
 that Germany has furnished bakers almost in the proportion of 
 two to one over Great Britain, next on the list. In the other 
 great food trade, butchering, Germany is far ahead of any other 
 nationality. Nothwithstanding a fairly regular supply of from 
 
197 
 
 •iOO U) 500 British blacksmithn every year, Germany dunn^ the 
 yeiu-s 1881 to 1885 sent in numbers so large, tis to chvim also a 
 majority in this branch of trade, though British North America 
 is also strongly represented. Great Britiiin easily heads the list 
 >vith engineers and machinists, with Germany second. For 
 premier position as to carpenters and joiners. Great Britain and 
 Ireland run a close nice with Germany, who in this line of 
 industry sent greiit supplies of immigrants in the yeai*s 1880 
 to 1884. Stonemasons have been supplied chiefly by Great 
 Britain and Irehmd, with Germany next, and Italy in later yeai-s 
 improving her contributions of these mechanics. In the depart- 
 ment of " mechanics not specified," Great Britain is far ahetid. 
 Clerks also are chiefly British. In the clothing trades, shoe- 
 makers have been chiefly of German origin. The same holds 
 good in respect of tailors, Great Britivin and Ireland also standing 
 well, with Russia and Poland inci*easing their numbers largely 
 during recent years. Dressmakers are mostly British and 
 British American, with Germany next, and France and Switzer- 
 and standing proportionately nmch better than in other divisions. 
 The miners of Great Britain and Ireland count more heavily in 
 the total of this brancli of trade than any other nationality, with 
 Austria, Hungary, and Italy increasing their supplies durinnr the 
 last seven years of the period under review. Germany, Great 
 Britain, and Ireland, have been the principal sources of supply 
 for gardeners, hut Gennany is far ahead of any other nationali- 
 ties as respects farmers. Great Britain and Ireland come next in 
 importance in this great branch of industry, British North 
 America standing well. Scandinavian countries also supply many 
 farmers, while Italy, and Russia and Poland have considerably 
 increased their number during the latter part of the peiiod. 
 Mariners have been contributed chiefly by Great Britain and 
 Ireland, British North America, and Norway and Sweden. The 
 tobacco industry has been reinforced mainly from Germany and 
 Cuba. Great Britain has sent most weavers, Germany being 
 second on the list. " Merchant dealers " have come in largest 
 numbers from Germany and Great Britain ; while, since 1880 
 Russia and Poland has been steadily augmenting its supply of 
 pedlars to this category. For servants, Ireland distances any 
 other country, England and Germany being next. The vast 
 army of general labourers necessary to such a country as the 
 United States has been mainly contributed from Germany, 
 Ireland, and England, and for the last seven years of the time 
 Russia, Italy, and Austria-Hungary, have also been sending vast 
 numbers to swell the great army of the unskilled. Unfortu- 
 nately the portion of the census returns of 1890 dealing with the 
 distribution of population by occupations and nationalities has 
 not yet l)een published, and it is difficult to find sources of in- 
 formation relative to the proportions of native and foreign labour 
 in different industries later than the census of 1880. At that 
 time nearly one-third of the persons engaged in manufacturing, 
 
198 
 
 mechanical and mining industries,- were of foreign birth. In the 
 textile trades the proportion was nearer to one half than to one- 
 third, and to-day there is no reason to think the proportion has 
 at all decreased. A few of the largest centres of the cotton trade 
 are, in fact, almost like British settlements, such towns as Fall 
 River and New Bedford, strangely resembling Lancashire com- 
 munities, the only mixture being of Irish and French Canadians. 
 Foreign iron and steel workers formed, in 1880, 36 per cent, of 
 the trade, while among engineers and firemen 27 per cent were 
 of foreign birth. In the leather trades 45 per cent, were 
 foreign. Not less than 56 per cent, of the bakers were foreign, 
 and 44 per cent, of the cigar makers. In the building trades 35 
 per cent, of the masons, 27 per cent, of the plasterers, and 23 per 
 cent, of the carpenters and joiners were foreign born. In the 
 western states especially, the proportions were much larger. That 
 these drafts of skilled artisans were of immense service in de- 
 veloping the resources of the United States is beyond dispute. It 
 is equally certain that their employment would also necessitate 
 the employment of proportionately large numbers of men in other 
 industries and of unskilled labour in hundreds of ways. It has 
 already been shown, however, that while a very slight propor- 
 tion of the immigration into the United States has consisted of 
 skilled labour, at least three-fourths of it has been unskilled, 
 which, of late years, settling down in the large towns where it 
 has at first landed, has proved a source of embarrassment rather 
 than an advantage to the community. 
 
 The Supply of Labour. 
 
 It cannot yet be said that the United States has received as 
 full a supply of labour as is necessary for all her wants. The 
 complete development of so immense a territory is yet far off, 
 and out in the far West there is doubtless room for large numbers 
 of men, while even in the Southern States there is a gradually 
 expanding field for industry. However this may be, things 
 have reached a point at which consideration is required, and 
 thinkers and politicians are arriving at the conclusion, that a 
 rest should be taken from the process of indiscriminate swallow- 
 ing up of all comers, to allow time for the needful work of 
 assimilation which is not now going on with such celerity as 
 before. A dozen years ago the United States had a labour 
 market wide enough for all who came with arms to work, but 
 now an unemployed question is growing up there, as in older 
 countries, and with its growth men are beginning to ask on 
 every hand, if nothing can be done to so regulate the supply of 
 foreign labour that it may be sent directly to the pla^e at which 
 it is wanted, or, whether failing that, the influx of foreign labour 
 should not in some way be limited, suspended, or otherwise re- 
 stricted. It is unnecessary to aigue here what the value of the 
 immigrant may be to a community. The amount of capital he 
 
1J^9 
 
 may bring with him, the potentiality of work for the benefit of 
 the nation which may be^ locked up in his chest of tools, or in 
 his thews and sinews, or in . the Civpabilities of his children, are 
 doubtless all elements which the economist might claim to have 
 taken into account in such a discussion. These elements of 
 value might be supplemented by his power as a consumer ius 
 well as a producer, but all such considerations are wide of the 
 mark if, in the community to which he goes, there is no i*oom for 
 him except by the displacement of someone else. In the 
 United States this process of displacing the older settler by a 
 newer immigrant, willing to dispose of his services at a lower 
 price, has hithoi*to been carried on with tolerable ease, as the 
 man supplanted has limply had to move on to another field, 
 and often to a higher plane of labour and remuneration. But 
 big as America is this is a process which cannot be perpetually 
 going on, and which becomes more and more difficult as popula- 
 tion increases. The overflow pipe out westward does not now 
 work so freely, and in the great industrial centres of the eastern 
 states there are at times armies of unemployed as numerous as 
 in the nations of the Old World. 
 
 Thus, reporting on Industrial depressions in 1886, Mr. Carroll 
 D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labour, said, that 
 upon the investigations of his agents and other sources of infor- 
 mation he had based an estimate that during the year ending 
 July 1, 1885, 7i per cent, of the workers of the United States 
 were unemployed. This per-centage he, however, considered 
 too large if applied to all the industries of the country, and 
 he limited it to those engaged in agriculture, trade and trans- 
 portation, mechanical and mining industries and manufactures. 
 " There were," he says, " engaged in those four great branches, 
 " as shown by the Census of 1880, 13,317,861 persons. Apply- 
 " ing the per-centage ai-rived at (7i per cent.), we obtain a 
 " total of 998,839 as constituting the best estimate of the 
 " possibly unemployed in the United States during the year 
 " ending July 1, 1885 (meaning by the unemployed those, who, 
 " imder prosperous times, would be fully employed, and who 
 *' during the time mentioned were seeking employment), that 
 " it has been possible for the Bureau to make." It is probably 
 " true that this total (in round numbers 1,000,000), as repre- 
 " senting the unemployed at any one time in the United States, 
 " is fairly representative, even if the labourers thrown out of 
 " work by the cessation of railroad building be included. " This 
 " estimate exhibits the extreme possibility of non-employment at 
 " the worst point of the depression, but it should be remembered 
 " that even in so-called prosperous times there are from two to 
 " two and a half per cent, of the forces considered out of employ- 
 " ment. Prosperity often shifts employment from one class to 
 " another." 
 
 During the same year a much more systematic inquiry by the 
 same gentleman was conducted in the State of Massachusetts, a 
 
200 
 
 district in which general industries are largely carried on. It 
 was found that during the year ending May 1st, 1885, there 
 had been a total of 241,589 unemployed persons. The pro- 
 portions of employed and non-employed were respectively 
 70-41 and 29*59. Of the unemployed 19,578, or 810 per cent., 
 were unemployed for one month only ; 47,775, or 1978 percent., 
 were unemployed two months ; 41,877, or 17'33 per cent., three 
 months; 47,424, or 19*63 percent., four months; 16,247, or 6*73 
 per cent., five months ; 42,813, or 17*72 per cent., six months; 
 while 25,875, or 10*71 per cent., were unemployed for more than 
 six months during the year. The average of unemployment for 
 the 241,589 persons out of work was 4*11 months, which may be 
 considered as the equivalent to 82,744 persons unemployed for an 
 entire year. These facts, it may be said, refer to a period of 
 intense trade depression, but it is to be noted that the Chief 
 Commissioner of Labour asserts that even in prosperous times 
 there is a margin of from 2 to 2^ per cent, of workers unem- 
 ployed. No statistics of this kind have recently been collected 
 in the United States, and the trade unions not dealing in the 
 same way with their unemployed members as the older British 
 unions, are unable to furnish much information as to actual 
 numbers. At the present time there can be little doubt that the 
 labour market generally in the United States is not in a very 
 healthy condition, and though matters may not be so bad as in 
 1885, there are many thousands out of work. The weekly 
 journal of the Knights of Labour, of February 2nd last, says 
 that in the town of St. Louis there were 10,000 men out of 
 work and over 2.000 families had applied for charitable relief. 
 During April a meeting of 1,500 unemployed men was held in 
 San Francisco to demand work 'from the city authorities, and one 
 speaker declared that 25 per cent, of the skilled labour of the 
 city was unemployed. The general secretary of the Cigar 
 Makers' Union states that his society has during the last four 
 years paid unemployed benefit and that during that time, 
 although trade has been fairly good, 2 ^ per cent, of the members 
 have been unemployed. 
 
 State of Opinion on the Subject. 
 
 It is thus clear that there is an unemployed question in the 
 United States quite as serious in times of depression if not, 
 indeed, more so than with us. Necessarily, therefore, in many 
 trades, the pressure of a keen competition has been felt, and 
 among working men a strong body of opinion on the subject of 
 immigration has been gradually growing up. As yet it cannot 
 be said that this has become a burning labour question. Those 
 who have taken up the more advanced position in respect to it 
 have been rather political economists like General Walker and 
 Mr. Richmond Mayo Smith, while a few politicians such as Sena- 
 tor Chandler and Mr. Ford have tried to bring about restrictive 
 legislation. Among the working classes themselves, however. 
 
201 
 
 no one has formuhited a pro<^mnnnu for a gentiino anti-iinnii- 
 gration movement and the uttenmces of labour leadets have up 
 till now been Viigue and indefinite. There are a few who are 
 prep<ired to advocate restriction : regulation by educ^itional or 
 other te^ts : while a few would even go so far a.s to entirely 
 suspend immigration for a more or less limited period. Nothing, 
 however, will give a better idea of the general feeling of 
 the lal)our organisations of the United States on the subject 
 than the resolutions passed fiom time to time at the official 
 gatherings of suc'i bodies. 
 
 At the meeting of the sixteenth i-egular session of the general 
 amembly of the Knights of Labour held at St. Louis in 
 Novein})cr last claiming to i-epresent from 250,000 to 800,000 
 niemlxM-R a resoluticm fi-om the Committee on I^'gislation was 
 adopt<Ml, which was as follows : 
 
 "That immigrati* n be restricted by the passage of laws com- 
 p.dling all inmi'giants coming to this country for the pui-pose of 
 employment to .•-how the npces.sary means for one year's support 
 before l>eing jH^rmitted to enter. ' 
 
 The views of other laliour unions, and lalxnir lHadei*s, may be 
 quot^Ml more fully hei'eafter ; but, in the meantime, it is of 
 imme<liate interest to in<|uire nioi*e clasely as to some of the 
 causes which have induced so large a bo ly of workers, the bulk 
 of whom are probably immigrants tht-mselves, or the sons of 
 immigrants, to pa«s a resolution so restrictive. It must not for 
 a moment h.' supposed that theie is on the part of American 
 workt-i-s genei-ally any wild, unreasoning desire to stop others 
 entering the country, solely because the effect upon wages may 
 be disastrous. They even recognise that, while thousands of 
 men ntay be unemployed in the United Stat^-.s, it is not always 
 easy, upon humanitarian ground-*, to deny the light of other 
 men to choose their own place of abode wherever may seem 
 good to them. And, as will appear later on, many of those who 
 have th*-mselves come as immigi*ants lo the country say, " How 
 " can we refuse to others the exei-cis^ of a right which we 
 " have ourselves enjoyed?" Under these circumstances it 
 becomes necessary to ask why the Knights of Labour have 
 taken up a position so pronounced. This society is a union of 
 workeis belonging to an immense variety of trades. Thus all 
 bi-anches of industry suffering from genei-al or special grievances, 
 find in the chief authority of the organisation their principal 
 means of expression and redress. 
 
 Distinctive Racial Characteristics, 
 
 As has already been stated, it is onl}^ within comparatively 
 recent years that much cause of complaint has arisen among 
 workmen as to excessive immigi-ation. Even now the complaint 
 is only general among a limited number of industries, and in 
 respect only to certain elements of the immigration. Therefore, 
 with the statistical information already provided, and any other 
 o 77399. O 
 
202 
 
 which may be adduced as the inquiry proceeds, it may be 
 possible to arrive at some definite opinion on the subject. 
 There are two modes of procedure which may be here adopted. 
 The inquiry may be pursued by trades, or it may be followed 
 out by nationalities. Having regard to the special object of this 
 report, the latter method will, perhaps, be the most convenient. 
 
 British and Irish Immigration. 
 
 The nationalities of all others which have done most to people 
 the United States are Great Britain and Ireland jointly. It has 
 already been seen that up to the decade ending 1870, more than 
 one-half of the average immigration was of British and Irish 
 people. Much of this immigration was doubtless unskilled, but 
 it was the kind of labour which a new country required, and it 
 at once fell into line with the already settled labour of the 
 country, if, indeed, it did not advance the standard of skill already 
 existing there. Its great advantage was that the imiiiigrants spoke 
 the language of the country, and assimilated themselves readily to 
 the laws and customs of the nation, to which they were really 
 akin. Nor even up till to-day has there been any serious objection 
 raised to the British and Irish immigration in so far as it has 
 been voluntary and unassisted. Murmurs are occasionally 
 heard about the large proportion of unskilled labour coming 
 from Ireland, but it generally finds employment in places, and in 
 methods, in which it does not seriously compete with native 
 labour. From Ireland, also, goes an equal stream of female la- 
 bour which finds ready employment in domestic service. Among 
 the skilled trades there is little complaint whatever, about British 
 and Irish labour so long as it comes to the States to settle, and 
 become naturalised. The chief objection to it is when it comes 
 under contract, or when it consists of those who only come for a 
 season, and again return home like ' birds of passage," going 
 west in the spring and back to Europe in the fall. This is a kind 
 of seasonal immigration about which American workmen make 
 bitter complaint. Before the Select Committee of the House of 
 Representatives which sat in 1888, Mr. E. Stephenson, for many 
 years Commissioner of Emigration for the State of New York, 
 testified that from his own observation he knew of large num- 
 bers of workmen who came across in the spring, worked in the 
 United States during the summer months, and returned to 
 Europe in the autumn. These were skilled workmen, mostly 
 belonging to various branches of the building trade, or coming 
 as glass blowers, silk weavers, locomotive engineers, &c. In 
 his opinion, this went on to a large extent. The same witness 
 also complained that pauper immigrants were assisted to the 
 States by the British Government, or by Boards of Guardians. 
 
 The American Union of Stonecutters gave evidence as to the 
 importation of British labour into their trade. Such labour 
 was often brought under contract, and much of it was of the 
 character which did not settle permanently in the country, but 
 
203 
 
 pMsed to and fro. It was also alleged, tliatin iEis trade 
 MTangements were niaile to have a surplus of labour with a view 
 to keep down wages. Cases were also quoted in which men, 
 having been brought over under contract, were afterwards 
 discharged, and told that juj labour contracts with persons 
 abroad were illegal, they could not be enforced. Thei*e were also 
 references to cases in which, on the other hand, operatives had, 
 broken their contracts on the same ground. It is not, however/ 
 alleged against tliese British immigrants that, l)eyond generally 
 atfejting the labour market, by causing a surplus of supply, they 
 depreciate the value of labour by working for less than the 
 8tandai\l rates of wages. It is mostly admitted that the British 
 and Iri>>h artisans who come to America, make the best and 
 strongest trade unionists, and, in many instances, do more to 
 maintain trade privileges than native Americiins. In some of 
 the skilled trades it is even claimed by British artisans who 
 have settled in the States, that in wtiges they take the lead. 
 Skilled mechanical engineers, indeed, assert that, in most ca>;es, 
 the British and German workmen are at the top of the wnges 
 scale, and the native American at the bottom. This, at first 
 sight, would seem an exaggerated opinion as to the character of 
 British labour in American skilled trades, and could hardly be 
 quoted here, but for the fact that it is borne out by the recent 
 United States Repoit on the Cost of Production. Dr. E. R. L. 
 (I'ould, who was largely concerned in the ctirrying out of the 
 work of the Report, writing specially on this subject, says : — 
 " The figures for the United States do not refer to Americans 
 " alone, }>ince, as every one knows, a large proportion of the 
 " labourers are immigrants from the Old World. It is r^uite 
 " fair, I think, to call the standard of life practised in the 
 " United States the American, since the native-born workman 
 " created it, and fixed the price of his labour at a point where 
 " he could live up to it. But we must not for a moment suppose 
 " that he alone now-a-days maintains it. In this he is equalled, 
 " and sometimes sui-passed, by the best class of immigrants who 
 " find work in mining and metallurgj^ viz., the British and Gcr- 
 " mans. Other nationalities have not as yet come up to the 
 " mark." He gives what he asserts to be proof of this in the 
 following table : — 
 
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 •uoi?.iodojj^ 
 
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 •^unoray 
 
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 JO gguiuaBa; 
 
 ^q pouiBjuitJUi 
 
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 uaqranx 
 
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 JO jaquin\[ aS^jaAy 
 
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 •joqum^v IPioj, 
 
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20.5 
 
 " There are facts," he goes on, " herein pi'esented which fur- 
 •' nish a sevei-e blow to Chanvinisni. The avera^ workman in 
 " the allieil indiwtries of American birth earns loss tlian the 
 " Briton or the Gennan, though he is alioad of other nation- 
 " alitiea. In the relative size of his contribution to tlie family 
 " support he only f^ves place to the German, whose habits have 
 *' in this respect undergone a marked change since his ti*ans- 
 " planting in the New World. The pix)porti()n of cases in which 
 " the husband actually supported the family ui*e fewer, the 
 " total earning« of the family are less, the house accommo- 
 " dation is slightly inferior, a smalK^r })et' capitd expenditui'e 
 " apjwars for food and clothing for the native American than 
 " for the Americanised Briton and German. In other words in 
 " all im|X)i-tant i*esi)ects, except the consumption of alcoholic 
 " drinks, these latter seem to be living on a higher level. As 
 " regards the other nationalities, the American conserves his 
 " leadership, though the expatriated Frenchman is not far 
 " behind." 
 
 This is striking independent testimony to the value of British 
 immigi-ation, generally, into the United States, nnd might be 
 confinned at great length if space permitted, by the evidence of 
 the officials of many American trade unions. The special 
 fitness of British labour for the I'nited States lies first in the 
 kinship of the people, and next, in its diflflision over every trade 
 in the whole field of industry. There is no particular trade 
 which it can be said to have made wholly its own, but in nearly 
 every case, it is found forming ct solid portion of each. If 
 British immigrant labour in the United States may be said to 
 have any special localisation, it is to be found in the mining, 
 iron, and textile trades. In the mining trade, despite the enor- 
 mous influx of Italian and Hungarian labour in recent years, 
 there are still to be found localities in which the v;ist majority 
 of the workers are of British origin. In the textile trades 
 especially, there is in some districts a strong British element, 
 modified only to a slight degree, by an admixture of French 
 Canadians, who are in some sense of British origin, coming 
 as they do from a British Colony. Thus, in Massachusetts 
 and other of the New England States, the British and Irish 
 are very strongly represented. Fall River, so far as its cotton 
 spinners are concerned, is almost an English town, in which 
 the opei-atives are cliiefly Lancashire and Irish people, with a 
 number of French Canadians. The same is tme of New Bedford, 
 and other places, although perhaps to a lesser extent of other 
 centres of the trade. In most of the cases cited before the Com- 
 mission on the importation of contract labour, it was found that 
 it was chiefly from England that positions requiring special in- 
 dustrial skill and aptitude were filled. It is, indeed, this very fact 
 that has made some of the American trade unions object to 
 British labour, although, in most of the instances examined by 
 the Commission, it was found that the wage rates contracted for, 
 were as high, or higher than those prevailing ni the country. 
 
206 
 
 The chief grounds of objection, therefore, which have been 
 made to British and Irish immigration are : — First, that it 
 is sometimes criminal, unskilled, illiterate, ]^auper in character, 
 and assisted to come, or wholly sent at the expense of the 
 public authorities or charitable agencies, whose desire is to 
 remove undesirable portioi s of the home population. Second, 
 that many British immigrants do not come to stay as citizens in 
 the country, but merely pass to and fro as their convenience 
 may suit, thus unsettling the labour market and taking American 
 money away to be spent iL>, other markets, than those in which 
 it was earaed. Third, that it of ten comes in under contract which 
 is undesirable, as no immigration can be really healthy which 
 does not come voluntarily, unsolicited, and of its own free 
 initiative. 
 
 The most serious objection is, of course, the first, and it is 
 undoubtedly the fact that in the statistics of illiteracy, prisoners, 
 and paupers in the United States, Ireland does not occupy a very 
 high position, as will be seen from tables of statistics quoted 
 further on. 
 
 As to the second objection it is also to some extent true, but 
 it is not eavsy to see in what way it works much mischief to 
 American labour. The trades said to be chiefly affected by 
 workmen crossing backward and forward between the two con- 
 tinents are but few in number. They are out-door or seasonal 
 trades, in which full work can only be carried on during spring, 
 summer, and early autumn. The "birds of passage" cross over 
 in the spring, v.ork until the weather begins to break up, and, 
 having saved enr.ugh money to live on through the winter 
 at home, where the cost of living is lower, return again. 
 The objection to this class of British immigration, is that on 
 first arrival men are anxious to get into employment at once, 
 and are therefore read}/ to take any rate of wages which ma}?- 
 be offered, the alleged tendency being to reduce wages all round. 
 
 Some of the trade unions are so impressed with the bad effect 
 of this element in the labour market, that they endeavour to 
 penalise it by making the entrance fees into the unions so heavy 
 for this wandering class of mechanic that he may be induced to 
 stay in America when he is there. It appears, however, that in 
 most cases, this policy defeats its object, and the travellers 
 manage to work on at their trades while remaining altogether 
 outside the unions as non-society men. On the other hand, 
 there are a few trade unions in the United States, and the 
 number tends to increase, which are international in character. 
 Arrangements exist by which cards of membership are inter- 
 cliangeable between European and American trade societies, 
 and in these cases there is a strong feeling against any inter- 
 fererence with this right to what may be termed a universal 
 labour market. It may also be said that this kind of British 
 labour, so much objected to, comes to the United States when 
 trade is good and labour in demand, and therefore does not to 
 any great extent injuriously affect the labour market. Then, 
 
207 
 
 having i-wiped the harvest, it goes away just at :i time when the 
 American hibonr market doc^s not require it. This would seem 
 lather to reduce competition in the hilour market at its worst 
 period by reducing the quantity of surphis labour avaihible, 
 and might, in some auses, be considere<l an advantiige rather 
 than an evil. The American unions, however, consider that the 
 system tends as a whole to weaken the j)ower of their organi- 
 satit»U8, and consequently to reduce wages. In Philadelphia, 
 especially, a strong feenng exists on this point, and personal 
 inquiry at a meeting of the Amalgamated Building Trades 
 Council of that city brought out a fe.v of the facts forming the 
 ihiet'grtjund of couiplaint. Most cai*pentei*H and joiners who go 
 over in that way ai-e from En«iland, and are union men to begin 
 with. About them there is no trouble. Nor is there difficulty in 
 other cases where men have already been membei-s of organised 
 tr.tdes, for men w^ho have belonged to the English unions at once 
 make sure about getting the standard rates of wtiges. Some em- 
 ploy ei*s refuse to employ men after they have been two years in 
 the country, and the general tendency in for employers to take 
 advantage of newly-arrived labour. Painting and plastering are 
 trades much affecteil by " birds of passage " who come for 
 six months every year. The English painters are generally 
 unionists who stand out for the best money, but the others go 
 into non-.society shops and work for less than the standard I'ates. 
 Cases ai*e quoted of shops in which as many as 50 painters are 
 employed who are i*egular " birtls of passage." As tio plumbers, 
 they are well organised, and though English ])lumbers may, on 
 fii'st arrival, work for 8 or 9 dollai*8 a week, which is only 
 half wages ; they will, as soon as they get into the American 
 style of work, obtain their full 3 dollars for a day of nine hours. 
 Philadelph'a is said by trade unionists to be the worst city in 
 the States for cheap labour. Workmen from Great Britain or 
 Ireland are spoken of as " aliens," and the fact that they are 
 descended from a common stock, does not, in the opinion of the 
 American workman, give them any special advantage over immi- 
 grants of other nationalities, unless they are prepared to settle 
 down in the country for good and share the common lot. 
 
 The third objection to some kinds of British immigration 
 is that in some cases it comes under contract. This may be 
 true, but only to a limited extent. The intention of the law 
 against the importation of labour under contract was, undoubtedly 
 to prevent the engagement abroad of men intended by employers 
 in America, to replace their workpeople on strike, or to establish 
 a surplus of labour in the market which w^ould enable them to 
 beat do\NTi wages, or otherwise deteriorate the conditions of labour. 
 The actual incident which is said to have started the agitation 
 for a law against contract labour, is said to have been an im- 
 portation of Chinese labour into Beaver Falls in Pennsylvania 
 in 1873, to take the place of men engaged in the cutlery works 
 there. The men employed were getting wages of from •^3-50 to 
 
208 
 
 .!^5 per Jay, but they are said to have been replaced by Chinese 
 at '^18 a month, and an hour was added to the day's work. The 
 manifest intention of the law was, therefore, to stop the importa- 
 tion of large bodies of men for the special and distinct purpose of 
 reducing the price of labour. That it has been successful in this 
 respect there can be no doubt, and little is now heard of anything 
 like wholesale introductions of alien labour for such purposes. 
 The chief classes of violation of this law now complained of, are 
 those in which only a single man, or a small number of men 
 come into the country under a contract to fill some special posi- 
 tion in which particular kn^Dwledge or skill are required. Of these 
 but a small ninnber were brought to the knowledge of the Ford 
 Committee in 1888, and even those were of such a character ns 
 to make it doubtful whether the Act is not now applied to a 
 class of cases which it was never intended to touch. About the 
 direct written contract, or even the direct spoken contract, where 
 it can be proved to exist, there can be attle doubt on the score 
 of illegality, though there may be some on the score of expe- 
 diency. If an employer wanis an artisan from England to 
 take a leading position, in which special experience or skill is 
 required, he may in no way hire such a man, or let him know 
 that he is in want of him on certain terms. As the law stands, 
 and as it is now applied to such cases, a man, or indeed any number 
 of men, may go into the United States not knowing whether 
 there is work for them or not, but a man knowing that there is a 
 good situation open for him at more than the customary wages 
 of the trade, and that there is no question of strike, or other 
 trade dispute, may not enter the country. As it is only in a 
 few cases of this kind that English labour has been shown to 
 enter under contract, there cannot be much ground of complaint 
 on this point. 
 
 Canadian Immigration. 
 
 The influx of different k inds of labour from Canada may also 
 be accounted as British in its origin, and has now attained con- 
 siderable dimensions. It is alleged that nearly the whole of the 
 lumber trade of the Great Koith West is now worked by Cana- 
 dian labour, which comes across the frontier for the season and 
 then returns to Cmada. It is also complained that Canadians 
 are now taking almost entire possession of the best positions in 
 the American Mercantile Marine, and they are even said to 
 find their way in large gangs to work as stevedores during the 
 cotton shipping season in the Southern States, in each case to 
 the detriment of native labour. More, however, is made of the 
 case of the French-Canadians, who in large numbers have flocked 
 into the New England States, where they are stated to have dis- 
 placed other labour in the textile trades by working at lower 
 rates of wages. It was also urged against them, that by their 
 lower standard of living they were not only able to undersell the 
 
209 
 
 native labour, but also to save money so quickly, that in a few 
 years they could return to Canada with sufficient to buy a farm, 
 upon which th» whole family could settle down and live in 
 comparative comfort. It was truly said ten or a dozen yeai's 
 ago that tht^se people had no desire to leani the language, or 
 become citiz«»ns of the United States, and that they took no 
 interest whatever in it« concerns. Mr. Carix)ll D. Wriglit, then 
 Chief of the .Massachusetts Labour Bureau, spoke of them as the 
 Chinese of the Ea>tei*n 8t*ites. He said : " They care nothing 
 " for our instituti<»ns, civil, ])olitical, or educational. They do 
 " not come to make aphonic with us, to dwell with us as citizens, 
 " and so become a part of us, but their pui*jx)se is merely to 
 " sojourn a tew years :s aliens, t(»uching us only at a single 
 " point, that of work, and wdien they have gathered out of us 
 " what will satisfy their ends, to get them away to whence they 
 " came and bestow it there. They are a horde of industrial 
 " invatiers, not a stream of stable settlers. Voting, with all it 
 " implies, they care nothing about. Rarely does one of them 
 " become naturalised. They will not send their children to 
 " school if they can help it, but endeavour to crowd them into 
 " the mills at the earliest possible age. To do this they deceive 
 " about the age of their children with brazen effrontery. . . . 
 " These • .people have one good trait, they are indefatigable 
 " 'Nvorkera and docile. All they ask is to be set to work, and 
 " they care little who rules them or how they are ruled. To 
 " earn all they can by no matter how many houis of toil, to 
 " live in the most beggarly way, so that out of their earnings 
 " they may spend as little for living as ^possible, and to carry 
 " out of the country what they can thus save ; this is the aim 
 ** of the Canadian French in our factory districts. Inciden- 
 " tally, they must have some amusements, and so far as the 
 " males are concerned, drinking, and smoking, and lounging 
 " constitute the sum of these." 
 
 Naturally these sweeping accusations excited a storm of in- 
 dignation among the French-Canadian portion of the community, 
 and in the following year, 1882, a special sitting of the Bureau 
 had to be held to give to the representatives of these immigrants 
 the opportunity of defence. The agents of the Bureau respon- 
 sible for the reports upon which such charges were based, were 
 obliged to admit that their statements, although not unfounded, 
 were too sweeping. Whatever tinith there may have been in 
 these denunciations of the French Canadian immigrants at that 
 time, it is quite certain that conditions have changed entirely 
 since then on most of the points of complaint. Probably 
 Mr. Carroll D. Wright would admit, that since that time the 
 French-Canadians would almost seem to have set themselves 
 resolutely to work to amend the faults of which he then 
 complained. 
 
 The State of Massachusetts alone, with a population of 
 2,238,943 had in 1890 a foreign-bom population of 057,137, and 
 
210 
 
 of these not less than 565,925 were of British, Irish, and British 
 Colonial origin, the number for Canada and Newfoundland being 
 207,601. In the town of Fall River, with a total population of 
 74,'j98, about one half were of foreign birth, and of these 26,222 
 were British, Irish, or Colonial, 15,154 being Canadian. What- 
 ever these colonials may have been in 1881 they are considered 
 good citizens now. Senator Robert Howard, of Fall River, who 
 is of English birth, and is secretary of the Mule Spinners' 
 Association of Fall River, says that nearly the whole of the 
 operatives in the cotton mills there are English, Irish, or 
 French-Canadian. The last-mentioned now settle down in the 
 country for good, and are making gooSi citizens, while in all 
 trade matters associating themselves with the English and 
 Irish operatives in the union. Mr. Howard admits that the 
 labour market is crowded, and that there are more spinners than 
 there are jobs for. Mr. Sam Ross, a member of the State 
 House of Representatives, of English birth, and secretary of the 
 New Bedford Mule Spinners' Association, and also of the 
 Amalgamated Association, is also of this opinion. It is, however, 
 admitted that in the other New England States, where the 
 British element is not so relatively numerous, organisation in 
 the trade is weaker, wages lower, and hours of labour longer. 
 
 It is also made ground of complaint against Canadian labour, 
 that in certain frontier towns people from Canada cross over 
 daily, and work their day's work in the United States while 
 residing in Canada. This is said to be especially the case in 
 Detroit, which is only separated from the Canadian to«vn of 
 Windsor by the Detroit River. That some hundreds of 
 Canadians do pass over into Detroit daily by the ferry and do 
 their work there, there is no doubt. It is, however, quite as 
 certain that from the United States side a considerable number 
 also cross to their daily toil on the Canadian side, and though it 
 is quite possible that an exact balance may not be struck in this 
 way, there seems little cause for complaint about a voluntary 
 immigration which seems to assume the form of an exchange of 
 labour. Some of the trade unions, however, assert that the 
 Canadians take situations at less than American rates, and in that 
 way injuriously affect the rate of wages. It may also be said 
 on the other side of the account that there is generally a con- 
 siderable migration of American citizens into Canada, and the 
 Canadian census of 1881 revealed the fact that the proportion of 
 persons of United States birth settled in Canada generally, was 
 18 per 1,000, while in the province of Ontario the proportion was 
 23 per 1,000. In 1892, 421 United States citizens settled in 
 Manitoba under the homestead system, and there can be no 
 doubt that many Americans cross regularly into Canadian 
 territory. So far, therefore, as Canadian immigration is con- 
 cerned, there is here a per contra account, which it is not at 
 all desirable to close, if only on the ground of leaving to the 
 American citizen the free right of domicile on whichever side of 
 the boundary line he may choose. 
 
211 
 
 German Immigration. 
 
 The character of the Grerman immigration into the United 
 States stands (juito as high, and, indeed, in some respects higher, 
 than that from Britisli sources. The general comphvints made 
 against it are much the same in their nature as in the case of 
 British immigration. The chief is, that, on first arrival, the 
 German, not speaking the language of the country, and, possibly, 
 not so well infonne*! on trade mattoi-s aa the Englisluuan, falls 
 nv>ve easily a victim to those on the look-out for chetip labour, 
 and tliat, thei-efort*, he tends to reduce prevailing wage rates. 
 The Germans are, however, considered sober, reliable, and in- 
 dustrious workei-s, wlio, when once they get to know what the 
 correct conditions of labour are, are I'esolute to obtain them. 
 From wl«at has ali*eady Ixjen said as to the diftusion of immi- 
 grants over the various irulustries of the country, and from the 
 tiibles in the appendix throwing light upon this point, it will be 
 gatherc'l that the Germans spi*ead themselves over all trades. 
 As workers they reatlily assimilate themselves to American con- 
 ditions, and become members of the trade organisations which ex- 
 ist. As citizens the}' soon learn the language of the country, and 
 take an intelligent interest in its local and national politics. 
 They come to stay, and thr 'W in their lot whole-heartedly with 
 the count rj' of their luloption. No one ventures for a moment 
 to suggest that they in any way tend to depreciate the American 
 standards of life, or < f social and political morality, and thus 
 there is never any question of restriction in their case, except 
 among those who would restrict without discrimination as to 
 elements of fitness. Some evidence was indeed tendered before 
 the Ford Committee, which seemed to show that in some cases 
 associations in Gei-many were trying to provide asylums in 
 America for members of their criminal classes. The same state- 
 ment was made about certain British organisations. The idea 
 of giving to criminals, who have finished their terms of imprison- 
 ment, an opportunity of beginning a better life in a new world 
 is truly l>enevolent, but the people in the new world to which 
 they ai*e sent, may reasonably object to their country being 
 made tlie scene of experiments in this work of moral reform. 
 
 Scandinavian Immigration. 
 
 Next in importance in point of numbers comes the Scandi- 
 navian immigration, in which is here included immigi^ation from 
 Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. This in 1892 amounted to 
 68,302, a proportion of nearly 11 i per cent of the entire 
 European immigration of the year. This is another class of 
 immigration to which few people in the United States, save 
 extreme restriction ists, would be disposed to offer any objection. 
 It is generally admitted that, physically, morally, and socially, 
 no better class of immigrants enter the United States. In some 
 
212 
 
 respects these are perhaps the most desirable of all. With most 
 others one of the great triHibles is that of unequal distribution. 
 There is a general tendency to settle down in the great centres 
 where population is already congested, and the labour market 
 full to overflowing. But with the Scandinavians this is not so. 
 Used to an active country life at home, they do not care to settle 
 down in the streets of the big towns, but strike out for the 
 West, and are to be found chiefly in such States as Wisconsin, 
 Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Dakota. They supply just the 
 kind of labour that is wanted out there, and have done much to 
 develop the States in which they have chiefly settled. They 
 are largely farmers, and, having a natural desire to acquire 
 land, they at once take steps for naturalization, ,becoming keen 
 politicians, and anxious to discharge the duties of citizenship 
 to the fullest extent. They readily acquire the language, and 
 quickly assimilate with the native population. In the towns, 
 those who are artizans are capable, steady workmen, and readily 
 join with their fellow workmen, of whatever nationality, in 
 looking after the special interests of their trades. 
 
 Other Immigration from Western Europk. 
 
 Of the other nations of Western Europe little need be said. 
 France and Switzerland have never made large contributions to 
 the population of the United States, and the number of immi- 
 grants from those countries tends rather to decrease in the 
 former case, and to increase very slightly in the latter. Nor do 
 Belgium or the Netherlands send a large proportion, while 
 Spain and Portugal also send so small a number, and have so 
 slight an influence on American laboui*, or social life, that they 
 may be disregarded for the purposes of this report. 
 
 Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe. 
 
 With the nations of Southern and Eastern Europe, however, 
 the case is altogether different. In recent years there has been 
 a growing tendency to increase in the number of immigrants 
 from such countries, and they come under conditions which have 
 caused An^eiicans to ask for the flrst time whether it is wise 
 that the gates of the nation should thus be left open to all 
 comers. 
 
 Immigration from Austria-Hungary. 
 
 As will have been seen from the statistics already quoted, the 
 number of immigrants coming each year from Austria-Hungary, 
 exclusive of Poland, into the United States has been steadily 
 increasing. In 1883 the total immigration from this source, was 
 27,625, of which 31-9 were females. In 1892 the total was 
 80,136, of which 29 "84 were females. It would thus appear 
 
213 
 
 that while the general tendency of this element is to grow 
 larger, it also tends to be an immigration much more of one sex 
 than another, which, as hjis already been stated, is not a healthy 
 sign, beciuse it points rather to an influx of men who have not 
 come to stay in the country for good, than to an immigration 
 of families who mean to settle. 
 
 Tlie hisu)ry of the commencement of this immigration is 
 instructive. It has cldefly attected the coal and coke regions, 
 and, U) a certain extent, the unskille<l labour of the iron-pro- 
 ducing districts also. It is therefore chiefly to the coal and 
 coke industries that this pai't of the investigation will be con- 
 fine<l. Eighteen yeai*s ago the mines of Pennsylvania were 
 worked tduK-st entirely by labour of American, British, Irish, and 
 German origin. The coal trade of the region, so far as the 
 operatives were concerned, was in an absolutely unorganised 
 condition. Wages, it is true, were high, but an , oppressive 
 truck system was in full swing, under which only a residuum 
 of money enrned. found its way into the pockets of the miners. 
 Payment was ma<le .-ometimes once a month, sometimes once a 
 quarter. Wages might run to $25 a week, but much of it 
 went in the excessive prices charged f.r everything, from 
 the smallest household necessities to house rent. Then came 
 reductions of wages, and a great strike broke out. The em- 
 ployers sent agents to Europe, and these bi*ought back with 
 them hundreds of men from Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, and 
 Slavonia. This, so to speak, turned on a stream of immigration 
 from a new quarter, and since then, the nations of Southern and 
 Eastern Europe have been gi'adiially augmenting their supplies 
 of a form of labour which is almost entirely unskilled. 
 
 At home, toiling for wages so low, that a decent* standard of 
 living was impossible, these men came into a country in which 
 all was strange and unfamdiar, and in which rates of wages, not 
 half in amount of those paid to native labour, seemed absolute 
 wealth in comparison with what they had received at home, 
 while they were content with food of the cheapest and poorest 
 descripiiou. Sensational reports have from time to time appeared 
 as to the conditions under which these people toiled, and lived 
 in the Pennsylvania coal and coke regions, and possibly some of 
 those descriptions may have been somewhat highly coloured'. 
 In 1884 the Pennsylvania n Bureau of Industrial Statistics 
 .specially investigated and reported on, the conditions then 
 existing. 
 
 The report say : — 
 
 " Since 1878, they have been coming in large numbers, and less than 
 35 per cent, can r«^ad wlien they come, and they never learn, their sole 
 ambitiou being the aceiiramulation of from ^2ik) to 31,000 to take back 
 to Hungary. The average Hungarian at home, when he can find work will 
 earn about six guldens a month. A gulden is equal to 40 cents in 
 American money, and it requires but 72 guldens for a Hungarian to live 
 a whole year in Hungary better than he does in America, that is, 
 §28*80. In this counlr}', whether they have been brought over by 
 contract (a few of them have, the majority having immigrated on their 
 
214 
 
 own account) or not, they soon find employment on public works, af-'j 
 the mines, in iron and steel works, on railroads, &c., and nre willing to 
 work for sums much lower than the minimum paid to our own 
 labourers. Few of them become miners, most working at outsiile and 
 inside labouring, and picking slate. A full-grown man will work lor a 
 boy's wages. At the coke ovens they will contract to draw and fork 
 coke for less than other labourers, and will put all hund.-^, including 
 their women and children, to work, so as to complete the work soon. 
 Living as they do, like animals, ten, twenty, and thirty in n hovel, witli 
 one woman to cook for each gang, they accomplish their purpose of 
 saving money rapidly. They seem to have no preference for the kind 
 of work, and are to be found in the iron and coke districts, and at tlie 
 anthracite and bituminous mines. P'ew live in the cities. ISTot fleeing 
 from military duty, the average of their ages wjicn they come here is 
 30 years; some as young at 25 years, and few oMer than 35. At home 
 they live hotter tlian they do here, one family to a house. They bring 
 nothing of value with them, their intention being not to remain. Their 
 diet is the poorest salt meat, potatoes, and a poor kind of bread, which 
 they bake themselves. Liquor is their delight, but they will only in- 
 dulge in the cheapest beer and whisky, the latter being more often 
 substituted by common alcohol diluted wi'h water. They spend nothing 
 of their earnings for anything except board and rum ; generally, they go 
 back in the same clothes they came. A week's earnings of five or six 
 dollars supplies their living for a month, and if at any time it shouhl 
 cOit them a little more, they change boarding houses under the belief 
 that they are being cheated. Like the Poles, their perceptive faculties - 
 are quick, and they will learn to do common Avork quickly, but they do 
 not improve their conditions like tiie Poles and seldom accumulate 
 property. In a population of two thousand Hungarians, in one section, 
 in tiie anthracite coal region, but one was a citizen. To save money 
 they will live like pigs, to the sacrifice of health and comfort, and to the 
 great discomfort and danger of the communities in which they reside, 
 ti'om pestilence-breeding causes. It is truly astonishing that, in a 
 civilized country, people are permitted to live like the Hungarians live 
 in the mining regions of Pennsylvania. They have been known to 
 gather the offal about slaughter-houses to make .soup with. One dollar 
 a week is about the highest sum the most liberal Hungarian allows him- 
 self to live on. Their habitations are sheds,, situated generally in the 
 poorest quarters of the towns. They have wooden beds, or bunks. With 
 straw to lie on, and the floors reek in filth. In the cold weather they 
 •keep warm by huddling close together, and the atmosphere of their huts 
 or hovels is stifling. 
 
 " Their savings range from 200 to 1,000 guldens, $80 to $400, and 
 their earnings are from $2'50 to $8 per wet-k. It takes them from one 
 to three years to save all they want ; but in this respect they differ, 
 some being satisfied with less than others. During the past three years, 
 about 50 have left the anthracite coal regions with one thousand guldens 
 eacb. They do not keep their savings about their persons or hovels, 
 but as fast as it accumulates they send it to their friends in Hungary by 
 foreign money-order, purchased of local agents, or by bank draft, or 
 bill of exchange. It is estimated that, in the past three years, $600,000 
 have been sent from the Schuylkill coal region to Poland and 
 Hungary." 
 
