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 ir^n t r\\/ <
 
 CEDMON'S 
 
 FALL OF MAN
 
 J   
 
 d^</ ^ 
 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PBINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. 
 
 NEW-STBEET SQUARE
 
 THE FALL OF MAN 
 
 OB 
 
 PARADISE LOST 
 
 OF 
 
 CaEDMON 
 
 TRANSLATED IN VERSE FROM THE ANGLO-SAXON 
 
 ■W^TH A NEW METRICAL ARHAXGEMENT 
 
 OF THE LINTIS OF PART OF THE ORIGrXAl TEXT, AXD AX INTEODVCTION 
 
 ON THE V-ERSIFICATION OF C^DMON 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM IL F. BOSANQUET, ESQ. 
 
 LONDON 
 LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, AND ROBERTS 
 
 1860
 
 PR 
 
 PEEFACE, 
 
 The earliest poetry of the EngKsli or Anglo-Saxons 
 is so far above the poetry of any other country of 
 Europe at the same period, and Cgedmon's first 
 poem, " The Fall of Man, or Loss of Paradise," is 
 so far above all other Anglo-Saxon poetry, that it 
 will not be thought a useless labour to make some 
 effort to put this fine poem into language intelli- 
 gible to persons not familiar with the Anglo-Saxon 
 dialect, and in the form of the original. 
 
 There is only one manuscript of Casdmon's 
 poems in existence, which is now in the Bodleian 
 Library at Oxford, and supposed to be of the tenth 
 century. 
 
 The first printed copy of the poems was edited 
 by Junius, without a translation, in 1655, the year 
 
 A 3 
 
 ^42428
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 in which Milton is supposed to have made his first 
 sketch of " Paradise Lost." A htera] prose ver- 
 sion of the work, togetlier with the original text, 
 was published by the Society of Antiquaries in 
 1832, under the superintendence of ]\Ii\ Benjamin 
 Thorpe. In 1849 an improved edition of the 
 original text was pubhshed m Germany, edited 
 by Dr. Bouterwek. 
 
 In the followini? Introduction some observations 
 are offered on the Metre of Ca^dmon's poetry ; and 
 in the Appendix a new division of the lines of a 
 portion of the original text is given, in accordance 
 with the observations made in the Introduction. 
 
 Ccedmon was first a herdsman, afterwards a 
 monk of Whitby in Yorkshire : he died A. D. G80. 
 An account of him is given in the Venerable 
 Bede's " Ecclesiastical History of England," bk. iv. 
 c. 24. St. Bede tells us that Ca^dmon was a very 
 devout man, and that by his poems many were 
 inflamed with a love of heavenly things.
 
 IiNTRODUCTION 
 
 When speaking of the Poems of the P'ather of English 
 Song, and perhaps the first Christian author of narra- 
 tive poetry in any of the dialects of modern Europe, 
 one assumes instinctively a calm and subdued air. We 
 are not about to speak of the sacred Scriptures, but 
 the work of Cgedmon, his Paraphrase as it has been 
 called, resembles so strongly the sacred writings that 
 one approaches the subject with a feeling of reverence. 
 We do not simply admire Csedmon. His first poem, 
 "The P'all of Man," is not a paraphrase of the first 
 part of the book of Gfenesis : such a title would be verv 
 inappropriate ; it is a work of the imagination, founded 
 doubtless upon the Scriptures, upon tradition and pious 
 belief; and the subject is the most sublime upon which 
 
 *A 4
 
 Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the imagination of man can be employed ; and is treated 
 by the poet with the simplicity and grandeur of 
 Scripture. 
 
 The tone of Csedmon throughout this poem is more 
 even and sustained than that of Milton, particularly 
 in the latter part, after our first parents have eaten of 
 the forbidden fruit. Here the conduct of Adam and 
 Eve, so beautifully and touchingly narrated by Caed- 
 mon, is in Milton's poem so coarse, so repulsive, and 
 so improbable that no one can read this part of Milton's 
 narrative without displeasure, if indeed any one can 
 bear to read it at all. Caedmon's poem has this further 
 and great advantage over Milton's, it is not tainted 
 with theological error or polemic banter, with which 
 Milton's is much defaced ; and which, however imagina- 
 tive, are neither poetical nor to the purpose of the 
 poem. Ca^dmon is every inch a poet ; he never flags, 
 he never offends in thought or word ; would the reader 
 stay to criticise, he is carried on conscious of his 
 master. 
 
 Sweetness, tenderness, devotion, and simplicity cha- 
 racterise the poems of the unlettered herdsman. His
 
 IXTEODUCTIOX. IX 
 
 language is smooth, sonorous, and varied, and displays 
 the richness, flexibility, and expressive terseness of the 
 Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 \Mien we look back through so many ages upon our 
 old bard, the Monk of \Miitby, upon his contemporary 
 and biographer the Venerable Bede, standing almost 
 alone in Europe amid the ruins of the literature of the 
 old world, presaging the greatness of tlie future, we 
 become impressed with the large share our country has 
 had in building up the literature of the Christian world, 
 and with the gi-eat antiquity of our own. And if we 
 look around for others of the same age, we find them 
 still amongst the Angles, Aldhelm and Alcuin are ours. 
 
 The Versification of Ccedmon. — Very different judg- 
 ments have been formed with respect to Csedmon's 
 versification. His contemporary the Venerable Bede, 
 himself a poet and well acquainted with the harmo- 
 nious verse of Greece and Eome, speaks of Csedmon as 
 the chief of English poets, without an equal ; he speaks 
 of his " most harmonious verse," and says that English 
 poets endeavoured to follow him, but none could ever 
 compare with him. Al-^dern "writers, unacquainted as
 
 X LVTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 we have hitherto been with so much as the proper pro- 
 nunciation of his words, have expressed a very different 
 opinion with respect to the harmoniousness of his verse. 
 Sharon Turner, speaking of Anglo-Saxon poetry in 
 general says : — " Little else seems to have been done 
 than the formation of a style of composition different 
 from prose ; if we call this style poetry it is rather by 
 complaisance than truth." (Hist, of Angl.-Sax., vol. iii. 
 b. ix.) And according to the modern mode of reading 
 and arranging the lines the verse of Csedmon is cer- 
 tainly not harmonious to us. The Metre of Caedmon's 
 first poem I believe to be the Heroic measure of five 
 feet, making ten or eleven syllables, the tenth, how- 
 ever, being in all cases the last accented syllable, the 
 same as Chaucer's and Shakspeare's, with the additional 
 ornament of a judicious and moderate Alliteration. 
 Shakspeare makes free use of alliteration as an orna- 
 ment, but in Cajdmon the alliteration appears to be 
 made almost essential to the verse. The line differs in 
 some respects from the modern English heroic line, 
 inasmuch as it appears to contain a greater number of 
 elisions, or blending of syllables; and there are other
 
 INTRODUCTION. XI 
 
 peculiarities which Avill be pointed out. The first five 
 lines, as printed in Dr. Bouterwek's edition of the text 
 of Caedmon, appear to be perfect Iambic lines of five 
 feet ; the sixth line presents a little difficulty, and, im- 
 perfectly acquainted as we are with the Anglo-Saxon 
 pronimciation of the words, the difficulty of dividing 
 the poem into lines of five feet increases as one pro- 
 ceeds ; but I believe the difficulty may be overcome. 
 With the assistance of the Manuscript in the Bodleian 
 Library I think I have succeeded in dividing about 200 
 lines of the poem in a manner quite satisfactory. I 
 have given the lines in the Appendix. The poem is 
 written in continuous lines as prose, but there are points 
 or dots in the manuscript, which occur very frequently, 
 and appear to mark every pause of the voice made in 
 reciting the lines, and among other pauses the pause 
 made at the conclusion of every verse. These points 
 in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts occur in prose works as 
 well as in poetry ; and cannot therefore be regarded as 
 metrical, and as simply marking the division of the 
 lines ; they occur too frequently both in verse and prose 
 to be regarded as always indicating the termination of
 
 Xll IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 a verse. If the points are somewhat more numerous in 
 poetry than in prose, it is because in poetry the pauses 
 are more numerous. The points, however, are not 
 Caedmon's, but were inserted by the wi'iter of the manu- 
 script. They appear to be placed with great skill in 
 the first part of the book. 
 
 That a comparison may be made with the English 
 and Grerman modes of dividing the lines, I will give a 
 few lines as they stand in the English editions, and 
 also the first forty lines as they stand in Dr. Bou- 
 terwek's edition, and then the thirty-six lines of five 
 feet which I would propose to make of Bouterwek's 
 lines. 
 
 English Division of the Lines. 
 
 Us is riht micel. For us it is much right 
 
 That we rodera weard. that we the Guardian of the skies, 
 
 wereila wiiklor-cining. the Glory-King of hosts, 
 
 wordum liorigen. Math our words praise, 
 
 modura hifien. in our minds lore. 
 
 he is msegna sped. He is of power the source, 
 
 heafod ealra. the head of all 
 
 heah-geseeafta. exalted creatures, 
 
 frea relniilitig. the Lord almighty. 
 
 nses him fruma sefi-e. To him has beginning never 
 
 or geworden. origin been,
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX. xm 
 
 ne nu ende cjonth. nor noiiv cometh end 
 
 ecean drihtnes. of the eternal Lord, 
 
 ac he bith a rice. but he is ever powerfid 
 
 ofer heofen-stolas. over the heavenly thrones, 
 
 heagiim thrymmum. With high majesty, 
 
 sothfaest and swithfeorm. just and most vigorous, 
 
 swegl-bosmas heold. he ruled heaven's bosoms 
 
 tha wseron gesette. which were set 
 
 wide and side. wide and far, 
 
 thurh geweald godes. through God's power, 
 
 wuldres bearnum. for the children of glory. 
 
 Gei'TMin Dwision of the Lines. 
 
 Us is riht micel, tlifet ve rodera veard, 
 
 vereda viildorcining, vordum herigen, 
 
 modum liifien. He is msegna sped, 
 
 heafod ealra lieahgesceafta. 
 
 frea selmihtig. Nss liim friima ^efre 5 
 
 or gevordeu ; ne nu ende cymtli 
 
 ecean drihtnes ; ac he bith a rice 
 
 ofer heofenstolas. Heagum thrymmum, 
 
 sothfsest and svithfeorm sveglbosmas heold, 
 
 tha vseron gesette vide and side, 1 
 
 thurh geveald godes, vtddres bearntim, 
 
 g^sta veardum. Hcefdon gleam and dream 
 
 and heora ordfruman engla threatas, 
 
 beorhte blisse v£es heora blsed micel. 
 
 thegnas thrymfasste theoden heredon, 15 
 
 ssegdon lustiim lof heora liffi-ean, 
 
 demdon di'ihtnes dugethnm, va^ron 
 
 svithe gestelige. Synna ne cuthon,
 
 XIV IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 firena frcmman ; ac hie on frithe lifdon 
 
 ece mid heora aldor. elles ne ongunnon 20 
 
 rjEran on roderum, nymtlie riht and soth, 
 
 ^rthon engla veard for oferhygde 
 
 dveal on gedvilde. noldan dreugan leng 
 
 heora sclfra rajd ; ac hie of siblufan 
 
 godes ahviu-fon. Ha^fdon gielp niicel, 25 
 
 thset hie vith di-ihtne d«Ian meahton 
 
 vnldorfa?stan vie, verodes thrymme, 
 
 sid and svegltorht. him thser sar gelamp, 
 
 gefst and oferhygd, and tha;s engles mod, 
 
 the thone unrjed ongan &rest fremman, 30 
 
 vefan and vcccean. Tha he vorde cvajth 
 
 nithes ofthyrsted, thajt he on northdaile 
 
 ham and heahsetl heofena rices 
 
 agan volde. Tha vearth yrre god 
 
 and tham verode vrath, the he ajr viirthode 35 
 
 vhte and vnldre ; sceop tham verlogan 
 
 vrajchcne ham, veorce to leane 
 
 halleheafas, hearde nithas ; 
 
 heht tha;t vitehus vra^cna bidan, 
 
 deop dreiima leas, drihten ure, 40 
 
 gasta veardas. 
 
 Us is riht micel tha;t we rodera weard. 
 Wereda wuldorcining. Avordum herigen. 
 Modum kifien. He is ma?gna sped. 
 Pleafud cah-a heahgesceafta. 
 Frca aihuihtig. Na;s him fruma ajfre. 
 Or geworden. ne nu ende .cymth,
 
 INTRODUCTION. XV 
 
 Ecean drilitnes. ac he bitli a rice. 
 
 Ofer heofenstolas heagum tlirymmiim. sotlifffist. 
 
 And s-withfeomi. sweglbosmas heold. tha wa^ron gesette. 
 
 "Wide and side, tlnu-h geweald godes. wuldi'es bearnum. 
 
 Gasta "weardum. Hajfdon gleam and dream. 1 1 
 
 And heora ordfnmian. engla tlireatas. beorlite blisse. 
 
 Wses heora bla;d mikel. thegnas thiymfasste. 
 
 Theoden heredon. ssegdon lustiim lof. 
 
 Heora lifFrean. demdon drihtnes dugethum. 15 
 
 TVajron swithe gesfelige. Synna ne cuthon. 
 
 Firena fremman. ac hie on frithe lifdon. 
 
 Ece mid heora aldor. elles ne ongiinnon> 
 
 Rseran on roderum. nymthe riht and soth. 
 
 Aer thon engla weard. for oferhygde. 20 
 
 Dfel on gedwilde. noldan di-eogan leng. 
 
 Heora selfra ra^d. ac hie of siblufan. 
 
 Godes ahwiu'fon. Ha?fdon gielp mikel, 
 
 Tha?t hie with drihtne. da;lan meahton. 
 
 WiildorfiBstan wic. werodes thrymme. 25 
 
 Sid and SAvegltorht. Him tha^r sar gelamp. 
 
 .^fst and oferhygd. and tha^s engles mod. 
 
 The thone mirsed. ongan eerest fremman. 
 
 Wefan and weccean. Tha he worde cwseth. 
 
 Nithes ofthyrsted. thffit he on northdsele. 30 
 
 Ham and heahsetl. heofena rices agan wolde. 
 
 Tha wearth yrre God. and tham werode "wi-ath. 
 The he a^r wurthode. wlite and wuldre. 
 Sceop tham werlogan wrEeclicne ham. Aveorce to leane. 
 Helle heafas. hearde nithas. heht theet witehus. 35 
 
 Wrjecna bidan. deop dreama leas, drihten vire. 
 Gasta weardas.
 
 XVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The above thirty -six lines, as I have proposed to divide 
 them, are smooth sonorous lines ; and there is a point 
 or dot in the manuscript at the end of every one of them, 
 even where there is no grammatical division at the 
 end of the line ; hut there is not a j)oint in the manu- 
 script at the end of every line as the lines are divided 
 in any of the printed editions. There is no gramma- 
 tical pause in the first line, nor in the fourth line, nor 
 in the eujlith line, till the end of the line, or near the 
 end of the eighth line ; so in the manuscrij^t there is no 
 point in the first line, nor in the fourth line, nor in the 
 eighth line, till the end of the line, or near the end of 
 the eighth line. The absence of any point or mark in 
 the manuscript before the conclusion of the first and 
 fourth and eighth lines, will perhaps be thought suffi- 
 cient to show that the lines ought not to be divided, as 
 in some of the editions, into short dactylic and trochaic 
 verses of two or three feet, making no kind of measure 
 which the ear can bear. The point after the word 
 " soihfccst " at the end of the eighth line, as I have 
 proposed to divide the lines, does not mark a gramma- 
 tical pause ; if sothfccst is not the last word of a line.
 
 IXTEODUCTIOJf. Xvii 
 
 why has it a point after it ? In the printed copies that 
 point or dot is omitted. So with respect to the points 
 after the words " gesette,'' the last word of the ninth 
 line, and lof the last word of the fourteenth line, they 
 do not mark grammatical pauses ; if they do not mark 
 the end of a line it is not easy to account for the points 
 being there. The word vjceron, the last word of the 
 seventeenth line in Bouterwek's edition, if it ought to 
 be the last word of a line would have a point after it. 
 There is no point in the manuscript after that word. 
 According to the new division of the lines above pro- 
 posed ivcBron would be the first word, and not the last 
 word, of a line, and consequently it would not require 
 a point after it. So with respect to the word ive7'- 
 logan, the last word of the thirty- sixth line in Bouter- 
 wek's edition, in the manuscript there is no point after 
 that word. According to the new division of the lines 
 above proposed, werlogan would not be the last word 
 of a line, and would consequently not require a point 
 after it. 
 
