UC-NRLF PA 411 D852 1824 MAIN / J (^'■: / . .c- 7 i-'%,4^ / \ PROSODIA GRAECA, OR AN EXPOSITION OF THE GREEK METRES BY RULES AND EXA31PLES : ALSO A TREATISE ON THK USE OF THE DIGAMMA IN THE POEMS OF HOMEK. WlTil RULES FOR THE STRUCTURE OF CiREEK IiEXA3IETER VERSE,* XO WHICH IS SUBJOINl!:i> AN APPENDIX ON THE POWER OF THE ICTUS METRICUS IX IAMBIC TROCHAIC AND ANAPAESTIC VERSE. By GEORGE DUNBAR, F. R. S. E. ANi) I'llOKKSSOK OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITV oy EDlKilURGH. • ■ -t J — « T . , F(>UJiTH"1^01TJ0k. t ' ' EDINBURGH : PUBLISHED JiY STIRLING Sc KI:NNKY J AND G. B. WIIITTAKER, LONDON 1824. v, *•*-.. PREFACE. In preparing this Fourth Edition of the Prosodia Grae- ca, I have endeavoured to comprise within it as much in- formation on the Greek metres as appeared to me really useful for Scholars. Some errors have been corrected in the list of words where the doubtful vowels are pointed out as being long, and several other vocables have been added. It would have been desirable to have augmented the list by adding a number of proper names and names of places, but this would have iiicrpAsed the volume to an undue size; and besides, it is the less necessary, as most of these words are to be found in Dictionaries and other Elementary books in the hands of almost every Student. I tliink I may venture to assert that, with these exceptions very few words will be found omitted in which any of the doubtful vowels are long ; and that such Stu- dents as consult the work for the purpose of ascertain- ing the quantity of any particular syllable, if the word is not found either specified or included under some par- ticidar class, may rest satisfied that the syllable is short. In the observations upon the Position^ Elision and Con- traction of Vowels and Diphthongs, I have included every thing necessary to be known, and have made, what I con- 251095 IV PREFACE. ceive to be, several important corrections, cliiefly with re- gard to the power of the Ictus Metricus in lengthening doubtful Vowels before certain Mutes and Liquids. This subject the Reader will find discussed at considerable length in the Appendix. The principal part of the rules respecting the metres is founded upon the observations of Porson, Hermann, Burney and Gaisford, with several corrections and addi- tional remarks .on the thi*ee Metres cluefly employed by the Attic Poets. To render these rules as intelligible as possible to Students, I have not only given several Exam- ples under each, but have mai'ked the quantity of every syllable, and divicled every line into its proper feet* Though a/iy person may thus obtain a tolerable knowledge ©f the principal metres used by the Greek Poets, I; would still recommend to his careful perusal Porsoii's Supple- ment to his Preface to the Hecuba of Em'ipides, and Gais- ford's Edition of Hephaestion. Dr Maltby's observations prefixed to his Edition of Morell's Thesaurus may also be studied with great advantage. _ ^ . , A few additional examples and observations have been inserted in the " Inquiry into the Versification of Ho- mer," all tendings as I imagine^ to shew that the Digam-* ma never could hatve been employed by that Poet with the power of a Consonant, and that the rides I have en- deavom'ed to establish, and the principle I have laid down are not theoretical, but have been recognized both by the Greek and Latin Epic Poets. Besides banishing from Hexameter vet-se sucU an uncouth ilnd liarsh letter as the PREFACE. Diganiiiia, whlcli, I am convincod, Horaer ncrver employ- ed, and ^^'llicll would never have been brought into notice by Modern Critics, had they better understood the natm'd of his versification and the structm'e of his language, the principle I have stated and supported by examples enables us also to get rid of a number of adventitious let- ters, which have been added as props to his verse, but which serve only to deform the language and render it lesd smooth and harmonious. Wlien the attention of Scholars shall be more closely directed to the study of Homer, I flatter myself that my opinions will be generally adopt- ed, as they have already been by several men of distin- guished eminence and reputation in the literary world. In the Appendix, I have endeavom*ed to shew that a similar principle guided the practice of the Attic Poetd in Iambic, Trochaic and Anapaestic Verse. It is in fact a principle that pervades all poetry both Ancient and Mo- dern, and is founded upon the laws of harmony necessa- ry to be observed in reciting every kind of verse. To preserve the Bythm and Harmony of their verses, the Poets were sometimes forced to lengthen syllables tliat were naturally short ; for^ as Dionysius of Halicarnassus well observes, musical composition adjusts not the times to the syllables, hut the syllables to the times. Numerous instan- ces of this occur in our own poetry. What, therefore, might by some be considered an arbitrary license, is in fact a general law of which the Ancient Poets availed themselves either more or less, according to the nature of the verse they employed. VI PREFACE. It will be observed, that in determining tlie place of the Ictus on either syllable of the Spondaeus in Anapaes- tic verse, I have, in the Appendix, given it as my op- nion, that it falls upon the^r^^ Syllable, whereas in the first part of the work, p. 68. it is stated to fall upon the last syllable. For a considerable time I was in doubt on which syllable of the Spondaeus the Ictus should fall ; and it was not till after a long and careful examination of Anapaestic verse, in all the Attic Poets, that I came to the conclusion I have stated in the Appendix. Anapaestic verse is evidently founded upon Hexameter, and preserves the Ictus upon the same syllables of the feet as used in that species of verse. The introduction of the Anapaes- tic foot gives it an agi'eeable variety, by changing the ca- dence and lengthened tone from the first syllable of the Spondaeus and Dactyle, to the last of the Anapaestus. Having thus pointed out the leading features of the work, and the improvements made in this Edition, I com- mit it to the candid judgment of the public, in the con- fident expectation that no illiberal prejudice will prevent those who are capable of understanding such pursuits, from examining them mth calmness and impartiality, and from adopting my opinions if they shall consider them well founded. Edinburgh College, 7 October 1st, 18?4. J ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. PART I. Page 35. Line 13 for otou ^trnv^ read o'Tou 'trrn. 36. At the bottom it is remarked, * In utrisque, sell. lambicis et Trochaicis numeris, hiatus vocalium scdulo evitari debet.' — This holds true with regard to the Tragic Poets ; Aristophanes, however, does not elide a vowel after t/, nor always the i of on before a vowel; thus, Nub. 186. T/ Xdaufiairecs ; Id. 863. ESy\ on l^tier^tis. — nor the s of cvSs before sfj. Plut. 1182. — vvt V oiSs ug. — Id. 72. iZ oiy en. 37. Tor rs^evyetf read vi^tvy a. 49. For {axffiXuofy read (iaffixtiov. ■ 69. For XuKtk) ii read Xvku v. PAET II. 13. At the bottom, for Aburthnot, read Arbuthnot. ~ — 63. For Confisus pcriit admirandis, divide thus, Confisus pcriit ad— "-!->-« -I- --l-wwi-- PROSODIA GRAECA. Prosodia est ea Grammaticae pars, quae syllaba- riim quantitates, versuumque pangendorum artem praecipue tradit. * I. DE QUANTITATE ANCIPITUM VOCALIUM, IN PRO-AN- TEPENULTIMIS ET ANTEPENULTIMIS SYLLABIS. I. De a in Pro-antepenultimis, ^c, 1. A augmeiiti loco, vocali sequente, produci- tur ; sic, ^'iov pro ri'iov, ab ai'oj, audio, 2. a privativum, natura breve, apud Epicos pro- ducitur, tribus brevibus sequentibus ; sic, ajcdiJjGC' Tog, indefessus ; uOcivaroc, immortalis. Interdum etiam duabus ; ut, a'Ko(pog, sine crista, U.K. 258. * Meminerint discentes duas esse longas vocales, '^, o) ; duas breves, 2, 6 j et tres ancipi^es, ««, i, v. A S PROSODIA GRAECA. S. a ante vocalem his vocibus producitur : sic, aivccog, perpeluo fluens ; ae^iog, aerius ; as/to.^^, sem- per virens ; "Aovsg, A ones; 'Idovzg, lones ; clirogy aquila; cchaco,^ ruo, et cognatis ejus: a/iy, audio , primam communem habet. Vide Aeschyl. Pers. 639. Soph. Oedip. Col. 1767. Eurlp. Hecub. 178. quibus in locis prima corripitur. Producitur, Soph, Oedip. Col, 304. Eurip. Hecub. 174, &c. az^d- avrog, imperfectus ; ^ovyd'iogjactator ; (^idoiJjcciyViolo; IXamg, oleaginus ; Ido[j!jcci, sano ; yjihg, vetustus ; M'iog, peritus, Quibus adde derivata aXaccg, lapis; ut, 'kdmgy lapideus. At adccrog habet et antepenult, et penult, longam. Vide Homer. H. 271. docrog, noxiiis ; (Tvmo^og, conjunctus : a in as/, semper, com- munis est. "A'idyjg, Orcus ; a^xdhog, a?itiquiis, stid- tus ; y^aoao^rig^ qui vetulas abigit ; ^utzT'/j^, vi cogens ; T^avvGtfy lenioy et 'Tr^dug, &c. 4. a ante y sequentibus producitur : sic, cf^a- yi?^co^ obsigno ; vavayzoj, navem frango ; vavdyiov^ naiifragium ; Idocyer/jg, natu legitimus ; et i^doffjocyi- Trig ^ Septimus dux ; ^vayo^ia^Jausta precatio ; 0;ySa- yivrig^ Thebis genitus ; y.oo^yirng^ vociferator ; vodccyi- vTjg^ nothus, 5. Ante h, in khrjKcog, moerore oppressus, pro an- hrizajg^ ab drihioj* av&ahiuy arrogaiitia ; et avOdJfjg, pdhog, facilis ; bZo^hkayjig, nugator ; dlokiayicc Id' dioi/y dimin. a ^d'ig, et compos. Izirdhzog^ supplicem * At hrevis estapud Eurlp. Hecub. 31. Ilaec omnia autem pendent a ratione ictus metrici. Vide Append. PROSODIA GRAECA. S admittens ; '/M^ochozkoj^ e^pecto ; Ka^ccyoco^ ad siim^ mum perdiico', caeterisque a za^d* 6. Ante ^, in p(iOv(jjog^ negUgens ; clGkiog, miser. 7. Ante K,in kzovaiog^ i?ivitus ; hidzovog^ minister ; Kazw^ pro \riKm^ resono^ et suis ; (pevayJ^co, decipio^ a (pimt,- et in numeralibus in o(jm^ ut hazmot, du- centiy &c. aKOfv, invitus ; '^oczeci}, sedeo, cum suis; ^'KaziKwg^ socorditer, a (3Xa|, -dzog* oIay.o(Tr^6(pog, gu- ber?iator ; <>j^cix,idoj, curis nimis coiifectus concido. 