 Witnesses before the Committee of the House of Representa- 
 tives on "The Importation of Foreign Labour in 1888," give a 
 much worse description of the conditions existing among the 
 
215 
 
 foreigners of tliese regions than this. Mr. Powderly thus 
 described the results of personal investigation : — 
 
 ** I found, in 1882, in the town of Flossberg, at what was known as 
 the E.*kurt mine — I siw — a number wiio were almitted to an inolosnre 
 around the mouth of a mine, a high board fence, possiUlv ai foot or so 
 taller than the walls of this ro<»m, the hoards standing upright, and that 
 fence inclosed the mine. Inside was a long building. You will lind it 
 in this article. I don't reineml>er the exact language (sir). I have it in 
 figures. But in that building — it makes no difference whut ihe length 
 was — I found five rows of bunks, the lirst one about IH ins. from 
 the floor. It was 2 ft. (» in. wide, I think, and 6 ft. (i ic. in lengtli. 
 about 6 in. deep, fillet! with straw and covere<l over with wliat 
 was originally a black and blue piece of ticking, and when I saw it it 
 was all black and fully alive to the situation. Uoth straw and ticking 
 seemed to be alive. They fairly crawletl. 1 saw one man that cam<; 
 in, and he leaned on a crutch. ITis leg had hern broken and he was 
 getting well. The man had no attendant, and his leg, the smell of it, 
 was so ofiensive as to keep peo[de awa\ from his neighbourhood. He 
 went to his bed and rolled in ju<t as Iim was, bandages, filth, clothing, 
 and all, and I ^aw the other men coming in from the mine and sit 
 down to a hoard table about as wide as this, made of hendock boards, 
 and somewhat longer, without washing the face or liand.s. and parlook 
 of a meal of salt pork and water. The pi»rk was bought at whobsjde 
 and kept until it was eaten, no matter what its condition was ; and that 
 class of people came to take the pla-rc of American miners, who ask for 
 an advance in wages or against a reduction of wages, struck, and thoae 
 men were brought to take their places, and they succeeded in breaking 
 the backbone of the strike and in obliging the men to work at the 
 reduced rates, while they worke<l for lei=s in seme instances than one 
 half of what the others did. * * * * 
 
 Q. State whether it is a fact that many of these immigrants that are 
 induced and encouraged to come here are men whom no amount of 
 civilization will Americanize ? — j4. I have yet failed to sec anything 
 that would cause rae to think that they would make good American 
 citizens ; their lives are too low to make it. They relain their own 
 manners and customs until they die, or may go back to their own lar^ds. 
 Nine or ten of them will live in a hou£e with one woman. She per- 
 forms all the duties necessary in that household for the men. I have 
 seen that, where one woman did the housework for the eight and stiTed 
 all the purposes. Not the wife or mistress either, but she served all 
 purposes. I don't know what you would call it ; you know what I 
 mean. 
 
 Q. A wife in common for the whole crowd ? — A. Yes, sir. 
 
 Q. Did the cooking and acted as wife to all of them ? — A. I asked a 
 woman of that character why she led such a life, and she said she had 
 no alternative. She could speak English fairly well, and she said if she 
 married one of these men they would starve to death, and between the 
 eight she managed to get enough to live on, and with the eight there 
 was no danger of her raising a iamily, and us a consequence she would. 
 not be troubled with that." jjT 
 
 Personal communication with the chief officials of the United 
 Mine-workers' Union of America embracing 30,000 members 
 brought out some facts of interest. In their opinion the mining 
 
216 
 
 trade is too full of men already. The number of non-English- 
 speaking aliens in the mines is increasing, and within recent 
 years wages have come down 38 pei- cent. So much is the 
 labour market overstocked that the men do not get in more than 
 200 days work during the year, and wages genf^rally do not 
 average more than '^365 in the year. Up to within two years 
 ago the union had 10,000 members in the coke region of 
 Pennsylvania, but now they have not one, the C. Frick Coal 
 and Coke Company having crushed them out. In Central 
 Pennsylvania of 20,000 miners 33 per cent, are non- English 
 speaking. In Illinois and Ohio the miners nre now much mixed 
 as to nationality, and there are amongst them Poles, Swedes, 
 Germans, Italians, and Himgarians. In the coke regions they 
 are chiefly Poles and Hungarians with a large clement of even 
 cheaper Italian labour now cominL5 in. As to the abiliby of 
 these aliens as workers, there is little to be said. They soon 
 become quite as skillful as the other European miners, and are 
 soon able to do quite as good a day's work. Even where not as 
 competent, they will attain to the same le\ el of production by 
 working longer hours. No regular hours are fixed, ;>nd they can 
 and do work as much r.s 12 to 14 hours a day. They can live 
 much more cheaply than men of oiher nationalities, and are con- 
 sequently in a position to take less wages. The miners have 
 little hope of bettering their position ! *y strikes, as hordes of 
 foreigners can now so easily be found to take their places. 
 Though physically competent as workmen, their ignorance of the 
 language, and of practical mining, renders them a source of danger 
 in the ndnes, and nume ous accidents have occurred which were 
 attributed to the ignorance or reckles ness of these foreigners. 
 On the other hand may be quoted the opinion of Mr. J. Costello, 
 President of the Pittsburg district of the same trade union. 
 There are, he states, 20,000 miners in his district, within a radius 
 of 25 miles from Pittsburg. One third of this number is 
 Hungarian and Italian in nationality. Some of them join the 
 Union and, generally, they obtain the same wages as union men. 
 They are jealous and suspicious. In mass meetings tliey gene- 
 rally vote solid against the Knglish-spe; iking section, and, when 
 they strike, are unruly and violent in the extreme. As to the 
 fall in wages which has taken place in recent years he does not 
 think it altogether due to the presence of so much foreign 
 labour, but had been largely brought about by the discovery of 
 natural gas which had immensely diminished the demand for 
 coal in the district. He says the coal bosses take advantage of 
 the hostile feelings existing between English, and non-English 
 speaking sections, and play off' one m gainst another for their 
 own purposes. Owing to these causes the mining trade is now 
 in so low a condition that men i^et out of it into other occupations 
 as occasion offers. In his opinion under existing conditions the 
 foreign element in the mines is likely to increa><e and to gradually 
 squeeze out the English-speaking races. The union was organised 
 
217 
 
 for trade pui-poses only. There is no regulai* rate of periodical 
 contribution, and funds are raised by voluntary assessment as 
 emergency requires. The miners themselves are largely re- 
 sponsible for the wholesale introduction into their ti*ade of cheap 
 European labour. It used to be the custom for minei-s to employ 
 their own unskilled labour, and, with a view to make as much 
 out of it as possible, they employed non-English speaking 
 foreigners at low wages. It was in this way that Hungaiian 
 and Polish labour was first introduced, and the way prepai'ed 
 for a general importation by the employers. There can be no 
 question as to the danger^of employing in mines, labour which is 
 not only unskilletl in the work to be done, but ignorant also of 
 the language generally spoken, and in which notices and warnings 
 are issued. Thus lief ore the Committee of 1888 on the Imix)rta- 
 tion of Foreign Labour it was stated in evidence that in one of 
 the Pennsylvanian mines 19 Hungarians were killed through in- 
 ability to read the word " Danger " on a notice board in one of 
 the workings of the mine. Nor is tliis to be wondered at in a 
 district into which these men have to be sent, ticketed, like 
 baggage, with the name of their destination, and where they be- 
 come mere numbers rather than names, with their numbers worn 
 on their waistband as their only indication of individuality. 
 Even while the investigation on which this report m based, was 
 being made, two serious accidents occurred, which further illusti^att 
 the special liability to danger arising during work in which so 
 much labour of this kind is employed. Both of these accidents 
 may be fairly said to have originated from this cause. In one a 
 Hungarian miner whose lamp was burning attempted to replenish 
 it with oil. The lamp exploded and the oil was ignited. The 
 newspaper report says : — " The Hungarian uttered a shriek of 
 " terror and then stood perfectly quiet, the life seeming to have 
 " been scared almost out of him." In the result the workings of 
 the mine were fired, and ten men lost their lives in coiisequence, 
 while 1,000 men were laid idle. In the other case nine Italian 
 labourers were killed through the incautious handling of a lai-ge 
 cantilever. Yet, just at the time of the first-named accident, a 
 bill had been defeated in the Legislature which had for its object 
 the prohibition of the employment of ignorant or unskilled 
 miners, a prohibition which exists in England. Nor has the 
 importation of these men prevented strike*'. Indeed, one of the 
 bitterest, and certainly mast violent, strikes which ever took 
 place in the coke regions, has occurred in 1891 since the intro- 
 duction of the Hungarian element. The Report of the Penn- 
 sylvania Labour Bureau for 1891 gives a full history of this 
 strike from which the following passages are taken : — 
 
 " The most disastrous strike of the year was that of the coke workers 
 in the Connellsville region. 
 
 " Tiie ' Connellsville Region ' is the name given to a strip of country 
 about 40 miles long by three miles wide and which runs north-east and 
 south-west across Westmorland and a part of Fayette counties, and at 
 
 o 77399. P 
 
218 
 
 the time the strike commenced it contained about 16,000 coke ovens, of 
 which there were 9,885 in actual oj)eration manufacturing coke for the 
 use of the iron furnaces in all pari s of the state. The wage agreement 
 between the employers and employes ended on February 9, and for some 
 time previous to this date there had been rumoui s in circulation that 
 the coke workers were about to demand a higher late of wages, alsa 
 that their working day should be reduced to eight hours ; and it was also 
 rumoured that the operators were to insist on a reduction on the present 
 rate of wages of 10 per cent., which, if not submitted to by the work- 
 men a lock-out was threatened. This was the condition of affairs on 
 February 9, and no agreement having been arrived at on that day, the- 
 men threw down their tools and went out on strike, and the coke ovens 
 and the mines from Avhich they were supplied with coal, were shut 
 down. There were two firms, however, in the region who employed a 
 large number of men, that of Reid Brothers, at Dunbar, Fayette county^ 
 and Wm. J. Rainey, who was a non-union operator. The men who' 
 were employed by these firms professed to be satisfied, but threats were- 
 freely made by the strikers that, if they did not also go out, force would 
 be used to compel them to do so. The number of men who were 
 actually engaged or involved in the strike at its commencement was- 
 .16,000, which included coke workers, miners, and iron furnace hands,- 
 and for several days thereafter everything was quiet and peaceable in 
 the region." 
 
 " Matters, it appears, went on peaceably enough for a short time ; but 
 on the 23rd February, a large body of strikers, consisting of Italians, 
 Huns, Slavs, with some English-speaking races, at least 4,000 strong, 
 invaded Dawson, Fayette County, armed with clubs and revolvers and' 
 forced the workmen of Messrs. Rainey and Co to leave their work and 
 join them. Another crowd, about 1,500 strong, mostly Huns and' 
 Germans, went to Fort Hill and drove out other employes of the Fame 
 firm, who were still at work at that place. The strike gradually ex- 
 tended while a large force of special officers, deputy sheriffs, and Pinker- 
 ton's detectives, had to be employed for the preservation of property. 
 
 *' On March 29 a detective, who had concealed himself in a house 
 occupied by a Hungarian leader, overheard a plot being formulated by 
 some Hungarian strikers to raid the Morewood Coke Works and to 
 murder Robert Ramsay, one of the officials of the Company. On being, 
 notified of the plot, Ramsay removed his family to a place of safety. 
 Shortly after midnight, fully 1,200 men made an attack upon the works.- 
 The attacking party consisted of four divisions or separate bodies of 
 strikers, each headed by a band of music arid starting from Alice, Stan- 
 dard, Bridgeport, and Bessemer respectively, which were mining villages- 
 near Morewood. The mob completely terrorised the forces which were 
 intended to protect the works, and commenced to destroy the company's 
 property. The coke-oven doors were battered down and the coke 
 destroyed which was in process of manufacture. Tools were thrown 
 into the ovens and destroyed, while wheelbarrows were piled up and 
 burned, and the raikoad rendered useless. Iron wheelbarrows were 
 filled with the burning coke for the purpose of firing the mine shaft and 
 store-houses, but these were saved from the general destruction by the 
 advice of the more moderate of the strikers. On the Slst March, to 
 the strains of bands of music, a large body of men advanced to attack 
 Morewood in two divisions. Capt. Loar, one of the deputy sheriffs 
 commanded the mob to disperse, giving the order in the Hungarian 
 language, as he knew that the majority of those composing the mob was 
 of that nationality. The sherifTs officers fired upon the crowd, several 
 
219 
 
 volleys being delivered, whereupcn the mob broke up and fled. The 
 story of the rioters and their friends was that they had no intention of 
 making an attack upon the Company's works, and that tlie firing u[)Oii 
 tlicni by the officers wa.s nnwarranted. Capt. Loar said he had not given 
 the order to fire, and it was never nscertained who did give tiie order. 
 Seven men were killed in this riot. Numerous evictions from the 
 Company's houses afterwards took place and the strike CAuie gradually 
 to a termination, though duriug the closing days many scenes of violence 
 were enacted in spite of the presence of a large military force. The 
 strike could not be said to have really terminated till May 2ith. 
 
 "It is estimated that there were 2,000 evictii>ns in the region during 
 the strike and that there was at least 84,000,000 lost in wages during 
 that time and an expense to the state of $35,000 for the pay and sub- 
 sistence of the tiwtps. 
 
 ** The opemtors themselves are not blameless in this matter. Desire 
 for cheap labour seems to have influenced them in employing men 
 iitterly unac(iuainted with our laws or customs, unfitted in many respects 
 to l>3 associates of the iHJtter cla.s9 of citizens, and who in time acquired 
 a knowledge that le<l them to be breeders of discontent and trouble. 
 Excited and infuriated, unable to reason or be rca^oned with, the only 
 cotirse seemingly left to them was the destruction of property. This 
 affair clearly shows that there are considemtions besides cheapness of 
 labour in employing uu n — the peace of society, the safety of human life 
 and property, which cannot be overlooked." 
 
 To the unfortunate result of this strike is probably due the 
 collapse of the Mine Workei-s' Union in this part of Pennsyl- 
 vania. It shows how utterly uncontrollable such excitable ele- 
 ments are when they once break loose against authority. 
 
 It is right, however, that anything which may be said on the 
 other side should be put forward, and this cannot be done 
 better than by shortly recording the facts as to the present 
 condition of the men in these districts 4s ascei-tained by a per- 
 sonal visit for the purposes of this report. 
 
 During winter and early spring it is not easy to imagine a 
 more desolate -looking region than the whole country near the 
 town of Connellsville. It is, however, the most marvellous coke 
 producing rtgion of the world. In England there is nothing 
 to compare with it for extent, and to this is largely due the 
 great prominence which the neighbouring district of Pittsburgh 
 and its surrounding town^ some 50 miles away have attained as 
 a centre of iron and steel production. The coal lies near the 
 surface, and may in some cases be said to be quarried rather 
 than mined, while in other instances, the coal is won by drifts 
 driven into the sides of the hills, from whence it is run on gang- 
 ways right to the crushing mills, or to the ovens, as may be 
 required. Nearly the whole of the labourers required for 
 these purposes are Hungarians, Poles, and Italians, who live 
 either in adjacent villages, or in scattered houses, which, in 
 almost every case, are the property of the employers. This 
 state of comparative isolation renders it difficult for these people 
 either to learn the language, or to become Americanised, even if 
 
 P 2 
 
220 
 
 they had the desire. That they live under wretched and most 
 insanitary conditions is certain. They may not be crowded 
 into sheds, and packed away in bunks as they used to be in the 
 earlier stages of their employment, but they are still living 
 under conditions which would not be permitted in European 
 countries where similar industries are carried on. The people 
 themselves are not entirely to blame for the state of the houses 
 they live in, which are the property of the masters. These 
 habitations, mostly built of wood, are small in size, and though 
 those of the larger employei-s may be in a tolerably decent 
 state, those of the lesser coke masters are mere wooden shanties 
 of the flimsiest description 
 
 Father Scmigiel, pastor of the Polish Church at the little 
 village of Everson, near the centre of the coke region, who has 
 been stationed there six yeara, states that the men in the coke 
 regions are of mixed nationalities. They are Hungarians, 
 Slavs, Poles, and Italians. Their object in coming there is to 
 earn and save a little money, and return again to Europe after 
 a few years. They come as a rule without families, and those 
 of tliem who are married take houses, and provide for lodgers. 
 Thus a married man will have as many as 10 or 12 lodgers in 
 a little wooden house not sufficient for the healthy lodging of 
 half that number of people. 
 
 As to the behaviour of the people generally, it is much better 
 than it was a few years ago. They are a saving people, and 
 their standard of living is very low, though higher than it used 
 to be when they first came there. They can subsist on veiy 
 little. Morally they are a good people, but drink is tbeir beset- 
 ting sin, and when intoxicated, they frequently commit acts of 
 violence, stabbing with knives being common under such con- 
 ditions. Three years ago the police courts had plenty of work 
 to do among them, but now they are seldom in trouble with the 
 authorities. They are mostly young men and earn from Sl^ 
 to S2^ a day. 
 
 In respect to the Poles they stand on a somewhat dif- 
 ferent footing. They are nearly all men who have come 
 to stay, and have their families, with them. In this dis- 
 trict there are 500 Polish families rapidly becoming Ameri- 
 •canised. They naturalise and take an intelligent interest 
 in the political and other public life of the country. They 
 have their own public schools, and a handsome stone church 
 intended for the pastor is nearly finished. In politics they are 
 largely Democrats, and have a club and six benefit societies. 
 Even the Huns and Slavs are beginning to organise them- 
 selves socially and religiously. To a considerable extent 
 the statements of the worthy priest are confirmed by other 
 residents in the locality, a tradesman in Scottdale asserting that 
 the days when the Hungarians were content to eat the veriest 
 ^offal have gone, and that now he likes a good piece of meat 
 
221 
 
 just aa well as the natives. The overcrowded dwellings are the 
 chief evil now existing. They are filthy in the extreme, and 
 swarm with vermin. 
 
 Speaking to Mr. Schloss. and stating the case from an em- 
 ployer's point of \new, Mr. Joseph Harris, President of the 
 Lehigh Coal and Navigation Company, Philadelphia, says that 
 the Company employs in its mines from 4,000 to 5,000 men, of 
 which not more than one half are of foreign birth. There are 
 many Hungarians among them. When the Hungarians first 
 come they live in boaniing-houses, but afterwards they want 
 houses to live in by themselves, and soon adopt the American 
 standaixl of comfort. The great mass of Hungarians are not 
 " birds of passage," but settle in the country. He htus known 
 them to go back to their own country, but only for the purpose 
 of coming again with their wives and families. He does not 
 think the ef^t of their coming has been to reduce wages or 
 to overcrowd the labour market. He, however, thinks it quite 
 possible that though wages had not been reduced by their 
 coming, they might have been prevented from rising. 
 
 The classes of crinie to which these mixed races of the coal 
 and coke region are chiefly addicted are, as has been remarked, 
 those in which violence to the person is a chief feature. The 
 question of relative criminality generally may be left for later 
 treatment. It is, however, of interest to quote from the news- 
 papers afew pai-agraphs, published while this inquiry was going 
 on in the States, which illustrate this point. The first is a 
 case in which Huns were the victims. Near Hazleton a party 
 of Huns were attacked by three men, who shot, stabbed, and 
 robbed the Huns, one l)eing considered fatally injured. The 
 assailants were said to be Italians. Another records a free fight 
 among Slav labourers at the mines, in which several were 
 stabbed, one fatally. At Plymouth, Pennsylvania, a bloody riot 
 took place in which the combatants were Huns and Polanders 
 under the influence of drink. Revolvers, stones, and clubs were 
 freely used, until the police interfered. One man was killed 
 outright. At Harleigh, in the same State, a regular pitched 
 battle with knives and revolvers took place between Hungarian 
 and Italian miners. The weight of evidence seems rather 
 against the Hungarian as a desirable element in American immi- 
 gration. The above facts are drawn chiefly from the coal and 
 coke regions, although the Hungarians are to he found scattered 
 though not in such force, over many other localities. It is pro- 
 bably sufficient to take them as found in their largest aggre- 
 gations to be a fair sample of the whole of the nationality. 
 
 Italian Immigration. 
 
 The Italians come next. They, in many respects, resemble 
 the Hungarians, and are often found associated with them in 
 doing the lower unskilled labour of the country. Like the 
 
222 
 
 Hungarians, tliey have only made their descent upon the United 
 States in force in comparatively recent years, and in their case 
 also there is that striking inequality in the proportion of the 
 sexes, which is also one of the undesirable features of the' 
 Austria-Hungarian immigration. Thus, in 1870, the number of 
 immigrants from Italy into the States was 2,891, 759 of whom 
 were females. In 1879, after rising to nearly 9,000 in 1873, the 
 number had dropped again to 5,791, from which point it continued 
 steadily to rise, until, in 1891, it reached its maximum of 75,455, 
 of which only 15,280 were females. In 1892 it was 61,631, of 
 which 14,232 were females. Of a total immigration from 1873 
 to 1892 of 493,148,sa period of 20 j^ears, 444,395 came during 
 the last 12 years of the period. This immense influx of people 
 from Italy is so peculiar in many of its features, that it can 
 hardly be considered a natural immigration, and deserves a little 
 attention. So far as influence upon American labour is con- 
 cerned, no part of the immigration needs to be so carefully 
 watched as that from Italy. Generally, as has been observed, 
 the effect of the law prohibiting the importation of labour under 
 contract has been to exercise a protective influence over the 
 conditions of American labour. Practically, this law has made 
 it impossible for employers to engage from Europe, or elsewhere, 
 cheap labour wherewith to replace that of a higher grade. 
 This cannot, however, be said to be entirely true in the case of 
 Italian immigrants. They do not, it is true, enter the States under 
 contract to serve any specific master at any definite price, but 
 thousands of them actually come while under conditions which 
 place their labour at the disposal of men who contract regularly 
 for the supply of labour to employers. Thus the law, which is 
 moderately effective in respect to skilled labour, is rendered of 
 no account in so far as the unskilled labour of Italy is con- 
 cerned. Much of the immigration from Italy is forced and 
 unnatural. It is stimulated by the activity of emigration 
 agents paid on commission, who work in the interests of the 
 shipping companies. The country districts are placarded with 
 notices as to the desirability of the United States as a field 
 for emigration, and these advertisements give glowing accounts 
 of the conditions existing there. Hopes are held out that 
 ordinary labourers may earn 2 dollars per day. Some are able 
 to pay their own passage money by the sale or mortgage of 
 property or goods they may possess, but, in a large proportion 
 of cases, tickets are supplied to the intending immigrants on the 
 understanding that they are to re-pay the value from the first 
 money they earn in America. Before the Select Committee 
 of 1888 witness after witness was called from the ranks of poor 
 unemployed Italian labourers who had gone over to the States, 
 and found that the promises made to them were impossible of 
 realisation. One witness, the head of an Italian Immigrants 
 Society, deposed that there were from four to five thousand 
 Italian labourers idle in New York. These unfortunate men 
 
223 
 
 liad been induceil to come by the promises of emigi-ation agents, 
 or employment agencies, and, from poverty, were unable to 
 proceed further than New York. In many instances in which 
 the passage tickets liad been provided for the emigrants, by 
 agents, on an undertaking to pay for them out of iii*st money 
 earned, a considerable per centage was charged on the amount 
 thus advanced, the commission charged in this way being often 
 double the usual fare. In the earlier stages of the Italian 
 immigration into the States, troops of Italians would come over 
 under the direction of contractors, to whom they were practically 
 engaged as labourers, and these " bosses " would let them out in 
 ganea to employers requiring labour, the contractor receiving 
 again a commission on the labour of each man supplied, 
 which was deducted from his wages. The labourers themselves 
 had, in numerous instances, to pay a special fee for the employ- 
 ment found them. Not content with this, the men into whose 
 hands they fell undertook to boaixi and lodge them while em- 
 ployed, and every necessary of life was supplied to them under 
 ap extortionate truck system. The men who work this traffic 
 in human labour are often small bankers, or beer saloon keepers, 
 who also transact for the poor Italians any financial business 
 they may have. This is often considerable, as there is a large 
 amount remitted year by year to friends or families in Italy, 
 either for the purpose of saving, of maintenance, or for emigra- 
 tion. It has been generally said of the Italians that they come 
 to America to stay for a few years only, returning to Italy with 
 tlie money they have saved. As in the case of other nationali- 
 ties, however, this is not so much the case now as it used to be, 
 and much the larger proportion now comes to stay. Others 
 again, who are skilled operatives in the building trades, are 
 "birds of passage," who cross from Italy in the spring, and 
 return in the autumn. 
 
 The lowest labour of the States is now mostly done by 
 Italians. They do the unskilled labour of the railroads, the 
 stripping or surface labour of the mines, and the repairing and 
 sweeping of the public streets. From those walks of labour 
 they have completely forced out the Irish labourers who used 
 to do such work, and it is felt that they have reduced the 
 rates of wages paid in such occupations. There are none in 
 the United States who work so hard or so long as the Italians, 
 or for so little wages, and on so small an amount of food. 
 Their effect upon American wages and standards of comfort is, 
 therefore, felt wherever they compete with other labour. 
 
 There is, in fact, in most of the large centres an agreement of 
 opinion that daily wages for street labourers have come down 
 from §1 • 50 to §1 • 25, which seems to have become quite a recog- 
 nised standard for Italian labour, and below which many of 
 them refuse to work. 
 
 These rates are stated to be falling, however, and evidence 
 has been given to show, that some of the Italians who combine 
 
224 
 
 the businesses of banking and labour contracting have been 
 willing to contract to supply 600 men at §1-10 per day, 
 without commission, provided only there should be a clause in 
 the contract permitting them to have full control of the 
 housing and feeding of the men. Again, in some towns the 
 Italian street labour is not now paid at more than 75 cents a 
 day. 
 
 Though mostly unskilled labourers many of the Italian 
 immigrants become small dealers, fruit sellers in the public 
 streets, newsboys, shoeblacks, and generally drift into small 
 occupations in which they can do business on their own ac- 
 count. In the large towns they are to be found living together, 
 and take possession of certain quarters almost entirely. They 
 are thus to be found under conditions of the most unhealthy 
 kind, while their low standard of cleanliness and comfort, and 
 strong desire to save all they can, cause them to overcrowd the 
 tenements in which they live to such an extent as to be not 
 only unhealthy and degrading to themselves, but a source of 
 danger to the health of the community generally. 
 
 In New York they are perhaps to be found at their worst, and, 
 jointly with the Chinese and Russian Jews, have gradually taken 
 possession of a central portion of the city. Mulberry Street is 
 the chief centre of the Italian settlement in New York, and the 
 neighbourhood swarms with a population of a variety and a 
 density such as cannot easily be equalled elsewhere. Here it is 
 difficult to find anyone who speaks the language of the coun- 
 try, and the street sounds, sights, and smells are those of 
 Southern Europe. The tall houses with their iron balconies and 
 fire escapes on which the bedding of the inmates is hung out to 
 air on fine days, present a most disorderly and slovenly appear- 
 ance, in striking constrast to some of the more American 
 avenues and streets which are only a few minutes' walk away. 
 In all that concerns the administration of their laws for the 
 preservation of public health, the authorities of the great 
 American cities are strangely indulgent to their alien popula- 
 tions, and they allow them to do witli impunity, things which 
 are not permitted to the native American. 
 
 As to the conditions under which the Italians of this portion 
 of New York live, and which generally resemble the condi- 
 tions existing in other cities, much valuable information is to be 
 found in the Report of the House of Representatives' Committee 
 on Manufactures, which sat to investigate the sweating system 
 in 1892. 
 
 Dr. Annie Sturges Daniel, out-door visiting physician to the 
 New York Infirmary for Women and Children, had made a 
 special study of cases she had visited, and testified to the Com- 
 mittee as to the conditions under which her patients lived. Of 
 one Italian family it was recorded that the occupation was 
 trouser finishing at 11 cents a pair. The mother and two 
 children worked, and could do five pairs a day by working very 
 
225 
 
 long hours. The entire number of the family was seven, and in 
 addition there was a boarder. Thei*e were two rooms, an'l but 
 one bed. The rooms were dirty, and trouser finishing was going 
 on in the room where a child lay sick with measles. In 
 another case an Italian family of nine occupied three dirty 
 rooms in bad repair. In addition to themselves they had two 
 boaixlers, and there were throe beds for the eleven persons. 
 One of the children lay dying, but work went on as usual at 
 trouser finishing. In another case a family of nine, with four 
 boarders in addition, occupied three rooms in a very insanitary 
 house, in which there were four families on every floor ; every 
 apartment filled with trouser finishers and Italian boarders. In 
 the city of Boston the Committee visited the Italian quarter. In 
 one place they found a man, his wife, and eight children living 
 in two rooms, each about 12 feet squari*. Thei*e were no con- 
 veniences nor closets, except those common to the whole alley, 
 which were " filthy and nauseating beyond description, and 
 " showing no regard to decency, let alone comfort or cleanliness." 
 In the same alley was discovered in two rooms of about the 
 same size " a man, his wife, and four children, with several 
 " boarders or guests. Here clothing was being manufactured, 
 " and upon the three beds were piled the goods ready to be made 
 " up. The stench and filth of these rooms was such as to make 
 " it impossible for the Committee to remain in them, while the 
 " closet arrangements were simply a mass of filth." Cases might 
 be quoted ad natiseavi, and the testimony thus quoted has 
 been verified by personal inspection of some of the localities 
 described. 
 
 These unhappy immigrants are to be pitied. Coming with- 
 out means, to a new country of the language of which they 
 are altogether ignorant, and in which they have been led 
 to believe that work is plentiful and wages high, they fall 
 Wctims to labour contractors. That these labour dealt rs are 
 their own countrymen affords no' mitigation to their condition. 
 They are now spreading all over the States. In the large towns 
 they form communities of their own, have their own institutions, 
 and their own newspapers printed in Italian. It is contended 
 that this immigration has not reduced wages. Mr. Jos. D. Potts, 
 Director of the International Navigation Company, American 
 Line of steamers, who had had great experience as an engineer 
 in the construction of railways, expressed to Mr. Schloss the 
 opinion that if Italian and Hungarian labour had not reduced 
 the wages of labour generally, it had certainly prevented any 
 advance. He thinks the Italians do a work which a native or 
 an older immigrant of another nationality will not do Mr. Wm 
 H. Brown, Chief Engineer of the Union Pacific Railroad, upon 
 being questioned said that wages paid to men in the con- 
 struction and maintenance of railways are not lower now 
 than previously, but the influx of foreigners had no doubt 
 the effect of preventing those wages from rising. The work. 
 
226 
 
 he thinks, is now done at the same wages, but the Italian^,} 
 who do it are an infeiior class. On the other hand, Mr. E. W.^, 
 Howe, Engineer of the Parks Department of the city of Boston, 
 writes on this point : — " All the contractors for work of which I^ 
 •" have charge are paying .^1-50 per day of ten hours for Italians (> 
 " and -^I'TS to •^2-00 for Irish or native labourers. The city pays,.^ 
 " a uniform rate of S2 a day to common labourers. I do not say 
 " that there has been any reduction of .wages since the Italians 
 " came, but they are paid about the same rate as was paid 
 " before, while the wages paid to others than Italians have been 
 " increased." 
 
 In mining the Italian has, with the Hungarian, taken posses- 
 sion of much of the labour in some districts, and it is in this 
 industry, as has already been seen, that the greatest effects upon 
 wages have been visible. In the more highly skilled trades the.^ 
 Italians have done little harm. The mere fact that they have 
 been skilled artisans has prevented them from being exploited by 
 the labour contractors, and has also given them definite ideas 
 as to the value of their own labour. They have been chiefly felt 
 in stone cutting, and other branches of the building trades, in 
 which many of them are " birds of passage." In such indus- 
 tries, however, they have occasionally formed trade unions of 
 their own, or have become members of the American organisa- 
 tions of the trades they belong to. 
 
 The Italians spread themselves impartially all over the States, 
 but in a few of the greater towns form, from their habit of 
 overcrowding, a dense population. Thus, in Philadelphia, there 
 is said to be an Italian population of 31,000. There is an 
 Itcdian daily paper, called " II Vesuvio," which has a circulation 
 of 8,000. A conversation with the editor and proprietor of this 
 journal brought out some facts of interest. The Italian popula- 
 tion of Philadelphia, it appears, are mostly engaged in the work 
 of street cleaning, and on railway and other unskilled labour. 
 A great many are also employed as stone cutters, masons, and 
 mosaic marble workers. Doubtless among them there are many 
 who are mere "birds of passage; " but it, is the fact, also, that 
 the tendency to settle permanently is year by year becoming 
 greater, and now most of them have their wives and families 
 with them. They are now also taking to the clothing trade, 
 and the women and children do a good deal of work in their 
 own homes. There is an Italian society in the city, which has 
 for its object to look after the interests of Italian immigrants, 
 and which sets agencies in operation to Americanise them as 
 speedily as possible after arrival. There are schools in which 
 the children are taught English, so that they may be prepared 
 for the public schools. They have also night schools for adults 
 which are crowded by those wishing to learn the language of 
 the country. As to trade organisation, there is not much among 
 them. The street cleaners have a good society, but in spite of 
 this, wages are not now so liigb for that class of labour as they 
 
227 
 
 used to be. Fortunately tlie " padrone '* or contract labour 
 system does not exist in Phila<lelphia tis it does in New York. 
 A few years apo there were 13 Italian branches of the American 
 International Union of Stonema»-ons, but those special branches 
 have now disappeared, and the Italian members are merged 
 among the other nationalities. It cainiot, be said, however, that 
 they form a very numerous secticn. There are in Philadelphia 
 four or five building contractors who are Italians. They treat 
 their workmen very well, and pay the current rates of wages. 
 The Italian quarter of the city has nmch improved of late yeara. 
 Those of the Itj\lians who work at tiiiloring are badly paid, and 
 toil very long hours, even on Sundays. Italians are also making 
 their way into the bo;)t and shoe trades. 
 
 Like the Hungarians, they are unfortunately addicted to 
 crimes of violence against the person, and have introduced into 
 the States some of the customs and practices of the secret 
 societies of Italy. Tlie greater proportion of Italians in prison 
 have been convicted for crimes against the person. Enough 
 has been said to bring out the most salient characteristics of the 
 Italian immigration, and to enable an opinion to be formed as to 
 whether it is likely to be beneficial or othei-wise to the social life 
 of the United States. 
 
 Polish Immigration. 
 
 Another important element in the European immigration into 
 the United States is that from Poland. In respect to the labour 
 coming in from that country, it corresponds generally with that 
 arriving from Hungary and Italy, and, like the latter, distributes 
 itself generally over the States. It is also an immigi-ation, which 
 is of comparatively recent but very rapid growth. In 1870 the 
 number from Poland was only 223, but in 1 890 it had risen to 
 11,073, in 1891 to 27,497, and in 1892 to 33,299, about one- 
 third of whom were females. The only skilled industry in which 
 they are to be found in any force is tailoring, which is doubtless 
 due to the fact that there are amongst them many Jews. As a 
 rule, they compete only with the lowest class labour of the 
 country, and are often to be found in the mining districts, side 
 by side with the Hungarians, and Italians, but living up to a 
 higher standard of comfort, assimilating better with the people 
 of the country, and discharging the duties of citizenship. In 
 the large towns they are occasionally found in communities, 
 living to a gi^eat extent in a state of comparative isolation from 
 the native or English-speaking population. They are to be 
 found thus settled in large numbers in Chicago, but perhaps 
 more in Detroit than in any other city of the States. In De- 
 troit there is an estimated Polish population of 30,000 to 40,000 
 souls, which is roughly about one-eighth of the total population 
 of the city. 
 
 There are also a large number of Hungarians and Italians in 
 this important frontier town, but the Poles out-number all the 
 
228 
 
 other non-English speaking foreigners put together. They are 
 mostly engaged in the lower labour of the district work for low 
 wages, and, as in other localities, are pushing out the Irish 
 labourer. When Poles get a footing in any of the occupations 
 in which trade unions exist, they join the unions, and are said 
 to be as energetic as others in demaudtng standard conditions 
 of labour. 
 
 Large numbers of them are engaged in doing the stable work 
 of the Street Car Coaapany. The Street Car Employes' Asso- 
 ciation is the largest trade union in Detroit, and the Poles are 
 generally members. Immigrants of this nationality who are 
 grown up before coming to America do not readily acquire the 
 language, but their children are quick to learn, and in the 
 second generation can only be distinguished by their names 
 from native America!is. In Buffalo also there are similar settle- 
 ments of Poles, Galicians, and Bohemians, the quarters of the 
 city of which they have takeu possession, being known by the 
 names of the countries from which they come. 
 
 Miscellaneous Immigration. 
 
 With the exception of the immigration from Russia, which is 
 now about to be dealt with, there is no other nationality calling 
 for special attention. There is now some immigration of Portu- 
 guese, of people from the Azores, of Greeks, and oi Armenians, 
 the latter not being well spoken of by the other operatives 
 in the occupations into which they find their way. There is a 
 good deal of this element in the leather, and boot and shoe 
 trades of the New England States, where it has been successfully 
 used to break down strikes of the English-speaking operatives. 
 There is also a small amount of other Asiatic labour to be found 
 scattered over the country, but it becomes less in extent every 
 year the exclusion laws against the Chinese tending to keep it 
 in check. All these may, however, be disregarded for the pur- 
 poses of this report, and an examination may now be made of 
 that portion of American immigration " which is of the character 
 " of the recent immigration of destitute foreigners from the 
 " Eastern parts of Europe into England." 
 
 Immigration of Russian Jews. 
 
 Practically, the immigration of Russian Jews, whether into 
 England, or into the United States, never threatened to become a 
 difficulty for either nation until 1881. For centuries the Jews 
 in Russia had been barely tolerated. They lived subject to 
 special laws, and were only allowed to reside within certain 
 limits. In the year named, such alterations were made in the 
 laws affecting Jews, that, immediately for thousands, and soon 
 after for even larger numbers, expatriation was the only possible 
 fate. Since then a continuous exodus has been going on, and 
 
229 
 
 the banislied Jew has had no alternative bub to turn his face 
 westward, seeking in strange lands the right of domicile refused 
 to him longer in the land of his birth. Into the history of the 
 persecution which thus drove the Jews out of Russia it is 
 not necessary to enter. All that needs to be done is to examine 
 the extent to which this immigration has entered the United 
 States ; the peculiar characteristics of such immigration ; and 
 its effect U|K>n sociul and industrial conditions in that country. 
 
 As to extent. We ai-e at once met with a difficulty which is 
 not, however, serious. The United States statistics of immigra- 
 tion give figures as to nationality only, not in any way specially 
 distinguishing Jews from other Russians or Poles, Austrians 
 or Germans. It is, therefore, impobsible, in dealing with num- 
 bers, to be absolutely sure as to the proportion of Jews among 
 the immigrants counted as coming from Russia. Looking 
 at all the circumstances, however, it will appear quite safe 
 to assume that practically the whole of the Russian immi- 
 gration is Hebrew in charac^/er. In the first pla'.e, the Rus- 
 sians are not an emigi-ating people, nor has it ever been the 
 desire of their Goverrnnent to see them emigrate. On the 
 contrary, there was a law against the emigration of Russians 
 from which Jews were excepted. In the next place, until the 
 special circumstance occurred which tended to drive the Jews 
 out of Russia the inunigration fri>m that country into the United 
 States was almost infinitesimal. In 1861 it only amounted to 
 34, and for the ten years ending 1871, the annual average was 
 but 314. During the decide ending 1881, the yearly average 
 was 4,304 ; but in the following ten years 1882-91 it had risen 
 to 23,865, the rise from year to year being progressive. In 
 1892 the maximum figure of 79,294 was reached. Thus, in 31 
 years there was a tutal immigration from Russia of 364,119, of 
 which 317, 948 came during the last eleven years in which the 
 special causes affecting the Jews were in more or less constant 
 operation. In none of these figures is Poland included. The 
 inference that practically all the Russian immigration is Hebrew 
 seems, therefore, entirely justified. There may be a few among 
 the number who are actually Russians, but it is impossible to 
 avoid the conclusion that the bulk of them are of Jewish origin. 
 Long, however, before the commencement of this Russian im- 
 migration, the Jews generally had been settling in the United 
 States. In many of the learned professions, in commerce, in 
 finance, and in the smaller walks of business, they had been 
 taking up the positions which their special intellectual endow- 
 ments, and keen habits of business qualified them to fill. These 
 were, however, people of a higher order than the mass of those 
 who came from Russia when the era of persecution set in, and 
 had been a natural outflow from Europe, of people who came 
 willingly to seek a new home, and to adopt a new country. 
 Thus they readily naturalised, and became American citizens to 
 the fullest extent. In the case of the exiled Russian Jews, 
 
230 
 
 however, this was not so. They neither came voluntarily, nor 
 possessed the capacity of the first comers, and they were naturally 
 not so welcome. What, therefore, are the general characteristics 
 of the flood of immigrants who recently poured out from Russia ? 
 So far as the Jews in Russia are concerned, it is now prac- 
 tically a question of the survival of the fittest, and those who 
 are driven, or assisted out of the country are, in the main, those 
 most unfit to make their way elsewhere. There are of course, 
 numerous exceptions to this rule, and among the flood of those 
 coming out of Russia, is a considerable minority of people able 
 to fight the battle of life anywhere. In Russia, however, as 
 elsewhere, it is the weakest who go to the wall, and thus it is, 
 that even so far as the Russian Jews are concerned, it is those 
 who are poorest and weakest who are driven across the Atlantic. 
 Living in Russia under exceptional conditions, restricted from 
 the exercise of their powers in almost every direction by special 
 legislation, and compelled to live within limits which gave them 
 no scope for the acquirement or development of industrial 
 capacity, provided that they had any desire to move in that 
 direction, the poorer among tliem could hardly be expected to 
 become, as a class, desirable elements in a new country 
 which requires, above all things, physical strength, and 
 ability to do almost any kind of work. Physically, the Rus- 
 sian Jews are not strong and are not naturally fitted for 
 employments requiring the constant exertion of great muscular 
 power. It is also said against them that for labour of such a 
 kind they have no inclination, but prefer to occupy those walks 
 in life in which the brain is of more service than the muscles. 
 Smart, capable artisans there are amongst them, it is true, but 
 it is to be repeated, that here again the great bulk of those who,, 
 during the past 12 years have been crowding into the larger 
 towns of the United States, are of a class not fitted either 
 physically or by disposition for severe exertion. That they can 
 and do work hard and persistently, at special occupations re- 
 quiring constant application rather than strength, is beyond 
 dispute, but the fact that their industrial scope is thus limited 
 undoubtedly places them at a disadvantage as immigrants. 
 The American statistics showing immigration by occupations 
 prove this very conclusively, and nearly the whole of the 
 labour coming from Russia is seen to be included under the 
 heads of unskilled labour. The only skilled occupations in 
 which they make much show are the clothing trades, but, 
 even here, it is probable that many who return themselves as 
 tailors do so, not because they are already tailors, but because 
 they mean to be tailors, in some one of the senses in which that 
 term is now used in the United States. A gradually increasing 
 number now return themselves as farmers, but, as under the 
 occupation tables Poland is included with Russia, it is difficult 
 to determine how many of these may have come from Southern 
 Russia. A larger number also seem to enter as servants, but 
 
231 
 
 the propoi-tion under the heads of labourers and "miscellaneous'''^ 
 is very large indeed, and it is exactly under those two divisions 
 that many of the most undesirable elements of American immi- 
 gration are to be found. This unfitness of the Russian Jew for 
 general employments has been a great hindrance to his proper 
 distribution over the United States. The sorts of work he can 
 do, or can easily leani, are carried on chiefly in the great cities. 
 The limited extent of his industrial capacity has also caused his 
 concentration upon a conipamtively small number of trades. So 
 far as he is conceraed, therefore, there has been an amount of 
 local and trade congestion, which ha<? caused his presence to bo 
 much more seriously felt than if this class of immitrrant had 
 [been more generally distributed over the counti} . 
 
