SECOND LATIN BOOK-; COMPBISINtr A HISTORICAL LATIN READER, Wify Mm jntit JUte fur * AND AN EXEECISE-BOOK, DEVELOPING A COMPLETE ANALYTICAL SYNTAX, IN A SERIES OF LESSONS AND EXERCISES, INVOLVING THE CONSTRUCTION, ANALYSIS AND RECONSTRUCTION OF LATIN SENTENCES. BY ALBERT HARKNESS, P.D., ^OFESSOR OP THE aEEBK LANGUAQK AND LITBKATUEK IN BBOWN ITNITBWITT NEW-YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., 443 & 445 BROADWA\. M.DCCC.LJE. no 6 ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New- York PREFACE THE volume now offered to the public is designed to be at once a Reader and an Exercise Book. It is in its plan and arrangement especially adapted to follow, in the course of clas- sical study, the author's edition of Arnold's First Latin Book, and accordingly presupposes that the pupil has, by the use of that or some similar work, or at least by the study of Latin grammar, become familiar with the common forms and inflec- tions of the language. Starting from this point, it aims to introduce the learner to a true knowledge and appreciation of the structure and spirit of the Latin tongue ; and thus to prepare him to enter with success and pleasure upon the consecutive study of some Latin author. It is a matter of regret that classes are often put upon the study of Caesar or Virgil, before they have acquired sufficient knowledge of the structure and idioms of the language to prepare them for any just appreciation of those authors. No- thing tends more to lower the standard of true and accurate classical scholarship. To explain more fully the plan of the present work, the author begs leave to specify the following points which are believed to be among its leading characteristics : 1. The Latin, which comprises the reading lessons, pre- sents a brief epitome of Roman and Grecian history, and will furnish the pupil with a multitude of facts and incidents at once interesting and instructive. m IV PKEFACE. 2. The lessons and exercises, which are carefully adapted to the Latin text and are designed to be studied in connection with it, aim both to develop a complete analytical Syntax and to present a distinct picture of the Latin sentence in all the marked varieties of its form. 3. The analysis of the structure of the Latin sentence, is designed to be at once simple and symmetrical. While it aims to follow closely the growth of the simple sentence from its essential elements to its more expanded forms, while it marks the various ways in which these forms combine with each other, giving rise to a variety of complex and compound sentences, and yet further as it traces the combinations of these again with still others of any of the varieties just mentioned, it recognizes only a few well-defined and leading principles per- vading and controlling all these changes principles which the youngest pupil will readily understand and successfully apply. 4. The exercises consist of three distinct parts ; viz., 1st. A selection of Latin sentences, illustrative of the par- ticular subject of the lesson. These are taken principally from the Latin text, and are designed to be carefully analyzed. 2d. An exercise in changing and reconstructing Latin sentences; in answering historical questions in Latin; or in forming new sentences on given models, an exercise which the author has found eminently successful both in awakening interest and in giving the learner power and facility in the use of the language. 3d. Translations of English into Latin. The sentences here used are, as far as practicable, conversational, and relate to the historical facts and incidents learned from the reading lessons, thus securing to the pupil a degree of interest and profit which could scarcely be expected from any set exercises on miscella- neous subjects. 5. Rules designed to aid the pupil in recognizing the idi- oms of the language and in rendering them into good English are inserted in the volume, and constantly used by means of reference in the notes. This, it is hoped, will not only*sav e the teacher much labor, but will afford him the pleasure of listening to translations comparatively free from those foreign idioms which too often mar the beauty and correctness even of the early efforts of the young student in translating Latin and Greek. In the preparation of the present work, the author has resorted freely to whatever sources of information were within his reach. He has had before him numerous Grammars of the Latin, Greek, and English languages, editions of Latin authors, works on the structure of language, and on the general subject of Philology. Among the Latin Grammars which have come under his notice, the German of Kritz and Berger deserves special mention, as having furnished important aid in the de- velopment of the structure and analysis of the Latin sentence. The Latin has been selected from Arnold's Historiae Anti- quae Epitome, founded on the Lateinisches Elementarbuch of Professors Jacobs and Doring. It consists, with a few unim- portant exceptions, of selections from the Latin historians, Eutropius, Justin, and Cornelius Nepos. The work of Eutropius was really an abridgment, founded on "the best authorities, and is, in style, plain, concise, and simple :" Justin's history ^is made up mainly of selections from Trogus Pompeius, who lived and wrote in the Augustan age ; while Nepos belongs to the same period, and was at once the contemporary and friend of Cicero* In the arrangement of the volume, the Roman history is placed before the Grecian, not only because the former is more simple in style, but also because, in the study of Latin, the history of Rome justly claims an earlier attention than that of Greece. The present volume is designed to be used in connection with some Latin grammar ; for the purposes of those, however. VI PREFACE. who do not intend to pursue the study to any considerable extent, the summary of Grammar contained in the author's edition of Arnold's First Latin Book may be found sufficient. Accordingly in the preparation of the notes, such grammatical points as seemed to require notice have been explained mainly by appropriate references to the First Latin Book, to the Latin Grammar of Andrews and Stoddard, and to that of Zumpt; thus adapting the notes to the convenience of all who use either of the above works. The author is happy in this connection to acknowledge his obligations to his friends who have aided him in this work ; especially to Professors J. L. LINCOLN and S. S. GREENE of Brown University, for their generous interest in his efforts, and for the valuable suggestions with which they have kindly favored him. With the above statement of the design and plan of the work, the author now commits it to classical teachers, and to the public generally, in the hope that it may not be found unworthy of a share, at least, of the marked favor with which they have been pleased to reae?vo b*s former work. A. HARKNESS. CONTENTS. READING LESSONS. HISTORY. Period. Page I. Italian and Roman Kings . .1 n. Roman Struggles and Conquests ... 7 III. Roman Triumphs .. . 14 IV. Civil Dissensions . . . . . ,22 V. Roman Empire . . . . . .32 GRECIAN HISTORY. L Traditionary Greece .... r 37 IL Grecian Triumphs . . . . . .40 DJ. Civil Wars in Greece ..... 45 IY. Graeco-Macedonian Empire . . . . .54 V. Decline of Grecian Power . . . . 65 LESSONS AND EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .75 CHAPTER I. SIMPLE SENTENCES. Lesson. L Principal Elements of Sentences ; Subject and Predicate. Declarative Sentences . . . . .78 II. Subordinate Elements ; Modifiers ... 80 Till CONTENTS. Lesson. Page, HI. Elements of Sentences, continued. Interrogative and Imperative Sentences . . . .83 IV. Simple Subject . . . . .85 V Complex Subject. Modifier; Simple . . 87 VI. Complex Subject. Modifier ; Complex . . 91 VII. Simple Predicate . . . V. " .93 VIII. Complex Predicate. Direct Object; Simple .-,-* 95 IX. Complex Predicate. Direct Object; Complex . 97 X. Complex Predicate. Indirect Object; Simple or Com- plex ...... 99 XL Complex Predicate. Remote Object ; Genitive 4 101 XIL Complex Predicate. Remote Object ; Ablative 104 XIII. Complex Predicate. Direct Object with Attributive Accusative . . . . . .106 XIV, Complex Predicate. Combined Objects; two Accu- satives ...... 109 XV. Complex Predicate. Combined Objects; Accusative and Dative ...... Ill XVI. Complex Predicate. Combined Objects ; Accusative and two Datives . . . . .113 XVIL Complex Predicate. Combined Objects; Accusative and Genitive . . . . . . 115 XVIIL Complex Predicate. Combined Objects; Accusative and Ablative .. . . . .117 XIX. Complex Predicate. Combined Objects ; two Datives 119 XX. Complex Predicate. Combined Objects ; Dative and Ablative . . . . . .121 XXI. Complex Predicate. Adverbial Attribute ; Adverbs . 122 XXII. Complex Predicate, Adverbial Expressions of Man- ner, Means, 267 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY . . , . 287 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY . . , . 827 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX , r , 348 EXPLANATIONS, A, & S. . . Andrews & Stoddard's Latin Grammar. Z. . . . . = Zumpt's Latin Grammar, American edition, F. B. . . . = Harkness' Arnold's First Latin Book. ^ C. . . . = Arnold's Latin Prose Composition, American edit. Smith's Diet. = Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui ties. Schmitz's Hist. = Schmitz's History of Rome, Andover edition. Numerals not preceded by any initials refer to articles in this work ; and, in the Notes, those enclosed in parentheses refer to the Rules for Translating. The enclosed numerals standing at the beginning of each lesson refer to the paragraphs in the Latin which this lesson is designed to accompany ; thus, [1 & 2] at the beginning of the 1st and 2d lessons denotes that those lessons are designed .to be learned in connection with the 1st and 2d paragraphs of the Latin. SECOND LATIN BOOK, \ ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD I. Italian and Roman Kings. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE BANISHMENT OF TARQUIH, 510 B. C. Early Italian Kings. Aeneas in Italy. 1. ANTIQUISSIMIS temporibus Saturnus in Italiairi venisse dicitur. Ibi baud procul a Janiciilo arcem condidit, eamque Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos pri- mus agricuUuram docuit. 2. PosteMLatlnus in illis regidnibus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Tr*a in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, An- eliisae filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Grae- corum pepercerat, aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei benigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimoniurn dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quam m honorem conjiigis Lavinium appellavit. Ascanim and the Kings of Alba. 3. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae fflius, regimm accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbemque condidit in monte Albano, ean> que Albcirn Longam nuncupavit. Eum secutus est Sil vi us, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. 1 2 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD I. Ejus poster! omnes, usque ad Eomam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 4. Unus horum regum, Eomulus Silvius, se Jove majorem esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus impe- ravit, ut clypeos hastis percuterent, dicebatque hunc sonum multo clariorem esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus, et in Albanum lacum praecipitatus est. 5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios rell- quit, JSTumitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetiilit ; Amulius regnum obtinuit. Birth of Romulus and Remus. 6. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, Nu- mitoris filium per insidias interemit, et filiam fratris, Eheam Silviam, Vestalem virgmem fecit. Narn his Vestae sacerdotibus non licet viro nubere. Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, Eomiilum et Eemum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius comperisset, matrem in vinciila conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim abjici jussit. 7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat, et, quum pueri in vado essent positi, aqua refluens eos in skco reliquit. Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sustiilit, et uxori Accsa Laurentiae nutriendos dedit. Rome founded, 753 B. C. 8. Sic Eomiilus et Eemus pueritiam inter pastores transegerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, is ipsorum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium inter- ITALIAN AND ROMAN KINGS. 3 fecerunt, et Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn arbem condiderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo nomine Eomam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circumdaretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia transiliebat. Seizure of the Sabine Women. 9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accur- rerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Ftum itaque Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et li Deris venissent, Romani inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bel- lum adversus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinquarent, forte in Tarpeiam virginem incide- runt, quae in arce sacra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in* arcem monstraret, eique perrniserunt, ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, anniilos aureos et armillas signif leans. At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutis Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et ea in sinistris manibus gerebant. The Salines are received into the City. Death of Romulus. 11. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpe- ium tenebat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum est. In media caede raptae processe- runt, et hinc patres, hinc conjuges et soceros complec- tebantur, et rogabant, ut caedis finem facerent. Utrl- que his precibus commoti sunt. Romulus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit 4 . ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD I. 12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, eosque cum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Patres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, casque raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. An- no regni tricesimo septimo, quum exerciturn lustraret, inter tempestatem ortam repente oculis hominum sub- ductus est. Hinc alii eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum esse existimaverunt. Numa Pompilius. 13. Post Koimili mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. Quo exacto, Numa Pompilius Curibus, urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus rex creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; sed non minus civitati profuit. ISTam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima instituit, ut popiili barbari et bellicosi mores molllret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, conjiigis suae, mo- nitu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadragesimo tertio imperii anno. Tullus Hostilius. 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus $e in bello ad versus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum praestiterat. Eex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, id- que trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certa- mine finlvit. Albam propter perfidiam Metii Suffetii diruit. Quum triginta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. Ancus Marcius. 15. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Nurnae ex filia ne- pos, suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione Sz ff AND ROMAN ] ^r ITALIAN AND ROMAN KINGS. 5 avo similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei moenia circumdedit. Carcerem primus aedifi- cavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quarto anno imperii morbo obiit. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ac- cepit, Demarati filius, qui tyiannos patriae Corinthi fu- giens in Etruriam venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Eomam profectus erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et, postquam alte evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mu- lier auguriorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 17. Quum Eomae commoraretur, Anci regis fami- liaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tuto- rem reliquit. Sed is pupiilis regnum intercepit. Sena- toribus, quos Eomiilus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium sunt appellati. Plura bella feli- citer gessit, nee paucos agros, hostibus ademptos, urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus triumphans urbem intra- vit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium inchoavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, quibus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. Servius Tullius. 18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex n'bbili femina, captiva tamen et famula. Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, flamrna in ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum sicuti liberos suos educaret. Quura adolevisset, rex ei filiam in matrimonium dedit. 6 ROMAN HISTOKY. PERIOD I. 19. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tana- quil de superiore parte domus popiilurri allocuta est, dicens : regem grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum petere, ut populus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi adj unxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium Eo- manorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius successe- rat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus curiae dejec- tus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima conjiigem regem salutavit. Quum domum rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in viajacens, carpentum agere jussit. Banishment of Tarquinius Superbw, 510 B. 0. 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus me- ruit. Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populo- rum vicit. Templum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam oppugnabat, urbem Latii, impe- rium perdidit. Nam quum filius ejus Lucre tiae, nobi- lissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii Collatini, vim fecis- set, haec se ipsa occidit in conspectu mariti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut hanc inju- riam ulciscerentur. 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Colldtinus, aliique nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per- suaserunt, ut ei portas urbis clauderet. Exercitus quo- que, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum rellquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita ROMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. 7 Komae regnatum est per septem reges annos ducentos quadraginta ties. PERIOD II. Roman Struggles and Conquests. FKOM THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE COMMONWEALTH TO THE FIRST PUNIC WAR, 264 B. C. Consuls at Rome, 509 B. G. War with Tarquin. 23. Tarquinio expulso, consules coepere pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si unus malus esset, alter eum coer- ceret. Annuum iis imperium tributum est, ne per diu- turnitatem potestatis insolentiores redderentur. Fue- runt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, consjiles L. Junius Brutus, acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tarqui- nius Collatinus, marltus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino pau- lo post dignitas subl^ta est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tarquiniorum familia Eomae maneret. Ergo cum omni patrimonio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publicola consul factus est. 24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima pugna Brutus consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii nlius, sese invicem occiderunt. Eomani tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. Brutum Eomanae matronae, quasi communem patrem, per annum luxerunt. Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucretium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. War with Porsena, 508 B. C. 25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bel- mm 'Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxi- 8 EOMAN HISTOKY. PERIOD II. Hum ei ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus pontem ligneum defendit, et hostes colribuit, donee pons a tergo ruptus esset. Turn se cum armis in Tibe- rim conjecit, et ad suos transnavit. 26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Qu. Mucius Scaevola, juvenis fortis ammi, in castra hostium se contiilit eo eonsilio, ut regem occideret. At ibi scribam regis pro i.pso rege interfecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis terreret, dextram arae accensae im- posuit, donee flammis consumpta esset. Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Turn hie, quasi beneficium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacem cum Komanis fecit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contiilit, iblque privatus cum uxore consenuit. Secession to the Mons Sacer, 494 B. G. 27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus Romae seditionem fecit, quest us quod tributis et militia a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem reli- quit, et in montem trans Anienem amnem secessit. Turn patres turbati Menenium Agrippam miserunt ad plebem, qui earn senatui conciliaret. Hie iis inter alia fabulam narravit de ventre et membris humani corpo- ris ; qua popiilus commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Turn primum tribuni plebis creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. Banishment of Coriolanm, 491 B. C. 28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, Qu. Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum Coriolis, ROMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. 9 quam bello ceperat, plebi invisus fieri coepit. Quare urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Komanorum hos- tes, contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Komanos saepe vicit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium urbis accesserat, nee ullis civium suorum legationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae parceret. Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eum venerunt ; quarum fletu et precibus commotus est, ut exercitum remove- ret. Quo facto a Volscis ut proditor occisus esse dici- tur. The Fabii cut off at the Cremtra, 477 R C. 29. Komani quum adversum Veientes bellum gere- rent, familia Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Pro- fecti sunt trecenti sex riobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule, Quum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram fluvium castra posuerunt. Ibi VeientCs dolo usi eos in insidias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes peri- erunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Qu. Fabium Maximum ilium, qui Hannibalem prudenti cunctatione debilitavit. The Decemviri.- Laws of the Twelve Tables, 451 B. C. 30. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita decemviri creati sunt, qui civitati leges scriberent. Hi primo anno bene egerunt ; secundo autem dominatio- nem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Ap- pius Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn occidit. Turn ad mil! tes profugit, eosque ad seditionem commo- vit. Sublata est decemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti sunt. 10 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD II Election of Military Tribunes, 444 B. C. 31. Anno trecentesimo decimo ab urbe condita dig- nitates mutatae sunt, et pro duobus consulibus facti tribuni militares consul ari potestate. Hinc jam coepit Romana res crescere. Nam Camillas eo anno Yolsco- rum civitatem, quae per septuaginta annos bellurn ges- serat, vicit ; et Aequoruin urbem et Sutrinorum, omni- bus deletis exercitibus, occupavit, et tres simul trium- phos egit. Camillus and the Schoolmaster of Falerii. 32. In bello contra Veientanos Furius Camillus ur- bem Falerios obsidebat. In qua obsidione quum ludi literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- tium duxisset, Camillus scelestum munus non accepit, sed hominem denudatum, manibus post tergum illiga- tis, reducendum Falerios pueris tradidit ; virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem in urbem agerent. Veii taken, 396 -B. (7. Rome taken and "burnt ~by the Gauls, 390 B.C. 33. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci ur- bem Eomanis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud lioma- nos crimini datum est, quod albis equis triumphasset, et praedam inlque divisisset; damnatusque ob earn causam, et civitate expulsus est. Paulo post Galli Se- nones ad urbem venerunt, Eomanos apud flumen Alli- am vicerunt, et urbem etiam occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defend! potuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant, ut pacem a Grallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu militum superve* aiens hostes magno proelio superaret. ROMAN STRUGGLES AND CONQUESTS. 11 Valor of Titus Manlius Torquatu^SQl R 0. 34. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post TIT* bem conditam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto milliario trans Anienem fluvium consederant. Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam eximia corporis magnitudine fortissimum Komanorum ad certamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilis- simus juvenis, pro vocation em accepit, Gallum occidit, eumque torque aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et poster! ejus Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. * Valor of Valerius Corvus, 348 B. C. The Gauls cease to trouble Rome. 35. ISTovo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno urbis quad- ringentesimo 'sexto, iterum Gallus processit robore at- que armis insignis, et pffevocavit unum ex Komanis, ut secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus militum, obtiilit ; et, quum processisset armatus, corvus ei supra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie corvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verbe- ravit. Ita factum est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio interficeretur, qui hinc Corvini nomen accepit. Beginning of Samnite Wars, 343 B. C. 36. Postea Komani bellum gesserunt cum Samniti- bus, ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictatoris profectus est. Qui quum negotii cujusdam causa Eo- mam rediret, praecepit Q. Fabio Kulliano, magistro equitum, quern apud exercitum reliquk, ne pugnam cum hoste committeret. Sed ille occasionem nactus felicissime dimicavit, Samnites delevit. Ob hanc rem 12 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD II. a dictatore capit^damnatus est. At ille in urbem con fugit, et ingenti favore militum et populi liberates est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est seditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. The Roman Army is made to pass under the yolce, 321 B. G. The Samnites are conquered, 290 B. G. 37. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Pos- tumius consiiles bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias indue- ti sunt. Nam ad Furciilas Caudlnas Romanos pellexit in angustias, unde sese eKpedlre non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid facien- dum putaret. Ille respondit, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangerentur, aut omnes di- mittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius utrum- que consilium improbavit, omfiesque sub jugum misit. Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta anno- runi superati sunt. War with Pyrrhus, 281 B. G. 38. Devictis Samnitibus, TarentTnis bellum indie- turn est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi Pyrrhum, Epiri regem, contra Romanes auxilium poposcerunt. Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Romani cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hic ; quum exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecun- que a Romanis agerentur. 39. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum vicit. Nbx proelio finem dedit. Laevinus tamen pel KOMAK STRUGGLES Afc - CONQUESTS. 13 noctem fugit. Pyrrhus Eomanos n^Jle octingentos ce- pit, eosque summo honore tractavit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti ftierant, omnes adversis vulneribus et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere videret, tulisse ad coe- lum manus dicitur cum hac voce : " Ego cum talibua viris brevi orbem terrarum subigerem." 40. Postea Pyrrhus Eomam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque vastavit ; Campaniam depopulates est, atque ad Praeneste venit milliario ab urbe octavo decimo, Mox terrore exercitus, qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi honorif Ice ab eo suscepti sunt ; capti- vos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui pro- mitteret, si ad se translret ; sed a Fabricio contemptus est. 41. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Eomanorum admi- ratione teneretur, legaturn misit Cineam, praestantissi- mum virum, qui pacem peteret ea conditione, ut Pyr- rhus earn partem Italiae, quam armis occupaverat, obti- neret. Eomani responderunt, eum cum Eomanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia recessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho eum interroganti, qualis ipsi Eoma visa esset ; respondit, se regum patriam vidisse. 42. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri commisso Pyr- rhus vulneratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Inter- jecto anno, Fabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi daretur. Hunc Fa- bricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. Tune rex almiratus ilium dixisse fertur : "Ille est Fabricius, qui 14 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD III. difficilius ab honestate, quam sol a cursu suo avert! pot- est. " Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proeiio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam rediisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. PERIOD III. Roman Triumphs. FROM THE FIRST PUNIC WAR TO THE CONQUEST OF GREECE, 146 B. C. First Punic (Carthaginian) War, 264 B. 0. 43. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post ur- bem conditam Komanorum exercrtus primum in Sici- liam trajecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas civitates in ea insiila occupave- rant, superaverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Eomani, C. Duillio et On. Cornelio Asina consulibus, in mari dimicave- runt Duillius Carthaginienses vicit, triginta^ naves occupavit, quatuordecim mersit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occidit. Nulla victoria Romanis gra- tior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum a coena re- diret, pueri funalia gestantes et tibicen eum comitaren- tur. First Punic War, continued. Invasion of Africa, 256 B. G. 44. Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Africam translatum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pug- na navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navibus se recepit ; Eomani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proe- liis vicerunt, magnam vim hominum ceperunt, septua* ROMAN TRIITMPHS, 15 ginta quatuor civitates in fidein acceperunt Turn victi Garthaginienses pacem a Eomanis petierunt. Quam quum M. Atilius Eegiilus, Eomanorum dux, dare noi- let nisi durissimis conditiombus, Carthaginienses auxi- Hum petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum mise- runt, qui Bomanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Kegiilus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 45. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Eegulum ro- gaverunt, ut Eomam proficisceretur, et pacem capti- vorumque permutationem a Eomanis obtineret. Ille quum Eomam venisset, inductus in senatum dixit, se desiisse Eomanum esse ex ilia die, qua in potestatem Poenorum venisset. Turn Eomanis suasit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facerent : illos enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam nisi in pace habere : tanti non esse, ut tot millia captivorum propter se uoum et pau- cos, qui ex Eomanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obtinuit. Eegressus igitur in Africam crude- lissimis suppliciis exstinctus est. End of the First Punic War, 241 B. 0. 46. Tandem, C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio con- sulibus, anno belli Punbi vicesimo tertio magnum proe- lium navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, promon- torium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Cartha- giniensium naves captae, centum viginti quinque de- mersae, triginta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem peti- erunt, eisque pax tributa est. Captivi Eomanorum, qui tenebantur a Cartbaginiensibus, redditi sunt. Poe- ni Sicilia, Sardinia, et ceteris insiHis, quae inter Italiara 16 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD ill. Africamque jacent, decesserunt, omnemque Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum est, Romania permiserunt. Siege of Saguntum t The Second Punic War, 218 B C. 47. Paulo post Punfcum bellum renovatum est per Hannibalem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar novem annos natum aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in Eomanos juraret. Hie annum agens vices!- mum aetatis Saguntum, Hispaniae civitatem, Eomanis amicam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Eomani per legatos denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui quum legatos admitt^re nollet, Eomani Carthaginem mise- runt, ut mandaretur Hannibali, ne bellum contra socios populi Eomani gereret. Dura responsa a Carthagini- ensibus reddita. Saguntinis interea fame victis, Eoma- ni Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt. Hannibal crosses the Alps, 218 R 0. Battles of the Ticlnus, Tre- Ua, and Lake Trasimenus. Battle of Cannae^ 216 B. 0. 48. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyrenaeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam oc- toginta millia peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem et triginta elephantos abduxisse. Interea multi Ligu- res et Galli Hannibali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei oc- currit P. Cornelius Scipio, qui, proelio ad Ticinum commisso, superatus est, et, vulnere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus conflixit ad Trebi- arn amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Multi populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciarn progressus Flaminium consulem ad Trasimenum lacum superat. Ipse Flaminius interemptus, Eomanorum viginti quin que millia caesa sunt. EOMAN TRIUMPHS. 17 49. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post ur- bem conditam L. Aemilius Paullus et P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam in- tellectum erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse quam mora, Varro tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apulia pugnavit ; ambo consoles victi, Paullus interemptus est. In ea pugna consulates aut praetorii viginti, senatores triginta capti aut occisi ; militum quadraginta millia, equitum tria millia et quin- genti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nunquam ante facturn, manumissi et milrtes facti sunt. 50. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Eomanis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal Eomanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent ; re- sponsumque est a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati capi potuissent. Hos omnes ille postea va- riis suppliciis interfecit, et tres modios aureorum annu- lorum Carthaginem misit, quos manibus equitum Ko- manorum, senatorum, et militum detraxerat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis, Hasdriibal, qui ibi re- manserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipiombus vincitur, perditque in "pugna triginta quinque millia liominum. 51. Anno quarto postquam Hannibal in Italian* venerat, M. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Nolam, civitatem Campaniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugna* vit. Illo tempore Philippus, Demetrii iilius, rex Hace- doniae, ad Hannibalem legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Komanos pollicetur. Qui legati quum a Koma- nis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevlnus cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo minus copias in 18 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD III. Italiam trajiceret. Idem in Macedonian! penetrans re- gem Philippum vicit. 52. In Sieilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Mar- cellus magnam hujus insiilae partem cepit, quam Poeni occupaverant ; Syracusas, nobilissimam urbem, expug- navit, et ingentem inde praedam Eomam misit. Lae- vinus in Macedonia cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit et in Sicilian! profectus Han- nonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agrigentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, viginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sieilia recepta, cum ingenti glo- ria Eomam regressus est. 53. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones ab Hasdrubale interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Eomanorum omnium fere primus. Hie, puer duodeviginti annorum, in pugna ad Ticinum, pa- trem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum Italiam deser5re cupientium, auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio detemdt. Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispa- niam missus, die, qua venit, Carthaginem Novam ce- pit, ID qua omne aurum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispaais acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus suis red- didit. Quare omnes fere Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno animo transierunt. 54. Ab eo inde tempore res Eomanorum in dies laetiores factae sunt. Hasdriibal a fratre ex Hispania in Italipm evocatus, apud Senam, Piceni civitatem, in in- sidia-s incidit, et strenue pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Bruttiis ab Hannibale teneban- tur, Eomanis se tradiderunt. ROMAN TRIUMPHS. 19 55. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italian! Han- nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus, et in Africam mis- sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- sium, prospere pugnat, totumque ejus exercitum delet. Secundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra cepit cum quatuor millibus et quingentis militi- bus. Syphacem, Numidiae regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infhritis spoliis Komam misit. ^Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Carthaginiensi- bus in Africam re dire jubetur. Ita anno decimo septi- mo Italia ab Hannibale liberata est. Battle ofZama, 202 B. 0. 56. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tentatam, pugna ad Zamam committitur, in qua peri- tissimi duces copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Hannibal cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Komam rediisset, ingenti gloria tri- umphavit, atque Africanus appellatus est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum unde- vicesimum quam coeperat. War with Philip. CynoscepJialae, 197 B. 0. 57. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum contra Philippum regem. Superatus est rex a T. Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, paxque ei data est his legibus : ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Komani contra eum defenderant, bellum inferret ; ut captlvos et transfugas redderet ; quinquaginta solum naves ha* beret ; reliquas Eomanis daret ; mille talenta praesta- 20 ROMAN" HISTORY. PERIOD III. ret, et obsidem daret filium Demetrium. T. Quinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum, et dncem eorum Nabidem vicit. War with Antiochus, 192 B. 0. 58. Finite bello Macedonico, secfiturn est bellum Sjriacum contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hanni- bal se junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio consul, cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus est additus. Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magnesiam, Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Sci- pione consiile ingenti proelio fusus est. Turn rex An- tiochus pacem petit. Data est ei hac lege, ut ex Euro- pa et Asia recederet, atque intra Taurum se contineret, decem millia talentorum et viginti obsides praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Eomam rediit, et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse, ad imitationem fratris, Asiatici accepit. War with Perseus. Pydna, 168 B. G. 59. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, films ejus Perseus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Ro- manorum, P. Licinius consul, contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani earn praestare noluerunt, nisi his conditio- nibus, ut se et suos Romanis dederet. Mox Aemilius Paullus consul regem ad Pydnam superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occidit. Equitatus curn rege fugit. Urbes Macedoniae omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse Perseus ab amicis desertus in Paulli potestatem venit. Hie, multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam rediit in nave Per- ROMAN TRIUMPHS. 21 sei, imisitatae magnitudinis ; nam sedecim remorum ordines habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnificentis- sime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Perseus ducti sunt. Third Punic War, 149-6 B. C. 60. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem susceptum est sexcentesimo et altero anno ab urbe con- dita, anno quinquagesimo primo postquam secundum bellum Pumcum transactum erat. L. Marcius Censo- rlnus et M. Manlius consules in Africam trajecerunt, et oppugn aver unt Carthaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus in Africa militabat. Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam contra eum proelium committere. 61. Quum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, ter- tio^inno postquam Eomani in Africam trajecerant, con- sul est creatus, et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem a civibus acernme defensam cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi praeda facta, plurimaque inventa sunt, quae rnultarum civitatum excidiis Carthago collegerat. Haec omnia Scipio civitatibus Italiae, Siciliae, Africae red- didit, quae sua recognoscebant. Ita Carthago septin- gentesimo anno, postquam condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani j unions accepit. Corinth taken, 146 B. 0. 62. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus arma movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad n 22 ROMAN HISTORY. PERIOD IV. internecionem vicit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanfe contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et, viginti quinque millibus ex militibus ejus occisis, Ma- cedoniam recepit; ipsum etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corinthiis Inter haec tem- plorum antistiteSj sparsis crinfbus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pugnantium aciem procurrunt, eoa DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 69 hortantes, ne cunctarentur diis antesignanis hostem caedere. Quibus vocibus incensi omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei statim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio mentis abrupta Gallorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas inseciita grandine et frigore saucios absumpsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam finl- vit. Alter ex ducibus cum decem millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit; nullus sine labore et periciilo dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obterebant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi ex tanto exercitu nemo su- peresset. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, invades Macedonia, 274 B. 0. 149. Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia in Epirum reversus fines Macedoniae invadit ; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victusque proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedonian! in deditionem accipit ; Anti- gonus autem cum paucis equitibus Thessalonicam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Eursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyrrhi filio, funditus yictus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis latebras in solitudine quaerit. A general change of Rulers. 150. lisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Philippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, interfecto Seleuco, impubes adhuc rex Antiochus constitutus est. Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptolemaeus, cui ex cri 70 GRECIAN HISTORY. PERIOD V. mine facinoris cognomen Philopator fuit. Etiam Spar tani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum ; et apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal consti- tuitur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Eomanorum, quo eum a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibu? pueris magna indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptolemae- us, sicut scelestus in occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. The Romans declare War against Philip, 200 B. 0.: BattU of Cynoscephalae, 197 B. 0. 151. Nec multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia Eomanorum ad spem pristinae libertatis erecta, bellum Philippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgere- tur, pacem petere compellitur. Eepudiata a Senatu pace, proelium commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Philippum et Flamininum, Eomano- rum ducem. Macedonas Eomana fortuna vicit. Frac- tus itaque bello Philippus, pace accepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit; sed, omnibus Graeciae urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessionis amissis, solam Macedo- niam retinuit. Perseus plots successfully against his "brother's life. 152. Interim regis Macedonum domus intestinis malis agitabatur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi fili- us, a patre Eomam missus, ob insignem pudorem mul- ta favoris documenta a senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem patris habuisse. Igi- tur Perseus, major filiorum regis, perspecta patris aegri- tudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud eum crimi- nari, et primo invisum, mox etiam suspectum reddere ; DECLINE OF GRECIAN POWER. 71 nunc amicitiam Komanorum, nunc proditionem ei pa- tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo para- tas confingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testesque subornat. Quibus rebus patrem im- pulit, ut supplicium de innocente sumeret. Death of Philip, 179 R G. 153. Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemiilo, non negli- gentior tantum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contu- macior erat ; nee heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus Philippus impatientius in dies mor- tem Demetrii dolebat, et, demque fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam innoxii Demetrii morte cru- ciabatur. Brevi post tempore, morbo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno belli apparatu adversus Eomanos, quo postea Perseus usus est Perseus conquered. Macedonia a Roman Province. 154. Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium contentione a Eomanis geri coeptum est. Pri- ma equitum congressio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspen- sam omnium exspectationem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legates ad consulem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Komani etiam victo dedissent, impensas belli lege victi suscepturus. Sed consul Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, leges dixit. Dum haec aguntur, Komani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, eique extra ordinem Macedonicum bellum decernunt ; qui quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fecit. Pridie, quam proelium consereretur, luna nocte defecit ; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni portendere vaticinabantur. 72 GRECIAN HISTORY. PERIOD V. Quod vaticinium non fefellit. Perseus rex fuga cum decem miUIbus talentum Samothraciam defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandro et Philippo, cepit, cap- tumque ad eonsulem duxit. Macedonia Komanorum ditioni addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Grae- cia excitantium, principes Eomam missi ; ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civitatium senatu fatigato, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. The Romans seek occasion to quarrel with the Achaeans. 155. Macedombus subactis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, soli adhuc ex universa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tune temporis Romanis videbantur, non prop- ter singularum civitatium nimias opes, sed propter con- spirationem universarum. Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen imperium habent, singula- rumque urbium periciila mutuis viribus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Bomanis causas belli, tempest! ve fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Spar- tarns a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam man- datum est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi ita- que, omnium civitatum principibus Corinthum evoca- tis, decretum senatus recitant, dicentes, expedire omni- bus, ut singulae civitates sua jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, velut in furorem versi uni- versum peregrmum popiilum trucidant: legatos quo- que ipsos Eomanorum violassent, nisi hi, audlto tumul- tu, trepidi fugissent. DECLINE OF GEECIAN POWEK. 73 The Achaeans are conquered. Corinth plundered ty Mummius, 146 B. O. 156. Haec ubi Eomae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio consiili bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omni bus strenue provisis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proelium agitantes, vehiciila ad spolia hostium reportanda, secum duxerunt, et conjiiges liberosque suos ad spectaculum cortaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso ante ociilos suorum eaesi sunt. Conjiiges quoque et liberi eorum praeda hostium fuere, Urbs Corinthus diruitur : populus om- nis sulreorona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris civita- tibus metus novarura rerum imponeretur. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. INTRODUCTION. 157. IN Latin, as in English, words are divided, according to their use, into various classes, called Part* of Speech. 158. Parts of speech, either singly or combined, form Propositions ; e. g., Audis. Puer ludit. Thou hearest. The boy plays. 159. Propositions, either singly or combined, form Sentences ; e. g., Equus currit (one prop.). Puer ludit et equus currit (two propositions'). The horse runs. The boy is playing and the horse is running. 160. Sentences, in their various forms and combina- tions, of course, comprise the Language. 161. The object of all language is the expression of thought. 162. A sentence may express thought, 1) In the form of an assertion, either affirmative or negative. It is then called a declarative sentence ; e. g., Puer legit. Puer non legit. The boy is reading. The boy is not reading. 76 INTRODUCTION. 2) In the form of a question. It is then called an interrogative sentence ; e. g., Quis legit ? Who is reading ? 3) In the form of a command, exhortation, or en- treaty. It is then called an imperative sen tence ; e. g., Lege. Legat. Read ikon. Let him read. 163. In each of the above forms, sentences some- times imply passion or emotion on the part of the speak- er, and may then be called exclamatory declarative if of the declarative form, exclamatory interrogative if of the interrogative form, and exclamatory imperative if of the imperative form. The emotion, however, does not affect the structure of the sentence, though it often renders it elliptical. 164. A sentence may express, 1) A single thought ; i. e., may make but one assertion, ask but one question, or give but one command. It may then be called a sim- ple sentence ; e. g., Balbus a nullo videbatur. | Balbus was seen ly no one. 2) Two or more thoughts so related to each other that one or more of them are made de- pendent upon the others. It may then be called a complex sentence ; e. g., * Quod ubi Caesar comperit, se in Galliam recepit. When Caesar learned this } he retired into Gaul. REM. The two simple sentences, which compose the above complex^ are, (1) Caesar learned this, and (2) Caesar retired into Gaul INTRODUCTION. 77 These are, however, so combined that the first does little more than specify the time of the action denoted by the second. Caesar retired into Gaul (when ?) when he learned this. 3) Two or more independent thoughts. It may then be called a compound sentence ; e. g., Balbus a nullo videbatur, ipse autem omnia vide* bat. Balbus was seen by no one, but h'e himself saw every thing. 78 SIMPLE SENTENCES. CHAPTER I. SIMPLE SENTENCES. LESSON I. Principal Elements of Sentences ; Subject and Predicate. Declarative Sentences. [14 2.] 165. EVERY sentence, however simple, consists of two distinct parts ; viz., 1) The Subject, or that of which it speaks, as puer in the sentence, puer ludit. 2) The Predicate, or that which is said of the subject, as ludit in the above sentence. 166. In Latin the subject is often omitted, because the form of the predicate shows what subject is meant ; thus, the single word rides, thou art laughing, is in itself a complete proposition, because the ending es shows that the subject in English cannot be /, he, or they, but must be thou. 167. When a proposition is thus expressed by a sin- gle word, that word is always a verb, and the omitted- subject, implied in the ending of the verb, is always a pronoun of the same number and person as the verb itself; as, Amat, He loves. 168. The analysis of a proposition, or sentence, con- sists in separating it into its elements or parts. MODELS. 1. Proposition : Puer ludit, The "boy is playing. PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS. 79 This is a simple sentence, because it expresses a sin- gle thought. Puer is the subject, because it is that of which the proposition speaks. Ludit is the predicate, because it is that which is said of the subject puer. 2. Proposition : Eides, Thou art laughing. This is a simple sentence. Ridts is the predicate, because it is that which is said of the omitted subject. The subject is a pronoun of the second person singular (tu, thou), implied in the ending es of the predicate. 169. VOCABULARY. Oitadel, arx, arcis, f. City, urls, urMs, f. Come, venio, venire, veni, ven- tum. Destroy, everto, evertere, ti, sum. Flee, fugio, fugere, fugi, fugl- tum ; aufugio, fugere, fugi. Found, condo, dere, didi, ditum. He, ille, a, ud, or, as subject, it may be implied in the ending of the verb. I, ego, mei, &c., or, as subject, it may be omitted. You, tu, tui, &c., or, as subject, it may be omitted. Teach, doceo, ere, ui, turn. Trojan, Trojdnus, a, urn. 170. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze the following Latin, explain- ing the omitted subjects : 1. Latinus imperabat. 2. Imperavit. 3. Troja eversa est. 4. Aeneas aufugit. 5. Aufugiebant. 6. Hie docuit. 7. Docuerunt. 8. Docuimus. II 1. Construct one or more Latin declarative sentences on each of the following subjects: Puer. puellae, patres, avis, aves. 80 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 2. Construct three Latin declarative sentences, using tkt following predicates : Discebant, legebat, currant. 3, Construct five or more Latin declarative sentences with subjects omitted, using as predicates some parts of the following verbs : Eidere, laudare, docere, currere, timere. MODELS. 1. Eidebatis. 2. Laudabitur. You were laughing. He will be praised. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have come. 2. A citadel will be founded. 8. Cities will be founded. 4. Cities have been found- ed. 5. We have been*taught. 6. The cities had been destroyed. 7. The Trojans fled. 8. You will flee. 9. "We were fleeing. 10. I shall come. LESSON II. Subordinate ^Elements ; Modifiers. Declarative Sentences. [1&2.] 171. Both subject and predicate may have qualify ing words and clauses connected with them, to limit or modify their meaning ; e. g., 1. Latinus rex regnavit. | Latinus the Icing reigned. HEM. In this example, rex limits Latinus ; i. e., it shows that the predicate regnavit is not affirmed of every one who may have borne the name Latinus, but only of Latinus the king. 2. Milites/or^er pugnant. | The soldiers fight bravely. REM. 1. Here the predicate is modified by fortitev, showing hvu the soldiers fight SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS. 81 REM. 2. Qualifying words and clauses, whether belonging to the subject or predicate, may be called modifiers. 172. Any modifier, whether in the subject or predi cate, may be itself modified ; e. g., Latinus, bonus rex, regna- vit. good Latinus, the reigned. 173. The subject (expressed or implied) and the pre- dicate are essential to the structure of every sentence, and may, therefore, be called the essential or principal elements of sentences. 174. All modifiers are subordinate to the subject and predicate, and may, therefore, be called the subordinate dements of sentences. 175. VOCABULARY. Aeneas, Aeneas, ae. Agriculture, agricultura, ae, f. Anchises, Anchises, ae. Call, appello, are, dm, dtum. Daughter, j#K#, ae. Early, ancient, antiquusr, a, um. First, primus, a, um. Give, do, dare, dedi, datum. Italian, -Italus, a, um. In, in (with abl. ; sometimes 176. EXERCISES. I. Translate the following sentences, and analyze them so far as to show their subjects and predicates, and the separate modifiers of each : 1. Hicdocuit. 2. Hie primus docuit. 3. Hie Italos primus docuit. 4. Hie Italos primus agriculturam do- cuit. 5. Troja eversa est. 6. Sub rege Troja eversa with accus., as in matrimo- nium). King, rex, regis. Latinus, Lafonus, i. Marriage, matrimonium, i, n. Rome, Roma, ae, f. Saturn, Saturnus, i. Saturnia, Satumia, ae, f. Son, j^Zms, i. Time, tempus, oris, n. 82 SIMPLE SENTENCES. est. 7. Sub hoc rege Troja eversa est. 8. Aeneas an- fugit. 9. Aeneasj^ms aufugit. 10. Aeneas, Anchisae filius, aufugit. 11. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, au- fugit. 12. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae filius, cum Trojanis aufugit. 13. Hinc Aeneas, Achisae filius, cum multis Trojanis aufugit. II. First construct three or more Latin declarative sen- tences without modifiers ; then add modifiers, either to the subject or predicate, or to 'loth. MODELS. Without modifiers. 1. Puer scribebat. 