8. Ante X, in (pcckatV/]^ halaejia ; td'ks[jjog, naenia ; KodXs(jbog, stultiis ; akoavvYi^ stidtitia ; ccvoCkoco, vel kva^ "kifffciu, consumo, ej usque compositis et derivatis ; (Tzi(Maki^co[jbog, carnivorus ; Xv^mviog, rahiosus ; avv^^avooj^ confringo, 11. Ante -r, in d^aTrsTyigj^fiigi tints ; vureTa, sinapi ; 'Ava-ro?. 12. a ante ^, in aodoijjat, precor, apud Homerum est longa, apud Tragicos hrevis. Sic etiam a in ag^T?5?, sacerdos, aliisque ejusdem generis ; Ka^/^^p, 7iomen famidi ; AaPifffra, urlfs Tliessaliae ; zd^aQog, A 2 PROSODIA GRAECA. carahus^ Angl. a lobster; a[jjci^oc;cog, amaracus ; (lk- ^uoyjuf, Theocr. Idyll. I. v. 29. (pXvu^w^ nugor ; a^iffrovy prandium ; a^/o-ray, Aristoph. Nub. 415 ^ ^a^sfzog' ^sd^ioVf locus sacer Apollinis Pyihii. 13. Ante (T, in gTa^ac/po?, ea:ecrabilis ; sv^c^ccfftccy bonus corporis habitus ; zo^mtov, puellula ; Y^amvh^oc^ nomen mulieris. ' Aaihog, gen. ex "Aaig^ Aeschyl. Pers. 275. 14. Ante r, in olrs^ogy alter, et ^dre^ov pro ro sVs- ^ov, alterum ; hihvi/jdrozog, enixa gemellos ; et in compositis a \clag, lapis, ut 'kaToiJji(x,, lapidicina, he, 15. Ante 9, in Gii^(x,(pooog^ equus extra jugum ha- benamferens. 1 6. Ante %, in r^oixov^og, species piscis, a rqoir/jjg. Ion. pro T^nx^g^ asper ; pa%/a, Z^'/^w^ scopulosum ; kaidyjikog, ad iram proclivis ; ^vdyjrog, colluvies* IL Z)e / m Pro-aiitepenidttmis, S^c. 1. I producitur ante vocalem in r/JiMi, apud Tra- gicos ; dvla, ^ tristitia ; yJ^K/Jvco, tepefacio ; ivZp^, da- mo; at /yy/vooV, antepenult. Eurip. Heracl. 127. corripit ; icoxff^og, persecutio Jiostis ; 'Trakioj^ig, perse- cutio ; Uk^og, mons Thessaliae. Item in Uis^ia, Il/i^ ^log, HiiPihg, Hizl^og, Soph. Trach. 769. p^ayiovog, * Secunda in uviu^o^f ab Euripide et Aristophane corripitur ; Plut. 561. a Sophocle producitur, Antig. 316. PROSODIA GRAECA. brachii; lar^og, apud Aescb. Prom. Vinct. v. 386. dcefftg, Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 68. ido(jbar 'la^rgro?* sip/s- (jjai, Sophocl. Philoct. 770. ex ed. Brunck. y.idOa), vado ; Xtcc^^, Chios imitor. Item in 'Triaim, pn- guefacio ; xiovzog^ nivosus ; ^hooryig, Fhthiota ; h- O^iQvadai, iiwolvi ; lioj, et hlJ^h^ mitto, 2. In compositis ab i'oj, venenum ; ut lo^okog^ ve- iienosus ; ioxiai^a^ quae sagittis gaudet. [■'.'' Producitur etiam ante consonantes in quibus- dam vocibus ; sic, 3. Ante ^5 in xXi^ccvog, vel z^i^ccvog" zi^coTogy Ari- stopb. Vesp. 1056. 4. Ante 7, fere semper producitur ; sic in ^tyooj, n^^o, et compositis. . 5. Ante ^, in 'Tridvc^, resilio; Hihvr'/jg' '7n¥/iitg* ^izcca^ rri^ihiov, parvum forum jiidiciaJe; ff(p^ayihov, sigillum. 6. Ante ^, in lOvvco^ et l^vcoy dingo ; saltern apud Homerum, II. "^j 871 5 Ai^v^ccfjtjQogy nomen Bacchi ; h^vikiogy ad aves perti?ie7is, caeterisque ab o^m, 'i^og' Ti&mog. 7. Ante a^ in vizdco^ vinco, vU'/j, et compositis ; (poivUsog, ^;z/?2icez^5 ; [jjv^izmg, oiigricinus ; %zavicc, et lizikiciy Sicilia insula ; (p^izccXsogy et (p^izojhgy ter- ribilis, 8. Ante \y in Ikzog, lustrum ; iXvosfg, limosus ; IXa- * 'lgvXog, acefi" ; ^7jijA^a, cojitrecto; lijAnov, vestimentiim ; TriyAXyj, pinguedo ; et in compositis et derivatis a r/|«;^, ho7ior, ut Ti{jjiog, ho?20rafus. 10. Ante V verborum in -mco, et in compositis : ut, zi/sMy et ziy/jihi, 7noveo ; item ypjofjjcci, nascovy sum; ^ivico* yivojcrzooy cognosco ; zaraymco, dcveho ; zoirci- Pivdojy lima polio ; hV/j.7ig, circiimvolutio ; et dfvrjsig' f^oXQivr], hidbi species ; 'Tr^ivihov, parva ilea: ; l^mog, jicus sylvestris ; hm^ occiput ; azoo^ivia^ p?imitiae ; 'Imyjg' 'Trivvazoj^ sapientem reddo ; alvoijjuiy noceo ; Bek(pii>iog* aymo), duco ; Tpivccz^icc' a.'Trorivv^jai. 11. Ante T, in Xi'Tra^ico, precor^ ej usque cogna- tis ; T^ira^^g, seduliis ; at in XtTra^og, pingids, corri- pitur : pi'7ri?fijy veiituyn excito ; diiTrsr-^c^ e coelo devo- lans ; t'Trm, premo ; TiviTraTi, iricrepidt ; l^v^iTridr^g' 12. Ante g, fere semper producitnr; ut, Ss^m//- ^a|U;/J, &c. PROSODIA GllAECA. 7 13. Ante (/<- Xica, mingo 5 ra^ix^voj^ sale condio^ ej usque cognatis. III. De V in Pro-antepenultiynis, S^c. 1, T est longum ante vocalem in "EwdXiog^ Mars ; pcvccpsogyf caeruieus, apud Homerum ; (jbve* XoV, medulla ; [jjvov^og, muiilus cauda ; (jbvoUxogf re- cipiens mures ; Tcvzhog^ vas balnei'y Trverir], coagidum; 'TrXccrvd^My diducto ore loquor ; verog, pliivia ; |3^si/- i)vo[jbafy superhio ; (jjcc^vof/jar r^vat vel r^vx^y attero, ejusque compositis. 2. Ante €, in riybirv^iov^ sudarium^ Arist. Plut. 729. * "I705 apud Tragicos et Comicos habet penultimam fere sem- per brevem. t At y in nvcAm brevis est. 8 PROSODIA GRAECA. 3. Ante y, aliquando in obliquis "^vydryi^^JiUa ; II. 0. 504. fjjvycChkrii ynus araneus; ^qvyo^vdoj^frico; KvyoCiog^ ohscuriis ; (p^vpcocpov, sarmentum. 4. Ante ^, in compositis et derivatis a zvhg, gloria : ut, fcvddXt[jjog, gloriosus, &c. ; [jjvdaXiog, hu- midus ; et [hv^aivco, humecto ; TvhOg. 5. Ante 0, in sQuS^idco, et sov^idco, eruhesco: igy- ^^0? habet penultimam longam apud Homerum ; brevem apud Atticos Poetas. Vide Aristoph. Nub. 539. Av. 145. '^lyjvOiov. In compositis a pyj- ^0^5 verhum : ut, '7ra.^a,^vHoii>ai^ consolor^ &c. 6. Ante ;%^5 in compositis ab I^vkm, cohibeo : ut, Ivvzazzoi), impedio ; [jbvzdoijjcct, mugio, ej usque com- positis ; oa, spectacidum ; o^a^La^ idem ; et in similibus ab aoj puro derivatis ; diMva^jogy nepos ; hi^aiLog^ bipes, RheSa 215. IfTTtaiJbcc, epidum ; iffriaffig, idem; ^^- ^ci(jjcc^ captura^ et in omnibus a "^Yi^doj, venor, duc- tis ; iT^TToZdiivVy eques. B 2 12 PROSODIA GRAECA. 1 3. Ante t', in Udvoo, venio, et compositis ; fci- Xot^vco, capio ; (p^di^cu, praevenio, apud Homerum ; apud Atticos Poetas autem a brevis est. Item dissjilabis in avog : sic, dapog, siccus ; ^^avog et ^ga- mi/, sella ; (pocvog, fax ; r^ccp-^g, manifestus; zodvog, galea^ ej usque compositis; ho^vz^ocvog, cuspidatus ; iTriz^avov, quod super caput est ; (Dovpcpotvog, caput bO' vis hahens; vsavig, puella; (pdcridvog, quod nonnulli interpretantur Angl. a pheasant. Vide Coll. Gr. Maj. tom. III. Aristoph. Nub. 109. ct in lavog, sub- tilis, semper apud Homerum producitur; at in Idvogy peplum^ semper corripitur : ^ro/^av^y^, pastor, dux ; arvydvco^. Item in nominibus Gentilibus ; sic, Ts^(j(jcci/og, &c. ; item in lovXioivog, Julianus : ex- cipe ^zeai^og, Produc a in Btdmo- aiazrjg, gravis, et compositis ; B^Bravig, 14. Ante -r, in "AmTtog, fluvii nomen ; laTryJ, nomen venti ; H^iaTrog, Friapus ; vd^v, sinapi, 15. Ante ^, in ^v(jja^^g, gratus ; zcc^k, squilla ; (^d^tg, navigium ; in d^a, preces, prior vocalis com- munis est ; fcocrd^a, execratio ; zard^arogy execraii- dus ; 'Trd^cc^og, itiuiilis; rtcc^a, tiara, Et in masculi- nis in cc^og, ut "kd^og, gratus; at (pd^og, vestis, a Tra- gicis plerumque corripitur : item [jyjm^o^, execra- hilis ; (potkd^a, Producitur autem ot in (p\voL^og^fu- iilis, et suis ; d.vioc^og, molestus ; va^^og^ liquidus; doc- gov, diu; -^ocoog, mobilis; ev(jtjOi^]g, calceamenti genus; ffiffa^og, part, praet. med. verbi ca/^^y, as didzico* PROSODIA GRAECA. 13 16. Ante o-, in futuro primo active ab a^ et gao;,* sic, KO'Tiocffco^ a KO'TTidco, Idhoro ; o^dffcoy ab opdco, video; HocG^t, eunt ; safft. Ion. pro s/V;* dpcooocffigy auditus; iti- ^Gcfftg, transitus. Item in participio femin. aoristi primi ; sic, rv^oc&ccy quae verberwvit ; item in aV??, satiarity apud Homerum; x^^daig^ mixiio ; "Ao"/^, Asia; 'iaaig^ Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 68. 'iarog. 17. In dativis pluralibus, quorum penultima in dativo singul. longa est positione ; ut, ru-^mi, a 18. Ante r, \n cIt'/i, damnum; Ayu/aV;;?, cogno- men Apollinis ; dmrri, sine damiio, et dmrog' aV^y, laedo; aarogf innocuus ; dvi(y.rog, insanahilis ; d'Tfkoc^ Tog, permagnus ; ^saroV? et o^arog, visibilis, eorum- que compositis : hvGTri^arog^ invius, caeterisque in arog : ut, dz^arog, merus ; d^arog^ ea^ecrabilis ; dTjpuio- 5r^ara, quae public antiir ; (JjbkU^cctov, aqua melle mixta; '^oivdr&jp, viiidex, idtor ; T^ocrog, vendendus ; 'x^oa'TcogitoLTog^ fibula annexus ; laTQ^og, medicus ; aoa- rvj^y crater ; (p^ccr-^o, et (p^drco^y Kyjj.Tm, ^v(p^dr?]g, izocTiy causa. In Gentilibus in arrjg quorum femi- nina exeunt in ang, ut 6 ^Tra^ridrj^g, Spartanus ; Hiadrrig, Excipe Tcckary]g, AccXfjjdrrjgy ^cz^fjtjdrrjgy ^av^oiJjdrrig, 19. Ante %, in r^ayjjg^ asper^ cum compositis. * Quaedam excipienda sunt : ut, Ixda-u, ab Ihdw ^xfiua-6f, a 2ctft,ctu' yiXcATUy a yiXdw iKeiiFay ab iXdw Kipci(TU, 'd Kipdw 'XixdvUy a •KiXKco' K^ifzua-W} a K^ifzelw c^wViw, a CTrdoiy &C. 14 PROSODIA GRAECA. II. De I in Penultimis, 1. I producitur ante vocalem in lonicis femini- nis j* ut, dviri^ tristitia. Item in dvido(jboci, lugeo^ cum derivatis. Vide Horn. Odyss. O. 334. Soph. Philoct. 906. et Doctiss, Maltbii Thes. Observ. C. XXV. GJva),Jlecio, cam suis; Tcim, hi^ ho; at Ittiov, aor. 2. habet / correptum: o^ivco, com- 7noveo; (Ttvoj, laedo, cum suis ; rifco semper primam apud Atticos Poetas corripit. Vide Eurip. Orest. V. 524. Aeschyl. Prom. 112. primam futuri sem- per producit ; cohivoj^parturio ; (p^im,i apud Home- rum ; MivSJg. 14. Ante TT, in y^iTrevg, piscator ; EvptTog, Euri- pus; pirrj, impetus venti, et pt7ri(r(j.oc, ventilatio, &c. ; bi'Troj, cavillor ; Ivittyi* zvirog, avarus ; piirig^follis ; * Derivata a perf. pass, corripiunt penult, ut, x-e^if^oc, xg/o-^y, xg/T»i?, &c. Idem dicendum de deriv, a perf. pass. K-htm, ut xa/- fMi, &c. Sed I est longa in xxivvi, K?