 But the tendency to settle down thus in the great centres, and 
 80 to take entire possession of certain localities as to gi-adually 
 force out the population of other nationalities, and to establish a 
 state of isolation from the remainder of the community, has 
 been fostered in other ways, especially by the j)ractices re- 
 quired by their religion. If men retjuire to liave their meat 
 slaughtered in a special way, and their food generally prepared 
 in modes which are not those of the population generally, 
 they will natui*ally seek to live under conditions which make 
 special arrangements in these matters possible. Another con- 
 tributory cause towards these tendencies to Exclusion from 
 intercourse with their neighbours of other nationalities, has been 
 that of language, together with a disposition so suspicious 
 and distrustful as to incline them always to keep by them- 
 selves. How far such tendencies are natural or are the results 
 of the centuries of repression under which they have lived it 
 is unnecessary to inquire, but it seems clear that they unfit the 
 Russian Jew from becoming at once an esteemed inhabitant of a 
 nation, which is above all things desirous of making a people 
 which shall be American, and w^hich shall be, as far as possible, 
 homogeneous. Thus the Russian Jew coming to America has been 
 heavily handicapped to begin with. He may not, like the 
 Italian, have been openly bought and sold in the labour market 
 by his own countiymen, trading upon his ignorance, but in 
 another way he has been taken advantage of, and his labour 
 utilised to the profit and advantage of others, usually also 
 of his own race who have availed themselves of these very 
 tendencies in his character to carry out the process. These 
 seem to be features so much part of the character of these 
 people, rather than a result from the new circumstances into 
 which they are thrown, that it is not surprising to find, that 
 the objections urged against the Russian Jews as they are found 
 in the United States, are almost precisely the same as those used 
 against them in England. 
 
 These objections briefly stated are, that the Russian Jews 
 coming into a few trades already sufficiently stocked with native 
 
232 
 
 labour, work at lower rates ol; wages tban the native workers, 
 and under conditions which are generally injurious to the well- 
 being of the whole trade ; that they set up a lower standard 
 of living and of social comfort ; that they are dirty in 
 their persons and habits, and form a source of danger to the 
 health of tlie general community ; that, being of a foreign 
 race, not speaking the language of the country into which 
 they come, they are imbued with no spirit of patriotism, and 
 that any political opinions they may entertain are such as would, 
 if carried into practice, subvert the system under which the 
 government of the country into which they come is carried on. 
 Before proceeding to discuss these objections in detail, it is desi- 
 rable to explain' that in no race is the principle of charity towards 
 one's fellows more implicitly believed in than by the Jews. It 
 is with them a religious duty, and, pitiable as the condition of 
 those of their race driven out of Russia may have been, it 
 has been immensely alleviated by the benevolence, the almost 
 unmeasured generosity of their more fortunate brethren in other 
 countries. Charitable agencies of all kinds have been pro- 
 moted with a view to emigrate them to the countries most 
 suitable for them, and, when there, to distribute them as judi- 
 ciously as possible in the trades and districts in which they 
 would be least likely to raise objection. If such institutions 
 have been unsuccessful in these objects, it has not been because 
 they have been sparing in their outlay, but rather because 
 of the inherent difficulties of their task. Most other European 
 peoples which send many emigrants to the States have agencies 
 of this kind on the American or European side, or on both, but 
 none can be said to have done more than the Jewish organi- 
 sations for their people who cross the Atlantic. These very 
 facts, however, tend but to strengthen the objection to the 
 Russian Jew as an immigrant, because it is at once assumed 
 that the necessity for so much charitable assistance indicates the 
 poverty-stricken and helpless character of the people. If then, 
 with all the advantages of this complete system of assisted and 
 specially directed emigration the result is not what it sliould be, 
 the causes demand investigation. 
 
 As has already been observed in ]-espect to some nationalities 
 sending large numbers of emigants to the States, it is difficult 
 to name special localities, or particular industries into which 
 they have chiefly gone. They are distributed everywhere, and 
 leave no marked trace of the course they have followed. 
 
 The Russian Jewish element is not, however, one of these. 
 The localities and trades it affects are easily traced, and the 
 work of examination as to results is comparatively easy. 
 
 The total Jewish populatif>n of the United States cannot easily 
 be obtained, because in census returns nationalities are shown 
 only by places of birth. As, however, this inquiry has chiefly to 
 deal with Russian Jews who can be dealt with more definitely, 
 this is of little importance 
 
283 
 
 Tlie census of 1800 ^ives the totjil number of Russian -lM>in 
 persons in the Unite<l States as 182,044, and those of Polish birtli 
 as 1 47,440. Nearly the whole of the former and a consider- 
 able proportion of the latti'r would be Jews. Having reganl to 
 the immens? innnigmtion of recent yeare, the census figures seem 
 astonishingly low, even allowing for the addition of the yeai-s 
 1891-2; but it is not impossible to reconcile the figures given 
 by the statistics of immigration with those of the census. Look- 
 ing at these apparent discre|)ancies, in fact, it seems likely that 
 the census enumemtoi-s were unable to deal at all exhaustively 
 with such large numl>ers of foreigners un»vcquainte<l w^ith the 
 language of the country, and living togt'ther with so many 
 difterent families under one roof or in one set of apiirtments. 
 Allowing for emigration, however, and death, the figures may 
 be easily leconciled. 
 
 Dealing, however, only with Russians, about whom there is 
 least doubt, it is found on examination of the census tables that 
 ncHrly one half of the jX)pulation l)orn in Russia is to be 
 ibund in 10 of the towns only. 48,790 were said to be located 
 in New York, hut i)ersona familiar with the Jewish quaiter of 
 that city will feel nuich inclined to doubt the sufficiency of these 
 figures. However, so far as geographical distribution is con- 
 cerned, it is quite clear that the Russian and Polish Jews are 
 almost entirely to be found in the tow ns, and nuike little efliort 
 to spread themselves over the country or to take up other than 
 a limited number of occupations. 
 
 The Sweating System. 
 
 The trades into which they chiefly go are, in order of num- 
 ])ers, the clothing trades and the cigar trade. They are, of 
 course, to be found in other industries, but only to a limited 
 extent. 
 
 In America the clothing trades are of great importance, and 
 employ an immense army of labour. The ready-made clothing 
 trade especially, is earned on upon a gigantic scale, of which we 
 have but little experience in this country, large as our trade is. 
 Much of the ready-made work of the United States is turned 
 out in a very superior faahion, and many of those in the 
 trade do not hesitate to say that their work is quite as 
 good, if not better, than the custom or made-to-order work of 
 England. The effect of this is largely to drive out the higher 
 skilled labour of the custom trade. In the clothing trade there 
 are, of coui-se, numerous grades of quality, but in the higher, 
 the quality is good. Thus in the outer clothing of men and 
 boys, and in ladies' mantles, there is an enormous produc- 
 tion of all kinns, from the very best down to the very lowest. 
 Another important branch of the clothing trade is shirt- luaking, 
 which is also a large industry in the United States, and which, 
 o 77399. Q 
 
234. 
 
 whether carried on under a factory system, in small workshops, 
 or in the homes of the workers, gives employment to many 
 thousands of people, both men and women. Neck wear, such as 
 ties and collars, is another important branch, and most of this 
 is in the hands of the Jews, who have displaced native or other 
 foi eign labour, but who are now being in turn hard pressed by 
 the Italians, who have an even lower standard of living. Into 
 the felt hat trade the Jews are also making their way, and, to 
 some extent, but very slightly, into the boot and shoe trade. 
 Tlie chief trades, however, are the two first named — tailoring 
 and cigar-making. Again, it is chiefly as to the eflfect of the Jew 
 in the clothing trade that complaints are made. In the first place, 
 therefore, it is desirable to ascertain what are the conditions 
 specially existing in that trade, and which of them are due to the 
 introduction of the Russian Jew. The sources of information on 
 this subject are various. In the first place there is personal 
 examination. In the second there is the evidence of witnesses 
 given before the House of Representatives Committee which 
 investigated the " Sweating System," as it exists in the large 
 cities of the United States. This inquiry was held in Wash- 
 ington, but the Committee at different times held sittings in 
 New York, Chicago, and Boston in order that local inspections 
 might be made. In the third place there are the reports of the 
 factory inspectors for the State of New York, in which this 
 industry is principally carried on. 
 
 From all these sources of information it appears, that in the 
 ready-made clothing trade all the evils are found to exist which 
 are met with in the east end of London. That is to say, in 
 New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Cincin- 
 nati, and in a less degree in a few other cities, the sweating 
 system prevails to the fullest extent. As in England, it rests 
 chiefly upon Jewish labour, but, so far as the chief con- 
 tractors in America are concerned, they are mostly Jews. In 
 some respects it is not surrounded by quite such bad conditions 
 in America, but in other particuhirs it is worse. Rates of 
 pay are higher, and, possibly, the standard of living a little 
 better than in the worst shops of this kind in the east end 
 of London ; but in a considerable number of cases the sanitary 
 conditions of the places used as workshops are much worse. 
 During the last two years legislation has done much to miti- 
 gate some of the* evils which led to the inquiry, and even now 
 new laws are being put into operation, which are intended, 
 so far as is possible, to abolish the domestic workshop, and to 
 drive the manufacture cf clothing back into factories, in which 
 due measures may be tnken to protect the health of the workers. 
 To convey a clear idea of the extent and nature of the system it 
 may be well to state that in 1890, according to the census of 
 production, the total value of clothing manufactured in tiie 
 United States was, from cities of over 20,000 population alone, 
 nearly ^500,000,000. Of this New York city made up 
 
235 
 
 #155.000.000; Chicago. #58,000,000; Philadelphia, ^^2,000,000, 
 and Boston, i**31,000,000 ; while Cincinnati, Baltimore, Brooklyn, 
 San Francisco, and Rochester are each responsible for over 
 •^10,000,000 worth. Twenty- five years ago not 25 percent, of the 
 clothing trade of the country was " ready made," but in 1890 it 
 was nt least CO per cent., and since then has risen considerably. 
 The following description of the growth of the sweating .system 
 in the United States is fix)m the report of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives Connnittee on Manufactures, 1892, and is specially 
 interesting as showmg how closely the development of this ' 
 system in the States has followed the lines of its practice in 
 this country : a development largely, if not indeed chiefly, due 
 to the presence in each case of the special kind of human 
 material required for such work : — 
 
 ** In accord with this development, the system of manufaeture has been 
 altereci and developeil. Up to the time of the war, in the main a house- 
 hold indu.str}', by which the women of the family provided its clotliing, 
 and in which work the neighbourhood seamstress assisted and the 
 village tailor co-oi)erated as an expert, the work of the larger establish- 
 mentfi wiu* mainly custom wopk, the greater part of which was done on 
 the premises, under the close sujHM'vision of the dealer, who sold directly 
 to the consuming public ; and to a lai^e extent this is still the case with 
 what is known ixs * custom work.* 
 
 *' The ready-made business was at first carried on under the same plan, 
 its economies involving at fir.^^t not so much a change of this system as 
 the savinu; of expert judgment, by making the garments in specified 
 assortments, instead of adapting each to a special wearer, and in the 
 sub-division of laliour and comparative cheapness of expert skill in each 
 branch made possible by this change. 
 
 " Tin* (litl'erence in labour conditions between the custom and ready- 
 made business soon developed a si^ecialization in the methods of the 
 latter, which has come to iye known as the * sweating ' system, and 
 which, giving opportunity for one or more middlemen between the 
 wholesale ' man'ifacturer ' (so called) and the actual operative, has 
 facilitated the cheapening of manufacture, the degradation of the labour 
 engaged in it, and the growth or a spinous menace to the general health 
 of the country. When to this it is added that, generally speakirg, in 
 each of the important centres where clothing manu.facture is carried on, 
 three-quarters or more of the goods made there are manufactured for 
 sale outside of the State, and that in those v/here its conditions are most 
 serious the per-centage of the whole manufacture disposed of in other 
 States is still higher, there is stated what to your Committee seems the 
 most obvious basis for action by Congress. 
 
 " The present system is as follows : — The materials are cut, and those 
 for each garment bunched together on the premises of the manufacturer, 
 who expects to mark the finished product as his o.\ n. They are then- 
 distributed in large lots, frequently by thousands of garments each, to 
 special jobbers, who are known as ' contractors,' each of whom has his 
 own place of business, and generally his own factory, and who, though 
 he naturally and frequently works largely for the same and a limited 
 number of parties from year to year, is at the same time free to make 
 contracts with any one, and is rather a specialist in some particular line 
 of manufacture — for examples, coats, or cloaks, or pantaloons, or over- 
 coats, or special grades or sizes of these — than the special employe of 
 
 Q 2 
 
236 
 
 any particular firm or firms. He may, and fre(iuenlly does, live in a- 
 different city from tliat in which the goods are cut, the contractors for 
 certain classes of work in certain cities, offering such inducements as 
 attract work from other cities. In this way the manufacture, as well as 
 the marketing of clothing, involves most complex questions of inter- 
 state commerce, the most marked feature of which is the extent to 
 which goods nominally ' manufactured ' in other parts of the country* 
 are .really made up in ^N'ew York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore, notably at 
 the first-named city, and special lines are distributed in the rural dis- 
 tricts of each of the eastern and middle and many of the other States. 
 
 " With his acquaintance with the contractor, who receives in large lots 
 the materials ready cut out for making, knowledge by the wholesaleir 
 of their manufacture practically ceases, his ignorance of the actual con- 
 ditions of their manufacture being frequently as carefully guarded as it 
 is generally claimed, and responsibility being sedulously disclaimed, on 
 his part. 
 
 As a matter of fact, a large proportion — probably one-half — of the 
 goods thus distributed for making, are made up by the employes of the 
 contractor in factories, and under conditions Avhich — though varying 
 largely, according to the class of labour employed, local factory laws and 
 their enforcement, &c. — are not such as to call for special comment, tho- 
 essential of tiie * sweating ' process consisting in the fact that the- 
 compensation of the contractor is the margin between the price he 
 receives and the price he pays for the making of each garment, whieb. 
 margin is, in the vernacular, said to be 'sw(ated ' from the compensjir 
 tion of his employes. 
 
 As to a very large portion, however — so nearly one-half that it may 
 be so regarded — the work is sub-contracted from the first contractor. 
 Being financially responsible and leaving a business 'rating,' he is- 
 enabled to secure work from firms which deal only with such, and be 
 in turn has facilities for satisfying himself as to the integrity and/ 
 responsibility of others less fortunate, with whom wholesale manufac- 
 tuiers refuse to deal. A great part, therefore, of the work which the 
 original contractor receives is given out to snb-contractors, each of whom 
 employs hands — generally less than 20. As to these sub-contractors. i$ 
 is the exception that a tolerable workshop is provided, or that theiir 
 work is done under tolerable conditions. From them, m the first place^ 
 must be sweated the profits of the first contractor, while the sub-con- 
 tractor's compensation must be sweated in turn from employes, who will> 
 work for less wages than those employed in tiie larger shops, and under? 
 conditions generally inconsistent with comfort and cleanline.-s. 
 
 •* A typical and a most general example of these sub-contractor's esta- 
 blishments is the so-called tenement sweat shop, where the main work 
 room is one of the two larger rooms of the tenement flat, and. ovei-- 
 flowing into the adjacent rooms, is made to accommodate from 6 to 15,- 
 or even more, * sweating ' employes — men, women, and children — while 
 in the other large room of the flat is the domestic headquarters of the 
 * sweater,' his li^ ing, sleeping, and cooking arrangements oveiflowing 
 into the workroom, employes whom he boards, and who eat at their 
 work and sleep on the goods, frequently completing the intimate con- 
 nexion of living and manufacturing conditions. 
 
 " Such are the circumstances under which probably more than one- 
 fourtb of cur ready-made, and somewhat (though only a small per cent.)* 
 of our custom-made clothing is made. The people engaged in the 
 business are among those whoso families are most prolific, Avhose sense 
 of order and cleanliness is least developed, and by whom the distinctions 
 between living and workrooms is least comprehended, not to say, made. 
 
237 
 
 The premises are genomlly dirly to the point of iilth, thouj^h in frequent 
 <a8ei} one wonders ut iheir conipamtive good order, especially when one 
 notes liow invariiibly the landlord's iluty is even more neglected than is 
 •that of the tenant, and the hulls and sUiircases more filthy and out of 
 repair thiuj fhoir private rooms. These so-called shops are, generally 
 -^p<'akinj;. in the most stpialid and densely populated parts of ti»e city. 
 
 " Thi-j, however, ii not the l>ottom st<'p. To some extent from tlo 
 iirst contractoi-s, to a larger extent from the^e tenement sweaters, and to 
 :ii considcr.ible extent from each other, the heads of single familie.-', 
 Inhabiting one or more rooms, and generally accommodating either 
 ainother family as sub-tenants or a number of lo<Igers or boarders, st^cnro 
 k»ts of work to l>e imuU* up at a price which permit^ the ones from 
 whom they secure it to * sweat 'a profit from them. By this chiss, 
 •known as the *' tenement home workers" is probably made nearly onc- 
 iourth of our rea»ly-made clothing and a larger proportion of the branch 
 4cnown as " children's " clothes. Even in the custom catering trade, 
 while there is Utile room left for the middleman, yet a considerable 
 ll>ortion of it is luindled by comparatively well-i)aid operatives who are 
 allowe<l to do |wrt of their work at home. In many cases, possibly in 
 CQOst of the c:\scs in some cities, the conditions are not ))orticuhuly bml. 
 
 " The great mass, however, of the tenement home work is of a medium 
 ♦c»r low grade ivady-made gooils, from the price for making up which 
 frequently two, an 1 sometimes moix?, mi<ldleraen*s profits must bo 
 -sweated. The households in which it is made include many of the most 
 wretchttl in which human beings exist among us. The conditions of 
 ««qualor an<l filth are such as in a large proportion of cases to make even 
 inspection impossible except by one hanlened to the process, while tin? 
 -qimrters towards which this work seems to t4'ud are the ed<lies into 
 ^vhich seem to hate driftetl the most wretched ami ignorant of our 
 jK)pulution, and from which are scattered much of the crime and more 
 of the disease that infest our large cities. From the wholesale manu* 
 facturer, markecing from ^2,000.000 to $3,(KX),0(X) worth of goods per 
 year, through the middleman to the home tenemtint worker, the steps 
 are steaddy downward, of decreasing prominence and respectability in 
 I* business way, of ilecreasing comfort and compensation, the profit of 
 oach one tf the line, above the wreich who toils at the bottom, being 
 •sweated from the one next below him. 
 
 " So far as concerns operatives in the contractors' shops, while there 
 may be much to suggest as to certiiin inst^inces and places, yet your 
 committee has found no such general condition as to call for congi-es- 
 ^onal consideration. In several cities their condition is being steadily 
 4jettered as the result of the work of local or State inspectors. The 
 operatives employed in them receive the ordinary wages of other labour, 
 skilled or nnskilled, of similar grade. Woman labour is neither excep- 
 tionally prevalent nor poorly compensated, and child labour is little 
 ALsed, probably not more than in the same localities and in other 
 •callings it would be used without question. There are, of course, 
 .generous employers and tyrannical one:, good ones and bad ones of 
 every kind; but their only special features worth meniioning here are 
 perhaps, fir^t, that the proportion of foreign-born labour is extraordinary 
 when compared with that employed iu other occupations, and that the 
 bours are frequently, though by no means invariably', longer than those 
 At which iu similar sized sljops of other industries ihey would be 
 |)ermitted to work. 
 
 " In the tenement sweat shops, however, the conditions are radically 
 •changed for the worse. In the first place, unhealthy and unclean 
 •conditions are almost universal, while those of filth and contagion are 
 
238 
 
 common. The proportion of foreign-born and newly-arrived immigrants 
 is so large that others form an inconsiderable proportion. The circum- 
 stances of the wage-workers making them more dependent in getting 
 along in the new country to which they have come, they are more 
 subject to hard treatment by the sub -contractor or sweater who employs 
 them, though it must not be supposed that the latter are a particularly 
 inhuman class. The proportion of female labour arises to a much 
 larger proportion than in the first contractor's shops, and child labour 
 is generally used, while as to wages they average from 25 to 33J per 
 cent, less than in the larger shops, and as to hours there is practically 
 no limit, except the endurance of the employe, the work not merely 
 being paid for by the task, but the task so adjusted as practically to 
 drive from the shop each employe who is not willing to work to the 
 limit of physical endurance, the hours of labour under this system rarely 
 being less than 12, generally 13 or 14, and frequently from 15 to 
 18 hours in the 24. 
 
 •' The lot, however, of these.tenement-house shop workers is enviable 
 compared to that of those engaged in tenement-house homework, except, 
 however, the limited number as above noted engaged in the customs 
 trade under a different system. The tenement-house worker is almost 
 invariably a foreigner, generally of a short stay in this countiy, fre- 
 quently defective in habits or physical or in mental capacity, or a woman 
 whom the death or worthlessness of her husband leaves to support a 
 family, which prevents her leaving her home. Here the labour is 
 practically all foreign-born. The women are more numerous than the 
 men, and the children are as numerous as either. The work is carried 
 on in the one, two, or three rooms occupied by the family, which pro- 
 bably has, as sub-tenants or boarders, an equal number of outsiders. 
 No pretence is made of separating the work from the household affairs, 
 if such a term can be used to describe the existence of these people. 
 The hours observed are simply those which endurance or necessity 
 prescribe. Children are worked to death by the side of their parents, 
 who are dying from overwork or disease. 
 
 " Contagious diseases, which are specially prevalent among these 
 people, thrive along with their work, and even death may distract from 
 their occupation only the one or the few necessary to dispose of the body. 
 As to wages, there practically is no compensation which could be* 
 properly so called. The work has been secured by ruinous underbidding 
 of even the tenement-house sweat shops, or by sub-contract from them, 
 and is almost invariably piecework, involving several processes, part of 
 which may be attended to by the head of the family, and the rest by its 
 other members, according to their capacity. Indeed, as to this class of 
 labour, it consists in so large part of those who are compelled to accept 
 rather than to choose their work, that it is taken without reference to 
 the possibility of a livelihood being made thereby, the miserable workers 
 getting simply all that they can from it, begging as much as possible 
 to supplement their below-starvation wages, and dying or being taken 
 charge of by the charitable authorities when they are driven to that 
 extreme." 
 
 It will be gathered from this statement that, so far as the 
 element of sub-contract is concerned, the sweating system in 
 the United States is worse than it is in England. It is also to 
 be observed, that, while in England, during the last two or three 
 years, there has been a considerable extension of the factory 
 system in the clothing trade, in the United States the tendency 
 
239 
 
 hM been in the other direction. There is, indeed, much evi- 
 dence to show that clotliing cantractoi*s liave limited or closed 
 entirely their factories, because in various ways they con- 
 sider they can secure greater cheapness of production, with 
 freedom from responsibility by giving the work out to be done 
 in small workshops or in tenements in diffei-ent parts of the 
 country. This tendency on the other hand, has caused legis- 
 lative efforts to be made to drive the work back again into 
 large establishments. In a few States this le<;islation has ttiken 
 the form of a very strict supervision of small and domestic 
 workshops. Massacliusetts was the tii*st State to enforce laws 
 against tenement work, but as the neighbouring State of New 
 York had not provideil a system of inspection equally stringent ; 
 what happeneii was, that Boston firms simply sent their work to 
 sub-contractors in New York, whei*e there were thousiinds of 
 Russian and Polish Jews ready to ttike it under the lowest 
 sweating conditions. The State of New York has quite recently 
 brought itself into line with Massachusetts in this matter, but, 
 until other States do the same, the only effect of this piecemeal 
 legislation will simply bo to drive the system from one comer to 
 another. 
 
 It is quite clear that without the supply of cheap foreign 
 labour upon which the whole system as it at present exists is 
 based, this mode of production cannot continue. It is possible 
 that tlie system may secure some degree of cheapness in produc- 
 tion, but any economy in this direction may be more than lost 
 through the evils which follow in its train. It is extremely 
 doubtful if the domestic system of manufacture results in cheaper 
 production than the factory system. If anytliing is to be learned 
 from the history of the boot and shoe trade in the United States, 
 it is that the factory system applied to a large scale of production 
 obtains for the consumer a cheaper and probably better article 
 than i\ny other method. The general boot and shoe trade of the 
 United States is carried on in large factories. The largest esta- 
 blishments in the world in this line of business are to be found 
 in the New England States. Clothing generally is at least 25 per 
 cent, dearer in the United States than in England, but in boots 
 and shoes there is a nearer approach to an equality of price and 
 value than in any other article. American producers of boots 
 and shoes will go so far as to sa\', that American goods in this 
 line are both better and cheaper than in England. However 
 this may be, the fact is clear, that in a branch of manufacture 
 so nearly allied to tailoring, and, which is just as much suited 
 for tenement production, the greatest cheapness to the consumer 
 results from the adoption of the factory system, while in all 
 that concerns the health and cleanliness of the operatives,' the 
 advantage is immeasurable. 
 
 The general characteristics of the American sweating system, 
 as it exists in the large centres, have already been described from 
 the report of the Committee of Investigation, but a few special 
 
240 
 
 cases of which pergonal observation has been made will further 
 illustrate the condition of the trade, and the workers therein, 
 especially in New Vork. 
 
 Hester Street may be taken as a typical stieet of the Jewish 
 quarter in New York. In many lespects it is strongly suggestive 
 of Middlesex Street in o ir own Whitechapel. It miy not be 
 quite so crowded, or so dilapidated as Petticoat Lane in its 
 palmy days, before tov\n improvement altered the aspect of its 
 most picturesque retreats, nor is it, perhaps, so varied in the 
 character of the merchandise exposed for sale. There is, 
 however, a 8tr.)ng family resemblance to the broader Middlesex 
 Street into which the old lane has expanded. The White- 
 chapel Street is, however, a cleaner and better ordered thorough- 
 fare than its rival of New York. The sanitary conditions are 
 altogether better, and the local authorities in London would not 
 tolerate for a single day the filth and squalor which so generally 
 prevail in He>ter Street. Hester Street serves largc-ly as a 
 market for the Jewish quarter, and is so crowded with stalls, 
 boxes, barrows, baskets, barrels, and other extemporised 
 places of business, that locomotion is exceedingly difficult, 
 while the heavier traffic of the mid street can otdy be carried on 
 at a slow walk, so great is the crowd and the obstruction. The 
 basement of nearly every house is used as a store of some kind, 
 and merchants of every conceivable commodity, invariably of the 
 lowest class in its kind, elbow each other on the sidewalks. 
 The food materials oifered for sale are of inferior quality and of 
 dirty appearance, and lie exposed for sale side by side with 
 the casks of overflowing ashes and other house refuse, which 
 stand out well into the afternoon waiting for the dustman's 
 cart. The houses on either side are large tenements, crowded to 
 their f idlest capacity, bedding and clothing of every variety of 
 colour hanging out from windows, and over the projecting bal- 
 conies. In damp weather the street is soon ankle deep in mud 
 and redolent of rotten fruit, bad onions, and salt herrings, 
 with nn added touch of pungency from the tubs of pickled 
 cucumbers which flank the basement doorways, and windows of 
 the houses. 
 
 In ths thoroughfare are to be found the abodes of many 
 sweaters. One man, who, when in full work employs about 
 30 hands at coat making, gave through an American work- 
 woman, he being unable to speak English, soiue account of 
 his business. His workroom is on the second floor, is fairly 
 lighted and clean, but the ante-room, through Avhich it is 
 approached, is in a most dirty and stinking condition, a sink 
 and closet near the doorway being in a most uncleanly state. 
 The 'female worker said that a few years ago she could earn 
 '$H to '^10 a week at coat making, but now does not get more 
 than $G. Part of the reduction is, however, due to working 
 shorter hours. The men, none of whom understand a word of 
 English, work from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., with an interval of one 
 
241 
 
 hour for dinuer. They woik in sets, under a task system which 
 <demand8 a turn out of eight coats per day for each set, each 
 coat p.uvsing through seven or eight pairs of hands. The 
 machinists or ' openitors/* as they are here called, are best 
 paid, and at 25c. a coat earn i^2 a day. The baster, who does also 
 general work, conies next, an<l has 22 cts. a coat. The presser 
 gets 15 cts. a coat, and the female finisher 8 cts. Schiller works 
 for four or tive dittei'ent houses, and makes sccond-tlass coats, 
 for which lie get* 6k each. Four years ago he was getting Ss. 
 for the same aiticle. 
 
 The cheapest coat he makes is a 5«. cotvt. Formerly sill^s and 
 trimmings were supplied by the wholesale house, but now he has 
 to find these materials himself. Button-holes are sent out to be 
 mtichined an<l cast him four cents per hole. His men work all 
 the yeai* ixjund, but the busy season is in the sunnner quai'ter. 
 Thei'e is not much lost time to be complained of, but he pays off 
 men when tra<le is biwl, as plenty of others can always be had. 
 
 A German Jew makes trousers in a large room, formed 
 by clearing out the partitions and thus converting four small 
 iX)om8 into one, for which he pays 18 dollars a month. He 
 makfs trousers at from 12^ cents to 30 cents a pair. He 
 employs seven machinists, all males, and double the number of 
 other male an<l feniide workers. His two most skilled machiniBts 
 can get through 40 pairs of trousers a day and can earn from 
 •?*12 to 1^13 a week. The average machinist does not earn more 
 than ^8 to ^0. The female finishers in the shop can earn ^6 a 
 week, but those who take work out to finish, not more than -^3, 
 The presser, kc, can earn S^ a day of 13 hours. None of his 
 people speak English, although many of them have been some 
 yeara in the country. In his opinion the increasing immigi-ation 
 of Russian Jews and Italians is intensifying competition, so that 
 dui'ing the last three or four yeai-s prices have fallen at least 10 
 cents a pair. It is also causing an increased amount of work to 
 be done by people in the countr}-, and in their own houses. 
 
 A Jewish ma-iter has a shop in this locality and employs about 
 100 hands in two large well-lighted rooms. His place is under 
 factory inspection and kept in gooil order. This must, however, 
 be classed as a sweating .-hop, because the employer takes out 
 work from the wholesale house?, in the usual way, and makes his 
 profit by paying less than the rates he receives for labour to his 
 workpeople. He repre^^ents the system in perhaps its least 
 objectionable f« rm. He is by trade himself a skilled tailor, has 
 worked in Prescott Street, London, and is a well-educated, in- 
 telligent Hebrew, whose ideas about the general condition of his 
 trade and the people in it are worthy of note. Except his 
 pressers, all his people are paid by the day. He does a good 
 class of work, but sub-divides to such an extent, that one coat 
 may,, in the process of manufacture, pa.ss through 40 hands. 
 Naturally, under such a system, the rates of wages vary con- 
 siderably. His workpeople are mostly Russian Jews wlio, with 
 
242 
 
 a few exceptions, were not regularly trained tailors when they 
 came to New York. Remuneration is therefore a question of ■ 
 proficiency. His pressers are mostly machine pressers and can 
 earn from -^IS to '^20 a week, the average being about -^IT. 
 His operators of the best class may get as much as ^15 a week, 
 but from this maximum the scale runs down to a very much 
 lower figure for inexperienced hands doing the least important 
 sections of work. His female workers average $*J a week. It 
 is not easy for a good tailor to get into this style of work, w^hich 
 entirely depends upon the organising of comparatively un- 
 skilled persons, each only able to do a very little portion of a 
 garment. His foreman, when he first came, could not sew on 
 a button, but now he is drawing .^22 a week. The employer 
 is of opinion that his position and reputation in the trade, as a 
 maker of good work only, gives him power to make the best 
 conditions with the wholesale houses for which he works, and he 
 is thus able to maintain his prices in spite of the increasing com- 
 petition which prevails. The lowest price coat he makes is one 
 at $1\ and for overcoats he receives from -^2 J to ^SJ. In the 
 higher walks of the ready-made trade there are some mutual 
 associations of employers, who are able to regulate prices some- 
 what. He admits that although prices have nob come down in 
 his case, he has now to make a much better garment for the 
 same money. He says that among the smaller employers there 
 is an utter want of anything like organisation, or a common 
 understanding about prices, and the wholesale houses take 
 advantage of this to play off one against another. Thus, as new 
 men come into the trade, they take a sample of their work to 
 the waiehouse. They are met there with an inquiry as to price. 
 Suppose they say a dollar, they are told that the Urm (jannot 
 take any at that price, but will give 85 cents, which is what 
 they can get the article done for by other makers. The work 
 may be really worth a dollar, but the small master, pressed by 
 his necessities, takes the sum offered and thus fixes the rate, not 
 only for himself but for others who have been receiving the 
 higher price. The concentration of Hebrew workmen in one 
 locality he believes to be bad, not only for the general commu- 
 nity, but for the people themselves. It is very unsanitary, 
 because it results in congestion and overcrowding with all their 
 attendant evils. It also has the effect of largely raising rents in 
 the crowded districts, because property owners take advantage of 
 this desire of the immigrants to li\ e together. Sometimes he 
 would ask his workpeople why they continued to live in the 
 slums instead of going out into the suburbs, where they could get 
 cheaper and better houses and fresh air. Do what he would he 
 could not get them to move out, and so has to have his shop just 
 there. He admits that this concentration is largely, if not 
 entirely, due to what some might call religious superstition. They 
 liked to make sure that they got the kind of food presciibed by 
 their religion, and also to get their meals at home. It is only 
 
248 
 
 hy livnug in communities that they can make sure on these points 
 of their religious beHef. The bad side of this is that it keeps 
 them isjiatecl and they .remain ignorant of the hmguagc^, the 
 laws, and the manners of the nation in which they live. 
 
 Foi-syth Street is another thorough fai-e of the Jewish (luarter 
 in which the sweating system flourishes amid the most unstini- 
 tary surroundings, and in which property owners have dis- 
 covere<l still a newer method of increasing the density of 
 I)opulation. This is done by filling in any blank spaces which 
 may have been left for yards or gardens, l^etween the backs of 
 the houses of two juljoining sti^eets. In other words, at the 
 back of every street an additional row of houses has been 
 sandwiched in. In most cases these intermediate houses are 
 used as work-rooms, and often do duty as both dwelling places 
 and work-rooma In the case of one visited, the front tenement 
 was crowded from basement to garret with i*esidents of the 
 poorest class. Into the few feet of back yard between the 
 front and back house no leas than five closets are crowded, and 
 these are of the most unaitisfactory ty[)e. Standing as they do 
 immediately under the btick windows of the front house and 
 the front windows of that at the back, they must prove sources 
 of discomfort aSid ill-health to the tenants around, w^ho have to 
 breathe the atmosphere they pollute. On the first floor of the 
 back house, approtvched by a filthy, dilapidated staircase, is 
 found a sweating shop occupying four rooms, the largest of 
 which is 13 feet stjuare. There are nine machines in the place, 
 and there are boys at work who are under the prescribed age. 
 On the floor above is a similar establishment crowded with 
 workers, who stitch in peril of a rotten, water-stained ceiling, 
 which, broken in places, now threatens to fall in a mass. The 
 house is absolutely so ruinous as to be dangerous, and yet, such 
 as it is, a rent of -J^IS a month is exacted for this floor alone. 
 There are two miserable rooms in the basement, one about 
 10 feet by 8 feet, and the other, without a window, about 8 feet 
 by 7 feet. There are here two machines, and it is evident, from 
 bedding lying on the floor, th it this is both workshop and 
 dwelling. The rent for tliese is S9^ per month. A well- 
 dressed la^ly is here collecting her rents, but, much to her indig- 
 nation, she is warned by a factory inspector that, under a law 
 just come into operation, the back premises must be repaired, or 
 a license for use as workshops will be refused and the occupant 
 prosecuted. Further on is a sweating workshop a^ out 20 feet 
 square, in which are employed 24 people. There is a stable on 
 the ground floor below, and the combination of odours arising 
 from this cause, from the cooking of bad food, and from the 
 pressing of damp cloth, is well nigh insupportable. The rent 
 for this room is S15 a month. On the floor above is a room 14 
 feet by 10 feet, in which 15 persons are employed. Notice is 
 given by the inspector in all these cases that the rooms cannot 
 be used longer as workshops, it being now illegal to have such 
 
244 
 
 establishments above stables. Fui-ther on, the inspectors show a 
 wretched old house, the closets of which are in a disgraceful 
 condition, occupied in a similar manner, and from which a gross 
 rental of from ^80 to 'S^lOO per month is obtained. Un ler the 
 guidance of inspectors so vigilant as Mrs. Louise Cuthell rti)d 
 Mr. G. A. McKay, the doubting Londoner, who thinks there is 
 nothing on e >rth to equal the sweating shops of Eist London, is 
 quickly undeceived. The one consoling fact is that New York 
 is at last waking up to the gravity of the situation created by 
 this colony of eastern Europeans in their midst. Such a state 
 of things has caused a gradual increase in the stringency of 
 factory inspection, and legislation is continually in demand to 
 circumvent the varied devices by which these people, and 
 their landlords, mannge to evade the law. 
 
 That this description is not in the least overdrawn may be 
 easily seen from a quotation or two from the report of the 
 Sweating Committee, which will also serve to show at the same 
 time that this state of things is not peculiar to New York. 
 Thus, referring to a visit of inspection paid by the Committee to 
 Chicago, in April of 1892, the report says : " This shop is 
 " located in the rear of a two storey frame building, over a 
 " stable in which there are three stalls, one horse, ^ dog, a spring 
 " wagon, and a large manure pile, and is reached by a narrow, 
 " dirty passage way, which 1-ads to a ricketty pair of steps, by 
 " which the shop is entered. There is a space, perhaps, 25 feet 
 " square, between the front building and the stable, which the 
 " sweater chooses to call a "yard," but which is, in reality, 
 " nothing more than a garbage receptable. The dirty rags, 
 " ashes, and decaytd garbage, together with the foul odours 
 " that issue from two unkept closets, evidence great neglect on 
 " the part of the tenant as to the healthful and sanitary con- 
 " ditions of his surroundings." Under examination, the proprie- 
 tor of this shop said that he employs about 18 people, making 
 ladies' cloaks. The\^ are all Hebrews, and he estimates the H ebrew 
 population of Chicago at 150,000. The average w;iges of his 
 men he states at -^15, and of his women at $6 per week. The 
 hours of work he gives as bein;r from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., but 
 admits they sometimes work until 9 p.m. Questioned as to the 
 special work upon which he was then employed, he says that he 
 now receives 80 cents, for it, whereas two yeai-s ago he was 
 obtaiuing •^"1-25. Wages are therefore lower, and he ascribes.this 
 to there being so many who want work. Practically the same 
 story is told by the employer in every establishment visited. 
 
 As to Boston, Philadelphia, and New York, the evidence is all 
 in the same direction, but it is unnecessary to quote further, as 
 the sweating system is but an incident in the general question 
 of immigration, without which the system could not exist. In 
 respect to wages, however, it is important to observe that while 
 the eviden'je taken by the Committee tends to show that in tlie 
 larger factories and workshops not conducted under this system. 
 
245 
 
 the wages are quite a.sgo(xl as thase paid in other equally skilled 
 einployments in the same locality, the rates paid in the sweating 
 work}»l»vce8 are 25 per cent, less for the same amount of work. 
 In the ease of work done under the tenement s} stem wages are 
 lower still, but it is pointed out that it is the poorer txnd cheaper 
 gnules of goods which are made under the last-named conditions. 
 This Committee, having considered all the facts laid before it, is 
 of opinion that, " Since the openvtives in these industries are 
 " HO largely newly-arrived immigrants, nnd since the deteriora- 
 " tion in their condition hfis l>een so coincident with the 
 " develoj»ment of certain classes of inunigration as unquestion- 
 " a''ly to be connected with them — that strict and discrimi- 
 " nating limitation of inunigration might be properly and 
 " successfully tiied." The Committee, however, declines to go 
 beyond this general i-ecomuicndation a« to inmiigration. 
 
 Workshop Legislation and Inspection. 
 
 Necessarily there have been repeated attempts in the States 
 f hiefly concerned to mitigate these evils by legi.^lation, and the 
 State of Massachusetts may be said to have led the way in this 
 direction. The difficulty of all legislation, however, which is 
 merely local, is that it simply drives the evil from one place to 
 another. The history of all this Jaw making is itself sufficient 
 to till a volume, and its inadequacy is shown in every report 
 issued by the factory inspectors in the States chiefly concerned 
 in this trade. Yet in many i*es| ects the factory legislation of 
 the States of Massachusetts and New York is much more drastic 
 nominally tlian that of this country intended to deal with 
 similar evils. In the State of Massachusetts the chief industries 
 carried on are such as specially require State supervision being 
 cf a kind in which much female and child labour is employed. 
 It is the chief home of the textile industries, and in these a 
 lai'ge proportion of British labour is to be found. Possibly for 
 this reason its factory legislation has proceeded on very similar 
 lines to that of this country, but in so far as domestic industries 
 are concerned the State has gone much further than we have 
 done. In this respect legislation has been less a question of 
 individual rights than of the public good, and it is interesting 
 to note how far the State has been driven in this direction, by 
 the strong influx of alien labour which was creating conditions 
 considered dangerous to the community if left to go on un- 
 checked. In looking at the matter from this point of view it is 
 to be borne in mind that no State has power to make a law pro- 
 hibiting, or directly restricting immigration. If it suffers from 
 this cause it can only legislate indirectly, and must leave the 
 National Legislature to deal with the larger question, which 
 is a national one. The stringency of local legislation may there- 
 fore in some degree be regarded as the measure of the evils 
 to be checked. In this way, therefore, the industrial legislation 
 of Massachusetts and New York is of importance to this inquiry, 
 
246 
 
 In Massachusetts a very stringent Act was passed in 1891, which 
 was amended in 1892, and again altered in March of the present 
 year, so as to increase its stringency. The Act is administered by 
 the Dijitrict Police, under which is the Department of Factory 
 Inspection. This law requires, that within 14 days of the open- 
 ing of any house or room used as a dwelling, for purposes of 
 clothing manufacture, notice shall be given to the District 
 Police, or to the special inspector appointed for the purpose, in 
 order that the premises may be inspected. If found to be in 
 good sanitary condition a license is to be given. The decision 
 as to what are suitable premises is left with the inspectors, and 
 they insist upon cleanliness and good sanitation being maintained. 
 This is held to include separate waterclosets for women and men. 
 Owners of tenement property are naturally unwilling to make 
 the alterations thus involved, and so at once a great blow is 
 struck at the tenement system. Stringent inspection as to the 
 presence of infectious disease in such workshops, is also insisted 
 upon, and this extends to imported clothing which may be sus- 
 pected of having come from any place where it has been manu- 
 factured under unhealthy conditions. It is also provided that 
 all ready-made clothing manufactured in such places, exposed 
 for sale shall bear a tag or label on which the words " Tenement 
 Made " shall be legibly printed. The minimum penalty for 
 violation of the Act is ^§50 and the maximum ^100. The amend- 
 ment of 1893 renders liable to penalties any person who gives 
 out work to be done in a tenement, to anyone who has not 
 the license required by the law. The full text of this Act 
 and the license forms necessary under it, are set forth in 
 full in an appendix to this report. In the opinion of the Chief 
 Inspector this law is now very effective, and is rapidly having 
 the desired result of driving work into healthy factories, in which 
 it can be done under the most healthful conditions. The number 
 of Jews in Boston is now so great, that, according to the Fac- 
 tory Inspectors, vigorous action is necessary to keep down 
 the evils of the sweating system. Their numbers have become 
 so large that competition is reducing wages, and work formerly 
 done by men at <^10 to ^14 a week is now being done by these 
 Jews at ^7. The hours have gone up from 10 per day to 14 or 
 15 per day. The Jews are not skilled tailors when they come, 
 but have to be taught on inferior work. In some shops the 
 inspector sees an entire change of faces every three months in 
 the low grade trade. In shops of this class wages will vary 
 from a minimum of ^3^ a week, to a maximum of ^9 a week. 
 Gradually the new comers improve, take better work, and are now 
 even getting into the custom trade. All the same, the effect on 
 wages is to reduce them, and English-speaking labour is gradu- 
 ally being displaced. In Boston as elsewhere the Jews are 
 localising themselves, and from their first centre are gradually 
 extending their circumference by squeezing out the former 
 inhabitants. They promise in a short time to take entire pos- 
 
i>47 
 
 jioii of Wan is 6 and 7. In these divisions at the census of 
 1880 there were but 159 Russians, while at the same time there 
 were 7,607 Irish inhabitants. Now there are but 5,532 Irish, 
 a (lecieise of 2,135, whicli hjis been more than made up by an 
 increase of 2.240 Russian Jews. Since the last census wan taken 
 the influx of Russian che »p labour into this locality has still 
 furth er increased. With a liberty-loving people, the character 
 of the legislation enacted is of itself sufficient testimony to the 
 urgent need for severe measures, and »ffonls ample proof of the 
 qual'ty of the immigration rendering such laws necessary. But 
 if the eWl lias thus in some degree been counteracted in New 
 England, the neighbouring State of New York has been some- 
 what behind in the movement, but is now alive to the import- 
 ance of reform. 
 