 It will be perceived that Dr. Bouterwek's division of 
 the lines is made according to the Alliteration ; which 
 
 a
 
 XVm IXTKODUCTIOX. 
 
 sometimes makes very good lines, and sometimes very- 
 bad cues. He does not suggest any mode of scanning 
 his lines. The division of the Hnes which is now pro- 
 posed is made according to the Metre, without regard 
 to the alliteration, which is the more ornamental the 
 more it is concealed. 
 
 In order to remove any difficulty in scanning the 
 lines I will give a Metrical Analysis of the first eleven 
 lines. 
 
 I. Us is riht imik|el that] we ^rodejra 'weardj. 
 
 II. ^Wereda| 2\viildork|'ning. word|um ^heijTgen. 
 
 III. Modiiin| Kifi|en. He| is mseglna sp^d|. 
 
 1. 1. M'lhel: the first syllable is accented, and it is a 
 long syllable, as appears throughout the " Ormulum." 
 (Edited by Dr. White from the MS. in the Bodleian, 
 1 852.) Throughout the " Ormulum " a short vowel has 
 the consonant following it in the same word doubled. 
 
 2. Rodeva is a dissyllable, it is sometimes spelled 
 rodra ; dis.syllables in er and or are generally contracted 
 in the oblique cases. 
 
 3. Weard is a word of one syllable, it is sometimes 
 spelled ward.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XIX 
 
 11. 1. TFe recoct is a dissyllable ; dissyllables in errand 
 od are generally contracted in the oblique cases. 
 
 2. Wuldorkining is a word of three syllables ; 
 cining is sometimes spelled cyng, eking, and cing ; the 
 word may be pronounced wuldork'ning. 
 
 3. Herigen should, I believe, be pronounced heriyen. 
 
 TV. 'Heaf ,od eal ra 21ie|ahgesc|eaftla. 
 
 V. •Freaj a;lmiht|ig. Nses] liim fiTimja fef]re. 
 
 VI. ^Or| geword|eu. ne| nii end] e cymthj. 
 
 IV. 1. Hedfod is, I believe, a word of three syllables ; 
 it appears to be so in the following Alexandrine which 
 occiu-s later : 
 
 Ne wyrtli| inc wil|na gacl|. Huigon| tha mid| lieaf dum. 
 
 And also in the following line : 
 
 Thendenl lie liyrdje waBs|. lieaf od mag|a. 
 
 2. Hedhgesceafta ought, I believe, to be pronounced 
 heahgesh-eafta ; similar lines occur later : 
 
 Gesetled wiu-d|e. worluldgesc|eaft[e. 
 
 See Appendix, line 88. 
 
 Neorxinawongles niv|re gesc'.eaft|e. 
 
 See Appendix, line li9. 
 a 2
 
 XX INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 Uedh is a dissyllable, as in the eighth line, and as in 
 the word meahton in the twenty-fom-th, and as in the 
 following line, which occurs later : 
 
 Heahj on lieofe'n|um. forthlam ha|lig god]. 
 
 See Appendix, lines 85, 131. 
 
 And see below, note to line VI. 
 
 Y. 1. Frea, a dissyllable; in the fifteenth line it forms 
 part of two different feet : 
 
 Heora] liffrejan. demd|on di-ibt|nes duge|thum. 
 
 Also in the following line, which occurs later, it forms 
 part of two different feet : 
 
 FjBgre frc'o|tliotlieaw|ris fre|a ealljum leof. 
 
 See Appendix, lines 70, 137. 
 
 Of the last four lines cited above, two appear in the 
 MS. without any point before the termination of the 
 line. 
 
 \L 1. Or: the first foot of this line appears to be 
 deficient of tlie first syllable. The line contains only 
 nine syllables. A similar line occurs later : 
 
 Wiht| gewordjen. ac| this wid|a gi-iind|. 
 
 See Ajipendix, fine 91.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXI 
 
 This is common in Chaucer and the old poets, who 
 attended more to the rhythm or flow of the verse than 
 to the exact number of syllables. The following lines 
 from the old poets appear to be deficient of a syllable 
 at the beginninoj : 
 
 Forthj complaint, forth lacking eloquence, 
 
 Chaucer, Prol. to Legend of Good Women. 
 
 This] night woll both us lovere slee. 
 
 Id.^ Legend of Tishe. 
 
 Did] to him both worship and servise. 
 
 Id., Troilus and Ores. b. i. 
 
 Ne] might for so goodly one be lorne. 
 
 Id. ibid. 
 
 Of I the bodies and the great honour. 
 
 Id., The Knight's Tale. 
 
 Onj a palfi-ay, slender, long, and lene. 
 
 Lydgate, Sto?'i/ of Thebes. 
 
 Knight] nor knave, chanon, priest, ne nonne. 
 
 Id. ibid. 
 
 Eob'd] in flames and amber light. 
 
 Milton. 
 
 But in Caedmon lines of nine syllables rarely occur, 
 
 except where the preceding line has eleven syllables ; 
 
 the close of the preceding line having sometimes only 
 
 the effect of a caesura. 
 
 a 3
 
 xxii IXTRODLX'TION. 
 
 Tyrwliitt remarks that the first syllable may be 
 dropped in the octosyllable metre ; but no such liberty 
 can be taken in the heroic metre ( " Essay on the Versi- 
 fication of Chaucer "). The above lines, however, show 
 that Chaucer dropped the first syllable in tlie heroic as 
 well as in the octosyllable verse ; and such lines of only 
 nine syllables are to be found in almost every page of 
 Chaucer's early writings. But Tyrwhitt is correct in 
 saying that such lines seldom occur in the " Canter- 
 bury Tales." The fault of the old poets in this respect 
 is not in beginning the line with a foot of one syllable, 
 but in beginning the line with such insignificant feet 
 of one syllable as Of, On, In, &c. 
 
 The above remarks may apply also to the fourth and 
 seventh lines, Hcafod and Ecean are perhaps only 
 dissyllables in those lines. 
 
 YIT. 'Ecc|an (lrilit|iics. ac| he bith| a rice|. 
 
 VIII. Ofor 'heolenstolasl lieag|um thrym|mum. ''s(jtli|f£est. 
 
 \'TT. 1. Ecean, a word of three syllables, and see 
 note to line VI. 
 
 Vill. 1. Ofer heofenstolas : these words together
 
 INTEODUCTIOX. XXIU 
 
 make four syllables. Ofer may be read as a dissyllable, 
 or it may be blended with the next word when fol- 
 lowed by a vowel or by an aspirate ; as in the following 
 lines of Chaucer : 
 
 And over'^all this fiil mokell more he thought. 
 
 Troil. and Ores. b. i. 
 
 Shuld leve father and mother'^and take to me. 
 
 Wife of Bath. 
 
 Frely to gou, -wher that him Hst over'^aU. 
 
 The Knight's Tale. 
 
 Withouten any juge other'^officere. 
 
 The Knight's Tale. 
 
 Heofen may be read as a dissyllable, if blended with 
 the preceding word ; or it may be read, as in modem 
 English hecvv'n, a word of one syllable. Stolas is, I 
 believe, a word of one syllable, and ought to be pro- 
 nounced stools, as in modern English. Many other 
 similar words, apparently of two syllables, ought, I 
 believe, to be pronounced as words of one syllable : as 
 stanas, which may be pronounced stones, or stanes as 
 it is pronounced in the North of England ; hosmas^ 
 bos'ms; and threatas. These words may be occa- 
 
 a 4
 
 XXIV INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sionally used as words of two syllables, but I believe 
 our Anglo-Saxon forefathers did not call seats stolas, 
 but stools, as we do at the present day. So in Richard 
 Hampole's " Pricke of Conscience : " 
 
 Mankynde mad ys to do Gocldus wylle, 
 And alle hys bi/ddi/ngus to fulfille. 
 
 For with ivapynnys stalwart of stele, 
 And ivapynnys upon ai'muris stynt, 
 With wapnys that war burnyst brycht. 
 
 John Barbour's Rohert Bruce. 
 
 2. Sothfcest : the second syllable is unaccented, as the 
 second syllable in steadfast. 
 
 IX. And swithlfeorm. ^swegHbosm's ^heoldj. tha w£eron| 
 
 gesette. 
 
 X. Wide and| side. thurh| geweald| god's. wuld|res 
 
 bearn|um. 
 
 XI. Gas|ta weardjum. Ifefjdun gleani| and dream|. 
 
 IX. 1 . Sweglhosmas, a dissyllable ; the g in sivegl has 
 probably the sound of ij. In the " Ormulum " nailed is 
 spelled nagyledd ; and day, dagg ; the g is the soft g 
 in both instances. 
 
 2. Ileold, a word of one .syllable, pronounced heeld,
 
 INTEODUCTIOX. XXV 
 
 or held: as treo pronounced tree; deofless, devils; 
 
 joreost, priest. 
 
 Fra that anlepig treo that him. 
 
 Ormidum, col. 1. 
 
 Adam wass wtirrthenn deofless theoww. 
 
 Ibid-i col. 1. 
 
 An preost wass onn Herodess dayy. 
 
 Ibid., col. 2, 109. 
 
 3. Wccron is sometimes a word of one syllable ; it 
 is so in more modern English in ihe following line : 
 
 He levede on the false godes, that iveren with honden %\Tought. 
 Warton's Hist. Poet. vol. 1. p. 12, ed. 1840. 
 
 Woeron may be pronounced as a dissyllable in the 
 ninth line, if blended with the first syllable of the 
 next word, ivceron^gesette. Two syllables are frequently 
 blended in one, as a ge, age ; he ge, hege ; on ge, onge ; 
 him se, himse ; le be, lebe; thele be, thelbe ; yr on, yr n ; 
 tha the, thathe ; and they are sometimes so written. 
 In some of these instances the g has probably the sound 
 of y, or is wholly silent. So in Chaucer two syllables 
 are frequently blended in one, as he ne, bene ; coud de,
 
 XXVI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 coude ; l)iew ne, knewne ; ever in, everin ; and other 
 instances liave been already mentioned above. 
 
 He'^ne hath not done so grevously amis. 
 
 Prol. to Legend of Good Women. 
 
 In every manner that they best coud'^ devise. 
 
 A Praise of Women. 
 
 That never Jcneic^ne wist nouprlit of liir entent 
 
 c* 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Ever'^ia his Ufe by day or niglit o stovmd. 
 
 The Knight's Tale. 
 
 It may be necessary to add a few remarks with re- 
 spect to some other peculiarities of Ca3dmon's verse. 
 The blending of words is strikingly exhibited in the 
 following line : 
 
 Stud deopi and dim|. drihtne| fremde. ide|l and un|nyt. 
 
 See Appendix, line 92. 
 
 In this line the word idel is so blended with the 
 preceding and succeeding words as to be wholly ab- 
 sorbed ; and neither syllable counts in the measure. 
 
 The final vowel of a word is sometimes cut off before 
 a word beginning with an aspirate. So in Milton : 
 
 " Thy virtue'hath won." 
 
 Paradise Lost, book x. line 372.
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX. XXVll 
 
 The last consonant of a word is sometimes joined to 
 the succeeding word, as rices agan, pronounced rice 
 sagan ; nither on, nithe ron. 
 
 So in Chaucer : 
 
 Sliuld leve father and mother^ and take to me. 
 
 Wife of Bath. 
 
 The letter g appears to be sometimes liquid, or 
 wholly silent, or pronounced as a ?/ ; as in the words 
 werlogan, pronounced werloan ; drige, drye ; mihtig, 
 mihty ; mihtig on, miht yon. It may perhaps be 
 guttural. 
 
 In the following remarkably smooth line the words 
 are so blended tofrether that it is difficult to divide 
 the line into feet ; but it displays the fine ear of the 
 poet : 
 
 Wajron tlia gesome. tlia the swegl| buan wuljdres etli|el. 
 
 See Appendix, line 73. 
 
 The sound too of the above line suits the sense. 
 
 Then had the inhabitants of the heavens rest ; regions 
 of glory. 
 
 In the printed copies there is a point after the word 
 buan, which destroys the flow of the verse. There is
 
 XXVUl INTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 no such point in the manuscript. The letter g in the 
 word stvegl is liquid. 
 
 Whatever difficulties there may be in scanning the 
 lines, there is scarcely a line in Ca'dmon to which a 
 similar line may not be found in Chaucer, or Shak- 
 speare, or Dante. 
 
 Mr. Conybeare, in his " Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon 
 Poetry," gives the three following lines from Caedmon's 
 description of the Deluge : 
 
 Nymthe lieo was. 
 Aliafen on. 
 Tha hean lyft. 
 
 He then suggests that the above lines should be read 
 
 thus, 
 
 Nymthe heo) Avas ajhafen 
 On tha| hean lyfl. 
 
 Dr. Bouterwek reads them as one line, 
 
 Nymthe heo was. ahafen on. tlia hean lyft. 
 
 And so makes one gof>d line of five feet, in the place of 
 three bad lines with not two feet to stand on. The 
 point after the word " on " marks the principal caesura.
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXIX 
 
 Dr. Bouterwek gives the line without the points, and 
 without any attempt to scan it. The above line 
 supplies another instance of hean being- pronounced as 
 a dissyllable, and ahafeii on, ahafenon, another in- 
 stance of the blending of words. Two thirds of the 
 lines as they now stand in Bouterwek's edition are lines 
 of five feet. Mr. Conybeare observes: "The pauses are 
 always at the end of lines, but frequently carried be- 
 yond the couplet, falling on the close of the firs-t line 
 of the succeeding couplet." That is to say, on the 
 close of the third line. This is perfectly true. In the 
 printed copies almost every line is divided into three 
 short lines ; and then the pause is found to Ml at the 
 close of the third line. The above remark made by 
 Mr. Conybeare also shows that the ear recognises a 
 metre independent of the alliteration. I must observe 
 too that this manner of dividing the lines is not sanc- 
 tioned by the manuscript ; the points or dots in the 
 manuscript not corresponding with the points in the 
 printed copies; but corresponding with a division of 
 the lines into heroic verses. That the points do not 
 always indicate the termination of a line is plain from
 
 XXX TNTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 the ]MS. of the " Ormiihim," in Avhich the points occur 
 frequently in the middle, or before the end, of the 
 line. A fac-simile of part of the MS. is published in 
 Dr. ^Miite's edition. 
 
 The number of perfect heroic lines to be found in 
 Csedmon's poems, respecting Avhich there cannot be a 
 difference of opinion as to the proper manner of reading 
 them, is sufficient evidence that he was well acquainted 
 with the heroic verse, if he was not himself the inven- 
 tor of it ; and tliat he was not ignorant of the laws of 
 metre ; and we may presume that other lines are in the 
 same metre, though the ancient mode of spelling the 
 words may sometimes render it difficult for us to read 
 them with the proper accents. But what appears to 
 me to put it beyond all doubt that Coedmon's lines are 
 in the heroic metre is, that when read as heroic lines 
 they make in general remarkably good lines, and when 
 read in any other way they make remarkably bad ones. 
 His skill too in preserving the rh}i:hm appears to me 
 to be <[uitc e(|ual to Chaucer's. Caidmon rarely intro- 
 duces a trochee or a pj^rrhic without a spondee to balance 
 it; a fault constantly committed by Chaucer, speaking
 
 INTRODUCTION. XXXI 
 
 of Chaucer's lines as heroic lines: Ceedmon's subject 
 requires a more sustained rhythm. 
 
 I think justice has not been done to our ancestors 
 by some of their critics. I do not know that the New 
 Zealander would be acting more unreasonably, if at 
 some futm-e time he were to take Moore's " Lalla 
 Rookh," and to give a few lines as a fragment of an 
 old Irish poem written in what is called the alliterative 
 metre, and to put it in this wise : 
 
 " ' The light of the. 
 Haram wHo has not. 
 Heard of the vale of. 
 Cashmere with its Roses, 
 theb — Rightest the. 
 Earth Ever gave itfj. 
 Temples and grotTos. 
 and founTains as. 
 cLear as the Love. 
 Lighted. 
 Eyes that hang. 
 Over their wave, 
 o to See it at Sun. 
 Set when warm.' 
 
 " I have altered the stops or points in a few places to 
 suit what would appear to be the true reading ; and I
 
 XXXll IXTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 heave marked the alliteration by large letters. In the 
 
 copy before me the points are arranged in the following 
 
 manner : 
 
 ' "Who has not heard 
 
 Of the vale of Cashmere, 
 
 Witli its roses the brightest.' 
 
 By this arrangement there is no alliteration with the 
 second line. The reader will perceive that the first con- 
 sonant in ivho, in the second line, as I have arranged the 
 lines, is li, the iv being silent ; the word ivho therefore 
 produces alliteration with liaram and heard. So the 
 first consonant in brightest, in the fifth line is r, the h 
 preceding it being in pronunciation joined to the final 
 vowel of the word the ; and those who know how br 
 was pronounced in Ireland formerly Avill instantly re- 
 cognise the alliteration with roses. Occasionally lines 
 of three or even two syllables occur. The metre ap- 
 pears to be trochaic and dactylic ; sometimes a foot 
 appears to consist of a single syllable ; but it is plain 
 that the good barbarians, to judge from this poem, had 
 no notion of wliat we New Zealanders call metre; 
 tLough one may perceive a species of poetry in the 
 ' Love-lighted eyes that hang over their wave.' "
 
 IXTRODUCTIOX. XXXIU 
 
 But enough of this. To Casdmou then, I believe, 
 EngHsh Poetry is indebted for the heroic line ; or rather 
 to that inspiration which, we are informed by the Ve- 
 nerable Bede, Csedmon received in the stable. 
 
 The Metre varies occasionally; Alexandrines fre- 
 quently occur ; sometimes a single line here and there, 
 sometimes several will follow in succession. The 
 following occur at lines 235-9 of Dr. Bouterwek's 
 edition : 
 
 Forlfetath thone tenne beam, wariath inc with thone wsestm. 
 Ne wyrth inc wilna gad. Hnigon tlia mid lieafdum. 
 Heofonkyninge. georne togeanes. and sgedon ealles thane. 
 Lista and tliara lara. he let heo tha^t land buan. 
 
 The following Alexandrine occurs at line 344 of 
 Bouterwek's edition : 
 
 Hethine| tlisere sweart|an helle|. grund's gym'nl. nail's 
 with I God win|nan. 
 
 And bade him rule swart hell, not with his God to war. 
 
 The original is more forcible than the transla- 
 tion : 
 
 Bade him of swart hell rule the abyss, not war with God. 
 
 b
 
 XXXJV KVTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 The points iu the manuscript are as placed above, 
 not as they are placed in the printed copies. 
 
 Sometimes shorter lines of four feet occur, several 
 coming in succession. The following lines of four feet 
 occiu- at lines 252-3 of Dr. Bouterwek's edition : 
 
 Gesett| hccfde lie hie| swa''gesa3|liglice|. 
 ^une hsefde] he sAva| swltlme ge|worlitng. 
 Swa miht|igne'^onl his mod|gethohte|. 
 He let] liine swa| micles] wealdan|. 
 
 It is difficult to divide the first of the above four lines 
 into feet ; it appears to be anapaestic, but the rhythm is 
 sufficiently plain. The first line of the couplet ends 
 with an Iambus or an Amphibrach ; the second line ends 
 with two Trochees, or a Trochee and an Amphibrach. 
 
 The above lines appear to have a lyrical character, 
 the sound suits the sense, and they might well be sung 
 to the harp. The same metre is carried on for some 
 lines, and occasionally it resembles in some measure 
 the metre of the " Ormulum : " 
 
 Gelic wa;s he tham Icohtum steorruin. 
 Lof sccoldc he drilitncs wyrcean. 
 
 C.KDMON, ]. 25(;.
 
 INTEODUCTION. XXXV 
 
 And forrthi yerrndesst tu that ice 
 This werrc the shollde wirrkenn. 
 
 Ormidum, 1. 23-4. 
 
 The poem appears to be divided into Paragraphs or 
 short Cantos, and each paragraph appears to conclude 
 generally with a short or half line. 
 
 The following commencement of Satan's speech pro- 
 bably suggested to JNIilton the abrupt opening of Satan's 
 first speech to Beelzebub in " Paradise Lost." 
 
 Is thes tenga stede, 
 Ungelic swithe. tham otlirum the we ter cuthon, 
 Hean on heofonrice. 
 
 If thou beest he ! but O how falFu ! how chang'd 
 From him, who, in the happy reahns of Hght. 
 
 Paradise Lost, h. i. 84. 
 
 Milton's interpretation of these lines is perhaps not 
 
 quite correct, but it is the interpretation which would 
 
 first present itself. The subject of " Paradise Lost," 
 
 and much of the substance and expression, appear to 
 
 have been suggested to Milton by Csedmon's poems. 
 
 The conduct of the poem is skilful and original 
 
 After a short preface, and alluding at some length to 
 
 the fall of Satan, it begins at once in medias res by 
 
 describing the creation of the world and of man to 
 
 b 2
 
 XXX VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 supply tlie loss occasioned by the fall of the rebel 
 angels. It then goes back to give a more particular 
 account of the fall of the angels, and then describes the 
 plot of Satan to deceive Adam. Tiie history of the 
 temptation and fall of man follow, and the poem con- 
 cludes with a very beautiful account of the repentance 
 of Adam and Eve, their condemnation, and the first 
 intimation of a Eedeemer to crush the head of the 
 serpent, taken from the Latin Vulgate. 
 
 The question naturally suggests itself, if Csedmon's 
 lines are heroic iambic lines, what are we to say to the 
 verse of King Alfred and the other Anglo-Saxon poets, 
 who appear, most . of them, to WTite in very much the 
 same measure ? Are their lines also Iambic ? Living: 
 iu Ireland, at a distance from the manuscripts of those 
 poems, I ^^^ll not speak without hesitation; but I do 
 not know why the following lines of King Alfred's 
 translation of the first poem of Boetius should not be 
 read as iamlnc lines. The lines are printed as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 Tlwjet ic liotha fola. 
 
 Justlicc gco. 
 sane on sjtlum. 
 nu pccal sinficeiidc.
 
 INTKODUCTION. XXXVll 
 
 I do not know why they should not be printed 
 thus: 
 
 HwjEt ic liotlia fela lustlice geo 
 Sane on S£chxm. nu sceal siofigende. 
 
 In the latter form they appear not only to make 
 
 very good iambic lines, but they much more nearly 
 
 resemble the cadence of the original Latin when so 
 
 read : 
 
 Carmina qui quondam studio florente peregi, 
 Flebilis, lieu ! ma^stos cogor inire modos. 
 
 I am disposed to think it is something approaching 
 to the crime Imsce majestatls to print the poems of our 
 kingly bard in the form in which they at present 
 appear. Here too is a pretty hue of King Alfred's 
 wofully marred in the printing : 
 
 H\V£er sint nu thses wisan 
 Welandes ban. 
 
 Rawlinson, from the manuscript of Junius, gives the 
 line without any division, thus : 
 
 Ilwan- ;>int nu tliajs wLsan welandes ban. 
 
 Alfked's Boedus, p. 102.
 
 XXXVlll LVTRODUCTIOX. 
 
 Wliicli I have no doubt is the true reading, as a similar 
 line occurs shortly afterwards, which is given by Eaw- 
 linson in the same manner, without any division : 
 
 Hwa wat nu thses wisan welandes ban.
 
 TITE FALL OF MAN
 
 THE FALL OF MAN 
 
 Most meet it is the' almighty Being above. 
 
 The Lord of Hosts, om- hearts adore and love ; 
 
 He head of every high created thing 
 
 Is source of might, heav'n's guardian glorious King. 
 
 The Lord was, ere the beginning first of days ; 
 
 His end comes not, eternal are his ways. 
 
 He evermore above the heav'ns remains, 
 
 Over heav'n's thrones he everlasting reigns ; 
 
 Just, with high majesty, in truth and right 
 
 He ruled heav'n's mansions, strong in wonderous might ; 
 
 These through Grod's pow'r spread ample, wide and far, 
 
 Of his bright ministers the blissful care. 
 
 Children of glory, angel hosts on high. 
 
 Great was their splendour, great their dignity ; 
 
 Grod they adored, the guardian legions raised 
 
 Their songs of joy, as their life Lord they praised ; 
 
 B
 
 2 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 They deem'd his goodness set them in that sphere, 
 INIpjestic ministers, most bless'd they were. 
 Evil was yet undone, nor sin they knew. 
 In peace, with their good Lord, the ages flew. 
 To angels nought save right and truth was known, 
 Ere that chief angel by his pride fell down. 
 And drew such number from God's love aside. 
 Such arrogance had they, that would divide 
 His strong abode of glory, armies bright. 
 Guardians of spirits, the hosts of heav'n in might. 
 There sorrow them befell ! that angel's mood 
 Who first misled them fell on all his brood ; 
 Pain fell on all his host ; their pride soon raised 
 Their envy, soon of envy anger blazed ; 
 Words then he spake, athirst in bitterness. 
 That in heaven's* northern part his throne he would 
 possess. 
 Then was God wrath, sore anger'd with that host, 
 "^Tao erst them gave the beauty now they boast ; 
 
 * Thronum Domini nostrl ad aquiloncm contra Altissimum pouemus. 
 S. HilJegard, Lib. Div. Op. P. i. Vis. iv. xiii.
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 
 
 He form'd for such false crew a home of pain, 
 A house of punishment, gave groans for gain. 
 Anguish of hell, exile, and sorrows hard, 
 A far off place, deep, void of joys ; — our Lord ; 
 And bade the torture-house await the band 
 Of exiles banish'd from their blissful land ; 
 Guardians of spirits. 
 
 The Lord when he it knew prepared, with night 
 Perpetual fiu-nish'd, deep, deprived of light, 
 With torments stored to scourge their black offence, 
 Fill'd with red flame, fumes, fire and cold intense ; 
 Then through that house where wailings never cease. 
 The torment horror bade he to increase. 
 
 They had their accusations, discontent 
 Against God's rule, against his government. 
 Bitterly gather'd, goading to rebel ; 
 For this on all grim retribution fell ; 
 In their fierce mood the empire they profess 
 They w^ould assume, yea might with ease possess. 
 Sore him that thought deceived ! his Ruler heard. 
 And high against the troop his hands uprear'd, 
 
 B 2
 
 4 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 Th' apostates their crude purpose to fulfil 
 
 All fail'd, made frantic by the almighty will, 
 
 Striving against their Maker. He bent down 
 
 Their pride of pow'r, made them to know his own, 
 
 WTien in his wrath th' impious crowd he left 
 
 Void of all joys, of pow'r, of rule bereft. 
 
 And all their glory bright ; no longer free. 
 
 His foes may boast no more their dignity ; 
 
 He made them drink of his dread vengeance deep, 
 
 Wreaking his anger on them with strong step ; 
 
 Stern, greatly roused, provoked in bitterness 
 
 He strongly grasp'd and whelm'd them in th' abyss ; 
 
 Angry in mood his enemies he sent 
 
 Far from their country to their punishment ; 
 
 Our Maker far removed them from his face. 
 
 Cut off from heav'n that haughty angel race. 
 
 The faithless tribe, th' Almighty made them go 
 
 On their long journey, spirits sad, to woe. 
 
 Their darksome way to exile they hold on, 
 
 Their grandeur bow'd, their vaunts, threats, beauty gone; 
 
 No more loud laughter, they accursed dwell 
 
 Down in pain, sorrow, torments, deep in hell ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 
 
 ^^ith darkness deck'd, dire recompense, their share 
 Who durst devise 'gainst God himself to war. 
 
 Peace, truth in heav'n were thus again restored. 
 Fair loving ways, and Grod in all adored. 
 Dear to his servants ; who with Him possess 
 Increase of glory, greater blessedness. 
 
 Then had th' inhabitants of the heavens rest, 
 Eegions of light, in love's sweet bondage blest; 
 Fear from among the angels, fatal hate, 
 Fled, when those leaders lost th' ethereal state, 
 Of light bereft. Behind them their abode 
 Eich in Grod's works, with gifts abounding stood. 
 Fruitful and fair and wide and free fi-om wants, 
 A realm of pleasures ; — void of habitants ; 
 Since the malignant spirits to their place 
 Of exile banish'd, left such vacant space, 
 Down to those dungeons of perdition tost, 
 A wretched crew, and all their glories lost. 
 
 Then our Lord weigh'd within himself how He 
 Might fill again each heav'n bright canopy ; 
 The mansions the proud rebels left behind 
 For a new race created he design'd ; 
 
 B 3
 
 6 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 Therefore the mighty Grod, beneath the span 
 Of the wide vault of heav'n, new works began ; 
 Earth, and th' expanse of waters, and above 
 A firmament, and living things that move, 
 In place of those from th' upper regions driven. 
 Those rebel ones he headlong sent from heaven. 
 
 Here on this spacious Earth as yet had been 
 Naught save thick darkness ; void it was of men. 
 Idle and useless, dim it stood and deep, 
 Strange to its Lord, a huge unmoulded heap. 
 The allwise King look'd down, and view'd in sight 
 The joyless mass, roll'd in eternal night. 
 Swart under heav'n, waste, wan, without repose ; 
 Till at God's word this fair creation rose. 
 
 Then was it first, by His almighty hand. 
 The world was framed, and all this roomy land 
 Fix'd by His might, the firmament uprear'd. 
 And Heaven and Earth at Grod's command appear'd. 
 As yet no green herb grew upon the earth. 
 Wide waters cover'd all, thick night and dearth ; 
 Then was God's Spirit glorious, with swift haste. 
 In brightness robed, borne o'er the waters' waste ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 7 
 
 The Lord of life, the angels' Maker said : 
 
 Let there be light, and lo ! the light was made ; 
 
 Swift at Grod's word, over the spacious ground, 
 
 The holy light fill'd all the waste around. 
 
 Th' almighty Victor then division made. 
 
 Over the flood, betwixt the light and shade ; 
 
 To both then gave he names, and first the light. 
 
 This he named Day, fair beauteous offspring bright ! 
 
 The Lord of heav'n look'd forth upon the earth. 
 
 And was well pleased at that first beauteous birth. 
 
 The Day first saw the dark dense shadow driven 
 
 Over the broad foundations under heaven ; 
 
 Then time pass'd o'er the victim* trembling Earth, 
 
 And our Creator gave to Evening birth ; 
 
 He from the face of Earth withdrew the light. 
 
 Urged on dark clouds, and named the darkness Night. 
 
 Thus ever day and night are sever'd still. 
 
 And all time since their Maker's law fulfil. 
 
 Then came the second day, the light again 
 Driving the darkness o'er the watery main. 
 
 * This is, I believe, the meaning of tiber scecwan. Csedmon appears 
 to compare the earth at evening to a trembling or dying victim ; or the 
 victim ready to die. 
 
 B 4
 
 8 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 The Lord of life, our King, then gave command 
 For the wide dome of heav'n sublime to stand 
 Betwixt the waters, parting so the flood, 
 Thus some above and some below it stood. 
 The firmament then made, th' Almighty Lord 
 This hove up from the earth, through His ovm word 
 Under high heav'n stood the Earth aloof. 
 Waters from waters 'neath all nations' roof. 
 
 Then came the third clear morning swiftly on : 
 As yet no bounds the covering waters own ; 
 ^^'ide lands and useful ways were not yet seen, 
 Nor meted pastures nor Earth's meadows green. 
 The Lord of angels bade the waters be 
 Together gather'd, in one common sea ; 
 All that beneath the heavens hold their course. 
 And fix'd their limits by His ruling force. 
 Then forthwith stood the ocean under heaven. 
 As the Most Holy had commandment given ; 
 In one wide 'Waste the seas assembled stand. 
 The parted waters sever from the laud. 
 The Lord of life, the Guardian of the good. 
 Saw then the dry land, fair and fresh it stood.
 
 PARADISE LOST. 9 
 
 And wide display'd ; to this new latest birth 
 
 Our King of Griory gave the name of Earth, 
 
 Set to the waves their bounds, their furthest course. 
 
 And fetter'd ocean's wide resisting force. 
 
 *[He made the green herb grow up all around. 
 
 And fruit trees fruitful spring forth from the ground ; 
 
 Then in the firmament from this earth far 
 
 He set the sun, so every shining star ; 
 
 And more to perfect this last loveliest birth. 
 
 The moon he form'd, a light unto the earth ; 
 
 And every living creature on the land 
 
 And in the seas was made by Grod's command. 
 
 And the Lord Grod, the world's Creator, said : 
 
 Let us form Man to our own image made. 
 
 And let him rule the fishes of the seas. 
 
 And fowls of air and beasts of all degrees. 
 
 And the sixth day, as Grod had so designed, 
 . To His own image made, he form'd mankind. 
 And wonderfully dignified the pair 
 Whom he created first like angels fair. 
 
 * The foUo'wiBg twenty-six lines supply a deficiency in the manu- 
 script.
 
 10 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Adam he named the man, alone he stood, 
 Unseen was yet the grace of womanhood. 
 The Lord of heav'n then planted in the east 
 Trees fair to view, and pleasant to the taste ; 
 A fruitful garden form'd in Eden, where 
 He placed the man, and gave it to his care. 
 And made him ruler over all that lived ; 
 Inferior these to man, of will deprived. 
 And God's good angels then came down from heaven * 
 On that blest place to Adam's keeping given.] 
 Nor seem'd it to the' Almighty longer meet 
 The man should be alone, in that bless'd seat 
 Lord of the new creation ; then began 
 The Lord to form a helpmate for the man, 
 Eaised up a woman, and to Adam brought 
 The woman newly made for his support ; 
 The Lord of life began from Adam's side 
 A rib of the man's substance to divide ; 
 Adam was fast at rest, and sleeping sound 
 He knew no pain, nor blood came from the wound ; 
 
 * That Caedmon spoke of the descent of the good angels to Paradise 
 appears from the dra\viugs which accompany the poem.
 
 PARADISE LOST. 11 
 
 But from the man the Lord of angels drew, 
 Unhurt, a bone, and fashion'd it anew 
 Into a woman, and in her breath'd life : 
 They were like angels. Then was Adam's wife 
 With spirit adorn'd, a soul immortal. 
 
 They both in youth and bright in beauty stand. 
 By the Lord's pow'r, the creatures of God's hand ; 
 Crime was to them unknown, to do or bear, 
 But burning love to Grod their breasts in common share. 
 The Lord of all, the blithe-heart King, then bless'd 
 The first great pair, and thus his love express'd : 
 Teem now and multiply, and th' all green earth 
 With sons and daughters and a fruitful birth 
 Fill, and a full dominion ye shall have 
 Over all cattle, and over the salt wave ; 
 Live happy days, behold the fowls of heaven, 
 And fishes of the seas to you are given ; 
 To you is holy the wealth upon the land. 
 All beasts and hving things shall ye command. 
 And those throughout the waters, the whale's way, 
 Enrdow'd with life, all these shall you obey.
 
 12 THE FALL OF ilAX, OR 
 
 Our Maker then the new-born world beheld. 
 And how in beauty all his works excell'd ; 
 There Eden's garden good and ghostly stood. 
 Well fill'd with gifts and all things good for food ; 
 The pleasant land water'd by running streams, 
 The welling fountain in tlie mid-day beams : 
 As yet no clouds contending with the air 
 Had rain'd upon the ground, to make it bear ; 
 Nathless to fruits and fairest flow'rs gave birth 
 The pregnant soil, the ready teeming earth. 
 Four noble streams in Eden took their rise. 
 And held their onward course from Paradise ; 
 All these from one were parted, by the Lord, 
 WTien He this earth created, by his word, 
 Kivers in beauty sheen ; the first they all, 
 The people of the country, Phison call ; 
 It compasseth the land about the sea. 
 With its broad waters moving rapidly ; 
 There men from far and near find gems and gold. 
 Most precious kinds, as we by books are told ; 
 The second wnds the Ethiop land around, 
 Its name is Gihon, circling ample ground ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 13 
 
 The third is Tigris, the broad river goes 
 Tow'rds the Assyrian nation as it flows ; 
 So the foui'th noble river is the same 
 That men Euphrates now most widely name. 
 The Lord then said to Adam : Thou shalt eat* 
 Of every tree within this pleasant seat, 
 Save of the knowledge of good and evil alone. 
 From that abstain, touch not that deadly one ; 
 Eat not the fruit thereof, the danger fly, 
 For if thou eatest thou shalt surely die ; 
 To shun that tree all diligence employ. 
 Let it not tempt thee ; but the rest enjoy. 
 
 Then bow'd they both their heads before the Lord, 
 And gave him thanks for that his warning word, 
 For all his counsel ; Earth to them thus given. 
 The Lord departed, firm of mind, to heav'n. 
 On earth they two, fair work of Ood's own hand. 
 Unknown to sorrow yet, together stand. 
 God's will they long perform'd, dear to their Lord, 
 WTiile they held firm at heart to keep His holy word. 
 
 * There is some deficiency here in the manuscript.
 
 14 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 Ten angel tribes* th' Almighty Holy One 
 Had made in lieav'n, through His great pow'r alone, 
 And well in these he trusted that his will 
 They all would follow, and his work fulfil ; 
 Therefore Himself he made them, ample' in sense, 
 Form'd them, and gave them strong intelligence. 
 So had he set them happy ; one so high. 
 So great in counsel in th' empyreal sky. 
 That after God himself he govern'd there, 
 So was his form so beautiful, so fair, 
 WTiich from the Lord he had, the Lord of wars. 
 In brightness he was like to light of stars ; 
 To work God's praise, that was his proper care. 
 His joys in heav'n should he have counted dear. 
 And should his Lord have thank'd for the reward 
 On him in light bestow'd with such regard ; 
 Then had God let him free possess it still, 
 But he himself, perverse, all turn'd to ill. 
 
 * Ten ancjd tribes, i. e. before llie fall of the angels. The Abbot 
 Aelfric also says i\vi,t God at the first created ten hosts of angels : tyn 
 engla werod. St. Dionysins says there are nine choirs of angels. — 
 De Calesti Hierarckia, C. \i. S. ii.
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 15 
 
 Began of war against heaven's King to move, 
 
 Who sitteth in the holy seat above. 
 
 Though dear he was to Grod, it might not he 
 
 Withheld from him his angel's pravity, 
 
 Against his Master that he now began 
 
 To be presumptuous, would his actions scan, 
 
 Eaised himself up, sought speech of hate, of pride. 
 
 He would not serve, he turn'd from Grod aside. 
 
 Said that his body was of brilliant hue. 
 
 Of form most fair most beautiful to view. 
 
 Nor in his heart might find it so, that he 
 
 Should bow to God, and not in all be free ; 
 
 Himself he thought had greater pow'r to stand. 
 
 Than tli' holy Grod could have of hosts at his command. 
 
 Great words the angel arrogant then .spake ; 
 
 Through his own pow'r he thought a throne to make 
 
 Stronger and higher for himself in heav'n ; 
 
 He said his mind had him the impulse given 
 
 From west and north at once to call his powers. 
 
 Begin his labour, to prepare his towers ; 
 
 Doubtful, he said, to him it seem'd that he 
 
 To God should stoop in such servility,
 
 16 THE FALL OF MAX, OR 
 
 WTiy should I toil ? said he, Avhat need that I 
 Should have one set above me placed so high ? 
 Wonders as many have I pow'r to do. 
 And a throne raise — higher and godlier too ; 
 WTiy for His favour must I serve Him hence, 
 And bend to Him in such obedience ? 
 I may be god as He ! give ye not way 
 Followers who will not fail me at the day, 
 Heroes renown 'd, princes and warriors hard. 
 Me have they chosen for their head and lord ; 
 With such may one take counsel, such may have 
 Companions of the war, real friends and l)rave. 
 Faithful in all their thoughts, with such I may 
 As their high leader hope this realm to sway ; 
 So seemeth it to me in nothing rijjht 
 That I need be aught pleasing in His sight. 
 To God need look for aught that I may have, 
 I will no longer be His vassal slave. 
 
 \Mien the Almighty knew his angel's thought. 
 How he in pride against his Master wrought. 
 Raised himself up, and spake proud words and high 
 Against his Lord and Maker foolishly ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 17 
 
 Then must he pay the penalty, and bear 
 His portion of the work of deadly war, 
 And have his punishment, the greatest ill 
 That ever yet on form created felL 
 So every man that would of war devise 
 Against his lord, in wicked enterprise. 
 Then was the mighty God to anger driven, 
 He hurl'd him out his lofty seat in heav'n. 
 Hate had he gain'd, the favour lost of God, 
 The good Lord was aroused in direst mood. 
 So must he seek hell's pit and torment hard, 
 Who thus against heav'n's Euler foully warr'd. 
 Far from God's favour to th' abyss beneath 
 Cast down, a devil, to the gulf of death, 
 And with the fiend, his fellows, all to hell ; 
 Three times the space of day and night they fell. 
 To devils all transform'd, by th' heaven's Lord, 
 For they would not revere his deed and word. 
 So fell from heav'n the baffled angel host. 
 Into swart hell, beneath earth, flaming tost ; 
 There Even comes immeasurably long. 
 And every fiend of all that hateful throng 
 
 c
 
 la THE FALL OF }.1AN, OR 
 
 Hath a renewal of the fire, and then 
 
 Before the dawn the eastern wind sets in 
 
 With bitter frost, intolerable smart. 
 
 The pain of cold, such ever fire or dart. 
 
 For each some irksome pimishment prepared 
 
 They ever find in hell, some labours hard. 
 
 Their world was changed, and hell the first time stood 
 
 Fill'd with heav'n's host, th' apostate demon brood. 
 
 The angels, those who God's good bests fulfill'd. 
 
 Above in heav'n their thrones eternal held ; 
 
 Fiends in the fire supine the others lay 
 
 Who ere against their God strove in such foul aflfray ; 
 
 Torment they suffer, burning heat intense. 
 
 Odours too, woeful, bitter to the sense ; 
 
 I' the midst of hell, darkness and fl:ames they share, 
 
 ^^'^^o of God's service thus renounced the care. 
 
 Their folly threw them down, their vain pretence, 
 
 Th' Almighty's word they would not reverence, 
 
 In torments flaming they had faH'n to hell. 
 
 Through madness, through their arrogance they fell 
 
 They sought another land, devoid of day, 
 
 And fill'd with flames, a long and fiery way.
 
 PARADISE LOST, 19 
 
 Then found the fiends that they had barter'd all 
 For pains unnumber'd, in their guilty fall. 
 Through Grod's great might and their intemperance. 
 And before all their boastful arrogance. 
 
 Then spake the king of pride, who ere had moved 
 The most bright angel, by his Lord beloved, 
 Fairest in heav'n until to folly turn'd, 
 So that Grod's anger 'gainst him greatly burn'd, 
 WTio cast him on that new form'd bed of flame. 
 In that death's house, and gave him there his name, 
 Satan, he said, for name the chief should bear, 
 And bade him rule swart hell, not with his God to Avar. 
 
 Satan harangu'd, sorrowing spake, who in Hell 
 Must henceforth rule, henceforth must ever dwell ; 
 WTio erst was Grod's bright angel, ere aside 
 Led by his thought and his o'erweening pride, 
 That he would yield him none obedience 
 To the Lord's word, to do him reverence. 
 Hot raging thoughts his heart within him rent, 
 Flames were without him, his dire punishment. 
 Then thus he spoke : How much unlike this space. 
 This narrow house, to where we once held place, 
 
 c 2
 
 20 THE FALL OF JIAX, OR 
 
 That other once we knew, our just abode, 
 High seat my Lord on me in heav'n bestow'd. 
 Though we must not, for the Ahuighty, shine 
 In that blest place, must now our realm resign ; 
 Yet hath he not done right to make us come 
 Into this hot abyss, this fiery home, 
 Bereft us of heav'n's regions, and design'd 
 His kingdoms now to people with INIankind. 
 Oh, this it is torments me doubly sore ! 
 That Adam, form'd of dust, shall evermore 
 In long delight possess my mighty seat, 
 And we in this hell burn, groan in this heat. 
 Alas ! had I some space pow'r of my hands. 
 Might be one winter's space without these bands. 
 Then I, at large, with this innumerous host, — 
 But iron bonds around me stay the boast, 
 Presseth this cord, oh, mockery of a king ! 
 Me hath too strongly grasp'd this iron's ring ! 
 Here is fire's rage, above, on either hand ; 
 I have not seen a worse, a loathlier laud. 
 This flame abates no heat, it knows no stay. 
 This biting chain, hard forged, forbids my wa}^ ;
 
 PAKADISE LOST. 21 
 
 Closed are hell's doors, fetter'd my feet and hands, 
 
 I may not rid me of these body bands ; 
 
 About me huge bars hold my limbs in check. 
 
 So firm hath God fast bound me by the neck. 
 
 Thus I perceive he knows my thought, and knew 
 
 The Lord of hosts this further danger too, 
 
 That should, through Adam, evil us befall. 
 
 About heav'n's realm, where had I pow'r withal. 
 
 These hands *[might make some troubles to his host; 
 
 Himself to spare then at his angel's cost,] 
 
 We now must suffer torment, heat, darkness. 
 
 In this profound, grim, bottomless abyss. 
 
 Himself hath swept us these swart mists within. 
 
 So cannot he accuse us aught of sin. 
 
 That in the land we' in aught did him despite. 
 
 And yet hath he defrauded us of light. 
 
 And brought on us the extremes of misery : 
 
 But we may not for this return hostility, 
 
 And now ourselves avenge in th' angels' sight, 
 
 Since he our host thus plunders of the light. 
 
 * There is some defect here in the manuscript. 
 C 3
 
 22 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 He now hath framed a world, there life hath given 
 
 To Man, his likeness, to repeople heaven 
 
 With these pure souls ; wherefore our hope should be. 
 
 Our purpose, we must labour earnestly. 
 
 That we our wrongs on Adam, if Ave may. 
 
 And on his earthly progeny rejoay ; 
 
 Corrupt him in his will there, if we can. 
 
 And prove us skilful to devise the plan. 
 
 I have no trust in that bright Ijlessedness 
 
 He seemeth now with angels to possess. 
 
 We have no hope, no prospect shall we find. 
 
 Vain every thought to move the Victor's mind. 
 
 What we enjoy again then never can. 
 
 Let us avert it now at least from man ; 
 
 So do, that man may forfeit God's good will. 
 
 The word transgi-ess he bade them to fulfil. 
 
 Then shall his wrath be kindled ; from his face 
 
 Will he cast out the man and all his race ; 
 
 Then shall they seek this pit and these grim caves. 
 
 Then may we have them all down here in hell our slaves. 
 
 Begin we now consult about the war : — 
 
 If I of treasiures rich to any follower
 
 PARADISE LOST. 23 
 
 Have given of yore, while v^e in blessedness 
 Held that good realm, before our ill success, 
 Never at time more grateful could he show 
 His will to recompense the gift than now; 
 If he, whoever of my subject host, 
 Would be my helper for such former cost. 
 That up from hence he forth might pass this door. 
 And had with him such skill that he mitiht soar. 
 Might roll in clouds, on wings to that bless'd land 
 Where Adam now and Eve created stand, 
 Surrounded with all means to happiness, 
 WTiile we lie plunged in this foul burning place. 
 They now in Grod's esteem far higher stand. 
 And for themselves may have that heav'nly land, 
 Our realm by right, our weal, us to succeed : 
 Such counsel for mankind hath Grod decreed. 
 That it is grieves me, sore upon my mind. 
 That evermore heav'n's realm is destined for mankind. 
 If of you any may such counsels take 
 That they Grod's word, deceived by you, forsake. 
 Soon shall they be most hateful to their Lord ; 
 If they forsake his law, transgress his word, 
 
 c 4
 
 24 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Their weal shall cease, then too his wrath be hot. 
 And some hard penalty become their lot. 
 Think of this all ! how ye may them beguile, 
 Then may I rest me in these chains awhile. 
 If they but fall. Who shall so far succeed. 
 An ample recompense rewards the deed. 
 Of what we herein may, in this fire, hence 
 Gain of advantages or recompense. 
 Him I will seat beside myself in state. 
 Whoever, hence returning, shall narrate 
 That they, heav'n's King forsaking, to this hell, 
 Begi-iiled, by words and works, unworthy fell. 
 
 *[One answer'd, prompted by the rage of gain, 
 By deep hate lu'ged, and goaded on by pain. 
 With venom scorch'd he blacken'd as he spoke. 
 And all the demon in his breast awoke : 
 You thouglit to overthrow that beam of light. 
 The child of Grod ; but, worsted in the fight. 
 Far other lot on us, deceived, befell : 
 Now ever at hell doors hot dragons dwell. 
 
 * The following twcnty-sLx lines suj^ply a deficiency in the manu- 
 script. The lines are taken for the most part from fragments of Ctedmon.
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 25 
 
 How we came here, such stupor seized us all 
 
 When first we fell, scarce can I now recall ; 
 
 Taught by thy lies, that we should not obey, 
 
 It seem'd to thee that thou alone had'st swcxy. 
 
 We now are much unlike to what above 
 
 We once of beauty had, before we strove ; 
 
 There we in glory's splendour might have lived, 
 
 And dwelt in bliss ; now we of all deprived. 
 
 Now horrid is thy aspect, now we all 
 
 For thy crimes suffer in this windy hall. 
 
 The ground with venom boils, here all is night, 
 
 Never again may we behold the light ; 
 
 Nought may we hope save chill and fire to come, 
 
 Dragons and vipers in this dismal home. 
 
 This I too learn : Wlio will not God obey 
 
 > 
 Shall suffer exile from the joys of day. 
 
 I will mislead them, captives, down to this 
 
 Dark, dreary, greedy, ravenous abyss.] 
 
 Then 'gan himself equip th' apostate foul. 
 
 Ready in arms, he had a crafty soul ; 
 
 Upon his head a warrior's helmet placed. 
 
 And it full strongly bound, with buckles braced.
 
 26 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 He many speeches knew for nice debate ; 
 
 "VVliiiiVl up from theuce betakes him through hell's gate, 
 
 Aloft he sprang, malicious, strong in heart. 
 
 With a fiend's skill he dash'd the flames apart. 
 
 He would by craft the followers of the Lord, 
 
 Mankind deceive, pervert, mislead by word. 
 
 With wicked deeds that they might hateful prove 
 
 To their Creator, whom he framed to love. 
 
 So on he fares until the man he found, 
 
 Through his fiend's skill, within the fruitful ground. 
 
 The creature of God's hand, and wisely framed, 
 
 And his wife, fairest woman, Eva named ; 
 
 As they in good now knew to take delight. 
 
 Taught by the Lord himself to act aright. 
 
 And near them two trees stood, that were without 
 
 Covered with produce, laden much with fruit, 
 
 Set by the hands of the high King of heaven; 
 
 For there the child of man the choice was given 
 
 Of good and evil, every man might know. 
 
 By his free choosing made, of weal and woe. 
 
 The fruit was not the same, the one so bright 
 
 And fair and pleasant was to taste and sight,
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 27 
 
 This was the tree of life, him, who should taste 
 
 Of this good fruit, nor age nor ills might waste. 
 
 But ever he would be forthwith in bliss. 
 
 And, loved by Heav'n, his life thenceforth be his ; 
 
 And going hence, his glory to enhance. 
 
 Honours in heav'n be his inheritance. 
 
 The other fruit* was black, obscure, and dull. 
 
 This was the tree of death, of bitter full. 
 
 The bane of every man who both should know 
 
 Evil and good, to him for ever woe ; 
 
 Here in this world to live in sweat and pain. 
 
 Who durst with that tree's fruit his lips distain. 
 
 Age should his strength, his joys, his valour waste. 
 
 And death should be his portion at the last ; 
 
 On earth a little while his days remain, 
 
 Then must he seek the dark abodes of pain, 
 
 A slave to demons, where in that dread home. 
 
 For all space greatest of all evils come. 
 
 That knew the enemy, hell's messenger. 
 
 Who now again with God renew'd the war. 
 
 * St. John Chrysostom obserres that it was perhaps by the influence 
 of the devil the fruit appeared so fail' to Eve, and so good for food. — 
 Horn. XVI. on Genesis,
 
 •28 THE FALL OP MAX, OR 
 
 He cast him then within a serpent, nigh 
 
 To those two trees, of life and misery ; 
 
 Til en in the serpent's body 'gan to wreath. 
 
 With devil's cunning, round the tree of death ; 
 
 There took the fruit, and turn'd him from the tree 
 
 To where he knew God's handiwork to be ; 
 
 Began then to' ask him, in his lying mood : 
 
 Adam, aught seekest thou on high with God ? 
 
 I on His errand hither came of late. 
 
 Nor was it long since with Himself I sate, 
 
 "VMien me to travel on this way he bade. 
 
 And bade that of this fruit thou eat, he said. 
 
 And that thy strength and pow'r would great things bear. 
 
 Thy mind be great, thy body brighter far ; 
 
 Thy form more beauteous ; again He said 
 
 Of nothing in the world should'st thou have need. 
 
 Now thou hast gain'd His confidence to thee. 
 
 And serv'd thy Maker well and willingly : 
 
 Hast made thee dear to heav'n's almighty Lord ; 
 
 I heard Him praise thee in thy deed and word, 
 
 And speak about thy life, the most bright King ; 
 
 So must thou do what here His angels bring :
 
 PARADISE LOST. 2$ 
 
 Broad are the verdant regions of this land, 
 And God in th' highest heaven holds command, 
 Nor will He, Lord of men, who dwells above. 
 Himself on this far journey care to move. 
 He sends His vassal down to speak to thee. 
 And now He bids thee science learn by me ; 
 Do thou his bidding, take this fruit in hand. 
 Bite it and taste, then shall thy breast expand. 
 Thy form be fairer ; for the Lord hath given. 
 Thy pow'j-ful God, this help to thee from heaven. 
 
 Then Adam, self-sprung man, spake where he stood ; 
 When I the Lord of glory, the strong God, 
 Heard speak with mighty voice, as He me here 
 Bade His commandments keep, His words revere. 
 And gave me this fair bride of beauteous mien. 
 And from death's fruit commanded to abstain. 
 And warn'd me I were not in that death's tree 
 Too much seduced, deceived, and caution'd me. 
 He said : that the swart hell must be his seat 
 Who in his heart should aught of sin admit. 
 Nor do I know (for thou with lies may'st come, 
 Through dark design), whence is thy proper home ;
 
 30 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Lo ! of thy orders, of thy business, 
 
 Nauf^ht can I understand, nor thy address ; 
 
 T know what he Himself commanded me. 
 
 When last I did our good Preserver see; 
 
 Nut to forsake his way from that time hence. 
 
 Keep well his counsels, His words reverence, — 
 
 Thou art not like to any that have been 
 
 Of his good angels here, that I have seen ; 
 
 Nor token show'st thou, aught that I can see. 
 
 That He, my Lord, in pledge hath sent to me. 
 
 So cannot I obey thee ; thou mays't hence; 
 
 I have firm trust in Grod's good providence, 
 
 \Mio wrought me with His arms, here vdi\\ His hands, 
 
 • He can Himself accomplish his commands. 
 And can to me his every good extend, 
 Thousrh in his service he no vassal send. * 
 
 Where Eve the woman fair and lovely stood, 
 On the earth's realm, he turn'd him -vvi-ath of mood; 
 He said : On earth thenceforward they would find 
 The greatest curse and ills on all their kind ; 
 
 * Adam was not deceived, but the woman. — 1 Tim. ii. 14.
 
 PARADISE LOST. 31 
 
 I know his wratli against you both will rise, 
 AMien I shall bear this message to the skies. 
 When I the heav'ns, from this long journey, cleave, 
 That ye his messenger will not receive. 
 Nor do what He from th' East hath hither sent ; 
 Now must he come Himself for your content, 
 His messenger may not his errand bring ; 
 I know he will be wrath, the mighty King ; 
 Nathless if thou, a willing woman, wilt 
 Obey my words, thou may'st remove this guilt ; 
 Thou may'st Avard off from both, with good intent, 
 As I shall show thee, the just punishment ; 
 Eat of this fruit, then will thine eyes be clear, 
 Straight the wide world before thee will appear, 
 And thou shalt see Grod's throne itself above. 
 And henceforth have His favour, all His love. 
 Thou mightest Adam rule henceforth, if he 
 Trust in thy words, to serve thee willingly ; 
 If thou shalt tell him truly all thy heart. 
 And how by counsel thou hast done thy part, 
 Perform'd Grod's mandate ; he will then at once 
 This evil answer and this strife renounce, 
 
 *C8
 
 52 THE FALL OP MAN, OR 
 
 So we two both to him one purpose speak 
 
 Urge him with zeal that he thy counsel take, 
 
 That he may follow thy more prudent word, 
 
 Lest both prove hateful to your God and Lord : 
 
 If, best of women, thou this effort make, 
 
 I shall then hide from Grod what Adam spake, 
 
 That he such evil words address'd to me, 
 
 Accusing me of lies, such calumny. 
 
 And said that I would wish some evil done, 
 
 That I was angel to the wicked one. 
 
 And not God's messenger ; but I can well 
 
 The nature of all angels widely tell, 
 
 Th' abodes of highest heav'n, so long was I 
 
 Attendant on God's service zealously, 
 
 The I^ord my Master ; can I wish for evil ? 
 
 Faithful in thought ; I am not like a devil. 
 
 He led her thus with lies, urged her until, 
 With wiles, to do that wrong, and demon's skill, 
 Began within her work the serpent's leaven ; 
 To her a weaker mind the Lord had given. 
 That now began she to relax her mood. 
 So fair the fruit appear'd and good for food,
 
 PAKuiDISE LOST. 33 
 
 Through the fiend's craft ; therefore she from the foe 
 Took of death's dismal tree that fruit of woe, 
 Despite the Lord's word. No worse deed was then 
 Upon the fertile earth mark'd out for men. 
 It is great wonder that the Grod above 
 Would ever suffer it, a Lord of love, 
 So many men free made misled by those 
 Lies of the fiend, that from his arts arose. 
 
 She ate then of the fruit, th' Almighty's word 
 And will she brake, the mandate of her Lord ; 
 Then might she widely see, gift of the foe, 
 (Who her with lies betray'd, beguiled her now). 
 That to her seem'd the earth and heav'ns more grand, 
 Aud all this world more beauteous fair to stand. 
 The works of Grod mighty and great, though she 
 Not through man's counsel saw so vividly. 
 But by the wicked one such power was given. 
 That she so widely scann'd the domes of heaven ; 
 He in her soul deceived her zealously. 
 
 Then spake the hated one, through enmity : 
 (He taught her not for good) Now may'st thou see, 
 Eve the good, I need not tell it thee, 
 
 D
 
 34 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Thcat forms and beauty are the same no more, 
 
 Since thou hast trusted to an angel's lore, 
 
 Obey'd my words ; before thee now the light 
 
 Shineth, and gladly tow'rd thee, heav'nly bright, 
 
 Now may'st thou touch it, which I brought from Grod. 
 
 Tell Adam what thou see'st by that good food, 
 
 Through my advice what pow'rs thou hast attain'd. 
 
 If he may yet by modesty be gained. 
 
 Then of that light with which I clothed thee 
 
 So good, will I give him abundantly. 
 
 Nor of those speeches will I him reprove. 
 
 Though much unworthy he such grace to move ; 
 
 Thus his posterity shall after live, 
 
 WTien they do evil they shall love receive, 
 
 Eepair the angry speeches and hard word, 
 
 And have thenceforth the favour of their Lord. 
 
 Tow'rd Adam then the fairest of all fair. 
 Most beauteous on the earth of woman there 
 Who have come into the' world, for she was made 
 By the heavVs King, His handiwork display'd ; 
 Though she was then so fallen inwardly, 
 ]Misled by lies, that they might hateful be
 
 PARADISE LOST. 35 
 
 To Grod, through devils' wiles, through the fiend's fraud, 
 
 And lose His favour and the heav'n's abode. 
 
 \Miat woes too often fall on Adam's seed 
 
 For that he will not when he may take heed. 
 
 Some in her hands she bare, and some fruit lay 
 
 Before her bosom, of the fatal tree ; 
 
 Which to her ere the Lord of lords forbade. 
 
 Fruit of death's tree ; the word the' Almighty said. 
 
 That from the death his servants he might save. 
 
 Men might not suffer ; he to all men gave 
 
 Heav'n's kingdom, Holy Lord, vdde blessings there, 
 
 If they would but that bitter fruit forbear ; 
 
 \Miich that fell tree upon its branches had ; 
 
 Death's boughs they were, which them their Lord forbade. 
 
 So did Grod's foe her with his lies deceive. 
 Through hate to Him, and to the soul of Eve ; 
 Woman's weak thought, — that she began his will. 
 His words and his injunctions to fulfil ; 
 And the belief accept, that he from heav'n 
 That message brought, to him, Grod's angel, given ; 
 Which he in words so warily alleged, 
 A token show'd, his faith his favour pledged. 
 
 P2
 
 36 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Then to her spouse she spake, words indiscreet 
 Adam, my lord, this fruit it is so sweet, 
 INIild in the breast, and this bright messenger 
 Is God's good angel, so may I aver ; 
 I in his garb can see he serves our Lord 
 The King as envoy, to declare His word ^ 
 To win his favour better far it were 
 I know for us, than his aversion bear ; 
 If thou to him spake aught of harm to-day. 
 Yet will he all forgive, so we obey ; 
 How shall for thee such hateful strife succeed 
 With thy Lord's messenger? his help we need ; 
 He may our errands to th' Almighty bear ; 
 I can where Himself sitteth see e'en here ; 
 South east it is, circled with blessedness, 
 Wlio framed this world, I see his angels press 
 With feathery wings around him, hosts ascend — 
 Who could to me but God such pow'rs extend. 
 But heaven's Ruler ? I can amply hear. 
 And see so widely through the world afar. 
 Over the broad creation, I can in heaven 
 Hear all the joys to hosts of seraphs given ;
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 37 
 
 Light reacli'd my mind, within and from without. 
 
 Since first I tasted of this wholesome fruit; 
 
 Now have I some here in my hand, good lord, 
 
 I would fain some of it to thee afford ; 
 
 From what this envoy said, I understand. 
 
 And do believe, it came by Grod's command ; 
 
 No other is on earth in aught the same. 
 
 But, as he said, from God direct it came. 
 
 Oft spake she to him, urged him all the day 
 
 To that dark deed, their Lord to disobey ; 
 
 There stood the messenger, fann'd his desire, 
 
 Follow'd him hardily, the tempter dire ; 
 
 The foe was then nigh, his peace to' invade, 
 
 "WTio o'er long ways that woful ravage made ; 
 
 Peoples he studied, into that great death 
 
 All men to cast, corrupt by his fell breath ; 
 
 That they Grod's love, his great reward might lose, 
 
 Th' Almighty's gift, and heaven's kingdom close ; 
 
 Lo, the hell monster knew th ' avenging ire 
 
 Of God would find them in the lake of fire ; 
 
 For God's laws broken, tortures violent 
 
 They must needs have for their strict punishment ; 
 
 D 3
 
 38 THE FALL OF M,iX, OR 
 
 When lie with lying words that fair one led. 
 
 Most beauteous woman, to that evil deed ; 
 
 That she as he mll'd spake, and was his aid, 
 
 Grod's handiwork, her husband, to mislead ; 
 
 Full oft she fairest then to Adam spake, 
 
 Till the man's mind began some change to make ; 
 
 So that he trusted to the vows she made, 
 
 To what in words so fair the woman said ; 
 
 Yet did she all in faithfulness of mind. 
 
 Nor wist what curse must follow to mankind ; 
 
 So much she took it in her heart that she 
 
 The hateful messenger should then obey ; 
 
 And fully thought by those fond words to bring 
 
 The love on both of heav'n's almighty I^ng ; 
 
 The words she to the man in token show'd ; 
 
 And all as true, she so believing, vowed ; 
 
 Till Adam's mind was changed within his breast. 
 
 And to her will his heart was turn'd for rest. 
 
 He death and hell took from the woman's hand. 
 
 Though not so call'd, but it for fruit must stand ; 
 
 It was death's dream and devil's perfidy. 
 
 Hell, death, and man's eternal misery.
 
 PAEADISE LOST. 39 
 
 Ruin of human race, for fruit they name ! 
 It smote to heart as it within him came. 
 
 Laugh'd then and mock'd the bitter messenger, 
 And paid the thanks of both to his compeer ; 
 Now have I done thy will, thy favour gain'd, 
 For me the promis'd honours are ordain'd ; 
 Full many a day are men misled, and Eve 
 And Adam must their Lord's aversion have. 
 Now, through my counsel, they have done the wrong. 
 They never more may sit heav'n's thrones among, 
 But on that darksome journey must to hell ; 
 So thou no more need'st sorrow, where you dwell, 
 "VNTiere thou liest bound, nor mourn that men here share 
 The thrones above, while we such torment bear 
 And punishment, to yon dark country tost. 
 And have those courts through thy much spirit lost. 
 High structures in heav'n's kingdom, lofty domes ; 
 No more within thy breast such sorrow comes. 
 Grod raged at us, because to him we low. 
 In the heaven's realm, om- heads refused to bow 
 In servitude to him, the holy Lord : 
 Befits it us such service to afford? 
 
 D 4
 
 40 THE FALL OF MAJf, OR 
 
 That we in vassalage for ever stood. 
 
 Therefore at us the Lord was wrath in mood, 
 
 And hard in mind ; he drove us into hell. 
 
 Such number to that fire infernal fell ; 
 
 And with his hands in heav'n's abode again 
 
 Raised the bright thrones, and gave that realm to man ; 
 
 Now blithe within thy breast may be thy mind. 
 
 For here are both things done, both all mankind 
 
 The realm of heav'n must lose eternally. 
 
 And in that flame, through hate, must go to thee ; 
 
 And harm to God is done, sorrow of mind. 
 
 Whate'er we here of misery may find, 
 
 It is now all on Adam compensate. 
 
 With man's perdition and his Master's hate. 
 
 On man with pain of death ; so heal'd I stand. 
 
 Around my heart the thoughts within expand ; 
 
 Our wrongs are all avenged, our ills are cured. 
 
 And all we have of hate so loner endm-ed. 
 
 Now will I seek the flame, where he remains 
 
 Bound in black hell with rings and griping chains. 
 
 Downward again the bitter envoy turn'd. 
 
 Where in broad flames Satan, his master, bui'n'd.
 
 PARADISE LOST. 41 
 
 Adam and Eve both sorrow'd, often thence 
 Between them words of grief for their offence 
 Pass'd, and they fear'd the anger of heavVs Lord ; 
 On this they thought, and His forsaken word. 
 Themselves reproached ; the woman penitent, 
 Wept and made known her grief in much lament, 
 (Grod's favour she had lost through devil's art), 
 When she beheld the light elsewhere depart. 
 The token which he gave her, through deceit. 
 Who counsel'd them that evil to commit. 
 That they must have hell's pain, unnumber'd ills. 
 For this their hearts much thought mth sorrow fills. 
 Sometimes to pray'r they fell, mates jointly yoked. 
 And greeted their good Lord, their Grod invoked, 
 Heav'n's glorious Euler, and besought of Him 
 That they might bear the forfeit of their crime, 
 And all fulfil, since they forsook His law, 
 Grod's just command. Their bodies bare they saw. 
 No fix'd possessions had they theretofore. 
 Nor aught of labour, nor of sorrow bore ; 
 But they might well have lived within that land. 
 Had their first care been to keep Grod's command ;
 
 42 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Then many words of sadness and of care 
 Spake they together, the yoke-mated pair. 
 
 Adam said thus, to Eve in sorrow spake : 
 Lo, Eve the path thou hast thought meet to take ! 
 Seest thou the swart hell, strong and ravenous ? 
 Hence may you hear it raging under us ; 
 Heav'n is not like that flame, this land is best. 
 This, through Grod's favour, ought we t' have possessed, 
 Hadst thou not him obe3^'d who to this ill 
 Us counsell'd, to forsake the Almighty's will. 
 Of heaven's King ; now may we, penitent. 
 For his ill coming sorrow and lament ; 
 For Grod himself forewarn'd us from that pain 
 To guard us, greatest ill, ourselves restrain. 
 Bitter within me thirst and hunger tear, 
 Of which yet never have we known the care ; 
 Ho^^ shall we live here now, how shelter find, 
 If here from west or east should come the wind ; 
 From south or north, where may we find a home. 
 If clouds ascend and heavy hail should come ? 
 Clouds contain showers, and hail the heavens hold, 
 Frost too may come, which comes intensely cold ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 43 
 
 Sometimes from heav'n heat gloweth, mid-day's glare. 
 And each here standeth without garment, bare. 
 There is not aught before us 'gainst the shower, 
 Nor for our meat provided aught in store ; 
 But the strong Grod and mighty 'against us two 
 Is much in anger ; what may we now do ? 
 Now may it rue me that I made my prayer 
 To Grod, that He would frame thee for me here. 
 Of my own limbs ; to heaven's good Kuler prayed : 
 Now to His hatred hast thou me misled ; 
 So may it henceforth fill me with regret. 
 That mine eyes ever upon thee were set. 
 
 Then fairest of women Eve to Adam spake ; 
 She was Grod's work, comely did He her make. 
 Though she 'gainst devil's wiles so weak had proved : . 
 Thou may'st so chide me Adam, my beloved. 
 With thy sad words, yet can'st not on thy part 
 Grieve for it more than it grieves me at heart. 
 
 Her Adam answer'd : If th' Almighty's will 
 I knew, what penalty I should fulfil 
 For this my crime, ne'er saw'st thou one to go 
 Though in the sea, should God command me so.
 
 44 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 More ready, now from hence through floods to wade, 
 
 I would not in my mind be aught dismayed ; 
 
 Th' abyss were not so deep but I would go, 
 
 No place so fearful might I God's will do. 
 
 I am in no mood now to serve indeed. 
 
 Since I my Maker s favour forfeited ; 
 
 That no more I may have it, — but we twain 
 
 INIay not thus bare together so remain ; 
 
 Let us into the covert from this glade 
 
 Withdraw, within this bushy forest shade. 
 
 They both departed, they went sorrowing ; 
 They sate apart, to' await the heaven's King, 
 His mandates, in the green and covering wood, 
 As they might not, what ere almighty Grod 
 Gave them, now have : their bodies they conceal'd 
 With leaves, protected by the shady weald ; 
 No garments had they, but they both each day, 
 At early morn, together kneeled to pray ; 
 Not to forget them they the Lord besought. 
 And how thenceforth to live they might by God be taught. 
 
 Then came the' Almighty after the mid-day 
 Walking in Paradise ; the King would see.
 
 TARADISE LOST. 45 
 
 Our kind Preserver, what His children did. 
 
 Undone by that repast, to man forbid ; 
 
 Whom He had ere so bright and comely made. 
 
 Ketired they then beneath the forest shade. 
 
 Sad minded, when the voice of Grod they heard 
 
 Within a cavern hid them, for they fear'd. 
 
 Began then straight to call the Chief of heav'n. 
 
 Him to whose care all worldly things were given ; 
 
 Th' Almighty bade him come from out the shade. 
 
 Him answer'd then his son, humble he said : 
 
 Devoid of raiment I conceal me here, 
 
 Lord, without all covering, I fear ; 
 
 In leaves I clothe me, sin is on me sore. 
 Black in my soul, much I my crime deplore ; 
 Nor to come forth before Thee present dare. 
 Thus all uncover'd, all my body bare. 
 
 The Lord then answer'd him : Tell me, my son, 
 Abash'd, why seekest thou the shade alone ? 
 Thou hast confusion at my presence too. 
 But mid all joy, why should'st thou sorrow know. 
 And hide thy shame, and such affliction see, 
 And for thy limbs seek covering from the tree,
 
 46 THE FALL OF MAN, OR 
 
 Say, in thy careful cast down mood and sad. 
 That for thy body thou dost raiment need ; 
 Unless thou hast some fruit of that tree hati, 
 Eaten that apple, I by word forbade ? 
 
 Again then Adam answer'd : Of the tree 
 The free born woman, my bride, gave to me ; 
 Lord, I ate, despite thy known behest. 
 Of which I bear such token manifest ; 
 Therefore the more of sorrows now I have. 
 
 Th' almighty Euler then thus question'd Eve : 
 Daughter, what hast thou done ? of many a grace. 
 Abundant blessings in this happy place. 
 Of new creations, free gifts flourishing. 
 What hast thou made ; when heedless, coveting. 
 Thou grasped'st on the boughs of that death's tree. 
 Took then the fruit, and in contempt to me 
 Atest to thy destruction, and didst give 
 To Adam what he might not eat and live, 
 The fruit forbidden strictly by my word? 
 
 The woman, beauteous, answer'd then the Lord, 
 Woman then fall'n : The Serpent me deceived. 
 And urged the crime, till I his tales believed ;
 
 PARADISE LOST. 47 
 
 With seemly "words the party-colour'd snake 
 Urged me thy precept wickedly to break. 
 Till I, profane and as it was not meet, 
 Robb'd in the grove the tree, and the fruit ate. 
 
 Then to the Serpent our Preserver spake. 
 The Lord Almighty, to the varied snake, 
 Far jom-neying, and in words He thus decreed : 
 Thou shalt, accursed, with thy belly tread 
 All thy life long the earth ; upon thy breast 
 G-o footless, while the life to thee shall rest. 
 The spirit within thee ; all thy life's days long 
 Dust shalt thou eat, as thou hast caused the wrong. 
 Thee shall the woman hate, and thine own head, 
 At war with thee, beneath her feet shall tread ; 
 Thou shalt her heel beset, and war shall be. 
 And fatal hate, betwixt her seed and thee, 
 While the world standeth the wide heav'ns below ; 
 How thou shalt live now, fell destroyer, know. 
 
 Then to Eve spake the Lord Grod angrily : 
 Turn thee from joy, and thou shall subject be 
 To man, thy husband ; thy deeds expiate 
 Afflicted and depress'd, and death await ;
 
 48 THE FALL OF M.iX, OR 
 
 And through much pain, mid wail and moaning bring 
 Into the world thy children sorrowing. 
 
 On Adam also, who the sin had shared, 
 Th' Almighty then this sentence dire declared : 
 Thou shalt no more of Paradise partake. 
 But a more joyless haLitation seek, 
 And into exile go, bare and in need. 
 Of joys deprived; to thee too is decreed 
 Parting of soul and body ; thou shalt learn 
 By labour on the earth thy food to earn. 
 Because thou hast done wickedly, and bear 
 A sweaty brow ; so eat thy bread while here 
 Till fell disease shall gripe thee hard at heart, 
 Which to thyself did'st thou by that death's fruit impart. 
 For thou shalt die, for eating of the tree. 
 For dust thou art and dust again shall be. 
 Lo ! whence our charter of calamity 
 In wrath came, now we learn, whence worldly misery ! 
 
 Then our good Guardian garments for them made. 
 And to conceal their nakedness them bade ; 
 They then departed, by the Lord's command. 
 To lead a straighter life in other land.
 
 PARADISE LOST. 49 
 
 1 
 
 Behind, their blissful home, at the Lord's word, 
 
 A holy angel closed, with fiery sword. i 
 
 Thither crime guilty man, deceitful, may j 
 
 i 
 
 In vain, to that fair garden, take his way ; ! 
 
 For he hath strength and mighty hand, the ward 
 Who that exalted life now guardeth for the Lord. 
 
 Yet would not the Almighty them deprive 
 Of every blessing in which man may live. 
 But for their solace mid earth's lasting cares. 
 Left still the roof adorn'd with holy stars. 
 
 E
 
 APPENDIX
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 [The following lines contain so much of the original text of 
 Cjedmon as I have compared with the Manuscript, divided into 
 lines of five feet. The points are given as they apj)ear in the 
 manuscript.] 
 
 US is riht micel th»t we rodera weard. 
 
 "Wereda wuldorcining. wordum herigen. 
 
 Modum lufien. He is mcegna sped. 
 
 Heafod eah-a heahgesceaflta. 
 
 Frea sehnilitig. Naes him fi-uma aefi'e. 5 
 
 Or geworden. ne nu ende cymth. 
 
 Ecean drihtnes. ac he bith a rice. 
 
 Ofer heofenstolas heagum thrymmimi. sothfsest. 
 
 And swithfeorm. sweglbosmas heold. tha wteron gesette. 
 
 Wide and side, thurh geweald godes. wu.ldi'es bearnum. 10 
 
 Gasta weardum. htefdon gleam and dream. 
 
 And heora ordfi-uman. engla threatas. beorhte blisse. 
 
 "Wses heora blsed micel. thegnas thrymfteste. 
 
 Theoden heredon. scegdon lustum lof. 
 
 Heora liffi-ean. demdon di-ihtnes dugethum. 1.5 
 
 E 3
 
 54 APPENDIX. 
 
 Wseroii swithe gescelige. Synna ne cuthon. 
 
 Firena fremman. ac hie on fritlie lifdon. 
 
 Ece mid heora aldor. elles ne ongunnon. 
 
 Raeran on roderum. nymthe riht and soth. 
 
 Aer tlion engla weard. for oferhygde. 20 
 
 Dael on gcdwilde. noldan dreogau leng. 
 
 Heora selfni ra;d. ac liie of siblufan. 
 
 Godes aliwurfon. Ilajfdon giclp niicel. 
 
 Thoet hie with drihtne. dtelau meahton. 
 
 Wuldorfaestan wic. werodes thiymme. 25 
 
 Sid and swegltorlit. Ilini thser sar gelamp. 
 
 JEifst and oferhygd. and thoes engles mod. 
 
 The thone unrasd. ongan surest fi-emman. 
 
 "Wefan and weccean. Tha he worde cwseth. 
 
 Nithes ofthyrsted. thset he on northdasle. 30 
 
 Hdm and heahsetl. heofena rices, agan wolde. 
 
 Tha wearth yrre God. and tham werode -wrath. 
 The he ajr wm-thode. wlite and ■vvuldre. 
 Sceop tham werlogan wrseclicne ham. weorce to leane. 
 Helle heafas. hearde nithas. heht thajt witehus. 35 
 
 Wraacna bidan. deop dreama leas, drihten ure. 
 Gasta weardas. 
 
 Tha he hit geare wiste. sinnihte beseald. 
 SQsle geinnod. geondfolen fyre. and fa^rcyle. 
 Reke and reade lege, heht tha geond thajt ra;dlease hof 40 
 Weaxan witebrogan. 
 
 Ilajfdon hie wrohtgeteme. grimme with god gesomnod. 
 Him thajs grim lean becom. cwaithon thset lieo I'ice. 
 Rethe mode agan woldan and swa eathe meahtan. 
 Him seo wen geleah. siththan waldcnd his. 45
 
 APPENDIX. 55 
 
 Heofona healicining lionda arjerde. 
 
 Hehste witli thani herge. ne mihton hjgelease. 
 
 Msene with metode. mgegyn bryttigan. 
 
 Ac him se niEera mod. getwsefde. b^lc forbygde. 
 
 Tha he gebolgen wearth. besloh synsceathan. 5o 
 
 Sigore and gewealde. dome and dugethe. 
 
 And di'eame benam. his feond fritho. and gefean ealle. 
 
 Torhte tire, and his torn gewrjec. on gesacum swithe. 
 
 Selfes mihtum. strengum stiepe. Hajfde styrne mod. 
 
 Gegremed grymme. grap on wi-athe. faum folmum. 
 
 And him on ffethm gebrtec. yr on mode. 55 
 
 jEthele bescyrede. his witherbrecan. 
 
 Wuldorgestealdum. sceop tha and scyrede. 
 
 Scyppend lu'e. oferhidig cyn. engla. of heofhmn. 
 
 Wajrleas werod. waldend sende. lathwendne here. u60 
 
 On langne sith. geomre gastas. wa?s him gylp forod. 
 
 Beot forborsten. and forbiged thrym. 
 
 Wlite gewemmed. Heo on Avrace. syththan. 
 
 Seomodon swearte. sithe ne thorfton. hlude hlihhan. 
 
 Ac heo helltregnm. werige wunodon. i6.5 
 
 And wean cuthon. sar and sorge. siisl throwedon. 
 
 Thystrnm betheahte. thearl ^fterlean. 
 
 Thass the heo ongunnon. with gode winnan. 
 
 Tha w£es soth swa asr. sibb on heofiaum. 
 Fsegre freothotheawas fi-ea ealliim leof. 70 
 
 Theoden his thegnum. thrymmas weoxon. 
 Dugutha mid dxihtne. dreamhaebbendra. 
 
 Wseron tha gesome. tha the swegl buan wuldres ethel. 
 Wroht wses asprungen. oht mid enghmi. 
 
 And orlegnith. siththan herewozan, 75 
 
 E 4
 
 56 APPEXDIX. 
 
 Heofon ofgeafon. leohte belorene. 
 
 Him on laste setl. "wiJdorspedum welig. 
 
 Wide stodon. gifum gi'owende. on godes rice. 
 
 Beorht and gebleedftest. buendra leas, siththan wraecstowe. 
 
 "Werige gastas. under hearmlocan. heane geforan. 80 
 
 Tha theahtode. tlieoden lire, modgethoncc. 
 Hu lie tlia majran gesceaft. etlielstatholas. 
 Eft gesette. swegltorhtan seld. seli-an werode. 
 Tha hie gielpsceathan. ofgifen hsefdon. 
 
 Heah on heofenum. fortham halig god. 85 
 
 Under roderas feng. ricum mihtum. wolde thset. 
 Him eorthe. and uproder. and sid wseter. 
 Geseted wurde. woruldgesceafte. 
 On wrathra gield. thara the forhealdene of hleo seude. 
 
 Ne "wses her tha giet. nymthe heolstersceado. 90 
 
 Wiht geworden. ac thes wida gi-und. 
 Stod deop and dim. drilatne fremde. idel and unnyt. 
 On thone Ciigum wlat. stithfrith kining. 
 
 And tha stowe beheold, di-eama lease, geseali deorc gesweork. 
 Semian sinnihte. sweart under roderum. 95 
 
 Wonn and weste. oth thajt theos woruldgesceaft. 
 Thurh word gewearth. ivuldorkyninges. Her serest gesceop. 
 Ece drihten. helm ealhvihta. heofon and eorthan. 
 Rodor arserde. and this rftme land. 
 
 Gcstathelode. strangum mihtum. fr^a aslmihtig. 100 
 
 Folde wajs tha gyt. gi-£es ungi'ene. garsecg theahte. 
 Sweart synnihte. side and wide, wonne wa?gas. 
 Tha WKs wuldortorht. heofonweardes gast. ofer holm boren. 
 Miclum spt'dum. metod engla heht. lifes brytta. 
 Leoht forthcuman. ofer rumne grund. 105
 
 APPENDIX. 57 
 
 Eathe waes gefyUed. healikininges lices. 
 Him waes halig leolit. ofer westenne. 
 Swa se Avj'rhta bebead. 
 
 Tha gesimdrode. sigora waldend. 
 Ofer lagoflode. leolit with theostrum, 1 1 
 
 Sceade witli sciman. sceop tba bam naman. 
 Lifes brytta. leoht w«s aerest. thurh drihtnes word. 
 D«g genemned. wlitebeorhte gesceaft. 
 Wei licode. frean ast frymtlie. fortlib£ero tid. 
 Dasg asresta. geseali deorc sceado. sweart swithrian. 115 
 
 Geond sidne grimd. 
 
 Tha seo tid gewat ofer tiber sceacan. 
 Middangeardes. metod a?fter sceaf. 
 Scirum sciman. scippend ure. eefen a3rest. 
 
 Him arn onlast[e]. thrang thystre genip. 120 
 
 Tham the se theoden self, sceop nihte naman. 
 Nergend ure. hie gesundrode siththan sefre. 
 Drugon and dydon. drihtnes willan. 
 Ece ofer eorthan. 
 
 Tha com other deeg. leoht asfter theostrum. 12.5 
 
 Heht tha lifes weard. on mereflode middum weorthan. 
 Hyhtlic heofontimber. holmas da3lde. waldend xire. 
 And geworhte tha. roderas fsesten. thajt se rica ahof. 
 Up from eorthan. thurh his agen word. 
 
 Frea ajlmihtig. fold[e] wa3s ad^eled. 130 
 
 Under heahrodore. halgum mihtum. 
 W^ter of wajtrum. tham the wuniath gyt. 
 Under fsestenne. folca hrofes. 
 
 Tha com ofer foldan. fus sithian. 
 M^re mergen thridda. ngeron metode tha gyt wid lond. 135
 
 58 APPEXDIX. 
 
 Ne wegas nytte. ac stod bewrigen fa^ste. 
 
 Folde mid flodo. Frea engla lieht. 
 
 Thurli liis word wesan. waeter gema?ne. 
 
 Tha nu under roderum. lieora rync liealdath. 
 
 Stowe gestefnde. Tha stod hratlie. holm imder heofonum. HO 
 
 Swa se halga behead, sid aetsomne. tha gesundrod wjes. 
 
 Lago with lande. Geseah tha lifes weard. 
 
 Drige stowe. dugotha hyrde. wide seteowde. 
 
 Tha se wuldorcyning ^orthan nemde. 
 
 Gesette ythiim heora. onrihtne ryne. H-S 
 
 Eumimi flode. and gefetero [de] 
 
 . . . . ne thuhte tha gerysne. 
 Rodora weardc. tha;t Adam leng ana wa^re. 
 Neorxnawonges nivre gesceafte. 
 
 Hyrde and healdend. forthon him heahcyning. 150 
 
 Frea ajlmihtig. fultiim tiode. wif aweahte. 
 And tha WTathe sealde. hfes leohtframa. 
 Leofum rince. He thaet andweorc. of Adames. 
 Lice aleothode. and liim listura ateah. 
 
 Rib of sidan. he wass restefajst. 155 
 
 And softe swsef. sar ne wiste. earfotha dael. 
 Ne thser ajnig com. blod of benne. ac him brego' engla. 
 Of lice ateah. liodende ban. 
 Wer unwundod. of tham worhte God. 
 
 Freolicu fajmnan. feorh ingedyde. ece saule. 160 
 
 IIco wajron englum gelice.
 
 APPENDIX. 59 
 
 [Tlie following lines contain yerses of twelve or thirteen syl- 
 lables, and fifteen or sixteen syllables or more ; the latter may 
 be divided into verses of eight or nine, and seven or eight 
 syllables, as in the Ormulum. The lines of fifteen or sixteen 
 syllables or more, do not appear to be strictly Iambic ; they 
 appear to contain Anapiests, Amphibrachs, and Trochees 
 placed otherwise than in the Iambic metre. Tliere are a few 
 lines of ten or eleven syllables. Some of the lines of twelve 
 or thirteen syllables are like the modern Alexandrin, and 
 some of them are like some of the old Alexandrines containing 
 more than one Cajsura. But wherever the pauses may be 
 placed, I believe a delicate ear will always detect a Caesura in 
 the middle of an Alexandrin line. 3 
 
 ac niotatli inc thces othres ealles. 
 Forfetath thone «nne beam, wariath inc with thone wajstm. 
 Ne wyrth inc wilna gad. Hnigon tha mid heafdum. 
 Heofoncyninge. georne togeanes. and sredon ealles thane. 
 Lista and thara lara. he let heo thjet land buan. 
 Hwgerf him tha to heofenum. halig drihten. stithferhth cyning. 
 Stod his handgcAveorc. somod on sande. nyston sorga wiht. 
 To begrornianne. butan heo godes willan. lengest listen. 
 Heo wasron leof gode. thenden heo his halige word. 
 Healdan woldon. 
 
 Hasfde se ealwalda. engelcynna. thtu-h handmfegen. 
 Hrdig drihten. tyne getrymede. th^m he getruwode wel. 
 Thaet hie his giongorscipe. fyligan wolden. 
 Wyrcean his willan. forthon he him gewit forgeaf.
 
 GO ArPEXDIX. 
 
 And mid his liandum gesceop. talig driliten. 
 Gesett liEefde he hie swa gesseliglice. 
 
 jEnne hasfde he swa swithne geworlitne. 
 Swa militigne on his modgethohte. 
 
 lie let hiue swa micles wealdan. 
 Hehstne to him on heofona rice. 
 
 Ilajfde he hine swa hwitne geworhtne. 
 SAva wynHc wses his wsestm on heofontmi. 
 
 Thajt him com from Averoda drill tne. 
 Gelic wjcs he tham leohtum steorrum. 
 
 Lof sceolde he drihtnes wyrcean. 
 Dyran sceolde he his dreamas on heofnitm. 
 
 And sceolde his drihtne thancian. 
 Tha;s leanes the he him on tham leohte gescerede. 
 
 Thonne lete he his hine lange wealdan. 
 Ac he awende hit him to -wyrsan thinge. 
 
 Ongan him winn iipaheblaan. 
 With thone hohstan heofnes wealdend. 
 
 The siteth on tham halgan stole. 
 Deore wajshe di-ihtne fuaim. ne mihte him bedjrned AvjTthan. 
 Thset his engyl ongan ofermod wesan. 
 
 [The following lines contain the speech of Satan :] — 
 
 Tha spraic se ofcrmoda cyning. the cer wa?s engla scynost. 
 Hwitost on hcofnen. and liis hearran leof. 
 DrDitne dyre. oth hie to dole wurdon. 
 Thaet him for galscipe. God sylfa wearth.
 
 APPENDIX. CI 
 
 Militig on mode yrre. wearp liine on thset morther innan. 
 Nitlier on tli£Bt nio bedd. and sceop him naman sithtlian. 
 Cw£eth thaet se liehsta. hatan sceolde. Satan siththan. 
 Het liine tlisere sweartan helle. grundes gyman. nalles with 
 God winnan. 
 Satan mathlode. sorgiende sprajc. sethe helle forth. 
 Healdan sceolde. gyman tha?s grundes. wajs ser Godes engel. 
 Hwit on heofne. oth hine his hyge forspeon. 
 And his ofermetto. eah-a swithost. 
 Thget he ne wolde. wereda drihtnes. word wurthian. 
 "Weoll him on innan. hyge ymb his heortan. 
 Hat W£es him titan, [his] wrathlic wite. 
 He tha worde cwa^th. Is thes eenga stede. 
 Ungehc swithe. tham othrnm the we £er cuthon. 
 Hean on heofonrice. the me min hearra onlag. 
 Theah we hine for tham alwealdan. agan ne moston. 
 Romigan xxres rices, na^ftli he theah riht gedon. 
 Thjet he us ha;fth befylled. fyre to botme. 
 Helle thasre hatan. heofonrice benumen. 
 Hafath hit gemearcod. mid moncynne. to gesettanne. 
 Thaet me is sorga ma^st. tliEet Adam sceal. 
 The W£es of eorthan geworht. minne stronglican. 
 Stol behealdan. wesan him on wynne. 
 And we this wite tholien. hearm on thisse helle. 
 Wa la ! ahte ic. minra handa geweald. 
 And moste ane tid. ute weorthan. wesan ane winterstunde. 
 Thonne ic mid this werode. — ac licgath me ymbe. 
 Ii'enbendas. rideth racentan sal. 
 Ic eom rices leas, habbath me swa hearde. 
 Helle clommas. fseste befangpn. her is iyr micel. 
 Ufan and neothone. ic a ne geseah.
 
 62 ArrEXDIX. 
 
 Lathran landscipe. lig ne aswamath. hat ofer helle. 
 
 Me liabbath liringa gespong. slitlihearda sal. 
 
 Sithes amyrred. afyrred me min fethe. 
 
 Fet synt gebundene. handa gelia;fte. synt thissa heldora. 
 
 Wegas forworhte. swa ic mid wihte ne ma^g. 
 
 Of tliissum li<,)thobendvmi. licgatli me ymbutan. 
 
 Heardes Irenes, hate gesla?gene. grindlas greate. 
 
 Mid thy me God hafath. gehajfted be tham healse. 
 
 Swa ic wat he minne hige cuthe. and thajt wiste eac. 
 
 "Weroda drihten. tha?t sceolde imc Adame. 
 
 Yfele gewurthan. ymb tliset heofonrice. 
 
 Thser ic ahte minra handa geweald. * * * * 
 
 * * * * ac tholiath we nu threa on liellc. 
 Thset syndon thystro and hajto. grimme griuidlease. 
 Ilafath us God sylfa. forswapen on tlias sweartan mistas. 
 
 Swa he us ne ma;g ajnige synne gestaelan. 
 
 Tha;t we him on thani lande lath gefremedon. 
 
 He ha^fth us theah thajs leohtes bescyrede. 
 
 Beworpen on eab'a wita majste. 
 
 Ne magon we thtes Avrace gefremman. 
 
 Geleanian him mid lathes wihte. 
 
 Tlia^t he us hafath thajs leohtes bescyrede. 
 He hajfth nu gemearcod. anne middangeard. 
 Tha?r he hajfth mon geworhtne. asfter his onlicnesse. 
 Mid tham he wile eft gesettan. heofona rice. 
 Mid hluttrum saulum. we thaes sculon hicgan georne. 
 Tlia?t we on Adame. gif we xfve ma?gen. 
 And on his eafrum swa some, andan gebetan. 
 
 Onwcndan him tha;r willan sines. 
 
 Gif we hit ma;ecn wihte athcncan.
 
 APPEXDIX. 63 
 
 Ne gelyfe ic me nii. tlices leohtes furtlior. 
 
 Thses the him thenceth lange niotan. 
 
 Thses eades mid his eiigla crasfte. 
 
 Ne magon Ave thset on aldre gewinnan. 
 
 Thfet we mihtiges Godes mod onwEecen. 
 
 Uton othwendaii hit nil. monna bearnum. 
 
 Thaet heofonrice. nu we hit habban ne moton. 
 
 Gedon thset hie his hildo forlaeten. 
 Thoet hie tha^t onwendon. th^et he mid his worde bebead. 
 Thonne weorth he him wrath on mode, aliwet hie from his 
 
 hyldo. 
 Thonne sculon hie thas helle secan. and thas grimman grundas. 
 Thonne moton we hie us to giongrum habban. 
 
 [It ai^pears to me that in these lines Satan, after having 
 broken out once or tAvice into a kind of recitative or lamenta- 
 tion, concludes his harangue with a vigorous application of 
 Anaphora ; pouring out Alexandrines. The last three lines 
 commence with the same word. This is lost in the printed 
 copies, from the manner in which the lines are divided ; and 
 not only is the figiu-e lost, but the misplacing of the words 
 appears to me to afford a ludicrous instance of batJios.'] 
 
 THE END.
 
 LONDON 
 
 rniNTEU BY SPOTTISWOODB AND CO. 
 
 KBW-STRBET SQUARE
 
 OF 
 
 NEW WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMAN, AND ROBERTS 
 
 39 Paternoster Row, London. 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 Agriculture and Rural Aifairs. 
 
 Bayldon on 'V'siluinsr Rent*!, &c. 
 
 fi 
 
 " on Road Legislation 
 
 (! 
 
 Caird's Prairie Faiming 
 
 8 
 
 Cecil's Stud Kami .... 
 
 S 
 
 Hoskyns's Talpa .... 
 
 11 
 
 Loudon's Agriculture 
 
 11 
 
 Low's Elements of Agriculture 
 
 14 
 
 Morton on Landed Estates 
 
 17 
 
 Arts, Manufactures, and Archi- 
 tecture. 
 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, Ac. 
 
 " Organic Cliemistry . 
 
 Cresy's Civil Ent^ineerino 
 Fairbairn's Information for Engineers 
 Gwilt's Encyclopaedia of Architecture 
 Harford's Phites from M. Anselo . 
 Humphreys's Parables Illuminated 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art 
 
 '* Commonplace- Book 
 
 Konig's Pictorial Life of Luther . 
 Loudon's Kx\r;il Architecture . 
 Mac Dougall's Campaigns of Haunibal 
 
 •* 'I'heory of War 
 
 Moseley's Engineering . , , 
 Piesse's Art of Perfamery 
 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship 
 Scoti'ern on Projectiles, &c. . 
 Steam Engine, by the Artisan Club 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, &c. . 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Araso'R Lives of Scientific Men 
 Baillie's Memoir of Bate 
 Brialmont's "\Vtllin«ton . 
 Bunsen's Hippol>tus 
 Btinting'8 (Dr.) Life 
 Crosse'8 (Andrew) Memorials 
 (ileig's Essays .... 
 Green's Princepses of England 
 Harford's Life of Michael Aneelo 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopiedia 
 Marshman's Lif« of Carer, Marshman 
 
 and )\'ard . , .' , 
 Maunder's Biegraphical Treasur 
 
 Morris's Life of Becket . . , . 
 Mountain's (Col.) Memoirs . 
 Parry's fAdmiral) Memoir? . 
 RusseU's Memoirs of Moore . 
 
 *' (Dr.) Life of Mcirofanti . 
 
 Schimmcll'enninck's (Mrs.) Life . 
 Southej's Life of Wesley 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 
 Strickland's Queens of England 
 Sydney Smith's Memoirs 
 Symonds's (AdmiralJ Memoirs . . 
 Taylor's Lovolu . . . . , 
 
 *' Wesley 
 
 Uwir.s's Memoirs and Correspondence . 
 Waterton's Autobiography and Es&ays . 
 
 Books of General Utility. 
 
 Acton's Bread-Book 
 ** Cookf ly-Book 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing . 
 
 Cabinet Gazetteer .... 
 ** Ly.wver . . , . 
 
 Cast's Invaliti's Own Book 
 
 Hints on Etiquette .... 
 
 Hudson'3 Executor's Guide . 
 " on Making Wills 
 
 Kesteven's Domestic Medicine 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia 
 
 Loudon's Lady's Country Companion 
 
 Maunder's Tieasury of Kno^vledge 
 '* Biographical Treasury 
 
 ** Geographical Treasury 
 
 '* Scientific Treasury 
 
 " Treasury of History 
 
 " Natural History . 
 
 Piesse's Art of I'erfurnery 
 
 Pitt's How to IJrew Good Beer 
 
 Pocket and the Stud 
 
 Pycroft's English Reading 
 
 Rich's Companion to Latin Dictionary 
 
 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries . 
 
 Roget's Englifch Thesaurus . 
 
 Rowton'a Debater , 
 
 Short AVhist ... 
 
 Simpson's Handbook of Dining 
 
 Thomson's Interest Tables . 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy 
 
 Willich's Popular Tables 
 Wilmot's Blackstone 
 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 17 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 6 
 
 8 
 7 
 9 
 U 
 J2 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 14 
 16 
 16 
 16 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 18 
 13 
 11 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 24
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX TO CATAXOGUE. 
 
 Botany and Gardening*. 
 
 Hassall's British Freshwater Algce 
 Hooker's British Flora .... 
 
 *' Guide to Kew Gardens . 
 Lindley'a Introduction to Botany . 
 
 " Synopsis of the British Flora. 
 
 " Theory of Ilorticulture . 
 
 Loudon's Ilortus Britannicus 
 
 " Amateur G irdener . 
 
 '* Tret'S and Shrubs . 
 
 " Ganlcning .... 
 
 " Phmts 
 
 Pereira'ft Materia Medica 
 "Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide 
 ■\Vatson'8n^bcle Britannica 
 '\Vil^on'8 British Mosses .... 
 
 chronology. 
 
 Brewer's TUstorical Atlas . . : G 
 Bunsen's Ancient Eeypt ... 7 
 
 Haydn's Beatson's Index . , .31 
 Jaquemct's Two Chronoloi^ies . . 13 
 
 Commerce and Mercantile 
 Affairs. 
 
 Gilbart's Logic of Banking , . .10 
 ** Treatise on Banking . . 10 
 
 I.orimer*s Younfj Master Manner . . l-l 
 M*("ulloch's Commerce and Navigation. 15 
 Thomson's Interest Tablts . . . 23 
 Tonke's History of Prices . . .23 
 
 Criticism, History, and Memoirs. 
 
 Brewer's Historical Atlas ... 6 
 Bunsen's Ancient Es^ypt ... 7 
 
 " Hippolytus .... 7 
 
 Chapman*s Gusta^-us Adolphus . . 8 
 Connolly's Sappers and Miners . . 8 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul . 8 
 
 Crowe's (I ist'try of France . . . J> 
 Fischer's Francis Bacon .... 9 
 Frazer's Lfttersdurint; the Peninsular 
 
 and Waterloo Campaigns . . .10 
 
 Gleig's Kssaya If^ 
 
 Gurney's Historical Sketches . . 10 
 
 Hay ward's Essays H 
 
 Herschel's Essays and Addresses . . 11 
 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions . .13 
 
 Kemble's Anglo-Saxons . . . .13 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopoedia . . 13 
 
 Macaulay's Critical and Hist. Essays . 14 
 
 " History of England . . 14 
 
 " Speeches . . . .14 
 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works , 15 
 
 ** History of England . . 15 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary . 15 
 
 Maunder's Treisury of History . . 16 
 
 Merivalc's liislory of Rome . . .36 
 
 *' Roman Unpublic . . .16 
 
 Milner'a Chttrch History .... 16 
 
 Moore's (Thomas) Memoirs, Ac. . . 17 
 
 Mures Greek I>iteratiire . . .17 
 
 Normanby's Year of RevolutioH . . 18 
 
 Perry's Franks 18 
 
 Porter's Knights of Malta , . .19 
 Raikes's Journal . . . . . .19 
 
 Riddle's Latm Dictionaries . . .19 
 Rogers's Essays frtim Edinb. Review , 19 
 '* (Sani.) HecoUections , .19 
 Roeet's Encl'sh Thesaurus . , . 20 
 SchimmelPenninck's Memoirs of Port 
 
 Royal 20 
 
 SchimmelPenninck'sPiinciplee of Beauty 20 
 Schmitz's History of Greece . , .20 
 Southey's Doctor 21 
 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 
 
 " Lectures on French History 
 Sydney Smith's Work" ... 
 
 " Lectures 
 
 " Memoirs 
 
 Taylor's Loyola 
 
 ■" AV(_4ley 
 
 ThirlwaU's History of Greece . . . 
 Turner's Anglo-Saxons . . . . 
 Uwiiis's Memoirs and Letters 
 Vehse's Austrian Court . . . . 
 Wade's England's Greatness . 
 Young's Christ of History 
 
 Geography and Atlases. 
 
 Brewer's Historical Atlns 
 Butler's Geography ;«nd Atlases 
 Cabinet Gazetteer ... 
 Johnston's General Gazetteer , . 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary . 
 Maunder's Treasury of Geography . 
 
 Murray's Encvclopo'dia of Geography , 
 Sharp's Britisli Gazetteer 
 
 Juvenile Books. 
 
 Amy Herbert . 
 CleveHall 
 
 Earl's Daughter (The) . 
 Experience of Life . 
 Gertrude .... 
 Hewitt's Bov's Country Book 
 " (MHry) Children's Year 
 
 Ivors 
 
 Katharine Ashton . 
 I-aneton Parsonage . 
 Margaret Percival , 
 Piesse's Cliymical, Natural, and 
 
 sical Magic .... 
 Pycroft's Collegian's Guide 
 
 Phy- 
 
 22 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 21 
 23 
 22 
 22 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 23 
 24 
 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 13 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 21 
 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 12 
 12 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 20 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 Medicine, Surgery, &c, 
 
 Brodie's Psychological Inquiries . . 6 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers .... 7 
 
 " Management of Children . , 7 
 
 " Work on Blindness ... 7 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine . , 8 
 
 Cust's Invalid's Own Book ... 9 
 
 Holland's Mental Physioloay . . . 11 
 
 *' Mi'dical No'tes.ind' Reflections U 
 
 Kesteven's Domestic Medicine . . 13 
 
 Pereira's Materia Medica . . .18 
 
 Richardson's Cold-water Cure , . 19 
 
 Spencer's Principles of Psychology . 21 
 
 Todd's CyclopEedia of Anatomy and 
 
 PliysioU'gy 23 
 
 Miscellaneous Literature. 
 
 Bacon's (Lord) Works .... 5 
 
 Defence of iiV/ipstf o/F(Ji7/t . . . ;i 
 
 De Fonblanque on Army Adntiniitratton 9 
 
 Eclipse of Faith S 
 
 Greathed's Letters from Delhi . . 10 
 
 Grey[*on's Select Correspondence . . 10 
 
 Gurnev's Evening Recreations . . 10 
 
 Hassafl's Adulterations Detected, &c. . 11 
 Havdn's Book ofDisnities . . .11 
 Holland's Mental Physiology . .11
 
 Hooker's Kew Guide . . , .11 
 Howitt's Rural Lite of England . . 13 
 '* Visits lo Remarkable Places . 12 
 Jameson's Conimonplace-Book , . 13 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Essays . . . .13 
 Last of the Old Squires . . . .18 
 Letters of d Betrothed .. . .13 
 
 Macaulay's Critical and Hist. Essays . 14 
 ** Speeches . . . H 
 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works . 15 
 Martineau's Miscellanies . . . 15 
 
 Pycroft's English Reading; . . , 19 
 Rich s Companion to Latin Dictionary 19 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionariea , . .19 
 
 Rowton's Debater 20 
 
 Sir Roger De Coverley . . . .21 
 Smith's (Rev. Sydney) Works . . 21 
 
 Southey's Doctor, &c 21 
 
 Spencer's Essays 21 
 
 Stephen's Essays 22 
 
 Stow's Training System . . . .22 
 Thomson's Laws of Thought . . 22 
 
 Trevelyan on the Native Languages of 
 
 India 23 
 
 Yonge's English-Greek, Lexicon . . 24 
 
 " Latin Gradus ... .24 
 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar • . .24 
 
 Natural History in general. 
 
 Agassiz on Classification ... 5 
 
 Catlow's Popular Conchology . . 8 
 
 Ephemera's Book of the Salmon . . 9 
 
 Garratt's Mar\el3 of Instinct . . . 10 
 
 Gosse's ^atural History of Jamaica . 10 
 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology . . 13 
 
 Lee's Elements of Natural History . 13 
 Maunder's Natural History . . .16 
 
 Morris's Anecdotes in Natural History 17 
 
 Quatrefages' Rambles of a Naturalist . 19 
 Stonehenge on the Dog . . . .22 
 
 Turton's Shells of the British Islands . 23 
 
 Van der Hoeven's Handbook ot Zoology 2i 
 
 Waterton's Essays on Natural History , 24 
 
 Youatt's The Dog .... 24 
 
 «' The Horse .... 24 
 
 One-Volume Encyclopaedias and 
 Dictionaries, 
 
 Blaine's Rural Sports .... 6 
 Brande's Science, Literature, and Art . 6 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine , fa 
 
 Cresy's Civil Engineering ... 8 
 Gwilt's Architecture . , . .10 
 Johnston's Geographical Dictionary , 13 
 Loudon's Agriculture . . . .14 
 " Rural Architecture . . 14 
 
 ** Gardening .... 14 
 
 " Plants 14 
 
 " Trees and Shrubs ... 14 
 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary . 15 
 ** Dictionary of Commerce . 15 
 
 Murray's Encyclopsedia of Geography . 17 
 ~ Sharp's British Gazetteer . . . 21 
 Vre's Dictionary of Arts, &c. . . ,23 
 Webster's Domestic Economy . . 24 
 
 Religious and Moral Works. 
 
 Afternoon of Life 5 
 
 Amy Herbert 20 
 
 Bloomfield's Greek Testament , . 6 
 
 Buuyan's Pilgrim's Progress . , 7 
 
 Calvert's Wife's Manual . 
 
 Catz and Farlie's Moral Emblems 
 
 Cleve Hall 
 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 
 
 Cotton's Instructions in Christianity 
 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgy 
 
 Defence of Eclipse of Faith 
 
 Earl's Daughter (The) .... 
 
 Eclipse of Faith 
 
 Englishman's Greek Concordance 
 
 Heb. & Chald. Concoid. 
 Experience (The) of Life 
 
 Gertrude 
 
 Harrison's Light of the Forge 
 Home's Introduction to Scriptures 
 
 " Abridgment of ditto •. 
 Hue's Christianity in China . 
 Humphreys's Parables Illuminated 
 Ivors, by the Author of Amy Herbert 
 Jameson's Saints and Martyrs 
 *' Monastic Legends 
 
 '' Legends of tne Madonna 
 
 *' on Female Employment 
 Jeremy Ta\lor's Works . 
 Katharine Ashton 
 Kbnig's Pictorial Life of Luther 
 Laneton Parsonage . 
 Letiers to my Unkno^vn Friends 
 I^yra Germanica 
 Maguire's Rome 
 Margaret Percival 
 Marshman's Strampore Mission 
 Martineau's Christian Life 
 '^ Hymns 
 
 " Studies of Christianity 
 
 Merivale's Christian Records 
 Milner's Church of Christ 
 Woore on the Use of the Body 
 *' " Soul and Body 
 " 's Man and his Motives 
 Morning Clouds 
 Neale's Closing Scene 
 Pattison's Eartli and Word . 
 Powell's Christianity without Judaism , 
 
 „ Older of Nature • 
 Readings for Lent . 
 
 ** Confirmation 
 Robinson's Lexicon to the Greek Tes- 
 tament . 
 
 Self-Examination for Confirmation 
 Sewell's History of the Early Church . 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life 
 Smith's (Sydney) Moral Philosophy 
 *' (G.] Wesleyan Methodism 
 '* (J.) Shipureck of St. Paul 
 Southey's Life of Wesley 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 
 Taylor's Loyola . . , .   
 " Wesley . , . . . 
 Theologia Germanica . . . . 
 Thumb Bible (The) . . . , 
 
 Young's Christ of History . . 
 " Mystery .... 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 y 
 
 20 
 10 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 ^ 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 
 19 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 7 
 22 
 24 
 
 Foetry and the Drama. 
 
 Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets , 
 Arnold's Merope 
 *' Poems 
 Baillie's (Joanna) Poetical Works 
 Calvert's Wife's Manual . 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated 
 L. E. L.'s Poetical Works 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 8 
 10 
 14 
 14
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX TO CATALOGUE. 
 
 Lyra Germrinica .... 
 Macaula>'^ T-avs of Ancient nome 
 MacDonald's U ithin and Without 
 
 " Poems 
 
 Montgomery 'a Pot-tical WorVva 
 Moora'a Poetical Works . 
 
 " Selections filluslrated) 
 
 " Lalla Uookh 
 
 ** Irish Melotlies . 
 
 " National Melodies 
 
 " Sacred Son-js (wifh Music) 
 
 " Son^s and Ballads 
 Shakspeare. by Bowdler . 
 Southey'8 Poetical Works 
 Thomson's Seasunsj illustrated 
 
 The Sciences in general and 
 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Arago's Meteorological Essays 
 *' Popular Astronomy . 
 Bourne on the Steam Engine 
 
 " 's Catechism of Steam-Engiue 
 Royd'8 Naval Cadet's Manual 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, ^c. 
 
 *' Lectures on Organic Chemistry 
 Conington's Chemical Analysis 
 Cresy's Civil Engineering * . 
 De la Rive's Electricity . 
 Grove's Correlation of Physical Forces 
 Herschel's Outlines of Astronomy . 
 Holland's Mental Physiology . 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature 
 " Coi.mo3 
 
 Hunt on Light 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia 
 Marci't's (Mrs.) Conversations 
 MorcU's Elements of Psychology . 
 Most-ley's Engineering and Architecture 
 Ogilvie's Master- Builder's Plan 
 Owen's Lectures on ('omp. Anatomy 
 Pcreira on Polarised Light 
 Peschcl's Elements of Physics 
 Pliillips's Mineraloay 
 
 " Guide to Geology . 
 Powell's Unity of Worlds 
 
 ** Christianity without Judaism 
 
 " Order of Nature 
 Smee's Electro-Metallurgj; 
 Steam-Enginp, hy tht Artisan Cluh 
 Webb's CelestiarOhjccts for Common 
 Telescopes 
 
 Bural Sports. 
 
 Baker's Rifle and Hound in Ceylon 
 Blaine's Dictionary of Sports . 
 Cecil's Stable Practice 
 
 •* Stud Farm .... 
 Davy's Fishing Excursions, 2 Series 
 Ephemera on Angling . 
 
 ** Book of the Salmon 
 
 Frteman and Sa!\in's Falconry 
 Hawker's Youna Sportsman . 
 The Hunting- Field .... 
 Idle*8 Hints on Shooting 
 Pocket and the Stud ... 
 
 Practical Horsemanship. 
 Pycroft's Cricket- Field . 
 Richardson'H Horsenianship . 
 I onalds'8 Fly-Fihhcr's Entomology 
 
 Stnble Talk and Table Talk . 
 Stonehenge on the Dog 
 
 " " Greyhound 
 
 The Stud, for Practical Purposes 
 
 Veterinary Medicine, &c. 
 
 Cecil's Stable Practice . 
 
 " Stud Farm . 
 Hunt's HoisL' and his Master 
 Hunting-Field (The) 
 Mili's'9 Horsp-Shofincr 
 
 " on the Horse's Foot 
 Porketand the Slud 
 Practical Horsemanship . 
 Rirliardson's Horsemanship 
 Stable Talk and TaMe Talk 
 Stonehenge on the Dog . 
 Stud (The) .... 
 Touatt's The Dog . 
 <* The Horse 
 
 Voyages and Travels. 
 
 Baker's Wanderings in Ceylon 
 Barth's African Travels . 
 Burton's East Africa 
 
 " Medina and Mecca . 
 Domenech's Deserts of North America 
 
 *' Teias and Mexico 
 
 First Imprcpsitins of the Ne^v World 
 Forester's Sardinia and Corsica 
 HincblifT's Travels in the Alps 
 Howitt's Art-Student in Munich . 
 
 " (W.) Victoria . 
 Hue's Chinese Empire 
 Hudson and Kennedy's Mont Blanc 
 Hnmbnldt's Aspects of Nature 
 Hutchinson's Western Africa 
 Kane's Wanderinea of an Artist . 
 Lady's Tour round Monte Rosa . 
 M*(;lure'9 North West Passu^ 
 Mac Dougall's Voyage of X\n:Me$ohtte 
 Minium's New York to Delhi 
 MuUhausen's Journey to the Pacific 
 Osborn's Quedah .... 
 Peaks, Passes, and Glaciers . 
 Scherzer's Central America 
 Senior's Journal in Turkey and Greece 
 Snow's Tierra del Fuego . 
 Tennenl's Ceylon .... 
 A'on Tempskv's Mexico and Guatemala 
 Wanderings in the Land of Hani . 
 Weld's Vacations in Ireland 
 
 ** Pyrenees, West and East . 
 
 ** United States and Canada . 
 
 Works of Fiction, 
 
 Connol'ty's Romance of the Hanks 
 Cruikshiink's FalstafF 
 Howitt's Tallangetta 
 Mildred Norman 
 Moore's Epicurean . 
 Sewell's Ursula 
 Sir Roger De Coverlev 
 Sketch«8 (The), Three Tales . 
 Southey'B Doctor, &c. 
 Trollope's Barchester Towers . 
 " Warden 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 12 
 11 
 16 
 16 
 11 
 11 
 19 
 10 
 22 
 11 
 24 
 21 
 
 5 
 5 
 
 7 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 12 
 13 
 13 
 18 
 15 
 16 
 16 
 1« 
 16 
 20 
 20 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 «^ 
 
 8 
 9 
 12 
 16 
 17 
 20 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 23 
 23
 
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