^ing, xAmj, x,xhvg. f *^^a;, 7^^7720, ejusque compositis ; za^vKri^ esculen- turn; (M(jijVfccc, perf. act. a [Jjvm* [Jjvk71[J!jcc, miigitus; i^{(jijV}cog' Gvzrj^Jicus arbor, cum suis ; (rv?cov,Jructus Jicus; (pvicig, piscis mddam ; (pvzog, algo,Jucus; 1^0- Ku, cohiheo, et zanov'/Azoy '7rz(pvza, oiatus sum, 7. Ante X, in aavXov, asylum; cpv^n^ et (pvkov^ tri- hus; '7rd[jb(pvkogy ex om7ii genere miMus ; vl^ri, sylva ; yjfkog, succus ; a^povhvXrj' A'lyvXa' "A^vkog^ nomen vi- ri ; ziv^vXcc, instrumentum nauticum ; (tzvXov, et (TvXov, spoUujn, cum suis ; arvXagy columna, cum suis ; h^offvXog, sacrilegus, 8. Ante (jj^ in "^vi^og, animus, cum compositis ; at in "^viJbog, thymus, cepa agrestis, corripitur. Ari- stoph. Plut. aiJjV{jjMv, inculpatus ; ar^v[jjMv, indomi- tus ; Alav^/jTi, urbis nomen. Quibus adde verbalia in viLa* ut, '^viJjci, victima, a ^vm^ sacrjfico ; U^v^jijcx,, ara; pv[jij'/i, impetus; hi^v^/jog, duos temones habens; (jij/jwijijoi,, et (jjTjPvaig, indicatio; zvfjba, fluctus, cum compositis ; h^v^jog, quercetum; (l^rvjjM, condimen- tum ; Av(jja, sordes ; ekv[jja, bui^is ; zov(jtjog, Jrigus ; (piTviJjci, planta; lyzviJ^m, praeg?ia?is; zccroid^v(jjDc, la- ceratio; -^vyaog, succus ; ?Jj[jjri,fermentum; Xv(jjyi, lues; item Zvijjom; fcdrrvyjcc, solea, Praeterea in verbis in y/x/** ut, ?^svyvv(jjs, corijungo. Etiamque in casi- * At in voce media et passiva penultima corripitur. C 2 20 PROSODIA GRAECA. bus obliquis et niimero plurali pronominis av* ut, vfjbsig, v^j^v, y^/V, v^/joig, 9. Ante v, in rvvYi, Dorice pro av, AUrvm, Di- ana. Adde pleraque verba in vm ; ut, sMvo), diri- go; or^vm, ea:cito, et compositis ; 'ttXvvco, lavo : sed eadem verba in ico^ ut, -^rXyi^s^, antepenultimam brevem habent ; evdwog, ciilpatus; zivhvog, pericu- lum; ai/jvvay injuriae propulsatio ; l&vvco, dirigo; zo- epvriy clava; o^zvvog^ nomen piscis ; (jjvvri^ prceleoctus; alaxvvri, pudor; akx^vco^ piidefacio; ^ihvor ro^vi/rj, tudicula; -//kvr/i, labriim, 10. Ante TT, in Xy^;;, tristitia^ et compositis ; ra- vvTTovg^ longos pedes habens; yvTrsg, "vultures, 11. Ante ^, in dyzvoa, anchora; ysipvpa, pons; zivvpyjy cithara; zv^og, dominatio; zv^iog' 'Kacpv^a, prae^ da; (iXv^a, species leguminis; oi^oyv^og, species her- bae ; 'TrdTv^og, papyrus; itirugov, furfur; XiTrv^ov, pu- tamen ovi; '7r'kri(jj(Mvfig, maris aestus; 'Trv^og, triticum; Gv^iyl,fstula; et Gv^i^oj.utm Prometh. Vinct. 126. viroav^i^ei, Ke^zv^oc, insula Corcyra; zoKkv^o.^ frus- tulum panis; (T(pv^ocy mallus; rv^og, caseus; zoKkv^oc^ pants tortus; yy^oV, curvus, Etiamque omnibus nominibus in v^og, quae antepenultimam, sive na- tura seu positione producunt : ut, ot^v^og, aerum- nosus; hxv^og, validus, Et in omnibus verbis in v^co* ut, (pv^oj^ et (pv^dco, misceo; ctv^cj, traJio; d&v^o), ludo; zv^co, incido; [/jvpu, &c. ; x>iDi(pvpYigy manibus subactus; pL><7oV, rugosus. 12. Ante ff fere semper producitur : ut, Alovu- CO?, Bacchus. Verbalibus in vmg exceptis: ut, \v' PROSODIA GllAECA. - 21 ffig, solutioy a XsXvaur X^vaog, aurum, ej usque com- positis. 13. Ante r producitur in derivatis in vrrjg, vrrj^, et vrtg' ut, (JbrjWT^g, et (jjTjvvTrj^, indeoC; 'rqic^vrrig^ se- nex^ et 'TtQia^vTig^ anus : etiamque in dbdy^^vrog, sine lachrymis. Et plerisque in vTog* sic, dvthrog, non Jixus; dvT'^, clamor; (DovXvrogy tempus hoves ajugo solvendi ; ^cozvTog, Cocytus^ ceterisque a zazvcoy ploro; Xvrco^, solictor, et pyro;^, idem : at in Xvr^^tog, V brevis est ; pvrco^y tractor, ceterique a pvco, traho. pvT'/]^ rufa; pvTog, tractus; GKvrog, corium; azvnvg, coriarhis; (^ovtov, viJium hordeaceum; yoo^vrog^ pha~ retra. 14. Ante 9, in zikvt/af, vi^^ag, ff(pag, quibus adde z^ag. II. De Ancipite /. I in fine plerumque corripitur 5 ut, />ogX/, A'/am, 7V'7rrov(Ti, vSJi^ on, Sec. Excipe nomina literarum, ut, ^7, |7, et syllabam z^7; quibus adde paragogen pronominum et ad- verbiorum, ut, ovroffty div^i, odi' At m et ovx^ ha- bent I correptum. * Nisi Doricum sit, ubi ultima brevis est. Vide Theocr. Idvll. IL 4. PROSODIA GRAECA. 25 Paragoge / adverbiorum saepius corripitur, Aesch. Prometh. Vinct. v. 216. viM(r7i. ovr60(Ti za)^ Aristoph, Pint, 591. «« I- - I - - 1 --I Aristoph. Nub. 295/371. 1. h injine. IV plerumque corripitur j ut, vh^ a^h, '^(jjtv, ^ukiify Hiiic tamen excipe r][jj7v et v(jb7v cum circum- flexo ; rh Dorice, pro (roh hX(phy ccpcrh, p/V, ;coi>iv, o(piv, 'Iktiv h sive iVj vis,Jibra. 2. Ig in fine. ig plerumque corripitur ; ut, Haoig, itoKig^ d}g, rig. Excipe nomina monosyllabica, et quae duas ter- minationes nominativi habent ; ut, yJg, Xtg, a^crig^ h\(p]g, Quibus adde nomina in ig quae penult, genitivi producunt ; ut, o^vig, -rcvriyAg, z^yi'^]g* prjatg, insula parva ; (r(p^Dcyk* et polysjllaba in /?, duabus brevibus praecedentibus, ut pcc(pmg, &c. III. De Ancipite v. V finale corripitur ; ut, gv, Uz^v, mrv^ he. Excipe tertiam imperfecti et aoristi secundi * Nusquam commune est, ut saepe fertur. D 26 PROSODIA GRAECA. verborum in (jjt ; ut, s^y, sh, &c. ?,ivyvv, taiitum cum ictus metricus in ultimam cadit. Vide Ari- stoph. Plut. 895. Nomina literarum, &c. ut, (Jjv, y^y, et CAVTizgv, 1. Tv injlne. vv plerumque corripitur ; ut, ^ivyvvv, vvv, igitiir^ ^a^vv, &c. Excipe nomina quae duas terminationes ha- bent ; ut, (po^y^vv, et (po^zvg* et accusativum ab vg longa ; ut, h^p^vv, (jbvv, hx^v quibus adde primam singul. indicat. aoristi secundi verborum in (Jji; ut, IheiTCVvv, 'i(pvv^ &c. 2. T^ in fine. v^ finale producitur ; ut, tv^, ignis, S. T^ in fine. Finita in ^)g corripitur; ut, 'Tr^x^g, (^ca^vg, o^vg, &c. 1. Excipe oxytona et circumflexa quae og pu- rum genitivi habent ; ut, 'TrkriGvg^ op^vg* et quibus sunt duae terminationes ; ut, (po^zvg, &c. zKirvg, autem habet ultimam brevem. Sic Eurip. Hip- . pol. 228. zXiTvg, okv (rot 'ttmijjOc y'lvoir av. Soph. An- tig. 1144. Sic etmm '7r'k'/]0vg, apud Apollon. Rhod, I. 239. 'Tfkri&vg STrs^x^fijivcov, 2. Excipe etiam monosyllaba ; ut, (jjvg, (rvg, et terminationes verborum in fjiji ; ut, kd&zpvg, ^zuywg, &c. rROSODIA GllAECA. 27 II. DE INCREMENTIS ANCIPITUM. 1. Incrementa hi a/ Crementa in a plerumque brevia sunt j ut, ff&;- [Jbcc 'CCTog, z^sccg, vszra^, (juikccv, &c. Excipe nomina masculina in ccv ; ut, T/ray -avog' Tiav, -dvog* item Aeolicum genitivum 5 ut, Aimcco, His adde z^cig, fcpoirog, "v^ag, ^^^al, %a|, fco^ha^^ Omnia in a^ puro producuntur, ut o/ag, -a;^^^, pyal, &c. 2. Incrementa in /. i incrementum plerumque breve est j ut, g^/^, g^/'§o?, ^sX/j &c. 1. Excipe nomina duarum terminationum ; ut, hskpg, 'hog, ILzrig, Item monosyllabaj ut, ^/V, "^hog^ "^gi-^ 5 praeter A/V, %^^l, c't/S, et r/?. 2. Quaedam in ig, -i^og, et -idogj pleraque in /|, -/yo^, et 'ifiog: ut, fcv'/i[jijig, -ihg; a-v^/V, -i^^o?; fcg?]7rigy -l^og; 6(pgay)g, -ibog; (3a>^S/V> -/^o^; o^v/^, -7^0^; (jjccart^, ''tyog; (poivil^ 'Izog'y TiTTi^, -'iyog, et omnia quae duas prio- res syllabas breviant j ut, pcio;j, ho7ior; ciTii/jog^ ijihoiioratiis ; k^voo, zk^vov, A privativum breve est, ut ariiMg : Epici autem in vocibus plusquam trisyllabis, omnes vocales breves habentibus, producunt ; ut, dMmrog, A^i, l^i, (d^s^ dvg, ^a, in compositione corripiun- turj ut, ^cchog. IV. DE POSITIONE. 1. Brevis vel anceps vocalis ante duas conso- nantes vel duplicem semper producitur ; ut, (TTifjU' }jj(jLT ixcf)v. Homer, dl^yjig hlvr^. Id. "og rk joos. Id. 2. In Heroico carmine brevis vel anceps voca- lis ante mutam et liquidam plerumque produci- tur ;t ut, wg *o TTgotjO^ 'I'Ttituv y.ou ^i(p^ov ziiro rawffdug, Horn, * Quaedam in va penultimam fut. primi corripiunt. Vide p. 16. f Nonnulli feriint vocalem brevem inveniri correptam ante ^T et (Tx, scil. in AlyvTcriui. II. I. 382. et 2xotf4,civd^iev, Z, 402. Verum prior rectius trisyllabica vox habenda est, et posterior so PROSODIA GRAECA. 3. Brevis ante duas vel duplicem liquidam fere semper producitur ; ut, JEurip. Heracl. 4. In Tragicis vocalis initio vel in media vocis saepius brevis est ante mutam et liquidam 5* ut, --1 w -I w -lw-|u-l^/- Eurip. Suppl. 724. \j - I w -I Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 1130. zee) i^' 7J(jjO(,^ yi^yi ^v(jj(jijsr^ov[Mvov y^oovco. Id. 73. 5. Tragici aliquando vocalem ante ^v corripi- unt 5 sic, Eurip. Iph. Aul. 6. Vocalis brevis, pedem claudens, ante p in vocis sequentis initio, apud Poetas scenicos pro- ducitur ; ut, antiquitus videtur fuisse Kxf^xvd^iov. Ante tt^, in Tr^ocr/iv^oif sem- per corripitur : Koit fAiv ^av^cx? iTnot wTggo'jvrcc Tr^^tc-nv^oc. II. A. 201, * Rarius vocalis brevis ante mutam et liquidam in verbo composite producitur, si in ipsam juncturam cadit : rarius etiam augmentum post praepositionem eodem modo positum produ- citur ; rarissime ubi praepositio verbo jungitur. Vide Porsoni Not. ad V. 64. Eurip. Crest. ItifAVeci yesg' iVTFcci'hiv'Tec §' u%tr^%7Fii Ajy£^t^^'^ eic-Tgg oTTU^ivca ivacXiyKiov. II. E. 5. c-X}j;TTf A5 dl xiipvxuv h y^z^^T i^cv vii^o(pcovuv. II. 2. 505. * Sed hoc perraro fit ; a Poetis enim Scenicis cautum erat ne diphthong! verborum occurrerent vocali ab altera voce inci- pienti. Conjunctio kx\ saepe contrahitur per crasin cum se- quenti vocali ; ut, x v) Tioivuicii a%i(rre^fj, — ww|— -I — WW II. 2. 311, fjb^ (Jboi Ti Sf](Ticog 7UV h\ ^Yivvarig tozcj, -Iw -I- -|« _|-_|wi. Eurip. Hippol. 522. 'Xd^xsg h' aT offriav^ aarz. Eurip. Med. 1 1 97. - - I w _, _ _| * Kjjj^— I \J — \ \J — Eurip. Hippol. 653. oh (/jCcKKov ovhh rovh rdph^og. Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 1018, 8. M^ ov et 7] ov semper apud Atticos, et ple- rumque alios Poetas, in unam syllabam coa- lescunt; ut. * Hoc saepe fit apud Tragicos, sed in vocibus tantiim BiU, vio?, et nominibus propriis. PROSODIA GRAECA. ^^ Aristoph. Lys. 128. Soph. Aj. 540. Vide Aristoph. Ran. 68. Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 221. Haud semper apud Homerum, qui saepius dis- jungit : vide II. O. 506, 510, &c. 9. Tragici et Comici fere semper erases in vo- cibiis, n sidsmi et [jy/j zlhivat, Its) ov, lya) ou, et in concurrentibus oj, s/, et c^, ov, faciunt ; ut, TO ihri zlhivdi (Jbh TC^SJrov sjcXvei zdfcrig. — |u-| - -|u -I --I w - Eurip. Hippol. 