 So far as the factory inspectora of the State of New York 
 are concemeil, everything possible has Ijeen done by the Depart- 
 ment to educate public opinion as to the extent to which this 
 unhealthy industrial system hiks been extending in the city, and 
 in the State generally. In the report for 1891 the Chief 
 Inspector calls attention to the fact, that the city of New York 
 has l:>ecome a centre to which goods are sent ready cut up for 
 manufacture by clothing contractoi-s in other cities in which 
 stricter laws for the regulation of this tra<^le prevail. This is 
 not<il>ly the case in regard to the State of Massachusetts. The 
 Massachusetts Legislature, as has been seen, had passed very strin- 
 gent laws in regard to the inspection of all workshops and tene- 
 ments in which this class of work was carried on, and made 
 regulations by which work done in tenement houses, was to be 
 specially labelled as a safeguard to purchasers. The chief effect of 
 this legislation, however, seems to have been to cause the Boston 
 conti'actors to send their work to be executed in New York, 
 where there is an unlimited supply of cheap labour ready to 
 execute it, free from the limitations prevailing in Massachusetts, 
 A Commission of Inquiry was sent from Massachusetts to New 
 York to investigate the facts in connection with this state of 
 aifaii-s. A physician of repute accompanied the party and drew 
 up a i-eport of his impressions emlxxlied in a sworn affidavit. 
 In the course of this document Dr. Stiebeling declares, that he 
 visited No. 116, Hester Street, which he found to be "an old 
 " four storey and basement brick house, in which the two lower 
 " floors are used as dwellings, w^hile the two upper floors are 
 " occupied by two tailor ' bosses ' with their families, boarders 
 '•' and working hands. The third floor consists of four small 
 " rooms which are filled to excess by seven sewing machines, 
 " heaps of boys' pants, nine working hands, boss, wife, six 
 *• children, tw^o beds and a mighty fire-place. On the fourth 
 " floor two small rooms are occupied by 15 working hands, a 
 " number of sewing machines, heaps of jackets and a large fire- 
 '* place. There are two cabinets in the rear basement one of 
 *•' which was locked and the other open. As an old practising 
 
248 
 
 " physician and a surgeon in our late war of rebellion, affiant 
 " has seen many bad places, but he confesses that he has never 
 " met a place in such an awful condition as this open cabinet in 
 " the basement of the house. No. 116, Hester Street. It beggars 
 " description." At 162, Division Street, on the fourth floor, he 
 found four very small rooms occupied by five sewing machines, 
 24 working hands and the family of the employer, consisting of 
 wife and five children. The mother reported that within the 
 last few years six of her children had died of various diseases in 
 this place. The doctor further declares " that the dust, filth, and 
 " dirt accumulated in the sweating dens contain the germs of 
 " the prevailing infectious diseases such as diphtheria, scarlatina, 
 " erysipelas and small-pox, and all the clothing manufactured 
 " in these shops is impregnated with these germs and con- 
 " sequently may transmit such germs to [ersons who handle 
 '* and wear it." Commenting on this statement the factory 
 inspectors say : " It is no exaggeration to say that nine-tenths 
 " of the sweat shops of New York City are the equal in squalor, 
 " wretchedness and overcrowding with the two places mentioned, 
 " and the vile state of affairs does not improve with time but is 
 " becoming even worse." The report further points out that 
 the swarms of inferior if not utterly objectionable immigrants 
 which have come to the country within the last few years have 
 to a large degree settled in New York, and that many have 
 gone into the business of manufacturing clothing. By living in 
 communities rent is increased. Competition has been further 
 intensified by one nationality struggling for the work with the 
 immigi'ants of another nationality ; Russian Jews have no longer 
 a monopoly of the sweating trade, and there are now hundreds 
 of Italian sweater dens in New York where a couple of years 
 ago there was scarcely one. The Italians with a still lower 
 standard of living are able to under-bid the Russian Jews. In 
 supplement to this statement of the Factory Inspector, it may 
 be observed that anotlier element which tends to give the 
 Italiansjan advantage in this competition, is the larger employment 
 of Italian women and children, by their husbands, in this class of 
 work, than among the Jews, female labour among the latter not 
 being at all extensively used. In the seventh Annual Report, 
 that for 1892, of the inspector, attention is ngain called to the 
 ' abominations that have arisen in the manufacture of clothing," 
 and it is urged that, " laws should be passed which would tend 
 " to at least regulate, if not entirely abolish the system which 
 " permitted the deplorable evils which have already become a 
 " scandal to civilization." The laws passed have not as yet 
 been entirely effective, although conditions in the sweating 
 trade, under which it is estimated probably 60,000 persons labour, 
 have been somewha,t improved. The report goes on : " The people 
 " for whose direct benefit this legislation is intended, .compose 
 " a well-defined class who are helpless without the interposition 
 " of the law. They come here in great ship loads, oftentimes 
 
249 
 
 ** without even a rudimentary eilucatlon in their native tongues, 
 " entirely ignorant of the customs of this country, without re- 
 " sources, with no trade or occupation to which they can turn, 
 " and are ready material to Ije used for profit by those who wish 
 " to take advantage of their helplessness or misfortunes. There 
 " seemed to be some sort of aiitingement, the precise nature of 
 " which it is difficult to detennine, oy which the Polish and Rus- 
 " sian Jewish emigrants are controlled so that they may be easily 
 " congregated and utilised in the clothing tr.ides. It is certain 
 " that they did not work at tailoring in the countries from 
 •' whence they came, and it is not possible to believe that they 
 •* would so unanimously adopt that occu()at ion immediately upon 
 " their arrival here were they not systematictiUy guided into it. 
 " It would hi a matter of public interest to know who it U, or 
 " what powerful influence is brought to bear upon them, that 
 " thus diverts these people into an occupation which is no longer 
 " remunerative or attmctive, and confin s them in dense masses 
 " in foul (jujirters, where they must labour extraordinarily long 
 " hours for a mere subsistence/' The report then goes on to call 
 in question the conclusion, that it is only the lower grade of 
 ready-made clothing which is manufactured in these sweating 
 shops. It points out that in a large per-centage of the work- 
 shops there are individual cases in which disease and bodily 
 contamination afflict the opei*atives, and that iis clotliing is 
 known to be a ready receptacle and distributor of disease germs, 
 the danger from apparel made in these shops is patent. During 
 the year the inspectors have learned, that all ready-made 
 clothing regal dless of grade is made up in these places either 
 wholly or in part. Work is s j subdivided and sent out to be 
 done in different establishments, that in some stage of its manu- 
 facture it is sure to find its way into premises of doubtful health- 
 fulness, whether the manufacturers are aware of it or not. 
 There are about 350 wholesale clothing manufacturers — that 
 is, firms which cut up cloth for manufacture — in the city of 
 New York alone, and of these all but about ten have their 
 work done in tenements and sweat shops. Even the custom 
 tailors are beginning to avail themselves of this kind of cheap 
 labour. It was found during the year that the police uniforms 
 for one of the chief cities in the State, for which the indi- 
 vidual policeman has to pay a fair price, were manufactured 
 in a sweating shop. The work of the week in these shops, 
 commences at from 5 to 7 o'clock on Sunday morning, and 
 continues until 8 or possibly 12, and so on till Friday at six 
 o'clock in the evening. Even it these people had the desire to 
 be clean they have not the time. In the city of New York the 
 work hours generally are shorter than elsewhere in the State in 
 the same industries, but an exception is made in the case of 
 those sweating shops in which 66 hours are still considered a 
 week's work. During the busy season the limit of time is a ques- 
 tion of endurance, and sometimes as much as 90 hours a week is 
 worked. 
 
 o 77399. R 
 
250 
 
 These vigorous denunciations of the evils of a system deve- 
 loped by the cupidity of individuals, and V)ased upon the ignorance 
 and weakness of these unhappy immigrants, have had their eftect 
 in the increased stringency of legislation, and the law of 1893 
 brings New York quite abreast, if not, indeed, ahead of Massa- 
 .chusetts in the drastic nature of its laws dealing with the luatter. 
 The number of inspectors is to be increased from 18 to 24, and 
 •of these nearly one half will be females, who are found to be 
 very effective in dealing with domestic workplaces. The New 
 York inspection laws will be found fully set forth in an 
 appendix. No severer condemnation of the character of the 
 immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe into America 
 can be found than the passage of these laws which their presence 
 has rendered necessary. So far as the Jews are concerned, none 
 .can feel more keenly the dangers of such a situation than the 
 leaders of the philanthropic organisations which exist in different 
 parts of the world for the aid, direction, and regulation of Jewish 
 .immigration. 
 
 The Work of Jewish Organisations. 
 
 It is perceived by these bodies that if something is not done 
 to check the tendency to settle down in masses, in a limited 
 number of localities, and in a few industries, a state of feeling 
 will be created which may result in the entire stoppage of 
 
 Jewish immigration into the United States. Therefore various, 
 if inadequate, measures are continually being adopted, with a 
 view to secure a more general diffusion of those who come, over 
 a wider area and over more fields of industry. The chief 
 reasons operating against the success of such a policy have 
 already been explained. So vast has been the flood of Russian 
 Jewish immigration in recent years, and so great is the feeling 
 
 - of benevolence of well-to-do Jews towards their less fortunate 
 brethren, that there is hardly a town of any importance in the 
 
 .State which has not a Jewish Relief Association in some form 
 or other. To understand rightly how serious a problem this 
 immigration difficulty is to such bodies, it is necessary to study 
 some of their operations. With the work of the Jewish Board 
 of Guardians, and other charitable organisations in this country 
 most people are familiar. In America such institutions are 
 more numerous, and their fields of operation more extensive 
 than here. In New York the chief organisations existing, are 
 the United Hebrew Charities and the Baron de Hirsch Fund. 
 The first of these finds it necessary to lay down a very broad 
 programme of charitable work. It consists of a Hebrew Bene- 
 volent and Orphan Society, a Hebrew Benevolent Fuel Society, 
 a Hebrew Relief Society, a Hebrew Lying-in Society, and a 
 Hebrew Free Burial Fund Society. It maintains industrial 
 schools and a technical institute, in which men and women, and 
 boys and girls, may be taught how to work. It is to be 
 noted in respect to this that a very large proportion of pupils 
 
251 
 
 •4ure instructed in the use of the sewing niacliine. It distributes 
 Rllef in "kind to necessitous Hebrews. It also sees to the emi- 
 jgp*ation of those who are unable to get a living in the States, 
 and has an employment agency always on the look out to find 
 work for unemploye<l Jews. Even these descriptions do not 
 fully detail the work of some of the departments, for the 
 employment agency, in addition to its main function, also 
 provides lodgings and food, clothing and shoes, cost of transit, 
 and tools to its proteges. Medical assistance is also provided 
 by another department. To all this were added, a few years 
 ago, auxiliary committees, such as a Central Russian Refugee 
 Committee, a Russian Transportation Fun<l, and a Committee 
 for Ameliorating the Condition of Russian Exiles. Nor do 
 these by any means exhaust the list of the good works of these 
 chadties. A perusal of a few of the yearly reports will discover 
 references to many other special and occasional works of 
 benevolence. It is sometimes contended that the Jewish iin- 
 •migi-ants are not of a pauper class, bectiuse they do nob come 
 upon the charities of the countries in which they land. This is 
 simply because they are assisted by the charities of people of 
 their own i*ace. The balance sheets of these organisations show 
 libw vast is the sum expended. From whatever source it comes 
 it is as much the sign of a helpless poverty-stricken people, so 
 far as its recipients are concerned, as if it came through any 
 public body. Beyond this it may even be said, that the veiy exis- 
 tence of these sjxicinl funds tends to attract towards them the 
 Very class of immigrants least likely to find favour in the eyes 
 6f the American people. The extent of the operations of the 
 Hebrew Charities, in New York alone, may be partially inferred 
 fh)m the following : — 
 
 §TATEMENT showing INCOME, EXPENDITURE, and certain details 
 ^ of Expenditure of United Hebrew Charities of New 
 York, for a jeriod of Six Years. Compiled from the 
 ^^^ ^.Annual Report of the Association. 
 
 "i O M) t i < i 
 
 \'- 
 
 '^«b. 
 
 I 
 Total I Total 
 
 Total 
 of all 
 Forms 
 ofPocr 
 Relief. 
 
 Total 
 K um- 
 ber of 
 
 Ex- 
 
 pended 
 on 
 
 Persons Trans- 
 
 Ee- porta- 
 
 lieved. I tion. 
 
 Persons 
 Fur- 
 nished 
 Trans- 
 porta- 
 tion. 
 
 Immi- 
 gration. 
 
 Educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Pro- 
 viding 
 
 Em- 
 ploy- 
 ment. 
 
 1887 
 
 188S 
 1889 
 1890 
 1891 
 
 I 64,214 
 
 73,053 
 
 76,706 
 
 10i,524 
 I 
 175.743 
 
 327,071 
 
 5 
 63.705 
 
 68,405 
 
 78,312 
 
 103,591 
 
 150,015 
 
 321,311 
 
 $ 
 44,690 
 
 85,734 
 
 46,590 37,510 
 54,668 42,144 
 74,399 , 52,895 
 64,259 
 
 112,232 j 62,576 
 
 $ 
 6,790 
 
 7,338 
 
 9,106 
 
 14,136 
 
 25,647 
 
 1,025 
 2,338 
 2,381 
 2,959 
 4,553 
 5,047 
 
 s 
 
 911 
 
 3,777 
 
 945 
 
 4,870 
 
 1,034 
 
 4,928 
 
 1,450 
 
 3,744 
 
 2,003 
 
 3,333 
 
 1,914 
 
 , 4,02 
 
 2,139 
 2,282 
 2,381 
 3,41$ 
 5,051 
 6,515 
 
 R 2 
 
252 
 
 The figures of 1892 are swollen by special contributions from 
 the Baron de Hir^eh Fund, and Russian Transportation and 
 Refugee Funds : the total expenditure for the year including 
 $145,200 to the Russian Refugee Committee. 
 
 The only point in this statement which requires special 
 observation is the amount and numbers of persons shown under 
 the head of " Transportation." These two columns represent the 
 number of persons assisted to move from New York to other 
 places, and the amount expended on their transportation. Many 
 of these removals are, of courae, only to other cities in the United 
 States, but a considerable proportion of them apply to people 
 sent back to Europe. In addition to the numbers shown in the 
 table, during some years an almost equal number were sent as 
 attendants in ca.ttle boats, or forwarded by freight steamers. 
 Of those included in the table, 236 were, returned to L'verpool 
 and London during the six years, but it is possible that many 
 of those returning by cattle or freight boats, may also have been 
 returned to England. In 1887, 1,082 persons, said in the report 
 to be unfit for work, were provided with free passages to 
 Europe by freight and cattle steamers. In 1888 the number 
 was 1,396; in 1889, 1,118; in 1890, 1,204. During the follow- 
 ing year the practice of sending them back in cattle ships 
 came to an end, and the number sent was only 513. For 
 1892 no figures are given. The observation arising from these 
 figures is, that a number of persons " unfit for work " is year 
 by year admitted into the United States in spite of the close 
 surveillance of the authorities, many of whom are sent back 
 to European countries, in which they must be equally unfit to 
 work. It won Id thus appear that the very residuum of the 
 Jewish immigration into America, finds its way back again to 
 Europe for more or less general distribution. 
 
 The work of the Hebrew Charities in finding employment for 
 in: migrants is deserving of mention, especially as, in doing tins, 
 it endeavours to secure their distribution over as many trades as 
 possible. There can be no doubt that the existence of this 
 organisation, providing as it does for new arrival", and looking 
 after them as if children, has greatly facilitated the entrance of 
 many into the United States, who, if they had been left entirely 
 to their own resources, would never have been permitted to land 
 by the authorities. Mr. Frank, who is chief of the Employment 
 Bureau of the Charities, has been in the service of the Committee 
 for many yeai-s, and has perhaps a wider knowledge of the 
 Jewish question as it afiects New York, than any other person. 
 His opinions ought therefore to carry some weight, more 
 especially as a long official experience enables him to look at the 
 matter from the point of view of an impartial observer rather 
 than that of a partisan of any particular school of opinion. The 
 following facts and opinions were expressed by him, in the 
 course of an interview, chiefly in answer to question^. According 
 to Mr. Frank, immigrants upon their first arrival are taken by 
 
253 
 
 the officers of the association to the home for Jewish strangers, 
 for cleansing and sanitary purposes. They are retained there 
 until, so to speak, they have found their feet. During 1891, 
 the stream of arrivals was so broad and constant that special 
 receiving houses hatl to be arranged. The chief object of the 
 Bureau is t*) find emj>loyment for new arrivals as speedily as 
 possible. For this purpose the Committee is in constant com- 
 munication with manufactiirei*s and mill-owners in various parts 
 of the suites. There is a considemble demand for labour in the 
 textile industries, and as the necessary skill for this is easily 
 attained, the Committee is able to place many of the applicants 
 for assistance. This is said to be especially the ciise in respect 
 to those with families, the labour of the cliildren being moi-e 
 required than that of the adults. At first, wliile learning the 
 work, these people are merely paid bare subsistence rates of 
 wages by the manufacturers. One of the difficulties of the 
 Committee lies in the unwillingness of the people to leave New 
 York and go into the country, even when places are found for 
 them. 
 
 For this reason the Committee endeavouis to get newcomers 
 away from the town as soon as ever they can, because, if they 
 once settle down, it is almost impossible to move them after 
 wards. Their religious beliefs have a good deal to do with this, 
 but he knows of many cases in which those wlio have taken a 
 broad view of their position and gone out into the country, have 
 done uncommonly well, and are now living in comparative 
 comfort. These are, however, exceptional cases. Occasionally 
 in its work the employment agency comes into conflict with 
 the tmde unions, especially in New York, where they are 
 numerous and strong, but, in carrj^ng on the work of his 
 bureau, he tries to avoid giving ofience to such organisations. 
 
 In one or two cases men have been sent to establishments from 
 which the workpeople were on strike, but the object was to get 
 the strike committees of the unions involved, to take the people 
 on to the union books, and thus relieve the funds of his com- 
 mittee. Unfortunately, in Mr. Frank's opinion, most of the 
 Russian Jews who come into New York find their way into the 
 sweating workshops of the ready-made clothing trade, in which 
 they are badly paid and hardly treated. The Bureau refuses 
 to supply men to any employer known to be a sweater. The 
 sweating system is a growth of comparatively recent years, and 
 it is now common for newcomers to have to work for some time 
 for nothing, while learning how to do part of a gannent. 
 The subdivision of labour is carried out to an amazing extent, 
 and suits which have to be retailed at $S^ would pass through 
 a large number of hands in the process of manufacture. Work 
 is carried on in such shops from seven in the morning until 
 eleven at night, amid the most squalid and unhealthy surround- 
 ings, and the general tendency of the whole system is to reduce 
 those employed under it to a still lower level. Wages are, un- 
 
254 
 
 doubtedly, says Mr. Frank, going down year by year. As to those^ 
 applicants to the charity, who are skilled artizans, there is no 
 difficulty in placing them, as there is generally a good demand 
 for most classes of skilled labour. In addition to this the 
 technical school affords a means of teaching trades to their 
 people, and the committee also arranges with employers who are 
 willing to teach an industry to suitable applicants. Their women 
 will not go into domestic service or they could be easily pro- 
 vided for, but prefer to work in sweating shops at $4 to $5 a 
 week rather than go out as servants at §12 to $14 a month 
 and all found. The Russian Jew is, in Mr. Frank's opinion,, 
 quite a different man from the German or Austrian Jew, and is 
 not at all so easily provided for. The Russian Jews have, 
 however, few of the vices of the immigrants of other nationa- 
 lities.; they are sober, industrious, and frugal, but as a set-off to 
 these good qualities they often desert tlieir wives and families. 
 This summary of the work of the Hebrew charities of New- 
 York and of the opinions of one of the chief executive officers of 
 this association is in itself more instructive than any number of 
 statistical tables, and ought to assist largely in the formation 
 of opinion as to the value of the Russian Jew as an immigrant 
 in a country in which he is an alien. 
 
 The Baron be Hirsch Fund. 
 
 The Baron de Hirsch Fund is the title oP another benevolent 
 institution, established in New York for the special purpose of 
 protecting and furthering the interests of Jewish immigrants 
 coming into the United States from certain parts of Europe This 
 institution is supported entirely by the generosity of the wealthy 
 Hebrew whose name gives its title to the fund, and deserves 
 a more than passing notice of its work. 
 
 Baron de Hirsch is of opinion that the Jews are not merely a 
 commercial people, and believes that they will succead in farming, 
 and in other arts and industries, if they have scope for their 
 abilities. Prevented from assisting them in Russia, and per- 
 ceiving that the tendency of emigration from that CDuntry was; 
 towards America, he came to the conclusion to aid practically 
 those whom he described in his own words as '' brethren in race 
 " who had emigrated or might emigrate from the inhospitable 
 *'' shores of Russia and Roumania to the Republic of the United 
 " States of America." To this end a committee or board of trustees 
 was formed in New York to attend to the development and 
 administration of the Baron's scheme. The first suggestion was 
 to appropriate a sum of |1 0,000 a month for the relief of immi- 
 grants from Russia and Roumania. The committee, however,, 
 eventually recommended the donation of a capital by the Baron 
 large enough to provide for the establishment and maintenance 
 of one or two permanent institutions, such as an agricultural 
 and industrial settlement and a trade school. In this view the: 
 
255 
 
 Baroo coinci<ie<l, ftml in March 1891, after having sent the above- 
 naineil monthly reniitttince for 12 months, a sum of $2,400,000 
 WBH handed over under a deed of trust to the committee in New 
 York. During 1890 and 1891 the committee worked hirgely on 
 the same lines as the Hebrew charities, and made large gifts to 
 that body. It also commenced educational work and formed 
 auxiliary eommittees at Phihidelphia and Baltimore. Except 
 y 240,000 set apart lor the tvcquirement of land for colonizing 
 piur{>0He8, schools and other buildings, tliis capital was invested 
 in Mcuritied returning interest of five per cent, per annum. The 
 deed of trust provides for tarry itig out the following objects ; — 
 
 1. Loans to erai{|rnnts fiorn Russia or Koumania, actual agriciiltunsts, 
 settlers within the Ui t 'i^ upon real or chattel security. 
 
 2. Provision for th< rtation of emigrants Melccted (after their 
 arrival at an Aroerican port) with rcforcnee to their ago, character, and 
 capacity, to places where it is expected the conditions of the labour 
 market or Uie residenoe of friends will tend to make them self-sup- 
 porting. 
 
 3. Provision for training emigrants in a handicraft, and contributing 
 to their support while learning such handicraft, and for furnishing the 
 necesswrj' tools and implements and other asaistance, to enable them t0 
 eani a livelihood. '^ 
 
 4. Providion for improved mechanical training for adults and youths, 
 emigrants and their cliihlren, whereby persons of industry and capacity 
 may acquire some remunerative employment, either by the pajment of 
 apprentice«)iip or tuition fees, or the instruction of adults and minors in 
 trade schools or otherwise, with contributions for temporary support. 
 
 5. Provision for instruction in the English language ami in the 
 duties and obligations of Iif< and citizenship in the United States, and 
 for technical and trade educaion and the establishment and subvention 
 of special schools, workshops, and other suitable agencies for promoting 
 and raaintiiiniug such instruction. 
 
 6. Provision for instruction in agricultural work and improved 
 methods of farming and for ai<ling settlers with tools and implements, 
 and the practical supervision of such instruction conducted upon suitable 
 tracts of land and in necessary buildings. 
 
 7. Co-operation with established agencies in various sections of the 
 United States, whose duty it shall be, in whole or in part, to lurnish aid 
 or relief and education to needy and deserving applicants coming within 
 the classes designated heieiii 
 
 8. Contributions towards the maintenance of individuals and families, 
 selected by such corporation or cor^ioratious, while temporarily awaiting 
 work or when settled in the new homes in which they may be estab- 
 lished. 
 
 9. Such other and further modes of relief and such other and further 
 contributions to education and in such departments of knowledge as the 
 said trustees or their succe>sors or said corporations shall from time to 
 time decide. 
 
 This is a comprehensive scheme supported by ample funds 
 and ougnt to do much, if rightly worked, to ameliorate the 
 condition of the Russian and Roumanian Jews arriving in 
 the United States. Its efforts in this direction are not, how- 
 ever, received with much favour by the American labour 
 
256 
 
 unions, some of whom simply look upon it as a means of 
 flooding the labour market with crowds of cheap, unskilled, 
 and partially skilled labour. This much, however, is quite 
 clear ; if the immigration of such vast masses of Jews from 
 Eastern Europe is to continue, there must be in existence 
 some such machinery for their reception, education, and dis- 
 tribution, as is provided by these Hebrew Charities. It is 
 desirable that these people shall be Americanised as speedily as 
 possible, and to do this is one of the chief aims of the de Hirsch 
 Fund. In the first place schools are provided for the children 
 of the new arrivals, in which they are taught the English 
 tongue, and are prepared for entrance into the primary schools 
 of the city. The class-rooms are large and well ventilated. The 
 children learn quickly, and are bright and intelligent. It is 
 admitted, that naturally, the Russian Jew is very dirty in his 
 habits, but the utmost cleanliness is required in the children 
 attending the schools. The de Hirsch Baths are established 
 specially for the cultivation of personal cleanliness. Dirty 
 children are not allowed to attend the school. If any are found 
 who through poverty, are not decently clad, clothing is provided 
 for them by the Committee, and food is also provided for the 
 very poor among the children. Special lessons and exercises 
 are taught, intended to develop a knowledge of American 
 institutions, and create a feeling of love for the country to which 
 the children have come. The number on the school register is 
 nearly 500, and during 1892, 888 children were passed out as 
 fit for admission to the public schools, while 120 moved to the 
 public schools of their own accord. Night classes are also held 
 for young men and young women, which are well attended. 
 
 The Trade School of the de Hirsch Fund is an institution 
 intended for the technical and practical instruction of boys and 
 young men in various handicrafts. The school has been fitted 
 with machinery and tools of all kinds, regardless of expense, 
 and is lighted throughout by electricity. The object of the 
 school is, not so much to teach men trades,' as generally 
 to accustom them to the use of tools. The chief branches of 
 work pursued are : wood carving and turning, carpentry, 
 cabinet making, and wood work generally ; colouring, varnish- 
 ing, staining, painting, sign and fresco painting and lettering ; 
 plumbinoj, metal work, engineering and machinery. Electric 
 plating is also taught. The methods and appliances of teaching 
 are those of a technical college, much of the work done reaching 
 a high standard of excellence. The trades selected are those 
 least congested, with a view to sparing the susceptibilities of 
 the trade unions as much as possible. The average time passed 
 by pupils m this school is about three and a half months, after 
 which they pass out to apprenticeships in private employment, 
 or take work as they can find it. It is somewhat discouraging 
 to learn that only about 60 of all ages pass through this 
 institution during the year. The educational agencies of the 
 
257 
 
 Hirsch Fund owe much«of their success to the vigilant oversight 
 of Mr. Solomons, the secretary to the Connnittee. 
 
 Jewish Colonisation Schemes. 
 
 More important, however, than this work, useful as it may be, 
 are the efforts made by the de Hii-sch Committee and other 
 bodies to place their immigrants upon the land as agriculturists. 
 It will be seen at once that, if it can be shown that the Russian 
 Jew is fitted for fanning, the problem of what is to be done 
 with him may soon be solved. There are still available, in the 
 United States, millions of acres of good land out of which 
 capable men may make a living, without in the slightest degree 
 pressing upon any other man, or without disturbing the balance 
 of labour in any particular traile. This branch of the subject, 
 therefore, requires attention. 
 
 The most important attempt made in the direction of colo- 
 nisation by the Jews, was the one which in 1882 resulted in the 
 establishment of a Jewish colony near Vineland, in the State of 
 New Jersey. During the great influx of Jewish immigi'ants 
 from Russia in 1882, the Hebrew Immigrants' Aid Society made 
 inquiries in different parts of the States as to the best methods 
 of distributing these immigrants over various occupations. Se- 
 veral attempts to form colonies were tried, notably in Louisiana, 
 which did not succeed for climatic reasons. At the end of 1882, 
 or the beginning of 1883, this Committee bought 1,100 acres of 
 land in New Jersey, which has since become known as the 
 Alliance Colony. The land was suitable for fruit culture only. 
 High farming was not considered desirable at first, as too much 
 capital would be required. In some respects the colony was 
 advantageously situated, being near to both Philadelphia and 
 New York. The land was divided up at 15 acres per family 
 and operations began with 70 families. While engaged in the 
 work of clearing the land, sustenance money was advanced to 
 the immigrants as a free gift. In the first place, the larms were 
 sold at the cost of the buildings and land, the land being charged 
 at cost price of ;^15 an acre, repayable by instalments of 6 per 
 cent, per annum. Houses were erected at a cost of -^125 each. 
 After having cleared their land these colonists hired the mselves 
 out to pother farmers and cultivated their own land in addition. 
 This not only enabled them to earn a subsistence, but also taught 
 them how to cultivate garden products for themselves. The 
 chief products of the land are sweet potatoes, blackberries, 
 raspberries, and strawberries. Fruit trees were also planted, but 
 these have not yet given very good results. For a long time 
 these colonists had a hard stniggle, and until four years ago it 
 was exceedingly difficult for them to get a living out of their 
 land. In 1886 ihe colony was on the verge of failure, and the 
 settlers would have had to give up their holdings if assistance 
 had not been forthcoming. Mr. Samuel Montague, M.P., and 
 
258 
 
 btiher gentlemen frohi Loiidon, however, visited Vinelatid, aM 
 upon their return recommehded an advance of money from the 
 Mansion House Fund. A sum of 2,000^. was sent out for the 
 assistance of the colonists to whom advances were to be made 
 only one half of which was to be repayable at the rate of 3 
 per cent. This enabled the colonists to obtain entire possession 
 of the land. Since that time several colonists have entirely 
 paid off their debt, and a few have sold their land to other 
 Russian colonists, for as much as from .^1,500 to <^2,000, with 
 which they have bought for themselves larger farms close at hand, 
 so that a few now hold as much as 100 acres. New comers 
 have since added to the strength of the colony, and, coming 
 with capital, have bought land in the neighbourhood. The 
 result of this has been to raise the price of land to such an 
 extent that it is now selling at '^40 an acre. One difficulty 
 with the colonists was, *that their work was merely seasonal, 
 and they had nothing with which to fill in the long winter 
 months of idleness. In order that their time might be em- 
 ployed to advantage, the manufacture of clothing and cigars 
 was commenced. The manufacture of clothing, in particular, 
 has been developed with a fair amount of success under the 
 management of an energetic colonist named Lubiroff. This 
 man holds 20 acres of hmd, 13 acres of which he keeps in 
 cultivation, and from his produce he can sometimes make as 
 much as <i^800 a year. Seven years ago he commenced to 
 learn tailoring, then he taught other colonists how to make 
 clothing, giving them out work to do in their houses. Many 
 of them have had sewing machines supplied by benevolent 
 friends. He then bUilt a workshop on his farm, and during 
 seven or eight months of the year could find fairly regular 
 employment for his 22 machines and a considerable number of 
 workpeople. The work to be done was sent to Alliance from 
 wholesale firms in difierent parts of the country. The earnings 
 of the people would vary from $6 to $15 a week, and some of 
 the best workers amongst the girls could earn as much as ^^9 a 
 week in the busy season, these earnings going to help to buy 
 more land. Tailoring work ceases after Easter, the people 
 going to work on the land, and when the weather is fine it 
 is impossible to get them to work in the shop even at 
 . ^12 a week. There are now 2,075 acres occupied by Jewish 
 colonists, about 1,400 of which are in cultivation. The young 
 men among the colonists are becoming American citizens. They 
 mix with the American families living around, become members 
 of their clubs, and take joint action with them in matters of 
 public interest. They find a ready market for their produc- 
 tions, and claim that they obtain better prices than the people 
 around them. During the fruit season they get poor people 
 from the city to come out and pick for them. Some have as 
 much as six acres under cultivation for blackberries alone, for 
 which as much as <l^200 for an acre and a half have been 
 
259 
 
 obtained. A considerable interchange of laboiir goes on among 
 ihe colonists, and any farmer who has a horse and plough will 
 hire himself and ecjuipage out at S'2^ a day. The quantity of live 
 stock in possession of the colonists is also gradually increasing. 
 Tliere can l>e no doubt that, hut for the powerful support 
 of the Immigi-ant Society and the Mansion House Fund, this 
 colony would have failed miserably in its earliest days, and 
 it cinnot be considered as a triumph of voluntary colonisation. 
 During their early hardships nmny of the colonists would liave 
 left Alliance if they had been able to go elsewhere, but their 
 vor}^ ix)verty kept tnem fixed to the spot, and almost in npite of 
 tliemselve.s, the bulk of them have been made capable farmens 
 and are now sending their sons out to farm on a larger scale in 
 the Western States, while they themselves nre rapidly clearing 
 off their financial obligations to tlie generous friends who huv« 
 assisted them. It is claim^^d for the colony that it may bo taken 
 as a fair instance of the ability of the Russian Jew to be turned 
 to frood account for agi-icultural pni-poses. 
 
 Under the auspices of the Baron Hii-sch Fund another 
 Jewish colony was established in 1891 at Woodbine, in New 
 Jersey, where 5,300 acres of land were purchased. . This was 
 divided up into lots of 15 acres which were to become ulti- 
 mately 30 acre lots. Ten acres were immediately to be 
 cleared and houses built at a cost of from SoOO to S560 
 each. E^h tenant was to have as live stock one cow and 
 25 fowls, ^40 being charged for the cow and ^12^ for the 
 fowls. They were also to be supplied with seeds and plants 
 The money advanced in this way they were to pay off in 12 
 years, at an average of S7o a year and at 4 per cent, interest. 
 The land was to become their own property in 1907. At the 
 commencement there were 150 men on the land. The clearing of 
 the estate began with American labour, but about 70 per cent. 
 wa« ultimately done by settlers. There were 80 families 
 altogether, consisting of from 500 to 600 persons. In order that 
 work might be found during the dull season a clothing factory 
 was built, which was leased to a New York firm and is conducted 
 on strictly business piinciples. 120 to 150 people aie employed 
 in the factory. Thus in most cases part of the family would be 
 working in the factory and part on the land. An hotel has been 
 built, and at night the colony is lighted up by electricity. The 
 colonists have been found very difficult to manage, and they profess 
 to have doubts as to their leases and the terms under which they 
 hold their land. Some of them have even gone so far as to 
 refuse to pay for their land or acknowledge any right or claim 
 over them on the part of the committee. The company is bound 
 to assei-t its rights, the whole intention of the scheme being, that 
 as payments are made by the settlers, the money shall be used to 
 place more families on the land. The existence of the factory 
 seems to have intensified the causes of dispute, inasmuch as 
 everyone was anxious rather to work in the factory than on his 
 
260 . 
 
 land, which could not be expected for some time to come to yield 
 much profit. So dissatisfied have the settlers become that liti- 
 gation between the company and themselves has become 
 inevitable, and evictions have taken place. So far, therefore, 
 this colony cannot be considered a success. But for the factory 
 it is difficult to see how these people could have earned any- 
 thing whatever. During the period of 11 months ending April 
 1893 wages were paid in the factory to the amount of over 
 ^21,000. In one case two members of a family in a period of a 
 little more than two months earned <j^327, in another case 
 two members of a family earned $304*, in another one man 
 earned ^191. As showing the liberal spirit in which the colonists 
 were treated, it may be pointed out that during the making 
 of the roads and general clearing of the land for the town of 
 Woodbine, '^18,759 was paid to farmers for their labour, while to 
 Jewish colonists themselves ^^5,1 53 was paid in a very short 
 time for work done. One family with two worker's, received as 
 much as <^911. Another witli three workers, received ^'^1,153 
 and another with three workers '^1,026. One single worker took 
 ^^640. Yet despite all these fair and liberal provisions for their 
 welfare, the colonists were dissatisfied and ready to break out 
 into open revolt because they thought they were being cheated. 
 
 These are the most notable of the efforts made to establish 
 Jewish colonies in the United States. Others have been 
 attempted in various directions. A number of Russian Jews 
 established a colony at Bad Axe, in the State of Michigan, about 
 12 miles from Lake Huron and 135 miles south-east from 
 Detroit. These people without due inquiry bought some wild 
 but very good land, agreeing to ipay from o^l2 to $13 per acre, 
 each family contracting to take from 40 to 60 acres, the purchase 
 money to be repayable over five years by five equal instalments, 
 with interest at 7 per cent, per annum. The settlers commenced 
 to clear the land and built themselves shanties to live in. 
 Before any crops could be raised their capital was gone and in 
 the early part of the wint.r of 1892 their state was so desperate 
 that they had to seek assist i nee. They laid their case before 
 the Hehrew Relief Society of Detroit. This society provided for 
 their maintenance during the winter and spring and afterwards 
 applied to the Baron Hirsch Committee for further assistance for 
 them. The Committee advanced money to furnish each family 
 with a milch cow, to buy implements of agriculture and horses to 
 cultivate the land they had cleared, and arrangements were made 
 to extend the time over which the purchase money was to be 
 repaid. The money advanced by the Hirsch Committee is a loan 
 to tlie settle IS at a low rate of interest. These people are strug- 
 gling hard to make their land pay, but as they have little 
 practical knowledge and insufficient means, the ultimate result 
 of their endeavour to become successful farmers is doubtful. 
 Other colonies in New Jersey are those of Carmel and Rosen- 
 hayn, not far from Alliance. Rosenhayn has a population of 
 
261 
 
 about 300, but at first consisted of only six families, settled 
 thei*e by the New York Emi^^rant Aid Society. There are now 
 about 2,000 acres of land held by these, colonists. Carmel 
 began likewise on a very small scale and has now a ]>opulation 
 of about 300 people occupying le;*s than 1,000 acres of land In 
 both cases the colonies are rather industrial than ngricultural, 
 and the manufacture of clothing is carried on according to the 
 usual Jewish methods. In each instance outside help has been 
 necessary and quite recently an advance of $5,000 from the 
 de Hirsch Fund was made to assist the Carmel colonist?. There 
 are German and Itidian settlera in the same locality who seem to 
 farm their land to much better advantage Much of the ground 
 is swampy and the It'ilian farmera are said to display a patience 
 and skill in the work of reclamation not equalled, if at all 
 attempted, by their Jewiah neighbours. The Alliance colony, 
 a^ may be seen, has lieen the mast successful, but has only been 
 rendered so by the generosity of the support it has received. 
 
 Some Social Defects of Jewish Immigrants. 
 
 The complications which have arisen at the de Hirseh Colony 
 at Woodbine are similar in character to troubles which arose in 
 the earlier years of the Alliance experiment. Such difficulties 
 have their root in the extremely jealous and suspicioJis character 
 of the Russian Jew, who, coming from a land of despotic govern- 
 ment, is inclined to become unruly under the freer conditions of 
 the American Republic. It is another feature of his character 
 that when once he becomes the recipient of charity of any kind 
 he seems rather demoralised than fortified by it, and thinks he 
 aliould always have a claim to it as long as fun(^s hold out, 
 without responsibility or even genuine gratitude to those who 
 give. In this respect, however, he may not be singular. 
 
 This shows a distinctly bad side to the character of this immi- 
 gration, to which it may be as well to direct a little attention. 
 The evidence to be here adduced h'ls been obtained from various 
 authorities in the United States, in some cases specially for the 
 purpose of this report, in others, from information supplied by 
 Jewish organisations themselves. 
 
 Even so far back as 1875 the Hebrew Relief Society of St. 
 Louis was complaining of the number of beggars who were 
 trading upon the charity of such associations, and who threatened 
 to leave their families to be supported by the charities if they 
 were not themselves relieved. The United Hebrew Charities of 
 Philadelphia are second only in importance to those of New 
 York, and are organised upon similar lines. In 1885, so 
 numerous were the claims upon the benevolence of this body, 
 that special steps had to be taken t > insure that none but 
 deserving applicants should be relieved. The report of the 
 Society for 1889 referring to the immense work of investigation 
 thus necessary, states, that of 2,458 applications for relief 249 
 
262 
 
 were refused, the reasons of refusal being, that some would not 
 work, others were confirmed paupers, and some again were 
 impostors or tramps. Other references in the reports show that 
 the best efforts of the Committee did not satisfy the applicants 
 for assistance, who were as much discontented as though abso- 
 lute rights were refused to them. Attention is also strongly 
 called in the report of 1890 to the steadily increasing evil of 
 husbands deserting their wives and families under circumstances 
 which lead to the belief that there is collusion between husband 
 and wife, in order to impose upon the charity. 
 
 Speaking on the same point the report of 1889 says : — " How 
 " to deal with deserted wives and families, the condition so 
 " common among Russian applicants for relief, who get married 
 " before they either know or realise the sacred n ess and import- 
 " ance of married life ; and further, what course to pursue to 
 " bring such derelicts to their marital vows to justice, were, and 
 " are, most embarrassing questions for your Board of Govern- 
 "•* ment. It is an almost everyday occurrence among the people 
 " who so lately found shelter here from Russian persecution, 
 " that the Board often surmised that there was collusion between 
 " the husbands and their abandoned wives. . . . The huddling 
 " together of so many of these people in close crowded quarters^, 
 " with nearly as many families in a house as there are rooms 
 ^' cannot help but create evil results. The sense of morality, 
 " decency, and thrift is deadened, and the proper appreciation 
 " of family life is in danger of being cast aside. The damaging 
 " efiect it will liave on their children is incalculable, and steps 
 " should be taken to remedy it. This society pays alone nearly 
 " ^"^4,000 in rent for such hovels." Another report of this 
 Association [shows that in its action in respect to strikes the 
 Employment Bureau of this charity is singularly ill-advisee}, 
 inasmuch as it supplies men to employers to replace thei)^ 
 operatives who may be out on strike. These charitable asso- 
 ciations are necessarily supported by capitalists, and it may 
 be easily understood that they think they are doing a good and 
 useful work in helping to defeat operatives on strike. Whether 
 it is wise policy on the part of an organisation professing, above 
 all things, a desire to Americanise its immigrants as speedily as 
 possible, is more than doubtful. A common accusation made 
 by the trade unions in the United States against such charities 
 is, that while bringing such people as the Russian Jews into the, 
 country under the pretence of kinship and benevolence, theii; 
 subscribers know how to make benevolence profitable by means 
 of the supply of cheap labour which they thus obtain. As wil} 
 hereafter appear, this idea is largely shared by Americant 
 Hebrew working men who hold extreme opinions on the labour 
 question. ' -." 
 
 The Association of Jewish Immigrants of Philadelphia 
 was also formed to look specially after the interests of new 
 arrivals in that city. In the report of this Society for 1889 it 
 
is hinted that among those ai*nving ai'e some that are not 
 desirable, and intimates that meiuis may be taken to eliminate 
 elements which may unfavourably affect the status of the Jewishr 
 community. In nearly every large centre of population there 
 are organisations of this kind, though, necessarily, they liavo 
 most work to do in those towns which are ports of arrival for 
 immigrants. Next to New York and Philadelphia couje Balti- 
 more and BoBton, and at each of those ports thei-e are Jewish 
 charities. 
 
 In Pittsburg the Jewish population numbers ivom 3,000 to 
 4,000, a large projwrtion of whom are engaged in cigar makingi 
 This industry they carry on in small domestic workshops and 
 make generally very low chiss goods. The Hebrew Charity 
 here expends about §10,000 a year, and was drawn uix^n by 
 travelling Jews, who came for relief to such an extent that the 
 Society was obliged to cut down this branch of expenditure. 
 Chiciigo has also a numerous Jewish population many of whom 
 hive to be caroil for l»y their co-religionists in the same way ; no 
 reports of the operations of these societi-s have, however, been 
 obtained. 
 
 Large numbers also come into Detroit especially from among 
 those who have landed at Gnnadiau ports. In this' city there is 
 a Hebrew Relief Society of 26 yeara .standing. Mr. Martin 
 Butzel, president of this society, upon being questioned, gave his 
 opinions in writing as to the Rassian Jewish immigrants so far 
 as he has been able to observe them. He states that the 
 •estimate^l Jewish ix^pulation of Detroit is about 8,000 seven- 
 tenths of whom are Poles and Russians. These are mostly 
 tailora, cape and cloak makers, shoemakers, cigar makers, 
 travelling salesmen, &c. The majority are tailors and cigar 
 makei-s. Within the last thi'ee years the demands upon the 
 Chaiity have largely increased. In Detroit they seem to get a 
 large proportion of immigi'ants who are skilled mechanics, or 
 strong, able-bodied labourers, and who are, after a few days in 
 the citj-, in a position to support themselves. At the same time 
 there come large numbers of middle-aged and elderly men, with 
 wives younger than themselves, and having large families; who 
 need a good deal of assistance. These, generally, are small 
 pedlars, rag-dealers, or fruit sellers. Their children are sent out 
 into the streets to sell newspapers, or matches, or to clean boots. 
 K such as these apply to the Society for aid it is given only on 
 condition that they will send their children to school. They 
 are not a criminal class, but adhere closely to the orthodox faith-, 
 and are as closely packed in their dwellings as it is possible to be. 
 Wife desertion is here also a common occurrence among them. 
 Many of them become naturalised citizens, and Mr. Butzel's 
 
 hope is that the next generation will become entirely America- 
 nised. He thinks, however, that until the old orthodox notions 
 they have brought with them from Russia have ibeen modified or 
 .eliminated, there is little to be expected even irom the children."^ 
 
264 
 
 Buifalo is another frontier town in wliicli there is a large 
 Jewish community. The number is estimated at 10,000, 4,000 
 being Russian as to nationality and these have mostly come 
 into the town since 1882. Mr. Haenlin, president of the Hebrew 
 Charity, states that the expenditure of the society is about 
 $3,000 a year, and as the list of subscribers is not large the 
 strain upon those who do pay is very heavy. In his opinion the 
 Russian Jews are a difficult class to deal with. The}'^ are the 
 most persistent beggars, and are never satisfied with what they 
 receive. They are always trj'ing to impose upon the funds. 
 Whatever they get they want more. The man who commences 
 as a pedlar first wants a barrow from the Society, then after 
 awhile he wants a hcrse and cart, and never seems to think he 
 should try to get these things for himself. The expenditure on 
 tools for workmen is very heavy. The Russian Jew, he thinks, 
 is not addicted to crimes of violence, nor does he drink to excess, 
 but a very considerable number are guilty of the crime of wife 
 desertion. 
 