2. Canis mordebit. The boy was writing. The dog will bite. With modifiers. 1. Bonus puer epistolam scribebat. 2. Pastoris canis puerum mordebit. The good boy was writing a letter. The shepherd's dog ivill bite the boy. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Saturn taught the Italians. 2. Saturn was tht first to teach (lit. the first taught) the Italians. 3. In very early times he taught the Italians agriculture. 4. They will call the citadel Saturnia. 5. The city was called Eome. 6. Latinus gave his daughter to Aeneas. 7. Latinus the king gave his daughter in marriage to Aeneas. 8. Latinus the king gave his daughter in marriage to Aeneas, the son of Anchises. *RV. INTERROGATIVE AND IMPERATIVE SENTENCES. 83 LESSON III. Elements of Sentences, continued. Interrogative and Im- perative Sentences. [3 & 4.] 177. Interrogative sentences are used in asking ques- tions, and may be introduced, 1) By an interrogative pronoun, adjective, or ad- verb; e.g., Quis venit ? Quot sunt ? Unde venis ? Who has come ? How many are there ? Whence do you come ? 2) By one of the interrogative particles, ne, raw- ne, num ; e. g., Scribitne Caius ? Nonne scribit ? Num scribit ? Is Caius writing ? Is he not writing ? Is he writing ? REM. 1. If ne is used, it must follow some other word, and be joined to it, as in the first example. REM. 2. A question with ne asks for information (Ex. 1), with nonne expects the answer yes (Ex. 2), and with num expects the answer no (Ex. 8). REM. 3. Ne, nonne,* and num, are not modifiers of the predicate, but mere particles showing the interrogative character of the sentence. 178. Imperative sentences are used in commands, exhortations, and entreaties, and take the verb either in * Nonne, strictly speaking, is compounded of the modal adverb non and the particle ne ; but we are now regarding it merely as an inter* rogative particle. SIMPLE SENTENCES. the imperative or in, the subjunctive mood, and usually in the present tense ; e. g., Go into exile. Preserve yourselves. Let the slave come. Let us come. Perge in exsilium. Conservate vos. Veniat servus. Veniamus. 179. VOCABULARY. Alba, Alba, ae, f. Ascanius, Ascanius, i. He, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud; or, when subject, it may be implied by the ending of the verb. Longa, Lonya, ae, f. Reign, regno, are, am, dtum. Silvius, Silmus, i. Succeed, sequor, sequi, secutus sum. "Who ? Quis, quae, quid ? 180. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze the following sentences, stat- ing whether declarative, interrogative, or imperative : I. Ascanius regnum accepit. 2. Quis regnum acce- pit ? 3. Purga urbem. 4. Cogitate de vobis. 5. Quis Albae regnavit? 6. Omnes Albae regnaverunt. 7. Conservate fortunas vestras. 8. Quis te salutavit? Num Albae regnavit ? Nonne Albae regnaverunt ? II. Change the declarative sentences constructed in the first and second Lessons, to the interrogative or imperative form. MODELS. Interrogative. Num puer ludebat ? Declarative. Puer ludebat. The boy was playing. Declarative. Ridebatis. You were laughing. Was the boy playing ? Imperative. Eidete. Laugh ye. SIMPLE SUBJECT. 85 HI. Translate into Latin. 1. Ascanius founded a city. 2. Who founded the city ? 3, Let us found cities. 4. Who founded Alba Longa? 5. Did Ascanius found it ? 6. He did found it. 7. Who was reigning ? 8. Latinus was reigning. 9. Let him reign. 10. He will reign. 11. Who suc- ceeded Ascanius ? 12. Silvius succeeded him. LESSON IV. Simple Subject [5 & 6.] 181. Every simple sentence must have for its subject either 1) A noun ; e. g., Piter ludit, or 2) A pronoun ; e. g., Ilk ludit. 182. EULE. Case of Subject. The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative. (See examples above.) [F. B. 609 ; A. & S. 209 ; Z. 379.]* 183. In the arrangement of the Latin sentence, the subject is put, * These references relate respectively to the First Latin Book, to the Latin Grammar of Andrews & Stoddard, and to that of Zumpt, American edition. KOTE. The author indulges the hope that all who may use this book will constantly bear in mind that the writing of Latin cannot, in any way, supersede the necessity of thorough grammatical drills. Both exercises are indispensable to high scholarship, and should go, hand in hand, throughout the entire course of classical instruction. For this reason the Rules of Syntax, as we have occasion to use them in our Exercises, are inserted in this work, with references to the correspond- ing rules in the First Latin Book, in Andrews & Stoddard's Latin Grammar, and in that of Zumpt, 86 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 1) When not emphatic, at or near the begin ning ; e. g., Superbus cognomen meruit. | Superbus merited his name. 2) When emphatic, at or near the end ; e. g., Commovit bellum rex. \ The king excited a war. 184. VOCABULARY. Boy, puer, eri. Girl, puella, ae. Play, ludo, ere, lusi, lusum. Praise, laudo, are, dm, dtum. Pupil, discipulm, i, m. Shield, clypem or clipeus, i, m Spear, Jiasta, ae, f. Strike, percutio, ere, cussi, cus sum. Walk, anibulo, are, dvi, dtum. Read, lego, ere, legi, lectum. 185. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Roma condita est. 2. Urbs condita est. 3. Quis veniet? 4. Venient. 5. Troja eversa est. 6. Roma eversa est. 7. Urbes eversae sunt. 8. Aeneas aufugit. 9. Trojani aufugerunt. 10. Aufugimus. 11. Silvius regnavit. 12. Quis regnabat? 13. Rex reg- nabat. 14. Hie regnavit. 15. Ille regnabat. II. 1. Explain position of elements in the above senten- ces. (See 183.) 2. Construct six Latin sentences: two declarative, two interrogative, and two imperative; two with substantives as subjects, two with pronouns, and two with subjects omit- ted. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The pupil was praised. 2. The boys will be prai- sed. 3. Have not the girls been praised? 4. They have been praised. 5. The shields were struck. 6 COMPLEX SUBJECT. 87 The spears will be struck. 7. Will you read ? 8. We have been reading. 9. Who will come? 10. Will not the king come ? 11. He will come. 12. Let us walk. 13. Let them play. 14. They have been play- ing. 15. Were not the boys playing ? 16. They were playing, LESSON V. Complex Subject Modifier ; Simple. [7 & 8.] 186. The elements of a sentence may be either sim- ple or complex : 1) Simple, when not modified by other words ; e.g., Kex regnavit. | The king reigned. 2) Complex, when thus modified ; e. g., Sonus re& bene regnavit. | The good king reigned well. REM. In the first example (Rex regnavit), both subject and predi- cate are simple, while, in the second, they are both complex. 187. Modifiers are of two kinds ; viz., 11) Such as limit other words by completing their meaning. These may be called objective modi- fiers ; e. g., Mater filiam amat. Amor auri. The mother loves her daugh- ter. The love of gold. REM. In the first example, filiam not only qualifies amat. but also completes its meaning by showing the object loved. In the se- cond example, too, auri both qualifies and completes the mean- ing of amor, by showing the object of that love : the love of (what?) gold. 2) Such as restrict the meaning of other words 88 SIMPLE SENTENCES. by specifying some quality or attribute. These may be called attributive modifiers ; e. g., Bonus rex bene regnavit. | The good king reigned well. REM. 1. Bonus expresses the attribute of rex (good king), and bent of regnavit (reigned well). REM. 2. It will be observed that the advert bene sustains the same relation to the verb regnavit as the adjective bonus does to the noun rex; both are attributive, but, for distinction's sake, the latter may be called the Adjective attribute ; and the former, the adverbial attribute. 188. The subject of a sentence may be limited, 1) By an objective modifier ; e. g. } Amor gloriae nos impulit. | The love of glory actuated us. REM. This modifier has been very properly called the objective genitive ; though some grammarians regard it as merely attribu- tive. It will be readily seen that gloriae, in the above example, expresses no attribute of amor (love); it says nothing of the character or qualities of that love ; but simply specifies the object on which it is exercised. 2) By an attributive modifier ; e. g., Sonus rex regnat. Regis filius regnabit. A good king reigns. The king's son will reign. REM. It will be observed from the above examples that the attri- bute of the subject is expressed sometimes by an adjective, and sometimes by a noun used with the force of an adjective. 189. EULE. Agreement of Adjectives. Adjectives and adjective pronouns (whether in the subject or the predicate) agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns which they qualify ; e. g,. Bonus rex. Bona regina. The good king. The good queen. [F. B. 614 ; A. & S. 205.] 190. EULE Limiting Nouns. COMPLEX SUBJECT. A noun limiting the meaning of another noun denot- ing a different* person or thing, is put in the genitive, unless it denotes character or quality ', in which case it is accompanied by an adjective, and is put either in the genitive or ablative ; e. g., Kegis filius. Puer eximiae pulchritudi- The king's son. A hoy of remarkable beauty. nis, or Puer eximia pul- chritudine. [F. B. 624 ; A. & S. 211 and R. 6 ; Z. 426,] REM. Instead of the genitive of the limiting noun, we sometimes find the dative, or the accusative or ablative with a preposition ; e. g., Troja in Asia e versa est, Troy in Asia was destroyed. Transmissus ex Gallia in Britanniam, The passage from Gaul into Britain. 191. In the arrangement of the parts of the complex "* subject, 1) The adjective precedes or follows its substan- tive, according as it is or is not emphatic ; e.g., Sonus rex regnat. Eex bonus regnat. 2) The attributive genitive generally precedes its substantive when the latter is not emphatic ; e.g., Aeneae filius regnavit. | The son of Aeneas reigned. 3) The objective genitive generally follows its sub- stantive ; e. g., Amor gloriae nos impulit. | The love of glory actuated us. 192. In analyzing a sentence which contains modifi j- A good king is reigning. * See 441. 90 SIMPLE SENTENCES. ers, the pupil is expected to show both the influence of the several modifiers upon the thought, and their gram- matical relation to the elements which they limit. MODELS. 1. Eegis filius regnabit. | The king's son will reign. This is a simple sentence. Filius is the subject, and regnabit the predicate. The subject filius is modified by regis, showing whose son, viz. the king's. Eegis is in the genitive, according to Eule, 190. Regis filius is the complex subject. 2. Eex bonus regnat. | A good king is reigning. This is a simple sentence. Rex is the subject, and regnat is the predicate. The subject rex is modified by the adjective bonus, showing the character of the king (a good king). Sonus agrees with the subject rex, according to Eule, 189. Eex bonus is the complex subject. 193. VOCABULARY. Alban, Albdnus, a, um. Bite, mordeo, ere, momordi, mor- sum. Brother, frater, tris. Dog, canis, is, c. Five, quinque, indec. Kill, occldo, ere, cldi, clsum. Queen, reglna, ae. Romulus, Romulus, i. Shepherd, pastor, oris, m. "What? qui, quae, quod? (See F. B. 284.) Good, lonm, a, um. 194. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, parsing the complex subjects. 1. Multi Trojani aufugerunt. 2. Anchisae filius an- fiigit. 3. Numa regnavit. 4. Bonus Numa regnabat COMPLEX SUBJECT. 91 5. Eemus occisus est. 6. Hie vir occisus est. 7. Tro ja in Asia eversa est. 8. Bex Albanorum mortuus est. II. 1. Explain position of elements in the above senten- ces. (See 183 and 191.) 2. Construct three or more Latin sentences with complex subjects. III. Translate into Latin. 1. What king was reigning ? 2. A good king was leigning. 3. Had not the king of the Albans been reigning ? 4. Were the good shepherds killed ? 5. Five shepherds had been killed. 6. The brother of Romulus was killed. 7. The shepherd's son will be praised. 8. The shepherd's dog will bite. 9. The good queen will be praised. 10. The daughter of the queen has been praised. LESSON VI. Complex Subject. Modifier ; Complex. [9 & 10.] 195. Any modifier in the complex subject, whethei objective or attributive, may itself become complex. 196. Any substantive may be modified in the vari- ous ways already specified for the subject. (See last Lesson.) 197. VOCABULARY. American, Americdnus, a, um. Citizen, civis, is, c. Himself, he himself, ipse, a, um. Increase (trans.), augeo, ere, auxi, auctum. Neighboring, finitlmus, a, um. Number, numerus, i, m. People, populm, i, m. Roman, Romanus, a, um. State, cimtas, atis, f. United, foeder&tus, a, um. 92 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 198. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, parsing the several parts of the complex subjects. 1. Filius boni regis veniebat. 2. Pastor illius regio- nis occisus est. 3. Novae urbis cives occisi sunt. 4. Festum Neptuni magni institutum est. 5. Populi illi- us virgines raptae erant. 6. Numerus civium Eoma- norum auctus est. II. 1. In the first three of the above sentences, substitute other complex attributives in place of those now used. MODEL. Filius pulchrae regmae veniebat. 2. Construct two or more Latin sentences with simple subjects ; then make these subjects complex, by the addition of simple attributives ; and finally put these attributives in the complex form. MODEL. 1. Dux occisus est. 2. Dux exercitus occisus est. 3. Dux exercitus Romani occisus est. The leader was killed. The leader of the army was killed. The leader of the Roman army was killed. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Has the number of states been increased? 2. The number of the United States has been increased. 3. Will not the number of American citizens be in- creased ? 4. The number of Eoman citizens had been increased. 5. The shepherd was killed. 6. Will not the good shepherds be killed ? 7. The sons of the good shepherds had been killed. 8. The neighboring SIMPLE PREDICATE. 93 people came. 9. Did the sons of the neighboring shep herds come ? 10. The shepherds themselves came. LESSON VII. Simple Predicate. [1113.] 199. The predicate of a sentence consists of two parts, an attribute of the subject and a copula, by which that attribute is predicated or asserted of the subject. 200. The attribute and copula, which form the pre- dicate, sometimes appear separately, as when the for- mer is expressed by a noun or adjective, and the latter by the verb esse, and sometimes united in one word, in which case they must be expressed by a verb.* 201. The predicate of a simple sentence may, there- fore, be, 1) A verb ; e. g., Puer ladit. | The loy is playing. 2) The verb esse (or sometimes a passive verb) with an attributivef noun or adjective ; e. g., Cicero fuit consul. Terra est rotunda. Cicero was consul, The earth is round. REM. In the first example, the predicate is not simply Juit, but fuit consul ; for the assertion is not that Cicero was (i. e. existed)^ but was consul ; so in the second example, the predicate is est rotunda, the assertion being that the earth is round. * Even in the verb, the attribute and copula are sometimes repre- sented by distinct words, as in the compound tenses ; e. g., Rex occisu est. Here occlsus is the attribute and est the copula. f By an attributive noun is meant one which is used to qualify or describe another noun. 94 SIMPLE SENTENCES. 202. EULE. Finite Verbs. A finite verb must agree with its subject in number and person ; e. g., Latinus regnabat. | Latinus was reigning. [F. B. 612 ; A. & S. 209 ; Z. 365.] 203. EULE. Predicate Nouns. An attributive noun in the predicate after esse and a few passive verbs, is put in the same ca,se as the subject, when it denotes the same* person or thing ; e. g., Latinus fuit rex. | Latinus was king. [F. B. 613 ; A. & S. 210 ; Z. 365.] For agreement of attributive adjective, see 189. Hundred, centum, indec. Make, creo, are, dm, dtum, Senator, senator, ori*. Who (interrog.), quis, quid? (SeeF. B. 284.) 204. VOCABULARY. Amulius, Amulius, i. Be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. Brave,. fortis^ e. Choose, elect, lego, ere, legi, lectum. Father, pater, tris. 205. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, parsing and explaining pre- dicates. I. Silvius Procas fuit rex. 2. Faustulus fuit pastor. 3. Quis est avus ? 4. Quae fuit mater ? 5. Urbs fuit nova. 6. Urbes sunt novae. 7. Anniili sunt aurei, 8. Numa rex creatus est. 9. Senatores appellati sunt Patres. 10. Eomani bellicosi fuerunt. II. Construct two Latin sentences with verbs as predi* * See 485, COMPLEX PREDICATE. DIRECT OBJECT. 95 cales ; two with esse and nouns ; and two with esse and adjectives. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who was king ? 2. Latinus was king. 3. Let him- be king. 4. Were not the Komans brave ? 5. The Eomans were brave. 6. Let us be good. 7. We will be good. 8. Who was made king ? 9. Amulius was made king. 10. Was not the city called Home ? 11. The city was called Kome. 12. A hundred sena- tors had been chosen. 13. These senators were called fathers. 14. Who will be made senators ? 15. You will be elected senators. LESSON VIII. Complex Predicate. Direct Object ; Simple. [14 & 15.] 206. The predicate, like the subject, may be limited, I. By Objective Modifiers. II. By Attributive Modifiers. 207. The objective modifiers of the verb-predicate may be divided into three classes ; viz., 1) Direct Objects. 2) Indirect Objects. 3) Kemote Objects. HEM. These objects appear both singly and combined. 208. In the arrangement of the Latin sentence, the object, of whatever kind, generally precedes its verb ; Eex bellum gerit. Legibus paret. The king is waging war. He obeys the laws. 96 SIMPLE SENTENCES. EEM. Any word is rendered emphatic by being placed in an nnu Bual position, especially if that position is near the beginning or end of the sentence or clause. 209. The direct object of the predicate may repre- sent, 1) The person or thing on which the action of the verb is directly exerted ; e. g., Caius puellam laudat. Caius praises (what ?) the girl 2) The direct effect of the action, i. e. the object produced by it ; e. g., Cains epistolam scribit. Caius is writing (what ?) a letter. 210. EULE. Direct Object. Any transitive verb may take an accusative as the direct object of its action. (See examples above.) [F. B. 641 ; A. & S. 229 ; Z. 382.] 211. Any thought, which may be expressed by a transitive verb wifch a direct object, may also be ex- pressed by the passive voice of the same verb, having for its subject the noun used as the direct object of the active ; e. g ? , (Act.) Balbum accusant. (Pass.) Balbus accusatur. They accuse Balbus. Balbus is accused. REM. The agent of the action with passive verbs, when expressed, is generally put in the ablative with a or ab, but as it then be- comes an attributive modifier, showing by whom the action is per- formed, we shall have occasion to examine it in another place. 212. VOCABULARY. Ancus, Ancus, i. Declare, indico, ere, dixi, dic- tum. Enlarge, amplio, are, dvi, dtum. Marcius, Harcius, i. War, lellum, i, n. COMPLEX PREDICATE. DIRECT OBJECT. 97 213. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, explaining position. I. Numa Pompilius leges dedit. 2. Hie vir sacra instituit. 3. Ancus Mareius suscepit imperium. 4. Numae nepos suscepit imperium. 5. Hie vir urbem ampliavit. 6. Carcerem primus aedificavit. 7. Eo- mulus foedus icit. 8. Quis Albam diruit ? 9. Tullus Hostilius Albam diruit. 10. Eex bellum indixit. II. Construct nine or more sentences with objective modi- fiers in the accusative three declarative, three interroga- tive, and three imperative. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have declared war. 2. Will he not declare war? 3. Who has declared war? 4. Will you de- clare war? 5. Who founded Eome? 6. Eomulus founded Eome. 7. Who enlarged the city ? 8. An- cus Mareius enlarged the city. 9. The city was en- larged. 10. Eome was enlarged. 11. Did not Ancus Mareius enlarge the city ? 12. Was not Eome en- larged ? 13. Who was the first to teach (lit. who the first taught) the Italians? 14. * Saturn was the first to teach the Italians. LESSON IX. Complex Predicate. Direct Object ; Complex. [16 & 17.] 214. The object, and, in fact, any noun, whether in the subject or predicate, may be modified in the various ways already specified for the subject. (See Lesson v.) 5 98 SIMPLE SENTENCES. Neptune, Neptunus, i. No, nullus, a, urn. (See F. B 113, B.) Ostia, Ostia, ae, f. Prison, career, eris, m. Secure, consegtuor, sequi, secutiu sum. Sewer, cloaca, ae, f. This, Me, haec, Tioc. "Wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestum. 215. VOCABULARY. Build, aediflco, are, am, dtum. Capitol, Capitolium, i, n. Commence, inchoo, are, dm, d- tum. Festival, festum, i, n. Friendship, intimacy, familia- rltas, dtis, f. Game, Indus, i, m. Institute, instituo, ere, m, utum. Large, magnus, a, um r Many, multus, a, um. 216. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Kegnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit. 2. Saturnus primus Italos docuit. 3. Aeneae filius reg- num accepit. 4. Silvius Procas filios reliquit. 5. Silvius Procas duos filios reliquit. 6. Eex Albanorum duos filios reliquit. 7. Anci familiaritatem consecutus est. 8. Eegis familiaritatem consecutus est. 9. Eom- ulus centum senatores legit. II. 1. Arrange the elements in the first of ike above sen- tences in the usual order, and state the effect of placing reg- num first. (See 208, K.) 2. Construct five or more Latin sentences containing modifiers, either in the subject or predicate, or in loth. 3. Answer the following questions in Latin in the form of declarative sentences : 1. Who founded Eome? 2. Who founded Alba Longa ? 3. Who was the first to build a prison ? 4. Who founded Ostia ? 5. What king waged no war ? COMPLEX PREDICATE. INDIRECT OBJECT. 99 6. What king waged many wars ? 7. Who built the sewers ? 8. Who commenced the Capitol ? MODEL. .Romulus Eomam condidit. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who instituted the festival of Neptune ? 2. Did not Eomulus institute these games ? 3. Eomulus insti- tuted the festival of Neptune. 4. He founded Eome. 5. Shall you found a large city ? 6. We have found- ed a large city. 7. Who secured the friendship of Ancus ? 8. Have you secured the friendship of the king.? 9. Let us secure the friendship of the good king. LESSON X. Complex Predicate. Indirect Object ; Simple or Complex. [1820.] 217. The verb of the predicate may be modified by a noun denoting the person or thing to or for which any thing is, or is done. This modifier is called an indirect object. 218. EULE. Indirect Object. The indirect object is put in the dative, and is used, 1) After esse in expressions denoting possession ; e. g., Puero est liber. The loy has a booh (Lit. There is a book to the boy.) 2) After the compounds of esse, except posse, e. g., 100 SIMPLE SENTENCES, Mihi profuit. | It profited me. 3) After the compounds of bene, satis, and male , Officio suo satisfecit. He has discharged his duty, (Lit. He has done enough for, &c.) 4) After the compounds of the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, sub, and su- per, together with a few others ; e. g., Yeni ut mihi succurras. / have come that you may assist (succor) me, 5) After verbs signifying to command or obey, please or displease, favor or injure, serve or re- sist, together with to indulge, spare, pardon, envy, believe, persuade, &c. ; e. g., LegTbus paret. He obeys the laws (is obedi- ent to). [F. B. 643 ; A. & S. 223 and R. 2, and 224, 225, 226 ; Z. 406, 412, 415, 420.] REM. The indirect object is sometimes expressed by the accusative with a preposition, as ad or in ; e. g., Culpam in multitudinem contulerunt, They charged the blame upon the multitude. 219. YOCABULARY. A. II, omnis, c Believe, credo, ere, dldi, dUum. Census, census, us, m. Country, native country, pa- tria, ae, f. Educate, educo, are, dm, dtum. Kill, interftcio, ere, fed, fee- turn. Law, lex, legis, f. Obey, obedio, Ire, wi, Uum. Order, institute, ordmo, are, dm, dtum. Priscus, Priscus, i. Servius, 'Servim, i. Succeed, succedo, ere, cessi, ces sum. Tarquinius, Tarquinius, i. Tullius, Tullius, i. COMPLEX PKEDICATE. KEMOTE OBJECT. 101 220. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. I. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius. 2. N"uma Pompilius civitati profuit. 3. Tanaquil conjiigi per- suasit. 4. Tarquinio Servius suecesserat. 5. Nemo tibi credet. 6. Priscus Tarquinius plura bella gessit. 7. Agios urbis territorio adjunxit. 8. Hie rex inter- fectus est. 9. Boni patriae legibus parebunt. II. Construct six Latin sentences : three with direct, and three with indirect objects. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The citizens will obey the laws. 2. Will you not obey the laws ? 3. Let us obey the laws of our country. 4. Who will obey him ? 5. Who will be- lieve him ? 6. They will believe you. 7. Whom did Servius Tullius succeed ? 8. Servius succeeded Tar- quinius Priscus. 9. Tarquinius Priscus was killed. 10. Who killed him ? 11. The sons of Ancus killed him, 12. Who educated Servius Tullius ? 13. Who ordered a census of the Eoman people ? 14. Servius was the first to order a census of all the Eoman citi- zens. LESSON XI. Complex Predicate.- Remote Object ; Genitive. [21 & 22.] 221. The verb of the predicate may be modified by a genitive appearing in the English translation as the object of an action, though in the Latin the distinction between the direct object and this genitive is clearly 102 SIMPLE SENTENCES. marked. To indicate this distinction, we will call the latter a remote object ; e. g., Miseremini sociorum. | Pity the allies. KEM. The accusative as object denotes that on which the action is directly exerted, while the genitive denotes that in regard to which the action or feeling is exercised, and sometimes seems re- ally to express its cause. This genitive might perhaps, there- fore, be not improperly treated, in some instances at least> as an adverbial attributive ; but, as we uniformly render it by the ob- ject, it seems to present a more simple classification of the facts of the language to regard it as a remote object. 222. EULE. Genitive of Eemote Object. The genitive is used, 1) After verbs of pitying ; e. g., Miseretur sociorum. | He pities the allies. 2) After verbs of remembering and forgetting ; e. g-, Memini vivorum. | I remember the living. 3) After refert and interest ; e. g., Interest omnium. It interests all, or It is the interest of all. [F. B. 642; A. & S. 215, 216, 219; Z. 439, 442, 449.] KEM. 1. Verbs of remembering and forgetting sometimes take the accusative ; e. g., Memini Cinnam, / remember Cinna. REM. 2. According to Key's Latin Grammar, verbs of memory take the accusative of the object actually remembered, or the genitive of that about which the memory is concerned. 223. VOCABULARY. Add, addo, dere, didi, dttum. Ardea, Ardea, ae, f. Besiege, oppugno, are, dm, a- tum. Collatinus, Collatinus, i. Friend, amlcus, i, in. His, her, its, sum, a, um, refer- ring to the subject. Jupiter, Jupiter, Jovis. (See A. &S. 85.) COMPLEX PREDICATE. REMOTE OBJECT. 103 Pity, misereor, eri, miserltus or misertus sum. Remember, reminiscor, ci. Eemus, Remus, i. Temple, templum, i* n. "Wife, c,onjux, ugis. Lucretia, Lucretia, ae. Other, alius, a, ud. (See F. B. 113, B.) Our, noster, tra, trum. Persuade, persuadeo, ere, sudsi, sudsum. Poor, pauper, eris, adj. 224. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Vivorum memini. 2. Reminiscatur popiili Ro*- mani. 3. Reminiscantur veteris incommodi popiili Romani. 4. Reminiscere veteris famae popiili Roma- ni. 5. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen meruit. 6. Templum Jovis aedificavit. 7. Ardeam oppugnabat. 8. Oppugnabat urbem Latii. 9. Brutus popiilo per- suasit. 10. Alii nonnulli popiilo persuaserunt. 11. Miseremini sociorum. II. 1. Construct two or more Latin sentences, limiting the verb predicate by a genitive. 2. Construct Latin sentences in answer to flie following ' questions : 1. What city did Romulus found? 2. What be- came of Remus ? 3. How many senators did Romulus choose ? 4. What did he call them ? 5. What king added to these a hundred other senators? 6. Who built the temple of Jupiter ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. Pity the poor. 2. We pity the poor. 3. Does he not pity us ? 4. I pity them. 5. They remember the king. 6. Let them remember their friends. 7. Let us remember our friends. 8. We will persuade 104 SIMPLp SENTENCES. the king. 9. Did the king wage many wars? 10. Tarquin besieged Ardea, 11. The wife of Collatinus slew herself. 12. Lucretia slew herself. 13. Who was Lucretia ? 14. She was the wife of Collatinus. . LESSON XIL Complex Predicate. Remote Object ; Ablative. [23 & 24.] 225. After a few verbs, the ablative is used as a re- mote object, though it could probably be easily ex- plained, at least in most instances, as an adverbial attri- butive ; e. g., Lacte vescuntur. They live upon milk, or are nourished by means of milk. REM. The ablative lacte in this example may be explained as an adverbial attributive of means. 226. EULE. Ablative of Remote Object. The ablative is used, 1) After the deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor potior, vescor, and their compounds ; e. g., Lacte vescuntur. | They live upon milk. 2) After verbs signifying to abound or be destitute of; e. g., Nemo aliorum ope carere potest. No one can be (do) without the assistance of others. [F. B. 644; A. & S. 245, 25C, Rem. 1, (2); Z. 460, 465-] COMPLEX PREDICATE. DEMOTE OBJECT. 