1361. ^dvovT iitii OV (JjOi cpovri y avuig s^srov. Soph. Oed. Col. 1436. lyoj ovz aocc ffx^i^^^i &C. Aristoph. Lysist. 284. Vide etiam 273. Sic etiam Homerus, U. N. 277. (jjiXKcj, Itts} ovdi 1[JjS TrdiJjTrap Vide Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 332. lyco ovr 1^d(,vtov. Eurip. Iph. Taur. 1202, habet ^vfTi^eia pro ^ sv- ffi^ua. Theocr. Idyl. II. 66, tmv&ovXoio pro rov EySo6Xo/o* (jj^ eX^rjg ohvg, Aeschyl. S. Th. 711. 10. I paragoge nusquam inter Tragicos lambos vel Trochaeos admittitur. Tirones erases sequentium observent, scil. rovi^' ^ivdi pro TO b^bh ; zdroc pro zu} sir a ; ?curt pro zal 'in ; zocu pro zee} \v ; zclv ,pro za) ecu ; kiI pro kcju u ; 40 PilOSODIA GRAECA. x>kyoj pro KotA \yoi> ; za'Triira. pro kol) s'TrsiToc ; xcck pro xal Ix ; tovi/jOv pro to l^ov ; ov^og pro o I/ao?'; ly^^a pro g/fii) oi^o!. ; uvTog pro o ccvrogy idem; yja'TCcag pro »a/ oVtfy^ ; m&qpti'jcog pro o av&ga'xog ; ^y'l';?^ pro J ai^^^ ; quidam scribi volunt avrig ; ^J^Xa pro ra oVXa ; joooy- (rr/y pro \ijfH hnv per crasin et ecthlipsin ; ^aVggct pro ra gVsga, &c. Ka/ nunquam crasin cum bv facit nisi in com- positis ; nunquam cum as/. Porson. Not. ad Eur. Orest. 1422. PIGURAE DICTIONIS. Prosthesis apponit capiti, sed aphaeresis aufert. Syncopa de medio tollit, sed epenthesis addit. Abstrahit apocope fine, sed dat paragoge. Constringit crasis^ distracta diaeresis effert. Litera si legitur transposta metathesis exit. Antithesin dices tibi litera si varietur. Ruddiman* Y. DE PEDIBUS- Pes est nexus duarum pluriumve syllabariim, quarum tempora* sunt vel eadem vel diversa. * Notandum est unam longam syllabam aequalem esse tern* pore duabus brevibug. FROSODIA GRAECA. 41 Pedes sunt vel simplkes, ut dissyllabi et trisyl- labi ; vel compositi, ut tetrasyllabi. Pedes Dissyllabi sunt quatuor, 1. PyrrJiichius constat ex duabus syllabis bre- VibuS yj yj, ut, 0£O^. 2. Spondaeus, ex duabus longis, — ; ut, 'r,^ojg, 3. Iambus, ex brevi et longa, u - ; ut, ytkoog, 4. Trochaeus, ex longa et brevi, - v^ ; ut, c^/^a. Pedes TrisyllaU sunt octo, 1. Dactylus constat ex longa et duabus brevi- bus, — w w ; ut, ^rfkiog* 2. Anapaestus, ex duabus brevibus et longa, V w — ; ut, (jjsyaXriv, 3. TribrachySy ex tribus brevibus, Kjyjyj'^ ut, gysro. * 4fi Molossus, ex tribus longis, ; ut, 'ri^cohrig. 5. Amphibrachys, ex brevi, longa et brevi, ^ - u ; ut, 'oiJjYioog^ 6. Amphimacer, seu Creticus, ex longa, brevi et longa, -».»-; ut, 'yiys(j.MV, 7. Bacchius, ex brevi et duabus longis, u-- ; ut, PorifjjMV. 8. Antibacchius, ex duabus longis et brevi, — u J ut, 'yi^pccJcTTog, 42 PROSODIA GRAECA. Pedes Tetrasyllabi sunt sedecinif et ita ordinantur. L 1. Choriambus, ex longa, duabus brevibus et longa, seu trochaeo et iambo, -kj Kj-y ut, *ri[Mrs^M. 2. Antispastus, ex brevi, duabus longis et brevi, seu iambo et trochaeo, ^ — yj; ut, yjikoo&inoL. 3. lonicus a majore^ ex duabus longis et toti- dem brevibus, sive spondaeo et pyrrhichio, — u u ; ut, mGiJbnroqi, 4. lonicus a minore^ ex duabus brevibus et tot- idem longis, seu pyrrh. et spondaeo, w u — ; ut, S 11. 1. Paeon primus, ex longa et tribus brevibus, seu trochaeo et pyrrh. -u^j kj ; ut, '^rrjaixo^og. 2. Paeon secundus^ ex brevi, longa et duabus brevibus, seu iambo et pyrrh. u - u u ; ut, twvvid. 3. Paeon tertius, ex duabus brevibus, longa et brevi, seu pyrrh. et trochaeo, u u - u ; ut, KXso- ^oOXog, 4. Paeon quartus, ex tribus brevibus et long%, seu pyrr, et iambo, c» i> v> - ; ut, ^eoyhrig. TROSODIA GRAECA. 43 III. 1. Epitritus primus, ex brevi et tribus longls, sive iambo et spondaeo, u ; ut, a^mrzi^g. 2. Epitritus secundus, ex longa, brevi et duabus longis, seu trochaeo et spondaeo, -u — ; ut, iv- 3. Epitritus tertiuSy ex duabus longis, brevi et longa, seu spondaeo et iambo, — u - j ut, cair^- 4. Epitritus quartuSy ex tribus longis et brevi, seu spondaeo et trochaeo, u ; ut, (pmna^aof. His adjungantur quatuor sequentia quae minus in usu sunt : 1. Proceleusmaticus, ex quatuor brevibus, seu duobus pyrrh. u u u u ; ut, (pikoao^og. 2. Dispondaeus ex quatuor longis, ; ut, 3. DiiambuSf ex brevi, longa, brevi et longa, u — o — ; ut, oivdz^m, 4. Dichoraeus, sive duobus trochaeis. - w - u j ut, d^y^hri^og* EPITRITI. 1. w 2. -V. — 3» — — CI — 4. sj f2 44 PROSODIA GRAECA. VI. DE METRIS. ^ Metrum proprie constat ex duobus pedibus ; quia in scenicis spectaculis tibicen, qui rythmum et tempus moderabatur, terram pede semel per- cutiebat, dum actor duos pedes pronuntiabat. Accidunt unicuique pedi sublatio, quae arsis dicitur, et positio, quae thesis. — " In unaquaque " parte orationis," ait Priscianus, '* arsis et thesis '' necessariae sunt, non in ordine syllabarum, sed **^ in pronunciatione, velut in hac parte, natura ; " ut quando dico 7iatic, elevatur vox, et est arsis " in tu ; quando vero ra, deprimitur vox, et est " thesis." — Hoc praemisso, baud alienum erit Dawesii canonem in usum Tironum recensere, scil. — " In metris lambicis. Iambi, Spondaei et * " Omnis structura ac dimensio et copulatio vocum" inquit Quinctilianus, Inst, lib. ix, cap. 4, *'^ constat aut numeris (nu- *' meros py^^ttoy? accipi volo) aut f^ir^a), id est, dimensione qua- " dam. Quod etiam si constat utrumque pedibus, habet tamen " simplicem differentiam. Nam rythmic id est, numeric spatio " temporum constant : metra etiam ordine : ideoque alterum " esse quantitatis videtur, alterum qualitatis." — " Sunt et ilia *' discrimina, quod rythnis libera spatia, metris finita sunt." PROSODIA GIIAECA, 45 ** Anapaesti in ultimam : Tribraclii et Dactyli in ** mediam : In Trochaicis, pedis cujusque in pri- " mam: In Anapaesticis, Anapaesti et Spondaei ** in ultimam; Dactyli et Proceleusmatici in pe- 7itiUmam, ictus cadit."* Vide Miscell. Crit. § v. Vide etiam Hermann, de Metris, p. 16. et seq. Metuorum sunt praecipue novem genera, quae nomina sortiuntur ex pede sibi proprio vel qui in unoquoque maxime invalescit Scilicet, 1. lam- hicum, 2. Trochaicumy 3, Anapaesticum^ 4. Dacty- licum, 5. Choriambicum, 6. Antispasticum, 7. loni- cum a majore, 8. lonicum a minore, 9. Paeonicum, Ex numero metrorum, seu duorum pedum in quocunque versu, metrum nominatur, vel Mono- metrum, ex uno metro vel duobus pedibus con- stans ; Vimetncm, ex duobus metris vel quatuor pedibus ; Trimetrum, quod etiam Senarium nun- cupatur, ex tribus metris vel sex pedibus ; Tetra- metrum, ex quatuor metris, vel octo pedibus. Sunt alia quidem quae per moiiopodiam^ i. e. sin- gulos pedes, mensuram habent ; ut, Pentametrum, ex quinque pedibus constans ; et Hexametrum, ex sex : alia vero per Dipodiam, i. e. binos pedes ; ut lambica et Trochaica. Haec dispositio pedum Syzygia etiam vocatur. Duorum pedum conjunctio qui cum ordinibus baud cohaerent Basis dicitur. E dimensionis terminatione versus est vel Aca- * Dactyli ictus In primam cadit. 4}Q PROSODIA GRAECA. t talectus, vel Catalectus, vel BrachycatalectuSy vel Hypercatalectus. 1. Acatalectus est cui nihil aut deest aut super- est, vel cui est justa pedum mensura j ut in hoc lambico, 'XoCkoLi zvvrjyBTOvvra zcu [JbBr^ov[/jBi>ov. Soph. Aj, 2. Catalectus est cui deest in fine syllaba 5 ut in hoc Trochaico, Aristoph. Achar. 706. 3. Brachycatalectus est cui totus pes in fine deest ; ut, ihihlv yiyavTi, Eurip. Phoeniss. 127. 4. Hypercatalectus est, cui una vel duae sylla- bae supra justam mensuram abundant ; ut in hoc Dactylico. rZv (/jSydXMV AavocSJv, Soph. Aj, 224. Ultima syllaba versus communis est nisi in Ana- paesticis, lambicis, Trochaicis et lonicis a maj. ' Dimetris. De Caesura. Caesura est cum post perfectum pedem super- est syllaba vocem finiens. Caesurae species sunt quatuor : 1 . Triemimeris^ cum post primum pedem, seu duos semipedes, re- linquitur syllaba, vocem finiens. 2. Penthemimeris^ cum post duos pedes, seu quatuor semipedes, re- PROSODIA GRAECA. 47 linqultur sjllaba, 3. Hephthemimeris^ cum post tres pedes, sen sex semipedes, relinquitur syllaba. 4. Ennemimeris^ cum post quatuor pedes, seu octo semipedes, relinquitur syllaba. Hie loci opportunum est observationes Dawesii de pedibus laox^ovoig^ sive mhwa^otg enarrare :— " Videntur quidem viri eruditi tota via errasse " qui pedes in universum laox2,ovovg sive iffohmfjuovg ** statuerint, quorum tota quantitas sit aequalis. " Contra enim mihi persuasum est illos duntaxat " pedes a veteribus tanquam hox^ovovg haberi soli- " tos, qui in singulas itidem partes temporibus " aequales secari possent, ita scilicet ut singulis " longis vel singulae itidem longae, vel certe bi- " nae breves responderent. En tibi pedum ex- " empla cum Iffoygomv tum uviGox^omv. Iambus, o Tribrachys, <^ - Trochaeus, - u \.t Tribrachys, u u B C I u Spondaeus, Ki Dactylus, Anapaestus, u u D E u U Trochaeus, -o Spondaeus Iambus, \j\— Amphibrachys, 4 ^ Kt ** Habes utique linearum secantium ABC, utra- ** vis ex parte tempora non nisi aequalia ; reliqua- " rum vero D et E non nisi inaequalia. Percipis " jam rationem decantati illius, 6 T^oxoCiog avriTakl ** 7u ici(j^Q&fy sive ob quam in versu Trochaico lam- 48 PROSODIA GRAECA. ** bus, in lambico vicissim Trochaeus nusquam *^ locum habeat." — " Hinc etiam ratio elucescit ^' cur amphibrachyn spondaeo, adeoque dactylo " et anapaesto pariter dvri'Traklv videre sit j sive *' cur pes iste in versu neque anapaestico, nequ^^ ** trochaico, nee denique iambico conspiciatur." — " Est utiqueluce clarius, si totam pedum quan- " titatem spectes, trochaeo iambum, spondaeo, '^ adeoque dactylo etiam atque anapaesto amphi- " bracbyn esse mhvm^ovj^ — Vide Miscell. Crit. p. 65. His addere licet tabulam solutionum et con- tractionum in usitatissimis numeris, ex Hermann! judicio. — Vide p. 36, Troch» Dactyl. Paeon 1. / / i — L> — U W " %J yj\j / / y Kf\J\J KJ KJ\J \J \J sj \j \j yj i / V7 vy — — VJ — KJ SJ \j — Iamb. Anapaest. Paeon 4 / 4 / KJ — ^\J — KJ \J KJ — i i / \J\J\J J sj \j KJ \J yj PROSODIA GRAECAi 49 I. . De Metro Iambico. yj 1 . De Iambico Trimetro sive Senario* 1. lambicus Trimeter, sex constans pedibus, apud Tragicos scriptores omnibus in locis lam- hmn sumit ; qui pes in omni praeter ultimum loco in Tribrachyn dissecari potest. '^oCkon zvi^j^ysTOuifToc zoct fjijir^ovfjjivov. Soph. Aj. Eurip. Hecub. 799. Eurip. Med. 596. 2. Idem versus in locis imparibus, scil. Imo, 3tio, et 5to, Spondaeum admittit. Eurip. Orest. 600. 3. Hunc Spondaeum in Imo loco, vel in Dac- tylum, vel in Anapaestum, Tragici dissecabant j in stio loco, tantum in Dactylum j in 5to, neque in Anapaestum neque Dactylum. 50 PROSODIA GRAECA. Eurip. Tr. f/jT^TB^OCy 70 au^^OV T sXaQsi) U» 77Jg |L>|W*^Ogaf. Id. Orest. 495. xcckcog [Jbh zi'Trccgy ^vyctrs^* aXka roj zciKm, Eurip. Hec. 382. aaokatrrog oyj^og^ vavrizri r ava^yjoL, Id. 605. WW -|w -|- -|w- |w-| w- ^vvzTog ^\ xooqilv 6(J!jO(TB Toig Xoyotg ^sKcov, ww«-|w —l*" «w|u "I w— |w — Eurip. Orest. 9ll. 4. In quavis senarii sede praeter ultimam, Ana- paestus proprii nominis usurpatur, ista lege tamen ut in eadem voce totus contineatur ; ut, 1^0/ [Jbh ovhlg iitv&og A-vriyovri, cpikuv. Soph. Ant, 2^u h* Ig oipcovg ^^^(jjtovyj rmg xqpvov ; — — |u -J - - I UV-| W- \ \J — Eurip. Orest. 1209. Vide etiam i670. 5. Senarius duas praecipuas caesuras habet, pe7ithemimerim, et hephtheynimerim, Prioris sunt quatuor genera, Imo, vel in brevi syllaba ; 2do, vel in brevi post elisionem ; Stio, vel in longa ; 4to, vel in longa post elisionem. Alterius plura sunt : Imo, cum in fine dissyllabi vel hyper dis- syllabi occurrit sine elisione ; 2do, post elisio- PROSODIA GRAECA. 51 nem ; 3tio, cum brevis syllaba est enclitica vox ; 4to, cum non est enclitica, sed talis quae senten- tiam inchoare nequeat; 5to, cum vox ista ad praecedentia quidem refertur, potest vero incho- are sententiam ; 6to, cum syllaba brevis post eli- sionem fit. — Vide Porsoni Praef. ad Hec. p. 27. 6. Est et alia senarii divisio, quam si non cae- suram, quasi caesiiram liceat nominare. Ea est cum tertius pes elisionem patitur, sive in eadem voce, sive additis y\ h\ [jif, g\ r\ mvrsTrs (Jj^ (pstbiG^'* ky&f "rzzov ITa^/v, Eurip. Hecub. 387. Id. 355. 7. Caesura, quae pentliemimeris est, prima Dactyli, in 3tio loco, syllaba esse debet : Nonnun- quam etiam vox, vel monosyllaba, vel ita ex eli- sione facta, eundem pedem inchoat.* * Hanc legem inviolatam servari in octo Fabulis observavi ; scil. Prometh. Vinct. et Sept. contra Theb. Aeschyli, ex edit. Blomfieldii : Oedip. Tyi\ et Antig. Sophocl. ex edit. Brunckii : Hecub. Phoeniss. Medea et Orest. Eurip. ex edit. Porsoni ; nisi uno in loco hujus postremae Fabulae : scil. KvK>.a yu^ zlXta-G-of^idx TTocy^dXKoi^ oTrXoig. 438. Hunc versum duobus modis emendavit Valckenarius in Annot. ad Phoeniss. Eurip. v. 717. '' Scribi malini isto versu," " mquil, Kvx.>^ai y iM(r)<7ei>f TS TTXTipoC X.»] KOPViV TTOCTtV T if^OV, In Orest. Eurip. Tribrachys multo saepius quam in aliis Fabu- lis invenitur; scil. ducenties et undecies, cum viginti et tribus exceptionibus. Qui numeri, et unus et alter, omnes alios ce- teris Fabulis tam longe exsuperant, ut dubitetur an haec Fabula adhuc non erroribus referta sit.* * Haec et alia reputanti visum est legem de Tribracho servari, nisi in no- minibus propriis plusquam trisyllabis. Obscrvandum est praeterea Aescliy- lum vix aut nc vix quidcm earn violarc . parcius Sophoclera, saepius liuripi- dem, Comitos plorimique spernerc. 54 . PROSODIA GRAECA. 11, Comici autem, qui sermones solutiores imi- tabantur, lias leges de Anapaestis et Dactylis saepe violant ; ut, Aristoph. Pint. 5. |w - I iva, (.(j^ Biayiyi)Ma^ot(Mi rovrm [jjT^divcc. Id, 91. Aristoph, Plut. 35. oZcov ri^vyog, r^ccffiag, l^ioov 'TrsPiovaiocg, •• *| V •• I WW— Jww— |ww— |w — Id. Nub. 51. Id. 239. Anapaestus saepius in Imo, Sdo, 410, et 5to, rarius in 3tio, loco invenitur. Dactylus in Imo et Stio, rarius in 5to. In Satyricis fabulis Anapaestus in sede 2da, 4ta5 et 5ta, invenitur. lamhici Trimetri apiid Tragic os Tabula. 1. N. P. ^ 2. 3. 4. 5. www iw WW w WW www — WW WW— W v=» ^ «„— WW"" 6. Utriusquc cacsurae locus linca simplici dcnotatur. PROSODIA GllAECA. 55 1. lambicum Monomctrum Hypercatalccticum ex iambica syzygia cum syllaba hypercatalectica constat ; ut, fTT^iCpovfft (poiijjOLi. Eurip. Med. 417. Versus idem est ac Dochmiacus. In Dimetris, tarn lamblcis quam Trochaicis et Anapaesticis, ultima syllaba baud communis est ; sed versus per awd^puav decurrunt usque dum ad versum catalecticum, quo omne systema clauda- tur, deventum sit. — Vide Brunck. Annot. in Ran. Aristoph. 984 j et Dawesii Miscell. Crit. p. 30. rig rriv zB(pccki^v ccTn^fjdozBv r?^ (jjocivihg ; ro r^vQxlov - -|W- |v^ -(W- ro TB^vamp rihrj/C sfjijoi' 'TTOv TO ff/co^odov (jboi TO y^dscTim / <>.?./ rig rrig iXccag Tra^sr^ayBV ; rscog ^' ccQskrs^A/rs^oi t ziXYivorig Ma(jbiJbcczvOof. Aristoph. Ran. 984. Vide Eurip. Phoeniss. 249, 314, 315. 56 PROSODIA GRAECA, 2. De lamhico Dimetro Acatakctico et Cotaleciico, 1. Systema Dimetrorum Acat. Tribrachyny Spondaeum et Anapaestum saepius ; Dactylum parcius admittit. In Dimetris Comici easdem leges de Dactylis et Anapaestis quas in Trimetris servant. rofccvra (/jsvtoi 'y&i (p^onlv. Aristopb. Ran. - -1 w -1 - -I w - 'TTov [Jboi TO^i ; Tig rovr 'iXoc^s ; Id. 'TTOV TO CKO^ohoV [/jOt TO y^^sffivov ; Id. Tig — Id. 2. In Catalectico Iambus syllabam catalect. semper antecedit. Tj^aog TOT h podoiffi, Anacr. A'TTokoiTO TT^coTog avTog, Id. Ti ^ II - --I - - l_ - ^ I - Id; 1549. PROSODIA GRAECA. 59 4. Trochaici Tragici caesura una est, qua ver- sus post quatuor pedes absolutes ad finem inte- grae vocis dividitur, quae nee articulus nee prae- positio sit oportet. TOif 'EXs^??^ riacAvrag oXiC^oVy rivTiv jj^TrccG^v Ud^ig, Eurip. Iph. Aul. 1382. 5. In pedibus dissolutis illud unum cavetur, ne Spondaeo vel Anapaesto in sexta sede, Tribrachys in septima subjiciatur. Si ab initio detrahis Creticum vel Paeonem pri- mum sive quartum, versus fit Senarius, cui caesura semper apud Tragicos, saepe apud Comicos pen- themimeris est ; sic, l^TTidsg ^' ovTTco pccchvdovff^ alg TrsTroi^GC avv ^ioig. w - 1 II Eurip. Phoeniss. 643. ^ w w - 1 II Orest.^ 1548. jj ^ikm y IzkiXoiTe rag ohvg* 6 b' T^Tjog, « -I Aristoph. Nub. 580, Tov GTZ^puvov dcpri^i^ri' [JjoIXXov ya^ oiircog SiffSTcct. Id. 621. zuToi SsX^fpji; ojg olyuv y^o^ rod (^lov rag ^(/jS^Gcg. ^ - " -I II Id. 622. 6. In Trochaicis Comici nonnunquam caesuram negligunt ; Dactyl urn non recipiunt nisi in pro- prio nomine ; pedem Tribrachyn ante syllabam h2 60 PROSODIA GRAECA. catalecticam admittunt. Saepe Trochaeo et Spon- daeo ad finem versus invicem utuntur. Trochaici Tetrametri apud Tragicos Tabula, ]. 2. 3, 4. 5. 6. 7. — u • w — w — w — w — w — w - www www www www www www www - w w — w w •• w w — - N. P. - v^ w — WW — WW — WW — WW - Linea simplex locum caesurae notat. 2, De Trochaico Monometro Acatalectko. 1, Trochaicum Monometrum Acatalecticiim ex duobus Trochaeis, vel Trochaeo et Spondaeo con- stat; ut, (iov(p6votg Tag', Aeschyl. Prom, Eurip. Orest. 956. w| - - w I - - 2. Trochaicum Monometrum Hypercatalecti- cum constat ex Ditrochaeo et syllaba ; ut, %ik yag 0so/. Aeschyl. c. Theb. 565. w| - 1. Trochaicum Dimetrum Catalecticum, Euri- pideum a Grammaticis vocatum, constat ex duo- bus Ditrochaeis, quorum alter est catalecticus. In 1>R0S0DIA GRAECA. 61 prions secunda sede Spondaeus etiam admittitur ; Tribrachys ubique ; fjuj]d aXoc(T70V avo^ tocov. Soph. Oedip. Col. 1483. - V I - v| - v| Eurip. Orest. 958. Vide 246, 252. Toy ^g 'SevccXzfjg am^, Aeschyl. Pers. 968. Kdd(jtjog 'iiJbokB rocpde yolv. Tv^iog, tS rzr^ocffzskrjg, Eurip. Phoen. 647. Vide Soph. Oed. Tyr. 884, 886, 888, 1087, 1338. 2. Trochaicum Dimetrum Acatalecticum con- stat ex diiobiis Ditrochaeis. In sede secunda et quarta Spondaeus admittitur : in omnibus Tribra- chys. Utrumque in Avibus Aristophanis occurrit, ad V. 1470, hoc modo. (Vide Gaisfordi Notam ad Haephest. 261, de Metro Trochaico.) — ^ay- ^ I - - I - w| - s^ 'i'/CTOTTov ri KOL^hiag a- . "kiyzTOv ZTri tov kvahi^ZG^ov, Ran. 1 106. Im'wwIww v|www| 62 PROSODIA GRAECA. zoim uJfjijCCf zotvoi rizBoc. Eurip. Phoen. 254«. zou 70 ^go^sv ou yoi^ olhfcov, - Id. 265. Vide etiam Aristoph. Av. 385, et 395 5 sic, 6 YLc^cA^ziTtog di^eroci vm, U wv|--|-v/|- - v|ww u|vw w|— — ig akiaiaiv l7rsv^cc(j(jevof»* Soph. Philoct. 1452 7. Semper observandum est ultimas versuum syllabas minime pro communibus habitas esse, sed eadem diligentia servatas ac si in mediis versibus reperirentur. Hanc legem cvva^pnav Grammatici dicunt; sic, G'TTivhcov, Aeschyl. Prom. 191. — "I" — |WW— I — WW elig [jbot Tc^imaiv mi^ovg ; Eurip. Hec. 86. I - -I v^ w -I - 1. Anapaesticus Aristophanicus, quod etiam tetrametrum dicitur, duobus dimetris Anapaesti- cis constat, quorum alter alteri est catalecticus. * Talis versus non inter legitima Anapaestica recensendus est. Vide supra ad p. 66. Observatio maxime ad versum Pa- roemiacum pertinet. I 2 68 PROSODIA GRAECA. aXk' TJSij Y^v ri ikyziv vfjijoig^ — co^ov, a vmyiffin ri^vdh -I - I ^ w I - -I w w - 1 Aristoph. Plut. 487. v(/ji7g y ohig k(u S^uffvQovK&f AtovvfTtov ehai o(jijOtov, - ~ I - -I- wy|-,-|| WW -| WW -1 V " -1- Id. 550 2. In tribus prioribus locis praeter iVnapaestum ^t Spondaeum Dactylo utuntur ; quod et in 5to licet ; in 4to et 6to non licet. Nusquam Aristo- phanes syllabam catalecticam Spondaeo subjicit. (piih6[jjSVog ya^ zcu (^ovkoiJbevog rovrov (JbTjhh ^ocTrdvccffOau V K^[ - I - I w w - II - - 1 I w w -I S. Notandum est caesuram post 4tum pedem semper inviolatam servari. Cavendum est ne in praepositione yel articulo accidat. Tetrameiri Anapaestici apud Comicos Tabula. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. w w — w w — w u — WW- w w — WW — W W "• - — WW - w v^ •- w v — \J \J - Linea duplex locum caesurae notat. De Anapaesticis haec porro statuenda sunt. Anapaesticorum regulae Hexametrorum nor- mam sequi plerumque videntur, nisi duabus in rebus, Imo, Ubi locum habet Anapaestus, qui ictum in ultima syllaba sibi vindicat, nee non et PROSODIA GRAECA. 69 Spondaeus : Dactylus autem in prima. 2do^ Dac- tylus et Anapaestus saepe diphthongos 0/ et ov media in voce breviant. Quoniam igitur ictus in Anapaesti ultimam cadit, saepe observanda est vocalis longa et diphthongus, ante aliam, ab al- tera voce inclpientem, vocalem, pro brevi sump- ta : sic, Aristoph. Nub. 345. ?i TOi^ddi'kBt^ 71 'kvjico^ 7i rav^co,^-^ Id. 346, -I WW - \ -J - -1 avrui (^^ovraJfft zvktvd6(/jBmt, Streps, tm t^otcj, Z --I -_|ww-|ww-Il — ww| — Tocurci (TV rokiiim. Id. 374. - I w w - I - 7CJ S'/^ffsiScc ^\ oZm A0'/]vajv. Eurip. Hec. 12^. -I - - I , w w I Sic etiam penultima Ohffsvg brevis facta est, quod nusquam in lambicis accidit. i'|s/ ^' OdvcTBvg, offov ovz tjSt}, Id. 140. In sequenti diphthongus 01 vocab. rotavroit, ut brevis vocaHs pronuntianda est, quia ictus metri- cus in primam g/V/ syllabam cadit, ideoque pes est Dactylus. ov yoi^ laeivai y zlai TototvTai. Socr. (ps^g, Tirolai W Wl--| _WW|-- It VW -I- ya^ Tivig ihiv. Aristoph. Nub. 342. (WW -I 70 PROSODIA GBAECA* Eadem autem diphthongus oi in ^o/a/ suum tempus servat, duabus brevibus syllabis praeeun- tibus, ideoque pes est Anapaestus et ictum in ul- tima habet. ovhh SpuvTccg Qoffzovff* ccpyovg, on ravrag (jjOVffOTTOt- _-i_ -I- - I- - iiwo -I- -|wv odffiv. Id. S33. -1 - ffxi'^cct 701VVV d'TTo yaar^iltov rvpvovTovi' o7oc TiTro^docg, Id. 391. In primo versu dipthongus o; vocab* (Jbovaoroiovcriv corripitur ; pes enim est Anapaestus et tonum in ov habet : In posteriore, non solum diphthongus ov ante /' eadem in voce corripitur, verum etiam i' pa- ragogicum ante diphthongum o7 ab altera voce incipientem, suum tempus hand tenet : pes enim Dactylus esse non potest, sed Anapaestus. Cum vocalis longa aut diphthongus in fine vocis aliam vocalem longam ant diphthongum, primam pedis syllabam, excipit, cumque a voce sequenti vocaHs brevis, positione autem longa, incipit, haec brevis vocalis elidenda est, et pes Spondaeus fit. Sic, or/ (^^ivdusi r' h toTgtiv 6h7g xcci ru '(pdoKuj&f Trapcc- ^ ^ -I--1 - -|v ''-II- -I - -l^w QccKku. Id. 361. Vide Coll. Gr. Maj. vol. Ill, Annot. p. 293, (233). PROSODIA GRAECA. 71 IV. De Metro Dactylico. — WW E Spondaeo fluxit Dactylus ; ultima enim Spon- daei resoluta Dactylum efficit. 1. Dactyliciim Dimetrum Acatalecticum pu- rum ex duobus Dactylis constat. rig h' W) rv[jij&iog. Aeschyl. Agam. 1547. 2. Dactylicum Dimetrum Acatalecticum impu- rum in primo loco Spondaeum admittit ; nonnun- quam etiam in 2do. 'Teid&i fjbokrccv, Aeschyl. 3. Dactylicum Dimetrum Hypercatalecticum ex duobus Dactylis cum syllaba constat ; vel ex Spondaeo cum syllaba. ^rj^og 6^B(T(TtQccroc. Soph. Ant. 350. ol'/cr^pv ya^ ToXtv co^. Aeschyl. 4. Dactylicum Trimetrum Acatalecticum ex tribus Dactylis constat. In Imo et 3tio loco Spondaeum admittit. ^g|/a (jbh KocrociJ!jO[jb(poc ^s. Aeschyl. at M-ouffat 70V 'Eg^yra. Anacr. -I _ ^ w| - 5. Dactylicum Trimetrum Hypercatalecticum constat ex tribus Dactylis cum syllaba : Spondae- 72 PROSODIA GRAECA. um etiam in Imo, rarius in 2do loco admittit. Cavendum est ne Spondaeus ante syllabam Hy- percatalect. sit ; Eurip. Orest. 181. 6. Dactylicum Tetrametrum Acatalecticum ex quatuor Dactylis constat. In Ima et 2da sede, interdum etiam in Stia, Spondaeus admittiturj ut, Soph. Trach. 504. De Metro Logaoedico. Metrum Logaoedicum constat ex Dactylis duo- bus vel pluribus, et duobus Trochaeis, sive tro- chaica syzygia ; ut, Eurip. Hecub. 937. '7rv^(p6^og og rorz [JbatvoiAvcx, ^m op^Jjol, Soph. An tig. 135. De Dactyllco Hexametro* , 1. Dactyl. Hexam. et sex Dactylis constat, quorum loca, praesertim in pede 2do, 4to, et 6to Spondaei etiam indifferenter occupant. * Vide Observations on the Versification of Homer, Part, II. PROSODIA GRAECA. 73 2. In heroico hexametro pes quintus saepius Dactylus est, sextus Spondaeus semper, 3. Caesura, qiiae est in prima tertii pedis sylla- ba, sive Penthemimeris, Homero et antiquis Epi« cis maxime placebat ; ut, fji^^vtv oiiihi 0ga, Tirikiiidihoj AxiK^og, II. A. 1. 4. Saepe etiam caesura Hephthemimeris est, et nonnunquam ambae eodem versu inveniuntur; sic, II. A. 51. - \j ^\ _ ov|-||w v|-||-| -w w| - — Id. 62. 5. In caesurae tertii pedis loco saepe Trochae- us, vel ex integra voce, vel ultimis syllabis, admit- titur 5 rarius in quarti ; sic, tlvhqcL (jtjot mB'TTz 'Niovffoc '^ToKvT^O'Trov, Odyss. A. !• avrig sVg/ra ^g^of^s zvkivhiro Xaag dvathrjg, - \J W| - W ^|- ^11 ^1~ WV| - w|- - Id. Trocbaeus ex ultimis syllabis in 2do, 3tio, et 4to locis invenitur, sed hoc tantum cum aliquid raptim et inaequabili cursu progreditur j sic, TroXkoi b' clvana^ zdrcci/ra 'Trd^avrd tz hoy^id r rfkOov. II. ^.116. K .74? PROSODIA GllAECA. 6, Incisio saepe fit in fine quarti pedis, Bucolicis scriptoribus maxime observata ; sic, . . l cldu ri TO •vj/z^y^/o'^a zat a '^irvg alTrokz rfjvoc, ."^. - ~ Theocr. Idyll. I. v. 1 - - I - - I - w wi - \j \i II ■*. J. y^ H - - *-» -^ ; -^ Horn. 7. Cum magna et grandia Epicis sunt exorna- da, incisio saepe in sexto pede fit, qui turn mono- syllaba clauditur ; ut, - w wl - - j - V o| - - I - V w| - II Odyss. Sunt aliae incisiones in primo, secundo, aliisque pedibus, quas inter legendum melius erit expo- nere. Pentameter invicem cum hexametro in Elegi- acis admiscetur; sic in Eurip. Androm. 103. Ubi observandum est primum pedem semper Dacty- lum ; 2dum, vel Dactylum vel Spondaeum ; de- inde sequi caesuram ; postremo duos Dactylos cum caesura ; sic, '}iyoiyir svpoctccv elg ^ccXdi/jOvg 'EXsvaf. — ^ '-' I " — I II "■ i 1 y ^1 "* w w| - ■ I In aliis autem pes primus saepe est Spondaeus j Sic in Tyrtaei. Eleg. I. v. 4. PROSODIA GRAECA. 75 V. De Metro Choriambico.* — SJ KJ — 1. Choriambicum Monometrnm ex pede chori- ambo fit. 2. Choriambicum Monometrum Hypercatalec- ticum, quod etiam Adoneum vocatur, idem est ac Dactylicum Dimetrum impurum 5 sic, ryjh zoiJjiZ^zig. Eurip. Iph. in Aul. 1^6. - w v| -11 - S. Choriambicum Dimetrum Catalecticum ex Choriambo et Bacchio constat, vel lambica syzy- gia catalectica. (jijcc^ljba^osaffccv aiyXccv, Soph. An tig. 610. 4. Choriambicum Dimetrum Acatalecticum est aut purum aut impurum : illud ex duobus Chor- * Dubito an Graeci duplices pedes unquam excogitarint, ve) nomina conjunctis imposuerint. Nunc his nunc aliis pedibus copulatis uti forsari solebant, ut musices variationibus, salta- tionibusque numerosis melius responderent. Horum omnium autem prorsus ignari sumus, nullo lumine adhibito, cujus ope, hi pedes, in choris melicisque systematibus recte ordinentur. Hinc nihil certura et fixum inveniri potest ; sed alii aliam sen- tentiam de iis prae se ferunt, ut unusquisque arte metrica sese praestare putat. Malim, igitur, per singulos pedes versus cen- seri, quia, hoc modo, syllabarum solutiones et pedum variatio- nes melius discerni possunt. k2 ^6 PROSODIA GRAECA. iambis constat : hoc, aut in primo loco, aut in se- cundo, Antispastum* pro Choriambo admittit: quum in primo, Glyconeum Polyschematistum nominatur : de quo infra. vTot rg voijijav a^ycckicov. Aristoph. Lys. .V W WW — |~ WW — Vide etiam Aeschyl. Agam. 202. Sophocl. Oedip. Tyr. 483. 5. Invenitur Dimetrum Hypercat. sed rarius j sic; rav [Miyag ^iv^og ag|g/. ••W M— I ••WW"'! Soph, Aj. 226, 701. 6. Choriambicum Trimetrum Catalecticum con- stat ex duobus Choriambis cum Bacchio : vel in primo pede ex diiambo ;$ ut , av b* \x> i/jh oiTcuv 'TFccT^im 'i'Trkzvtrcx.g, Eurip. Med. 431. \j — I — V w— I w 7. Choriambicum Trimetrum Acat, apud So- phocl. Philoct. 1138, sic se habet, ^v^C ccTT uhy^oov amreKKovd^ oV g(p' ^ — — WW — I — WW— |— w w — * Frequenter dipodiis iambicis conjungitur. Vide Aristoph. Nub. ad finem : Equit. 548 ; Soph. Philoct. 687. f Resolutio longae syllabae. :J: Hujus metri lex est, ut ait Brunckius, ut in secunda sede sit Choriambus, si ultra dimetrum excrescit. PROSODIA GRAECA. 77 8. Choriambicum Tetrametrum Catalecticum constat ex tribus Choriambis cum Bacchio : non- nunquam Antispastum in primo loco, Diiambum in tertio admittit. In Lysistrata Aristoph. oc- currit cum Trimetro Acatalectico, Dimetro Ca- talectico et Acatalectico ; sic, aXXa (poSoy^a/ roh, (Jjuv vaTZ^d'jrovg ^oridu, 326. " — \< — I — W V —J •" \J w— \ v/ — — IJijoyig ccTo K^rivrig v'tc oy^ov zee) ^o^v^ovj w y w w "*l " ^ — j •• WW -■ hovkriffiv u(rri^o^ivri. Glycon. Polysch. ug w^} y^^ rag (jijV i-. v{:) i .' res Antispastus, ex lamba et Trochaeo con- flatus, hanc formam puram habet. o — I •• u 2. Pars prior iambica omnes varietates accipit quas in prima lambici trimetri sede adhibere Tragici solent. In posteriore quaevis Trochaei varietates admittuntur j sic, - Iamb. Trocli. \J \J \J \J V \J « y - W M PJaOSODIA GRAECA." 79 3, Est aliquando ut pro Antispasto, aut di- iambum aut ditrochaeum usurpent : et in secun- da diiambii sede Dactylus etiam adhibeatur. U — — U U Notandum est pedes in antistrophicis per singulas syllabas pedibus in strophicis baud semper respon- dere ; metra metris tantum opponere 5 biatus vo- calium longarum et diphtbongorum nonnunquam permitti, et interjectiones sive exclamationes -I - x. I -II « * Versus multo numerosior est cum syllaba dochmiaca cae- suram facit. PROSODIA GRAECA. 81 3. Antispasticuin Pherecrateum, Antispasticum Pherecrateum ex duobus metris constat, quorum prius est acatalect. posterius ca- talect. Metrum prius est vel Antispastus purus, cujus sedem priorem occupat Iambus vel Spon- daeus, vel Antispastus Trocbaicus : metrum pos- terius est Antispastus purus Catalect. sive Bac- chius. 1. 2* Vide Soph. Ajac. 229, 631,632. Philoct. 172. Oedip. Col. 670, 706. Antig. 109, 813, 843, 946. Aristoph. Ran. 1286. Eurip. Orest. 1477. Phoe- niss. 211, 214. Hippol. 143, 551. Ipb. Aul. 791, 1050, cum Tribracho. 3. Aiitispastkum Glyconeum,^ Antispasticum Glyconeum ex Antispasto et sj zygia iambica constat. Schema istiusmodi est : w — u — * Anacreontlcum etiam nuncupatun 82 PROSODIA GRAECA. Hinc vocatur Glyconeum cum lambo, Spondaeo et Trochaeo j sic, Soph. Philoct. 140. 'PTovrov ^mg l(prj^zvog. Id. 1124. roiv l^ijoiv (/jzKsou r^o vy 4 ^r. vy vy ij W W V 6. __ u - 7 w — 8. -- — w y# w •• — X v/« u u s^ 11. -. l U •i u u 18. -. — u 18. .. 1 20. ou- u - — V w — 1. Eurip. Hecub. 636. — 2. Eurip. Orest. 797, 798.-3. Eur. Orest. 1356.— 4. Soph, Antig. 108. — 5. Soph, Antig. 781. Aj. 375. — 6. Soph. Antig. 785, 838.-7. Soph. Trachin. 118.— S.Soph. Phil. 1441, 1144. Eur. Phoeniss. 236. — 9. Eur. Suppl. 978, 979.— 10. Eurip. Orest. 827,-11. Soph. Elect. 121, 122. Antig. 137. — 12. Eurip. Helen. 1334, &c.— 13. Eurip. Alcest. 471. — 14. Eurip. Iph. Aul. 168.— 15. Eurip. Orest. 826. — 16. Eur. Phoeniss. 178. — 17. Eurip. Med. 989 18. Soph. Antig. 107—19- Soph. Antig. 585. Philoct. 1167. L 2 84 PROSODIA GRAECA. — Vide Burneii Tentamen de Metris, pp. 39, 41 j Gaxsfordi Notas in Hephaest. p. 355-6 ; et Her- mann, de Metris, lib. II. c. 24. f / 'f-. p f/ » » ^ \ Eurip. Orest. 797. Soph. Antig. 108. 1. Antispasticum Dimetrum Glyconeum Hyper- catalecticum * constat ex antispasticis dimetris cum syllaba. Variae hujus metri formae hae sunt: V - I w - I - Soph. Oedip. Col. 6m. Vide etiam Eurip. Med. 330. Eurip. Heracl. 748. 2. Antispasticum Trimetrum Catalecticum ex tribus pedibus constat \\ sic, * Hoc etiam Sapphicum sive Hipponacteum vocatur. f Hujus metri est et alia forma quae in secunda dipodia An- t^spastum purum habet ; sic, PROSODIA GllAECA. 85 avdpo^ rot TO (mv gu hizaiov zl'Trziv* Soph. Philoct. 136, 683, 1140. Vide etiam Eurip. Orest. 823. Idem fere est cum Sapphicis hendecasyllabis, quorum norma haec est. Pes primus semper Trochaeus ; 2dus, vel Trochaeus vel Spondaeus ; sequitur Dactylus cum trochaica syzygia, cujus ultima syllaba communis est ; sic, UoiKiXoO^ou, dOccvccr A.|| ,^ _| - Soph. Oedip. Col. 694. -I- w|v - |_w|v-|- Sopli. Aj. 640. Vide etiam Oedip. Col, 096, 701, 703, &c. Ari&toph. Equit. 556, 557, &c. S6 PROSODIA GRAECA. Melius forsan hoc modo dividi potest ; scrriv oiov zyoj yoog A- ClOCg OVK I'TTOiZOVCtJ, 5. Antispasticum Tetrametrum Acatalecticum omnes Antispasti puri vel iambici formas, in om- nibus locis, admittit 5 sic, '^rmva't ^' sv "hkyovTzg avd^cc rov (Jbiv, ojg {Jjdy^/ig id^tg, w-|u -||v-|u -II w -I w -II V _|v- Aeschyl. Agam. 443. Melius dividi in Dimetra potest, hoc modo : S^a rov [hiVy ^g {LOLy/ig "id^ig. De metro Eupolideo Polyschematisto, vide Her- mann. Nub. Aristoph. p. 89. VII. De Ionico a Majore. — -^ KJ \J 1. Duo Trochaei aliquando locum lonici maj. in omnibus praeter primum locis, occupant. Ali- quando Paeon secundus (u - <^ v^) maxime in pri- ma sede. 2, Paeonem secundum aliquando Epitritus se- cundus (~ ^ - -) subsequitur, adeo ut duo pedes si- mul juncti dvuK^Kuaiv efficiant j ambo enim quod ad PROSODIA GRAECA. 8? temporis rationem, duobus lonicis a majore sunt aequales. 3. Omnis syllaba longa solutionem pati potest. Brevis est communis. 1. lonicum Dlmetriim Brachycatalecticiim,^ Paeon 2, ri M (m x^i^^^^^* Soph. Oedip. Tyr. 896. Ipps/ ^s ra ^Bioc, Id. 911, W u I Vide etiam Oedip. Col. 673, 1048, 1056. Aj. 914. Eurip. Med. 154, 438, 650, &c. 2. Dimetri Catalectici exeinplum ex Aristoph, Eccles. 290. ^{(T^O^iT'/ig^ Og OLV (jj7^ "T^^ ^avy rov z/i(povg - — w w I — w — ?;;i?7 /CB/COviiJAvog. w w| — Vide etiam Ran. 451, 462. Equit. IIOS. Soph. * In memoria tenendum est ultimam lonici dimetri syllabam minime communem esse praeterquam in clausula catalectica. 88 . PROSODIA GRAECA. Oedip. Tyr. 661, 1096. Col. 675, 1044. Electr. 486. Antig. 789. Eurip. Hecub. 470, 471, 899. Phoeniss. 216. Med. 850, &c. 5. Dimetrum Acatalecticiim. Paeon 2. rl rot totI rag ccTrXocffrot} W — wv|— w — — zofrag s^og^ Z i/jocraia, ffTTBuffu ^ocvocTOv rzkzvrdv. Brachyc, iltiHv roh "kiffffov. Eurip. Med. 152. Vide etiam Soph. Oed. Tyr. 885, 887. Col. 1214, Antig. 605, 783, 784, 790. 4. Trimetnim Brachycataleciiciim, Soph. Antig. 139. tjcov rd z^ccrtffToc ydg STravKcc, wi - - Id. Oedip. Col. 669. w I - w — w) Solutio prions longae, Eurip. Med. 648. w w — w v| •• V — w/| — ■ PROSODIA GRAECA. 89 6. Trimetriim Acatalecticum, roiv ov(f virvog al^sT 'ttoO' 6 Travroyfi^cug, mm — V S.^ I — — W W| — W - — Soph. Antlg. 606. ^mrouv (^lor&f ntOL^hirokv y IxTog drug. Id. 614- 7. Tetrametrum Brachycatalectium^ quod etiam Sotadicum dicitur. u Kou ^ocffiKzvg '7ri F, 3, \j yj — yj P. 4, \^ u u — - «j - Cret. .1, Hoc metrum nonnunquam Creticum voca- tur ; quod ad tempus enim attinet pes Creticus idem est. 2. Pes Baccliius u — aliquando, praesertim in clausulis, invenitur : omnes enim pedes, ex qiiin- que temporibus conflati, recipiuntur. 1. JMetrum Paeonicum Dimetrum ubique Cre- ticum pedem accipit ; qui pes aliquando et pri- mam et tertiam simul solutam habet ; sic, * Melius disjunctuni. M 2 92 PROSODIA GRAECA. ^ 'TTokmg i6jfc«£va/j u^ctig TCa.My, — WW|— WW[— — [— WW Dactyl. Dim, Elxvva-ug ;t;§eoj. — W W] — WW Dactyl, Hex, E -TirvifAXTU,, V -I -■ .-1 - v-l W-| v-| V- Oi/o \vi (p^ovrtdbg zyy^og^ — WW 167 170 n rig eiXi^irxi' tvrz yap ExyoFflt KXvTccg ^povog — WW w| — w — Av^ircctf ofTg roKoio-cv Ex ed. Bruiick. PROSODIA GRAECA. 9? CHOBCI SOPHOCLIS OEDIP. TYR. ANTISTROPHE.f Uparcc (TZ x.SKXof4,'iVci>t ^vyocnp A iocfft ^uvki J/a raivs "ptovou; xa.) rk? ulTvxg a,l rixrovaui. t/vsj ^6 rous B^^nvTirixovi •rovous, ocro rov taXifiou, 2aipo«X»j; O/^iVa^/ Tv^aivvM. Vox lYi'iuv naetrum pes- sundat, Milii videtur Dactyl. Pentarnetnim esse, in quo vocalis longa ante vocalem media in voce nunquam corripi debet, Praeterea Iri'ios est nomen Apollinis, ut supra 154, nee unquam lugiibris vel lacrr/mosus sonare potest ; neque consentaneum mulicrcs parturicntes vota Apollini facere, sed Dianae. Constructio quoque durior et inusitata videtur. A.vi^u, sustineo^ regit non- nunquam accusativum rei, quanquam haec significatio magis usui vocis mediae quam activae competit. Verum, si quidem negetur accusativum post a,nx,ouffit sensu sustinere vel lolerare, locum habere, altera lectio, scil. Iriuv xa/jLaruv praeponenda erit. Dubito equidem an lr,'ios unquam legi de- beat nisi ut Apollinis nomcn. Confundi suspicor voces I>joj et Ivt'os. Prior eiiim lugubris vol clamosa lavienlatio significare videtur ; posterior autem, ab Ixofiui, sano, derivata, Apollinem viedicinae Deum denotat: Int'os vel 'l«/«f fortasse in usu erat ex 't'nfjci, mitto ; quae vox cum spiritu aspero scribi debet, ad Eurip. Phocniss. 1050, 1051, loco Iriios. f Mctra Strophae respondent. N 98 PROSODIA GRAECA. Glyc, Polyschem. "AXXov d' av aXXw <7r^osi8oig, 175 Anap. Monom. Hyp, "A'tts^ ivTrs^ov o^m, Dactyl. Pentam. K^sT(j — laTTib. Dim. Brack. Ufog h(j^s^8 %^, Troch. Dim, Drack. '£lv ntokig avd^i&iJ^oQ oXXvroci, Anap. Monom. Hyp. ISiriXscc ds yhi^Xa. 180 METRORUM DISTRIBUTIO CANTUS Strophe d. Prosodiacus. * Avm 'rora/Muv h^uv 411 Dochmiacus. Xu^ov^i 'raya/, - -I u - I - Antipast. Irocfi. ct\Y.ai hhcf. Ttal <7tdvTa toXi)) 67^i(p2rat, Dact. Dim. Hyper.* j - «- -i- ^ ^i- ««i- Antisp. et Dock. 'Avd^u(^i imv doXiai ^ovXar ^sojv S' Dactyl. Trim. OuKsri iridTig d^cc^s. 415 Antisp. Irocfi. et \ fai; S' l^av suxXs/av gp(;;s/i/ (3iotuv Dact. Dim. Hyper * j - w - -i _ « ^i - ^^\- lamb. Mono. Hyperc. \ 2r^s^«(r/ ^a/^a/. vcZ Dochmiac. Iamb, j « -i « -i - Troch. Trim. Catal. "'^oyjrai ri}i,d yvvaDteioj ymi' vel Dactyl. Dochm. J - ww| - v v| - Iamb, Dim. Catal, a//a yjvaTKag s^ei. 420 - - 1 « - 1 - -I - Vel Antispast. ct Doclim. PROSODIA GRAECA. 99 Glyc. pur, cum Tr, W^g 'rsd(f) ^avar^j^ogw. DactijL Dim* impur. KiTrai amxrug' Dactyl. Tetram, 'Ev 5' oCko^oi, 'xokiai r It/ fxars^sg — W WJ — W V/J- W w| -WW Glyc. pur. cum Icmibo. ^Avrav rra^ciQdjfiiov w — — w II w — w— C%or, et Dock, Tr. "AWokv aXXai Xuy^uiv Tomv 185 — ww-|— w- ^1- Paroemiac. I'/crri^Bg s'tigrova-^ovffi .1 W W — I WW CHORICI EURIPIDIS MEDEAE* Antistrophe a. MouCa/ ds 'TraXaiymuv — ■•ww|'*ww- ^ A^^ouc' doidav, Tav l/Actf v/ji,vsuffai d'TncfTOduvav. •» w — — I - w v| — w w| — Ou ya^ Iv d/MTs^a yvuj/jja Xh^ag — w w(— ww||— — -• ^i" "ri'Tra&B %(!mv dotddv 425 — w w| — w uj - — i^o7Cog dyriTM^ /AsXswr Its/ dkr- --1^-1- - ^1- -t - -I - -1 - vi - IloXXd /X2V d/jjZTs^av — w w I — w w| — 'Avd^uv rs fj^oT^av zl'jrsTv. 430 - - I w -I V -I w * Ex edit. Porsoni. N 2 100 PROSODIA GRAECA. Strophe /3'. Cfumamb. Trim, Cat. 2;) ^ Ix (mv bl%m Targ/wv 'i'TrXivgag 143 Z>acti/L Dim. Hyper. \ Mam/Mva x^ahia, vel Dactyl. Dochm. J - « vi - w v|- lonic. a maj. Dim.\ Aih-j[j.o\jg h^kam 'ttCvtou Acat. J %/v^-uwi-« -- Ionic, a maj. Dim. Cat. Usr^ag* I'Ki Ks ^sva Ion. maj. Dim. Acat. 'Nakig y^kvh rag uvdvo^ou 435 w w I — V •- Id. Kolrag oXsffaffa 'ksxr^ov^ Id. TdXaiva, (pwyag ds yjSi^ag, w ui Dochm. " Kriimg sXavvsi. 438 METRORUM DISTRIBUTIO CANTUS CHORICI ARISTOPHANIS NUB. Dactijl. Dim. Hyper. \ 'Ahaoi mfsXai 275 vel Dochtn. J -w w|- w ^i - Id. 'A^&U)fiiV :,';': 101 ) ^ * Antistrophe /5'. BsCaxs 6' o^xoov X'^i'-* ^^^ ^'^* cu6ui 439 w-v ~l— WW «|w - — *EXXa5/ T^ fMiydXa - w w I — w w I - WW " w w|— w — — - , 1 - • — — wwj— W»-" — — ww|— w- - w — I w w — 1 •- Chw'iamb. Dim, ) Ma^/xa^sa/c/v au/a?^. CatalecL ) -ww_i«-_ Paroemiacus, ri^Xsaxo^u ofLfj^an yaTav, Cantus Choricus //3. 1020. Glycoii, Polyscliem, ^il xaXX/'Zvpyov cfo^lav I CJuyriamb, Dim. Cat, KXsmroirriv r eTaff-zMv, — WW^( W"* -• Glycmi, Polyschem. 'n$ j^^u I w — — Epionic. 'Evdat/Mvig u^ ^ffav cl — •wwlw "-W •• Antipast. Dim. Cat. Ton Z^uvrsg, rjvix ^c, w — — w I — w • } CJioriamb. Dim, \^ roJv 'tt^ots^uVj 'rr^og oZv rab' a* Acat. Impur. •u w - II w - I v^ * Hunc et versum sequentcm ita oidinavi contra Brunckii sententiam, ut iiant Choriambici Dimetri, utque cum proximo cohacreant. 1Q2. PI103QI>IA GRAECA. Choriamb, Dim, Acat. xo^^|/oc^^g'7^^ /xoZtfav 'i^^h CJwriamb. cum Iamb, \ ^,y^^ Xsystv ri xa/vSv, ijg. Dipodia, j,wo.iiw-iv- Dact^l. Dim. Hi/per. \ ^^hxifim^ 6,vnP, sive Dactyl. Dochm, j -vv|- w --i- lamb, Tetram, Cat. AmZj)} ds eoi ^ouXw/jt^druv soms diTi) 'r^hg alrh FINIS PRIMAE PARTIS. PART II. DISSERTATION OK THE VERSIFICATION OF HOMER, AND THE USE OF THE DIGAMMA IN HIS POEMS. AN INQUIRY XNTO THE VERSIFICATION OF HOMER, AKD THE USE OF THE DIGAMMA IN HIS POEMS. The subject of the following discussion was un- dertaken with a view of unfolding the laws of Homer's versification, and of examining the vali- dity of certain Theories respecting the use of the Aeolic Digamma in his Poems. Wheii my atten- tion was more particularly turned to this subject, in consequence of an examination of the other metres used by the Greeks, I was very much struck with the looseness and uncertainty that appeared in the writings of all the commentators and editors of Homer that I had an opportunity of consulting. While the laws of Iambic, Trochaic, - and Anapaestic verse seemed to be fixed with o great precision, particularly by the late Professor Porson, nothing material appeared to me to have been done towards establishing the rules of Hex- ameter verse since the time of Clarke, whose la- bours in this department have long been regarded as unsatisfactory. The conclusion naturally to be drawn was, either that Homer constructed his verse without any definite rules and principles to guide him, which I could not allow myself to sup- pose, or that his language had been so altered by ignorant grammarians and critics as to pre- clude all attempts to discover the principles upon which he had founded it. This latter supposition seems to have received considerable countenance from several eminent scholars, who, judging of Homer's language less from internal evidence than their own conceptions of what it ought to have been from the period in which he lived, and the mutilated monuments of ages and people to which no dates can be fixed, have endeavoured to re-establish its ancient orthography, to point out interpolations by succeeding Poets, and to supply those defects occasioned by ignorance and the lapse of time.* — But if Homer's poems have been as much corrupted by interpolations and other changes as some ingenious men suppose, then I conceive it would be in vain to attempt * See Dr Burgess's Annotationes in Dawesii Miscellanea Critica, p. 416; Villoison's Prolegomena in Homerum, p. 6 ; Payne Knight's do. any investigation of the principles upon which his versification was founded ; because, we must be uncertain, at every step of our progress, what is genuine and what spurious, and must come to this conclusion, that the Iliad and Odyssey are a mere farrago of some original descriptions and sublime passages, with other pieces of far inferior merit and in a different style. Though interpo- lations and errors, it cannot be denied, sometimes occur, yet, I imagine, every unprejudiced reader, capable of understanding these poems in the ori- ginal language, will think with me that through* out, with a few exceptions, they bear the marks and stamp of one mind, too much superior to the common race of poets in invention, description, delineation of character, and every distinguishing attribute of poetic genius, to be confounded with the humble imitations of ordinary authors. It appeared to me that the whole body of his poems presented, even at this distant period, no very incorrect specimen of what they were in ancient times ; and that the language was nearly such as it came originally from Homer's lips. Nor am I aware, after having pursued the investigation to a considerable length, upon other grounds, in- deed, than most of his critics and commentators, that I have been deceived in my opinion. If I am not mistaken, I think that I have discovered cer- tain laws by which his verse must have been con- structed, as they apply, with some exceptions which I shall afterwards notice, to almost every o 2 line both in the Iliad and Odyssey. But before either stating or supporting these laws by ex- amples, it will be necessary to inquire a little far- ther into the validity of those statements which represent the language of Homer as having un- dergone such changes as to require, in several in- stances, adventitious aid to make the verse com- plete. These opinions seem to rest upon the assump- tion, that the language and dialect, which Homer used, were rude and uncultivated when compared with the same language as it appeared in the works of later writers. If we had possessed, as in our own country, a regular series of authors from the time when the language began to be first cultivated, to enable us to mark the various changes and improvements which it underwent, we could then have formed a judgment how far such opinions were correct. But unfortunately we have no documents of this kind by which to judge of Homer's language. He appears all at once, the first as well as the greatest of poets, as if fortune had determined that he should stand alone, the object of general admiration, and had sunk in the ocean of oblivion every monument that might have contributed to raise him to the summit of greatness. But we are not, on this account, to suppose that the literature of his country, whatever it was, had not been cultivated to any extent, that the language was neither re- 7 fined nor polished, or that poets of considerable eminence had not existed to point out, by their example, the path which he so successfully trode. Though a veil of mystery still hangs over the place of his birth, there can be little doubt that he was a native either of Asia Minor or of one of the Ionian islands, and that the dialect he chief- ly used was the Ionian. It is evident, from the testimony of the best informed historians, that the inhabitants of that quarter of Greece, as well as of Thessaly and Thrace, were, at a very early period, far superior to those situated more towards the west, in civilization, commerce, the arts, and particularly poetry. The names of Thamyris, Olen, Orpheus, Musaeus, and Eumolpus, are re- corded as the fathers of Grecian poetry, and even of philosophy and religion ; and though some doubt may be entertained whether all of them were prior to Homer, there can be none respect- ing the first, since he is represented by that poet himself as having contended with the Muses. * The current of Grecian civilization evidently flowed from Thessaly, Thrace, Lycia, and Phry- gia, as well as from Phoenicia and Egypt, and carried with it the knowledge and arts which had been previously established in those countries. But it is evident, from many circumstances which occur in Homer's poems, that none of the arts * lliiul, 13. 595. 8 had kept equal pace with poetry. The praises of the gods and heroes were celebrated in verse. The Jaws of the ancient Legislators were com- municated through the same medium. Even maxims of morality, as well as the history of events were recorded in the Poet's song, and re- cited to the people by a class of men who wan- dered about, from place to place, with the view of instructing and delighting their hospitable en- tertainers. Was it surprising then that the lan- guage of poetry should have been cultivated, even before Homer's time, to a great extent, in the more enlightened parts of Greece, when the other arts, which have no natural connection with it, had made far less progress ? Great faci- lity was afforded for this purpose by the nature of the Greek language. Its expressive sounds ; its varieties of flexion ; its wonderful aptness for combination, and singular felicity for characteris- ing every object of nature, from the study of which it might be said to have sprung, rendered it peculiarly susceptible of improvement, parti- cularly in that art which was cultivated both with the view to instruct and please. To sup- pose that either, on the one hand, Homer brought it to that degree of perfection in which it appears in his poems, or on the other, that the state in which we now find it, is not, with a few corruptions, the same as he employed it, but that it was greatly modernized after his time, seem to be equally destitute of foundation. Its elemen- tary parts must have been combined, moclifieil, and varied in different ways by the cHsion both of consonants and vowels : its compound terms must have beeen rendered less rugged when united together, and its character for the uses of poetry, and as adapted to all its rules, must have been previously fixed. That he shewed its powers and its endless variety to a greater extent than any preceding poet is almost un- questioned j and that he freely employed, what scarcely any other language could have allowed, shades of dialect spoken by contiguous tribes, may perhaps be admitted with some limitations : For, as I shall afterwards endeavour to shew, there is much less variety of dialect in Homer than is commonly supposed. Still he found the poetical style in a high state of improvement, re- taining, however, in a few instances, vestiges of the rude state from which it had sprung."* How else can we account for that vast variety of single and compound epithets by which the mi- nutest, as well as the greatest objects, are charac- terised ? for those nice discriminations in matters pertaining both to body and mind, and that hap- py application of terms derived from material ob- jects to abstract and imaginary qualities, if not only the language, but many of the useful and or- namental arts of life, had not been successfully * I mean the terminations