 Jews in Receipt of Public Charity. 
 
 It is generally claimed for the Russian Jew that, however 
 heavily he may draw upon the funds of the charities of his own 
 faith, he is not a drain upon the resources of other charitable 
 societies. The annual reports of the Buffalo Charity Organisa- 
 tion Society, however, show that this is not altogether the case. 
 In the report for 1889 it is shown that in respect to 663 cases 
 investigated in which the nativity of the heads of families was 
 known 139 were Polish and Russian. These nationalities were 
 only exceeded in number on the list by Germans, 170, and 
 United States (white) 165. In the report for the following 
 year the relative position was shown to be the same, and in 1891, 
 though the number had somewhat lessened, Russians and Poles 
 were still third in point of numbers on the list of nationalities 
 relieved. 
 
 In like manner the annual reports of the city of New York 
 Charity Organisation Society, for the years 1889, 1891 and 1892, 
 show per-centages of Russians and Poles (heads of families) 
 applying for relief of 2, 1*80, and 1*72. An appendix to the 
 reports of the same society also show, that from the Treasury of 
 the City of New York, there is made annually a distribution of 
 money raised by taxation and from excise, to various local 
 charities. Among the charities receiving such grants of public 
 money are the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum, and 
 the Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society. The sums paid to 
 these two societies have been considerable, and for the four 
 years 1889-92 the aggregate thus paid amounts to considerably 
 over $500,000. In addition to this it is quite certain, that in 
 many other of the charitable institutions of the United States, 
 considerable numbers of Jews are to be found. For instance, at 
 
the Conference of charities and cori*octioiis held in Denver 
 in 1892, it was contended on behalf of the Hebrews, that 
 they appreciate home life so well, and attend so carefully to 
 their own people, that they very rarely have children in reform 
 schools. The representative of the New York Juvenile Asylum, 
 however, demonstriited, that in his institution there were more 
 than 100 Jewish children. 
 
 The annual i*eix)rts of the New York Association for the 
 Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, also supply some 
 information on this point A table will be found in the Appen- 
 dix showing the numbers of those "clieved each year from 1887 
 to 1892, according to nationality and religion. The statement 
 compiled from the reports of tJie Association is interesting, as 
 siiowing the great variety of peoples with which chtirity in the 
 United States has to deal. It also brings out in a strong light 
 the frequently urged difficulty met with in making this incjuiry, 
 of obtaining precise information as to actual number oF Jews 
 in all the United States stJitistics of Immigration. Thus, for 
 instance, it is seen, that, while in 1889 the number of Russians 
 and Poles relieved was but 79, the section giving the religion 
 of recipients states the number of Hebrews at 219. This is a 
 difference of 1 40, indicating that a considerable number of Jews 
 appear as belonging t*) nationalities other than those from which 
 they are generally believed to come. 
 
 Comparative Jewish Pauperism. 
 
 These isolated facts, however, prove little in themselves, while 
 it must le admitted that the general statistics of pauperism for 
 the whole of the United States show the Jewish population, so 
 far as they can be traced, in a very favourable light, as com- 
 pared with ether nationalities. Foitunately, there is available 
 on this point some >'ery recent information, and it will be 
 desirable in using this and other statistical inforaiation to extend 
 the investigation to all nationalities rather than conHne it exclu- 
 sively to the Jews, in order that comparisons of relative pauperism 
 may be made. On February 9th of the present year a " Census 
 Bulletin " was issued containing statistics on this subject. From 
 this it appears that at the census of 1890 there were 66,578 
 white paupers in alni;^ houses in the United States. Of these 
 36,656 were bom in the United States, and 27,648 were of 
 foreign birth ; of the remaining 2,274, the birthplace was un- 
 known. Omitting those whose nativity was unknown, the per- 
 centage of native whites was 57, and of foreign whites 43. Of 
 the 36,656 bom in the United States, 21,519 had a native 
 father and a native mother; 3,580 had both parents foreign 
 born; 949 had one native and one foreign parent, and the 
 parentage of 10,608 was unknown as to one or both parents. 
 Omitting the latter the per-ccntage of native whites of purely 
 
 o 77399. S 
 
266 
 
 native origin was 82-61.. of purely foreign origin, 13*75, and of 
 mixed origin 3*64. 
 
 As the result of a minute inquiry into the parental origin of 
 the paupers in the United States, the following conclusions were 
 deduced. The total number of white paupers being 66,578, 
 these must have had 133,156 parents of both sexes. Taking 
 into account only 108,802 parents whose nativity is known, 
 41 '56 of the white inmates of almshouses is of the native white 
 element, and 58*44 per cent, of the foreign element. The actual 
 nationalities of the 63,587 foreign parents of American paupers, 
 and the number of each nationality, are given in the ensuing 
 table, in which they are classed according to the elements of 
 population : — 
 
 Birthplace of Foreign Parents. 
 
 
 
 
 Paupers Classed by Elements of the Population. 
 
 Birthplace of Parents. 
 
 Total 
 Parents. 
 
 Foreign 
 bom. 
 
 Parents 
 Foreign. 
 
 One 
 Parent 
 Foreign. 
 
 One or 
 
 both 
 
 Parents 
 
 un- 
 known. 
 
 Total 
 
 63,587 
 
 55,296 
 
 7.160 
 
 949 
 
 182 
 
 Africa 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 Arabia 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Avistralia - 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Austria 
 
 
 
 190 
 
 190 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Azore Islands 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Belgium - 
 
 
 
 80 
 
 62 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 B<}nnuda - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Bohemia - 
 
 
 
 348 
 
 340 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 British Guiana 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Canada, English 
 
 
 
 2,012 
 
 1.630 
 
 262 
 
 100 
 
 20 
 
 Canada, French 
 
 
 
 249 
 
 218 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Central America 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Chile 
 
 
 
 62 
 
 62 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 China 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Corsica 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Cuba 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Denmark - 
 
 
 
 241 
 
 228 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 East Indies 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 England - 
 
 
 
 4,688 
 
 3,912 
 
 579 
 
 174 
 
 23 
 
 Europe 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Finland - 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
267 
 
 
 
 
 Paopen Claned by Rlements of the Population. 
 
 Birthplace of Pu«nto. 
 
 Total 
 Parents. 
 
 PpraiKn 
 bom. 
 
 Parents 
 Foreign. 
 
 One 
 Parent 
 ForeiKn. 
 
 One or 
 
 both 
 Parents 
 
 un- 
 known. 
 
 Tnan 
 
 
 978 
 
 no 
 
 115 
 
 S3 
 
 6 
 
 Qtrraanj • 
 
 
 
 ujm 
 
 18,546 
 
 1,806 
 
 156 
 
 31 
 
 Greece 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Haiti 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Hollatfi . 
 
 
 300 
 
 270 
 
 27 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Hun«*r> 
 
 
 106 
 
 06 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Iceland 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 Ireland • 
 
 
 SMtl 
 
 M486 
 
 8.788 
 
 345 
 
 62 
 
 IsleofMalu 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 ^ 
 
 ~ 
 
 - 
 
 laleofMan 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 is 
 
 5 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Itle of St. Helena 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Italy 
 
 
 
 317 
 
 290 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Upland ■ 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 ' 
 
 108 
 
 64 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Moravia - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 New Soath Wales 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 . 
 
 w 
 
 788 
 
 67 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Peni 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 -. 
 
 Poland 
 
 
 
 476 
 
 438 
 
 36 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Portugal • 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 54 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 
 Prussia 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 """ 
 
 
 
 Boumania - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ru'wia 
 
 
 
 136 
 
 128 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Sandwich Islands 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 Saxony- 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scotland - 
 
 
 
 i;»2 
 
 1,150 
 
 158 
 
 75 
 
 9 
 
 South America - 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 South Australia ■ 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Spain 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 28 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 
 1,868 
 
 1,292 
 
 65 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 
 
 654 
 
 618 
 
 32 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 Syria 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Turkey 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Wales 
 
 
 
 590 
 
 512 
 
 68 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Western Islands - 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 — 2 
 
 — 
 
 _ 
 
 _ 
 
 West Indies 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 At sea 
 
 
 
 61 
 
 50 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 From this it will be seen that, in respect to inmates of 
 almshouses in the United States, where the almshouse is. the 
 
 s 2 
 
268 
 
 equivalent of our workhouse, the Jews come out remarkably 
 well, and compare favourably with any other nationality, even 
 when reference is made to the proportions they form of the 
 general population of the country. In addition to the al ove 
 total of indoor paupers, the number on outdoor relief was- 
 24,220, in 1890, but as to these no complete enumeration could be 
 obtained. Under the circumstances of the immigration to the 
 United States the results shown by the above statement are 
 what might naturally have been anticipated. It is, however, 
 interesting to observe the general tendency of pauperism to 
 diminish in proportion to population. Thus, in 1880, the i-atio 
 of almshouse paupers to population was 1 to 758, while in 1890 
 it was but 1 to 857. Roughly it is here shown that nearly three 
 fifths of all the paupers in the almshouses of tlie United Stiites. 
 in 1890, were either persons of foreign birth, or their immediate 
 descendants. The foreign-born paupers alone outnumber all 
 the white uative paupers whose parentage is known, whether 
 the same be native or foreign. So far as the Jews are con- 
 cerned, however, it must be admitted they come well out of this 
 test, although it has been shown they are so largely the 
 recipients of charity in other forms. 
 
 Ckiminality, Insanity, and Disease. 
 
 This is a branch of the subject as important as pauperism,, 
 if not more so. The latter may be but a casual incident in 
 the lifetime of the individual, and have little effect either upon 
 the person concerned or upon the community, but crime, in- 
 sanity, and other forms of disease are generally far leaching in 
 their results, and affect others than the person iinu;ediately 
 concei-ned. So far, therefore, as it can be shown that foreign 
 immigration tends to increase the proportion of criminal,, 
 insane, or otherwise unhealthy persons in a community, to that 
 extent will such immigration be shown to be undesirable. Un- 
 fortunately there is as yet little reliable information available 
 on these points in the United States. It has only become 
 evident in comparatively recent years that such iiiformation 
 would be of the highest value in determining what elements 
 of population might be admitted into, or excluded from the 
 country. The United States Census is generally made the 
 means of collecting full details upon these and other subjects. 
 In the Census of 1880 statistics were prepared so far as possible, 
 but these are now so remote as to be practically useless, so 
 rapid has been the growth of the alien element in the popula- 
 tion. The Census of 1890 has been completed, and its results 
 are regularly issued in sections dealing with special subjects, 
 but very little on the points now under discussion has yet 
 appeared. Census Bulletin (No. 352), issued in Febru;iry last, 
 gives some statistics as to the parentage and nativity of pri- 
 soners in the United States in 1890. The aggregate number of 
 prisoners was 82,329, of which 57,310 were white. As to the 
 
269 
 
 nativity of tliese white prisoners, 40,471 were born in the 
 United States, 15,932 were born abro ul, and the birthplace of 
 "907 was uiikno;^^!. Omitting tht^se whose nativity was un- 
 known, tlie per-ceMtaj;^e of native whites is 71*75 and of foi*eign 
 whites 2S'2). Going into the question of parentage, however, 
 the nmtter is much more complicated. Of the 40,471 whites 
 born in the United States, 21,037 liad a native father and a 
 native mother, 12,601 hail both parents foreign born, 2,281 had 
 one native and one foreign parent, and the parentiige of 3,952 
 is unknown as to one or both parents. Leaving out those of 
 unknown extraction, the per-centag© of white prisoners of purely 
 native or ijiin was 57'6l, of foreign origin 3450, and of mixed 
 origin 7*89. The native white prisoners who were born of a 
 native white fatlier, and native white mother, form the purely 
 native element in the prison population. The foreign born 
 prisoners whose parents are both foreign constitute the purely 
 foreign element in the prison population. Between those two 
 elements is found a mixed element, which includes prisoners 
 bom in the United States both of whose parents were foreign 
 bom, and prisoners bom in the United States one of whose 
 parents was foreign bom and one native. 
 
 The number of prisoners born in the United States who had 
 one native parent and one parent foreign bom was 2,881. 
 Of these, 1,176 had American fathers and 1,705 had American 
 mothers. 
 
 The number t»f white prisoners bom in the United States but 
 having both parents foreign bom was 12,601. Of these, 11,327 
 had parents of the same nationality, and 1,274 had parents of 
 different nationalities. The general conclusion arrived at is 
 that the number of white prisoners being 57,310, these must 
 have had 114,620 parents of both sexes. Their distribution 
 among the elements of population and the number of parents 
 corresponding to the number of prisoners in each element are 
 shown in t!ie following statement : — 
 
 Summary. 
 
 
 Prisoners. 
 
 Parents of— 
 
 Nativity of Parents. 
 
 Elements of the 
 Population. 
 
 1 
 TotmLj Men. 
 
 Wo. 
 men. 
 
 TotaL 
 
 i 
 
 Na. 
 tive. 
 
 Po- 
 reign 
 Bom. 
 
 Un- 
 known. 
 
 Total - 
 
 57310 j 52,89* 
 
 4.416 
 
 I 1 
 114.620 105.788 8,832 
 
 45,782 
 
 60,153 
 
 8,735 
 
 Both parents native 
 One parent foreign - 
 Both parents foreign 
 One or both unknown 
 Foreign bom 
 Birthplace unknown 
 
 1 
 21,037 20,101 
 
 2,881 1 2,729 
 1«.fi01 j 11.766 
 
 3,952 ; 3,660 
 15,932 i 13,869 
 
 907 1 869 
 
 936 
 152 
 8S5 
 392 
 2.063 
 38 
 
 42.074 140.202 ' 1.872 
 5,762 1 5,458 304 
 
 2538 123,532 \ 1.670 
 7.904 ! 7,120 '\ 784 
 
 31,864 27,738 4,126 
 
 1,814 i 1,738 ; 76 
 
 1 i 
 
 42,074 
 2,881 
 
 777 
 
 2,881 
 
 25,202 
 
 206 
 
 31.864 
 
 6,921 
 1^14 
 
270 
 
 Taking into account only the 105,885 parents whose nativity- 
 is known, 43' 19 per cent, of crime committed in the United 
 States by white men and women is chargeable to the native 
 white element of the population and 56*81 to the foreig-n ele- 
 ment. The tables which fully set forth the extent to which 
 the different nationalities contribute to these totals are too 
 lengthy to be quoted here, but as they are important to those 
 desiring a full knowledge of the subject, they are given in the 
 Appendix to this Report. 
 
 These statistics, though possessing a certain value, have the 
 disadvantage of being so general that they give no indication 
 of degrees of criminality. A prisoner may be a person who has 
 committed a petty offence, hardly criminal in its essence, or 
 may be one who has been guilty of murder. A Census Bulletin 
 dealing with the subject of sentences of convicts in penitentiaries 
 says : " The average sentence of a native white convict, of native 
 " parents, is 5 years and 208 days ; of a foreign-born convict, 
 " 5 years and 193 days." This, however, does not clear up 
 the difficulty, as sentences vary in different States for the 
 same offences. Neither do they, in striking their final con- 
 clusions, take into account the proportion of the entire popu- 
 lation which each element constitutes. Nor do they take into 
 account in any way the fact that in the native population 
 the proportion of young children not of (criminal age is 
 much larger than among the foreign element. They do not, 
 either, take any note of the fact that in the foreign popula- 
 tion there is a much larger proportion of males to females 
 than in the native; this being another important factor in 
 minimising the general effect of the statistical tables. Nor is it 
 easy to extract from them exact figures as to the numbers of 
 Jewish prisoners. Only nationalities are given in the tables, 
 and thus Jews who may belong to various nationalities cannot 
 easily be traced. All that can be done is to assume that under 
 Russia the whole or nearly the whole of those shown will be 
 Jews, and that under Poland a great many will be also Jews. 
 There will also, doubtless, be a small proportion of Jews under 
 Germany, Austria, and Great Britain. Such as they are the 
 figures are given for what they are worth, and may be com- 
 pared with the general population tables, also quoted in the 
 Appendix. Most of the other criminal statistics of the United 
 States present the same difficulty so far as the Jews are con- 
 cerned — a. difficulty which would partly disappear if they were 
 entered as a separate race rather than as members of the 
 nationality from which they may have emigrated. 
 
 The annual reports of the Police Department of the City of 
 New York show the nativity of persons arrested during each 
 year, but make no attempt to distinguish races, nor to connect 
 the persons arrested with the different classes of offences shown 
 in other table s, and which range _ from murder down to merely 
 
271 
 
 being a suspicious person. The following statement is compiled 
 from the reports for the years to which it refers : — 
 
 Nativity of Persons Arrested. 
 
 CottDtry. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 United SUtes- ..... 
 „ (hlack) .... 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Germany ..-..- 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland --.-.- 
 British Provinces ..... 
 
 luly 
 
 Austria ...... 
 
 Hungary ---... 
 Norway and Sweden - - . - - 
 Ru<isia ...... 
 
 IV.land ...... 
 
 Roumania .--.-- 
 All other countries - - - - - 
 
 37,159 
 
 2,387 
 
 20,654 
 
 9,248 
 
 2,656 
 
 821 
 
 474 
 
 8,569 
 
 519 
 
 192 
 
 424 
 
 2,191 
 
 . 851 
 
 21 
 
 1,584 
 
 87,660 
 
 1,951 
 
 21,254 
 
 9.146 
 
 2,545 
 
 848 
 
 520 
 
 4,757 
 
 607 
 
 281 
 
 526 
 
 2,258 
 
 371 
 
 38 
 
 1,854 
 
 39,620 
 
 2,145 
 
 21,944 
 
 8,812 
 
 2,710 
 
 978 
 
 593 
 
 4,586 
 
 711 
 
 304 
 
 642 
 
 8,768 
 
 280 
 
 48 
 
 3,002 
 
 Totals - - - . 
 
 ' 82,200 
 
 84,556 
 
 90,124 
 
 These figures, again, are only given for what tliey are worth, 
 for, as will be at once seen, they take no account of the relation 
 which each element of nationality bears to the total population 
 of New York City, nor of the fact that some of the nationalities 
 settling in comparatively small numbers in the city belong to a 
 portion of the community in which there is generally found but 
 a small proportion of criminals. It is, however, impossible to 
 look at the table without being impressed by the great increase 
 in the number of arrests for Italy and for Russia during the 
 three years, which is certainly greater than their increase in 
 proportion to population. As in the previous tables, the figures 
 for Ireland are very high, and it may be as well to refer in this 
 case to the Census tables of general population to ascertain what 
 the relative per-centages are to the total population of a few of 
 the more important races. 
 
 Thus, taking Ireland, the number of Irish bom in New 
 York in 1890, according to the Census returns, was 190,418, so 
 that the per-centage of Irish arrested to total Irish population 
 in that year was 11-22. The English population was 35,907, so 
 that the per-centage of English arrests to English population 
 was 7'09. The German population was 210,723 and the per- 
 centage of arrests 4*34. The Italian population was 39,951 and 
 the per-centage of arrests 11*90. The Russian and Polish popu-' 
 lation was 55,549 and the per-centage of arrests 4*72, though 
 
272 
 
 the rise in 1891 was greater than in the other cases. The 
 native American proportion was 4*3. 
 
 The annual reports of the Board of Police Justices for the 
 City of New York give statistics for each year of the nativity 
 of the persons held for trial, convicted, or committed, but only in 
 a form which renders them useless for the purpose of full com- 
 parison, the Jewish element being included in the aggregate of 
 " Other Countries." For some other nationalities, however, they 
 are useful as an additional means of comparison, and a compila- 
 tion of results for five years is here given : — 
 
 Nativity of Persons held for Trial, Convicted, or Com- 
 mitted by City of New York Board of Justices for 
 Five Years, 1888-92. 
 
 Nativity. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 United States 
 
 27,140 
 
 26,383 
 
 25,986 
 
 23,422 
 
 24,473 
 
 Ireland .... 
 
 15,371 
 
 14,252 
 
 14,944 
 
 14,311 
 
 13,567 
 
 Germany- - - - 
 
 6,240 
 
 6,444 
 
 5,778 
 
 5,207 
 
 4,808 
 
 England - - - - 
 
 1,9.37 
 
 1,775 
 
 1,850 
 
 1,503 
 
 1,557 
 
 Scotland - - - - 
 
 550 
 
 548 
 
 .529 
 
 485 
 
 450 
 
 France - - - - 
 
 377 
 
 272 
 
 320 
 
 379 
 
 451 
 
 Italy - - - - 
 
 2,530 
 
 2,622 
 
 3,074 
 
 2,682 
 
 2,737 
 
 Other Countries - - - 
 
 3,169 
 
 3,808 
 
 3,686 
 
 6,104 
 
 5,449 
 
 Not given - - - 
 
 81 
 
 67 
 
 139 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Totals - 
 
 57,395 
 
 56,171 
 
 56,306 
 
 54,093 
 
 53,492 
 
 This table may be said to reduce the previous table from the 
 gross number of arrests to the stage at which mere suspicion 
 has become certainty of offence against the law. It is un- 
 fortunate that the Jewish element cannot be distinctly traced 
 here, as the greater part of it is included in " Other Countries," 
 but, as in the table of arrests it is seen to have a certain relation 
 to other countries, the proportion of Jews included under " Other 
 Countries " in this table will probably be about the same as in 
 the other table. This assumption, therefore, is made in making 
 the following comparison. In this second table, dealing with 
 the year 1890 only, as that is the year for which population 
 figures are given, Ireland comes out with a proportion of offenders 
 against the law of 7*88 ; England with 5*15 ; Germany [with 
 274 ; Italy with 769 ; and Russia aud Poland with 3*89. 
 
 The annual reports of the Commissioners of Prisons for the 
 State of Massachusetts also throw a little light upon the subject 
 of relative criminality, and there may be quoted in full the 
 following : — 
 
273 
 
 Table showing Birthplaces of Prisoners commuted to 
 Jails and Houses of Correction during the year ending 
 Septen.ber 30, 1890. 
 
 Birthplmcc*. 
 
 h-OOmotm 
 
 l.-Offenoe« 
 •fcainst Pro- 
 perty. 
 
 3.-Offenoe8 
 
 agminst Public 
 
 Order. Ac. 
 
 Aggregate,, 
 
 Offences of all 
 
 ClaswB. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 •a 
 
 & 
 
 1 
 
 ¥ilMi!ni«ti. 
 
 448 
 
 8 
 
 461 
 
 en 
 
 tt 
 
 674 
 
 4^89 
 
 847 
 
 5.276 
 
 6,096 
 
 875 
 
 6,401 
 
 OClMrStatM . 
 
 1« 
 
 9 
 
 177 
 
 8» 
 
 17 
 
 848 
 
 1199 
 
 106 
 
 1505 
 
 1.793 
 
 188 
 
 3.025 
 
 Britikh ProvincM - 
 
 8S 
 
 * 
 
 80 
 
 187 
 
 10 
 
 167 
 
 970 
 
 119 
 
 1X»9 
 
 14818 
 
 143 
 
 1.356 
 
 Ireland 
 
 8M 
 
 as 
 
 810 
 
 186 
 
 86 
 
 tss 
 
 8,970 
 
 747 
 
 4,717 
 
 4.440 
 
 800 
 
 5349 
 
 Kngland 
 
 m 
 
 4 
 
 78 
 
 61 
 
 7 
 
 66 
 
 996 
 
 106 
 
 1304 
 
 1.128 
 
 217 
 
 1345 
 
 Scotland 
 
 » 
 
 1 
 
 SI 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 81 
 
 960 
 
 69 
 
 889 
 
 807 
 
 74 
 
 881 
 
 QtnoMny 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 - 
 
 11 
 
 71 
 
 3 
 
 74 
 
 01 
 
 8 
 
 94 
 
 8w«d0n 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 6 
 
 85 
 
 8 
 
 88 
 
 99 
 
 3 
 
 102 
 
 Norwmy 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 - 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 — 
 
 22 
 
 MisoelUneous* 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 85 
 
 • 
 
 85 
 
 150 
 
 12 
 
 102 
 
 234 
 
 13 
 
 247 
 
 ToM . 
 
 U4l 
 
 n 
 
 U88 
 
 M04 
 
 96 
 
 1.560 
 
 18.746 
 
 1.782 |15.470 
 
 16.363 
 
 1.869 
 
 18322 
 
 • Of the 247 misoellaneoiw, 6 were bom in Arabia. 1 in Armenia, 1 in Asia, 3 at sea, 4 in 
 .\ii8traHa. 7 in Anstria. 1 in Belgium, 2 in Bohemia. 4 on Cape De Vere. 3 in China, 8 in Den- 
 mark. 2 in Egj'pt, 1 in Europe. 2 in Fajal. 10 in Finland. 32 in Prance. I in Greece. 1 in Holland, 
 1 ill Hunjrary. 1 in Isle of Ouemaey.SS in Italy. 1 in Labrador, 4 in Malta. 8 in Poland, 3 in 
 Portuga]. 17 in Russia. 1 in South America. 2 in Spain. 1 in 8t. Helena. 4 in Switzerland. 2 in 
 Syria, 4 in Turkey, 28 in Walt*, 26 in West Indies, and 17 unknown. 
 
 The 1892 report of the Allegheny County Workhouse, which 
 answers to our county gaol, contains the following table showing 
 the nativity of 4,227 prisoners committed during the year : — 
 
 United States 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Germany 
 
 England 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Wales 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Austria 
 
 Poland 
 
 Russia 
 
 Italy 
 
 Canada 
 
 France 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Belgium 
 
 2,720 
 
 681 
 
 250 
 
 217 
 
 62 
 
 54 
 
 39 
 
 49 
 
 32 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
274 
 
 Norway 
 Mexico 
 
 Switzerland - 
 Denmark 
 Arabia 
 Holland 
 East Indies - 
 Central America 
 
 
 
 3 
 11 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 This report also gives the numbers and nationalities of 
 illiterate prisoners, and of the 597 who could neither read nor 
 write, the distribution was as follows : — 
 
 United States 
 Ireland 
 England 
 Wales 
 Hungary- 
 Poland 
 Russia 
 Italy 
 Germany 
 Austria 
 Scotland 
 Arabia 
 
 Switzerland - 
 Belgium 
 France 
 
 296 
 
 156 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 The apparent general tendency of these statistics is to show 
 that the Jewish immigrants form a fairly law-abiding section of 
 the community, although the figures last quoted seem to prove 
 that they are very illiterate in comparison with some other 
 nationalities. Something further on this point has yet to be 
 said, however, see p. 280. There only remains to be quoted on this 
 head a few observations of the chaplain appointed % the Jewish 
 Ministers' Association of New York to visit prisoners of their 
 religion in several of the State prisons. Reporting as to 1891 
 and 1892, he says : — " The number of Jewish convicts of this 
 " State has not been considerably increased during the last two 
 " years ; certainly not in proportion to the large numbers of 
 " Jewish immigrants that have flocked to our shores. Most of 
 " the Jewish convicts are young men between 16 and 30 years 
 " of age. Of these the largest number, the young Americans, 
 " have been led to vice and crime by card playing, horse betting, 
 " and other such sports ; the immigrants have come into 
 " trouble through their ignorance of the laws of the country, and 
 " through the false notion they have brought along with them 
 " from Europe, that America is a country of swindlers and 
 
276 
 
 " humbugs, nnd that immigrants can get rich here only by 
 " frau^lulent manipulations and transtvctions. The crimes and 
 " offences committed by Jewish convicts are mainly of a light 
 " order ; yet three Jews are confined in Sing Sing, one for 
 " murder in t!ie first degree, one for murder in the second 
 " degree, and one for manslaughter." Then follows a sentence 
 in the report which shows how fallacious must be all attempts to 
 obtain exact information as to numbers of Jews through the 
 ordinary American statistics of nationality. " In Blackwell's 
 " Island Penitentiary there are among a total of about 950 
 " delinquents, 83 Jewish prisoners, 77 males and 6 females. 
 ** Their respective nationalities are 18 Russians, 13 Poles, 9 
 " Austrians, 5 Hungarians, 14 Germans, IG Americans, 2 
 " English, 2 Swiss, I Roumanian, 1 French, and 2 Dutch." The 
 same principle applies in every one of the State prisons the 
 chaplain visits. The obvious inference is that in all the statistics 
 of pauperism or criminality the true number of Jewish paupers and 
 criminals cannot possibly be ascertained. They are returned as 
 members of all the European nationalities, thus swelling the total 
 number of criminals and paupers of other nations while at the 
 same time reducing their own. Further on the chaplain reveals 
 still another element of uncertainty. " The whole number," he 
 says, •' of Jewish prisoners in the State of New York amounts to 
 " 335-360. Their comparativel}' small proportion in this State, 
 " which contains the largest Jewish population of any in the 
 " Union, bears a favourable testimony to the moral and law- 
 " abiding chai-acter of our co-religionists. Less flattering, how- 
 " ever, for our fellow believers is the proportionally large number 
 " of Jewish convicts at the Elmira Reformatory. Think of it ! 
 " Among a total of 1,450 prisoners, 99 Jews; besides 10 to 15 
 *• young men, at least, who persistently deny their Jewish 
 " descent. This deadful number of Jewish criminals shows us 
 " plainly and unmistakably the demoralization and depravity of 
 " a certain portion of the Jewish youth of our metropolis." 
 He then goes on to show that these criminals are mostly New 
 York boys. It may be at once admitted that these statistics 
 definitely prove little or nothing, except that American statistics 
 of nationality are singularly incomplete, if not inaccurate, and 
 that only general conclusions can be drawn from them. 
 
 Insanity and General Health. 
 
 This is another section of the subject about which there is, 
 unfortunately, little trustworthy evidence up to date. The figures 
 of the Census of 1880 are now quite inapplicable, and the figures 
 of 1890 are not yet compiled by the Census authorities, so that 
 nothing is at present known as to the condition in this respect 
 of the entire Union. A little light of more or less importance 
 may, however, be obtained from local sources. The visiting 
 
276 
 
 Jewish chaplain of New York, ah-eady quoted, says, in respect 
 to the Insane Asylum on Ward's Island, that " there is quite a 
 *' large number of Jewish inmates." More specific information 
 is supplied by the medical superintendent of the institution here 
 referred to. He states that in 1888 the number of Jewish 
 patients in the asylum was 50; in 1889, 64; in 1890, 67; in 
 1891, 82 ; and in 1892, 124. About the only marked change 
 observed during the past five years is the increase of Eussian 
 immigrant cases and the Hebrew element amongst the admis- 
 sions. The superintendent of the New York City Asylum for 
 the Insane at Hart's Island furnishes the following return of 
 Jewish inmates during the past four years : — 1889, 55 ; 1890, 
 79 ; 1891, 88 ; 1892, 87. These are, however, but two asylums 
 out of a large number, and all that the figures prove is that 
 there is in each case, a tendency to increase in the number of 
 Jewish insane. What relation this bears to increasing popu- 
 lation cannot be definitely ascertained, nor is there any means 
 furnished for comparison with other nationalities. The reports 
 of the New York State Board of Charities, which controls public 
 institutions of this character in the State, do not give statistics in 
 sufficient detail for any purpose of comparison. The Pennsylvania 
 Board of Charities, however, reports more fully upon these points, 
 and in its report for 1891 is to be found a table which gives 
 particulars as to nationality of patients admitted during the 
 year. The total admissions during the year into nine State 
 institutions was 1,726. Of these 1,247 were of American 
 nativity, 390 were foreign, and 89 unknown. The respective 
 contributions to this total of the nationalities of greatest im- 
 portance to this inquiry are as follows : — 
 
 Austria- Hungary - - - 10 
 
 England - - - - 46 
 
 Ireland - - - - 150 
 
 Scotland - - - - 6 
 
 Wales . . - - 17 
 
 Germany - - - - lOS 
 
 Italy- . - - - 3 
 
 Poland - - - - 13 
 
 Russia _ . - . 5 
 
 Other Countries - - - 32 
 
 In the State of Pennsylvania the iron and coal industries are 
 largely carried on, and thus there is a preponderance in that 
 State of British and German immigrants. By taking the figures 
 of the Census of the State, however, for 1890 it may be possible 
 to form some approximate idea of the proportional insanity of 
 these nationalities. Thus Ireland comes out with a proportion 
 to population of * 61 per 1,000 ; England, * 35 ; Scotland less 
 than • 2 ; Wales, • 45 ; Germany, • 45 ; Austria-Hungary, • 2 ; 
 Russia and Poland, * 42 ; while the per-centage of natives is 
 
V i 
 
 ' 2H. This comparison, it must be borne in mind, is only based 
 upon the admissions into the Stiite asylums for a single year 
 and not upon the total number of inmates, but it is of value as 
 showing the extent to which each of the above nationalities 
 contributes to the sum totiil of Pennsylvanian insaiiit}'. As the 
 average annual cost of maintenance for the insane in the United 
 States is 5^^161 per head, this is a consideration which must w^eigh 
 heavily with the authorities in dealing with the immigration 
 problem. 
 
 It is commonally assumed in the United States that disease 
 generally is more common among the foreign sections of their 
 population than among natives, and that the rate of mortality 
 among those of alien birth is higher. As yet, however, there is 
 no evidence availabh? in jnxjof of this which is worthy of much 
 consideration. As to comparative health, disease, and mortality 
 among nationalities, there is literally nothing which may be 
 safely (|uoted, or which goes l^yond the region of opinion. The 
 repoits of the New York State Board of Charities might have 
 been of service now in such a discussion if tlie results as to 
 nationality were brought out in the statistical tables which 
 record the year's work of all the State institutions. Dr. Billing, 
 who is the chief authority in the United States on the statistics 
 of disease and mortality, is directing the work of the Census 
 Department on this subject, but nothing is yet published. The 
 statistics of the 1880 Census are now too remote, and the 
 conditions of to-day so different from those existing at that time, 
 that no useful purpose can be served by referring to them. Nor 
 do the annual reports of the Health Department of the city of 
 New York throw any light on the subject. In the report for 
 1891 there is only one brief paragraph which can be quoted as 
 of service to this inquiry. It is as follows : — 
 
 " Of the total of 43,659 pei-sons who died during the year, 
 27,300 were natives of the United States, 6,8G0 of Ireland, and 
 4,311 natives of Germany. On the other hand, only 7,883 were 
 of native parentage, while 11,453 were of Irish parentage, and 
 7,594! of German. These proportions do not differ much from 
 those of 1890. But an indication of the great increase in the 
 number of Russian Jews in the city lies in the fact that 515 
 natives of Russia died during the year, against 341 in 1890, an 
 increase of almost exactly 50 per cent. 
 
 " Pneumonia caused the greatest number of deaths among 
 natives of the United States or of native parentage, while 
 among those of Irish and German nativity or parentage 
 the mosi fatal disease was phthisis. The deaths from cirrhosis 
 of the liver and hepatitis, usually attributed to intemperate 
 habits, numbered only 45 among persons of native parentage, 
 against 380 of foreign parentage, including 109 of Germans and 
 166 of Irish parentage." 
 
278 , 
 
 For the purposes of this report inquiries were made as to the 
 number of Jewish inmates of a few of the public hospitals in 
 the city of New York, and the subjoined particulars were 
 obtained, but tliey prove nothing, except that a certain in- 
 creasing number of Jews are year by year admitted into these 
 institutions : — 
 
 Name of Institution. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 1890. 
 
 1 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Bellevue Hospital - . - - 
 Ward's Island Hospital 
 Randall's Island Hospital 
 
 780 
 
 25 
 
 114 
 
 765 
 
 28 
 
 141 
 
 838 
 
 62 
 
 133 
 
 896 
 97 
 
 170 
 
 994 
 162 
 284 
 
 Totals 
 
 919 
 
 934 
 
 1,033 
 
 1,163 
 
 1,440 
 
 A Census Bulletin containing the results of an inquiry made 
 under the direction of Dr. Billings as to the vital statistics of 
 the Jews is of interest in this connexion. It is necessary to 
 state, however, that the inquiry was only partial, and dealt 
 merely with a limited number of selected cases. Returns were 
 collected from 10,618 Jewish families representing 60,630 per- 
 sons. Of these 10,618 families, the heads of 1,332 were native 
 born, 8,263 had been in the United States 15 years and over, 
 221 from 10 to 15 years, 552 from 5 to 10 years, and 128 under 
 5 years, and for 124 the period of residence was unknown. The 
 following are the points which are brought out with most dis- 
 tinctness by the inquiry, which covered a period of five years. 
 The marriage rate among these Jews was very low, being but 
 7 • 4 per 1,000 annually, as against 18 to 22 per 1,000 among the 
 general population. The average age at marriage was higher 
 among the Jews than the ordinary population, and hence there 
 i& a lower Jewish birth rate. The average number of children 
 born to each mother was 4 • 66. Those mothers born in the 
 United States, however, averaged 3 • 56, as against 5 • 63 for 
 those born in Russia and Poland, indicating a diminishing fer- 
 tility for those bom in the country. One effect of continued 
 residence in America is, therefore, assumed to be to diminish the 
 birth rate of the race, which is now lower than that of the 
 general population. It may be pointed out, however, that this 
 conclusion is hardly borne out by the figures supplied which 
 tend to show, that among immigrants there is generally to be 
 found a much larger proportion of women at child-bearing ages, 
 than among the native population, to which cause the difference 
 may perhaps be ascribed, rather than to lessened fertility. 
 
 The death rate of these families was veiy low, being 7*11 
 per 1,000, but the figures for each of the five years show a 
 progressive increase, from which the conclusion is drawn that 
 
279 
 
 the death rate of Jews after settling in America tends to in- 
 crease. Still, even in 1889, the lightest of the five year's, the 
 rate was only about 10 per 1,000. The ages of mortality also 
 show a much higher expectation of life for these Jews than are 
 shown either by American or English insurance tables. It is 
 also brc»ught out that as to certain classes of disease — such as 
 diphtheria, diarrhoeal diseases, diseases of the nervous system 
 (and especially diseases of the spinal cord), from diseases of the 
 circulatory system, urinary system, bones and joints, and of the 
 skin — mortality is greater than in other sections of the com- 
 munity. On the other hand their mortality has been less from 
 tubercular diseases, including consumption, scrofula, tabes, and 
 hydrocephalus. The returns made by these families as to mem- 
 bers belonging to the " defective classes " show such a small 
 proportion as to excite a ntrong feeling in the mind of the com- 
 piler that all the cases have not been reported, " especially," he 
 says, " since European experience shows that the proportion of 
 " those classes is invariably greater among the Jews than it is 
 " among other races. For example, the proportion per 100,000 
 " of insane and idiots repoi'ted among the Jews is 44 • 5, while 
 " by the United States Census of 1880 it was 336-6. For deaf 
 " mutes the Jews report 31 '3 per 1,000 of population, while in 
 " 1880 for the United States it was 67 ' 5." 
 
 The latest summary of conclusions as to vital statistics of 
 Jews in Europe is that given by Mr. J. Jacobs in the Journal of 
 the Anthropological Institute for 1885-86, which states that 
 Jews have a less marriage rate, less birth rate, and less death 
 rate than their neighbours. This coiTesponds with the results 
 obtained for the Jews in the United States. " If the data 
 " obtained as to births and deaths for Jews in the United States 
 *' are correct, they would indicate that the birth rate among 
 " them is decreasing, and the death rate increasing with pro- 
 " longed residence in the country." This, unfortunately, is but 
 the summary of a merely partial inquiry which may be extended 
 to a complete and exhaustive inquiry before the Census authorities 
 have terminated their work. 
 
 Illiteracy. 
 
 As to the relative illiteracy of the Jews and other nationalities 
 there is no information available for the purposes of such an 
 inquiry, unless the amount of illiteracy in each European nation, 
 from which immigration to the United States largely takes place, 
 may be relied upon as giving to some extent the measure of the 
 mischief which an alien population inflicts upon the country. 
 For this purpose the only evidence available is a table prepared 
 by the United States Education Department and laid before the 
 Immigration Committee of 1891, which is given for what it is 
 worth, as there is nothing to show on what facts it is based. 
 
280 
 
 Illiteracy in Europe. 
 
 year. 
 
 Name of Couutry. 
 
 886 
 
 8S8 
 
 Saxony 
 
 Wurtemberg 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 Prussia 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Norway 
 
 Finland (province of Russia) 
 
 Switzerland - 
 
 England and Wales 
 
 Scotland 
 
 The Netherlands 
 
 FranceJ 
 
 Belgium 
 
 Ireland 
 
 Austria 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Greece 
 
 Italy - 
 
 Spain - 
 
 Russia 
 
 Servia 
 
 Roumania - 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Turkey 
 
 United States 
 
 Riitio. 
 
 PerJCapital 
 
 of Ex- 
 penditures 
 of the 
 Entire 
 Population. 
 
 0*2 per cent, of the army recruits 
 0*2 per cent, of the army recruits 
 0'4 per cent, of the army recruits 
 0'6 per cent, of the army recruits 
 
 .Loss than 1 per cent, of the armyj 
 recruits. i 
 
 2-5 per cent, of the population above 
 10 years of age. 
 
 9 per cent, of the population above 10 
 years of age. 
 
 7 per cent, of the population above 10 
 years of age. 
 
 10 per cent, of the population above 10 
 yeai's of age, 
 
 11 per cent, of the population above 10 
 years of age. 
 
 15 percent, of the population above 10 
 
 years of age. 
 21 per cent, of the population above 10 
 
 years of age. 
 89 per cent, of the population above 10 
 
 years of age. 
 43 per cent, of the population above 10 
 
 years of age. 
 45 percent, of the population above 10 
 
 years of age. 
 48 per cent, of the population above six 
 
 years of age. 
 33 per cent, of the population 
 
 80 per cent, of the population 
 80 per cent, of the population 
 82 per cent, of the population 
 82 per cent, of the population 
 85 per cent, of the population 
 No data available 
 8 per cent, (estimated) - 
 
 J? 
 
 2-28 
 
 1-67 
 
 1-86 
 1*54 
 0-61* 
 1-OG 
 
 1-84 
 
 l-24t 
 
 1-24 
 
 1-58 
 
 1-34 
 
 1-60 
 
 l'24t 
 
 •22 
 
 •42 
 
 •53 
 
 •77 
 
 •33 
 
 •15* 
 
 •23* 
 
 •41* 
 
 •23* 
 
 •10* 
 
 •OS* 
 
 2^12§ 
 
 only. 
 
 t In United Kingdom. 
 
 t In 1827. 53 per cent. ; 1831, 48 per cent. ; 1848, 32 per cent. ; 1860, 30 per cent. ; 1870, 19i per 
 cent. ; 1880, 14 per cent. ; 1886, 11 per cent. 
 § For common schools only. 
 
 Assuming the above statement to be correct, it may be taken 
 as a fair test of the relative illiteracy of the immigration from 
 European countries into the United States, and is more useful 
 for the purposes of this report than the American Census figures 
 of 1880, or the State of Massachusetts Census figures of 1885. 
 The bulk of immigration is adult, and, therefore, the ignorance 
 represented is of the hopeless kind which is too old for education. 
 
281 
 
 The figures for Eastern and Southern Europe bear out the 
 figures quote 1 on pa^ 274 from tlie Allecijheny Workhouse 
 Criminal Statistics. If we think for a moment of the close rela- 
 tionship between ignorance and crime, it seems wonderful that 
 the Jewish immigrant, measured by his illitei'acy, is not much 
 more criminal than he is found to be by a study of the criminal 
 statistics previously i-eferi-etl to. Is it to be said that, while his 
 greater ignorance is the fault of the European conditions fi^om 
 which he has come, his l^etter law-abiding instincts are redeeming 
 features in his character ? 
 
 Jewish opinion in America as to the Russian Jew. 
 
 In the course of this report there has already been quoted a 
 considerable body of Hebrew opinion as to the desirability of 
 the Russian Jew as an element in the population of the United 
 States. These opinions have, however, been used as they were 
 found to fit in with the special point under notice. Beyond this 
 there is available some further evidence on this part of the 
 subject which may now be pi'esented and taken at its apparent 
 value. As it is drawn from exclusively Jewish sources, it may 
 be expected to treat the Russian Jew as tenderly as possible, and 
 not in such a way as to do him any injust'ce. The evidence 
 referred to was obtaine<l in the following way. In 1889 a 
 committee of English Jews in London, deeply interested in emi- 
 gration, addressed a circular letter to cei-tain pei-sons of their 
 own faith in the principal cities of the United States, asking for 
 information on special questions bearing on the subject. The 
 answers received have been handed over to be used for the 
 purposes of this report, and such abstracts of them are here 
 produced as is necessary to give an idea of their general tone. 
 
 A Washington correspondent states that there are about 1,800 
 Jews in Washington, chiefly German and native, who are mostly 
 retail dealers. The occupation of the poor Jews who have 
 emigrated from Europe since 1 882 is said to be " living on their 
 neighbours." It is estimated that a new arrival takes two or 
 tliree years before he is able to obtain remunerative employment. 
 There is no disfavour shown towards Jews except against the 
 lower classes. 
 
 An official of the Adams Express Company states it as his 
 opinion, having great experience of the United States, that there 
 are openings for Jewish immigrants as labourers, and domestic 
 servants, out West, and in the Southern States. This correspon- 
 dent also says there is no great prejudice shown against the Jews 
 as a race. 
 
 An official of the United Hebrew Charity states that the Jewish 
 population in New York is probably 2^ times that of London, 
 and the poorer element propoi-tionately larger. Bad, he says, as 
 are the conditions under which the London Jews live, New York 
 is a second and even a greater London in its crowds of imrai- 
 
 o 77399. T 
 
282 
 
 grants and charities. New York is no more able to cope with 
 increased immigration than is London, and is no less willing to 
 aid deserving cases as its records will show. 
 
 An Albany reply says there are about 550 families in that 
 city, the poorer Jews being chiefly employed as pedlars. The 
 vbest chance for new immigrants would be as tailors or shoe- 
 makers. Only those who understand a trade would be likely to 
 make a living. 
 
 The United Jewish Charities of Rochester, New York, state 
 that there is quite a numerous Jewish population in that city. 
 Until 1882 the the German element was largely predominant 
 .and only a few Polish Jews were living there, but inconsequence 
 of the flow of immigration which began at that time the number 
 • of Polish and Russian Jews has very largely increased. It is 
 thought that the occupations generally followed by new arrivals are 
 tailoring and rag picking. The charities have many applications 
 for relief from immigrants settled in the city, and since 1885 
 the association has supported over 100 families for a longer or 
 .shorter time. No disfavour was shown to Jews by the other 
 .inhabitants of the city until Inteiy, and this was provoked by the 
 Jews themselves, their uncleanly habits, their custom of living 
 ^together in certain quarters to the exclusion of others, their 
 litigious spirit, and their insolence, most conspicuous among the 
 most worthless of them, has caused an animosity against them, the 
 which, deplorable as it may be, is easily explainable. Most of the 
 poor Jews who have emigrated from Europe since 1882 are tailors, 
 some shoemakers, a few in general trades, but most of them, the 
 writer is sorry to say, are pedlars, rag pickers, and rag collectors. 
 Some are self-sustaining from the first day of their arrival, and 
 .others, equally healthy and able to work, have been a continuous 
 burden to the community for seven or eight years. The writer 
 ; advises those to come to the United States who are prompted by 
 their own energy, who are willing and able to work, and 
 honestly to earn a living, but protests against all assisted emi- 
 gration, against admitting the lazy, the vicious, and the habitual 
 recipients of charity upon American shores. They are a bane to 
 the country and a curse to the Jews. The Jews have earned an 
 enviable reputation in the United States, but this has been 
 undermined by the influx of thousands who are not ripe for the. 
 enjoyment of liberty and equal rights, and all who mean well 
 for the Jewish name should prevent them as much as possible 
 from coming there. The experience of the charity teaches that 
 organised immigration from Russia, Roamania, and other semi- 
 barbarous countries is a mistake, and has proved a failure. It is 
 no relief to the Jews of Russia, Poland, &c., and it jeopardises 
 the well-being of the American Jews. 
 
 From Syracuse, New York, an answer is sent saying that that 
 city is literally crowded with Polish and Russian immigrants 
 who have gone there since 1882. Most of them are lazy and 
 shiftless, and rely largely upon the charitable institutions lor 
 
283 
 
 relief. Emigmtiou from Europe to the Eastern States of America 
 1« discourageil, but the Western States are said to offer oppor- 
 tunities for industriouH settlers. 
 
 A correspondent at Newport, Rhotle Island, Siiys that there is 
 a small Jewish community there consisting of some Russian and 
 Polish Jews with a few native Americans, but as there ai*e few 
 industries carried on there, there is no opening for Jewish 
 iumiig rants. 
 
 Chicago is said to liave about 40,000 Jews and all kinds of 
 •Genuan, Russian, and Polish Jews. It is estimated tliat alK>ut 
 10 per cent are meixihants, 2 i)er cent, clerks and employeeji, 5 
 ixjr cent, podhirs, about 2 i)er cent pi-ofessional men, 5 per cent 
 mechanics and workmeo, and the balance women and cliildren. 
 The jKX)rer Jews are said to be mostly pedlai*s and stiji-ekeepei's. 
 No one aliould be encouraged to go tliero mdess able to work as 
 a mechanic. The Hebivw Relief Association has many applica- 
 tions for chai-ity, but the Association cliiefiy assists people who 
 liave lived in the city, and gives but little to new comers, so that 
 when immigrants go there they are genei-ally thix)wn upon their 
 own resoui-ces, and in many instances are a Imrden to the 
 community for a good many months Ixjfore tliey are able to 
 make their own livelihood. In the large to^Tis there are many 
 appliciitions for work by people who ai*e unemployed. There 
 ai*e thoustuids and thousands of people without work, those who 
 can speak the language can find work more easily than those 
 who cannot, and it is considered detrimental to the Jews them- 
 selves and to their community to go round tlie streets peddling 
 ■& few small ai-ticles such as matches. 
 
 From Detroit a correspondent says that that city has received 
 its share of Jewish immigi-ants since 1882. It is difficult, 
 however, to find employment for them owing to the fact that 
 none of them are mechanics or have learnt any trade. What 
 makes matters woree in Detroit is the fact that very few of the 
 immigi'ants that came at that time, and also those who have 
 followed since, were able or had the inclination to do a day's hard 
 work. Gradually a few of them got into the rag peddling, 
 other tin wares, Yankee notions, &c., and thus managed to earn 
 n livelihood ; but the majority of those that have come within 
 the last five years are dependent upon the relief society for their 
 support Besides this aid they also receive some assistance 
 dui'ing the winter montlis from the City Poor Commission. 
 
 A Milwaukee correspondent says there is no appreciable 
 demand for lalx)ur in that place unless it be of a kind to which 
 the Jews seldom turn. The Russian Jewish immigrants who 
 have come to Milwaukee have been of a class that reflects no 
 credit upon their brethren. There is no open hostility to the 
 Jews in Milwaukee, but the writer would not advise any to go 
 there. 
 
 Writing froDi St. Paul, Minn., a correspondent says English 
 Jews who have a trade or profession will get along here as well 
 
 T 2 
 
284 
 
 as persons belonging to other denominations, also men who 
 understand farming. Those who will not succeed are those who 
 do not want to work, but want to depend on charity or peddling. 
 A great many Russian refugees have settled in the States west of 
 St. Paul, and these have had a great deal of help from their 
 brethren. Many of them are now as poor as ever they were, as 
 they do not try to help themselves, but those who put their 
 shoulder to the wheel get along well enough. 
 
 From the neighbouring city of Minneapolis it is stated that the 
 winters are very severe and not suitable for Jews. There are 
 about 600 Jewish families in the place nearly all selling goods in 
 stores or peddling, the latter having of late become so great a 
 nuisance that the city authorities were obliged to put a stop to 
 it, thus creating much sufiering and poverty. 
 
 Writing from St. Louis a correspondent says there is a com- 
 munity in this city of native Jews. There is also a large 
 contingent of Russian and Polish Jews. The immigrants do not 
 get along nearly so well as the native Jews. Their want of 
 knowledge of the language, their habits, customs, filth, and clan- 
 nishness, lead them to congregate in a certain locality, and forces 
 them to seek a living as best they may, chiefly as pedlars, buyers 
 of secondhand clothing and furniture. The trades some of them 
 follow are glazing, tailoring, cobbling. In the writer's opinion, 
 the judicious distribution of immigr-ants among the smaller cities 
 seems advisable. Their congregation in large numbers in large 
 cities seems detrimental to the best interests of the Jewish people, 
 racial prejudices are engendered, mutual good- will is lessened, 
 the worst side of the race is brought to the front, and, where 
 want and poverty predominate, the liigher attributes are lost 
 sight of. 
 
 Another St. Louis correspondent says he finds people unwilling 
 to employ immigrants even at less wages than native labour 
 receives. It is considered that immigrant workmen are unfit for 
 the mode of doing work and would be dear at any price. 
 
 In Louisville there is a Jewish community of about 550 
 Jewish families and 150 unattached young men. The poorer 
 Jews of native birth or long residence are mostJy retail dealers, 
 clerks, tailors, pedlars or cigar makers. The Russian and Polish 
 Jews to a great extent peddle, buy rags, &c. 
 
 From Galveston, Texas, it is said there are about 750 Jews, 
 chiefly German, Russian, Polish, and American, the latter being 
 very few in number. The poorer Jews are small storekeepers or 
 pedlars, and immigrants have mostly done well. 
 
 A Gainsville (Texas), correspondent says that the immigrants 
 who have gone there have been mostly pedlars or small shop- 
 keepers. They generally buy a few goods on credit, live out of 
 them as long as they can, then go to some other place without 
 paying their debts, and try the same thing again. There are 
 many applications for charitable relief by pers. ns who receive 
 $2 each from the charity fund of the congregation. The writer 
 
285 
 
 is of opinion that there are good openings in Texas for young 
 marrie<l jicople with a knowle«lg^» of farming, who ought to go 
 in rolonies of not less than 20 tainilios, and settle close together 
 for mutual help, and also form a congregation und' r which they 
 could live up to their ixjligion. 
 
 In Kansivs city there are said to be about 2,000 Jews who have 
 chiefly gone there since 1882. The poorer Jews are mostly 
 tailors, shoemakers, pedlars, small tradere, and clerks. Tliere are 
 heavy demands made upon the charity from people who get 
 stranded by sickness, but mostly by the thriftless and worthless. 
 
 There is no prejudice against the Jews if they behave them- 
 selves, except the innate prejudice wh>ch is snl Mined unless the 
 Jew evokes it. 
 
 Jewish Immiorants and Labour Organisation. 
 
 Casual refei-ence has been made in vanous portions of this 
 report, ty the fact that many Jewish mechanics join the trade 
 union of their craft. Even in these cases, however, they do not 
 mix readily with their fellow-workers of other nationalities. 
 As with the Jewish tailoi-s in the East End of London, who 
 while joining the Amalgamated Society of Tailors, form by 
 themselves an exclusively Jewish branch of that organisation, 
 so, with the Jews in America, Ihey may join the trade unions 
 of general labour but they usually seek to estnblish exclu- 
 sively Jewish branches. Thus, in the March number (f the 
 " Carpenter," the monthly organ of the United Brotherhood of 
 Carpenters and Joiners, it is stated that the Jewish cai'penters, 
 are organising all over the country under the Brotherhood, there 
 being now three Hebrew unions, one at New York, one at 
 Chicago, and one at Boston. In the opinion of Mr. McGuire, 
 the geneml secretary of the Order, which has a membership of 
 nearly 70,000, these Jewish carpenters work chiefly for em- 
 ployers of their own race. They make good trade unionists, 
 but, politically, most of them are anarchists. In Xew York 
 many of the Jewish workers have their trade unions, and these 
 all throw in their lot with what may be termed the advanced 
 party. There, as here, the labour movement has been cleft into 
 two parties — that of the older trade unionism and its methods, 
 and of the newer unionism with other theories and modes of 
 action. The Jewish unions belong almost exclusively to the 
 latter section. There are nearly 30 of these Jewish unions 
 in New York, their total strength is quoted at about 15,000 
 members, and they are all affiliated to a central body called the 
 United Hebrew Trades. A list of these unions gives a fair 
 idea of the extent to which Jewish labour in New York is being 
 organised, and is spreading itself out over the general field of 
 industry. The bulk of the members of the Jewish unions are, 
 of course, in branches of the clothing trades, the proportion in 
 
286 
 
 these industries being estimated at two thirds. The principal! 
 unions are : — 
 
 The United Coat Makers. 
 United Coat Operatives. 
 Pants Makers. 
 Vest Makers, 
 Knee Pants Makers. 
 Children's Jacket Makers. 
 Cloak Makers' Union. 
 United Brotherhood of Tailors. 
 Overcoat and Sea-coat Makers. 
 " Never Rip " Pants Makers. 
 Pants Pressers. 
 Coat Pressers. 
 Cap Makers. 
 Cap Blockers. 
 Shirt Makers. 
 Mattress Makers. 
 Purse Makers. 
 Liberty Musical Union. 
 • Jewish Chorus Union. 
 Jewellers' Union. 
 Tin Smiths' Union. 
 Bill Posters. 
 Waiters' Alliance. 
 Architectural Ironworkers. 
 Hebrew Typographical Union. 
 Tobacco Cutters. 
 Paper Makers. 
 Bookbinders. 
 
 There is a vague roundness about all the figures of member- 
 ship of these associations, which is suggestive of a mere paper~ 
 existence not supported by actual payments or accumulated 
 funds, and they can hardly be taken to indicate a regular and 
 constant connexion with the union to which members profess 
 to belong. Among their leaders are some very intelligent and 
 capable men who try hard to educate their followers to look at 
 the labour movement from the socialistic point of view. They 
 profess to believe in progress by political means rather than by 
 strikes and the other usual trade union methods. They, therefore, 
 seek to create an independent labour party, and it is much to 
 the credit of the consistency of Jewish trade unionists that 
 they refuse to follow either of the great parties in American 
 politics, holding both to be corrupt, and failing to come up to 
 their ideal of what a politic-al party ought to be. 
 
 The Jewish unions in New York denounce the charities 
 because they believe that those bodies sympathise with the em- 
 ploying interest, and that their employment bureaux are used 
 
287 
 
 as a means to supply cheap labour. Mr. Wionstein, Secretary 
 of the Uniteil Hebrew Tnule«, states that the aj^ent of the bureau 
 sent men to a shop which he knew to l)e a stnke shop. It may 
 l>e stateil as also the opinion of Mr. Wienstein, that the Jtiwish 
 workers make quite a« gmxl unionists a*-- those of other races, 
 and are as well able to conduct and maintain a stnke. The 
 American unions are now recognising this fact, and support 
 them when they ai-e involved in disputes with their employers. 
 The United Trades have their own labo\ir organ, called the 
 *• Arbeiter Zeitung," which is said t )have a circulation of 10,000 
 copies weekly. 
 
 In Philadelphia also the Jewish workei s have ma(^lo great eftbrts 
 to organise themselves but with less .success than in New York. 
 In Philadelphia there is now an estimateii Jewish population of 
 50,000, 20,000 of which are Russian. These are chiefly engaged 
 in the clothing and cig»ir trades. They ai'e learning to combine, 
 but their past training has been eevere, and they come from 
 a land in which combination is unknown. It is, therefore, not 
 easy for them to fall into new methods. They say that they 
 are taunted by the American workmen for not organising and 
 for working at low wages, but when they strike to improve- 
 their condition, they are told they are anarchists who wish to 
 destroy the social system of the country to which they have 
 come. Here also the Jewish workers have a labour paper, 
 which is edited and owned by one of . the original Vineland 
 colonists. 
 
 Naturally the Russian Jew is not adapted for the ordinary 
 methods of trade organisation. He is suspicious by nature, but 
 among his fellows in the workshops, where the occupation is 
 such as to permit of converaation, he will discuss for hours the 
 socialistic ideals in which he believes. With this he is content 
 and pi-efei-s to wait for a social revolution i-ather than lift 
 a finger to improve his condition in tiie immediate present. 
 Beside^, membership of a trade union involves the payment of 
 subscriptions, and he is averse to the spending of coin which is 
 not compensated for by some immediate material advantage. 
 As he becomes Americanised he will bect»rne more pra<:tical and 
 less of an abstract dreamer, but this process must necessarily be 
 slow. 
 
 Opinions of Labour Leaders as to Immigration GE^ERALLy. 
 
 During the inquiry made in the United States for the pur- 
 poses of this report several of the chief officials of the principal 
 labour unions were visited in order to elicit, so far as possible,, 
 the general opinion of the organised labour movement of the 
 country in respect to alien immigration and its effects upon 
 labour generally. As has been already pointed out no general 
 labour programme on this subject has yet been formulated, and 
 opinion in respect to it can only be obtained by consultation 
 with labour leaders and from labour organs. 
 
28S 
 
 Mr. Samuel Gompers is president of the American Federation of 
 Labour, which at the end of 1892 consisted of 7,031 local unions, 
 claiming an aggregate membership of G52,300. This position 
 Mr. Gompers has held for several yeai*s, and he may be con- 
 sidered the leader of the older trade unionism of the United 
 States. He hns several times given evidence on the subject of 
 immigration before committees of the Legislature at Washing- 
 ton, and is well qualified to speak on behalf of the Federation 
 of Unions he represents. In fact he l^elieves his views on the 
 subject are in harmony with those of the Federation generally. 
 In his opinion immigration has produced disastrous effects in 
 the clothing and mining industries, though many others feel it 
 more or less directly. One of its greatest evils has been the 
 way in which the continuity of employment in those trades has 
 been broken up. There has also been an enormous displacement 
 of citizen labour, and in all the large centres of industry there 
 is an overcrowded labour market. Employers have now a 
 practically unlimited supply of labour on which to draw. The 
 result is that what had been previously the production of 
 months, is now condensed into a few crowded weeks, with 
 the result that there are frequent intervals of trade depression, 
 not due alone to seasonal causes, but to the fact that there is 
 so much surplus labour available. In some cases, notably that 
 of the cigar makers, there has been a great increase of alien 
 workers, but, as this trade is well organised, the evils are 
 kept down. A high standard of skill is required, which 
 tends to restrict the indiscrimiuate entry of new and cheap 
 labour. An eight hours' day is a stringent law of the trade. 
 Thus, the power of the organisation, while not keeping out 
 alien labour, keeps down many of the evils aiising therefrom 
 and prevents new comers being unduly taken advantage of. 
 In the badly organised trades this cannot be done, and, in 
 some directions, native labour is suffering severely from the 
 continuous influx of cheaper labour from countries in which a 
 cheaper standard of living prevails. While, in his opinion, it 
 may be necessary to restrict immigration in some cases, American 
 workmen are reluctant to impose any restraint upon the natural 
 right of a man to chose his own place of abode. They wish to 
 curtail immigration without infraction of this natural right, and 
 desire to do their utmost to put an end to all importation of 
 aliens under contract whether actual or implied. The wholesale 
 deportation of sections of their subjects by foreign despotisms 
 is, in his opinion, contrary to the interests of progress. It 
 removes from such countries a certain amount of social pressure 
 and thus postpones the adoption of social and political reforms, 
 which, but for this outlet, would be inevitable. At the same 
 time, these immigrants bring with them the evils of the systems 
 from which they have fled or have been driven. He admits that 
 the Contract Labour Law has not been so successful as the 
 unions anticipated, but it has at least stopped the importation 
 
289 
 
 of large bodies of men to break down labour movements in 
 America. He knows of many cisea in which strikes have formerly 
 been so broken down. As to the sweating system in its worst 
 fonns, he considers it entirely due to the influx of foreign 
 labour fi*om countries in which great industries are undeveloped 
 and in which starvation wages with a low sttindard of living 
 prevail. The views of Mr. Gompers as to methods of restriction 
 are set forth in another section of this volume 
 
 Mr. Morse, Secretary to the International Machinists Union 
 of America, which represents several branches of the engineering 
 trade, sUvtes that this tnvde is not much att'ected by the influx 
 of alien laboui*, though it does suffer to some extent. The 
 foreign elements chiefly affecting the engineering tmde are 
 Swedes and Germans. Little fault can be found as to their 
 ability as workmen, but what liappens is, that sometimes the 
 innnigi-ants are caught by agents at the landing place, and are 
 engaged at lower nvtes of wages than those generally prevailing. 
 As soon as they know enough of the language to realise that 
 they have been deceived they stand out for the same rates as 
 other men, but the constant succession of strangers tends to 
 reduce the genend wage rate. New comers engaged in this 
 way ai*e started at $6 to §9 a week, instead of §15 which is the 
 prevailing^ rate. 
 
 Mr. J. B. Lennon, General Secretary of the Journeymen 
 Tailoi-s Union of America, which has a membership of 24,000, 
 or about oiie-tifth of the tiude in the United States, is of 
 opinion that the general effect of immigration is worse in the 
 tailoring trade than in any other. There are altogether about 
 120,000 custom tailors in the United States, so that the union 
 numbei*s about one-fifth of the trade. As far as nationalities 
 are concerned, native Americans form about 10 per cent, of the 
 membership of the union, Germans 30 per cent., Scandinavians 
 30 per cent., Jews 5 per cent., British 10 per cent., 15 per cent, 
 being of mixed nationalities. During 1892 the immigration of 
 men calling themselves tailors reached 80,000 ; 10 per cent, of 
 this number went into the custom trade, 00 per cent, into the 
 ready-made trade. Most of the latter were not tailors at all, 
 but said they were. His impression is that the Hirsch Fund is 
 used to assist them to emigrate. The tuition given at the 
 technical school of the Hebrew Charities enables men to get 
 into the ready-made trade, and then they gradually drift into 
 the cheaper branches of the clothing trade generally, with the 
 result of reducing wages. The other 10 per cent, are regular 
 tailors, but even they tend to reduce wages, because they gene- 
 rally take the first employment offered regardless of the rate of 
 wages. English tailors seldom come now to America ; sometimes 
 a few Irishmen come and sometimes a few Scotchmen. A great 
 many Scandinavians come, but they are good tailors and stand 
 out for the best prices. The Germans and Scandinavians are 
 not hasty or impulsive in the matter of strikes, but if they do 
 
290 
 
 come out they stand out remarkably well. The leaders in 
 trade movements are, with few exceptions, native Americans 
 or British. In the large cities the work is, in their trade,, 
 generally taken home, but in the smaller towns it is done in 
 shops. There is now a strong trade movement going on in favour 
 of all work being done in regular workshops ; there is a sentiment 
 in favour of home shops, but there is a general feeling that the 
 evils engendered by that system are so great as to call for 
 reform. The average wages of the tailoring trade for the last 
 few years have been §14 per week, but employment has been 
 very irregular. Ten years ago wages were two dollars a week 
 higher than now, the men were then better employed, and 
 average prices were higher. 
 
 Mr. Wright, Secretary to the Philadelphia Garment Cutters 
 Society, states that 90 per cent, of the clothing trade in that 
 city is controlled by foreigners. During the last 12 years there 
 has been considerable reduction of wages in the tailoring trade, 
 but through good organisation the cutters have been able to 
 improve their position. 70 per cent, of the cutters are in the 
 organisation, wages are higher than they have been, but it is 
 quite certain that work is now much harder. The sweating 
 trade exists to a large extent in the Jewish quarter, everything 
 being carried on there on the sub-contract system. 
 
 Mr. O'Keefe, editor of the Knights of Labour Journal, says, 
 the Order does not object to immigration in the abstract, but 
 does object to all kinds of immigration induced by false repre- 
 sentations made by interested steamship companies or their 
 agents. 
 
 Mr. Anderson, General Secretary of the Philadelphia Operative 
 Bricklayers' Union with 3,600 members states, that his trade 
 has no strong feeling against immigration. It may injure the 
 trade here and there, but in the mass he thinks it does no harm. 
 His trade only favours restriction to a veiy limited extent. A 
 capitation tax, he thinks, would have bad results. They have 
 found as a union, that when they tried to keep foreigners out of 
 their union, and thus out of the trade, by a tax of 100 dollars, 
 the plan had acted badly because it merely increased the number 
 of non-union men. Among their members only a few hundred 
 are foreigners, those who come from Great Britain being the best 
 trade unionists. They are even better in this respect than native 
 Americans, and as soon as they arrive they want to join a union. 
 There are a few Italians in the union. Their trade does not 
 suffer in wages, nor in other conditions of labour in consequence 
 of immigration. They receive 45 cents an hour, and taking 
 the year round the regulation hours are 50 per week. 
 
 Mr. P. J. MacGuire, General Secretary of the United Brother- 
 hood of Carpenters and Joiners, says his society is divided in 
 opinion on the subject of foreign immigration. Three to four 
 per cent, of the members are in favour of unlimited immigration, 
 but these are chiefly German socialists. The bulk, however, are 
 
291 
 
 in favour of some measure of restriction, but are undecided as to 
 what fomi it shouKl take. Some are in favour of an educational 
 test, others of a head tax, another section would j)rohibit 
 immigration frt)m certain countries such as Russia, Pohmd, 
 Hungary, and Italy. Others, again, are in favour of suspension 
 for a limited period for sanitaiy reasons. In his opinion the 
 more thoughtful men among the meinbers think that immigmtion 
 in the past has really mmle the country what it is. Men of 
 special knowledge are still wante<l. Such men have developed 
 their industries and there is still work to be done by them in the 
 future. The Alien Labour Contract law he thinks, has done good. 
 Wh&t employers retjuire now in America is (juantity rather than 
 quality of work, and men of over 40 yeai-s of age going there are 
 at a disjidvantage ; they may l)e tii-st-rate mechanics but they have 
 fixed idear as to methods of doing work and do not readily fall 
 into the Americiin sj^stem : thus their tendency is somewhat to 
 keep down wages. He believes that New York changes its 
 labour population considerably every few years, men who have 
 been there some time moWng out and being i-eplaced by new 
 comers. 
 
 Mr. T. V. Powderly, General Ma.ster Workman of the Knights of 
 Labour, who has been alrcady quoted, is in favour of restriction.. 
 He says, " All residents in our crowded centi-es arc examining 
 " into this immigration problem and they favour its restriction. 
 " That sentiment is not confined to native-bom Americans, it is 
 " shared by many who were but yesterday the inmates of the 
 " noisome depths of the steerages. They were deceived by those 
 " who allured them to these shores, and they would warn others 
 " against a like fate. There is room for the immigrant in his 
 " own land. He is willing to remain there and earn his 
 " bread. He is deprived of the right to live as becomes a man 
 " on the soil of his own country. He is not welcome in a 
 ** country where he must sink his manhood in taking the place 
 " of liis brother for a lower wage. Tlie railroad, coal, and land 
 " speculators together with the steamship companies are the only 
 " ones benefited by the ininiigi*ation of the present day." 
 
 Mr. Powderly first began to speak and write in favour of 
 restriction some six or seven years ago when the sentiment of 
 the Order on the subject was opposed to him. His views now, 
 are even stronger than formerly, and the Order, as shown by the 
 resolution previously quoted, seems to have come round to his 
 point of view. He declares now without hesitation, that he 
 favours the total exclusion of all immigrants who are not 
 self-sustaining on entering the country. He would, indeed, fix 
 a term of ten years during which no immigrant should be per- 
 mitted to land, with a view to remaining, unless he could prove 
 that he had sufficient means to sustain himself and those 
 depending on him for one year. He sees great danger to labour 
 and the country at large, if the immigration question is not care- 
 fully and heroically handled in the near future. Mr. Powderly 
 
292 
 
 is the most consistent and outspoken of all the labour leaders 
 in the United States on this question. 
 
 Mr. Robert Watchorn is chief factory inspector in the im- 
 portant manufacturing State of Pennsylvania. In his opinion 
 the alien element, chiefly Jewish, predominates in the clothing 
 trades in Philadelphia. There is also a good deal of foreign 
 labour employed in Pittsburgh and the surrounding neighbour- 
 hood. The factory inspection stafli" consists of one chief and six 
 assistants, three of whom are women. For so large a State this 
 staff is inadequate, but a Bill for its extension is before the 
 Legislature. The law as to the inspection of workshops is as 
 yet defective, and there is no tenement law in Philadelphia. 
 There are often prosecutions for working children long hours 
 and for insanitary workplaces. Seven large manufacturers have 
 been prosecuted and since then few prosecutions have been 
 necessary. They have no power, however, to touch domestic 
 workshops, the evils of which are caused chiefly by immigra- 
 tion. The furniture trade, in his opinion, is little, if any, 
 affected by immigrant labour. Williamsport is a great centre 
 of the furniture manufacture, which is now almost entirely 
 carried on in factories, so that the sweating system has not 
 touched it. 
 
 Mr. J. Kilgallon, General Secretary of the Amalgamated 
 Association of Iron and Steel Workers, consisting of 25,000 
 members, states that the immigrants coming into the iron and 
 steel trade are chiefly British, though there are many Germans. 
 These all make good tracie unionists, and stand up for the best 
 conditions of work. The tracie is over-supplied with men, how- 
 ever, and large numbers are now unemployed. The average 
 wage of the trade is about $3 per day, although, of course, 
 many receive a much higher rate. The organisation has ex- 
 pressed no opinion as to restriction of immigration, but a strong 
 feeling is develo])ing in favour of restriction. Personally, he is 
 in favour of restriction, but not to such an extent as to inflict 
 hardship upon desirable immigrants, and whom he would con- 
 tinue to admit. • 
 
 Mr. G. W. Perkins, President of the Cigar Makers' Inter- 
 national Union, of 30,000 members, considers that his union is 
 one of the strongest in the United States. It is formed upon 
 the English model and pays both friendly and trade benefits. 
 A large number of immigrants have come into the cigar trade, 
 and of these many are Germans, who at first are socialist*, but 
 who gradually become good trade unionists. A considerable 
 number of Russian Jews have of late years come into the trade, 
 but wages do not seem to have been reduced in consequence. 
 On the contrary, they seem to have increased in the well- 
 organised centres of the trade, whilst among the non-unionists 
 they have decreased. The union, however, has had to work 
 hard, and it is only by means of systematic organisation that its 
 members have been able to improve their position. Immigrants 
 
293 
 
 first arriving in large centres of the trade affect it injuriously 
 V)ecause they take tlie first employment offered them without 
 i-egard to what may be the stanchnxl rate of wages. From 1863 
 to 1873 it is considenxl that 15,000 cigar makers were imported. 
 He thinks that there are about 75,000 persons who work at 
 some kind of ci'^ar making, but, of i-eally skilled workers, nine- 
 tenths are in the union. Their society has for the last two and 
 a half years been paying unemployed benefit, and during that 
 time at least 2 J per cent, of the membership have been on that 
 benefit In Chicago, the head-cjuarters of the union, there is 
 some sweating in tlie cigar trade, and the union supplies a label 
 for work done under conditions accepted by the society. The 
 usual suppl}' of labels to manufacturers l^eing about two millions 
 a month. 
 
 Mr. J. J. Linehan, President of the Chicago Trades and Labour 
 Assembly, states that the Assembly has occasionally discussed 
 the (juestion of the alien iiimigration. In Chicago they have 
 not suffered much from it and have not attempted to deal with 
 it finally or to fonnulate any scheme of policy relative to it. 
 The trades feel thit many aliens are now coming into tlie 
 country who arc not desirable, and if it wei-e possible they 
 should like some process of selection to be adopted. This will 
 be difficult, but, in some trades, there is now considerable over- 
 crowding from this cause, and much inferior labour is being 
 introduced. 
 
 Mr. Albert A. Filler, the organiser of the American Federa- 
 tion of Labour in the city of Boston, is himself of Hebrew 
 extraction, and a cigar maker by trade. He is opposed to 
 restriction of immigration, but is conscious that in many trades 
 and districts a large number of undesirable immigrants are 
 coming in. The Russian Jews he considers are an undesirable 
 class. He is a Jew himself, but believes in organisation as the 
 salvation of labour. It is difficult, if not impossible, to organise 
 the Russian Jews, They are suspicious and distrustful even of 
 each other. The only remedies they talk about for the improve- 
 ment of labour are either anarchial or socialistic, and they do 
 not care to adopt trade union methods ; still he objects to re- 
 striction because it may have the efiect of preventing inter- 
 national unionists from Great Britain from coming into the 
 States. This, in his opinion, would be an evil, because the 
 English workers who come to the States are the best unionists 
 in the world, and are always in the van of labour movements. 
 The Russian Jews who do get into the cigar trade have, in his 
 opinion, a verj' bad eflfect, even though generally engaged on 
 inferior work. On the other hand, those who come from 
 western Europe, especially those who have learned their trade in 
 England, are the best workmen and the best trade unionists. 
 He admits that his objection to restrict immigration may be 
 removed or modified if means can be found to shut out the 
 undesirable elements only. 
 
294 
 
 Mr. Abmhams, Secretary of the Boston district of the Cigar 
 Makers' Society, and also of the Boston Central Labour Union, 
 is also a Hebrew, and much opposed to unrestricted immigra- 
 tion. He denounces the mobilisation on America shores of 
 10,000 Russian Jews per month — an arrny which is producing 
 the most serious results in the field of industry. He sees in 
 the incursion of these men who have never belonged to a trade 
 organisation a terrible menace to his wages, his trade, and his 
 family. He gives Baron de Hirsch full credit for his generosity 
 and benevolence, but contends that it has been again and again 
 diverted in such a way as to supply employers, especially in the 
 clothing trade, with cheap labour to the detriment of others, 
 and thus to develope the sweating system. These views have 
 been strongl}^ expressed by him and are shared by a consider- 
 able section, if not indeed a majority, of the Boston trades of 
 which the Central Laboar Union is composed. 
 
 The Assistant Secretary of the Boot and Shoe Makers' Inter- 
 national Union, of 8,000 members, head-quarters of Boston 
 Mass., states that in the leather trade there has been a con- 
 siderable introduction of foreign labour, and on several occasions 
 strikes, both in the leather trade and in the boot and shoe 
 trade, have besn defeated by the introduction of Armenian 
 labour. In his opinion, the Armenians are from every point of 
 view a most undesirable class. 
 
 Mr. Geo. M'Neil, also connected with the boot and shoe trade, 
 and occupying a high position in the American labour move- 
 ment, is in favour of restriction, and thinks the country wants 
 •a, rest from immigration, and that practically it ought to be 
 suspended for some time. 
 
 Be PORTS AND Resolutions of Trade Unions and other 
 American Associations as to Immigration. 
 
 The resolution of the Knights of Labour as passed at the 
 'General Assembly of their Order in 1892 has already been 
 ^quoted, and it may now be desirable to place on record the 
 views officially expressed as to immigration by some of the 
 other associations of working men in the United States. Some 
 •of these societies have indeed gone so far as to insert special 
 clauses on the subject in their rules and regulations. Others 
 have taken action in various ways. 
 
 The New York State branch of the American Federation 
 of Labour, sitting at Albany, in January of the present year, 
 received from its special Committee on Immigration the follow- 
 ing report : — 
 
 " Report of Special Committee on Emigration. 
 
 --'-« Whereas the legislative measures proposed in favour of restriction 
 •<)^- suspension of emigration seem to be especially advocated in the 
 interest of the labouring people, and 
 
295 
 
 " WiiKREAS tlio timo and necessity has thus arrivoil for labour to 
 declare its position on this all important matter of public interest ; 
 •therefore, 
 
 " Re SOL VKD that >vhilo endorsing every effort made in favoiu- of the 
 restriction of the artifical flow of emigration, incensed by avaricious 
 steamship lini's and corjwrations desirous of overcrowding the hd)our 
 market of otir country Mrith cheap, foreign hands, in order to <lepreciat« 
 tlio price of lal>our; and while further apjiroving most heartily of 
 •«very step made in the direction of a stricter enforcement of jjrestMit 
 l^al restrictive measures and the present alien contract lal>our law in 
 particular ; and while l)elieving in the necessity of greater elliciency in 
 the ailministration of the Emigration Department, we nevertheless hold 
 that extn»me ra<lical measures of restriction would Ik* contrary to the 
 spirit of our times and the welfare of our country. Natural anil whole- 
 some emigration has been the source of unbounded benctit to our 
 country, and our vast natural resources are such as would easily support 
 many times our present i)opulation if the gree<ly hands of speculators 
 and mono|K)list« would not consi^ our lands and resources to idleness 
 we theivfoi*© reconimen<l the following additional qualifications ncces 
 sar}* for all emigrants to prot<H;t ourselves nj: liiist an invasion of possible 
 dangerous anil undesirable elements — t\w victims of unjust and inhuman 
 political and social systems of Eurt^pe and elsewhere : 
 
 " 1. A primary school educational test in the native language of 
 cmigrantM. 
 
 " 2. Stricter enforcement of the present measures to guard against 
 criminal and paui)er elements, through a greater efficiency of our foreign 
 consular service and Emigration Department. « 
 
 ** 8. Punishment for violation of the Alien Contract Labour Law 
 by imprisonment, as the wealthy violators of tliis law can easily afford to 
 pay the price of detection. 
 
 **4. Steamship companies to be held responsible for a term of years 
 for the character ami nature of their passengers. 
 
 "5. Stricter civil and educational qualifications for naturalisation. 
 
 *' In conclusion we Arish to disapprove of any attempt to make use of 
 the quarantine health kws to debar poor people from entrance and 
 exempt the wealthy when cholera or other diseases do not respect 
 particular persons. And we wish to condemn the old know-nothing 
 sentiment wliicli uses the emigration question as a pretext. The same 
 spirit attempts to rise from the dead through this blind clamour 
 to again bid defiance to the irresistible tread of industrial and social 
 progress. 
 
 " (Signed) Alexander Rosenthal. 
 R. Modest. 
 
 W. D. WiLKINS, 
 
 Henry Weissman. 
 Henry White. 
 
 " Del. Corregan offered the following amendment to report of Com- 
 mitte. 
 
 "Resolved, that every emigrant landing on our shores shall declare 
 his or her intention to become a citizen of the United States within one 
 year after arrival. A copy to be sent to each representative in the 
 United States Congress and Senate. 
 
 " Adopted." 
 
296 
 
 Union 4 of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners 
 OF America in September issued the following 
 Appeal to all Citizens who favour the Exclusion 
 OF worthless Immigration to the United States. 
 
 "Whereas the tide of immigration to the United States of the 
 sturdy, intelligent, and liverty-loving races of northern and western 
 Europe has perceptibly decreased in the past few years, and in its 
 stead has come a constantly increasing influx of the servile and degraded 
 hordes of southern and eastern Europe and western Asia, with their 
 crime and disease breeding adjuncts of poverty, filth, and sla\ash 
 willingness to work for almost nothing and to live on less, in this land 
 of plenty ; their willingness to be watched and guarded while at work, 
 and to be numbered like convicts, as also their racial un fitness for, and 
 inability to achieve self-government, as shown by their history of over 
 two thousand years ; and 
 
 " As it is self-evident that all persons and races strongly imbued with 
 superstition, and a proneness to look up to and recognise some one as 
 their natural master, to tell them when to come and go and what to do, 
 thereby showing their lack of individuality, are unfit for American 
 citizenship, as their immigration to our shores would only increase the 
 large number of similar creatures already here in this country, who 
 have been the cause, either directly or indirectly, of nearly all the 
 corruption and other evils affecting the municipal state and National 
 Governments, and who are ever-ready tools in the hands of plutocrats, 
 demagogues, and scoundrels, to subvert our liberties and rob the toilers 
 of the products of their labour, making our country the dumping 
 ground for the human garbage of the world ; 
 
 " Now, as the Declaration of Independence was the expression of 
 the people in the thirteen Colonies, that they not only had the right, but 
 were thoroughly capable and proposed to set up in Government affairs 
 for themselves. Yet how hstve we carried out this idea ? Except in 
 the single instance of the Chinese Exclusion Act we have acted Hke 
 the foolish man who warmed the frozen viper in his bosom, which 
 afterwards bit him ; or like the man who throws open his doors and 
 invites tramps and criminals to partake of his hospitality and to manage 
 his affairs, and is then amazed at the increase of vice and pauperism 
 and the corruption of his own household. 
 
 " Now all sensible and patriotic citizens must see the great necessity 
 of speedily restricting the immigration of all persons and races, except 
 those of kindred blood and ideas, those who are easily assimilated, and 
 who have shown their adaptibility to freedom and self-government. 
 Only those races who have evolved nearly all that is of value in modern 
 civilization should be admitted to this country and to the rights of 
 citizenship, for if history teaches any lesson it is the one that the 
 mixture of diverse and opposing races begets sterility and confusion of 
 blood, which was the cause of the decay and overthrow of all the great 
 empires of ancient times ; therefore be it 
 
 " Eesolved, that we demand the passage by Congress of an Act pro- 
 hibiting the immigration to the United States, or the naturalization of 
 all persons, except natives or the descendants of natives of the British 
 Islands, France, Holland, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and 
 the German States, and who shall be of good moral character, mentally 
 and physically sound, and who are not imported under contract, or are 
 liable to become public charges, and who shall have a passport, and also 
 
297 
 
 A'tHiMlMA from tlio American consul of the district or town in which 
 snid inunigrant was born, or of the locality or place's wherein they have 
 have lived for the ten years preceding their application for the passport, 
 certifying to their eligibility ; and no alien or immigrant, as above 
 specilied, shall hare the right to vote for candidates for Congress or 
 presidential electors, or other federal office, nnless they have naturaliza- 
 tion papers issued by a United States court, to which they shall be 
 entitled after having resided continuously in the United States for the 
 five yeaia immediately preceding their application therefor ; 
 
 ** Also that the consular service in the countries above named and the 
 force of inspectors in the American portw be increased, if necessary, 
 sufficiently to carry said law into effect ; and 
 
 " That the President be empowered, during the inti^rim of the sessions 
 of Congress, to suspend all immigration during times of great public 
 danger, or when he deems it necessary, to prevent tlio introduction 
 of conti^ouB or epidemic diseases. 
 
 " And we aak the co-operation of all persona and organisations who 
 favour these ideas to do all in their power to defeat aU candidates for 
 Congress in the coming elections who will not give a written pledge to 
 ust} every effort, if elected, to pass an Act effectively carrying out the 
 same." 
 
 The Beventh General Convention of the United Brotherhood 
 of Carpenters and Joiners, held at St. Louis in August 1892, 
 adopteil the following resolution : — 
 
 " That while we welcome to our shores all who come with,tho 
 honest intention of becoming lawful citizens, we at the same 
 time condemn the present system which allows the importation 
 of destitute labourers and urge organised labour everywhere to 
 secure the enactment of more stringent emigration laws." 
 
 The following resolutions were adopted by the Cigar Makei-s ' 
 International Union of America at their Convention in India- 
 iM)polis in 1891, and are now printed as part of the constitution 
 of the Union : — 
 
 " Whereas, It has been acknowledged by the cigar makers in 
 convention assembled, that there exists an evil in the United 
 States which demands the attention of all organised labour, and 
 
 " Whereas, This evil exists in the fact that the lowest class of 
 mechanics and labourers are daily emigrating to the United 
 States from all parts of Europe, and 
 
 " Whereas, Such class of emigration is jeopardising the moral 
 and social conditions of the people of the United States, and 
 
 " Whereas, The cigar makers in convention assembled recognise 
 the necessity of a greater restriction to emigration than exists at 
 present ; therefore be it 
 
 " Resolved, That the Convention of the C. M. I. U. of America 
 recommend to the executive officers of the American Federation 
 of Labour, the various States Federation * of Labour and the 
 Executive Officers of all Trades and Labour Unions to co-operate 
 and demand of Congress and the Federal officers of the United 
 States the absolute necessity of placing more restriction upon 
 the present influx of such emigration ; and be it further 
 
 o 77399. U 
 
298 
 
 " Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded 
 to all of the aforesaid labour organisations in convention as- 
 sembled." 
 
 The Junior Order of United American Mechanics, is a benefit 
 society with 160,000 members, and calls itself a Patriotic Fra- 
 ternity. In its declaration of principles it asserts : — 
 
 " That the constant landing upon our shores of the hordes of 
 ignorant, vicious, and lawless criminals of the Old World should 
 be viewed with alarm by the loyal and patriotic citizens of this 
 country. 
 
 " We affirm a warm and hearty welcome to all immigrants 
 who desire to better their condition and become a part and 
 parcel of our nationality, but we have not one square inch of 
 room for the Anarchist, the Socialist or Nihilist, or for any one 
 who is not willing to bow allegiance to that flag which is 
 powerful enough to shield and protect them as well as us, in the 
 exercise of all civil and religious liberty." 
 