105 227. VOCABULARY. Aid, s., auxilium, i, n. Aid, bear aid, auxilium fero, ferre, tuli, latum. Appoint, creo, are, dm, dtum. Book, liber, Iri, m. Brutus, Brutus, i. Confer, tribuo, ere, lui, bu- turn. Consul, consul, ulis, m. Discharge, fungor, gi, functus sum. Duty, officium, i, n. Enjoy, fruor, i, Uus or ctus sum. For a year, lasting a year, an* nuus, a, urn. Junius, Junius, i. Life, vita, ae, f. Make, facio, ere, feci,factum ; be made,^o, fieri, facias sum. Matron, matrona, ae. Mourn, lugeo, ere, luxi, luctum. Power, imperium, i, n. Publicola, Publicola, ae, m. Two,duo,ae,o. (SeeF.B. 317.) Use, utor, i, usus mm. Valerius, Valerius, i. Your, tester, tra, trum. 228. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, parsing objects. 1. Lacte vescuntur. 2. Barbari pellibus utuntur. 3. TJtatur suis bonis. 4. Fruantur suis bonis. 5. Luce fruimur. 6. Officiis fu-ngebatur. 7. Fuit consul Brutus. 8, Fuit consul acerrimus libertatis vindex. 9. Valerius Publicola consul factus est. 10. Gommovit bellum Tarquinius. 11. Consul occisus est. 12. Tar- quinii filius occisus est. 13. Primus annus quinque consiiles habuit. II. 1. Change the moods of the verbs in the first five of the above sentences ; the indicative to the subjunctive or im- perative, and the subjunctive to the indicative or impera- tive ; and then translate. MODEL. Lacte vescantur. | Let them live upon milk. 2. Construct two Latin sentences, limiting the predicatt ly an ablative. 5* 106 SIMPUl SENTENCES. 3. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions : 1. How many consuls were appointed ? 2. For how long a time was power conferred upon them ? 3. What Eoman king waged war against the Eomans ? 4. Who aided Tarquin ? MODEL. Consules duo creati sunt. III. Translate into Latin. 1. He has discharged all his duties. 2. Let us dis- charge our duties. 3. Let them enjoy life. 4. Do you enjoy life ? 5. He is using his book. 6. Let all use these books. 7. Will he use this book ? 8. He will use your books. 9. Were not two consuls appointed ? 10. Junius Brutus was consul. 11. Who was made consul ? 12. Valerius Publicola was made consul. 13. Did not the Eoman matrons mourn for the consul? 14. They did mourn for him. LESSON XIII. Complex Predicate. Direct Object with Attributive Accu- sative. [25 27.] 229. EULE. Direct Object with Attributive Accusative. Verbs of making, choosing, electing, calling, showing, and the like, are followed by two accusatives denoting the same person or thing ; e. g., Saturnus arcem Saturniam appellavit. Saturn called the citadel So* turnia. [A. . New (as in "New Carthage"), Nbvus, a, urn. Once, semel. 274. VOCABULARY. Arms, arma, orum, n. pi. By (with voluntary agent), a, ab, abs ; in other cases, indi- cated ly abl. Carthage, Carthago, Inis, f. Cornelius, Cornelius, i, m. Force, vis, vis, f. (pi. vires). Hannibal, Hannibal, alis, m. How, gui, quomodo. 128 SIMPLE SENTENCES. P., P. for PuUius. Scipio, Scipio, onis, m. Thus, sic. Try, tento, are, dvi, atum. Take, capio, ere, cepi, captum. 275. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, parsing and explaining ad- verbial expressions. 1. Duo Scipiones ab Hasdrubale interfecti erant. 2. Quondam Publius Cornelius Scipio patrem singulari virtute servavit. 8. Caius amici sui laborem parvi aestimat. 4. Plurimae civitates ab Hannibale teneban- tur. 5. Hasdrubal strenue pugnavit. 6. Ibi Scipio pugnat. 7. Scipio ingenti gloria triumphavit. 8. Scipio Africanus appellatus est. 9. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum. II. 1. Limit the predicates in the first five of the above examples by attributives of time or place ; interrogative or not, at the pleasure of the pupil. 2. Explain all the adverbs in your reading lesson ; also all the adverbial expressions of manner, means, &c. 3. Construct two or more Latin sentences, limiting the predicate of each) by some attribute of time or place, and then add that (/manner, means, &c. MODELS. 1. Turn domum emit. 2. Turn domum auro emit. He then bought the house. He then bought the house with gold. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who took New Carthage ? 2. P. Cornelius Sci- pio took it. 3. How did he take it ? 4. He took it by force of arms. 5. Was not he made consul? 6 ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OF TIME. 129 When was he made consul? 7, By whom was he made consul ? 8. He was made consul by the Eoman people. 9. The Eoman people made Scipio consul then. 10. Thus P. Scipio liberated Italy. 11. Peace will be tried in vain. 12. Let us now try peace. 13. We will try peace once. LESSON XXIII. Complex Predicate. Adverbial Expressions of Time. [5759.] 276. EULE. Time. Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition ; e. g., Hieme ursus dormit. | The bear sleeps in winter. [F. B. 669 , A. & S. 253 ; Z. 475.] REM. The accusative with a preposition is frequently used to denote time, when it is spoken of with reference to the time of another event; e. g., Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius regnum accepit^ After the death of Aeneas, Ascanius received the royal power. 277. EULE. Length of Time. Length of time is generally expressed by the accusa- tive ; e. g., Caius annum unum vixit. | Caius lived one year. [F. B. 670 ; A. & S. 236 ; Z. 395.] REM. The ablative is sometimes used to denote length of time ; e. g., Regnavit annis sexaginta, He reigned sixty yean. 278. VOCABULARY. Against, indicated ly the da- tive. Antiochus, AntiocTius, i, m. Battle, proelium, i, n. ; pugna, ae, f. 6* Day, dies, ei, m. & f. in sing. ; m. in pi. Die, morior, mori or mofiri, mortuus sum. Fifteen, quindecim. s 130 SIMPLE SENTENCES. Fortieth, quadragesimus, a, urn. Forty, quadraginta, indecl. Great, magnus, a, um ; ing ens, tis. Greece, Graecia, ae, f. Here, hie. How, quam ; how many, quot* or quam multi ; how old, quot annos with natus ; as, Quot annos natus estf Numa, Numa, ae, m. Old, natus, a, um ; two years old, duo annos natus. Reign, regnum, i, n. ; imperi- um, i f n. Remain, maneo, Ire, mansi, mansum ; remaneo, ere, &c. 'Rout, f undo, ere,fudi,fusum. See, video, ere, vidi, visum. Seven, septem. Seventh, Septimus, a, um. State, cimtas, dtis, f. Ten, decem. Third, tertius, a, um. Thirtieth, tricesimus, a, um. Three, tres, tria. To-morrow, eras ; crastino die, Two hundred, ducenti, ae, a. Year, annus, i, m. Yesterday, Tieri ; hesterno die. 279. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze, explaining adverbial attribu- tives. 1. Post hoc proelium pax facta est. 2. Secundo an- no iterum Tarquinius bellum Eomanis intiilit. 3. Sex- to decimo anno post reges exactos popiilus seditionem fecit. 4. Turn rex Antioclms pacem petit. 5. P. Li- cinius victus est. 6. Publius Licinius gravi proelio victus est. 7. Eodem fere tempore dux Eomanorum gravi proelio a rege victus est. 8. Ancus Marcius vicesimo quarto anno imperii morbo obiit. II. 1. Substitute adverbs for the adverbial expressions in the first three of the above sentences. MODEL. Postea pax facta est. 2. Construct Latin sentences containing the following adverbial modifiers : Unum annum, biennium, hesterno die. AD ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE. 131 3. What adverbs are equivalent to the following expres- Hoc temppre, illo tempore, longum tempus, hesterno die, crastmo die. 4. Construct Latin sentences in ansiuer to the following questions : 1. When did Saturn found a citadel ? 2. When did Numa die? 3. How long did Eomulus reign? 4. How many years did the seven kings reign ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. When will you read this book ? 2. I will read it to-morrow. 3. When did you see your father ? 4. I saw him yesterday. 5. How long will you remain here ? 6. We shall remain here ten days. 7. How old are you ? 8. I am fifteen years old. 9. Do not wage war against the states of Greece. 10. We have never waged war against Greece. 11. Who was rout- ed in a great battle ? 12. Who was routed by Corne- lius Scipio Asiaticus ? 13. Was not Antiochus rout- ed in a great battle by Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus ? 14. He was routed by the consul. LESSON XXIV. Complex Predicate. Adverbial Expressions of Place. [6062.] 280. EULE. Place IN WHICH ; Towns. The name of a town where any thing is, or is done, if of the first or second declension and singular num- ber, is put in the genitive, otherwise in the ablative ; 132 SIMPLE SENTENCES. Gains Cortonae vixit. Caius Tibiire vixit. Gains lived at Cortona. Caius lived at Tibur. [F. B. 672*; A. & S. 221 ; Z. 398.] REM. The town near which is expressed by the accusative with ad or apud; e. g., Ad Pydnam, Near Pydna. 281. EULE. Place IN WHICH ; not Towns. The name of a place where any thing is, or is done, when not a town, is generally put in the ablative with a preposition ; e. g., Ursus in antro dormit. | The bear sleeps in a cave. [F. B. 673 ; A. & S. 254, R 3 ; Z. 489.] 282. EULE. Place To or FROM WHICH. After verbs of motion ; 1) The place to which the motion is directed, if a town or small island, is expressed by the ac- cusative without a preposition, otherwise by the accusative with one ; e. g., Romam venire. In Italiam venire. To come to Rome. To come into Italy. 2) The place from which the motion proceeds, if a town or small island, is expressed by the ablative without a preposition, otherwise by the ablative with one ; e. g., Roma venire. Ab Italia venire. To come from Rome. To come from Italy. [F. B. 674 ; A. liciae, drum, f. pi. Wear out, overcome, conficio, ere, confeci^ confectum. "Whether (in dependent ques- tions), num, ne, nonne ; num is more common than in di- rect questions, and does not here necessarily expect the answer no. (See 177, K. 2.) 381. VOCABULARY. Cremona, Cremona, ae, f. Die, morior, mori or moriri, mortuus sum ; demorior, &c. Famous, clams, a, um. Galba, Galba, ae, m. Know, scio, Ire, scivi, scitum ; not to know, nescio, Ire, nes- cl/oi, nescitum. Misenum, Misenum, i, n. Near, ad, apud. Otho, Oiho, onis, m. Palestine, Palaestina, ae, f. 382. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Unde sol ignem habet ? 2. Nescio unde sol ig- nem habeat. 3. Quid dicit ? 4. Nescimus quid dicat. 5. Quis scivit quid dixisset? 6. Quid futurum sit, nescimus. 7. Quid vere nobis prosit, non semper intel- ligimus. 8. Interrogavit num terra rotunda esset 9. Nero magnam urbis partem per ludum incendit. 10. Culpam in Christianos transtiilit. 11. Otho a Vitellio, qui a Germanicis legionibus imperium acceperat, ad Cremonam levi proelio victus est. II. 1. Change the declarative sentences in the above ex- ercises to the interrogative form. MODEL. Num nescio unde sol ignem habeat ? 2. Construct complex Latin sentences, using the ninth and tenth of the above exercises as objects. 3. Construct Latin sentences in answer ic ihe following questions : 8 170 COMPLEX SENTENCES. 1. Who was the mother of Nero ? 2. What became of her? 3. What became of Nero? 4. Who was conquered by Vitellius ? 5. Where was he conquered ? 6. Who succeeded Vitellius ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. Where is your father? 2. I do not know where he is. 3. They say he is in the city. 4. Will he go to Kome ? 5. We do not know whether he will go to Eome. 6. My brother says that he has gone to Rome. 7. Who succeeded Nero ? 8. Do you know who suc- ceeded him ? 9. We know that Galba succeeded him. 10. Which was the most famous city of Palestine ? 11. Who does not know which was the most famous city of .Palestine? 12. All say that Jerusalem was the most noble city of Palestine. v LESSON XXXV. Sentence with ut or ne as Object. Indirect Object. [9294.] 383. An imperative sentence used as object, except in direct quotation, is generally introduced by ut or ne, and takes its verb in the subjunctive ; e. g., Clypeos hastis percutite. Militibus imperavit, ut cly- peos hastis percutSrent. Strilce your shields with your spears. He commanded the soldiers to strike their shields with their spears. . As an exception to the above principle, it must be observed fh&tjubeo usually takes the accusative with the infinitive as the SENTENCE AS INDIRECT OBJECT. 171 object-clause ; e. g., Eos suum adventum exspectare jussit, fff ordered them to await his arrival. 384. After verbs signifying to ask, advise, seek, and the like, the object-sentence usually takes the subjunc- tive with ut or ne; e. g., J? ac ut sciam. Ilia petiit, ut sibi annulos aureos darent. Cause me to know. She asked that they would give her gold rings. KEM. In these examples the clauses beginning with ut are the ob jects of the transitive verbs fac and petiit. Final Sentences ; Indirect Object 385. Final sentences, or such as express purpose, are introduced by ut, ne, quo, quommus, and quin, and take the verb in the subjunctive. These correspond to the indirect object in the simple sentence. 386. Clauses expressing an affirmative purpose are introduced by ut, unless a comparative occurs in the sentence, in which case quo is used ; e. g., He lias come to shut the gates. Something ought to be given to the physician that he may be more attentive. 387. Clauses expressing a negative purpose are gen- erally introduced by ne ; e. g., Venit utportas claudat. Medico aliquid dandum est, quo sit studiosior. Romulus, ne vana urbis magnitudo esset, asylum aperit. Romulus, that the large city might not be empty, opened an asylum. 388. Quominus (quo and minus) is used after verbs of hindering ; e. g., 172 COMPLEX SENTENCES. Quid obstat, quominus Gai- ns sit bedtus ? What prevents Caius from being happy ? (Lit. by which [in order that] he may be less happy.) 389. Quin (qui and ne), how not, why not, by which not, &c. is used after some verbs of doubting and hinder- ing in negative sentences or questions implying a nega- tive, and after facere non possum, fieri non potest, &c. ; e * > They do not doubt (but) that the gods hear this. / cannot but send letters to you.; dubitant, quin dii il- lud exaudiant. Facere non possum, quin ad te mittam literas. REM. 1. The clause in the first example appears to be the direct object of dubitant ; it is such, however, only in appearance, and may be explained thus : They entertain no doubt (by which, in accordance with which, y the genitive ; as, pom Istri, the bridge over the Danube. Persian, Perses, ae, m. 411. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Cecropem biformem (229) tradidere, quia primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. 2. Vos, quoniam nox est, veneramini Jovem. 3. Darius hostis fuit Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio lones Sardes ex- pugnassent. 4. Quoniam de genere belli dixi, nunc de magnitudine pauca dicam. 5. Quum hostes ei pugnae potestatem non facerent, trepidus refugit. 6. Quum ex Europa in Asiam rediisset, classem quingentarum navium comparavit. 7. Py thia respondit, ut moenibus ligneis se munirent. II. 1. Convert the causal clauses in the above exercises into independent interrogative sentences. MODEL. Nbnne Cecrops primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit? 2. Construct Latin complex sentences with the following oausal clauses : ADVERBIAL ATTRIBUTIVE-SENTENCES. CAUSE. 185 1. Quoniam jam dies est. 2. Quod hostes pugnave- runt. 3. Quia Deiotarus auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. 4. Quod capitis damnatus est. 5. Quaequum ita sint. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Did the Scythians give Darius an opportunity of coming to an engagement (lit. the opportunity of a bat- tle] ? 2. Why did they not do so (it) ? 3. They did not give him an opportunity of coming to an engage- ment, because he had seven hundred thousand armed men. 4. Did any one break down the bridge over the Danube ? 5. No one broke it down, because Darius had fled into Asia. 6. "Why did Datis engage battle in an unfavorable place ? 7. He engaged battle, be- cause he relied upon the number of his forces. 8. The Persians sought their ships, because they were terrified. LESSON XXXIX. Adverbial Attributive- Sentences. Cause; Condition and Concession. [104107.] 412. Every conditional sentence consists of two parts the condition and the consequence ; e. g., Si quid habeat, dabit. If he has any thing, he will give it. REM. Here si quid habeat is the condition, and dabit the conse quence. 413. Conditional sentences are of four kinds : i 186 COMPLEX SENTENCES. 1) Those which assume the condition as a i. e., as already true ; e. g., Si quid habet, dat. If he has any thing, he gives it, or is giving it. REM. Here it is assumed that the condition is already realized. 2) Those which represent the condition as a present uncertainty, i. e., as one which may or may not be realized at the present moment ; Si quid habeat, dabit. If he has any thing, he give it. REM. Here the condition (if he has any thing) relates to the present time, and is represented as one which may or may not be true. It is not in itself dependent upon any contingencies, inasmuch as the fact, relating as it does to the present, is already deter- mined, though we may not know what it is. 3) Those which represent the condition as a mere possibility, i. e., as one which has not yet been realized, but may or may not be so at some future time ; e. g., Si quid habeat, det. Si quid haberet, daret. If he should have any thing, he would give it. REM. Here the condition is in itself dependent upon contingencies, as it relates to future time. It is to be determined by events which are yet to transpire. 4) Those which represent the condition as an impossibility, i. e., as one which has not been realized and never can be ; e. g., Si quid haberet, daret. If he had any thing, ht would give it. Si quid habuisset, dedisset. If he had had any thing, ht would have given it ADVERBIAL ATTRIBUTIVE-SENTENCES. CAUSE. 187 REM. In both these examples, the condition relates to a definite time, and is represented as not then realized. Use of Moods in Conditional Sentences. 414. In regard to the use of moods in conditional sentences, it may be observed, 1) That the condition is expressed, in the first erf the above forms by the indicative, in the sec- ond by the subjunctive present or perfect, in the third by the subjunctive present, perfect (or im- perfecfy and in the fourth by the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect. 2) That the consequence is expressed in the first two of these forms by the indicative (or some- times by the imperative), in the third by the subjunctive present, perfect (or imperfect}, and in the fourth by the subjunctive imperfect or plu- perfect. REM. 1. The conditional clause is sometimes omitted ; e. g., Daret, He would give (if he had any thing, perhaps). REM. 2. The conditional clause of the 3d form is sometimes used in connection with the indicative ; e. g., Spartani pacem iis aunt polliciti, si naves traderent, The Spartans promised them peace, if they would give up their ships. 415. Conditional sentences are sometimes introduced by dum, modo, or dummodo, provided, if only, &c. They then take the subjunctive ; e. g., Multi omnia recta negli- gunt, dummodo poten- tiam consequantur. Many disregard all right, provided they can acquire power. 416. The condition is, of course, often expressed negatively ; it is then introduced sometimes by si with non, sometimes by nisi, and sometimes by ni ; e. g., 188 COMPLEX SENTENCES. Aequitas tollitur omnis, si habere suum cuique non licet. Parvi sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi. An, ni ita se res haberet, Anaxagoras patrimonia sua reliquisset ? All equity is removed, if each one may not have his own. Arms are worth but little abroad, unless there is wisdom at home. Would Anaxagoras then have left his patrimony, if this were not so f Concessive Sentences. 417. Intimately connected with conditional clauses, are those which express concession, which is merely a conceded condition or cause ; e. g., Condition. Medici, si intelligunt, nun- quam aegris dicunt, eos esse morituros. Physicians never tell the sick that they are going to die, if they know it Concession. Medici, quamquam intelli- gunt saepe, tamen nun- quam aegris dicunt eos esse morituros. Though physicians often know that the sick are going to die, yet they ne- ver tell them so. REM. The conjunctions generally used to introduce a concession are etsi, etiamsi, tametsi^ quamquam, quamvis, and licet. Use of Moods in Concessive Clauses. 418. On the use of moods in concessive clauses, it may be remarked, 1) That quamquam is usually followed by the indicative ; e. g., ADVERBIAL ATTRIBUTIVE-SENTENCES. CAUSE. 189 Vestra tecta, quamquam Although the danger is now jam periculum est depul- removed, still guard your sum, tamen custodiis de- houses. fendite. 2) That etsi, etiamsi, and tametsi, are generally followed by the indicative, unless the conces- sion is presented as a mere supposition, in which case it, of course, requires the subjunc- tive ; e. g., Although the summer was nearly spent, still Caesar led his army thither. Some do not dare to say Caesar, etsi prope exacta jam aestas erat, tamen eo exercitum adduxit. Sunt, qui quod sentiunt, etiamsi optimum sit, ta- men non audent dicere. what they think, even if it be very excellent. REM. The concession in the second example is a mere supposition. 3) That quamvis and licet are followed by the subjunctive ; e. g., Ella quamvis ridiciila essent, mini tamen risum non moverunt. 419. VOCABULARY. Although, though, quamquam. Enemy, hostis, is, c. Fleet, naval forces, classiarii, drum, m. pi. Grecian, Graecus, a, um ; the Greeks, Graeci, drum, m. pi. If, si. Leonid as, Leomdas, ae, m. Persian, Persicus, a, um. Plan, purpose, consilium, i, n. Although those things were ludicrous, yet they did not excite my laughter. Please, be pleasing to, placeo, ere, placui, pladtum ; dis- please, he displeasing to, die- pliceo, ere, displicui, displi- citum. Salamis, Saldmis, is, f. ; Sala- mina, ae, f. Take possession of, get posses- sion of, occupo, are, dvi, a- turn. 190 COMPLEX SENTENCES. Themistocles, Themistocles, is. m. There, ill. Thermopylae, Thermopylae, d- rum, f. pi. Wisdom, consilium, i, n. Withstand, sustain, sustineo, ere sustinui, sustentum. Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m. 420. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Caesar peccavit, si id fecit. 2. Peccabimus, si id faciamus. 3. Peccarent, si id facerent. 4. Pueri pec- cavissent, si id fecissent. 5. Spartani pacem Atheni- ensibus sunt polliciti (414, E. 2), si longi muri brachia dejioerent. 6. Xerxes etsi male rem gesserat, tamen habebat magnas copias. 7. Spartani pacem Atheni- ensibus sunt polliciti, si naves traderent. 8. Spartani pacem Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si respublica tri- ginta rectores acciperet. 9. Datis etsi non aequum lo- cum videbat suis, tamen conflixit. II. 1. Construct four Latin sentences illustrative*of the four forms (/conditional sentences. 2. Construct two or more Latin sentences with conces- sive clauses. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Who was Leonidas ? 2. He was king of the La- cedaemonians. 3. He was sent to take possession of Thermopylae. 4. Will the Greeks withstand the force of the enemy, if they get possession of Thermopylae ? 5. Leonidas did not withstand the force of the enemy, although he had taken possession of Thermopylae. 6. Would Themistocles have engaged the fleet of the Per- sians, if his plan had not been pleasing to the states of ADVERBIAL ATTRIBUTIVE-SENTENCES. MANNER. 191 Greece ? 7. He did engage the Persian fleet, although his plan was not pleasing to many of the Grecian states. 8. Who was conquered at Salamis ? 9. Xer- xes was conquered there by the wisdom of Themisto- cles. LESSON XL. Adverbial Attributive- Sentences. Manner ; Consequence and Comparison. [108110.] 421. Attributive sentences of manner are of two kinds : 1) Such as indicate the manner or character of an action or event by giving its results or con- sequences ; e. g., * Lucullus ipsum regem ita Lucullus so vanquished the vicit, ut robur militum king himself as to destroy Armeniorum deleret. (that he destroyed) the strength of the Armenian soldiery. 2) Such as indicate the manner or character of the action or event, or the degree of the qua- lity denoted by the predicate, by means of comparison. This may be done in two ways ; viz., (a) By a comparison of equality, generally expressed by the correlatives ut ita ; tarn quam, and the like ; e. g., Nemo tarn pauper vivit, quam natus est. No one lives as poor as he was born. 192 COMPLEX SENTENCES. (b) By a comparison of inequality, express- ed by the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb ; e. .g., Europa minor est quam Asia. Romani fortius quam hos- tes pugnaverunt. Europe is smaller than Asia. The Romans fought more bravely than the enemy. REM. 1. In a comparison of inequality, the connective quam is often omitted, and then the following noun is put in the abla- tive ; e. g., Tullus Hostilius ferocior Romulo fuit, Tullus Hosti- lius was more ferocious than Romulus. HEM. 2. As comparisons of inequality with quam are elliptical ; and as without quam they undergo an important change of structure, we must defer the farther consideration and illustra- tion of them to the section on Abridged Complex Sentences. Use of Moods in Consecutive Glauses. 422. Clauses denoting consequence or result are in troduced by ut, and take the verb in the subjunctive mood ; e. g., Quis tarn detnens, ut sua voluntate moereat ? Who is so mad as to be sad from choice? REM. 1. Ut in a consecutive clause generally corresponds to some correlative in the principal sentence, signifying so, such, so great, ject; e.g., Non audivit Alexander draconem loquentem. Alexander did not "hear the dragon speak (lit. speak- ing). The consuls contracted to have this statue thus pla- ced. Illud sigimm ita collocan- dum consules locave- runt. 450. Instead of a sentence modifying the substantive or adjective predicate, whether objective or attributive, we often find either a gerund, or a gerundive in agree- ment with some substantive ; e. g., Epaminondas studiosior audiendi fait. ^paminondas was too fond of hearing. HEM. The gerund audiendi depends upon stitdidsior. See Rule, 443. 451. Instead of a subordinate clause denoting pur- pose indirect object a gerund, or a gerundive agreeing with some substantive, is often used, and is put some- times in the dative, and sometimes in the accusative with a preposition ; e. g., Aqua utilis est libendo. Bourn terga non ad oner a accipienda figurata sunt. Water is useful for drink- ing. The lacks of oxen were not formed for receiving bur- dens. 452. The supine in um is sometimes used after verbs of motion in place of a subordinate clause of purpose ; e- g-, Legati ad Caesarem grain- Idtum convenerunt. Ambassadors came to Cae- sar to congratulate him. 208 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. 453. KULE. Supine in um. The supine in urn follows verbs of motion to express the purpose or object of that motion. (See example above.) [F. B. 676 ; A. e art of the to live sa the art of living. ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 215 464. Instead of a subordinate proposition modifying the verb predicate, the gerund with a preposition, or a gerundive and a substantive with a preposition, may be used to express adverbial relations ; e. g., They were singing while playing. Brutus was killed in liber- ating his country. Inter ludendum cantabant. Brutus in liberanda patria est interfectus. 465. The ablative of the gerund, or of the gerundive in agreement with a substantive, without a preposition often supplies the place of a subordinate clause of cause, manner,, means, &c. ; e. g., The mind is strengthened by learning. Elegance of speech is culti- vated by reading ora- tors. Mens discendo alitur. Loquendi elegantia auge- tur legendis oratoribus. J|y For Rules for the government of gerunds and gerundives, see 443, 444. 466. The supine in u may supply the place of an adverbial clause after certain adjectives, whether in the subject or predicate ; e. g., Hoc optimum factu est. | This is lest to be done. 467. EULE. Supine in u. The supine in u is used after adjectives signifying good or bad, easy or difficult, agreeable or disagreeable, &c. (See above example.) [F. B. 635 ; A. & S. 276, III ; Z. 670.] flffif* For the use of supine in um> see 452. 216 ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. 468. VOCABULARY. Alexander, Alexander, dri, m. Arrive, advenio, Ire, adveni, adventum. Deceive, decipio, ere, decepi, deceptum. Delight, rejoice, gaudeo, ere, Go, hasten, contendo, ere, con- tendi, contentum. "B.QTO,heroSjdis, m. Learn, -disco, ere, didici. Macedonian, Macedonicus, a, urn ; Macedo, onis, m. Narrow passage, angustiae, a- rum, f. pi. Offer sacrifices, to sacrifice (in honor of parents, &c.), pa- rento, are, dm, dtum. Pausanias, Pausanias, ae, m. See, witness, spec to, are, dm, dtum.' Tomb, tumulus, i, m. Whose, cujus, a, um ; cujw ; quorum. Youth, young man, adolescent, entis, m. 469. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. I. Hominis mens discendo alitur. 2. Omnes mul- tum temporis ludendo amittimus. 3. Philippus ad lu- dos spectandos contendit. 4. Atheniensium exercitus in terrain praedatum exierat. 5. - Philippus, in Scy- thiam praedandi causa profectus, numero praestantes Scjthas dolo vicit. 6. Parcendi victis filio animus promptior. 7. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa fuit. 8. Athenienses miserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam fa- cerent de rebus suis. II. Construct two or more Latin sentences with gerunds, and two or more with supines. III. Translate into Latin. 1. They have learned much by reading. 2. All can learn much by reading good books. 