 The handbook of the order contains the following note on 
 Immigration Statistics : — 
 
 " The total immigration for six months ending December 31st, 
 1891, is 241,162, about one half of which is from Italy, Kussia, 
 Poland and Hungary — the very worst class of immigrants, 
 illiterate and totally unfit for citizenship in the United States." 
 
 Another society of the same title, but older than the preceding, 
 though with only one-fourth the membership, has a similar 
 opinion as to immigration. 
 
 The Patriotic Order of Sons of America with 50,000 members, 
 makes in its handbook the following declarations on the subject 
 of immigration : — 
 
 " Within a very recent period, we have witnessed the whole- 
 sale importation of cheap foreign labour, the dumping upon our 
 shores of the paupers and criminals of other lands, the organisa- 
 tion in our chief cities of bands of ignorant, illiterate and 
 unprincipled men, few of whom can speak or understand our 
 language, and none of whom seem to understand that the liberty 
 which America grants and holds out to all, is a liberty regulated 
 by law. 
 
 * * -» ^ * 
 
 " That we favour such change in our immigration laws as will 
 tend to prevent the importation of cheap foreign labour and 
 exclude anarchists and dynamiters who come here, not to settle 
 down as law-abiding citizens, but to foment strife, to trample 
 on our institutions, to overturn our customs, to conspire against 
 lawfully-constituted, authority, to assassinate officers of the law." 
 
 The Annual Convention of the United Garment Workers of 
 America in November 1892, passed the following resolutions : — 
 
 "Whereas, An organisation known as the United Hebrew 
 Charities of New York City, supported partly by certain 
 wealthy people, and assisted by the Baron Hirsch Fund, are im- 
 
299 
 
 porting large numbers of poor persecuted and deceived working 
 people from Europe, and 
 
 '* Whereas, Upon the arrival here of these poor people, instead 
 of being assisted in being directly self-supporting through proper 
 colonising plans or other means, are placed by the agents of the 
 afortvsaid Hebrew charities in the dens of sweaters and so-called 
 trade schools, and tiiught the rudiments of various sub-branches 
 of the tailoring tratle, and then cast upon the already demo- 
 ralised and over-stocked labour market ; and 
 
 *' Whereas, The garment workers of this country are already 
 eogaffed in a severe struggle for a living amid almost unbeiirable 
 conditions and fierce competition against each other to the 
 advantage of unscrupulous masters, therefore, 
 
 " Resolved, That we, the U. G. W. of A., in convention as- 
 sembled, hereby condemn the misdirected philanthropy which, 
 instead of improving tlie condition of the working people, only 
 tends to plunge them into greater misery ; and further 
 
 " Resolved, That when in the face of such results the above 
 named charities continue their demoralising work, they raise 
 grave doubts of their sincerity and honesty of purpose, and we 
 recommend this matter to the coming convention of the Ameri- 
 can Federation of Labour, to further recommend the same to the 
 consideration of the Congress of the United States." 
 
 General Opinion. 
 
 The general opinion of the country is not so easily gathered. 
 The opinions of leading public men and eminent economic 
 thinkers is more easily gathered, but cannot be said to pos- 
 sess any representative value. In the exhaustive bibliography 
 at page 373 all the literature on the subject whether individually 
 or oflScially edited is set forth, and those who wish to carry 
 their investigation further will find there a ready guide to all 
 that has been written about immigration. 
 
 The Populist Party, a new but growing political section in the 
 United States has the following as one of the planks in its 
 platform : — 
 
 Resolved, — That we condemn the fallacy of protecting Ameri- 
 can labour under the present system, which opens our ports to 
 the pauper and criminal classes of the world and crowds out 
 our wage-earners, and we denounce the present inefiective law 
 against contract labour, and demand the further restriction of 
 imdesirable emigration." 
 
 Quite recently the workmen of the State of Michigan induced 
 one of their representatives in the national legislature to intro- 
 duce a Bill containing the following provision : — 
 
 To Protect American Working Men. 
 
 " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, that no 
 
 u 2 
 
300 
 
 alien who is a non-resident of the United States shall work at 
 any mechanical trade or in any manual labour within the borders 
 thereof. Any contract to employ said alien in said trade or 
 labour shall be void, and any alien who engages in trade or 
 labour prohibited by this law shall be liable to a fine of one 
 hundred dollars or imprisonment for ninety days, at the discretion 
 of the court before which he may be convicted." 
 
 Several States have passed laws prohibiting aliens being em- 
 ployed upon public works and others have decided to tax all 
 unnaturalised foreigners. The State of Pennsylvania in March 
 last passed laws to this effect which may be seen in full as an 
 Appendix to this Report, and which may be taken to represent 
 the existence of a very strong feeling in the State as to the 
 influx of foreigners. 
 
 Of more importance, however, as an index to public feeling, is 
 the step taken by the Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics 
 of the State of Wisconsin, to elicit the opinions of employers and 
 employed in that State on the subject of immigration. During 
 1885-86, the bureau sent round to employers of labour in the 
 State, queries as to their views on immigration. A large number 
 of replies were received, a summary of which was published in the 
 report for 1885-86. Wisconsin is an intensely foreign State, the 
 population being largely German. In fact in 1890 of a total 
 foreign-bom population of 519,199, nearly 260,000 were Germans, 
 86,000 were Scandinavians, and 66,730 were natives of Great 
 Britain and Ireland ; the total population of the State, being 
 1,686,880. The feeling displayed in favour of restricting immigra- 
 tion is therefore singular. The report says, " this bureau has dis- 
 " covered that in the commercial and manufacturing centres at 
 " least, the supply of labour exceeds the demand." This is a state 
 of things which the American workmen charge the employers 
 with continually seeking to create, and the fact that so many 
 employers express opinions so strongly against immigration, is a 
 striking commentary upon this statement. The summary of 
 opinions shows, that out of 756 firms there were 104, employing 
 5,728 people, in favour of restriction ; ] 70 firms, employing 6,346 
 people, were in favour of the exclusion of socialists, anarchists, 
 &c. ; 46 firms, employing 2,928 persons, were in favour of 
 exclusion of paupers and criminals ; 70 firms, employing 4,059 
 persons, were in favour of total prohibition ; 31 firms, employing 
 1,998 persons, were in favour of a property qualification ; 9 firms, 
 employing 220 persons, preferred an educational test, and 30 
 firms, with 1,320 employes, approved a character qualification ; 
 63 firms, employing 2,667, answered "No," and 272 firms, 
 employing 14,561 persons, sent no reply. The largest industry 
 returning a negative answer was that of pork and beef packing. 
 In the following report, 1887-88, is recorded the result of an 
 attempt to elicit the opinions of working men individually on 
 the same subject, the inquiry being confined to the one query. 
 " Does immigration injure your trade ? If so, in what manner 
 
301 
 
 and to what extent ? To this question 869 workmen replied 428 
 answered " Yes " ; 291 said " No," and 150 left the answer space 
 l)lank. It is said by the bureau in commenting upon the result 
 of the two inquiries, that they elicited much general discussion, 
 and showed that the sentiment against immigration in Wisconsin 
 was but little more emphatic than in the United States generally. 
 " From a naked economic standpoint," says the report, " there 
 " are two sides to this question. That in the cities, at least, 
 " .immigration does depi'ess the wages of labour, rude and 
 " partially skilled workmen feeling it the most severely, cannot 
 " be denied." . . , " It is prol>able that the only way of 
 " dealing practically with the difficulty is to stop all immigra- 
 ** tion for a period of five or ten years. This American 
 " population can never become a homogeneous and harmonious 
 " social and political unit so long as unrestricted immigration 
 " shall continue." Some of the opinions of the working men 
 themselves as sent into the Bureau are instructive, and may well 
 be allowed to close this report A Milwaukee boxmaker says, 
 " To illustrate the effect of immigration upon our trade, I will 
 " say, that if we should demand an increase of wages, and, in 
 " order to secure it, strike for half a day, we should find the 
 " shop full of immigrants next morning." 
 
 A caulker, Milwaukee, is of opinion that immigration injures 
 his trade " by overstocking shipyards with cheap labour." 
 
 A very large number of carpenters send replies, mostly 
 affirming that immigration is destroying their trade, but one 
 man says that immigration helps the trade because it causes a 
 demand for his labour. Another supposes it injures all trades 
 to some extent, but says philosophically, " Let all honest men 
 *' come and have a fair chance." A currier considers it injures 
 the wages of unskilled labour in tanneries " to the extent of from 
 10 to 15 per cent." Labourers are almost unanimous in the 
 opinion that immigration reduces wages and increases the 
 amount of idle time, but one says he thinks not. " Everybody 
 " has as much right to a home in this country as I have." 
 Some of the correspondents of the Bureau are disposed to be 
 humorous, and a machinist says, " Yes, immigration has flooded 
 " this country with inferior workmen, who care for nothing but 
 " sundown and whiskey." A millwright says, "Immigration 
 " has caused a decrease of 75 cents, per day in wages within 
 " the last ten years. In 1876 good workmen received ^3*50 
 " per day and now ;J2*75 is considered good pay." The general 
 effect of most of the objections is that immigration is injurious 
 because it floods the market with cheap and inferior labour. 
 
 Upon the facts and opinions presented in this report it is 
 unnecessary to make any comment. It is certain that, in the 
 opinion of a large number of American people, there has been in 
 recent years a considerable influx of undesirable immigrants into 
 
302 
 
 the country. It is equally clear that no definite popular move- 
 ment for the further restriction, suspension, or prohibition of 
 alien immigration has yet taken shape. There is a vast range 
 of difference in American opinion on the question, ranging from 
 the extreme view on one side that there is ample room and 
 opportunity for all who come, to the opposite view on the other 
 side that the country is overdone with immigration, and that the 
 process ought to be suspended or abolished. With such a 
 conflict of ideas prevailing on the subject, it is impossible to 
 forecast the future policy of the Legislature in respect to it. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 Labour Department, (Signed) J. Burnett, 
 
 Board of Trade, Chief Labour Correspondent. 
 
 June 30, 1893. 
 
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 Appendix II. — Foreign -horn Population in the United States, 
 
 DiSTRlBUTKD ACCORDING TO PRINCIPAL COONTRIKS OF BiRTU, 
 
 IS50-1&90. 
 
 Statement from Census Bulletin No. 31, showing the foreign-born 
 population of the Uniteil States as a whole, diifitri bated according to 
 principal countries of birth, for each Census since 1850 : — 
 
 Ooontry of Birth. 
 
 1890. 
 
 18E0. 
 
 1870. 
 
 1860. 
 
 1800. 
 
 Total ■ 
 
 
 
 9MiMI 
 
 6.679.948 
 
 5Ji67.229 
 
 4,188.697 
 
 8.244.602 
 
 OuMdaaad Newfoundland 
 
 900.988 
 
 717.157 
 
 409,464 
 
 i49A»70 
 
 147.711 
 
 Mflxioo • 
 
 
 
 
 77.868 
 
 68.899 
 
 48.4S5 
 
 87.466 
 
 13317 
 
 South America 
 
 
 
 
 8.006 
 
 4.566 
 
 8.566 
 
 3568 
 
 1343 
 
 Cuba and W««tliidM 
 
 • 
 
 
 
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 16.401 
 
 1U70 
 
 7.858 
 
 5.778 
 
 Inland 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1364^71 
 
 1.856387 
 
 1.61130* 
 
 961.719 
 
 England- 
 
 
 
 
 
 900.001 
 
 664.160 
 
 553,046 
 
 433,404 
 
 278,675 
 
 Scotland 
 
 
 
 
 
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 170.186 
 
 140.836 
 
 108.618 
 
 70.650 
 
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 1,276.075 
 
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 046 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 
 
 
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 88,000 
 
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 28.281 
 
 93« 
 
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 12.563 
 
 9.078 
 
 1318 
 
 SwitMrland 
 
 
 
 
 
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 75,163 
 
 68387 
 
 18358 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 
 
 
 iujdu 
 
 181.729 
 
 114^246 
 
 43.995 
 
 12.678 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 
 
 
 478.041 
 
 194.337 
 
 97.832 
 
 18.626 
 
 3359 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 
 
 
 1S2.543 
 
 64,196 
 
 30407 
 
 9362 
 
 1388 
 
 Russia • 
 
 
 
 
 
 182.644 
 
 35,722 
 
 4,644 
 
 3.160 
 
 1.414 
 
 Hungary 
 
 
 
 
 
 62.435 
 
 11,526 
 
 3,737 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 
 
 
 
 118,106 
 
 85,361 
 
 40,289 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 Poland . 
 
 
 
 
 
 147.440 
 
 48.567 
 
 14.436 
 
 7.298 
 
 - 
 
 Prance- 
 
 
 
 
 
 113474 
 
 106,971 
 
 116,402 
 
 109370 
 
 54.060 
 
 Italy - 
 
 
 
 
 
 182.580 
 
 41^230 
 
 17,157 
 
 10318 
 
 3.645 
 
 Spain • 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,185 
 
 6.121 
 
 8,764 
 
 4344 
 
 3,118 
 
 Portugal 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,996 
 
 8,138 
 
 4,642 
 
 4.116 
 
 1,274 
 
 China - 
 
 
 
 
 
 106,688 
 
 104,468 
 
 63,042 
 
 35.565 
 
 758 
 
 Other foreign c 
 
 ountries 
 
 
 
 54,385 
 
 43,244 
 
 24,707 
 
 12,397 
 
 43360 
 
 * Includes Great Britain, not specified. 
 
 t Includes 10,540 persons bom in Prussia. 
 
 t Returned in 1860 as one of the German States. 
 
 In the above table the total foreign-born population of 1850 is 
 
 taken from page xxxviii of the. United States Census Report for that 
 
 Census, which tUfPers from that given on page xxxvii of the same 
 
 report. The total foreign-bom population of 1860 is ascertained by 
 
 o 77399. Z 
 
346 
 
 combining the numbers of foreign-born by counties in eacli State, as 
 shown by the United States Census report for that Census. These 
 totals for some States do not agi-ee with the totals of the nativities of 
 the foreign-born population given in other tables of that report. 
 
 The whole number of foreign-born returned under the Census of 1850 
 was 2,244,602. According to the Census of 1860 the number of persons 
 of foreign birth in the United States was 4,138,697, the increase during 
 the decade from 1850 to 1860 being 1,894,095, or 84-38 per cent. For 
 the decade from 1860 to 1870 there was an increase in foreign-bom of 
 1,428,532, or 34 • 52 per cent., the total foreign-born for the Census of 
 1870 being 5,567,229. In 1880 the foreign-born numbered 6,679,943, 
 showing an increase from 1870 to 1880 of 1,112,714, or 19-99 per cent. 
 During the decade from 1880 to 1890 the foreign-born increased 
 2,569,604, or 38*47 per cent., the whole number of foreign-born 
 returned in 1890 being 9,249,547. 
 
347 
 
 Appendix III. — Showing Nationality and Religion of Recipients 
 OF Relief from the New York Association for Improving 
 
 THE CONDiriON OF THE PoOR DURING THE SiX YeASS 1887- 
 
 02. 
 
 Nfttionality. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Irith AmiTicnn. iiarent or parenta born in 
 , i«rent or parents bom 
 
 1 
 
 i::,-.,xll 
 
 li:.i.iin 
 Swedish 
 Scotch 
 Bohemian 
 French 
 AUaoe 
 Canadian 
 Swiss 
 
 Austrian 
 
 Hungarian 
 
 Norwegian 
 
 •Polish 
 
 Welsh - 
 
 Spanish ■ 
 
 Cuban 
 
 Danish 
 
 West Indian 
 
 Greek 
 
 Belgian - 
 
 Ease Indian 
 
 Syrian 
 
 Mexic&n - 
 
 South American 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 Armenian 
 
 Hollanders 
 
 Arabian - 
 
 Itoumanian 
 
 Turkish - 
 
 North American Indian 
 
 »5S 
 818 
 
 180 
 
 ss 
 
 n 
 
 S4 
 
 2i 
 00 
 
 f 
 « 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 B 
 
 4 
 7 
 2 
 3 
 7 
 5 
 
 8,074 
 
 L928 
 
 1.08O 
 
 4 
 
 187 
 
 80 
 
 00 
 
 118 
 
 OS 
 
 89 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 18 
 6 
 U 
 
 7 
 21 
 16 
 21 
 17 
 13 
 
 6 
 3 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1.381 
 
 1.243 j 
 
 1.182 I 
 
 S 
 
 8<8 j 
 
 82 
 
 41 
 
 OS 
 
 87 
 
 14 
 19 
 80 
 
 6 
 11 
 
 2 
 19 
 21 
 12 
 
 4 
 16 
 
 US16 
 
 1,890 
 
 1.011 
 
 8 
 
 347 
 
 148 
 47 
 
 178 
 86 
 
 110 
 18 
 
 144 
 44 
 41 
 19 
 24 
 16 
 37 
 
 2,084 
 1.809 
 1.001 
 1.504 
 1.200 
 
 696 
 101 
 62 
 
 84 
 17 
 61 
 
 4 
 49 
 66 
 46 
 
 9 
 18 
 
 
 87 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 5 
 
 1802. 
 
 1.89U 
 1.430 
 1.290 
 l^iO 
 1,616 
 
 600 
 363 
 190 
 98 
 68 
 CI 
 
 z 2 
 
348 
 
 Religion. 
 
 
 1887. 
 
 1888. 
 
 1889. 
 
 1890. 
 
 1891. 
 
 1892. 
 
 Protestant 
 
 1,403 
 
 2,981 
 
 2,104 
 
 2,889 
 
 4,611 
 
 4,531 
 
 Soman Catholic - ... 
 
 1,242 
 
 2,743 
 
 1,752 
 
 2,224 
 
 3,330 
 
 3,621 
 
 Hftbrew 
 
 63 
 
 147 
 
 219 
 
 191 
 
 117 
 
 192 
 
 Noi stated 
 
 - 
 
 208 
 
 563 
 
 394 
 
 225 
 
 245 
 
 Total .... 
 
 2,708 
 
 6,579 
 
 4.688 
 
 .M78 
 
 8.283 
 
 8,589 
 
 Appendix IV. — Statement showing N^ativity and Parentage op 
 United States Prisoners in 1890, from Census Bulletin, 
 No. 352. 
 
 1. One Parent Foreign. 
 
 The number of white prisoners born in the United States who had 
 one native parent and one parent foreign-born is 2,881 (2,729 men and 
 152 women). 
 
 Of these 2,881 there are 1,176 (1,114 men and 62 women) with 
 American fathers and 1,705 (1,615 men and 90 women) with American 
 mothers. 
 
 P»oth these groups are combined in the following statement. The 
 first column of figures shows the number of foreign -born parents in the 
 aggregate and of each nationality, the second that of foreign-born 
 fatiiers, the third that of foreign-born mothers. 
 
 Birthplace of Foreign Fathers or Foreign Mothers. 
 
 Birthplace of 
 Foreign Parents. 
 
 Total. I Fathers, 
 
 Mothers. 
 
 Birthplace of 
 Foreign Parents. 
 
 Total. ' Fathers. Mothers. 
 
 Total - 
 
 Algiers - 
 Australia 
 Austria - 
 Bohemia 
 Canada, English 
 Canada, French 
 
 Chile - 
 
 Cuba - 
 
 Denmark 
 
 East Indies 
 
 England 
 
 France - 
 
 Germany- 
 Holland 
 
 Ii eland - 
 
 1 
 2,881 1 1,705 I 1,176 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 278 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 449 
 
 91 
 
 394 
 
 5 
 
 1,276 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 141 
 
 8 
 
 137 
 
 151 
 
 32 
 
 128 
 
 3 
 
 Italy - - 
 Jamaica 
 Jerusalem - 
 Mexico - 
 Norway 
 Poland - 
 Portugal 
 Prussia - 
 
 Scotland 
 South America 
 Spain - 
 Sweden 
 Switzerland - 
 Wales - 
 West Indies 
 At sea - 
 
 .' 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 41 
 
 27 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 191 
 
 123 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 
 35 
 
 23 
 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
849 
 
 2. Both Parents Foreion. 
 
 The number of white prisoners born in the United States, but having 
 both parents foreign-born, is 12,601 (11,766 men and 835 women). Of 
 tliese 12,601 there are 11,327 (10,574 men and 753 women) whose 
 parents were of the same nationality, and 1,274 (1,192 men and 82 
 women) whose parents were of different nationalities. 
 
 The 11,327 who compose the first of these two groups are distributed 
 bj nationalities as follows : — 
 
 Birthplace or Foreign Parents. 
 
 OouBtrte*. Total. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 1 CountriM. 1 Total. 
 
 Men. 
 
 Women. 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 11,317 
 
 10^74 
 
 783 
 
 Both parents bom 
 in— 
 
 IS 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 But h parents born in- 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 Hungary- 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 Anbia • 
 
 .1 
 
 
 - 
 
 India • 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 Auitralia 
 
 
 •i 
 
 
 - 
 
 Ireland- 
 
 
 7,935 
 
 7.359 
 
 676 
 
 Auatrim • 
 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 - 
 
 Italy - 
 
 
 83 
 
 32 
 
 1 
 
 BaTarIa • 
 
 
 1 
 ^1 
 
 
 - 
 
 Jamaica 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 Belgium • 
 
 
 1 
 6| 
 
 
 1 
 
 Mexico 
 
 
 114 
 
 114 
 
 - 
 
 Bohemia- 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 - 
 
 Norway 
 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 - 
 
 GMMda. Bnglish • 
 
 i 
 ' 293 
 
 271 
 
 22 
 
 PoUmd - - 
 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 - 
 
 Canada. French - 
 
 . ^; 
 
 47 
 
 1 
 
 Fbrtngal 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 - 
 
 Chile . . 
 
 
 ' « ; 
 
 
 — 
 
 Pruasia 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 — 
 
 Cuba 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 — 
 
 Russia • 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 - 
 
 Denmark 
 
 
 1 • 
 
 
 — 
 
 Scandinavia • 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 Bast Indies 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 Scotland • 
 
 
 240 j 
 
 223 
 
 17 
 
 Egypt - . 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 — 
 
 Spain - . 
 
 
 4 • 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 England- 
 
 
 500 
 
 646 
 
 44 
 
 Sweden 
 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 Fiji islands 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 - 
 
 Switzerland - 
 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 — 
 
 Finland- 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 — 
 
 Wales - - 
 
 
 46 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 France - 
 
 
 107 
 
 104 
 
 3 
 
 Western islands - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 — 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 1.709 
 
 1.625 
 
 84 
 
 West Indies 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
850 
 
 3. Analysis of 
 
 Nationalities. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Birthplace 
 
 
 &. Ireland. 
 
 Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Wales. 
 
 Ger- 
 many. 
 
 France. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 
 Total - 
 Africa - 
 
 1,274 
 
 288 
 
 341 
 
 196 
 
 22 
 
 159 
 
 89 
 
 10 
 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Australia 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 
 Austria ... 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Bavaria 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Belgium 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 Bohemia 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Canada, English 
 
 134 
 
 27 
 
 70 
 
 12 
 
 - 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 
 Canada, French 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 
 Denmark 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 England 
 
 226 
 
 - 
 
 118 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 France - 
 
 79 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 
 ® Germany 
 
 118 
 
 22 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 27 
 
 - 
 
 
 S ' Greece - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Birthplace oi 
 
 III 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 484 
 4 
 
 171 
 
 ~~ 
 
 118 
 
 10 
 
 79 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 Mexico - 
 
 8 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ~ 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 Norway 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 
 Portugal 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 Prussia - 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 
 j Russia - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 Scandinavia - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 ■- 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Scotland 
 
 169 
 
 36 
 
 92 
 
 - 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 
 South America 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 
 Spain - 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 - 
 
 
 Sweden- 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 Switzerland - 
 
 6 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 4 
 
 - 
 
 - 
 
 
 1 Wales - 
 
 1 \ 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
351 
 
 Mixed Parentage. 
 
 of Fatbara. 
 
 SommU- 
 narfa. 
 
 I Sweden. 
 
 Nonmj. Dflnmaric 
 
 Oanada. 
 
 Canada. 
 Fronoh. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Australia. 
 
 Austria. 
 
 a • 
 
 77 
 
 
352 
 
 3. Analysis op 
 
 Nationalities. 
 
 Birthplace 
 
 Azore Ba- 
 islands. varia. 
 
 I 
 
 Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 BraziL 
 
 China. 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 Corsica. 
 
 Hoi- 
 land. 
 
 Total 
 
 Africa - 
 Australia 
 Austria - 
 Bavaria 
 Belgium 
 Bohemia 
 Canada. English 
 Canada, French 
 Denmark 
 England 
 France - 
 Germany 
 Greece - 
 Holland 
 Ireland- 
 Italy - 
 Mexico - 
 
 Norway 
 
 Portugal 
 
 Prussia - 
 
 Russia - 
 
 Scandinavia 
 
 Scotland 
 
 South America 
 
 Spain - 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Wales - 
 
353 
 
 Mixed Parentage — continued. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Poland. 
 
 PortasaL 
 
 PniMiiL 
 
 Rutiia. 
 
 At Sea. 
 
 Spain. 
 
 Switter. 
 land. 
 
 Turkey. 
 
 1 
 New 
 ZealMd. 
 
 
 S 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 _ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 » M 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 _ 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ! 
 
354 
 
 APPENDIX V. 
 
 State of New York and Factory Inspection. 
 
 Copy of Act as supplied to Factory Occupiers by the 
 Department. 
 
 1. "Factory Inspection Law. 
 
 "Passed May 18, 1886; Amended May 25, 1887; Amended June 
 15, 1889; Amended May 21, 1890; Amended May 18, 1892; 
 Amended March 22, 1893. 
 
 " Chapter 409, Laws of 1886 (as amended by Chapter 173, 
 Laws of 1893). 
 
 *' An Act to Regulate the employment of Women and Children in 
 Manufacturing Establishments, and to provide for the appointment 
 of Inspectors to enforce the same. 
 
 " The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and 
 Assembly do enact as follows : 
 
 " Section 1. No person under eighteen years of age and no woman 
 under twenty-one years of age, employed in any manufacturing 
 establishment, shall be required, permitted or suffered to work therein 
 more than sixty hours in any one week, or more than ten hours in any 
 one day, unless for the purpose of making a shorter work day on the 
 last day of the week, nor more hours in any one week than will make an 
 average of ten hours per day for the whole number of days in which 
 such person or such woman shall so work during such week ; and in no 
 case shall any person under eighteen years of age, or any woman under 
 twenty-one years of age, work in any such establishment after nine 
 o'clock in the evening or before six o'clock in the morning of any day. 
 Every person, firm, corporation, or company employing any person 
 under eighteen years of age, or any woman under twenty-one years of 
 age. in any manufacturing establishment, shall post and keep posted in 
 a conspicuous place in every room where such help is employed, a 
 printed notice stating the number hours of labour per day required of 
 such persons for each day of the week and the number of hours of 
 labour exacted or permitted to be performed by such persons shall not 
 exceed the number of hours of labour so posted as being required. The 
 time of beginning and ending the day's labour shall be the time stated in 
 such notice ; provided, that such women under twenty-one and persons 
 under eighteen years of age may begin after the time set for beginning 
 and stop before the time set in such notice for the stopping of the day's 
 labour ; but they shall not be permitted or required to perform any 
 labour before the time stated on the notices as the time for beginning 
 the day's labour, nor after the time stated upon the notices as the hour 
 for ending the day's labour. The terms of the notice stating the hours 
 of labour required shall not be changed after the beginning of labour on 
 the first day of the week without the consent of the Factory Inspector, 
 Assistant Factory Inspector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector. When, in 
 order to make a shorter work day on the last day of the week, women 
 
355 
 
 uiuler twenty-one and youths under ei«;hteon years of age are to be^ 
 required, |x»rmitteti or suffenxl to work more than ten liours in any one 
 day, in a manufacturing establishment, it shall be the duty of the pro- 
 prietor, agent, foreman, superintendent or other person employing such 
 persons to notify tho Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Insi)ector, or 
 a Deputy Factor}' Inspector, in charge of the district, in writing, of such 
 intention, staling the number of hours of labour per day which it is 
 proposed to permit or re<piire, and the date upon which the necessity for 
 such lengthcncfl day's labour shall cease, and also again forward such 
 notification when it shall actually liave ceased. A record of the amount 
 of overtime so worked, and of the days upon which it was performed, 
 with the names of the employes who were thus required or permitted to 
 work more tlian ten hours in any one day, shall l>e kept in the office of 
 the manufiicturing establishment and pro<luced upon the demand of any 
 offic«^r apiMjinted to enforce the provisions of this Act. 
 
 " § 2. No chihl mider fourttH>n years of age shall be employed in any 
 manufacturing establishment within this State. It shall Iw the duty of 
 every person employing children to keep a register, in which shall 
 lie recorded tho name, birthplace, agi' and place of residence of every 
 person employed by him under the age of sixteen years ; and it shall be 
 unlawful for any proprietor, agent, foreman or other j^erson in or con- 
 necte<l with a manufacturing establishment to hire or employ any child 
 under the age of sixteen years to work therein without there is first pro- 
 vided and placed on fde in tlie office an affidavit made by the parent or 
 guanlian, stating the age, date and place of birth of said child ; if said 
 child have no parent or guardian, then such affidavit shall be maile by 
 the chilli, which affidavit shiUl be kept on file by the employer, and 
 which said register ami affidavit shall Ik? produced for ins])ection on 
 demand made by the Inspector, Assistant Insijcctor, or any of the 
 deputies appointed under this Act, There shall be posted conspicuously 
 in every room where children under sixteen years of age are employed, a 
 list of their names with their ages respectively. No child under the age of 
 sixteen years shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment who 
 cannot read and write simple seatences in the English language, except 
 during the vacation of the public schools in the city or town where such 
 minor lives. The Factory Inspector, Assistant Inspector, and Deputy 
 Inspectors shall have power to demand a certificate of physical fitness 
 from some regular physician, in the case of children who may oeem 
 physically unable to perform the labour at which they may be employed, 
 and shall have power to prohibit the employment of any minor that 
 cannot obtain such a certificate. 
 
 " § 3. No person, firm or corporation shall employ or permit any 
 child under the age of fifteen years to have the care, custody, manage- 
 ment of or to operate any elevator or shall employ or permit any person 
 under the age of eighteen years to have the care, custody, management 
 or operation of any elevator running at a speed of over two hundred feet 
 a minute. 
 
 " § 4. It shall be the duty of the owner, agent, or lessee of any- 
 manufacturing establishment where there is any elevator, hoisLing-shaft, 
 or well-hole, to cause the same to be properly and substantially enclosed 
 or secured, if in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant 
 Factory InspectcT, or a Deputy Factory Inspector unless disapproved by 
 the Factory Inspector, it is necessary to protect the lives or limbs of 
 those employed in such establishment. It shall also be the duty of the 
 owner, agent or lessee of each of such establishments to provide or cause 
 to be provided, if, in the opinion of the Inspector, the safety of persons 
 
356 
 
 in or about the premises should require it, such proper trap, or automatic 
 doors, so fastened in or at all elevator ways as to form a substantial 
 surface when closed, and so constructed as to open and close by action of 
 the elevator in its passage, either ascending or descending, but the re- 
 quirnme.its of this section shall not apply to passenger elevators that are 
 closed on all sides. The Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector 
 and Deputy Factory Inspectors, may inspect the cables, gearing or other 
 apparatus of elevators in manufacturing establishments, and require that 
 the same be kept in a safe condition. 
 
 " § 5. Proper and substantial hand-rails shall be provided on all 
 stairways in manufacturing establishments, a\id where, in the opinion of 
 the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant Factory Inspector or Deputy 
 Factory Inspector, unless disapproved by the Factory Inspector, it is 
 necessary, the steps of said stairs in all such establishments shall be sub- 
 stantially covered with rubber, securely fastened thereon, for the better 
 safety of persons employed in said establishments. The stairs shall be 
 properly screened at the sides and bottom, and all doors leading in or to 
 such factory shall be so constructed as to open outwardly where practi- 
 cable, and shall be neither locked, bolted nor fastened during working 
 hours. 
 
 " § 6. Ifj in the opinion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant 
 Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, it is necessary to 
 insure the safety of the persons employed in any manufacturing establish- 
 ment, three or more stories in height, one or more fire-escapes, as may be 
 deemed by the Factory Inspector as necessary and sufficient therefor, 
 shall be provided on the outside of such establishment, connecting with 
 each floor above the first, well fastened and secured and of sufficient 
 strength, each of which fire-escapes shall have landings or balconies, not 
 less than six feet in length and three feet in width, guarded by iron 
 railings not less than three feet in height, and emljracing at least two 
 windows at each story and connecting with the interior by easily 
 accessible and unobstructed openings, and the balconies or landings shall 
 be connected by iron stairs, not less than eighteen inches wide, the steps 
 not to be less than six inches tread, placed at a proper slant, and pro- 
 tected by a well secured hand-rail on both sides with a twelve inch wide 
 drop-ladder from the lower platform reaching to the ground. Any other 
 plan or style of fire-escape shall be sufficient, if approved by the Factory 
 Inspector, but if not so approved, the Factory Inspector may notify the 
 owner, proprietor or lessee of such establishment or of the building 
 in which such establishment is conducted, or the agent or superintendent 
 or either of ibem, in writing, that any such other plan or style of fire- 
 escape is not sufficient, and may by an order in writing, served in like 
 manner, require one or more fire-escapes, as he shall deem necessary and 
 sufficient, to be provided for such establishment, at such locations and of 
 such plan and style as shall be specified in such written order. Within 
 twenty days after the service of such order, the number of fire-escapes 
 required in such order for such establishment shall be provided therefor, 
 each of which shall be either of the plan and style and in accordance with 
 the specifications in said order required, or of the plan and style in this 
 section above described and declared to be sufficient. The windows or 
 doors to each fire-escape shall be of sufficient size and be located as far 
 as possible consistent with accessibility, from the stairways and elevator 
 hatchways or openings, and the ladder thereot shall extend to the roof. 
 Stationary stairs or ladders shall be provided on the inside of such 
 establishment from the upper story to the roof, as a means of escape in 
 case of fire. 
 
357 
 
 ** § 7. It shall be tlio duty of the owner, agent, superintendent or 
 other j>erson having charge of such manufacturing establishment, or of 
 any flt)or or part thereof, to report in writing to the Factory Inspector 
 all accidents or injury done to any person in such factory, within forty- 
 eight hours of the time of the accident, stating as fully as possible the 
 extent and cause of such injury, and the place where the injured person 
 has been sent, with such other information relative thereto as may be 
 required by the Factory Inspector. The Factory Inspei'tor or Assistant 
 Factory Inspector and Deputy Factory Ins|)ectors under the supervision 
 of the Factory Insfiector, are hereby authorized and empowered to fully 
 investigate the causes of such accidents, and to require such precautions 
 to be taken as will, in their judgment, prevent the recurrence of similar 
 iccidcnts. 
 
 " § 8. It shall be the duty of the owner of any manufacturing esta- 
 blishment, or his agenta, sup<Tintendent or other person in charge of 
 the same, to furnish and supply, or cause to be furnished nnd supplied 
 therein, in the discretion of the Factory Inspector, or of the Assistant 
 Factory Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved 
 by the Factory Insjjector. where machinery is used, belt shifters or other 
 safe mechanical contrivances, for the purpose of throwing on or off belts 
 or pullers ; and wherever possible machinery therein shall bo provided 
 with loose pulleys ; all vats, pimp, saws, planers, cogs, gearing, belting, 
 shafting, set-screws, and machinery of every description therein shall be 
 properly guarded, and uo per»on shall remove or make ineffective any 
 safeguard around or attached to any planer, saw, belting, shafting or 
 other machinery, or around any vat or pan, while the same is in use, 
 unless for the purpose of immediately making repairs thereto, and all such 
 safeguards shall be promptly replaced. By attaching thereto a notice to 
 that eftect, the use of any machinery may be prohibited by the Factory 
 Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector or by a Deputy Factory Inspector, 
 unless such notice is disapproved by the Factory Inspector, should such 
 machinery be regarded as dangerous. Such notice must be signed by 
 the Inspector who issues it, and shall only be removed after the required 
 safeguards are provided, and the unsafe or dangerous machine shall not 
 be used in the meantime. Exhaust fans of sufficient power shall be 
 provided for the purpose of carrying off dust from emery wheels and 
 gi'indstones, and dust-creating machinery therein. No person under 
 eighteen years of age and no woman under twenty-one years of age shall 
 be allowed to clean machinery while in motion. 
 
 " § 9. A suitable and proper wash-room and water-closets shall be 
 provided in each manufacturing establishment, and such water-closets 
 shall be properly screened and ventilated and be kept at all times in a 
 clean condition, and if women or girls are employed in any such estab- 
 lishment, the water-closets used by them shall have separate approaches 
 and be separate and apart from those used by men. All water-closets 
 shall be kept free of obscene writing and marking. A dressing-room 
 shall be provided for women and girls, when required by the Factory 
 Inspector, in any manufacturing establishment in which women and 
 girls are employed. 
 
 " § 10. Not less than sixty minutes shall be allowed for the noon-day 
 meals in any manufacturing establishment in this State. The Factory 
 Inspector, his Assistant or any of his deputies, may, for good cause 
 shown, issue a written permit in special cases, allowing a shorter meal 
 time at noon. Such permit must be conspicuously posted in the main 
 entrance of the establishment, and may be revoked at any time the 
 Factory Inspector deems necessary. Where employes are permitted 
 
358 
 
 'Or required to work overtime after six o'clock iu the evening, for a 
 longer period than one hour, they shall be allowed at least twenty 
 minutes after six o'clock to obtain a lunch. 
 
 " § 11. The walls and ceilings of each work-room in every manufac- 
 turing establishment shall be lime-washed or painted when in the 
 opinion of the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector or of a 
 Deputy Factory Inspector, unless disapproved of by the Factory Inspec- 
 tor, it shall be conducive to the health or cleanliness of the persons 
 working therein. 
 
 " § 12. Any officer of the Factory Inspection Department, or other 
 competent person designated for such purpose by the Factory Inspector 
 shall inspect any building used as a workshop or manufacturing establish- 
 ment or anything attached thereto, located therein or connected therewith 
 outside of the cities of I^ew York and Brooklyn, which has been repre- 
 sented to be unsafe or dangerous to life or limb. If it appears upon 
 such inspection that the building or anything attached thereto, located 
 therein or connected therewith is unsafe or dangerous to life or limb, 
 the Factory Inspector shall order the same to be removed or rendered 
 safe and secure, and if such notification be not complied with within a 
 reasonable time, he shall prosecute whoever may be responsible for 
 such delinquency. 
 
 " § 13. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling-house, 
 shall be used, except by the immediate members of the family living 
 therein, for the manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, knee-pants, overalls, 
 cloaks, liats, caps, suspenders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist-bands 
 underwear, neck-wear, furs, fur trimmings, fur garments, shirts, purses, 
 feathers, artificial flowers, cigarettes, or cigars. No person, firm or 
 corporation shall hire or employ any person to work in any room or 
 apartment, in any rear building or building in the rear of a tenement 
 or dwelling-house at making ic whole or in part any of the articles 
 mentioned in this section, without first obtaining a written permit from 
 the Factory Inspector, his Assistant, or one of his Deputies, stating the 
 maximum number of persons allowed to be employed therein. Such per- 
 mit shall not be granted until an inspection of such premises is made by 
 the Factory Inspector, his Assistant, or one of his Deputies, and may be 
 revoked by the Factory Inspector, at any time the health of the com- 
 munity or of those bo employed may require it. It shall be framed and 
 posted in a conspicuous place in the room or in one of the rooms to 
 which it relates. Every person, firm, company or corporation, contract- 
 ing for the manufacture of any of the articles mentioned in this section, 
 or giving out the incomplete material from which they or any of them 
 are to be made, or to be only or partially finished, shall keep a written 
 register of the names and addresses of all persons to whom such work is 
 given to be made, or with whom they may have contracted to do the 
 same. Such register shall be produced for inspection and a copy thereof 
 shall be furnished on demand made by the Factory Inspector, his Assis- 
 tant, or one of his Deputies. No person shall knowingly sell or expose 
 for sale any of the articles mentioned in this section which were made 
 in any dwelling-house, tenement-house, or building in the rear of a tene- 
 ment or dwelling-house, without the permit required by this section ; 
 and any officer appointed to enforce the provisions of this Act who shall 
 find any of such articles made in violation of the provisions hereof, shall 
 conspicuously aflix to such article a label containing the words *' tene- 
 ment made " printed in Small Pica capital letters on a tag not less than 
 two inches in length ; and such officer shall notify the person owning or 
 alleged to own such articles that he has so labelled them. No person 
 
359 
 
 sliuU rt'inovo or deface any tag or label so aflSxed. When any article 
 mentioned in this section is found by the Factory Inspector, his Assis- 
 tant, or any of his Deputies, to be m;ide under unclean or unhealthy 
 conditions, he shall affix thereto the lube! pi*escribod by this section, and 
 shall imiuetliately notify the local board of health, whose duty it shall be 
 to disinfec't the same and tht»reupon remove such label. 
 
 " § 14. ^t>t less than two hundred and fifty cubic feet of air space 
 shall be allowed for each person in any work-room where persons are 
 employed during the hours between six o'clock in the niornint]^ and six 
 o'clock in the evening, and not less than four hundred cubic feet of air 
 space shall bo provided for each i>erson in any work-room where 
 persons are emplove<l between six o'clock in the evening and six o'clock 
 in the morning. Ry a written permit the Factory Inspector, Assistant 
 Factory In8i)ector, or a Deputy Factory Inspector, with the consent of 
 the Factory InspiHitor, may lUlow persons to be employed in a room 
 where there are less than four hundred cubio feet of air space for each 
 person employed l)etween six o'clock in the evening and six o'clock in 
 the morning provide<l such room is lighted by electricity at all times 
 during sueh hours while pei*sous are employed therein. There shall 
 be sufficient means of venlilation pi-ovidcd in each work-room of every 
 manufacturing establishment, and the Factory Inspector, Assistant 
 Factory Inspector and Deputy Factory Inspectors, under the direction 
 of the Factory Inspector, sliall notify the owner, agent or lessee, in 
 writing, to provide or cause to be provided ample and proper means of 
 ventilating such work-room, and shall prosecute such owner, agent or 
 lessee if such notification be not complie<l with within twenty days of 
 the service of such notice. 
 
 § 15. Upon the expimtion of the term of office of the present 
 Factory Inspector, and u|)on the expiration of the term of office of each 
 of his successors, the Governor shall, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, appoint a Factory InsjMJctor; and upon the 
 expiration of the term of office of the present Assistant Factory 
 Inspector, and upon che expiration of the term of office of each of his 
 successors, the Governor shall, by and with the advice and consent of 
 the Semite, appoint an Assistant Factory Inspector. Each Factory 
 Inspector and Assistant Factory Inspector shall hold over and continue 
 in office, after the expiration of his term of office, until his successor shall 
 be appoiuteil and qualified. The Factory Inspector is hereby authorized 
 to appoint, from time to time, not exceeding twenty-four persons to be 
 Deputy Factory Inspectors, not more than ten of whom shall be women, 
 and he shall have power to remove the same at any time. The term of 
 office of the Factory Inspector and of the Assistant Factory Inspector 
 shall be three years each. Annual salaries sliall be paid in equal 
 monthly instalments, as follows : To the Factory Inspector, three 
 thousand dollars ; to the Assistant Factory Inspector, two thousand five 
 hundred dollars ; to each Deputy Factory Inspector, one thousand two 
 hundred dollars. All necessary travelling and other expenses incurred 
 by the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector and the Deputy 
 Factory Inspectors in the discharge of their duties shall be paid monthly 
 by the Treasurer, upon the warrant of the Comptroller, issued upon 
 proper vouchers therefor. A sub-office may be opened in the city of 
 New York. The reasonable necessary travelling and other expenses of 
 the Deputy Factory Inspectors while engaged in the performance of 
 their duties shall be paid upon vouchers approved by the Factory 
 Inspector and audited by the Comptroller. 
 
 " § 16. It shall be the duty of the Factory Inspector and the Assistant 
 Factory Inspector, and of each of the Deputy Factory Inspectors under 
 
360 
 
 the supervision and direction of the Factory Inspector, to cause this Act 
 to be enforced, and to cause all violaters of this Act to be prosecuted, 
 and for that purpose they and each of them are hereby empowered to 
 visit and inspect at all reasonable hours, and as often as shall be 
 practicable and necessary, all manufacturing establishments in this State. 
 It shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with, obstruct or hinder, 
 by force or otherwise, any officer appointed to enforce the provisions of 
 this Act, while in the performance of his or her duties, or to refuse to 
 properly answer questions asked by such officer with reference to any 
 of the provisions hereof . The Factory Inspector may divide the State 
 into districts and assign one or more Deputy Factory Inspectors to each 
 district and transfer them from one district to another as the best 
 interests o jthe State may, in his judgment, require. Any Deputy 
 Factory Inspector may be appointed to act as Clerk in the Main Office 
 of the Factory Inspector, which shall be furnished in the Capitol and 
 set apart for the use of the Factory Inspector. The Assistant Factory 
 Inspector and Deputy Factory Inspectors shall make reports to the 
 Factory Inspector from time to time, as may be required by the Factory 
 Inspector, and the Factory Inspector shall make an annual report to 
 the Legislature during the month of January of each year. The 
 Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory Inspector and each Deputy Factory 
 Inspector shall have the same powers as a Notary Public to administer 
 oaths and take affidavits in matters connected with the enforcement 
 of the provisions of this act. 
 
 " § 17. The District Attorney of any county of this State is hereby 
 authorized upon the request of the Factory Inspector, Assistant Factory 
 Inspector, or of a Deputy Factory Inspector, or of any other person of 
 full age, to commence and prosecute to termination before any Eecorder, 
 Police justice, or court of record, in the name of the people of the State, 
 actions or proceedings against any person or persons reported to him to 
 have violated the provisions of this act. 
 
 " § 18. The words " manufacturing establishment " wherever used 
 in this Act, shall be construed to mean any mill, factory or workshop 
 where one or more persons are employed at labour, 
 
 " § 19. A copy of this Act shall be conspicuously posted and kept 
 posted in each work-room of every manufacturing establishment in this 
 State. 
 
 " § 20. Any person who violates or omits to comply with any of the 
 provisions of this act, or who suffers or permits any child to be employed 
 in violation of its provisions, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on 
 conviction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty nor more 
 than fifty dollars for a first offence, and not less than fifiy nor more than 
 one hundred dollars for a second offence or imprisonment for not more 
 than ten days, and for a' third offence a fine of not less than two hundred 
 and fifty dollars and not more than thirty days' imprisonment. 
 
 " § 21. AH Acts and parts of Acts inconsistent with the provisions 
 of this Act are hereby repealed. 
 
 " § 22. This Act shall take effect immediately. 
 
 JAMES CONNOLLY, 
 
 Factory Inspector. 
 
 JOHN FRANEY. 
 
 Assistant Fact&ry Inspector, 
 General Office at State Capitol, 
 Albany, N.Y. 
 
361 
 
 APPENDIX VI. 
 
 1. — Copies of Notices, &c. which may be given under the 
 Factory Inspection Law. 
 
 StHte of New York. 
 
 Offi«?c of Factory Inspector, 
 Albany, 189 
 
 Yon arc roportcd to this Department as being en;5Age«l in the manu- 
 fjipture of one or more of the nrticles mentioned in the subjoined 
 8(>ction of chap. 409 of the Laws of 188G, as amended by chap. 173 of 
 the I^ws if 1893. Plenae furnish at once to the factory inspector, 
 «pon the bhinks herewith siipplied, the names and a«ldresses of all 
 persons with whom yon may have contracted for the making of, or 
 wlinlly or p:irtittlly finishing, cutting, altering, or repairing any of the 
 articles mentioned therein, outside of your immediate premises, or 
 i»rocuring the same to be done, and the names and addresses ot all 
 per.-ons to whom you give out the incomplete materials from which any 
 of such articles are made. 
 
 You arc also notified to hereafter keep on file in your office a full and 
 complete register of the names and addresses of all persons to whom 
 such woik is giveu to be wholly or partially made up, or with wliom 
 you ra:iy have contracted to do the same. Such register must be pro- 
 <hicel for inspection promptly on demand made by any officer of this 
 department, and a copy thereof must be furnished to him should it be 
 demandt'd. 
 
 You arc hereby cautioned against permitting any of your goods to 
 be made up in any unclean or unhealthy place, or contrary to the 
 provisions of the late. Any infringement of the statute in this respect 
 trill be prosecuted without further notice, and if necessary the goods 
 trill be labelled aud ordered to be disinfected. 
 
 Respectfnllv, 
 
 JAMES CONNOLLY, 
 
 Factory Inspector. 
 
 Hkgulations upon thk Manufacture of Clothing, Purses, 
 Feathers, Artificial Flowers, Cigarettes or Cigars, in 
 Tenements, Dwellings and Rear Buildings, and by Con- 
 tractors. 
 
 Section 13. No room or apartment in any tenement or dwelling- 
 house, shall be used, except by the immediate members of the family 
 living therein, for the manufacture of coats, vests, trousers, kuee-pants, 
 overalls, cl ^aks. hats, caps, suh^penders, jerseys, blouses, waists, waist- 
 bands, underwear, neck- ware, furs, fur trimming, fur garments, shirts, 
 o 77399. A A 
 
362 
 
 purses, feathers, artificial flowers, cigarettes, or cigars. No person, firm, 
 or corporation shall hire or employ any person to work in any room or 
 apartment, in any rear building or building in the rear of a tenement or 
 dwelling-house at making in whole or in part any of the articles men- 
 tioned in this section, without first obtaining a written permit from the 
 factory inspector, his assistant, or one of his deputies, stating the maxi- 
 mum number of persons allowed to be employed therein. Such permit 
 shall not be granted until an inspection of such premises is made by the 
 factory inspector, his assistant, or one of his deputies, and may be 
 revoked by the factory inspector at any time the health of the com- 
 munity or of those so employed may require it. It shall be framed and 
 posted in a conspicuous place in the room or in one of the rooms to 
 which it relates. Rvery person, firm, company, or corporation con- 
 tracting for the manufacture of any of the articles mentioned in this 
 section, or giving out the incomplete material from which they or any 
 of them are to brmade, t)r to be wholly or partially finished, shall keep 
 a written register of the names and addresses of all persons to whom 
 such work is given to be made, or with whom they may hnve contracted 
 to do the same. Such register shall be produced for inspection and a 
 copy thereof shall be furnished on demand made by the factory inspec- 
 tor, his assistant, or one of his deputies. No person shall knowingly 
 sell or expose for sale any of the articles mentioned in this section 
 which were made in any dwelling-house, tenement-house, or building in 
 the rear of a tenement or dwelling-house, without the permit required 
 by this section ; and any officer appointed to enforce the provisions of 
 this Act who shall find any of such articles made in violation of the 
 provisions hereof, shall conspicuously affix to such article a label con- 
 taining the words " tenement made " printed in small pica capital letters 
 on a tag not less than two inches in length ; and such officer shall 
 notify the person owning or alleged to own such articles that he so 
 labelled them. No person shall remove or deface any tag or label so 
 affixed. When any article mentioned in this section is found by the 
 factory inspector, his assistant, or any of his deputies, to be made under 
 unclean or unhealthy conditions, he shall affix thereto the label pre- 
 scribed by this section and shall immediately notify the local board of 
 health whose duty it shall be to disinfect the same and thereupon 
 remove such label. — ^Sec. 13, chap. 409, Laics of ISSQ, as amended by 
 chap. 173, Laws o/1893.] 
 
 Section 15. It shall be the duty of the factory inspector and the 
 assistant factory inspector, and of each of the deputy factory inspectors 
 under the supervision and direction of the factory inspector, to cause 
 this Act to be enforced, and to cause all violators of this Act to be pro- 
 secuted, and for that purpose they and each of them are hereby 
 empowered to visit and inspect at all reasonable hours, and as often as 
 shall be practicable and necessary, all manufacturing establishments in 
 this State. It shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with, 
 obstruct, or hinder, by force or otherwise, any officer appointed to enforce 
 the provisions of this Act, while in the performance of his or her 
 duties, or to refuse to properly answer questions asked by such officer 
 with reference to any of the provisions hereof. * * * The factory 
 inspector, assislant factory inspector, and each deputy factory inspector 
 shall have the same powers as a Notary Public to administer oaths and 
 take affidavits in matters connected with the enforcement of the provi- 
 sions of this Act. 
 
 Section 20. Any person who violates or omits to comply with any of 
 the provisions of this Act, or who suffers or permits any child to be 
 
363 
 
 employed in violation of its provisions, shall be guilty of a misde- 
 meanour, and on conviction shall be punii^hed by a fine of no less than 
 20 nor more than 59 dollars for a fii-st offence, and not less than 50 nor 
 more than 100 dollars for a second offence, or imprisonment for not more 
 than 10 days, and for a third offence a fine of not less than 250 dollars 
 and not more than 30 days* imprisonmont. — [Chap. 109, Laws of 1886, 
 as atmnded by chap. 173, Laics of 1893.] 
 
 Slate of New York, 
 
 Office of Factory Inspector, 
 Albany 189 
 
 You are hereby notified to comply with section six of chapter 409 
 of the Laws of 1886, as amended by chapters 462 of the Laws of 1887, 
 560 of the Laws of 1889, 398 of the Laws of 1890, and 073 of 
 the Laws of 1892 (a copy of which is herewith enclosed) by pro- 
 viding outside iron fire-escape on the building now used for 
 
 manufacturing purposes and known as No. 
 
 Street, in the of County 
 
 o f and occupied by 
 
 
 -escape 
 
 
 iron balconies 
 windows 
 
 feet wide. 
 
 
 such fire 
 in 
 
 to consist of 
 
 taking 
 
 at stories, and connecting said balconies by iron 
 
 stairs, and provided with an iron drop- ladder to lead from the balcony 
 
 at story to all to be constructed 
 
 as follows : 
 
 Brackets must not be less than 1^ x If inches wrought-iron, placed 
 edgewise, or IJ-inch angle iron, \ inch thick, well braced and not 
 more than 3 feet apart, and the braces to brackets must not be less than 
 ] inch square wrought-iron, and must extend two-thirds of the width 
 of the respective brackets or balconies. In all cases the brackets must 
 go through the wall, and be turned down 3 inches, or be provided with 
 screw nuts and washers, not less than 5 inches square and \ inch 
 thick. The part going through the wall shall not be less than 1 inch 
 diameter. 
 
 Top Rails. — The top rail of balcony must by l|-inch x ^-inch 
 wrought-iron, or l^inch angle iron, ^ inch thick, and in all cases must 
 go through the walls, and be secured by nuts and 4-inch square washers, 
 at least f inch thick, and no top rail shall be connected at angles by 
 the use of cast-iron. 
 
 Bottom Rails. — Bottom rails must be l:^-inch x f-inch wrought- 
 iron, or 1^-inch angle iron, \ inch thick, well leaded into the wall. 
 In frame buildings the top rails must go through the studding and be 
 secured on the inside by washers and nuts, as in the case of brackets. 
 
 FiLLiNG-iN Bars. — The filling-in bars must not be less than J-inch 
 
 A A 2 
 
364 
 
 round or square wrought-iron, placed not more than f» inches from 
 centres, and well riveted to the top and bottom rails. 
 
 Stairs. — The stairs, in all cases, must properly incline and be not 
 less than 18 inches wide, and constructed of ^x 4-inch wrought-iron 
 sides or strings. Steps must be not more than 12 or less than 9 inches 
 apart, and may be of cast-iron of the same width of strings, or |-inch 
 round iron, double rungs, and well riveted to the strings. The stairs 
 must be secured to a bracket on top and rest on and be secured to a 
 bracket or extra cross bar at the bottom. All stairs must have a 
 J-inch hand rail of wrought-iron on both sides, well braced. 
 
 Floors. — The flooring of balconies must be of wroughc-iron 
 l^xf-inch slats, placed not over 1| inches apart, and secured to iron 
 battens, l^xf-inch, not over 3 feet apart, and riveted at the inter- 
 section. The openings for stairways in all balconies shall not be less 
 than 20 inches wide and 36 inches long, and have no covers. 
 
 Drop Ladders. — Drop ladders from lower balconies, where re- 
 quired, shall not be less than 1 2 inches wide, and shall be made of 
 IJxf-inch sides and |-inch rungs of wrought-iron. A 24-inch wide 
 ladder shall extend from the upper balcony to 30 inches above the 
 roof. In no case shall the ends of balconies extend more than 9 inches 
 over the brackets. 
 
 The Height op Railing around balconies shall not be less than 
 3 feet. 
 
 If such fire-ejicape not erected within Twenty days from 
 
 the date of this notice Criminal proceedings will be commenced against 
 you forthwith. (See Section 21.) 
 
 Factory Inspector, 
 
 No Fire Escape will be approved by the Inspectors if not in accord- 
 ance with the above specifications. 
 
 Please notify me when you have complied, so that you may be placed 
 on record accordingly. 
 
 A Certificate will be given if the Fire Escape is properly constructed. 
 
 3. State of New York, 
 
 Office of Factory Inspector, 
 
 A Ibany 1 89 
 
 M 
 
 You are hereby notified to comply with the provisions of Chapter 409 
 of the Laws of 1886, as amended by Chapters 462 of the Laws of 1887, 
 560 of the Laws of 1889, 398 of the Laws of 1890, and 673 of the 
 Laws of 1892 (a copy of which is herewith enclosed), by immediately 
 
 stopping the further use, as a workshop, of the 
 
 room or apartment on the floor of the premises known as 
 
 No.^ Street, in the^ 
 
 of County of 
 
 said room or apartment being located in 
 
 [State whether tenement or dwelling house, or building in rear thereof.] 
 
365 
 
 and in which persons are employed and engageil in manufactaring 
 without first having obtained a permit from the Factory Inspector, 
 Assistant Factory Inspector, <»r a Deputy Factory Inspector, 
 
 as required by said laws of the State of New York, and if this notice 
 
 is not complied with within days from the date, hereof, 
 
 legal proceedings will be commenced against you forthwith. (See 
 Section 21.) 
 
 Factory Inspector, 
 
 Please notify the Inspector when yon have complied, that you may 
 be placed on record accordingly. 
 
 M 
 
 Sute of New York, 
 
 Office of Factory Inspector, 
 
 Albany, 189 
 
 You are hereby notified that an inspection of the premises occupied 
 
 by you aa a 
 
 on the floor of th e 
 
 known as No. Street, 
 
 County of , there 
 
 situate, has been made by an officer of this Department, who reports 
 that you are violating the provisions of Chapter 409 of the Laws of 
 1886, as amended by Chapters 462 of the Laws of 1887, 560 of the 
 Laws of 1889, 398 of the Laws of 1890, and 673 of the Laws of 1892 
 (a copy of which is herewith enclosed), in that you _ 
 
 Therefore, if the requirements of said statute are not complied 
 
 with by you within days of the date of this notice, criminal 
 
 proceedings will be commenced against you forthwith. (See Sec- 
 tion 91 .^ 
 
 tiou 21.) 
 
 Factory Inspector, 
 
 Please notify the Inspector when you have complied, that you may 
 be placed on record accordingly. 
 
'sm 
 
 No._ 
 Page_ 
 
 REGISTER 
 
 OF Persons engaged in the Manufacture of 
 
 for the 
 
 [State what goods or articles are partially made.] 
 
 of No. 
 
 [Person, firm, company, or corporation's full name.] 
 Street, 
 
 Dated 
 
 [Name of city or town.] 
 
 N,Y. 189 . 
 
 [Kept on file in conformity with the provisions of chapter 409 of the 
 Laws of 1886, as amended by chapter 173 of the Laws of 1893, for the 
 information of the Factory Inspector's Department.] 
 
 Date of 
 
 Names of Contractors or 
 
 Persons to whom Work has 
 
 been given out. 
 
 Addeess. 
 
 
 Contract or 
 Engagement. 
 
 Street 
 Number. 
 
 City, Town, or 
 Village. 
 
 Beuabes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 WORKSHOP PERMIT. 
 
 State of New York. 
 
 Office of 
 
 DEPUTY FACTORY INSPECTOR. 
 To whom it may concern : 
 
 This is to Certify, That I have inspected the premises occupied by 
 
 room building, situate at 
 
 Street, 
 
 in the 
 No.^ 
 in the 
 
 of 
 
 County of_ 
 
 and find that the same are not occupied for domestic or residence 
 purposes, and to be in a healthy condition, suitable for the employment 
 
 of not more than persons at any one time. 
 
 Therefore, Permission is hereby granted the said 
 
 to occupy the above described premises and employ therein not more 
 
 than ^persons, between the hours of 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., 
 
 and not more than persons, between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., 
 
 in the manufacture of 
 
367 
 
 Given according to the provisions of Cliapler 4(.)9 of the Laws of 1886, 
 
 amended by Chapter 673 of the Laws of 1892, in the of 
 
 County of this 
 
 dny of 189 
 
 No ^. Factory Inspector, 
 
 Here follows Statement of Legal Regulations Relating to Factories 
 and Workshops. 
 
 APPENDIX VIL 
 
 Copy of State of Massachusetts Manufacture of Clothing 
 Act as supplied to Factory Occupiers by the Inspection 
 Department. 
 
 IN THE SERVICE OF THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 Officb of the 
 CHIEF OF THE DISTRICT POLICE. 
 
 Department of Inspection of Factories, Workshops, and Public 
 
 Buildings, 
 
 Commonwealth Building. 
 
 Boston f 3fa8s.f June 11, 1892. 
 
 To whom it inay concern. Attention is called to the fbllowing 
 Act :— 
 
 [CHAPTER 857, ACTS OF 1891, AS AMENDED BY CHAFfER 
 296, ACTS OF 1892.] 
 
 An Act to prevent the Manufacture and Sale of Clothing made 
 IN Unhealthy Places. 
 
 Section 1. Whenever any house, room or place use as a dwelling, is 
 also used for the purpose of carrying on any process of making, altering, 
 repairing or finishin^j for sale any ready-made coats, vests, trousers, 
 overcoats or any wearing apparel of any description whatsoever intended 
 for sale, it shall, within the meaning of this Act, be deemed a workshop ; 
 provided, however, that the exercise of such work in a private house 
 or private room, by the family dwelling therein or by any of them, shall 
 not of itself constitute such house or room a workshop within this 
 definition ; every such workshop shall be kept in a cleanly state and 
 shall be subject to the provisions of this section, and each of said 
 garments made, altered, repaired or finished for sale in any of such 
 workshops, shall be subject to the inspection and examination of the 
 inspectors of the di strict police, f o r th a pnrpaia of ascertaining whether 
 
368 
 
 said garments, or any of them, or any part or parts thereof, are in cleanly 
 condition and free from vermin and every matter of au infectious nncJ 
 contagious nature ; and every person so occupying or having control of 
 any workshop as aforesaid shall, within fourteen days from the passage 
 of this Act or from the time of beginning work in any workshop as 
 aforesaid, notify the chief of the district police or the special inspector 
 appointed for that purpose, of the location of such workshop, the nature 
 oi'the work there carried on and the number of persons therein em- 
 ployed ; and every person finishing said garments or articles of weaiing 
 apparel in any room or place used as a dwelling as aforesaid shall, before 
 beginning such work, procure a license approved by the chief of the 
 district police, upon the recommendation of the inspectors especially 
 appointed for the enforcement of the provisions of this Act. 
 
 Section 2. If said inspector finds evidence of infectious disease 
 present in any workshop, or in goods manufactured or in process of 
 manufacture therein, he shall report the same to the chief of the district 
 police, who shall then notify the state board of health to examine said 
 workshop and the materials used therein, and if said boaid shall find) 
 said shop in an unhealthy condition, or the clothing and materials used 
 therein to be unfit for use, said board shall issue such order or orders a* 
 the public safety make require. 
 
 Section 3. Whenever it shall be reported to said inspector, or to the 
 chief of the district police, or to the state board of health, or either of 
 them, that ready-made coats, vests, trousers, overcoats or any wearing 
 apparel as mentioned in section one of this Act, are being shipped to thi& 
 Commonwealth, having previously been manufactured in whole or in 
 part under unhealthy conditions, said inspector shall examine said goods 
 and the condition of their manufacture, and if upon such examination 
 said goods or any of them are found to contain vermin, or to have been 
 made in improper places or under unhealthy conditions, he shall make 
 report thereof to the state board of health, which board shall thereupon 
 make such order or orders as the safety of the public shall require. 
 
 Section 4. Whoever knowingly sells or exposes for sale any ready- 
 made coats, vests, trousers, overcoats or any wearing apparel, which have 
 been made in a tenement house used as a workshop, as specified in 
 section one of this act, shall have affixed to each of said garments a tag^ 
 or label, not less than two inches in length and one inch iu width, upon 
 which shall be legibly printed or written, the words '-tenement made " 
 and the name of the state and the city or town where said garment or 
 garments were made. 
 
 Section 5. No person shall sell or expose for sale any of said gar- 
 ments without a tag or Ifibel, as aforesaid, affixed thereto, nor shall sell 
 or expose for sale any of said garments with a tag or label in any 
 manner false or fraudulent, nor shall wilfully remove, alter or destroy 
 any such tag or label upon any of said garments when exposed for sale. 
 
 Section 6. The governor of the Commonwealth is hereby authorised 
 to appoint two additional members of the inspection department of the 
 district police force qualified to perform the duties of the members of 
 such department. 
 
 Section 7. Whoever violates any of the provisions of this Act shall 
 forfeit for each offiBuce not less than fifty dollars nor more than one 
 hundred dollars. [Approved May 28, 1891.1 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Rue us R. Wadk, 
 Chief Mass, District Police, 
 
369 
 APPENDIX VIII. 
 
 1. Forms used under the Act. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Offick of the Chif.f of tuk District Police, 
 Commonwealth Building. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION OF TENEMENT HOUSE 
 WORKROOMS. 
 
 BosUm, 189 
 
 This certijies that 
 
 has made application far a license for the purpose of finishing ready- 
 made coats^ reslsy trovsers, overcoats or tcearing apparel oj any descrip- 
 tion what soever intended for stUe, in the 
 
 of the building located 
 
 Pending the granting or refnsal of such license this acknowledgment 
 hat for the period of thirty days only the same effect as such license. 
 189 License No. 
 
 Inspector. 
 Approved : 
 
 BUFUS R. WADE, 
 
 Chief Inspector. 
 
 2. COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS^ 
 
 Office of the Chief of the District Police, 
 
 CoMMONWTtALTH BuiLDING. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION OF TENEMENT HOUSE 
 WORKROOMS. 
 
 License No. Boston, 189 . 
 
 This certifies that 
 
 has been granted a license this day for the jmrpose of finishing ready- 
 made coats,' vests, trousers, overcoats or wearing apparel of any descrip- 
 tion whatsoever intended for sale, in the 
 
 of the building located 
 
 Said licence will be revoked if the following conditions are not 
 strictly complied with : — 
 
 1st. Absolute cleanliness of apartments and surroundings. 
 
 2d. No room or rooms used as sleeping apartments shall be used for 
 the purpose of finishing any articles of wearing apparel intended for 
 sale, nor shall any of such articles ot* wearing apparel while in process 
 of finishing be allowed to remain therein. 
 
 3d. In case of removal, or in case of any contagious or infectious 
 disease in the family of the person holding a license, or in any family 
 
370 
 
 residing in the same building, notice must be at once sent to the inspec- 
 tor of ttie district. 
 
 4tb. No person or persons not members of the family shall be 
 employed in finishing any such articles of wearing apparel intended for 
 sale. 
 
 Inspector. 
 Approved : 
 
 RUFUS R. WADE, 
 
 Chief Inspector. 
 
 APPENDIX IX 
 
 LEGISLATURE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Legislation affecting Aliens. 
 
 File of the House of Representatives. 
 
 No. 45. 
 
 Session of 1893. 
 
 Mr. Nickell, in Place, January 19, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Kifp, Jediciary, General, January 27, 1893. 
 
 As Reported from Committee and amended on Second Reading, 
 in H. R., March 22, 1893. 
 
 Strike out in [ ] insert in italic 
 
 An Act 
 
 Prohibiting the employment of any but American citizens in the 
 erection enlargement or improvement [or maintenance] of institu- 
 tions or public buildings or public works to which State funds are 
 appropriated except as provided herein. 
 
 Section 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met and 
 it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That none but 
 American citizens shall be employed in any capacity in the erection 
 enlargement or improvement [or maintenance] of any hospital asylum 
 school home college penitentiary reformatory or institution by whatso- 
 ever name known public buildings or public works for or to which 
 State funds are ai)propriated Provided [women or girls] apprentices 
 to a profession or trade shall not be subject to the provisions of this Act. 
 
 [Section 2 The State Treasurer is directed to withhold any funds so 
 appropriated until the person or persons legally authorised to receive 
 and receipt for them shall sign and have attested by a person empowered 
 to administer oaths an agreement that the provisions of this Act will be 
 complied with which agreemeat shall be filed with the receipt.] 
 
371 
 
 Section 2 The person of per^nt who may be by law empoirered for 
 and in the name of the Commonwealth to enter into contracts for the 
 erection enlargement or improvement of any public building or public 
 work are directed to insert in all such contracts a stijmlation or 
 covenant that ivill give like effect to the provisions of the Act as have 
 other speci^'cattofit. 
 
 Section 3. The State IWasurer is directed to withhold any funds so 
 appropriated until the person or persons legally authorised to receive 
 and receipt for them shall §ign and have attested by a person empowered 
 to administer oaths an agreement that the provisions of this Act have 
 been or will be complied with which agreement shall be ^filed with the 
 receipt. 
 
 LEGISLATURE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 FiLK OF THK HorSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 No. 127. 
 Session of 1893. 
 
 Mr. Kane in Place, January 25, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Thoknton, Jidiciary, Local, February 3, 1893. 
 
 As Amended on Third Reading in H. R., March 28, 1893. 
 
 Strike out in [ ] insert in Italic. 
 
 An Act 
 
 Providing for the licensing of unn.ituralized male persons twenty-one 
 years of age or over who reside or are employed within this Common- 
 wealth. 
 
 Section 1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 qf the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly viet, and 
 it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same That from and 
 after the first day of January oue thousand eight hundred and ninety- 
 four each unnaturalized male person within this Commonwealth who 
 has attained the age of twenty-one years shall be required to obtain a 
 license annually from the commissioners of the county in which such 
 unnaturalized person resides or is employed for which said person shall 
 pay the sum of three dollars each license to date from the first day of 
 •January in the year for which it is granted Where the person licensed 
 resides or is employed in a city or borough [one-third of] the amount 
 shall be paid for the use of the city or borough [one -third for the use of 
 the county and one-third for the use of the common schools] in town- 
 ships one-third shall be paid for the maintenance of roads one-third 
 for the use of the county and one-third for the use of the common 
 schools. 
 
 Section 2 That the provisions of this Act may be fully enforced it 
 shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Commonwealth to prepare a 
 license blank or form and transmit a copy of the same to the commis- 
 
372 
 
 sioners of each couotj in this Commonwealth on or before the first day 
 of December one thousand eight hundred and ninety-three The 
 commissioners of the several counties shall provide and furnish yearly 
 to the collectors of taxes in their respective counties a sufficient number 
 of said forms bound in book form with stubs attached, each form or 
 blank to bear a fac simile of the signatures of the commissioners 
 Collectors bonds to the county may be increased to such amounts as the 
 commissioners shall designate, and said collectors shall be authorised 
 by the commissioners to issue licenses in their respective districts on 
 receipt of the amounts fixed by the fiist section of this Act Collectors 
 shall record on each stub the number of the license and the name of the 
 person to whom it is issued and shall pay the moneys thus collected to 
 the respective treasurers or authorities entitled thereto after deducting 
 his commission which is hereby fixed at five per centum on all moneys 
 received for licenses and make such returns and settlements for the 
 same as is now provided by law for the collection of taxes Provided 
 That where a city and county are co-extensive said license shall be 
 granted and fees collected by the city treaurer in the same manner 
 and on same terms and conditions as other city money is now collected. 
 
 Section 3 It shall not be lawful for any person firm company 
 association or corporation to hire or retain in his her or their employ 
 within this Commonwealth from and after the first day of July in each 
 year any unnaturalized male person twenty-one years of age or over 
 who is not licensed for said year as provided by the first and second 
 sections of this Act Any person firm company association or corpo- 
 ration hiring or retaining in his her or their employ within the 
 Commonwealth from and after the first day of July in each year any 
 unnaturalized male person twenty-one years of age or over who is not 
 licensed for said year shall pay the tax collector of the district in which 
 such unlicensed person is employed the sum of three dollars for each 
 such person and said collector shall issue a license for each person paid 
 for Should any person firm company association or corporation 
 hiring or retaining in his her or their employ within this Common- 
 wealth after the first day of July such unlicensed person or persons 
 neglect or refuse to make such payment the same shall be collected 
 from said employer as other taxes are Provided That a license 
 granted by the commissioners of one county is good in any other county 
 in this Commonwealth during the year for which it is granted Pro- 
 vided also That the provisions of this Act shall not apply to any 
 unnaturalized person owning real estate or other taxable property 
 valued for taxable purposes at or above five hundred dollars and 
 situated in the county in which he may reside or be employed. 
 
 Section 4 Any person tcho shall neglect or refuse to perforin the 
 duties herein imposed or who shall issue or procure a license except as 
 provided by this Act or who shall alter the date of a license or mis- 
 represent his age with intent to evade the provisions of this Act shall 
 be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be sentenced 
 to pay a fine of fifty dollars and to undergo imprisonment in the county 
 jail for a period not exceeding three months. 
 
373 
 
 List of Books, &c., bearing on the Question of Immig ration 
 INTO THE United States. 
 
 Apmimstratiom of Immioration Laws ; Report of the Committee 
 on Immigration of the Senate on receipts and expenditures in admi- 
 nistering Uniteii States immigration laws under contracts with the 
 New York and other State l>oards. Washington, 1890. 
 
 Admission iwto the United Statks of Destitutk Aliens and 
 State-aided Immiouants, Corrc8jK)ndence Respecting. Parliamen- 
 tary Command PajnT, 1887. 
 
 Alien Immigration ; Return of the number of Aliens arrive*! from the 
 Continent at Ports in the United Kingdom ; monthly from June 1891 
 to June 1893. House of Commons Pa!>er. 
 
 ALLE(?HBNr County Workhouse. Annual Report for 1892. Pitts- 
 burgh, 1893. 
 
 Altobld, J. P. The immigrant's answer. Famm, February 1890. 
 
 Amkrioa, Sons of (Patriotic Order). Something about the Order. 
 Philadelphia, 1892. Camp News, Marcli 1, 1892. Philadelphia. 
 
 American Social Science Association, Journal of, 1870, vol. 2, 
 pp. 1-30 (on Immigration). 
 
 American Federation of Labour, Official Book of, issued for the 
 Twelfth Annual Convention held at Philadelphia, December 12, 1892. 
 New York. 
 
 American Hebrew, The, March 3, 1893. New York. 
 
 Atkinson, E. Incalculable room for Immigrants. Forum, May 
 1892. 
 
 Babcock, Kendric C. Scandinavians in the Norlh-West. Forum, 
 September 1892. 
 
 Baldwin, S. L. Cur policy in regard to Chinese Immigration. Inde- 
 pendent (New York), October 1, 1891. 
 
 Bemis, Edward W. Restriction of Immigration. Andot^er Review 
 (Boston), March 1888. 
 
 Bemis, Edward W. The Distribution of our Immigrants. Andover 
 Revieic (Boston), June 1888. 
 
 Board of Trade Journal, March 1889, April 1889, July 1889, 
 February 1890, April 1891, August 1891, September 1891, November 
 1891, March 1892, April 1892, May 1892, July 1892, January 1893. 
 
 Boas, E. L. On Immigration. Steam and Sail (New Y^irk), April 
 22, 1893. 
 
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 1888. 
 
 Boies, Henry M. Prisoners and Paupers ; a study of the abnormal 
 increase of criminals, and the public burden of pauperism in the 
 United States, the causes and remedies. New York, 1893. 
 
 Bonnet, C. C. Naturalization laws and their enforcement. New 
 Englander, November 1888. 
 
 Bromwell, W. J. History of immigration to the United States, and 
 an appendix containing the naturalization and passenger laws. New 
 York, 1856. 
 Brtne, Stepren. Irish emigration to the United States addressed to 
 Irish people intending to emigrate and to those living in the large cities 
 of Great Britain and of the United States. New York, 1873. 
 Buffalo, Charity Organization Society of, Annual Reports for 1889- 
 1892. 
 
374 ; 
 
 Bulletin de l'Institut International de Statistique. Tome I., 
 lere et 2eme livraisons, p. 191; Tome II., 2eme livraison, p. 25; 
 vTome IV., lere livraison, p. 136; Tome V., lere livraisoD, p. 188. 
 Rome, 1886, 1887, 1889, 1890. 
 
 BusEY, S. C. Immigration, its evils and consequences. New York, 
 1856. 
 
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 for 1883-84, 1885-86, 1887-88, 1889-90, and 1891-92. Sacra- 
 mento, 1884, 1887, 1888, 1890, and 1893. 
 
 Canada ; Canadian immigration and emigration (Annex to the Report 
 of Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion of Canada, for 1889), by 
 John Lowe, Deputy Minister of Agriculture. Ottawa, 1890. 
 
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 Canada, for 1891 ; also Appendices thereto. Ottawa, 1892. 
 
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 Dominion of Canada, for 1892. Ottawa, 1893. 
 
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 phia, 1826. 
 
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 rally ; an attempt to place both on a more estimable ground than they 
 occupy. Philadelphia, 1838. 
 
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 of the United Brotherhood of, at St. Louis, Mo. Aug. 1-8, 1892 ; 
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 ber 1881. Rome, 1874 and 1884. 
 
 Census (Tenth) of the United States, Vols. I., Population ; 
 II., Manufactures; III., Agriculture; XL and XIL, Mortality and 
 Vit^l Statistics; XXI., Defective, Dependent, and Delinquent 
 Classes. Washington,' 1883-1 888. 
 
 Census (Eleventh) of the United States, Compendium of Part I. 
 (Population) of the. Washington, 1892. 
 
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 16 (Population of the United States by States and Territories), 19 
 (Vital Statistics of the Jews in the United States), 194 (Population by 
 Colour, Sex, and General Nati\ity), also by separate States and 
 Territories, 30 (Alaska), 150 (Alaska, Official Count), 187 (Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, and West Virginia), 
 208 (Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and 
 Kansas), 216 (Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, 
 Texas- Oklahoma, and Askansas), 175 (Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- 
 mont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut), 322 (Montana, 
 Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, 
 Washington, Oregon, and California), 183 (New York, New Jersey, 
 and Pennsylvania), 197 (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
 and Florida), 205 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and 
 Minnesota), 201 (Elements of Population), 48 (The White and 
 Coloured Population of the South), 199 (Coloured Population 
 classified), 202 (School, Militia, and Voting Ages), 357 (The Foreign- 
 born Population distributed according to Country of Birth), 31 
 (Convicts in Penitentiaries), 72 (Inmates of Juvenile Reformatories), 
 90 (Paupers in Almshouses), 95 (Prisoners in County Jails), 106 
 (Sentences of Convicts in Penitentiaries), 182 (Homicide), 352 
 (Nativity and Parentage of Prisoners and Paupers), 173 (Fisheries of 
 the Great Lakes), 369 (Statistics of Churches). 
 
375 
 
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 grants. Independent (New York), October 1, 1891. 
 
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376 
 
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37d 
 
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879 
 
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8^0 
 
 Massachusetts; Census of 1885, Vol. I., Purts 1 and 2. Boston, 1887 
 
 and 1888. 
 Massachusetts, Reports of the State Board of Lunacy and Charity of, 
 
 for 1888-1892. Boston, 1889-1893. 
 Massachusetts ; Annual Reports of Commissioners of Prisons for year 
 
 ending September 30, 1890-1892. Boston, 1891-1893. 
 Massachusetts ; Annual Report of the Chief of District Police for 
 
 1892. Boston, 1893. 
 Merlino, S. Itahau Immigrants and their Enslavement. Forum, 
 
 April 1893. 
 Michigan, Reports of the Bureau of Labour and Industrial Statistics 
 
 of, to February 1, 1884, 1885, 1887, 1888, 1890 and 1893. Lansing 
 
 1884, 1885, 1887, 1888, 1890 and 1893. 
 
 Minnesota, Biennial Report of the State Board of Health and Vital 
 
 Statistics of, ibr 1891-92. 
 Missouri, Report of the Bureau of Labour Statistics of, for 1886. 
 
 Jefferson City, 1887. 
 New Jersey, Reuorts of the Bureau of Statistics of Labour and In- 
 dustries of, for years ending October 31, 1881, 1884, 1891. For 1881 
 
 Somei-ville ; others Trenton, 1885 and 1892. 
 New York (City) ; Forty-fourth Annual Report (for 1886-87) of the 
 
 New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, and 
 
 onwards to Forty-ninth Annual Report (for 1891-92). New York, 
 
 1887-1892. 
 New York (City) ; Thirteenth Annual Report (for 1886-87) of the 
 
 United Hebrew Charities of New York, and onwards to Eighteenth 
 
 Annual Report (for 1891-92). New York, 1887-1892. 
 New York (City) ; Seventh Annual Report (for 1888) of the Charity 
 
 Organization Society of the City of New York, and onwards to 
 
 Eleventh Annual Report (for 1892). New York, 1889-1893 ; also 
 
 Report of Special Committee on Immigration presented February 11, 
 
 1890. 
 New York (City) ; Annual Report of the Board of Police Justices of 
 
 the City of New York for year ending October 31, 1888, and onwards 
 
 to October 31, 1892. New York, 1889-1893. 
 New York (City) ; Annual Reports of the Police Department of the 
 
 City of New York, for 1890 and 1891. New York, 1891 and 1892. 
 New York (City) ; Annual Report of the Board of Education of the 
 
 City of New York for 1891. New York, 1892. 
 New York (City) ; Annual Report of the Board of Health of the Health 
 
 Department of the City of New York for 1891. New York, 1892. 
 New York (City) ; Report on the Trade, &c., of the District of the 
 
 Consulate-General of New York, for year 1891. Diplomatic and 
 
 Consular Reports on Trade and Finance. (F.O. No. 1080, 1892.) 
 New York (City) ; Report of Visiting Chaplain to the Jewish Ministers' 
 
 Association of New York. New York, 1893. 
 New York (State), Reports of the Commissioners of Emigration of, 
 
 1847-1860, New York, 1861 ; and annually 1861-1890, partly Albany, 
 
 partly New York, partly not indicated, 1862-1891. 
 New York (State) ; Commissioners of Emigration, laws relating to. 
 
 New York, 1871. 
 New York (State), Report of Bureau of Statistics of Labour of, for 
 
 1885, 1886, 1888 and 1890. Albany, 1886, 1887, 1889 and 1891. 
 New York (State) ; Annual Reports of State Board of Charities, 
 
 1889-1890, and 1892. Albany (N. Y.), 1888-1891, and 1893.* 
 
 * The Keport for 1891 wfto destroyed by fire and had not yet been reprinted when 
 the other reports were furnished. 
 
MSI 
 
 New York (Statk) ; Annual Reports of" the Factory Inspectors of tlic 
 
 State of New York for 1891 antl 1802. Albany, 18J)2 and 1893. 
 New York (State) ; Proceedings of 22nd Annual Convention of 
 County Superintendents of the Poor of ihti State of New York, Aug. 
 9, 10,il, 1892. liuffjilo. 
 Noble, .1. H. The hnmigratiou Q.iostion. Political Science Quarterly^ 
 
 June 1892. 
 Ohio, I^•port of the Hureau of SuUisties of Lal)Our of, for I88(>, 1887, 
 
 1889. Columbus, 1887, 1888, 1890. 
 OrrKNi^niFKK, (). An* our iniiuigrants to hlunie ? /Wm//j, July 1891 
 P.VKKKK, (i. F. What lmniigmnt8 eontribnte to industry. Forum, 
 
 January 1893. 
 Pennsylvania ; Annual ll«^|x)rt«of the S«»cretary of Internal Affairs, Part 
 III. Industrial Statistici*, 1879-80, 1884, 1887, 1888, and 1891. 
 Harrisburg, 1881, 188o, 1888, 1889, and 1892. 
 Pennsylv.\nia ; First Immigration Report of the Board of Commission- 
 ers of Public Charities of the State of Pennsylvania IVom November 
 7, 1882, to June 30, 1883, and onwards to Ninth Report for year 
 ending June 30, 1891. Nos. 1 to 6 not indicated; Nos. 7, 8, and 9, 
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 Pennsylvania ; Annual Rc|)oi*t of Commissioners of Public Charities 
 
 for 1891. Hanisburg, 1892. 
 Penn.sylvania ; Riennial Re|)ort of the Pennsylvania Industrial 
 
 Reformatory at Huntingilon, Pu., for 1891-92. Huntingdon, 1893. 
 Pennsylvania ; Riennial Reiwrt of the Inspectors of the State Peni- 
 tentiary for the Western District of Pennsylvania, for 1892-92. 
 Pittsburg, 1893. 
 Pennsylvania; Eighteentli Annual Session of the Association of 
 Directors of the Poor of the State of Pennsylvania. October 11, 12, 
 13, 1892. Pittsburgh, 1893. 
 Philadelphia, United Hebrew Charities of. Eleventh Annual Report 
 (for 1879-80) and onwards to Twenty-third Annual Report (for 
 1891-92). Philadelphia, 1880-1892. 
 Philadelphia, A.8sociation of Jewish Immigrants of. First Annual 
 Report (for 1884-85), and onwards to Eighth Annual Report (for 
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 Philadelphia ; Report on the Trade of the Consular District of, for 
 year 1890. Diplomatic smd Consular Reports on Trade and Finance. 
 (F.O. No. 904, 1891). 
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 year 1891. Diplomatic and Consular Reports on Tratle and Finance. 
 (F.O. No. 1078, 1892). 
 Philadelphia; Sixty-fifth Annual Report, for 1892, of the Board of 
 
 Managers of the House of Refuge. Philadelphia, 1893. 
 Porter, Robert P. A half century of Immigration. Independent ^ 
 
 (New York), October 1, 1891. 
 Prisoners, Statistics of, for 1890, collected by the Wardens' Associa- 
 tion of the United States and Canada, with introduction by Roland 
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 Quarantine, Circulars of Treasury Department in respect to ; dated 
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 13, 14, 16, and 19, 1892, November 16 and 18, 1892, December 30, 
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 Diseases, accompanying Bill S. 2,707. Washington, 1893. 
 
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 1893. 
 
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 on foreign immigration, being . . . statistics of population, 
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 and 1892. Providence, 1889, 1891, and 1892. 
 
 Rood, Henry. The Mine Labourers in Pennsylvania. Forum, Sep- 
 tember 1892. 
 
 Rossi, E. Del Patronato degli Emigranti in Italia e all' Estero. Rome, 
 1893. 
 
 Round, W. F. Immigration and Crime. Forum^ December 1889. 
 
 Scalabrini, G. B. L' Emigrazione Italiana in America. Piacenza, 
 1887. 
 
 Schuyler, Ed gene. Italian Immigration, Political Science Quarterly, 
 September 1889. 
 
 Schwab, G. H. A practical remedy for evils of immigration. Forums 
 February 1893. 
 
 Seward, G. F. Chinese Immigration. New York, 1881. 
 
 Seybert, Statistical Annals of the United States. Philadelphia, 1818. 
 
 Smith, C. S. Oi^r National Dumping Ground. North American Review , 
 April 1892. 
 
 Smith, Richmond Mayo. The Influence of Immigration on the 
 United States of America (from Bulletin de VInstitut International 
 de Staiistique, Tome III., 1888, 2eme livraison). Rome, 1888. 
 
 Smith, Richmond Mayo. Emigration and Immigration. New York, 
 1890. 
 
 Smith, Richmond Mayo. Immigration and the Foreign-born Popu- 
 lation. Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Associa- 
 tion, N.S. Nos. 21, 22 (Vol. III.), March, June, 1893. Boston, 
 1893. 
 
 Statistica Dell' Emigrazione Italiana; for 1876 and following years 
 to 1891 (Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio), Rome, 
 1877 to 1892 ; together with Appendix to Statistics for 1891 
 (Appunti di Statistica Comparata dell' Emigrazione dall' Europa o 
 deir Immigrazione in America e in Australia), Rome, 1892 ; and 
 preliminary bulletin for 1892 (Aggiunte e Correzioni), Rome, 
 1893. 
 
 Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom, in each year from 
 1840 to 1853, continued annually to 1877-1891. Parliamentary 
 Command Papers, 1854 to 1892. 
 
 Statistical Abstract for the Principal and other Foreign 
 Countries in each year from 1860 to 1874-75, to and onwards 
 to 1881-1890-91. Parliamentary Command Papers, 1877 to 1893. 
 
 Statistical Abstracts of the United States, 1878, and onwards 
 to 1892. Washington, 1879-1893. 
 
 Status of Aliens and Foreign Companies in the United States. 
 Parliamentary Command Paper, Commercial No. 17 (1887), (United 
 States). 
 
 " Sweating System," the. Report on, by Horace G. Wadlin, transmitted 
 to the Senate and House of Representatives of Massachusetts, 
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383 
 
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 1893. 
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 States (Department of the Interior). Wa.shington, 1884. 
 Wright, Carroll D. Social statistics of cities. Popular Science 
 
 Monthly (New York), March 1892. 
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 Popular Science Monthli/ (New York), October 1892. 
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 September 1892. 
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 Washington, 1871. 
 
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