3. Philip learned much by witnessing the virtues of Epaminondas the Theban. 4. Who killed Philip ? 5. Pausanias, hav- ATTRIBUTE OF PREDICATE, ABRIDGED. 217 ing taken possession of (458, 1, R.) the narrow passage, killed him. 6. He was going to see the games, when this Macedonian youth killed him. 7. "Who succeeded Philip ? 8. Alexander succeeded his father Philip. 9. The father is said to have delighted in deceiving the enemy (lit. in the enemy deceived). 10. The son delight- ed in routing them. 11. At whose tomb did Alexan- der offer sacrifices on arriving in Asia? 12. He ia said tc have sacrificed at the tombs of the Trojan he- roes. 10 218 COMPOUND SENTENCES. CHAPTEE III. COMPOUND SENTENCES. 1. Compound Sentences ; Unabridged. LESSON XLVII. Glasses of Compound Sentences. [130 & 181.] 470. A COMPOUND sentence is one which consists of two or more independent though related sentences. REM. The sentences, thus united, may themselves be either simple, complex, or compound. 471. Compound sentences may be divided into three classes ; viz., 1) Copulative sentences, in which two or more thoughts are presented in harmony with each other ; e. g., Longas naves aestus com- plebat ; et onerarias tern- pestas afflictabat. The water filled the war- ships ; and the storm tos- sed the ships of burden. 2) Disjunctive sentences, in which a choice be- tween two or more thoughts is offered ; e. g., Audendum est allquid uni- versis, aut omnia singu- lis patienda sunt. Something must be braved by all, or all things must be endured by each. CLASSES OF COMPOUND SENTENCES. 219 3) Adversative sentences, in which the thoughts stand opposed to each other ; e. g., Difficile factu est, sed cona- bor. It is difficult to do, but 1 will try it. 472. Copulative clauses may be connected by the conjunctions et, atque, ac, que, or nee, neque. BEM. 1. Et is the most common, and is used to connect thoughts (or words) of equal importance ; que t which is an enclitic (i. e. is always appended to some other word), indicates a more intimate relationship, and is generally used when the second part repre- sents something as belonging to the first or derived from it, He both delivered citizens into custody and decreed a thanks- giving to me. 487. The copulative connective is often omitted both in the full and in the abridged form of the compound sentence ; e. g., Catilina abiit. Catilina evasit. Catilina erupit. Catilina abiit, evasit, eru- pit. 488. If the predicate is expressed by a copula and attribute separately, the copula being the same in the several parts, we have only to unite the attributes ; e. g., Catiline has gone. Catiline has escaped. Catiline has broken away. Catiline has gone, has esca- ped, has broken away. COMPOUND PREDICATES. 229 Asia opima est. Asia is rich. Asi&fertilis est. Asia is fertile. Asia opima est etfertilis. Asia is rich and fertile. 489. If there are modal adverbs (265) or modifiers, connected with either part, they must generally be re- tained with that part ; if the same modal adverb be- longs to each member, it is generally repeated, either alone or in combination with the connective ; e. g., Otii fructus est non con- tentio animi. Otii fructus est relaxatio animi. Otii fructus est non con- tentio animi, sed relaxa- tio. Atticus mendacium non dicebat. Atticus mendacium non pati poterat. Atticus mendacium neque (et non) dicebat, negue (et non) pati poterat. 490. VOCABULARY. After, post . Amphipolis, AmpMpolis, is, f. Appoint, institute, instituo, ere, institui, institutum. Babylon, Babylon, onis, f. Beseech, pray, precor, dri, pre- cdtus sum. The fruit of ease is not the vigorous exercise of mind. The fruit of ease is the re- laxation of mind. The fruit of ease is not the vigorous exercise of mind, but the relaxation of it. Atticus did not speak a falsehood. Atticus was not able to en- dure a falsehood. Atticus neither (both not) spoke a falsehood nor (and not) was able to endure one. Chaeronea, Chaeronea, ae, f. Death, mors, mortis, f. Disregard, contemn, contemno, ere, contempsi, contemptum. Enter, introeo, Ire, wi or ii t Uum. Feast, convivium, i, n. 230 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. Hasten, festlno, are, dvi, dtum. Lead, duco, ere, duxi, ductum. Magi, Magi, drum, m. pi. Move, excite feeling, moveo, ere, movi, mo turn. One, certain one, quidam, quae- dam, quoddam. Prayers, preces, um, f. pi. Prediction, praedictum, i, n. Keturn, reverto, ere, reverti, r& versum. *Kise in importance, emerge, ere, emersi, emersum. Show, ostendo, ere, ostendi, os+ tensum and ostentum. Superior to, greater than, ma- jor, us (coinp. of magnus). Wound, vulnus, erie, D. 491. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. I. Tumultuantes milites Alexander ipse sedavit, eos- que omnes ad conspectum suum admisit. 2. Darius desilit et in equum, qui ad hoc ipsum sequebatur, im- ponitur. 3. Ceteri dissipantur metu, et, qua cuique patebat via, erumpunt. 4. Non solita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivio risit ; non coronas sump- sit ; et ita vicit ut victorem nemo sentiret 5. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum, veluti telo confixus, ingemuit. II. Construct Latin sentences in answer to the following questions : 1. What state rose in importance after the death of Epaminondas ? 2. Why did Philip reside at Thebes ? 3. Where did he first engage the Athenians ? 4. Who fought at Chaeronea ? 5. What were the particulars of the death of Philip ? 6. Who succeeded him ? 7. Was Alexander in any respect superior to his father ? 8. What were the first acts of his reign ? 9. What was the result of the battle of Issus ? 10. What coun- try did Alexander visit after taking Tyre ? III. Translate into Latin. 1. The soldiers showed Alexander their wounds, COMPOUND MODIFIERS OF SUBJECT. 231 and besought him to lead them home. 2. He wag moved by their prayers, and hastened to Babylon. 3. One of the Magi besought him not to enter the city. 4. He disregarded the prediction of the Magi, returned to Babylon, and appointed a feast. LESSON LI. Compound Elements. Modifiers of Subject, United. [142144.] 492. The several members of a compound sentence frequently differ only in the modifiers of their subjects ; and then these modifiers may be united, and the other elements of the sentence appear but once ; e. g., Epicurus, the least sinful of men, came. Epicurus, the best of the great, came. Epicurus, the least sinful of men, or rather the best of the great, came. Venit Epicurus, homo mi- nime malus. Venit Epicurus, vir opti* mus. Venit Epicurus, homo mi- riime malus, vel potius vir optimus. \H~ For the use of potius with vel, see 475, Rem. 493. VOCABULARY. Antigonus, Antigonus, i, m. Antipater, Antipater, tri, m. Aridaeus, Aridaeus, i, m. Call, voco, are, am, dtum* Cassander, Cassander, dri, m. Claim, vindico, are, dvi, dtum. Demetrius, Demetrius, i, m. Direct, order, jubeo, ere, jussi^ jussum. Gaul, Gallia, ae, f. Glory, gloria, ae, f. Majesty, dignity, rank, maje** tas, dtis, f. Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i, m. 232 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. Regal, regius, a, urn. Sardinia, Sardinia, ae, f. Self-control, moderatio, onis, f. Victory, victoria, ae, f. Wait for, await, opperior, opperltus and oppertus. 494. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Castrorum et exercitus cura Perdiccae assign atur. 2. Septimo mense capta est urbs et vetustate originis et crebra fortunae varietate insignis. 3. Legationes Car- thaginiensium ceterarumque Africae civitatum Alex- andri adventum Babyloniae opperiebantur. 4. Mace- doniae Antipater praeponitur; jubeturque Aridaeus corpus Alexandri in Hammonis templum deducere. 5. Tune Perdicca, lustratione castrorum indicta, sedi- tiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. II. 1. Give in full the sentences united in the above com- pounds. MODEL. Castrorum cura Perdiccae assignatur. Exercitus cura Perdiccae assignatur. 2. Construct two or more Latin sentences differing only in the modifiers of the subject, and then unite them in the form of an abridged compound. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Aridaeus, who was king and the brother of Alex ander, was directed to assume the name (be called ly the name) of his father Philip. 2. The glory, both of self- control and of victory, belongs to Ptolemy. 3. Cassan- der, who was the son of Antipater and who had waged war against Antigonus, claimed for himself the royal majesty. 4. Philip, the son of Demetrius, and king of COMPOUND OBJECTS. Macedonia, sent ambassadors to Hannibal. 5. Ambas- sadors from Sicily, Gaul, and Sardinia, were awaiting the arrival of Alexander at Babylon. LESSON LII. Compound Elements. Objects of Predicate, United. [145147.] 495. The several parts of a compound sentence some- times differ only in the objects of their predicates ; and then these objects, may be united, and the other ele- ments of the sentence appear but once ; e. g., Non imperium petimus. Non divitias petimus. Non imperium^ neque (et non) divitias petimus. Orabant Ubii, ut Caesar sibi auxilium ferret. Orabant Ubii, ut Caesar exercitum Rhenum trans- portaret. Orabant Ubii, ut Caesar sibi auxilium ferret, vel exercitum Rhenum trans- portaret. We do not seek power. We do not seek wealth. We do not seek power or wealth. The Ubii asJced that Cae- sar would bring aid to them. The Ubii asked that Cae- sar would transport his army across the Ehine. The Ubii asked that Cae- sar would bring aid to them, or transport his army across the Ehine. REM. Observe that when the subordinate clauses are united in the last example, the subject Caesar disappears in the second part, because it has been used in the first, 234: ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. 496. YOCABULARY. Aim at, seek, quaero, ere, quae- slvi and quaesii, quaesltum. Brennus, Brennm, i, m. Infantry, foot-soldiers, pedites, um, m. pi., from pedes, ttis, a foot-soldier. Liberty, libertas, dtis> f. Neither nor, nec~nec ; nequt neque. (See 473.) Power, domination, dominatio, onis, f. Spartan, Spartanus, a, um ; the Spartans, Spartani, drum, m. pi. 497. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Alexander, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos elegit. 2. Opulenta regum munera magnificentia sua et gratam liominum voluntatem et Apollinis respon- sum manifestant. 3. Dona et sacerdotibus et deo data sunk 4. Alexander omnes interfici, ignemque tectis injici jubet. 5. Jamque qui Darium vehebant equi jugum quatere et regem curru excutere coeperant. 6. Hie dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetustissimam libertatem finivit. II. 1. Give in full the sentences united in the formation of the above compounds. MODEL. Alexander non juvenes robustos elegit. Alexander veteranos elegit. 2. Construct two or more simple sentences differing only in their objects, and then unite them in the form of an abridged compound. III. Translate into Latin. 1. The Spartans aimed at (sought) power. 2. They did not aim at the liberty of Greece. 3. They aimed at power, but not the liberty of Greece. 4 Did you COMPOUND ADVERBIAL ATTRIBUTIVES. 235 not see the king ? 5. We saw both the king and his son. 6. You saw neither the king nor his son. 7. The Gauls sought Greece and Macedonia. 8. Brennus sent both infantry and cavalry into Macedonia. LESSON LIII. Compound Elements. Attributives of Predicate, United. [148150.] 498. The several members of a compound sentence sometimes differ from each other only in the attributives of their predicates ; and then these attributives may be united, and the other elements appear but once ; e. g., Magnos homines virtute metimur. Magnos homines non for- tuna metirnur. Magnos homines virtute metimur, nonfortuna. 499. VOCABULARY. Booty, praeda, ae, f. Either or, aut aut ; vel vel, &c. (See 475.) Excite, acuo, ere, acui, acutum. Land, terra, ae, f. Not only but also, non solum sed etiam. Often, saepe. Overwhelm, obruo, ere, obrui, obrutum. We measure great men by their worth. We do not measure great men by their success. We measure great men by their worth, not by their success. Other, the rest, reliquus, a, um. Pannonia, Pannonia, ae, f. Penetrate, penetro, are, dvi, dtum. Rock, piece of rock, saxum, i, n. Sea, mare^ is, n. (abl. e or i) ; by sea and land, terra marl' que. Spirits, courage, animus, i, m. Statue, statua, ae, f. 236 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. 500. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. 1. Dux Hannibal constituitur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Bomanorum. 2. Alexander et virtute et vi- tiis patre major fuit. 3. Omnes ante eum reges conti- nentia et dementia vicit. 4. Victus est non virtute hostlli, sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 5. Ptolemaeus et Cassander contra Antigonum bellum terra marique instruunt. 6. Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos suorum animos praedae uberta- tem militibus ostendebat. II. 1. Give in full the sentences united in the formation of the above compounds. MODEL. Dux Hannibal constituitur non penuria seniorum. Dux Hannibal constituitur odio Eomanorum. 2. Construct one or more Latin sentences with com- pound adverbial attributives. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Brennus excited the spirits of his soldiers by the golden statues and other booty. 2. Did not Cassander wage war both by sea and land ? 3. Wars have often been waged both by sea and land. 4. Did not the Gauls go into Italy? 5. They penetrated not only into Italy, but also into Pannonia. 6. The Greeks overwhelmed the Gauls with rocks and arms. 7. Will you go to Athens ? 8. I will go either to Athens or to Eome. 9. Have you been at Eome and Athens ? 10. I have been at Eome, but not at Athens. ELEMENTS COMMON TO DIFFERENT MEMBERS. 237 LESSON LIV. Elements Common to Different Members. [151153.] 501. The several members of a compound sentence sometimes differ from each other in two or more of their elements, and still have one or more in common. When this is the case, the parts which are common to the several members appear in one of them, but are usually omitted in the rest ; e. g., Proximo die Caesar e cas- | On the following day, Oae- sar led out his forces from the camp. On the following day, Ario- vistus sent forward a part of his forces. On the following day, Oae- tris copias suas eduxit. Proximo die Ariovistus partem suarum copia- rum praemisit. Proximo die Caesar e cas- tris copias suas eduxit, et Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum prae- misit. sar led out his forces from the camp, and Ariovistus sent forward apart of his forces. REM. It will be observed that here the common element proximo die appean but once, and that all the other parts retain their positions in their respective members. 502. VOCABULARY. After (adv.), post. Ancient, antlquus, a, um. At one time, at a certain time, once, quondam. Beyond, extra. Compel, compello, ere, compuli, compulsum. Elder, greater (in age), major, us. Even, etiam, vel. 238 ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. Fight, engage (as battle), com- mitto, ere, commlsi, commis- sum. Limit, terminus, i, m. Lose, amitto, ere, amisi, amis- sum. Perseus, Perseus, i, m. Possession, possessio, onis, f. Keceive, accipio, ere< accepi, at ceptum. Reject, repudio, are, am, dtum. Short, brevis, e. Sue for, seek, peto> ere, petwi and petii, petltum. Wage, infero, inferre, illdtum. 503. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. I. Alexander aperte, Philippus artibus bella tracta- bat. 2. Verbis atque oratione hie, ille rebus modera- tior. 3. Frugalitati pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. 4. Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo, non ne- gligentior tantum Perseus in patrem, verum etiam con- tumacior ; nee heredem regni, sed regera se gerebat. 5. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeeiae Antipa- ter praeponitur ; regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero tra- . ditur. II. Give in full the sentences united in the formation of the above compounds. MODEL. Alexander aperte bella tractabat. Philippus artibus bella tractabat. III. Translate into Latin. 1. Did the Greeks ever wage war against Philip ? 2. At one time, all Greece waged war against king Philip, and compelled him to sue for peace. 3. As this peace was rejected (all. abs.) by the senate, a battle was fought, and Philip was conquered, and lost all the states of Greece beyond the limits of his ancient pos-. CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. KECAPITULATION.239 sessions. 4. Who was Perseus ? 5. He was the elder of the sons of Philip, king of Macedonia. 6. A short time after, Demetrius was put to death, and Perseus received the government. LESSON LV. Classification of Sentences. Recapitulation. [154156.] 504. Sentences may be divided, according to the form in which the thought is expressed, into three classes; viz., 1) Declarative Sentences, which assume the form of an assertion. 2) Interrogative Sentences, which assume the form of a question. 3) Imperative Sentences, which assume the form of a command, exhortation, or entreaty. $ i 505. In each of the above forms, sentences sometimes imply passion or emotion on the part of the speaker, and may then be called exclamatory declarative if of the declarative form, exclamatory interrogative if of the inter- rogative form, and exclamatory imperative if of the im- perative form. 506. Again : sentences may be divided according to their structure into three classes ; viz., 1) Simple Sentences, which express but a single thought, i. e., make but one assertion, ask but one question, or give but one command. 2) Complex Sentences, which express two or more 240 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES: thoughts, so related that one or more of them are made dependent upon the others. 3) Compound Sentences, which express two or more independent thoughts. I. SIMPLE SENTENCES. 507. The elements of the simple sentence, as we have already seen, are of two kinds : I. Principal Elements ; viz., 1) Subject. 2) Predicate. II. Subordinate Elements ; viz., 1) Objective Modifiers. 2) Attributive Modifiers. 508. These elements appear in two different forms ; viz., 1) Simple, i. e., without modifiers. 2) Complex, i. e., with modifiers. II. (a) COMPLEX SENTENCES. 509. A simple sentence may become complex by having one or more sentences substituted for one or more of its constituent elements. 510. A sentence thus used as an element in the for- mation of a complex sentence, may be itself either sim- ple, complex, or compound. 511. The subordinate character of a sentence thus used may be denoted, 1) By a subordinate connective without any change in the sentence itself. 2) By a change of form without the use of a con- nective. RECAPITULATION. 241 By a connective and a corresponding change of form. (fy ABRIDGED COMPLEX SENTENCES. Complex sentences are abridged in two ways : \ A portion of the subordinate clause is omit- ted ; and the rest remains unchanged. 2) A portion of the subordinate clause is omit- ted ; and the rest is changed to adapt it to its new situation. REM. Tho first case, involving only the ellipsis of a part, requires but little attention, while the second, involving a change ot structure, should be carefully studied. 1. Change in the Form of the Subject. 513. The subject of the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, is put, 1) In the ablative with predicate omitted, as after comparatives without quam. 2) In the ablative absolute with the participle, adjective, or noun, which remains to repre- sent the predicate. 2. Change in the Form of the Predicate. 514. (I) The verb-predicate of the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, assumes the form 1) Of a Participle. This must agree with some noun in the principal clause, if the subject is omitted, otherwise it will be in the ablative absolute with that subject. 2) Of a Gerund. 3) Of a Supine. 515. (II) Both substantive and adjective predicates 11 242 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES : t in the subordinate clause, when changed by abridging the sentence, are put, 1) When the subject is omitted, in agreement with some noun in the principal clause. 2) When the subject is expressed, in the ablative absolute with that subject. III. (a) COMPOUND SENTENCES. 516. Compound sentences may be formed by co-or- dinating any two or more sentences. REM. The sentences, thus co-ordinated, may be either simple, com- plex, or compound. 517. This co-ordination is of three distinct kinds ; viz., 1) Copulative. 2) Disjunctive. 3) Adversative. (b) ABRIDGED COMPOUND SENTENCES. 518. When the several members of a compound sen- tence have one or more parts in common, those parts, as we have seen in the last few lessons, generally ap- pear but once in the sentence. 519. YOCABULARY. Achaean, Achaeus, a, urn ; the Acheans, Achaei, drum, m. pi. Aetolian,- Aetolus, a, urn ; the Aetolians, Aetoli, orum,m.pl. Apollo, Apollo, mis, m. Arise, orior, oriri, ortus sum (inflected in most of its parts like verbs of 3d conj.). As slaves, sub corona, i. e. with crowns upon their heads. Corintl\, Oorinthus, i, f. Dagger, pugio, dnis, m. Delphi, Delphi, drum, m. From, on account of, propter. Happen, be effected, fio, fieri, foetus sum ; how does . il happen that, &c., quifit ut, &c. Individual, separate, singuli, ae, a, distrib. pi. RECAPITULATION. 243 Invade, invddo, ere, invdsi, in- vdsum. Life, vita, ae, f. Make an irruption, irrumpo, ere, irrupi, irruptum. Mummius, Mummius, i, m. Perdiccas, Perdiccas or Per die- ca, ae, m. Plunder, spolio, are, dm, dtum. Put an end to, finio, Ire, wi, Sell, vendo, ere, vendldl, vendl- tum. Strength, power, opes, um, m, P i. Subdue, subigo, ere, sufiegi, 8vb> actum. Temple, templum, i, n. Think of, aglto, are, dm, dtum. Union, conspiratio, onis, f. Yery powerful, potentissimus, Itum. I a, urn (superl. ofpotens). 520. EXERCISES. I. Translate and analyze. I. Perseus victor misit legates ad consiilem, qui pa- cem peterent. 2. Consul Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, leges dixit. 3. Dum haec aguntur, Eoma- ni Aemilium Paulum consiilem creant, eique Macedon- icum bellum decernunt. 4. Spartanis a senatu respon- sum est, legates se ad inspiciendas res sociorum in Graeciam missuros. 5. Apud Achaeos omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. II. Construct Latin sentences m answer to the following questions : 1. Who was made king after the death of Alexan- der ? 2. Who was appointed over Greece and Mace- donia ? 3. Between which of the generals did war arise? 4. What became of Perdiccas ? 5. What peo- ple made an irruption into Greece a few years after ? 6. Under whom did they invade Greece? 7. For what purpose did they march to Delphi? 8. What were the particulars of their defeat and flight? 9 What became of Brennus ? 244 CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. III. Translate into Latin. 1. By whom were the Macedonians subdued? 2, Both the Macedonians and Aetolians were subdued by the Eomans. 3. The Achaeans were very powerful, not from (on account of) the strength of the individual states, but from the union of all. 4. They were con- quered by Mummius, the Roman consul. 5. How did it happen that he conquered them? 6. They were defeated, because they were thinking of the booty, and not of the battle. 7. The Eomans destroyed the city of Corinth, and sold all its citizens as slaves. RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 621. TRANSLATION consists in transferring thought and reeling from one language to another. To do this correctly and elegantly, the pupil must both get a clear idea of the exact meaning of the passage before him, and must embody that meaning with its full force in the language into which he is rendering. Thus conducted, the exercise of translating from the ancient classics, those living embodiments of great thoughts and stirring sentiments, those finished models of taste and beauty, be- comes, in the highest degree, interesting and instructive. To prepare the pupil for this work, and to form in him thus early the habit of translating into good idiomatic English, is the object of the following rules. They relate to a large class of important idioms found in the Latin, and indicate one or more ways of translating them without doing violence to our vernacular. I. Participles. 622. The participle is much more extensively used in Latin than in English ; hence the frequent necessity, in its translation, of deviating from the Latin construction. It must not, however, be supposed that this must always be done, or that it is desirable to attempt it. On the contrary, it often happens that the partie^.,- 3 may be more elegantly translated literally than in any other way. The following rules, there- fore, whether relating to participles or other subjects, are designed to apply only to those cases in which a literal translation would fail, in point of clearness, accuracy, or elegance, to do justice to the original. 246 RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 523. Participles in the perfect and future passive may express the action of their verbs substantively ; they should then be translated by corresponding verbal nouns ; e. g., Ad Romam conditam. Ab urbe condita. Post reges exactos. To the founding of Rome. (Lit To Rome founded.) From the founding of the city. After the banishment of the kings. 524. Participles are sometimes used merely to limit or explain some noun or pronoun; they are then in most instances best translated by relative clauses ; e. g., Romulus asylum patefecit> ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi aecurrerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perie- runt. Romulus opened an asylum to which many who had been banish- edfrom their own states, came. In a battle which was fought (lit. arose) there, all perished. 525. Participles sometimes state the time of an action or event ; they should then be translated by a verb or participle with while, when, or after, by a noun with during or after ; or, if in the ab- lative absolute, by an active participle in agreement with the sub- ject of the leading proposition ; e. g., Urbem, omnibus deletis exerciti- I Having destroyed all their armies, bus, occupavit. fie took the city. EEM. Sometimes participles, used as above, may be best translated by on with a participial noun; e. g., Qua re audita, On hearing this. 526. Participles may state the manner, cause, or reason of an action or event ; they should then be translated by verbs with as, for, since, &c., or by substantives (including participial nouns) with by, from, through, in, &c. ; e. g., Aqua refluens eos in eicco reJlquit. Porsgna auxilium ei ferento. The water in or by subsiding left them on dry land. As Porsena furnishea him aid, or By the aid of Porsena. 527. Participles may state the condition on which a given ac- tion or event depends ; they may then be translated by verbs or participles with if or when ; e. g., Accusatus damnabit^. | If he is accused, he will be con- demned. PARTICIPLES. 247 628. Participles are sometimes used to state a concession in connection with a given action or event ; they may then be trans- lated by verbs or participles with though or although ; e. g., Is hanc urbem acerrime defensam I He took this city, though it was cepit. I valiantly defended. 529. Participles in the future, whether active or passive, often express purpose ; they may then be translated by the infinitive or by a, participial substantive with/or the purpose of, &c. ; e. g., Ad oraculum Delphicum proficis- I He goes to the Delphic oracle to citur, consulturus. consult. 530. Participles may add to a given action or event some/aci or circumstance intimately connected with it ; they may then be translated, if in the ablative absolute, by a verb agreeing with the noun used in the ablative absolute, otherwise by a verb agreeing with the subject of the proposition in which they stand, and con- nected with the verb of that proposition by and ; e. g., Rex ei benigne recepto filiam de- dit. Medicus nocte venit promittens, se Pyrrhum occisurum. The king received him kindly, and gave him his daughter. The physician came by night, and promised (lit. promising) that he would kill Pyrrhus. 531. Participles with non may often be best translated by par- ticipial substantives depending upon the preposition without; e.g., Non ridens. | Without laughing. 532. Two nouns, or a noun and adjective in the ablative abso- lute, as they have the participle of the verb esse implied though never expressed, may be used in the various ways already men- tioned for the ablative absolute of participles, and should be trans- lated accordingly : sometimes, too, a word denoting the doer of an action can be best rendered by the word which denotes the thing done ; thus, instead of guide, commander, consul, king, &c., we shall have guidance, command, consulship, reign, &c., with a pro- position ; e. g., Duoe Fabio consule. I Under the guidance (or command] I of Fabius the consul. 248 KULES FOR TRANSLATING. 533. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is best translated by the present participle, 1) When it expresses emotion or mental operation, as the Romans speak of an emotion as past, and we as continu- ing ; e. g., Hoc facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incoluraem. The king admiring this act dis- missed the youth unhurt. 2) When it relates to an action or event which mnst in strict accuracy precede that denoted by the following verb, and which would yet in English be represented as simul- taneous with it ; e. g., Populus Romae seditionem fecit, questus quod tributis exhauri- retur. The people made a revolt at Rome, complaining that they were im- poverished by tributes. II. Principal Sentences. Subjunctive Mood. 534. The subjunctive may be used in principal sentences, 1) To express a wish, command, or entreaty ; it may then be translated by the imperative, by the present potential, or by some tense of that mood with a particle of wish- ing ; e. g., Secernant se a bonis. 1 Let them separate themselves from j the good. 2) To express an affirmation doubtfully or conditionally ; it may then be translated by the potential mood ; e. g., Darent. | They would give. III. Eelative Glauses. 535. The relative clause often defines some indefinite antece- dent, either affirmative or negative, and then its subjunct've should be translated by the indicative ; e. g., Sunt qui dicant. J There are some who say. HEM. The subjunctive in relative clauses introduced into propositions with the subjunctive, or the accusative with the infinitive, is also generally best trans- lated by the indicative ; e. g., Utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae pa- tor reliquisset, Whether he would prefer the kingdom or the property wMcA kis father had left. FINAL CLAUSES. 249 836. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes de- notes purpose or object ; it should then be translated by the infi* nitive, or by that he with the potential may or might; e. g., Decemviri creati sunt qui civitati leges scriberent. The decemvirs were appointed to prepare laws for the state. 537. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes de- notes result ; it should then be translated by that he with will or would, &c., or by the infinitive with as ; e. g., Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qui non movear. Nor yet am I so iron-hearted as not to be moved. 538. The relative clause with the subjunctive sometimes assigns a reason for some action or event ; it should then be translated by a subordinate clause after because, or by a participial substantive with a preposition ; e. g., fortunate adolescens, qui tuae virtutis praeconem inveneris. fortunate youth in having found a herald for your bravery, or because you have t dignus esse. | He seems to be worthy to command. 540. The relative clause sometimes introduces a condition or concession ; and then the subjunctive should be translated by the subjunctive with if, provided, or though ; e. g., Nulla res vehementius rempubli- cam continet, quam fides ; guae esse nulla potest, Romulus, that he might increase the number of citizens, opened 11* 250 EULES FOR TRANSLATING. 542. Mnal clauses with ne may be translated by the infinitive with not, or by the potential, may, might, with that not ; e. g., Ne vana urbs esset. | That the city might not be empty. 548. In final clauses after verbs of fearing, ut and ne seem to exchange meanings; ut = that not, and ne = that or lest; moreover, the subjunctive pre'sent must generally be rendered by the future, will, and the imperfect by would ; e. g., Verltm est ne rex bellaret. I He feared that the Icing would wage I war. 544. Final clauses with quo may be rendered by the potential, may or might, with that ; e. g., Medico aurum dabo quo sit stu- diosior. I will give the physician gold that he may be more attentive. 545. Final clauses with quommus (quo and minus by which the less, so that the less) may generally be rendered by participial substantives with from ; e. g., Regem impediit quominus pugna 1 - He prevented the king from fight- ret. ing. 546. Final clauses with quin may be rendered by lut, lut that with the indicative ; as not with the infinitive ; the relative with not, or "by participial substantives with from or without; e. g., Non dubitant^ quin dii illud au- I They do not doubt (but) that the diant. gods hear this. V. Consecutive Glauses. 547. Consecutive clauses with ut may generally be rendered by that with the indicative, or by as with the infinitive ; e. g., Ita vicit, ut robur hostium delg- ret. He so conquered as to destroy the strength of the enemy. 548. Consecutive clauses with ut after in eo esse, &c., may be rendered on the point of, with a participial substantive; e. g., In eo erant> ut pacem auro em& I They were on the point of purcka* rent. j ing peace with gold. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 251 VI. Temporal Clauses. 549. Quum with the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive in tem- poral clauses, may often be translated by the perfect participle with hawing ; e. g., In Capream quum secessisset, earn infamem reddidit sua nequitia. Having removed to Caprea, he ren- dered it infamous by his profli- gacy. 550. Quum with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive may sometimes be translated by the present participle. This use ot the present instead of the past tense arises from the fa respondit. > | When he returned, he replied. 552. The subjunctive in temporal clauses should generally be rendered by the indicative ; ' e. g., Quum tonaret> militibus impera- vit, &c. When it thundered, he commanded his soldiers, &c. 553. The adverb which introduces the temporal clause some- times has a correlative in the principal clause ; this correlative, however, may generally be omitted in translating ; thus, turn quum == when. The adverbs, antequam, priusquam, and post- quam, are sometimes separated into two parts, one standing in the principal clause and the other in the temporal ; this separa- tion, however, does not affect the translation ; thus, ante quam and prius quam = before, and post quam = after ; e. g., Ante triennium, quam Carthago deleretur, Cato mortem obiit. Cato died three years before Car* 252 KULES FOR TRANSLATING. VII. Causal Clauses. 554. The subjunctive in causal clauses may often be lest trans- lated by the indicative ; e. g., Quod albis equis triumphasset. Because he had triumphed with white horses. 555. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive after quod may sometimes be translated by the participial substantive with ofor for; e.g., Accusatus est quod praedam inl- que divisisset. He was accused of having unjustly divided the booty. VIII. Conditional Clauses. 556. In conditional clauses the subjunctive is often translated without the auxiliaries, may, might, should, should have, &c. This is especially the case when the condition is represented as impossible ; e. g., Si quid habfiret, daret. | If he had any thing, he would give it. IX. Concessive Clauses. 557. The subjunctive in concessive clauses is generally best translated without the auxiliaries, may, might, &c. ; e. g., Ilia quamvis ridicfila essent. Although these things were ludic- X. Intermediate Clauses. 558. The subjunctive in clauses introduced into propositions with the subjunctive, or the accusative with the infinitive, is generally best translated by the indicative ; e. g., Utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona quae pater reliquisset. Whether he would prefer the hlng~ dom or the property which his father had left. XI. Dependent Questions. 559. The subjunctive in dependent questions may often be translated by the indicative, and the pluperfect tense by the im- perfect ; e. g., Quum comperissent, quae mater fuisset. When they had learned who theut mother was. INFINITIVE MOOD. 253 XII. Infinitive Mood. 560. The infinitive with the subject accusative must be trans* lated by & finite verb with the subject nominative in a clause in- troduced by that ; e. g., Disgit se regem vidisse. | He said that he had seen the king. 561. The infinitive is sometimes used in the place of a finite verb as the predicate of a sentence ; it is then called the histori- cal infinitive, and is translated by the imperfect indicative ; e. g., Tram pater dissimulate. | The father concealed his anger. 562. The infinitive may sometimes be rendered by the partici- pial substantive with the preposition of, with, &c. ; e. g., 41cibiades insimulatur mysteria Cereris violasse. Alcibiadcs is accused of having vio- lated the mysteries of Ceres. XIII. Miscellaneous. 563. Certior em facer e, lit. to make more certain, should be translated to inform, and certior fieri, to be informed ; e. g., Caesar certior factus est. | Caesar icas informed. 564. Inter se, lit. between themselves, is best translated by to- gether, after agree, compare, &c., but after contrary, &c., it = to eacTi other ; e. g., Hi omnes inter se diffe'rimt. | All these differ from each other. 565. Licet with the dative and infinitive, is best translated by rendering the dative as the subject of the potential forms may or might, with the English of the verb used in the infinitive ; e. g., Mihi ire licet. ' | / may go. KEM. The present infinitive after the past tenses of licet is often best translated by the auxiliary have. So also after the past tenses of possum, oportet, and debeo ; e. g., Mihi ire licnit, I might have gone. Ire potui, I could have gone 566. Medius, summus, and the like, in agreement with substan- tives, are often best translated by the middle (the midst), the top followed by the substantive with of; e. g., Medius mons. Summus mons. In media caede. The middle of the mountain. The top of the mountain. In the midst of the slaughter. 254: RULES FOR TRANSLATING. 567. Nee or neque may often be translated by and not, some- times by not only, especially in the phrase neque vero ; e. g., Nee paucos agros urbi adjunxit. I And he added not a few fields to the city. 568. Ne quidem with one or more words between the parts, should be translated by not even ; or &oen not ; e. g., Ne nomen quidem. [ Not even the name. 569. Post standing as an adverb between an adjective and its substantive in the ablative to denote time, may sometimes be translated by the preposition after governing the substantive, but should usually be rendered by afterwards ; e. g., Faucis post annis. I After a few years. I A few years afterwards. 570. Quam ut. with the subjunctive, and quam ut posset with the infinitive, should be rendered by the infinitive, and the com- parative before quam by the English positive with too ; e, g., Leges erudeliores erant, quam ut The laws were too cruel to be ob- possent observari. served, 571. Qui at the beginning of a sentence, or at the beginning of a distinct member of a sentence, is generally best translated by a demonstrative or personal pronoun ; and if quum is used in th$ same connection with qui, it must be translated first ; e. g., Quae quum ita sint. Qui quum morbo exstinctua esset. Since these things are so. When he was dead. 572. Quo factum est, ut, lit. by which it was brought about that, sic factum est, ut, and similar expressions, may be rendered by, the result of which was, that ; the consequence of which was, that ; or by consequently ; e. g., Quo factum est, ut plus, quam collegae, Miltiadea valuerit. The result of which was that Mil- tiades had greater influence than 573. Yerbs which are used impersonally in the passive with the dative of the agent, because they have no direct object in the MISCELLANEOUS. 255 ictive, are best translated by rendering the dative as the subject of the English passive ; e. g.,' Vobis creditor. I You are believed. Mini creditor. | / am believed. 574. "When two or more verbs stand together in the same com- pound tense, the copula esse, to be, is generally expressed with the last in Latin, and omitted with the rest ; in the English trans- lation, however, it should be expressed with the first and, omitted with the others ; e. g., Regtilus captus et in vmciila con- I Regulus was taken and thrown into jectua eat chains. NOTES. 1. Intiquissimis. Very early : the superlative is oiten best translated by very instead of most. Give the regular endings of comparison. R B. 306 ; A. & S. 124; Z. 104. Temporibus. 276 ; F. B. 669 ; A. & S. 253 ; Z. 475. In Italiam. What con- struction would have been-%sed with the name of a town ? 282 ; F. B. 674 ; A. & S. 237 ; Z. 398. Janicnlo. A hill on the west side of the Tiber ; not one of the seven hills of Rome, though in- cluded within the wall built by Aurelian in the third century. Italos agricultural!!. 235 ; F. B. 645 ; A. & S. 231 ; Z. 391. Prinms. The first ; i. e. he was the first to teach, Rfi) ; 867 Qui .... defenderent. (536.) 262 NOTES. PA6B 8 28. Post exactos rcges. See 27, line 1. Coriolanus dictus. 9 See Lesson XIII. Frbe expnlsns. 289, R. 2 ; F. B. 681, R. 2 ; A. & S. 242. UrMs. From the city. Nee. (567.) Ft parceret. (541.) Quo facto. Abl. of means, or cause: for this act ; for which or whereupon. Exercitnnij proditor. Explain derivation with, the force of the several endings. R B. 620 ; 521 ; A. & S. 102, 6, 7 ; Z. 236, 1, and 237. 29. Quum gererent. (552). Dace .... console. (53*.) DolO. 226; F.B. 644, 1; A.&S.245; Z. 465. Usi. (526.) Exorto. (524.) Pnerilem, cnnctatione. Explain deriva- tion. 30. Altero. Lit. another ; as a numeral, second. Ab nrbe condita. (523.) Qui scriberent. (536.) The decemvirs were the authors of the Laws of the Twelve Tables, so called be- cause they were engraved on twelve tables of brass. Decem- viris. See 237, 254, R. Civitati. Explain derivation. 1 31. Tribuni militares. Military tribunes ; they were also some- times called consular tribunes^ as they were appointed in place of consuls. They were at first three in number ; afterwards more. Deletis exercitibus. (525.) Trinmphos. See note on 17. 32. Contra Yeientanos. This limits bello. See 190, Rem. In qua. (57 1.) Manibus illigatis. With his hands bound behind his back. Redncendum. (529.) Qnibus .... age- rent. (536.) Seclestnin, proditorcm. Explain derivation. 33. Camillo .... datum est* It was imputed as a crime to Ca- millus, that, &c. For the construction of Camillo and crimini, see 237, 245 ; F. B. 649, 658 ; A. & S. 227 ; Z. 422. Quod triumpliasset divisisset. (554.) Fame laborabat. Was suffering from famine. In eo erant, ut . . . . emerent. (548.) Auro. 272 ; F. B. 667 ; A. & S. 252 ; Z. 456. ffobilitate, trinmphasset, civitate, laborabat. Explain derivation. 1 1 34. Milliario. The common construction for place, when not expressed by the name of a town, is the ablative with a preposi- tion. Magnitudine. 190; F. B. 624; A. & S. 211, R. 6; Z. 47 1. Provocavit. Challenged. Torque. 254 ; F. B. 650 ; A. & S. 251; Z. 460. Magnitudine, provocation cm, spoliavit. Explain derivation. 35. NOTO . . . . exorto. (525.) Robore. How may the nom- inative of this word be formed from the root, an 1 how may th* ROMAN HISTORY. 263 pxaa root be found from the nominative ? Qunm processisset. (552.) 11 Armatns. In arms. Ei. Lit. to him, indirect object after sedit, best rendered by his. Ita fact-am est, at, afterwards six. Hnjus. Is this genitive objective or attribi* tive ? 188. Committere. Object of mtabant understood. 61. Seipionis. Which Scipio? Postfluam .... trajeeerant* ROMAN HISTORY. FAGZ 404> R. 2. Est creatus, et . . . . missus. What is the common 21 place for copula? 326, R. ; (574.) Defensam. (528.) Ex- plain formation of 2d and 3d roots. F. B. 198, and 330, 2, c. Sua. As their own. Jnnioris. Why this epithet ? See 56 How is this adjective compared? A. & S. 126, 4; Z. 113. 62. Arma movit. Excited rebellion. Explain formation of roots in movit. F. B. 219, 330. Ex militibus ejus. Of his soldiers. 22 Occisis. (525.) Civitati. Logically this is in apposition with Corintho implied in Corinthiis. Illatam. (524.) From infero, n assimilated before I of the third root. See F. B. 550, 6. Romac. 280 ; F. B. 672 ; A. & S. 221 ; Z. 398. Scipionis, Metelli. Ulammii* Supply triumphus with each of these genitives 63. Post urbem conditam. (523.) Ut existimaretur. (547) ; 422, R. 1 ; A. f the predicate ? GladiatoreSt Gladiators were men who fought for the amuse- ment of the Roman people. They consisted mostly of prisoners, slaves, and malefactors ; they were trained in the skilful use of weapons at schools established for the purpose (ludo gladiatorio). Capuae. At Capua. Hannibal. Subject of movit un- derstood. Contraxernnt. From contraho : explain formation of second root. F. B. 208. Proconsule. The proconsul, as the name implies, was one who acted with the power of a consul. PAG3 272 NOTES. FAGK 26 Those who had been consuls (viri co?isuldres) were often allowed to assume the government of provinces, and to exercise in these provinces all the powers of a consul ; they were then called pro- consuls. Italiae. Is this genitive objective or attributive ? 188. 71. Snperatnm. (530.) Eidem. 254, R. ; A. & S. 224, R. 2. Eidem, of course, stands for Mithridati. Snsceptns .... a Tigrane. Mithridates, after he was defeated by Lucullus, fled to Armenia, and sought refuge in the dominions of Tigranes, hia son-in-law. HnjflS. This refers to Tigranes. Tigrano- ccrta. This in the Armenian tongue means the city of Tigranes ; it was built by Tigranes, and was the capital of Armenia. Ycnicntem. (524.) Yicit. Form second root. F. B. 219, 1, b. Ita nt delcret. (547) ; 422, R. 1. Deleret. Form second root. F. B. 192 and foot-note. Snperatnm, suc- cessor. Explain derivation. 72. Per ilia tempora* How does this expression differ from illo tempore ? Maria. Give rule for ending of nom. pi. F. B. 127, Rem. ; A. & S. 82, exc. 1 and 83 ; Z. 65. Ut . . . . es- set. (547) ; 422, R. 1. Orbe. Supply preposition. Give gender of orbe, stating what it would have been if it had follow- ed the common rule. See Table of Gender, F. B. 579 ; also A. 27 & S. 62, and 63, 3 ; Z. 77. Id bellum. This war, i. e. the management of it. Menses. Give gender. Contra regem. This modifies bellum. 190, R. Qno suscepto. (525, 571.) Tantum. Only. Neqne. (567.) Hansit. From hau- r ' l0t Hnnc vitae fincm. For the order of these words, see 330, and for their position at the beginning of the sentence, see 335, Rem. Indnstriae. What other case might be used * 441 ; F. B. 624; A. & S. 211, R. 6. Annis. What case more common ? 277 and Rem. ; A. & S. 236 ; Z. 395. 73. Ille SC ei. What nouns are represented by these pronouns ? Parte. 254; A. & S. 251; Z. 460. Pecnnia. Sum of money. Qnia . . tulerat ; qnod .... recepisset. These are both causal clauses ; why then does one take the indicative and the other the subjunctive? See 409. Antiochiae. 299; F. B. 632 ; A & S. 222 ; Z. 409. Libertate. Ablative of .means. Capnt. Lit. head ; render capital. Trinniphautis. (525.) Praelata. Sc. est. Infinitnm. Neuter adjective used substantively, an immense amount. ROMAK HISTORY. 273 PAM 74. M. T. Cicerone consulibus. (532.) Generis, ingenii. 28 What other case might be used ? 441. Ad delendam patriara. (523.) Qnidem. Indeed, or it is true. Claris sed andacibns. 440, 2. Audacibus is used in a bad sense. Frbe. 289, R. 2 ; F. B. 681, R. 2 ; A. & S. 242. 75. Anno urbis conditae* See note on first line, 67. Con- sul. 201,203. Vincendo. Gerund ; abl. of means. 465 ; F. B. 696, 2 ; A. & S. 275, III. R. 4 ; Z. 667. Annis. See note on annis, 72. Omnem Galliam, quae, R. 2. - Quo factum est, nt. (572.) 105. Astu. See note on this word in 95. - Themistoclcs unus restitit. Themistocles alone stood firm, objected. - Universes. All together, united. - Snminae* Dative depending upon prae- erat. 218, 2. - De servis snis, quern, &c. One of his servants, whom, &G. -- Suis yerbis. In his words, i. e. in his name, from him. - Nuntiaret. This verb has ei as its indirect object, and *ill the rest of the sentence after verbis as its direct object. See 240, 374. - Hoc eo Yalebat. The object of this was. - Barba- *US. Xerxes. - Contra. On the contrary, on the other hand. 106. Hie etsi .... gesserat. Although he had fought an unsuc- 44 cessful battle. This clause expresses concession ; see 418. - Ut . . . . posset liostes. See 422. - Ab eodem. By the same one, i, e. Themistocles : eodem, it must be observed, does not belong to gradu. - Gradn. From his position. - Ne . . . . perseYC- raret. Thi is the object of verens. 384. - Id agi. Lit. that it was doing ; render, was in contemplation. - In Hellesponto* Over the Hellespont. - Altera. Second. - Post .... memo- riam. Within the recollection of man. 107. Qnam. == postquam. - Dnce Pansania. (532.) - Quo proelio. (571.) - Interfectns est. Destroyed, cut in pieces. -< SUA dw.cta .... dedisse. This clause is in apposition with 280 KOTES. PAOK 44 sententia. Yictoriae. This genitive depends upon ercfo, which 45 may be regarded as a substantive in the ablative. Qumnqne .... nterentnr This is a causal clause ; explain mood ; see 409. Id fieri. Object of vet&rent. 108. Sociomm. Objective genitive, Fatigati. (526.) Dneibns Lacedaemoniis. (532.) Invidentibos (524.) Quo* Ablative after gravius. F. B. 636 ; A. & S. 256 ; Z. 483. Periclis. Pericles, a distinguished orator and statesman of Ath- 40 ens, directed the counsels of his state for many years. Quod intelligens. (571.) Agros reipnblicae dono. 245 ; F. B. 649 ; A. & S. 227, R. 1 ; Z. 422.-' Navali proelio dimicatnm est. Lit. it was fought, Ex utraqae parte. On each side. Affiictae. (528.) It will be observed that the participle expressing concession here retains the connective quamvis. Pudore male actae rei. From shame at his want of success, or bad management. Relictas. (524.) Partim partim. Ei- ther or ; some other ; the meaning is, he either took or killed, or better, he took some and killed others. J8 112. Alcibiades cum dnce, &c. Alcibiades was at this time in exile, having fled for his life, when he was recalled from his command in Sicily and learned that he was already under sen- tence of death. See 110, line 1, with note on the same. Qtti qunm. When this, i. e. the senate. 571. Crudeliter . . . eonsnleret. Adopted cruel measures against the people, acted cr& GRECIAN HISTORY. 281 PAGH tllj towards them. Se . . . . rcdderent. This entire clause is 48 the object of scripsit. Qnnm .... nequissent. Explain mocd ana tense. 402, 380. Intestine malo. The senate, the four hundred. Perrexit. From pergo. 113. Qnam plurinias. Quam before a superlative is intensive, and is often best rendered by possible, as quam plurimas, the greatest possible number, as many as possible, or sometimes very many. 114. Darins. This was Darius the Second, and of course not 49 the one spoken of in 101, 102, 103. lit .... mittercnt. Con- secutive clause ; explain mood and tense. 422, 380. In .... lonim. To take the place of, to succeed. 115. Navibus. 218, 2 ; F. B. 643 ; A. & S. 224, R. 1. Proe- liis adverso Marte pngnatis. Lit. battles fought, Mars being ad- verse ; render, having lost battles, or, having fought unsuccessfully. Praedatnm. Supine. Delevit. Destroyed = put an end to. Res .... inclinata est. The power of the Athenians was utterly overthrown. See note on inclindto, 110. 116. Neqne. Not ; this is usually the best translation of ne- 50 que when followed by et. Novae. Sc. copiae, stores, supplies. Qnae. This. (571.) Nomen Atheniensium. The Athe- nian name = the Athenian state or nation. Passnros. What is the object? Dnobns ocnlis. The two eyes; these were Athens and Sparta. Longi mnri brachia. Reference is here made to the long walls which connected Athens with its ports. See 107, " Phalerico portu," " Piraeei portus." 117. Dediti. Devoted to, devoted to the interests of. Qao 51 factnrn est, ut, &c. (572.) 118. Praepositi a Lacedaemoniis. This is an example of the abridged clause. See 440. Qnod. This relative, it will be observed, does not agree with its antecedent, but with the pre- dicate-nominative castellum. See Lat. Prose Comp. Oppug- nare. Abridged object of sunt adorti. See 447. Jaceiitcm. (524 or 525.) Neminem .... spoliavit. 254. Quorum. The common construction requires the ablative with verbs of plenty and Kant ; the genitive is occasionally used. 119. Qnibus praefectus fait. See 114. Ad se arcessitum 52 .... vinxit. Summoned him into his presence and bound, y- Abduco (ab, duco), ere, duxi, due- turn. To lead away, take away, remove. Abeo (ab, eo), Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To go away, depart, withdraw from. Abjicio (ab, jacio), ere,jeci, jectum. To throw away, throw, reject; prostrate, humble. Aboleo, ere, evi, itum. To blot out, efface; ruin, destroy. Abripio (ab, rapio), ere, ripui, rep- tum. To take away, carry off. Abrumpo (ab, rumpo), ere, rupi, ruptum. To break off or away, rend, sever. Absens (part, of absum), tis. Ab- sent. Abstineo (abs, teneo), ere, tinui, tentum. To keep or hold back, abstain from. Absum (ab, sum), esse, fui, futu- rus. To be absent or away, to be distant from. Absumo (ab, sumo), ere, sumpsi, sumptum. To take from or away; destroy, consume. Abundo (ab, undo), are, dvi, atwn> To abound, superabound. \Ac (a shortened form of atque, used only before consonants). And. | Accedo (ad, cedo), ere, cessi, cessum. To approach, accede to ; be added to. Accendo (ad, candeo), ere, cendi, censum. To set on fire, kindle ; to excite, inflame. Acceptus (accipio), a, um. Accept- ed; acceptable, pleasing. Accipio (ad, capio), ere, cepi, cep- tum. To accept, receive. Accurro (ad, curro), ere, curri (cu- curri rare), cursum. To run to, hasten to. Accuso (ad, causa), are, avi, atum. To call to account, to accuse. Acer, acris, acre. Sharp ; power- ful, severe, valiant ; diligent, in- tense. Acies, ei, f. The order of battle, battle-array ; line of soldiers ; army in battle-array. ! Acquiesco (adquiesco from ad, qui- esco), ere, evi, Hum. To become guiet, to repose ; to acquiesce in. | Acriter (acer). Vehemently, val- iantly. 288 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Acuo, ere, ui, utum. To sharpen, quicken; stimulate. Ad, prep, with ace. To, towards ; at, near. Addo (ad, do), ere, didi, ditum. To add, carry to, appoint to. Adduco (ad, duco), ere, duxi, due- turn. To lead to, conduct, bring, induce. Adeo (ad, eo), adv. So, to such an extent. Adeo (ad, eo), ire, ivi or ii t itum. To go to, approach, visit; en- counter. Adhuc, adv. Thus far, as yet, even yet ; stilL Adlmo (ad, emo), ere, emi, emptum. To take from, deprive of. Adipiscor, ci, adeptus sum, dep. To obtain, get possession of. Adjicio (ad, jacio), ere, jeci, jectum. To throw or cast to or against, add to. Adjungo (ad, jungo), 'ere, junxi, junctum. To join to, unite with. Administro (ad, minis tro), are, dvi, dtum. To administer, man- age. Admiratio (admiror), onis, f. Ad- miration, respect. Admiror (ad, miror), dri, admird- tus sum, dep. To admire, won- der at. Admitto (ad, mitto), ere, mlsi, mis- sum. To send to or forward, to admit, receive. Adm5dum(a,d, modus), adv. Very, exceedingly. Admonitus, us, m. "Warning, ad- vice; instigation. Admoveo (ad, moveo), ere, maui, motum. To move to, apply to, bring to. Adolesccns (adolesco), entis, adj. and subs., m. and f. Young, growing ; a young man, a youth. Adolescent alus (adolescens), i, m. A very young man, a youth. Adolesco, ere, evi (ui rare), ultum. To grow, grow up, increase. Adoptb, are, dvi, dtum. To choose, adopt; take for a son, daugh- ter, atum. To think, ponder. Cognatio, onis, f. Relationship, resemblance, relatives. Cogndtus, a, um. Related, subs, a relative. Cognitus (part, from cognosce), a, um.* Ascertained, known. Cognomen (con, nomen), inis, n. Surname. Cognomino (cognomen), are, dvi, atum. To surname, call, name. Cognosco, ere, novi, riitum. To as- certain, recognize. Cogo, ere, coegi, coactum. To col- lect, force, compel. Cohibeo (con, habeo), ere, ui, itum. To hold, check, confine. Cohors, rtis, f. Cohort, tenth part of a legion. Collega, ae, m. Colleague. Golligo (con, lego), ere, egi, ectum. To collect, bring together. Colloco, are, dvi, atum. To place, set, erect. Colloquor (con, loquor), qui, cutus sum. To converse, talk with. Colo, ere, ui, cultum. To cultivate ; honor, worship. Colonus (colo), i, m. Colonist. Comes, itis, m. and f. Companion. Comissatio, onis, f. Revelling. Comitor (comes), dri, atus sum. To accompany. Commedtus, us, m. Supplies. Commigro (con, migro), are, dvi, atum. To migrate. Committo (con, mitto), ere, Isi, issum. To bring together, unite, intrust, commit ; pugnam com- mittere, to engage battle. Commoror (con, moror), dri, dtu* sum. To tarry, delay. Commoveo (con, moveo), ere, dvi, otum. To move, excite. Communis, e. Common. Communiter (communis), adv. ID common, conjointly. Commutatio, onis, f. Change. Comparo (con, paro), are, dvi, dtum. To prepare, compare. Compello, are, dvi, dtum. To ad- dress, call. Compello (con, pello), ere, uli ulsum. To force, compel, im- pel 294 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. Compensatio, onis, f. Compensa- tion, exchange, barter. * Comperio, Ire, peri, per turn. To find, find out. Compes (con, pes), edis, f. Fetter, chain. Compesco, ere, cui. To confine, check. Complector, ti, exus sum. To em- brace, encompass. Compleo, ere, evi, etum. To fill, complete. Compono (con, pono), ere, osui, osltum. To settle, adjust, adapt. Comprehcndo, ere, di, sum. To seize, arrest, comprehend. Concedo (con, cedo), ere, essi, essum. To concede, grant ; pass, impers., it is conceded. Concldo (con, cado), ere, idi. To fall, perish. Concilio (concilium), are, am, atum. To unite, conciliate. Concilium, i, n. Council, meet- ing. Concio, onis, f. Public assembly. Concito (con, cito), are, dvi, atum. To raise; excite, excite rebel- lion. Concitor, oris, m. Exciter, mover. Concurro (con, curro), ere, curri (cucurri), cursum. To meet, as- semble ; engage, fight ; rush to. Concur sus (concurro), us, m. Con- course, meeting, engagement. Concutio (con, (^aatio), 2re, ussi, ussum. To agitate, trouble. Conditio (condo), onis, f. Condi- tion, terms. Condo (con, do), tore, didi, ditum. To found ; conceal, hide ; place, bury. Conduco (con, duco), ere, xi, ctum. To conduct, collect; hire, con- tract for. Vonfero (con, fero), ferre, tuli, colldtum. To collect, confer, engage battle ; se conferre, to betake one's self. Confestim, adv. Immediately. Conjicio (con, facio), ere, fed, fee turn. To finish, accomplish, wear out. Confldo, ere, Isus sum. To trust, confide in. Conflgo, ere, xi, xum. To trans fix, fasten together. Confingo (con, fingo), ere, nxi, ictum. To form, feign, pretend. Conflsus (confldo), a, um, part. Trusting, relying upon. Confllgo, ere, xi, ctum. To engage, fight Confodio, ere, fodi, fossum. To pierce, wound. Confugio (con, fugio), ere, fugi. To flee for refuge. Congero (con, gero), ere, gessi, ges- turn. To bring together, crowd, expend, bestow upon. Congredior (con, gradior), di, gres- sus sum, dep. To encounter, fight. Congrego, are, dvi, atum. To col- lect, congregate. Congressio (congredior), onis, f. Engagement, battle. Conjicio (con, jacio), ere, je~ci, jec- tum. To discharge, hurl, throw, drive. Conjungo (con, jungo), ere, nxi, nctum. To join, conjoin. Conjuratio (conjuro), onis, f. Con spiracy. Conjuratus (Id.), a, um. Having conspired. Conjuro (con, juro), are, dvi, atum. To conspire. Conjux (conjungo), ugis, m. and f. Husband, wife. Conor, dri, dtus sum, dep. To en- deavor, attempt. Conscendo (con, scando), ere, di, sum. To ascend, embark. Conscius, a, um. Privy to ; subs. accomplice, confidant. Consecro (con, sacro), are dvi, atum. To consecrate. Consector t dri, dtus sum t dep. To follow pursue. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 295 Consenesco, ere, senui. To grow old. Consequor (con, sequor), qui, cutus sum. To succeed, follow, pur- sue ; secure. Consero, ere, ui, turn. To join to- gether ; manum or pugnam con- serere, to join battle. Conserve (con, servo), are, avi, dtum. To preserve, watch over, rescue. Oonsldo, ere, sedi, sessum. To en- camp, settle. Consilium, i, n. Counsel, advice, wisdom, design. Consobrlnus, a, um. Cousin, often subs. Conspectus (conspicio), us, m. Sight, presence. Conspicio, ere, exi, ectum. To see, observe. Conspiratio, onis, f. Union, con- spiracy. Constantia, ae, f. Constancy, firm- ness. Constat, impers. It is kndwn, is an admitted fact. Constituo (con, statuo), ere, ui, utum. To constitute ; build, erect ; station, place ; appoint. Consto (con, sto), are, stiti, statum. To stand together, halt. Consuesco, ere, evi, Hum. TJ be accustomed. Consuetudo (consuesco), inis, f. Custom, usage, habit. Consul (consulo), ulis, m. Consul, Roman chief magistrate. Consularis, e. Consular; subs. one who has been consul, one of consular rank. Consulatus (consul), us, m. Con- sulship. Consulo, ere, ui, ultum. To con- sult, consider ; with dat. to con- sult for one's good. Consummo, are, avi } dtum. To finish, accomplish. Consumo (con, sumo), ere, umpsi, umptum. To consume, wear out, waste. Contego (con, tego), ere, exi, ectum. To *eover. Contemno, ere, mpsi, mptum. To contemn, despise, disregard, Gontemptus (contemno), us, m. Contempt, scorn, disregard. Contendo, ere, di, turn. To con- tend, strive, attempt, labor ; betake one's self, go. Contentio (contendo), onis, f. Et fort, contest, struggle. Contentus, a, um. Content, con- tented. Continens (contineo), tis. Adjoin- ing, continuous: subs. f. conti- nent. Continentia (contineo), ae, f. For- bearance, self-control. Contineo (con, teneo),ere,ui, tentum. To hold, keep, check. Contra, adv. and prep, with ace. Against, opposite to, contrary to ; on the contrary. Contradlco (contra, dico), ere, dixi, dictum. To contradict, object to. Contraho (con, traho), ere, xi, ctum. To collect, incur, contract. Contrucido (con, trucido), are, avi, atum. To slay, kill, mangle. Contumax, ads. Insolent, disobe- dient. ConvaUsco, ere, lui. To gain strength, recover. Conveniens (convenio), tis. Be- coming, fit, proper. Convenio (con, venio), Ire, veni, ventum. To convene, meet, agree, harmonize, befit. Converto (con, verto), ere, ti, sum. To turn, change, alter, convert. Convicium (con, vox), i, n. Re- proof. Convinco (con, vinco), ere, id, ictum. To conquer, convict. Convivium, i, n. Feast, banquet. Convivor, ari, dtus sum. To feast. Copia, ae, f. Abundance ; pi. forces, stores, supplies. Cornu, us, n. Horn, wing of army Corona, ae, f. Garland, crown. 296 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Corpus, orts, n. Body, commu- nity. Corrlgo (con, rego), ere, exi, ectum. To reform, correct. Corripio (con, rapio), ere, ui, eptwn. To seize, lay hold of. Corrumpo (con, rumpo), ere, upi, upturn. To corrupt, bribe, se- duce. Corvus, i, m. Raven. Crastinus, a, ur>i. Of to-morrow. Creber, bra, brum. Frequent, nu- merous. Credo, ere, idi, itum. To trust, be- lieve. Creo, are, dvi, dtum. To appoint, elect, make. Cresco, ere, em, etum. To grow, increase. Crimen, \nis, n. Crime, accusa- tion. Crimlnor (crimcn), ari, atus sum. To accuse. Crinis, is, m. Hair. Crucio (crux), are, avi, dtum. To pain, afflict, torture. Crudclis, e. Cruel. Crudelitas (crudelis), dtis, f. Cru- elty. Crudf liter (Id.), adv. Cruelly. Cruz , crucis, f. A cross. Culpa, ae, f. Fault, blame. Cutus, us, m. Culture, necessa- ries as food, clothing, functus sum To discharge, execute; die. Dein 01 deinde. Then, afterwards, Dejicio (de, jacio), ere, jeci, jectum. To throw down, overthrow, slay. Delectus (deligo), a, um. Chosen. Delco, ere, evi, etum. To destroy, efface, put an end to. Delibero, are, avi, atum. To de- liberate. Deliciae, drum, f. pi. Delights, pleasures. Deligo (de, lego), ere, egi, ectum. To choose, select ; love. Delirium, i, n. Madness, dotage, instances of it, Dementer, adv. Madly. Dementia, ae, f. Madness, folly. Demergo (de, mergo), ere, si, sum. To plunge in, bury in, sink. Demigro (de, migro), are, avi, atum. To remove, emigrate, migrate. Demorior (de, morior), mori, mor- tuus sum. To die. Demum, adv. At length, finally. Deni, ae, a. Ten by ten, ten at a time. Denique. Finally Denudo, are, avi, dt^n. To make naked, strip. Denuntiatio (denuntio), onis, f. Denunciation, warning. Denuntio (de, nuntio), are, avi, atum. To declare, denoun.<. Denuo, adv. Again, afresh. Depello (de, pello), ere, uli, ulsum. To drive away, expel Depono (de, pono), ere, posui, posi- tum. To lay down or aside, de- posit, depose. Depopulor, dri, dtus sum. To pil- lage, depopulate. Deporto, are, avi, atum. To carry off or away. Depraedor, dri, dtus sum. To rav age, plunder. Deprehendo, ere, di, sum. To seize catch, detect, surprise. Depugno, are, avi, alum. To fight, Deripio (de, rapio), ere, ipui, eptum, To seize, tear away, snatch. Descendo, ere, di, sum. To descend. Descrlbo (de, scribo), Sre, psi, ptum. To describe ; impose ; cess ; des- ignate. Desero, ere, ui, turn. To abandon, desert. Desilio, &re, silui, sultum. To alight, dismount. Desino, ere, sivi or sii, situm. To cease, desist. Desperatio, cms, f. Despair, des- peration. Despero, dre t dvi t atum. To de- spair. Despicio, ere, exi, *ctum. To de- spise, disregard. Destino, dri, avi, atum. To destine, appoint, design. Desum (de, sum), esse, fui, futurus. To fail, be wanting. Deterreo (de, terreo), ere, ui, itum. To deter. Detineo (de, teneo), ere^ ui, entum. To detain, hinder. Detraho (de, traho), ere, axi, actum. To draw or take away, detract. Deus, i, m. God, deity. (See A. & S. 53.) Devasto, are. To devastate, pil- lage. Devenio (de, venio), ire, veni, ven- turn. To come down, arrive, reach. Devinco (de, vinco), Zre, lei, ictum, To conquer. Dexter, tra, trum. Right, on the right hand. Dextra, ae, f. The right hand. Diadema, dtis, n. Diadem. Dico, ere, dixi, dictum. To say. Dictator (dico), oris, m. Dictator, an officer appointed by the JRo mans in times of great danger 13* 298 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Dies, ei, m. and f. Day. Difficile, adv. With difficulty. Digitus, i, m. Finger. Digriitas (dignus), atis, f. Dignity, rank, office. Dignor (dignus), ari, dtus sum. To deem worthy, deign. Dignus, a, um. Worthy. Dilatio, onis, f. Delay, delaying. Diligens (diligo), entis. Fond of, mindful, observant, diligent. Diligentia (diligens), ae, f. Dili- gence. Diligo, ere, exi, ectum. To choose. Diniico, are, dvi, dtum. To en- counter, fight. Dimitto, ere, isi, issum. To dis- miss. Diripio, ere, ui, eptum. To lay waste, pillage. Diruo, ere, ui, utum. To destroy, demolish. Discedo, ere, essi, essum. To de- part, retire from. Disceptatio, onis, f. Debate, quar- rel. Discipllna, ae, f. Discipline, in- struction. Disco, ere, didici. To learn. , Discordia, ae, f. Discord, strife. Discrlmen, inis, n. Danger, cri- sis. Discurro, ere, curri, cursum. To run different ways, run about, separate. Dispergo, ere, si, sum. To scatter, disperse. Displiceo, ere, ui, Itum. To dis- please. Dissidium, i, n. Dissension. Dissimulo, are, dvi, atum. To dis- semble, conceal, omit. Dissipo, are, dvi, dtum. To dissi- pate, scatter. Dissolve, ere, olvi, olutum. To de- stroy, abolish, dissolve. Distribuo, ere, ui, utum. To dis- tribute. Districtus (distringo), a, um. Busy, occupied with. Distringo, ere, nxi, ctum. To oo cupy, engage attention. Ditio, onis, f. Rule, sway. Diu, adv. Long, for a long time. Diuturnitas (diuturnus), dtis, f. Long time. Diuturnus (diu), a, um. Long; continual, lasting. Diversus, a, um. Diverse, unlike, opposite. Dives, itis. Rich. Divido, ere, isi, isum. To divide, allot. Divlnus, a, um. Divine. Divitiae (dives), drum, f. Richer, wealth. Divus, a t um. Divine ; subs, god, goddess. Do, ddre, dedi, datum. To give, impute. Doceo, ere, ui, turn. To teach. Doctus (doceo), a, um. Learned, skilled Documentum, i, n. Lesson, proof, specimen, mark. Doleo, ere, ui,itum. To grieve. Dolor (doleo), oris, m. Pain, grief. Dolus, i, m. Artifice, deceit. Domesticus (domus), a, um. Do- mestic, private, personal. Dominatio, onis, f. Rule, tyranny. Dominus, i, m. Master, owner. Domo, are, ui, \turn. To subdue. Domus, us or i, f. House ; domi t at home. Donee, conj. Until. Dono (donum), are, dvi, atum. To give, present with. Donum (do), i, n. Present, gift. Dos, dotis, f. Gift, dowry. Dubitatio (dubito), onis, f. Doubt, hesitation. Dubito, dre t dvi, dtum. To doubt, hesitate. Dubius, a, um. Doubtful; neut. often subs, doubt. Ducenti, ae, a. Two hundred. Dueo, ere, duxi, ductum. To lead, conduct, with uxorem t to mar LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 299 Ductor (duco), 6m, m. Leader, general. Ductus (duco), us, m. Guidance, command. Dum, conj. While, until. Duo, ae, o. Two, both. Duodecim (duo, decem), indecl. Twelve. Duodecimus (duodecim), a, um. Twelfth. Duodeviginti, indecl. Eighteen. Duplex, ids. Double. Durus, a, um. Hard, harsh, rude. Dux (duco), ucis, m. and f. Lead- er, guide, general. E. E or ex, prep, with abl. From, out of. Ebrietas, atis, f. Drunkenness. Edo, ere, edidi, editum. To set forth, publish ; do, perform ; make. Educo, are, avi, atum. To bring up, educate, Educo (e, duco), ere, duxi, ductwn. To lead out or forth. Effero, are, dvi, atum. To en- rage, madden, render unman- agea?;le. Effero (^ex, fero), ferre, extuli, da- tum. To bring forth, carry forth or out; elate. E/icax (efficio), ads. Effectual, efficacious. Efficio (ex, facio), ere, fed, fectum. To effect, occasion. Effugio (ex, fugio), ere, ugi. To flee, escape from. Effundo (ex, fundo), ere, udi, usum To pour out, pour ; indulge in ; squander, waste. Effusus (effundo), a, um. Extrav- agant, prodigal. Ego, mei, mitto), ere, 1st, issum To send forth or away ; let go. Emo, ere, emi, emptum. To buy. Enim, conj. For. Eniteo, ere, ui. To shine forth ; be distinguished. Enixe, adv. Earnestly. Eo, adv. Thither, .therefore ; eo usque, so far, to such an extent. Eddem, adv. To the same place. Epigramma, atis, n. Inscription. Epulae, arum, f. pi. Food, ban- quet, feast. Epulor (epulae), ari, atus sum. To feast. Eques (equus), itis, m. Horseman. Equester (eques), tris, tre. Eques- trian. Equitatus, us, m. Cavalry. Equus, i, m. Horse. Ergo, adv. Therefore; as subs, abl. on account of, for, with gen. Erigo (e, rego), ere, exi, ectum. To raise up, animate. Eripio (e, rapio), ere, ipui, eptum. To snatch or take away. Erudio, Ire, wi or ii, Itum. To in- struct, 'refine. Erudltus (erudio), a, um. Learned, instructed in. Erumpo (e, rumpo), ere, upi, upturn. JH&> break forth, rush forth. Eruo, ere, ui, utum. To root out, destroy. EL And ; et et, both and. Etidm. Also, even. Etsi (et, si). Although, though. Evado, ere, asi, asum. To go out; evade. 300 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Evtho (e, veho), ere, exi, ectum. To carry or lead forth. Evenio (e, venio), ire, veni, ventum. To come forth, happen; evenit, ut, it chanced, that. Everto (e, verto), ere, ti, sum. To pull down, overthrow. Ev&co (e, voco), are, am, atum. To call forth, summon. Evolo (e, volo), are, avi, atum. To fly or flee away, hasten away. Ex, prep, with abl. From. (See e or e x). Exadversum or exadversus, adv. and prep, with ace. Opposite, against. Exanlmo, are, am, atum. To de- prive of life or spirit ; kill, Exardesco, ere., arsi. To kindle, be inflamed ; break out as war. Excedo (ex, cedo), $re, cessi, cesmm. To retire, withdraw. Excelse, adv. On high, aloft, highly. Excidium, ii, n. Destruction, ruin. Excipio (ex, capio), ere, cepi, cep- tum. To take out, except. Excito, are, avi, atum. To excite, arouse, awake. Excludo (ex, claudo), ere, si, sum. To exclude, shut out, cut off. Excoglto (ex, cogito), are, avi, at am. To devise, think out. Excutio (ex, q\iatio), ere, ussi, ussum. To shake or throw off. Exemplum, i, n. Example. Exeo (ex, eo), Ire, Ivi or ii, itum. To go from or forth. Exerceo, ere, cui, citum. To exer- cise, practise. Exercltus (exercef), us, m. Ar- my. Exhaurio (ex, haurio), ire, hausi, haustum. To exhaust, impov- erish. Exlyo (ex, ago), ere, egi, actum. To drive out, expel ; finish, end ; demand. Exiguus, a, um. Small. ExUium, i, n. Banishment, exile. Eximiux, a, um. Excellent, choice remarkable. Eximo (ex, emo), ere, emi, emptum To take away or from ; exempt rescue. Existimo, are, uvi, atum. To judge, think. Exitium (exeo), i, n. End, death, destruction. Exorior (ex, orior), iri, ortus sum, dep. partly of 3d conj. To arise ; be derived from. Exorv.o, are, avi, atum. To adorn, furnish, equip. Exdsus, a, um. Hating, hated, odious. Expedio, Ire, Ivi or ii, ituw To release, extricate ; also to ,,e ex- pedient. Expeditio (expedio), onis, f. Ex pedition. Expello (ex, pello), ere, puli, pul sum. To expel, drive away. Expeto (ex, peto), ere, Ivi or ii, Itum. To seek, request. Expleo, ere, evi, Itum. To fill, make full; fulfil. Expl^co, are, avi, atum. To unfold ; adjust; settle. Explorator, oris, m. Explorer, spy- Exporto, are, avi, atum. To carry away. Expugno (ex, pugno), arc, avi, atum. To take, conquer, storm. Exscindo, ere, Idi, issum. To de- stroy. Exsculpo, ere, psi, ptum. To erase. Exsecrabilis c. Detestable. Exsequiae, arum, f. pi. Funeral. Exsequor (ex, sequor), qui, cutus sum. To prosecute, accomplish, finish; perfcrm. Exsilium, i, n. Banishment, exile. Exspectatio (exspecto), onis, f. Ex pectation, high hope. Exspecto (ex, specto), are, avi, atum, To await, expect. JSxstinguo, ere, nxi, nctum To ex- tinguish, destroy. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 301 Ex&to, are, stiti. To stand out, be conspicuous. Exsul, ulis, m. and f. An exile. Extemplo, acK Immediately. Extorqueo, ere, orsi, orlum. To ex- tort, obtain by force. Extra, adv. and prep, with ace. Without, on the outside ; be- yond. Extraho (ex, traho), ere, axi, actum. To extract ; rescue. F. ^abula, ae, f. Keport, narrative. Fabulosus (fabula), a, um. Fabu- lous. Facile (facflis), adv. Easily. Facilis (facio), e. Easy. Facilitas (facilis), atis, f. Facility, affability. Faclnus, oris, n. Wickedness, crime; deed, act. Facio, ere, fed, f actum. To do, make. Factio, onis, f. Faction, party. Factum (facio), i, n. Deed, exploit. Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum. To de- ceive, foil. Fama, ae, f. Fame, report. Fames, is, f. Hunger, famine. Fatnilia, ae, f Retinue of slaves, a family. Familiaritas, atis, f. Friendship, intimacy. Famula, at, f. Female slave. Fatalis (fat un), e. Fated, fatal. Fatlgo, are, avi, atum. To oppress, trouble, weary, importune. Fatuw^ i, n. Fate, destiny, oracle. Faveo, ere, favi, fautum. To favor. Favor (faveo), oris, m. Favor, kindness. Felicitas, atis, f. Felicity, success. Feliclter, adv. Happily, prosper- ously. Femina, ae, f. Woman, female. Femur, oris, n. Thigl ircra, as, f. Wild high. \ Fere, adv. Almost. Ferine, adv. Almost. Fero, ferrc, tuli, latum. To bear, endure ; raise , say, tell ; pro- pose as law, Ferrum, i, n. Iron, sword. Ferus, a, um. Wild, rude, cruel; ferus and fera (subs.), wild ani mal or beast*. Fessus, a, um. Wearied, exhausted. Festlno, are, avi, atum. To hasten. Festu*, a, um. Festal ; festum (subs.j, a festival, feast. Fidelia (fides), e. Faithful, trusty. Fides, ei, f. Fidelity, allegiance; protection, confidence, assur- ance ; injidem, under protection. Fiducia, ae, f. Trust, confidence. Filia, ae, f., dat. and abl. pi. filia- bus. Daughter. Filius, i, m. Son. Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum. To form, feign. Finio, (finis), Ire, Ivi, Hum. To finish, put an end to. Finis, is, m. and f. Limit, end ; pi. territory. Finitimus, a, um. Neighboring; subs, a neighbor. Fio,ji%ri,factussum, pass, of facio, To be made ; become, happen. Firme, adv. Firmly, resolutely. Flagitiosus, a, um. Infamous, abandoned. Flagro, are, avi, atum. To burn, be carried on with zeal. Flamma, ae, f. Flame. Flecto. ere, xi, xum. To bend, turn. Fletus, us, m. Weeping, tears. Florens (floreo), tis. Blooming, excellent. Floreo, ere, id. To bloom, flour ish, prosper; excel. Flumen, mis, n Stream, river. Fluvius, i, m. River. Foedus, eris, n. League, alliance. Forem, es, &c. = essem, es, dvi, dtum. To assail, attack. Impulsus (impello), us, m. Insti- gation. In, prep, with ace. or abl. Into, to, for, against, with ace. ; in, on, with abl. Incendium (incendo), i, n. Fire, conflagration. Incendo, ere, di, sum. To set on fire, inflanfe, excite. Incertus (in, cert us), a, um. Un- certain. Incesso, Sre, ivi or i. To attack. Inchoo, are, dvi, dtum. To begin, commence. fncldo (in; cado), ere, cldi, cdswn. To fall into or upon, fall in with, happen, Incldo (in, qaedo), ere, ddi, clsum. To cut, destroy. Incipio (in, capio), ere, epi, eptum. To begin, undertake, Incitamentum (incito), i, n.^Incen- tive, inducement. 3t& Incitdtus (incito), a, um. Run- ning ; equo incitdto, at full speed. Incito, are, dvi, dtum. To incite, hasten, spur on ; inspire. Incllno, are, dvi, dtum. To incline, bend ; pass, to sink, go to ruin. Incola (incolo), ae, c. Inhabitant. Incolo (in, colo), ere, colui, cultum. To dwell, abide in, inhabit. Incolumis, e. Safe, uninjured. tncommodum, i, n. Misfortune, feat. Incredibilis, e. Incredible. Incrementum, i, n. Growth, in- crease. Inde, adv. Thence, from that place. Indecore t adv. Disgracefully. Index (indico), ids, m. and f. In former, witness. Indico (in, dico), ere, dixi, dictum To declare, publish, appoint, Indigeo, ere, ui. To need ; part, in* digens subs, an indigent person. Indignor (indignus), dri dtus sum. To disdain, scorn ; be indignant. Indignus (in, dignus), a, um. Un- worthy, harsh, indecent. Indoles, is, f. Nature, native qual- ity, excellence. Indomitus (in, domitus), a, um, Unsubdued, invincible. Indubitdtus, a, um. Undoubted, certain. Induciae, or indutiae, drum, f. pi. Truce. Induco (in, duco), ere, duxi, ductum, To induce, lead into, overlay, adorn with, gild. Indurdtus (indiiro), a, um. Obdu- rate. Induro, arc, dvi, dtum. To harden. Industria, ae, f. Industry. Inco (in, eo), Ire, ivi or ii, Itum. To enter, go into ; graf.iam inlre, to obtain the favor of, conciliate. Incrmis (in, arma), e. Unarmed. Infdinis, e. Infamous, notorious. I?ifelix (in, felix), ids. Unhappy, unfortunate. Infensus, a, um. Exasperated, en- raged. Inferior, us. Inferior. Infero (in, fero),/crre, tuli, Hldtwn. To carry against, wage against. Infesto (infestus), are, dvi, dtum. To infest, trouble. Infestus,t,a, um. Infested, trouble- me, hostile. Itus, a, um. Great, infinite^ mmo, are, dvi, dtum. To fe- me, arouse. Informis (in, forma), e. Shapeless, deformed. Ixfringo (in, frango), ere, egi, actum, To infringe, break. Infula, ae, f. Fillet, head-dres^ badge of office. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Ingemo, ere, ui. To groan, lament. Ingeniwn, i, n. Character, genius. Ingens, tis. Great, mighty. Ingenuus, a, um. Freeborn, in- genuous. Ingratia (ingratus), ae, f. Ingrati- tude. Ingratiis or ingrdtis, adv. Against one's will. Ingratus (in, gratus), a, um. Dis- agreeable, offensive, ungrateful. Ingredior (in, gradior), di, gressus sum, dep. To enter, encounter. Inimicitia (inimicus), ae, f. En- mity. Inimlcus (in, amicus), a, um. Hos- tile ; subs, an enemy. Inlque (iniquus), adv. Unjustly. Iniquus (in, aequus), a, um. Un- favorable, unjust. Initium (ineo), i, n. Beginning; pi. sacred mysteries. Injicio (in, jacio), ere, jeci, jectum. in ; cause ; inspire To throw with. Injuria, ae, f. Injury, wrong. Injuste, adv. Unjustly. Innocens, tis. Innocent. Innotesco, ere, notui. To become known. Innoxius, a, um. Harmless, inno- cent. Inopindtus, a, um. Sudden, unex- pected. Inquam or inquio, defect. (See A. & S. 183, 5.) To say. Inscitia, ae, f. Ignorance. Tnsequor (in, sequor), qui, cutus sum. To follow, pursue. Insidiae, drum, f. pi. Ambush, treachery. Insigne, is, n. Mark, sign; pi. badges of office, insignia. Insignis, e. Distinguished, noted. Insisto, ere, stlti, stitum. To per- sist ; urge ; entreat. Insolent, tis. Unusual, insolent. Insolenter (insolens). Insolently. Inspicio, 8re, exi, ectum. eider, inspect. To con- Instauro, are, dvi, c.tum. 305 *' To re Instinctus, us, m. Instigation, im pulse. Instituo (in, statuo), ere, ui, utum. To institute, establish. Instrumentum (instruo), i, n. Im- plements, movables, goods. Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum. To pre- pare, build, furnish with, equip. Insula, ae, f. Islanu. Insuper. Moreover. Intactus, a, um. Unharmed. Intelllgo, ere, exi, ectum. To un- derstand, perceive, know. Inter, prep, with ace. Between, among, in the midst of. Intercipio (inter, capio), ere, cepi, ceptum. To catch; intercept, take from. Intercludo (inter, claudo), ere, si, sum. To prevent, cut off. Interdum, adv. Sometimes. Interea, adv. In the mean time. Intereo (inter, eo), Ire, ivi or ii t itum. To perish. Interfector (interficio), oris, m. Murderer. Interficio (inter, facio), ere, fed, f ectum. To kill. Interim, adv. In the mean time, meanwhile. Inteflmo (inter, em6), ere, emi, emptum. To deprive of, to kill. Interior, us. Interior, inland. Interitus (intereo), us, m. Destruc- tion. Interjicio (inter, jacio), $re, jeci, jectum. To place between ; anno interjecto, at the expira- tion of a year. Internecio, onis, f. Slaughter. Infernuncius, or internjmtius, i, m. Messenger. Interregnum (inter, regnum), i, n. An interreign, interregnum. Interritus (in, territus), a, um. Fearless, undismayed. Interrogo (inter, rogo), fire, dv\ dtum. To ask, question. 306 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Interrumpo (inter, rumpo), &re, rupi, ruptum. To break down, interrupt. Intersero, ere, ui, turn. To allege. Tntervenio (inter, venio), Ire, veni, ventum. To intervene, occur. ' Tntestlnus, a, wn. Intestine, civil. Intra, adv. and prep, with ace. Within. Intro, are, dvi, dtum. To enter. Tntroeo, ire, wi or ii, itum. To en- ter. Intueor, cri, itus sum. To look at, observe. Inusitdtus, a, um. Unusual, ex- traordinary. Invddo, ere, si, sum. To invade, seize. Invenio (in, venio), Ire, veni, ven- tum. To find, meet with. Invicem, adv. By turns, one an- other. Invictus (in, victus), a, um. Un- conquered, invincible. Invideo (in, video), ere, vldi, vlsum. To envy. fnvidia, ae, f. Envy. Invlsus, a, um. Odious, hateful. Invlto, are, dvi, dtum. To invite, allure. Invltus, a, um. Unwilling. Ipse, a, um. Self, himself, herself, itself. Ira, ae, f. Anger. Iracundia, ae, f. Anger, hasty temper. Irrideo (in, rideo), ere, si, sum. To ridicule, laugh at. Irrumpo (in, rumpo), $re, rupi, rup- tum. To rush into ; make an in- cursion into. 7s, ea, id. He, she, it; that. Ita, adv. Thus, so; to such an extent. Itaque, conj. Therefore, and thus. Item, adv. Likewise, also. Itfr, itineris, n. Way, march, route. i^-rdto (itero), adv. Again, a sec- Mid time. Itero (iterum), are, dvi, dtum. To repeat, renew. Iteru^n, adv. Again, a second time. J. Jaceo, ere, ui, \turn. To lie. Jacio, ere, jeci, jactum. To throw hurl ; also, to lay, place, erect. Jaculum (jacio), i, n. Dart, javelin, Jam, adv. Now, already. Jubeo, ere,jussi,jussum. To order, direct. Jucundus, a, um. Pleasing, de- lightful. Judex (judico), Ids, m. and f. Judge, arbiter. Judicium (judex), i, n. Judgment, decision, trial. Judico, are, dvi, dtum. To judge. Jugulo, are, dvi, dtum. To kill, murder. Jugum, i, n. Yoke. Jungo, ere, nxi, nctum. To join, unite. Junior (juvenis), us. Younger. Juro, are, dvi, dtum. To take oath, swear. Jus, juris, n. Right, justice. Jusjurandum jurisjurandi. (See A. & S. 91.) An oath. Jussu (jubeo), abl. sing, used only in this case. Command, order. Justitia (Justus), ae, f. Justice. Justus (jus), a, um. Jfost. Juvenis, e. Young ; subs, a youth, young man. L. An abbreviation of Lucius. Labor, oris, m. Labor. ' Laboro (labor), dre, dvi, dtum. To labor, strive, take pains; toil; suffer. Lac, lactis, n. Milk. Lacesso, tire, Ivi or ii, Itum. To excite, assail, provoke. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 307 Lacrima, or lacryma, ae, f. Tear. Lacrimo, or lacrymo (lacrima), are, avi, atum. To weep, shed tears. Lacus, us, m. Lake. Laete (laetus), adv. Gladly. Laetitia (laetus), ae, f. Joy, glad- ness. Laetus, a, um. Glad, joyous. Laevus, a, um. Left, on the left hand. Largior, Iri, Itus sum. To bestow, lavish; bribe. Lassitude, mis, f. Fatigue, weari- ness. Late, adv. Widely, far and wide. Latebra, ae, f. Retreat, hiding- place, pretence. Latlne (Latinus), adv. In Latin. Latro, onis, m. Mercenary, rob- ber. Lotus, eris, n. Side. Laudo (laus), are, avi, atum. To praise. Laureus, a, um. Of laurel, lau- rel; laurea (subs.), a laurel-tree or branch, laurel wreath. Laus, laudis, f. Praise. Laxo, are, avi, atum. To relax, loosen. Lectus (lego), a, um. Choice, ex- cellent. Legatio, onis, f. Legation, em- bassy. Legatus, i, m. Ambassador, lieu- tenant. Legio, onis, f. Legion. Lego (lex), are, avi, atum. To be- queathe as a legacy. Lego, $re, legi, lectum. To choose, elect; read. Lenttas, atis, f. Lenity, mildness. Leniter, adv. Gently, mildly. Lctalis, e. Deadly, mortal. Levis, e. Light, easy. Lcviter (levis), adv. Lightly, slightly. Lex, legis, f. Law, condition, terms. Liber, bri, m. Book. J-iber, &ra t $rum. Free. Liberalitas, atis, f. Liberality, generosity. Liberi, drum, m. pi. Children. Libero (liber), are, avi, atum. To liberate, free. Libertas (liber), atis, f. Liberty, freedom. Libertus, i, m. A freedman. Libido, inis, f. Desire, lust. Licet, impers. It is lawful, is per- mitted. Licet, conj. Although, though. Ligneus, a, um. Wooden, of wood. Literae, arum, f. pi. Letter, let- ters; literature. Liter arius (literae), a, um. Lite- rary. Litus, oris, n. Shore, sea-shore. Locupleto, are, avi, atum. To en- rich, make rich. Locus, i, m. pi. loci, or loca, n. Place. Longe (longus), adv. Much, great- ly, by far. Longinquus, a, um. Remote, dis- tant. Longus, a, um. Long. Loquor, qui, locutus sum. To speak, converse. Lorlca, ae, f. Coat of mail. Lucius (lugeo), us, m. Griefj mourning. Ludibrium, i, n. Sport, derision, laughing-stock. Ludicra, crum, adj. norn. sing, m, not used. Sportive. Ludicrum, i, n. Show, game. Ludo, ere, lusi, lusum. To play, sport. Ludus, i, m. Play, sport, school. Lugeo, ere, luxi. To grieve, mourn, weep for. Luna, ae, f. Moon. Luo, ere, lui, luitum or lutum. To pay ; expiate, atone for. Lupa, ae, f. A she-wolf. Lustratio, onis, f. Expiatory sac- rifice ; review attended with sacrifices. Lustro, are, avi, atum. To purify, review. 308 LATIN-ENGLISH YOCABULAKY. Lux, lucis, f. Light, light of day. Luxuria, ae, i Luxury, excess. Luxus, us, m. Luxury, luxuries, revelling. M. M. An abbreviation of Marcus, Magis, adv. More. Magister, tri, m. Master, leader; teacher. Magistrates, us, m. Magistracy, magistrate. Magnifwe(magmficu&] adv. Mag- nificently, splendidly. Magnijicenter, adv. = magnifice. Magnificentia (magnificus), ae, f. Magnificence, costliness. Magnificus, a, um ; comp. magni- ficentior, superl. magnificentissi* mus. Splendid ; stately ; high- minded. Magnitudo (magnus), inis, f. Greatness, size. Magnus, a, um ; comp. major, su- perl. maximus. Great ; majOres, forefathers, ancestors ; majores with natu, elders. Magus, i, m. A wise man, par- ticularly among the Persians. Majestas, dtis, f. Majesty, dignity. Major. (See magnus.) Male (malus), adv. Badly, with ill success. Malo, malle, malui, irregular. (See F. B. 410 ; A. harm. Nocta, abl. By might. Nocturnus, a, um. Nocturnal, oc- curring at night. Nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. (See F. B. 410, and A. & S. 178.) To be unwilling. Nomen, Inis, n. Name. Non, adv. Not; nonriisi, only. Nonagesimus, a, um,. Ninetieth. Nondum, adv. Not yet. Nonne, interrog. particle. (See 177, R. 2.) Whether, expecting answer yes. Nonnullus, a, um (declined like nullus). Some. Nonus, a, um. Ninth. Novem, indecl. Nine. Noverca, ae, f. Stepmother. Novo (novus), are, avi, atum. To renew, change; revolutionize. Novus, a, um.. New; novae res, revolution. Nox, noctis, f. Night. Nubo, ere, psi, ptum. To veil one's self, to marry, applied to the bride as she was covered with a veil. Nudus, a, um. Naked, uncov- ered. Nullus, a, um. (See F. B. 113, R.) No one, no. Num, interrog. particle. (See 177, R, 2, and 381.) Whether, used both in direct and independent questions. Numerus, i, m. Number. Nunc. Now. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 311 Nuncupo, are, avi, atum. To call, name. Nunquam. Never. Nuntio (or do), are, avi, atum. To announce, relate. Nuntius, i, m. Message, news, messenger. Nuptiae, arum, f. pi. Marriage, nuptials. Nutrio, ire, Ivi or ii, Itum. To nourish, support. Nympha, ae, f. Spouse, wife, nymph. 0. Ob, prep, with ace. On account of, for. Obduco (ob, duco), ere, duxi, due- turn. To draw over, overspread, cover. Obedio, Ire, wi or ii, Itum. To obey, serve ; be subject to. Obeo (ob, eo), ire, ivi or ii, itum. To meet; die. Objecto, are, avi, atum. To expose, set forth ; endanger. Objicio (ob, jacio), ere, jeci, jectum. To expose, offer, present. Obitus, us, m. Death. Oblige, are, avi, atum. To oblige, put under obligation. Obliviseor, ci, cblltus sum, dep. To forget. Obruo, ere, ui, utum. To destroy, overwhelm. Obscure (obscurus), adv. In ob- scurity, obscurely. Obscurus, a, um. Obscure, hidden ; mean. Obscquium, i, n. Submission, fealty. Observe, are, avi, atum. To ob- serve, keep. Obses, idis, m. and f. Hostage. Obsideo (ob, sedeo), ere, edi, essum. To besiege, invest. Obsidio (obsideo), onis, f. Siege, blockade. Obsto (ob, sto), are, stiti, stdtum. To oppose, prevent. Obtero, ere, trim, trltum. To crush, wear down. Obtestor, dri, dtus sum, dep. To call to witness, implore, conjure. Obtineo (ob, teneo), ere, inui, entum. To obtain, hold, prevail. Obtingo, ere, tigi. To befall, hap- pen to. Obtrunco, are, avi, atum. To slaugh- ter. Occasio, onis, f. Opportunity, oc- casion. Occldo (ob, caedo), ere, cidi, clsum. To kill. Occulte (occultus), adv. In secret, secretly. Occultus, a, um. Secret, hidden ; reserved, dissembling. Occupo, are, avi, atum. To occu- py, take possession of. Occurro (ob, curro), ere, curri (cucurri), cursum. To meet, at- tack. Oce&nus, i, m. Ocean. Octavus (octo), a, um. Eighth. Octingenti, ae, a. Eight hundred. Octo, indecl. Eight. Octoginta (octo), indecl. Eighty Oculus, i, m. Eye. Odium, i, n. Hatred, enmity. Ojfendo, ere, di, sum. To offend, injure. Offensa, ae, f. Offence, harm. 6/ensus (offendo), a, um. Offend ed, hostile. Offero (ob, fero), ferre, obtuli, i,bla turn. To offer, show ; se off err e, to offer one's self as an antago- nist, to oppose; expose one's self. Officium, i, n. Office, duty. Olim, adv. Formerly. Omen, mis, n. Omen, sign. Omnlno (omnis), adv. Wholly; only, in all ; at all. Omnis, e. All, every. Oneraria (onus), ae, f. Ship of burden. 312 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. Onustus (onus), a, um. Laden, full of. Oplmus, a, um. Rich, fertile. Oportet, impers. It behooves, one ought. Opperior, iri, oppertus or opperltus sum. To wait for, await. Oppetc, ere, ivi or tt, Hum. To en- counter, seek. Oppiddnus (oppidum), a, um. In- habitant of a town. Oppidum, i, n. Town, city. Opportunitas (opportunus), dtis, f. Opportunity, fitness. Opportunus, a, um. Suitable, fit. Opprimo, ere, essi, essum. To put down, defeat, overcome ; sup- press; oppress. Oppugno (ob, pugno), are, avi, dtum. To attack, storm, take by storm. Ops, opis, f., nom. sing, not used. Power, resources, force, aid. Optimas (optimus), dtis, m. and f. A noble, one of the aristocracy. Optimus (superl. bonus), a, um. Best, most excellent. Optio, onis, f. Choice, option. Opto, are, dvi, dtum. To wish, de- sire ; ask. Opulens, t,is, or opulentus, a, um, adj. Wealthy, rich. Opus, eris, n. Work. Opus, nom. and accus. Need. Or a, ae, f. The shore, coast. Oraculum, i, n. Response, oracle. Oratio (oro), onis, f. Oration, speech, language. Orator (oro), oris, m. Orator. Orbis, is, m. Circle, world ; orbis terrdrum, the world. Orbitas, dtis, f. Bereavement, orphanage. Ordino (ordo), are, dvi, dtum. To arrange, establish. Ordo, inis, m. Row, rank, order ; bank as of oars ; extra ordincm, out of the common course. Oriens (part, orior), Us. Rising, east. Orlgo, mis, f. Origin, source. Orior, Iri, ortus sum, dep. mostly of 3d conj. (See A. tity S. S. An abbreviation of Sextius or Spurius ; Sp. for Spurius. Sacer, sacra, sacrum. Sacred. Sacerdos (sacer), otis, m. and f. Priest, priestess. Sacrificium, i, n. Sacrifice. Sacro (sacer), are, am, atum. To consecrate. Sacrum, i, n. Sacred rite or insti- tution ; sacrifice. Saepe, adv. Often. Saevio, Ire, ivi or ii, Itum. To rage, be cruel. Saluber, bris, bre. Healthful, sa- lubrious. Salus, utis, f. Safety. Saluto, are, avi, atum. To salute. Salvus, a, um. Safe, unhurt. Sancte, adv. Chastely. Sanguis, inis, m. Blood. Sapiens, tis. "Wise ; subs, a wise man. Sapientia (sapiens), ae, f. Wisdom. Satelles, itis, HI. and f. Lifeguard attendant. Satio, onis, f. Sowing. Satis, adv. adj. subs. Enough, sufficiently ; satis habere, to be content. Saucius, a, um. Wounded, intoxi- cated. Saxum, i, n. Rock, stone. Scando, ere, di, sum. To climb. Scelestus (scelus), a, um. Wicked. Scelus, fris, n. Crime, wickedness. Scio, sclre, scivi, scitum. To know Scriba (scribo), ae t m. Scribe clerk. Scribo, ere, psi, ptum. Tc write, prepare. Scutum, i, n. Shield. Secedo, ere, cessi, cessum. To re tire, withdraw. Secundus, a, um. Second, favors ble. Sed. But. SedScim, indecl. Sixteen, 320 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULAKY. Sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum. To sit, stay. Sedes, is, f. Seat, abode, residence. Seditio, onis, f. Quarrel, sedition. Siditiosus (seditio), a, um. Muti- nous, seditious. Sedo, are, avi, atum. To allay, quiet. Segnis, e. Slothful, inactive. Segniter, adv. Slothfully. Sent el, adv. Once. Semianimis, e. Half-dead. Semper, adv. Always, ever. Senator (senex), oris, m. Senator. Senate (senex), UK, m. Senate. Senex, senis, m. and f., comp. senior. An old man, an aged person. Sententia, ae, f. Opinion, sentence. Sentio, Ire, si, sum. To perceive, think, judge. Sepelio, Ire, pellvi or it, pultum. To bury. Sepio, Ire, psi, ptum. To guard, shelter. Septem, indecl. Seven. Septimus, a, um. Seventh. Septingenteslmus, a, um. The seven hundredth. Septingcnti, ae, a. Seven hundred. Septuagesimus, a, um. Seventieth. Septuaginta, indecl. Seventy. Sepultura, ae, f. Burial. Sequor, qui, cutus sum. To follow, succeed. Serpo, ere, psi, ptum. To spread, extend. Servitus, utis, f. Servitude. Servo, are, avi, atum. To observe, keep; preserve. Servus, i, m. Slave. Seu. Whether; seu sen, whether or. Severitas (severus), atis, f. Sever- ity. Severus, a, um. Severe, strict. Sex, indecl. Six. Sexageslmus, a, um. Sixtieth. Sexaginta, indecl. Sixty. Sexcentesimus, a, um. Six hun- dredth. Sexcenti, ae, a. Six hundred. Sextus, a, um. Sixth. Si, conj. If. Sic, adv. Thus, so. Siccus, a, um. Dry. Sicut or sicuti. Just as, so as, as if. Sido, ere, sidi or sedi. To sit, to settle down. Sianifteo, are, avi, atum. To show, indicate, mean. Signum, i, n. Mark, standard. Similis, e. Similar, like. Simul, adv. At the same time. Simulo, are, avi, atum. To coun- terfeit, feign. Sine, prep, with abl. Without. Singuldris, e. Single, singular. Singulus, a, um. Single, one by one. Sinister, tra, trum. Left, on the left. Sino, ere, sivi, situm. To permit; situs, put, placed. Sinus, us, m. Bosom, bay. Siquidem. If indeed, inasmuch as. Socer, eri, m. Father-in-law. Socidlis (socius), e. Social, friendly. SociStas (socius), atis, f. League, alliance. Socius, i, m. Ally, confederate. Sol, soils, m. Sun. Solemniter, adv. Solemnly, in due form. Soleo, ere, itus sum. To be ac,cus- tomed. JSolertia, ae, f. Sagacity, shrewd- ness. Sohdus, a, um. Solid. Solitudo (solus), mis, f. Solitude Solitus (soleo), a, um. Usual. Solum, adv. Only, alone. Sj>lus, a, um. (See F. B. 113, R.) Alone. Solutus(so\vo), a, um. Unrestrain- ed, dissolute. Solvo, ere, vi, utum. To loose, un- bind. Somnus, -i, m. Sleep. Sonus, i, m. Sound. Sordidus, a, um. Sordid, filthy. LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 321 Soror, oris, f. Sister. Sors, sortis, f. Lot k Spargo, ere, si, sum. To scatter, let fall loose* Spatium, i, n. Space. Species, ei, f. Appearance, guise. Spfictaculum, i> n. Spectacle, show. Spccto, are, dvi, dtum. To view, witness. Spes, ei, f. Hope. Spolio (spolium), are, dvi, dtum. To rob ; spoil ; despoil. Spolium, i, n. Plunder, spoil, booty. JStatim, adv. At once, immedi- ately. Statua, ae, f. Statue. Statuo, ere, ui, utum. To deter- mine ; appoint, place. Status, us, m. State, condition. Sterno, ere, stravi, stratum. To prostrate. Sto, sare, steti, statum. To stand. Strages, is, f. Slaughter, defeat. Strangulo, are, dvi, dtum. To stran- gle. Strenue (strenuus), adv. Vigor- t ously, carefully. Strenuus, a, um. Active, valiant. Studeo, ere, ui. To study, favor. Studiose, adv. Diligently, ear- nestly. Studium, i, n. Zeal, study. Suadeo, ere, si, sum. To advise. Sub, prep, with ace. or abl. Un- der, at the foot of. Subdolus, a, um. Crafty, deceitful. Subduco (sub, duco), 8re, dusci, due- turn. To take away, withdraw. Subigo (sub, ago), &re t egi, actum. To subdue. Subito, adv. Suddenly. Subllmis, e. High, on high. Suborno, are, dvi, dtum. To bribe, suborn. Subsidium, i, n. Aid, reinforce- ment. Sijbsum (sub, sum), esse, fui. To be at hand or near ; be under. Subtrdho (sub, traho), ere, axi, ac- tum. To take away, remove. Subvenio .(sub, venio), Ire, veni, ventum. To come to; to aid, relieve. Suburbdnus, a, um. Suburban; suburbdnum (subs.), an estate near a city. Succedo (sub, cedo), &re, essi, essum. To succeed, come after. Successio, onis, f. Succession. Successor (succedo), oris, m. Suc- cessor. Successus, us, m. Success. Succumbo, ere> cubui, cubitum. To yield, submit to. Sufficio(sub, facio), ere,feci,fectum To substitute ; be sunicient, suf- fice. Sui, sibi, &Q. Himself, herself, itself, &c, Sum, esse, fui, futurus. To be. Summa (summus), ae, f. Supreme power. Summoveo (sub, moveo), ere, movi, motum. To remove, displace. Summus. (See Superus.) Sumo, ere, mpsi t mptum. To take, inflict. Sumptus, us, m. Expense, cost. Super, prep, with ace. or abl. Over, above, upon; of, concerning. Superbia, ae> Pride, haughti ness. Superbus, a, um. Proud. Supero (superus), are, am, dtum. To surpass ; conquer ; pass by. Supersum (super, sum), esse, fui. To remain, be left, survive. Supervenio (super, venio), ire, veni, ventum. To come to, surprise. Superus, a, um; comp. superior; superL supremus or summus. High, above; past, former. Supplementum, i, n. Supplies, reinforcement. Supplicium, i, n. Punishment. Supra, prep, with ace. Above, upon. Suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum. T , t*. Fetter, chain. Vindex, fcis, m. and f. Defender. Vindico, are, am, dtum. To claim ; rescue, defend; punish, avenge. Vinolentus (vinum), a, um. Full of wine, intoxicated with wine. Vinum, i, n. Wine. Violo, are, dvi, dtum. To violate, do violence to ; profane, harm. Vir, viri, m. Man, hero, husband. Virgo,, ae, f. Rod, twig. Virgo, inis, f. Virgin, maiden. Virtus (vir), utis, f. Manliness, bravery, virtue. Vis, vis, pi. vires. Power, strength, force ; forces ; abundance. Viscus, eris, n. Vitals, bowels. Viso, ere,. si, s,um. To view, see, visit. Vita, ae, f. Life. Vitis, is, f. Vine. Vitium, i, n. Fault, vice. Vito, are, dvi, dtum. To shun, avoid. Vivo, ere, xi, ctum. To live. Vivus, a, um. Living, alive. Voco (vox), are, dvi, dtum. To call, name. Volo, velle, volui, irreg. (See F. B. 410.) To will, be willing. Voluntarius, a, um. Voluntary. Voluntas (volo), dtis, f. Wish, in clination ; good will. Vox, vocis, f. Yoice, word. Vulgus, i, n. Populace, common people. Vulnero (vulnus), are, dvi, dium* To wound. Vulnus, eris, n. Wound. Vultus, us, m. Countenance. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. kcca. Acca, ae, f. A.ccept. Accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum. Accompany. Comitor, dri, dtus sum. Accuse. Accuso, are, dvi, atum. Achaean. Achaeus, a, um; subs. Achaeus, i, m. Act, do. Ago, &re, egi, actum; to act, behave, se gero, ere, gessi, gestum. Add. Adjungo, ere,junxi,junctum; addo, ere, didi, ditum. Adopt measures, to deliberate. ConsUlo, ere, ui, turn ; to adopt cruel measures, crudeliter con- sulere, Ionia, ae, f. Bad, depraved. Malus, a, um; pravus, a, um. Balbus. Balbus, i, m. Battle. Pugna, ae, f. ; proelium, i, n. Battle-array. Acies, ei, f. Be. Sum, esse, fui futurus. Be able, can. Possum,, posse, potuL Be envious. Invideo, ere, vldi, vl- sum. Be made. Fio, fieri, factus sum. Be occupied. Distringor, gi, ictus sum. Be willing. Volo, velle, volui. Be wise. Sapio, ere, wi or ii ; sa- piens esse. Beautiful. Pulcher, chra, chrum; formosus, a, um. Because. Quod; guia. Become. Fio, eri, factus sum. Become unmanageable, Efferor, ari, atus sum. Before (adv.). AntSquam, prius- quam. Believe. Credo, ere, dldi, ditum. Belong, be to. Sum, esse, fui t fu- turus. Benefit. Beneficium, i, n. Bequeathe. Lego, are, avi, atum. Beseech. Precor, ari, atus sum. Besiege. Oppugno, are, avi, atum obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum. Best. Optimus, a, um, superl. of bonus. Between. Inter with accus. Beyond. Extra, with ace. Bind. Vincio, Ire, nxi, nctum. Bird. Avis, is, f. Bite. Mordeo, ere, momordi, mor sum. Book, Liber, bri, m. Booty. Praeda, ae, f. Boston. Bo'stonia, ae, ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 329 Both and. Et et ; quum turn. Boy. Puer, eri, m. Brave. Fortis, e. Bravely. Fortiter. Bravery, boldness. Virtue, utis, f. ; fortitudo, mis, f. Break, break down. Rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum. Brennus. Brennus, i, m. Bridge. Pans, tis, m. Brother. Prater, tris, m. Brutus. Brutus, i, m. Build. Aedifico, are, avi, alum. Burning, a fire, a conflagration. Incendium, i, n. But. Sed, at, autem. By. A, ab, abs with abl. (before voluntary agent) ; in other cases, indicated by abl. alone. C. Cadmea. Cadmea, ae, f. Caecilius. Oaecilius, i, m. Caesar. 'Caesar, aris, m. Caius. Caius, i, m. Caligula. Caligula, ae, m. Call, name. Appello, are, avi, dtum ; voco, are, avi, dtum. Camillas. Camillus, i, m. Capital. Caput, Itis, n. Capitol. Capitolium, i, n. Captive. Captlvus, a, um; subs. captlvus, i, m. Capua. Capua, ae, f. Carthage. Carthago, inis, f. Carthaginian. Carthaginiensis, e subs. Carthaginiensis, is. Cassander. Cassander, dri, m. Castle. Castellum, i, n. Cat. Feles orfelis, is, f. Catiline. Catillna, ae, m. Cause, to effect, make. Efficio, ere, fed, effectum. Cavalry. Equites, um, m. pi. ; equitatus, us, m. Cecrops. Cecrops, opis, m. Censure (verb). Vitupero, are, avi, atum. Census. Census, us, m, Certain. Certus, a, um. Certain one, some one. Quidan\ quaedam, quoddam. Chaeronea. Chaeronea, ae, f. Chain, fetter. Compes, edis, f. ; vinculum, i, n. Challenge (subs.). Provocatio, onis, f. Challenge (verb). Provoco, are, avi, atum. Change. Muto, are, am, atum,. Character, nature. Jnqenium, i, n. Chariot. Currus, us, m. Charles. Carolus, i, m. Check, put down. Compesco, ere, ui. Choose. Lego, ere, legi, lectum ; deligo, ere, legi, lectum. Christian. Christidnus, i, m. Cineas. Cineas, ae, m. Citadel. Arx, arcis, f. Citizen. Civis, is, m. and f. City. Urbs, urbis, f. Civil. Civllis, e. Claim. Vindico, are, avi, atum. Cloud. Nubes, is, f. Cnaeus or Cneus. Cnaeus or Cneus, i, m. Codes. Codes, itis, m. Cold, frost. Frigus, oris, n. ; gelu, us, n. Collatinus. Collatlnus, i, m. Come. Venio, Ire, veni, ventum. Command (verb). Impero, are, avi, atum. Commander, leader. Imperdtor, oris, m. ; dux, duds, m. Commence, enter upon. Indpio, ere, cepi, ceptum ; inc y ioo, are, dm, dtum. Compel. Compello, ere, puli, put- sum. Conceal. Occulto, are, avi, dtum. Conclude, finish, make. Fado, ere, fed, factum; to conclude peace, pace?n facere. Condemn. Damno, are, avi, dtum ; to condemn to death, capiti* damndre. Condition, terms. Conditio, dni*, f, 330 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. Confer upon, commit to. Tribuo, ere, ui, utum. Conon. Conon, onis, m. Conquer. Vinco, ere, vici, victum. Consul. Consul, ulis, m. Consult. Consulo, ere, ui, turn. Content, contented. Contentus, a, um. Continual, incessant. Assiduus, a, um. Contrary to, on the contrary. Contra, adv. and prep, with ace. Corinth. Corinthus, i, f. Corinthian. Corinthius, a, um; subs. Corinthius, i, m. Coriolanus. Coriolanus, i, m. Cornelius. Cornelius, i, m. Country, region, territory. Regio, onis, f. ; fines, ium, m. ; native country, one's country, patria, ae, f. ; country (as opposed to city), rus, ruris, n. Cranaus. Cranaus, i, m. Crassus. Crassus, i, m. Cremona. Cremona, ae, f. Crime. Crimen, mis, n. Cursor. Cursor, dris, m. Cut off, hinder. Intercludo, $re, si, sum. Cyrus. Cyrus, i, m. D. Dagger. Pugio, onis, m. Danger. Periculum, i, n. Danube. Dahubius (the upper part), *', m. ; Ister (the lower part), tri, m. Darius. Darius, i, m. Datis. Datis, is, m. Daughter. Filia, ae, f. (Dat pi. filiabus.) Day. Dies, ei, m. and f. Death. Mors, mortis, f. Deceive. Decipio, ere, cepi, ceptum. Decemvir. Decemvir, iri, m. Declare. Indlco, ere, dixi, dictum; to declare war, bellum indicere. Defeat. Vinco, 8re, vici, victum. Defend. Defendo, ere, di, sum. Defraud. Fraudo, are, avi, atum,. Delight in, rejoice. Gaudeo, cre t gavlsus sum. Deliver. Trado, ere, didi, ditum. Delphi. Delphi, drum, m. Demetrius. Demetrius, i, m. Depart. Proficiscor, ci, profectus sum ; abeo, ire, ivi or ii, itum. Depraved. Pravus, a, um. Deprive. Privo, are, avi, atum. Descendants, posterity. PostSri, drum, m. pi. Design, s. Consilium, i, n. Design, designate. Designo, are, avi, atum. Desirous; desirous of. Cupidus, a, um. Desist. Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum. Despair. Desperatio, onis, f. Destroy. JSverto, ere, ti, sum ; diruo, ere, ui, utum; deleo, ere, evi, etum. Destruction. Pernicies, ei, f. Determine. Statuo, Sre, ui, utum. Dictator. Dictator, dris, m. Die. Morior, iri or i, mortuus sum. Difficult. Difficilis, e. Direct, order. Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum. Discharge. Fungor, gi, functus sum. Discourse. Sermo, onis, m. Disregard, despise. Contemno, ere, psi, ptum. Distinguished. Praestans, tis. Divine. Divlnus, a, um. Do, make. Facio, ere, fed, factum. Do wrong. Pecco, are, avi, atum. Dog. Canis, is, c. Dove. Columba, ae, f. Drive. Pello, &re, pepuli, pulsum During. Inter with ace. Dutiful. Pius, a, um. Duty. Gfficium, i, n. Dwell. HaVtto, ar, avi, atum. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 331 & Early, ancient. Antlquus, a, um. Earth. Terra, ae, f. Educate, bring up. Educo, are, avi, atum. Egypt. Aegyptus, i, f. Egyptian. Aegyptius, a, um ; subs. Aegyptius, i, m. Eight. QctOf indecl. Either. Aut ; either or, aut aut ; vel vel. 41 5. Elder. Major, us, comp. of mag- nus ; major natu. Elect, choose. Oreo, are, avi, atum ; lego, 8re, legi, lectum; eligo, ere, legi, lectum. Elephant. Elephantus, i, m. ; ele- phas, antis, m. Embassy. Legatio, onis, f. Eminent. Insignis, e ; praestans,tis. Empire. Imperium, i, n. End. Finis, is, m. and f. Enemy. . Hostis, is, m. and f. ; per- sonal enemy or foe, inimicus, i, m. Engage battle, engage. Confllgo, ere, flixi, flictwn. Engagement. Proelium, i, n. ; pugna, ae, f. Enjoy. Fruor, frui, fructus sum. Enlarge. Amplio, are, avi, atum. Enter. Introeo, Ire, ivi or ii, itum. Envy, be envious. Invideo, ere, vldi, msum. Epaminondas. Fpaminondas, ae,m. Equity. Aequitas, atis, f. Escape. Effugio, ere,fugi. Even, equal. Par, paris. Ever, at any time. Unquam; ever, always, semper. Exchange (subs.). Permutatio, oms, i. Excite, arouse, sharpen. Acuo, ere, ui, utum. Exile, person banished. JExsul, ulis, m. Exile, banishment. Exsilium, i, n. Expense. Sumptus, us, m. Eye. Oculus, i, m. I F. Fabius. Fabius, i, m. ; pi. Fabii. Fabricius. Fabricius, i, m. Falerii. Falerii, drum, m. Fall in battle, fall. Cado, fre, cecidi, casum. Falsehood. Mendacium, i, n. Family, descent. Genus, eris, n. ; family, members of a family, familia, ae, f. Famous. Clarus, a, um ; nobi- Us, e. Father. Pater, tris, m. Father-in-law. Socer, soceri, m. Faustulus. Faustulus, i, m. Favor (verb). Faveo, ere, favi, fautum. Fear (trans, v.). Metuo, ere, ui t utum. Feast. Convivium, i, n. ; coena, ae,f. Festival. Festum, i, n. Few. Pauci, ae, a. Field. Ager, agri, m. Fifteen. Quindecim, indecl. Fifth. Quintus, a, um. Fifty. Quinquaginta, indecl. Fight. Pugno, are, avi, atum; committo, ere, mlsi, missum. Fill. Compleo, ere, evi, etum. Finally. Postremo ; ad postre~ mum; dentque. Finish. Finio, ire, Ivi, Hum. First. Primus, a, um. Fish. Piscis, is, m. Five. Quinque, indecl. Flatterer. Adulator, oris, m. Flee. Fugio, ere, fugi, fugitum ; to flee for refuge, confugio, erc t fugi, fugitum. Fleet. Clasfis, is, f. ; naves, ium t f. pi. For tconj.), Fnim, nam, namque. For (prep.). Pro with abl. ; also indicated by the dative. For a year, lasting a year. An- nuus, a, um. For ever. Perpetuo. 332 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. Force, force of arms. Vis, vis, f. ; pi. vires ; arma, drum, n. pi. * Forces. Copiae, drum, f. pi. ; vires, ium, f. pi. Forget. Obliviscor, ci, lltus sum. Former latter. Ille hie. Fortieth. Quadragesimus, a, um. Fortification. Munitio, onis, f. Fortified. Munltus, a, um; very strongly fortified, munitissimus, a, um. Fortune. Fortuna, ae, f. Forty. Quadraginta, indecl. Fought. Commissus, a, um ; *in a battle fought at Chaeronea, in proelio ad Chaeroneam commis- so. Found, to build. Condo, ere, didi, ditum. Four. Quatuor, indecl. Four hundred. Quadrinycnti, ae, a. Fourth. Quartus, a, um. Fraud. Fraus, dis, f. Friend. Amlcus, ?', m. Friendly. Amlcus, a, um. Friendship, intimacy. Familiari- tas, dtis, f. From. A, ab, de, e, ex with abl. ; also indicated by. abl. alone-, from, on account of, propter with ace. Frost, cold. Gelu, us, n. ; frig us, Sris, n. G. Galba. Galba, ae, m. Game. Ludus, i, m. ; certamen, Inis, n. Gaul. Gallia, ae, f. Gaul, a Gaul. Gallus, i, m. General, leader. Dux, duds, m. and f. German. Germdnus, a, um ; subs. Germdnus, i, m. Get or take possession of. Occupo, are, dvi, dtum. Girl. Puella, ae, f. Give. Do, dare, dedi, datum; to give as a present, dono dare. Gladiator. Gladiator, ons, m. Gladiatorial. Gladiatorius, a, um, Gladly. Expressed by adj. laetus, a, um, in agreement with the subject. Glory. Gloria, ae, f. Go. Eo, Ire, ivi, itum ; contendo, ere, di, sum; go, set out, profi ciscor, ci, profectus sum. God, a god. Deus, i, m. (See A. & S. 53.) Golden, of gold, gold. Aureus, a, um. Good. Bonus, a, um. Government, royal authority. Reg num, i, n. Grand-daughter. Neptis, is, f. ; nepos, otis, f Grand-father. Avus, i, m. Grand-mother. Avia, ae, f. Grand-son. Nepos, otis, m. Grant, assign to. Tribuo, 8re, ui t utum. Great. Magnus, a, um ; ingens, tis. Greatness. Magnitudo, inis, f. Grecian, Greek. Graecus, a, um; subs. Graecus, i, m. Greece. Grecia, ae t f. a Hamilcar. Hamilcar, aris, m. Hannibal. Hannibal, alis, m. Happen, come to pass. Fio, fieri, factus sum. Happily. Bedte. Happy. Bedtus, a, um. Hasdrubal. Hasdrubal, alis, m. Hasten, make haste. Festlno, are, dvi~ dtum. Have. Habeo, ere, ui, itum. He, she, it. Ille, a, ud; is, ea, id. He himself, himself. Ipse, a, urn* Here. Hie. Hero. Her os, dis, m. High, lofty. Altus, a, um. High-minded, magnanimous Map nanlmus, a, um. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 333 Him, himself, herself, itself (oblique case referring to subject). Sui, sibi, &c. His, het-, its, &Q. Suus, a, um, re- ferring to the subject ; ejus (gen. of is) not referring to subject. Historian. Historicus, i, m. Hither. Hue. Hold. Teneo, ere, ui, turn ; obti- neo, ere, ui, turn. Home. Domus, us or i, f. ; at home, domi. Honor. Honor, oris, m. Horatius. Horatius, i, m. Horse. Equus, i, m. Hostage. Obses, idis, m. and f. House. Domus, us or i, f. ; tec- turn, i, n. How. Quam ; how many, quam multi ; quot. How, by what means? quomodo, qui ? How does it happen ? qui fit? How, of what sort or nature. Qua- Us, e. How long ? Quamdiu ? How old. Quot annos with natus ; How old is he ? Quot annos na- tus est? Hundred. Centum, indecl. Hunger. Fames, is, f. I. Ego, mei. If. Si. Impute, give. Do, dare, dedi, da- tum ; to impute as a crime, cri- mini dare. In. In with abl. In the mean tim3. Interim; in- terea. In order that, in order. U~t, quo. In vain. Frustra. Increase. Augeo, ere, xi, ctum. Individual, separate, one by one. Singuli, ae, a. Infantry. Pedites, um, m. Inhabitant. Incola, ae, m. and f. Miabitant or citizen of Catma. Catinensis or Gatiniensis, is t m. and f. Inquire. Interrogo, are, avi, alum. Insolent. Insolens, tis. Institute. Instituo, ere, ui, utum. Instructed, accomplished in. Eru- dltus, a, um. Into. In with ace. Invade. Invado, ere, si, sum. Invite. Invlto, are, avi, dtum. Island. Insula, ae, f. Issus. Issus, i, f. It is better. Praestat. It is characteristic of, duty of, part of, Palaestlna, ae, f. Palestine; 90. Palatium, i, n. The Palatine, one of the seven hills of Rome. The residence of Augustus was upon this ; hence the term came to signify a palace ; 86. Pannonia, ae, f. A Roman province north of Illyria ; 146. Papirius, i, m. (See Cursor.) Parmenio, dnis, m. A general in the service of Alexander the Great; 134, 135. Parnassus, i, m. A high mountain in Phocis, whose two summits were sacred to Apollo and the Muses ; at its base stood the city of Delphi; 147. Parthi, drum, m. pi. A Scythian people in the vicinity of the Cas- pian, principally known as roving warriors; 76. Paullus, or Paulus, i, m. A surname in the Aemilian gens or tribe. L. Aemilius Paulus, the name of two Roman consuls, one of whom fell in the battle of Cannae, 49; the other conquered Perseus at Pydna; 59, 154. Pausanias, ae, m. The leader of the Spartans in the battle of Plataea ; 107. Another of the same name murdered Philip of Macedon; 127. Pelasgi, drum, m. pi. The Pelasgians, the earliest inhabitants of Greece; 97. Peligni, drum, m. pi. A people of Central Italy ; 66. Pelopidas, ae, m. A celebrated Theban general; 120, 122. Peloponnesus, i, f. The Peloponnesus, a peninsula forming the south- ern part of Greece ; now the Morea ; 42, 96. Peloponnesidcus, a, um. Peloponnesian ; 109. Pelops, opis, m. Probably a Phrygian, the son of Tantalus. He settled in the southern peninsula of Greece, which from him was called Peloponnesus, i. e. the island of Pelops ; 96, 99. Perdiccas, or Perdicca, ae, m. One of the most distinguished of the generals of Alexander the Great ; 140, 142, 143. Pericles, is, m. A celebrated Athenian orator and statesman ; 108. Persa, ae, m. A Persian; 102, 107, 114, 119, Athens ; often called PhaUri- cusportus; 107. Pharnaces, is, m. Son of Mithridates ; 72. Pharsalus, i, f. A city in Thessaly, where Pompey was defeated bf Caesar; 78. Philippi, drum, m. pi. A city in Macedonia ; 81. HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. 357 Philippus, i, m. The name of several Macedonian kings, the most celebrated of whom was the father of Alexander the Great; 51, 57, 59, 122, 125, in Italy; 6, 7, 15. Tiberius, i, m. The second Roman emperor ; 83, 84, 94. Ticlnus, i, m. A river in Cisalpine Gaul, famous for the victory of Hannibal over the Romans ; 48, 53. Tigranes, is, m. Son-in-law of Mithridates and king of Armenia ; 71. Tigranocerta, drum, n. A city of Armenia, built by Tigranes; 71. Tissaphernes, is, m. A distinguished Persian satrap of Lower Asia, under Darius ; afterwards general in the service of Artaxerxes ; 1 14. Titus, i, m. A Roman emperor; 91, 92. Torquatus, i, m. Surname of T. Manlius and his descendants ; 34. Trasimenus, i, m. A lake in Etruria ; 48. Trebia, ae, f. A river in Cisalpine Gaul ; 48. Triptolemus, i, m. A king of Eleusis who was regarded as the in- ventor of agriculture ; 95. Troezen, enis, f. (ace. Troezena). An ancient city of Argolis ; 103. Troja, ae, f. The city of Troy ; 2, 86. Trojani, drum, m. pi. The Trojans; 2. Tullia, ae, f. The daughter of Servius Tullius and wife of Tarqumma Superbus ; 20. Tullius, i, m. (See Servius and Cicero.) Tullus, i, m. (See ffostilius.) Tuscia, ae, f. Tuscany, in Italy, the same as Etruria ; 48. Tusculum, i, n. An ancient town of Latium ; 26. Tyrus, i, f. The city of Tyre, in Phoenicia; 132. Tyrii t drum, m. pi. Tyrians, the inhabitants of Tyre; 132. Valerius, i, m. A Roman name. (See Publicola, Corvlnus, Laevlnus.) Varro, dnis, m. (O. Terentius). A Roman consul defeated at Cannae ; 49. Vecta, ae, f. An island off the southern coast of Britain; now the Isle of Wight; 90. Veientes, um, or Veientani, drum, m. pi. The Yeientians, the inhab- itants of Veii, in Etruria; 29, 32. Vespasianus, i, m. The emperor Vespasian ; 89, 90, 92. Vesta, ae, f. Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, to whom, a perpetual fire was kept burning ; 6. Vestalis, e, adj. Yestal ; 6. Veturia, ae, f. The mother of Coriolanus ; 28. Veturius, i, m. (T.) A Roman consul defeated by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks ; 37. Virginia, ae, f. The daughter of Yirginius, slain by her father to save her from the designs of Appius Claudius ; 30. Virffinius, i, m. (L.) A distinguished Roman centurion, father oi Yirginia ; 30. Viiiathus, i, m. The leader of the Lusitanians in their war with the Romans; 63. 16 362 HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX. Vitellius, i, m. A Roman emperor ; 88, 89. Volsci, orum, m, pi. The Volsci or Volscians, a people of Latium; 28, 31. Volumnia, ae, f. The wife of Coriolanus ; 28. X. Xanthippus, i, m. A Spartan commander who took Regulus prisoner in the first Pui^ic war ; 44. Xerxes, is, m. A celebrated Persian king ; 103 107. Zama, ae, f. A town of Numidia, in Africa, famous for the victory of Scipio over Hannibal ; 66. UN IV ERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRAR BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed This book is DUE on the last date stamped belo 23ta*SOIW Sep7'30Cr SEP 13 J99/ LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B7146sl6)476 OCT 6 m N(W 20 IS? U 31 1921 / ' T938- THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES