NEW CENSUS 
 PATENTLAWS
 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 PATENT LAW. 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 How to Obtain Letters Patent 
 
 FOR NEW INVENTIONS: 
 
 INCLUDING A VARIETY OF USEFUL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE 
 UULES AND PRACTICE OF TIIK PATENT-OFFICE ; How TO SELL 
 PATENTS ; How TO SECURK FOREIGN PATENTS : FORMS FOR 
 ASSIGNMENTS AND LICENSES ; TOGETHER WITH EN- 
 GRAVINGS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CON- 
 DENSING STEAM-EXGINK, AND THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL MOVE- 
 MENTS, VALUABLE TABLES, 
 CALCULATIONS, PROB- 
 LEMS, ETC., ETC. 
 
 MUNN & CO,, SOLICITORS OF PATENTS, 
 
 No. 37 Park Bow, New-Yoik. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MUNN i CO., AT THE OFFICE OF THE 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 
 No. 37 rA.rtK ROW. 
 
 1874.
 
 ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by 
 
 MUNN & CO., 
 
 in tbe Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for th? 
 Southern District of New- York. 
 
 S. W. GREEN', 
 16 nd 18 Jacob Strt. Xev
 
 HOW TO INVENT. 
 
 F we wore asked to point out 
 the course of life, business, or 
 enterprise upon which any man 
 of ordinary gifts might enter, 
 with the best prospects of 
 speedy success, we should un- 
 hesitatingly direct him to in- 
 vention. Many and wonderful 
 have been the achievements of 
 modern genius. But the realm 
 of invention is absolutely ex- 
 haustless, and only its outer 
 edges have been explored. The 
 world has yet to witness the 
 most astounding triumphs of mind over matter. 
 
 It is a popular error to suppose that much knowledge, 
 painful effort, constant disappointment, and many Weari- 
 some failures are the necessary preliminaries to an invent- 
 or's success. True, there are individual examples of this 
 kind ; they are exceptions. 
 
 It may be affirmed as the general rule, that inventors 
 make money more quickly, more easily, and with less ex- 
 penditure of thought, capital, or labor, than any other class 
 of men. 
 
 It may also be affirmed that industrial enterprises and 
 speculations which are connected with the development and 
 introduction of new inventions are among the most sure and 
 profitable investments that can be made. 
 
 The readiest way to invent is to keep thinking. In order 
 to supply the mind with a constant succession of subjects, 
 the inventor should cultivate habits of observation. Keep 
 your eyes and ears open. Examine things about you, and 
 seek to know how they are made, and how improved. 
 
 The young inventor should acquire a knowledge of the 
 general laws and principles of natural philosophy, chem- 
 I istry, and all of the sciences.
 
 SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 
 
 Leisure hours might be occupied with drawing and with 
 books suggestive of improvements. To avoid waste of 
 time in reproducing old devices, the inventor should be 
 well posted in regard to inventions that have already been 
 patented. For this purpose, an attentive study of The Sci- 
 entific American will be almost indispensable. 
 
 The Boston Journal makes the following useful remarks: 
 " Of course, in order to succeed, a new invention must be 
 superior to any thing that has preceded it, and must be sold 
 at a price that will enable it to be brought into general use. 
 
 People cannot afford to throw away old implements unless 
 the new ones are enough better to make up for the loss. 
 Let inventors produce a good article, at a moderate price, 
 and they will be sure of success." 
 
 SMALL INVENTIONS MOST PROFITABLE. 
 
 IN an official report of a Chief Examiner of the United 
 States Patent Office, we find the following : " A patent, if 
 it is worth any thing, when properly managed, is worth and 
 can easily be sold for from ten to fifty thousand dollars. 
 These remarks only apply to patents of minor or ordinary 
 value. They do not include such as the telegraph, the 
 planing-machine, and the rubber patents, which are worth 
 millions each. A few cases of the first kind will better il- 
 lustrate my meaning. 
 
 "A man obtained a patent for a slight improvement in 
 straw-cutters, took a model of his invention through the 
 Western States, and after a tour of eight months, returned 
 with forty thousand dollars in cash, or its equivalent. 
 
 "Another inventor obtained extension of a patent for a ma- 
 chine to thresh and clean grain, and sold it, in about fifteen 
 months, for sixty thousand dollars. A third obtained a 
 patent for a printer's ink, and refused fifty thousand dollars, 
 and finally sold it for about sixty thousand dollars. 
 
 " These are ordinary cases of minor invention, embracing 
 no very considerable inventive powers, and of which hun- 
 dreds go out from the Patent Office every year. Experience 
 shows that the most profitable patents are those which con- 
 tain very little real invention, and are to a superficial ob- 
 server of little value."
 
 HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 
 
 HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS. 
 
 HE first inquiry that presents itself 
 to one who has made any improve- 
 ment or discovery is : " Can I ob- 
 tain a Patent ?" A positive answer 
 can only be had by presenting a 
 complete application for a Patent 
 to the Commissioner of Patents. 
 An application consists of a Model, 
 Drawings, Petition, Oath, and full | 
 Specification. Various official rules 
 and formalities must also be ob- 
 served. The efforts of the invent- 
 or to do all this business himself 
 are generally without success. Af-| 
 ter a season of great perplexity and 
 delay, be is usually glad to seek 
 the aid of persons experienced in patent business, and have 
 all the work done over again. The best plan is to solicit 
 proper advice at the beginning. 
 
 If the parties consulted are honorable men, the inventor 
 may safely confide his ideas to them ; they will advise whe- 
 ther the improvement is probably patentable, and will give 
 him all the directions needful to protect his rights. 
 
 We (MuxN & Co.) have been actively engaged in the busi- 
 ness of obtaining patents for over twenty-five years. Many 
 thousands of inventors have had benefit from our counsels. 
 A large proportion of all patents granted are obtained by us. 
 Those who have made inventions and desire to consult 
 with us in regard to obtaining patents are cordially invited 
 to do so. We shall be happy to see them in person at our 
 office, or to advise them by letter. In all cases, they may 
 expect from us an Jwne.tt opinion. For such consultations, 
 opinion, and advice, we make no charge. A pen-and-ink 
 sketch and a description of the invention should be sent, 
 together with stamps for return postage. Write plain ; do 
 not use pencil nor pale ink ; be brief. 
 
 All business committed to our care, and all consultations, 
 are kept by us secret and strictly confidential. Addreso 
 Muss Si Co., 37 Park Row, New- York.
 
 SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 FEE $5. 
 
 N many cases it will be advisable, as 
 a measure of prudence, to order a 
 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. This 
 consists of a special search, made 
 at the U. S. Patent Office, Wash- 
 ington, through the medium of our 
 house in that city, to ascertain whe- 
 ther, among all the thousands of 
 patents and models there stored, 
 any invention can be found which 
 will prevent the grant of a patent. 
 On the completion of this special search, we send a written 
 report of the result to the party concerned, with suitable 
 advice. Our charge for this service is $5. 
 
 If the device has been patented, the time and expense 
 of constructing models, preparing documents, etc., will, in 
 most cases, be saved by means of this search ; if the in- 
 vention has been in part patented, the applicant will be en- 
 abled to modify his claims and expectations accordingly. 
 Many other obvious advantages attend Preliminary Ex- 
 amination, although the strictest search does not always 
 enable the applicant to know absolutely, whether a patent 
 will be granted. 
 
 For example, applications for patents are sometimes re- 
 jected because the Examining Officer finds a description of 
 the alleged invention in some foreign publication ; or some 
 other person has been previously rejected on an analogous 
 device ; or some other invention, for a similar purpose, 
 partially resembles the applicant's in its construction ; or 
 the Government makes an unjust or uncommon decision. 
 Against none of these contingencies does the Preliminary 
 Examination provide. 
 
 It will, however, generally inform the applicant whether 
 an improvement similar to his, and used for the same pur- 
 pose, has ever been patented in this country. 
 
 Parties desiring the Preliminary Examination are request- 
 ed to remit the fee, ($5,) and furnish us with a sketch or 
 photograph, and a brief explanation of the invention.
 
 GENERAL, INFORMATION. 
 
 Where examination is wanted upon more than one inven- 
 tion, $5 for each must be sent ; as each device requires a 
 separate, careful search. Address MUNN & Co., 37 Park 
 Row, N. Y. 
 
 OTHER INFORMATION. 
 
 IF you wish for general information 
 as to the rules and law of Infringe- 
 ments, Reissues, Claims, etc., state your 
 inquiries clearly, and remit $5. Opin- 
 ions in special cases of Infringement 
 cost niore. See page 16. 
 
 If you wish for advice in regard to 
 assignments, or upon the rights of par- 
 ties under assignments, joint ownership in patents, con- 
 tracts, or licenses, state the points clearly upon which in- 
 formation is wanted, and remit $5. 
 
 If you desire to know in whose name the title to a Pat- 
 ent is officially recorded, at Washington ; or if you wish 
 for an abstract of all the deeds of transfer connected with 
 a Patent, send us the name of the patentee, date of patent, 
 etc., and remit $5. 
 
 If you desire to have an assignment ot a Patent, or any 
 share thereof, or a license, made out in the proper manner, 
 and placed on record, give us the full names of the parties, 
 residences, title of the invention, etc., and remit $5. This 
 includes record fee. 
 
 Inventions or shares thereof may be assigned either be- 
 fore or after the grant of a patent. Agreements and con- 
 tracts in regard to inventions need to be recorded, like as- 
 signments, at Washington. For any agreement or contract 
 that you wish prepared, remit $5. 
 
 C3^~ Remember that we (MuN\ & Co.) have branch-offices 
 in Washington, and have constant access to all the public 
 records. We can therefore make for you any kind of search, 
 or look up for you any sort of information in regard to Pat- 
 ents, or Inventions, or Applications for Patents, either pend- 
 ing or rejected, that you may desire. 
 
 WATER expands in freezing about -^ of its original bulk, 
 with an estimated force of 30,000 Ibs. per square inch.
 
 HOW TO FILE CAVEATS. 
 
 CAVEATS. 
 
 THE filing of a Caveat is often- 
 times of great importance, as it may 
 be quickly done, and affords a limit- 
 ed but immediate protection. The 
 filing of a Caveat prevents, during 
 its existence, the issue of a patent, 
 without the knowledge of the Cave- 
 ator, to any other person for a simi- 
 lar device. The Caveator is entitled 
 to receive official notice, during a 
 period of one year, of any other pe- 
 tition for a patent for a similar or 
 interfering invention, filed during 
 that time. On receiving such offi- 
 cial notice, the Caveator is required 
 to complete his own application 
 within three months from the date 
 of the notice. 
 
 A Caveat consists of a Specification, Drawing, Oath, and 
 Petition. To be of any value, these papers should be 
 carefully drawn up, and the official rules scrupulously com- 
 plied with. No model is requifed. Our facilities enable us 
 to prepare Caveat-papers with great dispatch. 
 
 When specially desired, we can have them ready to send to 
 the applicant, for signature and affidavit, by return mail, or 
 at an hour's notice. The official fee for a Caveat is $10, 
 and we generally charge $10 to $25 to prepare the accom- 
 panying papers and attend to the business making $20 to 
 $35' in all. 
 
 A Caveat runs for a year, and can be extended by paying 
 $10 a year. 
 
 Caveats can only be filed by citizens of the United States, 
 and aliens who have resided here one year and have de- 
 clared their intention to become citizens. 
 
 To enable us to prepare Caveat papers, all that we need 
 is a sketch, drawing, or photograph, and description of the 
 invention, with which remij fees as above. Model not re- 
 quired. See also pages 103, 117.
 
 EXPENSES OF OIJTAIXING A PATENT. 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 UNDER the present American 
 law, all persons pay the same 
 official fees, without distinction as 
 to nationality. Patents are also 
 granted to women and minors ; 
 also the executors or adminis- 
 trators of deceased inventors. 
 
 The first government fee on 
 filing an application for a patent 
 is $15 ; stamps, $1. Add to this 
 the attorney's charge for draw- 
 ings, specification, and attend- 
 ance to the business of the case 
 before the Patent-Office. Our charge for these services is, 
 for simple cases, $25 ; and from that price upward to $35 
 or more, according to the time and labor required. If the 
 patent is " allowed," a second government fee of $20 is then 
 to be paid. 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF COSTS. 
 
 First Government fee and stamps, - - - - $16 
 Munn & Co., Specifications. Drawings, and Business, 25 
 
 *Cost of making the application, - 
 Second Government fee, payable if allowed, - 
 
 $41 
 20 
 
 f Whole cost of Patent, (if a simple case,) - $61 
 In order to apply for a patent, all that is necessary is to 
 send a model of the invention to Munn & Co., by express, 
 with an explanation of the merits and working of the in- 
 vention. Never mind spelling or grammar, but be very 
 particular to give your ideas in full about the invention. 
 Send us also the first government fee of $16. We will then 
 prepare the drawings and specification, and send the latter 
 to you for signature and oath. 
 
 Do not put the money in the box with the model, for it is 
 liable to be stolen. Remit by express, postal order, check, 
 or draft. See page 11. 
 
 it i not tranteu, the applicant lone* the cost of making the application. 
 appeal is required, there are additional expense*. See nvxt pate. 
 
 * If i patent 
 f When an
 
 10 AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 
 
 AMENDMENTS AND APPEALS. 
 
 WE, Munn & Co., have an ex 
 tensive Branch House in Wash" 
 ington, employing a corps of 
 skilled assistants, and we make it 
 our special duty to watch over the 
 cases of our clients while they are 
 before the Patent-Office. If the 
 examining officer objects to the 
 grant of the claims, or gives re- 
 ferences, or requires amendments, 
 we examine the references, and 
 make the amendments, if we deem 
 them proper, so as to secure the allowance of our client's 
 patent as soon as possible. When the examiner refuses to 
 allow a patent, and rejects the case, we report the fact to 
 our client, and inform him as to the probabilities of obtain- 
 ing a reversal of the examiner's decision by an appeal to 
 the Examiners-in Chief. 
 
 First Appeal. The government fee payable by the appli- 
 cant on making an appeal to the Exarniners-in-Chief, is $10. 
 Our charges for preparing and conducting this appeal are 
 very moderate, and in part contingent upon success. 
 
 Second Appeal. From the decision of the Examiners-in- 
 Chief an appeal may be taken to the Commissioner of 
 Patents. Government fee, $20. 
 
 Third Appeal. From the decision of the Commissioner 
 of Patents an appeal may be taken to the Supreme Court 
 of the District of Columbia. The applicant pays all the 
 costs. 
 
 REJECTED CASES. 
 
 We shall be happy to take up REJECTED CASES, or to re- 
 model defective papers for parties who have made applica- 
 tion for themselves or through other agents. Terms mo- 
 derate. Address Munn & Co., stating the particulars. 
 
 LAPSED CASES. 
 
 WHERE a patent has been allowed but forfeited by neglect 
 to pay the second government fee, the case may be renewed 
 within two years, by filing a new application. See page 60.
 
 ABOUT MODELS AXD REMITTANCES. 11 
 
 MODELS, REMITTANCES, ETC. 
 
 ERSOXS who apply for pa- 
 tents are by law required to 
 furnish a model, in all cases 
 where the invention can be 
 illustrated or partly illus- 
 trated by a model. The 
 model must not exceed 
 twelve inches in any of its 
 dimensions ; it should be 
 neatly made, of hard wood 
 or metal, or other substan- 
 tial material ; the name of 
 the inventor should be engraved or painted upon it con- 
 spicuously. Where the invention consists of an improve- 
 ment on some known machine, the model only needs to 
 show the working of the improved parts. A representation 
 of the whole machine in the model will not be necessary. 
 
 When the invention consists of a new article of manufac- 
 ture or a new composition, samples of the article must be 
 furnished. 
 
 Xew medicines or medical compounds, and useful mix- 
 tures of all kinds, are patentable. Samples must be fur- 
 nished, and a very minute statement must be made of the 
 exact proportions and ingredients used. 
 
 As soon as the model or specimen is ready, it should be 
 carefully boxed and shipped, by express or otherwise, to 
 our address, namely, ML.NX i; Co., Xo. 37 Park Row, New- 
 York City. Prepay the expense, and send the express 
 receipt to us by mail. 
 
 If the model does not exceed 12 ounces in weight, it can 
 be sent to us by mail. 
 
 Simultaneously with the model or specimens, the invent- 
 or should also send us the first instalment of the Govern- 
 ment fee and stamps, $16. The money may be forwarded 
 either by express, with the model, or by mail. The safest 
 way to remit is by draft on New- York, payable to our order, 
 or by Post-Office order. Always send a letter with the 
 model, and also with the remittance, stating the name and
 
 1 2 NEW INVENTIONS. 
 
 address of the sender. We sometimes receive envelopes 
 containing money, but without any name or explanation ; 
 models are also frequently sent us from equally unknown 
 sources. 
 
 A full written description should also be sent with the 
 model, embodying all the ideas of the inventor respecting the 
 operation and merits of the improvement. This statement is 
 often of assistance to us in preparing the specification. 
 
 On the reception of the model and Government fee, the 
 case is duly registered upon our books, and the application 
 proceeded with as fast as possible. When the documents 
 are ready, we send them to the inventor by mail, for his ex- 
 amination, signature and affidavit, with a letter of instruc- 
 tion, etc. Our fee for preparing the case is then due, and 
 will be called for. Immediately on its return, the case will 
 be presented to the Patent Office, and as soon as the patent 
 is allowed, the applicant will be notified to remit the last 
 instalment of the Government fee, namely, $20, and the 
 patent will then be issued. 
 
 Inventors who do business with us will be notified of the 
 state of their application in the Patent Office, when it is 
 possible for us to do so. We do not require the personal 
 attendance of the inventor, unless the invention is one of 
 great complication j the business can be done as well by 
 correspondence. 
 
 The average time required to procure a patent is six 
 weeks. We frequently get them through in less time ; but 
 in other cases, owing to delay on the part of the officials, 
 the period is sometimes extended to two or three months, 
 and even more. We make a special point to forward our 
 cases as rapidly as possible. 
 
 Be neither lavish nor niggardly; of the two, avoid the 
 latter. A mean man is universally despised, but public 
 favor is a stepping-stone to preferment ; therefore, generous 
 feelings should be cultivated. 
 
 Never, under any circumstances, assume a responsibility 
 you can avoid consistently with your duty to yourself and 
 others.
 
 DESIGN PATENTS. 
 
 13 
 
 DESIGN PATENTS. 
 
 THE laws for the grant of patents for 
 new designs are of the most liberal and 
 comprehensive character, and their bene- 
 fits may be enjoyed by all persons, with- 
 out distinction as to nationality. 
 
 Foreign designers and manufacturers 
 who send goods to this country may se- 
 cure patents here upon their new patterns, 
 and thus prevent other makers from sell- 
 ing similar goods in this market. 
 
 A patent for a design may be granted 
 g. to any person, whether citizen or alien, 
 who, by his own industry, genius, efforts, 
 and expense, has invented or produced 
 any new and original design for a manu- 
 facture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and 
 original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or 
 other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, 
 pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or 
 otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- 
 ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configuration 
 of any article of manufacture, the same not having been 
 known or used by others before his invention or production 
 thereof, or patented or described in any printed publication, 
 upon payment of the duty required by law, and other due 
 proceedings had the same as in cases of inventions or dis- 
 coveries. 
 
 Patents for designs are granted for the term of three 
 and one half years, or for the term of seven years, or for 
 the term of fourteen years, as the said applicant may elect 
 in his application. 
 
 The petition, oath, specification, assignments, and other 
 proceedings in the case of applications for letters-patent for 
 a design are the same as for other patents. 
 
 The applicant must furnish either a model or draw- 
 ings of the design, or photographs or engraving 
 thereof. 
 Those who desire to obtain patents for Designs are re-
 
 14 DESIGN PATENTS. 
 
 quested to communicate with Munn <fe Co., No. 3*7 Park 
 Row, New-York. City residents by calling at our office can 
 have all the business promptly attended to. 
 
 The expenses for design patents are as follows : 
 
 Patent for three and a half years, whole expense, $20. 
 
 Patent for seven years, whole expense, $25. 
 
 Patent for fourteen years, whole expense, $40. 
 
 The above includes government fees and agents' charges.* 
 
 The personal presence of the applicant is not neces-sary 
 in order to obtain a design patent, as the business can be 
 done by correspondence. 
 
 Those who reside at a distance should send us their 
 names in full, middle name included, together with 
 twelve photographs of the design not mounted. 
 Also remit the fees as above, by draft, check, or postal or- 
 der. We will then prepare the petition, oath, and specifica- 
 tion, and forward the same to the applicant for signature- 
 On their return by him, the papers are filed at the Patent- 
 Office, when an official examination is made, and if no con- 
 flicting design is found to exist, a patent is issued. 
 
 For further information address Munn & Co. as above. 
 
 HARNESS BLACKING. 
 
 MELT 1 pound bees-wax, stir in 4 ounces ivory-black, 2 
 ounces spirits turpentine, 2 ounces Prussian blue ground in 
 oil, and ounce copal varnish. Make into balls. With a 
 brush apply it to harness, and polish with silk gently. 
 
 RIGHTS OP WOMEN AND MINORS. 
 
 UNDER the laws of the United States, women and minors 
 may obtain patents and copy-rights ; they may also file ca- 
 veats and register trade-marks. The laws make no distinc- 
 tions as to sex or age. 
 
 A CUBIC foot of air weighs 535 grains. Water is 815 
 times heavier than air. A cubic foot of water weighs 6! 
 Ibs., a gallon 8 -j a a - Ibs. 
 
 *[The government fee is $10 for three and a half years, $15 for 
 seven years, and $30 for fourteen years. Our (Munn <fc Co.) 
 charges are $10. When it is inconvenient for applicants to fur- 
 nish their own drawings or photographs, we can supply them at a 
 reasonable cost.]
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 15 
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 ANY person or firm domiciled in the United States, and 
 any corporation created by the authority of the United 
 States, or of any State or territory thereof, and any per- 
 son, firm, or corporation resident of or located in any for- 
 eign country which, by treaty or convention, affords simi- 
 lar privileges to citizens of the United States, and who are 
 entitled to the exclusive use of any lawful trade-mark, or 
 who intend to adopt or use any trade-mark for exclusive 
 use within the United States, may obtain protection for 
 such lawful trade-mark by complying with the official re- 
 quirements. 
 
 Those who desire to secure protection for trade-marks, 
 labels, etc., are requested to communicate with Munn & 
 Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York. 
 
 City residents, by calling at our office, can have all the 
 business quickly attended to. Those who live at a dis- 
 tance will please observe the following directions : 
 
 1. Send us the names of the parties, their residence, and 
 place of business. 
 
 2. State the class of merchandise and the particular de- 
 scription of goods in connection with which the trade- 
 mark is to be used. 
 
 3. Describe the particular mode in which the trade- 
 mark has been and is intended to be applied and used. 
 For example, for a trade-mark for sheetings, the statement 
 would be, " The trade-mark is to be printed in blue ink, 
 upon the outside of each piece of sheeting " Or, ' The 
 trade-mark is to be printed in black, or red, white, and 
 blue, upon the exterior of a paper wrapper, which is to 
 cover or extend around each package of the goods." 
 
 4. State whether the trade-mark is already in use,. and if 
 so, how long it has been used. 
 
 5. Send us twelve copies of the trade-mark. 
 
 Also remit at the same time $35 in full for the expenses, 
 of which $25 are for government fees, and $10 Munn & 
 Co.'s charge. 
 
 We will then prepare the necessary petition, declaration, 
 and oath for signature by the applicant, and shortly there- 
 after forward to him the official certificate of protection.
 
 16 TRADE-MAKKS. 
 
 In applying for protection for a trade-mark, a declaration 
 must be made under oath by the applicant or some member 
 of the firm or officer of the corporation, to the effect that 
 the party claiming protection for the trade-mark has a 
 right to the use of the same, and that no other person, 
 firm, or corporation has a right to such use, either in the 
 identical form or having such near resemblance thereto 
 as might be calculated to deceive, and that the description 
 and fac-similes presented for record are true copies of the 
 trade-mark sought to be protected. 
 
 Trade-marks remain in force for thirty years, and may 
 be renewed for thirty years more, except in cases where 
 such trade-mark is claimed for, and applied to, articles not 
 manufactured in this country, and in which it receives pro- 
 tection under the laws of any foreign country for a shorter j 
 period, in which case it shall cease to have force in this 
 country at the same time that it becomes of no effect else- 
 where. 
 
 No proposed trade-mark will be received or recorded 
 which is not and can not become a lawful trade-mark, or 
 which is merely the name of a person, firm, or corporation 
 only, unaccompanied by a mark sufficient to distinguish it 
 from the same name when used by other persons, or which 
 is identical with a trade-mark appropriate to the same class 
 of merchandise and belonging to a different owner, and al- 
 ready registered or received for registration, or which so 
 nearly resembles such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be 
 likely to deceive the public; but any lawful trade-mark al- 
 ready lawfully in use may be recorded 
 
 The right to the use of any trade-mark is assignable by 
 any instrument of writing, and such assignment must be 
 recorded in the Patent-Office within sixty days after its ex- 
 ecution. 
 
 Trade-marks are registered at the Patent-Office in the ex- 
 act order of their reception, the exact time of receipt being 
 noted and recorded. 
 
 Certified copies of any trade-mark may always be ob- 
 tained. 
 
 For further information concerning trade-marks address 
 Munn & Co.
 
 OUK FOKEIGN AGENCIES. 
 
 17 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 OR over twenty years Messrs. 
 MUNN & Co. have been per- 
 sonally familiar with the prog- 
 ress of invention and discov- 
 ery. As an evidence of the 
 confidence reposed in them, 
 they may with propriety refer 
 to the extraordinary fact that 
 nearlv TWENTY THOUSAND 
 PATENTS have been obtain- 
 ed by them ; and through their 
 efficient Branch Office in Wash- 
 ington they have examined in- 
 to the novelty of many thou- 
 sand inventions, thus affording to them a knowledge of the 
 contents of the Patent Office unrivalled by any existing 
 agency. 
 
 Not only this, but a large majority of all the patents 
 secured by American citizens in European countries are 
 taken through MUNN & CO.'S AGENCIES IN LONDON, 
 PARIS, BRUSSELS, BERLIN, AND VIENNA. 
 
 In addition to the advantages which the long experience 
 and great success of our firm in obtaining patents present 
 to inventors, they are informed that all inventions patented 
 through our establishment are noticed, at the proper time, in 
 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. This paper is read by more 
 than one hundred thousand persons every week, and has 
 the most extensive and influential circulation of all the 
 journals of its kind in the world. 
 
 No individual in the country can possibly have so good 
 an opportunity of knowing and judging as to the extent of 
 business and the qualification of patent attorneys as the 
 Conwimioner of Patents. Judge MASON, upon retiring 
 from the office of the Commissioner of Patents, sent us the 
 following very flattering written testimonial :
 
 18 LETTERS FROM THE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 COMMISSIONER MASON S LETTER. 
 
 MESSRS. MUNN & Co. : 
 
 I take pleasure in stating that, while I held the office of 
 Commissioner of Patents, MORE THAN ONE FOURTH OF ALL THE 
 
 BUSINESS OF THE OFFICE CAME THROUGH YOUR HANDS. I have 
 
 no doubt that the public confidence thus indicated has been 
 FULLY DESERTED, as I have always observed, in all your in- 
 tercourse with the office, A MARKED DEGREE of prompt- 
 ness, skill, and fidelity to the interests of your employers. 
 Yours, very truly, CHAS. MASON. 
 
 Judge Mason was succeeded by that eminent patriot and 
 statesman, Hon. JOSEPH HOLT, whose administration of the 
 Patent-Office was so distinguished that he was appointed 
 Postmaster-General of the U. S. Hon. Mr. HOLT was subse- 
 quently appointed Judge-Advocate-General, He addressed 
 us the following very gratifying communication : 
 
 COMMISSIONER HOLT'S LETTER. 
 
 MESSRS. MUNN & Co. : 
 
 It affords me much pleasure to bear testimony to the 
 able and efficient manner in which you discharged your du- 
 ties as Solicitors of Patents while I had the honor of hold- 
 ing the office of Commissioner. Your business was VERY 
 LARGE, and you sustained (and I doubt not justly deserved) 
 the reputation of energy, MARKED ABILITY, and uncom- 
 promising fidelity in performing your professional engage- 
 ments. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, J. HOLT. 
 
 Hon. WM. D. BISHOP, late Member of Congress from 
 Connecticut, succeeded Mr. HOLT as Commissioner of Pat- 
 ents. Upon resigning the office, he wrote to us as follows : 
 
 COMMISSIONER BISHOP'S LETTER. 
 
 MESSRS. MUNN & Co. : 
 
 It gives me much pleasure to say that, during the time 
 of my holding the office of Commissioner of Patents, a very
 
 TO CONCERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 19 ! 
 
 large proportion of the business of inventors before the 
 Patent-Office was transacted through your agency; and that 
 I have ever found you faithful and devoted to the interests 
 of your clients as well as EMINENTLY QUALIFIED to 
 perform the duties of Patent Attorneys with skill and ac- 
 curacy. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 WM. D. BISHOP. 
 
 One great reason for our unrivaled success is, that our 
 affairs are so systematized and arranged under our personal 
 direction, that every patent case submitted to our care re- 
 ceives the most careful study during its preparation, the 
 most prompt dispatch, and the most thorough attention at 
 every stage of its subsequent progress. 
 
 HOW TO CONVERT PAPER INTO GOLD. 
 
 SEND a subscription in paper money to Munn & Co., and 
 enjoy a year's reading of THK SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Ten to 
 one that the information thus obtained will result in bring- 
 ing into your coffers, before the year is out, a hundred 
 times more money in gold, than the original investment 
 
 HE speed of an electric spark traveling 
 over a copper wire, has been ascertained 
 by Wheatstone to be two hundred and 
 eighty-eight thousand miles in a second. 
 
 PARTIES sending models to THE SCIEN- 
 TIFIC AMERICAN office, on which they de- 
 cide not to apply for Letters-Patent, and 
 which they wish preserved, will please to 
 order them returned as early as possible. 
 We can not undertake to store such mod- 
 els, and if not called for within a reasonable time, we are 
 obliged to destroy them, to make room for new arrivals.
 
 20 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 GENERAL 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 COMPILED CHIEFLY FROM T1IK 
 
 OFFICIAL RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR PROCEEDINGS IN THK 
 PATENT-OFFICE, INCLUDING FORMS FOR ASSIGNMENTS, ETC- 
 
 Who may obtain a Patent. 
 
 ANY person, whether citizen or alien, being the original 
 and first inventor or discoverer of any new and useful art, 
 machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new 
 and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent for his 
 invention or discovery. 
 
 Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent ; neither can 
 claim one separately ; but independent inventors of separate 
 improvements in the same machine can not obtain a joint 
 patent for their separate inventions ; nor does the fact that 
 one man furnishes the capital and the other makes the in- 
 vention entitle them to take out a joint patent. 
 
 In case of an assignment of the whole, or of any undivid- 
 ed interest in the invention, the patent may issue to the 
 assignee of the whole interest, or jointly to the inventor and 
 the assignee of the undivided interest, the assignment being 
 first entered of record, and the application being duly made 
 and the specification duly sworn to by the inventor. 
 
 The application must be made by the actual inventor, if 
 alive, even if the patent is to issue or reissue to an assignee ; 
 but where the inventor is dead, the application and oath may 
 be made by the executor or administrator.
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 21 
 
 Form of Petition for a Patent with power of Attorney. 
 
 To THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS: 
 
 Your petitioner prays that letters-patent may be granted 
 to him for the invention set forth in the annexed specifica- 
 tion ; and he hereby appoints Munn & Co., of the cities of 
 Xew-York and Washington, D. C., his attorneys, with full 
 power of substitution and revocation, to prosecute this ap- 
 plication, to make alterations and amendments therein, to 
 receive the patent, and to transact all business in the Patent- 
 Office connected herewith. PETER PENDENT. 
 
 [Fifty-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 Two or more distinct and separate inventions may not be 
 claimed in one application ; but where several inventions are 
 necessarily connected each with the other, they may be so 
 claimed. 
 
 The specification must be signed by the inventor, or if 
 deceased, by his executor or administrator, and must be at- 
 tested by two witnesses. Full names must be given, and all 
 names, whether of applicant or witnesses, must be legibly 
 written. 
 
 TJie Oath of Invention. 
 
 The oath of invention should follow the specification. 
 The following is the official form : 
 
 STATE OF NEW- YORK, COUNTY OF ALBANY, ss. : 
 
 Peter Pendent, the above-named petitioner, being duly 
 sworn, (or affirmed,) deposes and says that he verily be- 
 lieves himself to be the original and first inventor of the im- 
 provement in seed-drills described in the foregoing specifi- 
 cation ; that he does not know and does not believe that the 
 same was ever before known or used ; and that he is a 
 citizen of the United States. PETER PENDENT. 
 
 Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of 
 March, 1869. SIMON SHALLOW, 
 
 Justice of the Peace. 
 
 If the applicant be an alien, the sentence, " and that he is
 
 22 INFORMATION" CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 a citizen of the United States," will be omitted, and in lieu 
 thereof will be substituted, "and that he is a citizen of the 
 republic of Mexico," or, " and that he is a subject of the 
 King of Italy," or, " of the Queen of Great Britain," or as 
 the case may be. 
 
 If the applicants claim to be joint inventors, the oath will 
 read, " that they verily believe themselves to be the original, 
 first, and joint inventors," etc. 
 
 The oath or affirmation may be made before any person 
 within the United States, authorized by law to administer 
 oaths, or, when the applicant resides in a foreign country, 
 before any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial 
 agent, holding commission under the government of the 
 United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
 country in which the applicant may be, the oath being at- 
 tested in all cases, in this and other countries, by the proper 
 official seal of such notary. 
 
 The Drawings. 
 
 The applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a 
 drawing of his invention, where the nature of the ease ad- 
 mits of it. 
 
 Such drawing must be on thick, smooth drawing-paper, 
 sufficiently stiff to support itself in the portfolios of the 
 office. It must be neatly and artistically executed, with 
 such detached sectional views as to clearly show what the 
 invention is in construction and operation. Each part must 
 be distinguished by the same number or letter whenever it 
 appears in the several drawings. The name of the invention 
 should be written at the top, the shortest side being consi- 
 dered as such. This drawing must be signed by the appli- 
 cant or his attorney, and attested by two witnesses, and 
 must be sent with the specification. 
 
 The sheet must not be larger than ten inches by fifteen, 
 that being the size of the patent. If more illustrations are 
 needed, several sheets must be used. 
 
 The Model. 
 An applicant upon filing his specification and drawings
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 23 
 
 may submit to the Commissioner the question whether he 
 shall deposit a model or specimen of his invention ; other 
 wise, a model will be required in every case, except for 
 designs, where the nature of the invention admits of such 
 illustration. Such model must clearly exhibit every feature 
 of the machine which forms the subject of a claim of inven- 
 tion. 
 
 The model must be neatly and substantially made, of 
 durable material. It should be made as small as possible, 
 but not in any case more than one foot in length, width, or 
 height. If made of pine or other soft wood, it should be 
 painted, stained, or varnished. Glue must not be used, but 
 the parts should be so connected as to resist the action of 
 heat or moisture. 
 
 A working model is always desirable, in order to enable 
 the office fully and readily to understand the precise opera- 
 tion of the machine. The name of the inventor, and of the 
 assignee, (if assigned,) and also the title of the invention, 
 must be affixed upon it in a permanent manner. 
 
 Compositions of Matter. 
 
 When the invention is a composition of matter, a speci- 
 men of each of the ingredients and of the composition must 
 accompany the application, and the name of the inventor 
 and of the assignee (if there be one) must be permanently 
 affixed thereto. 
 
 Tlie Official Examination. 
 
 No application can be examined, nor can the case be 
 placed upon the files for examination, until the fee is paid, 
 the specification, with the petition and oath, filed, and the 
 diawings and model or specimen (when required) filed or 
 deposited. 
 
 All cases in the Patent-Office are classified and taken up 
 for examination in regular order ; those in the same class 
 being examined and disposed of, as far as practicable, in the 
 order in which the respective applications are completed. 
 When, however, the invention is deemed of peculiar impor- 
 tance to some branch of the public service, and when, for 
 that reason, the head of some department of the govern-
 
 24 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 ment specially requests immediate action, the case will be 
 taken up out of its order. These, with applications for reis- 
 sues, aud for letters-patent for inventions for which a for- 
 eign patent has already been obtained, which cases have 
 precedence over original applications, are the only exceptions 
 to the rule above stated in relation to the order of examina- 
 tion. 
 
 The personal attendance of the applicant at the Patent- 
 Office is unnecessary. The business can be done by corre- 
 spondence or by attorney. 
 
 The Patent-Office will not return specifications for amend- 
 ment ; and in no case will any person be allowed to take 
 any papers, drawings, models, or samples from the office. 
 If applicants have not preserved copies of such papers as 
 they wish to amend, the office will furnish them on the usual 
 terms. 
 
 The final fee on issuing a patent must be paid within six 
 months after the time at which the patent was allowed, and 
 notice thereof sent to the applicant or his agent. And if 
 the final fee for such patent be not paid within that time, 
 the patent will be forfeited, and the invention therein de- 
 scribed become public property, as against the applicant 
 therefor, unless he shall make a new application therefor 
 within two years from the date of the original allowance. 
 
 Date of Patent. 
 
 Every patent will bear date as of a day not later than six 
 months from the time at which it was passed and allowed, 
 and notice thereof was sent to the applicant or his agent, 
 and if the final fee shall not be paid within that period, the 
 patent will be withheld. No patent will be antedated. 
 
 Appeals. 
 
 Every applicant for a patent or the reissue of a patent, 
 any of the claims of which have been twice rejected, and 
 every party to an interference, may appeal from the decision 
 of the primary examiner, or of the examiner in charge of 
 interferences, in such case, to the board of examiners-in- 
 chief, having once paid a fee of ten dollars. For this pur-
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 25 
 
 pose a petition in writing must be filed, signed by the party 
 or his authorized agent or attorney, praying an appeal and 
 setting forth briefly and distinctly the reasons upon which 
 the appeal is taken. 
 
 All cases which have been acted on by the board of 
 exuminers-in-chief may be brought before the Commissioner 
 in person, upon a written request to that effect, and upon 
 the payment of the fee of twenty dollars required by law. 
 A case deliberately decided by one Commissioner will not 
 be disturbed by his successor. The only remaining remedy 
 will be by appeal, in those cases allowed by law, to the Su- 
 preme Court of the District of Columbia, sitting in bane. 
 
 The mode of appeal from the decision of the office to the 
 Supreme Court of the District of Columbia is by giving 
 written notice thereof to the Commissioner ; said notice be- 
 ing accompanied by the petition addressed to the Supreme 
 Court of the District of Columbia, by the reasons of appeal 
 and by a certified copy of all the original papers and evi- 
 dence in the case. The reasons of appeal must be filed 
 within thirty days after notice of the decision appealed 
 from. 
 
 [NOTE. Messrs. Muss & Co. have had twenty-five years' 
 experience in conducting appeals in patent cases.] 
 
 Interferences. 
 
 An " interference " is an in- 
 terlocutory proceeding for the 
 purpose of determining which 
 of two or more persons, each 
 or either of whom claims to be 
 the first inventor of a given 
 device or combination, really 
 made the invention first. 
 
 The fact that one of the par 
 ties has already obtained a pa- 
 tent will not prevent an inter- 
 ference ; for, although the Commissioner has no power to 
 cancel a patent already issued, he may, if he finds that an- 
 other person was the prior inventor, give him also a patent,
 
 20 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 and thus place them on an equal footing before the courts 
 and the public. 
 
 Upon the declaration of an interference, each party will be 
 required, before any time is set for the taking of testimony, 
 to file a statement under oath giving the date and a detailed 
 history of the invention ; showing the successive experi- 
 ments, steps of development, extent and character of use, 
 and forms of embodiment. Such statement shall not be 
 open to inspection by the other party, until both are filed, 
 or until the time for filing both has expired. In default of 
 such filing by either party, or if the statement of either fails 
 to overcome the prima-facie case made by the respective 
 dates of application, or if it shows that the invention has 
 been abandoned or that it has been iu public use for more 
 than two years prior to the application of affiant, the other 
 party shall be entitled to an adjudication by default upon 
 the case as it stands upon the record. 
 
 In cises of interference, parties have the same remedies 
 by appeal aa other applicants, to the examiners-in-chief and 
 to the Commissioner, but no appeal lies, in such cases, from 
 the decision of the Commissioner. Appeals in interference 
 cases should be accompanied with a brief statement of the 
 reasons thereof. 
 
 In cases of interference, the party who first filed so much 
 
 of his application for a patent as illustrates his invention 
 
 will be deemed the first inventor in the absence of all proof 
 
 to the contrary. A time will be assigned in which the other 
 
 party shall complete his direct testimony ; and a further 
 
 time in which the adverse party shall complete the testimony 
 
 on his side ; and a still farther time in which both parties 
 
 may take rebutting testimony, but shall take no other. If 
 
 there are more than two parties, the times for taking testi- 
 
 ! mony shall be so arranged, if practicable, that each shall 
 
 ! have a like opportunity in his turn, each being held to go 
 
 i forward and prove his case against those who filed their ap 
 
 j plications before him. 
 
 If either party wishes the time for taking his testimony, or 
 for the hearing, postponed, he must make application for 
 such postponement, and must show sufficient reason for it 
 by affidavit filed before the time previously appointed has
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 elapsed, if practicable ; and must also furnish his opponent 
 with copies of his affidavits, and with reasonable notice of 
 the time of hearing his application. 
 
 [NOTE. The management of interferences is one of the 
 most important duties in connection with Patent-Office busi- 
 ness. Our terms for attention to interferences are mode- 
 rate, and dependent upon the time required. Address all 
 letters to MUNN & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New-York.] 
 
 Jie issues. 
 
 A reissue is granted to the 
 original patentee, his legal re- 
 presentatives, or the assignees 
 of the entire interest, when by 
 reason of a defective or insuf- 
 ficient specification the origi- 
 nal patent is inoperative or 
 
 invalid, provided the error nas arisen from inadvertence, nc- 
 cident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or deceptive 
 intention ; but although the patent has been assigned, the 
 application must be made, and the specification sworn to, by 
 the inventor. 
 
 The petition for a reissue must show that all parties own- 
 ing any undivided interest in the patent, concur in the sur- 
 render. A statement, under oath, of the title of the party 
 proposing to surrender must be filed with the application. 
 
 The general rule is, that whatever is really embraced in 
 the original invention, and so described or shown that it 
 might have been embraced in the original patent, may be the 
 subject of a reissue ; but no new matter shall be introduced 
 into the specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall 
 the model or drawings be amended, except each by the 
 other ; but, when there is neither model nor drawing, amend- 
 ments may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commis- 
 sioner, that such new matter or amendment vas a part of 
 the original invention, and was omitted from the specifica- 
 tion by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 
 
 Reissued patents expire at the end of the term for which 
 the original patent was gran ted. For this reason applications 
 for reissue will be acted upon as soon as filed.
 
 28 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 A patentee, in reissuing, may at his option have a separate 
 patent for each distinct and separate part of the invention 
 comprehended in his original patent, by paying the required 
 fee in each case, and complying with the other requirements 
 of the law, as in original applications. Each division of a 
 reissue constitutes the subject of a separate specification de- 
 scriptive of the part or parts of the invention claimed in such 
 division ; and the drawing may represent only such part or 
 parts. All the divisions of a reissue will issue simultaneously. 
 If there be controversy as to one, the other will be withheld 
 from issue until the controversy is ended. 
 
 In all cases of applications for reissues, the original claim, 
 if reproduced in the amended specification, is subject to re- 
 examination, and may be revised and restricted in the same 
 manner as in original applications ; but if any reissue be re- 
 fused, the original patent will, upon request, be returned to 
 the applicant. 
 
 [NOTE. The documents required for a reissue are a state- 
 ment, petition, oath, specification, drawings. The official 
 fee is $30. Our charge, in simple cases, is $30 for prepar- 
 ing and attending to the case. Total ordinary expense, $60. 
 
 By means of reissue, a patent may sometimes be divided 
 into several separate patents. Many of the most valuable 
 patents have been several times reissued and subdivided. 
 Where a patent is infringed and the claims are doubtful or 
 defective, it is common to apply for a reissue with new 
 claims which shall specially meet the infringers. 
 
 On making application for reissue, the old or original pa- 
 tent must be surrendered to the Patent-Office, in order that 
 a new patent may be issued in its place. If the original pa- 
 tent has been lost, a certified copy of the patent must be 
 furnished, with affidavit as to the loss. To enable us to pre- 
 pare a reissue, the applicant should send to us the original 
 patent, remit as stated, and give a clear statement of the 
 points which he wishes to have corrected. We can then 
 immediately proceed with the case. Address MUNN & Co., 
 37 Park Row, New- York. We have had twenty-five years' 
 experience in obtaining reissues.]
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 29 
 
 Disclaimer*. 
 
 Whenever, by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, the 
 claim of invention in any patent is too broad, embracing 
 more than that of which the patentee was the original or first 
 inventor, some material or substantial part of the thing pa- 
 tented being truly and justly his own, the patentee, his heirs 
 or assigns, whether of the whole or of a sectional interest, 
 may make disclaimer of such parts of the thing patented as 
 the disclaimant shall not choose to claim or to hold by virtue 
 of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent of his 
 interest in such patent ; which disclaimer shall be in writ- 
 ing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in the 
 Patent-Office. The official fee on filing a disclaimer is ten 
 dollars. 
 
 Extensions. 
 
 Power is vested in the Commissioner to extend any patent 
 granted prior to March 2d, 1861, for seven years from the 
 expiration of the original term ; but no patent granted since 
 March 2d, 1861, can be extended. 
 
 The applicant for an extension must file his petition and 
 pay in the requisite fee not more than six months nor less 
 than ninety days prior to the expiration of his patent. 
 There is no power in the Commissioner to renew a patent 
 after it has once expired. 
 
 The applicant for an extension must furnish to the office 
 a statement in writing, under oath, of the ascertained value 
 of the invention, and of his receipts and expenditures on ac- 
 count thereof, both in this and foreign countries. This 
 statement must be made particular and in detail, unless suf- 
 ficient reason is set forth why such a statement can not be 
 furnished. It must be filed within thirty days after filing 
 the petition. 
 
 [NOTE. Only patents issued prior to March 4th, 1861, can 
 be extended. 
 
 Many valuable patents are annually expiring which might 
 readily bu extended, and, if extended, might prove the source 
 of wealth to their fortunate possessors. 
 
 All the documents connected with extensions require to be
 
 HO INTOKMATIOX CONCERNING PATENTS. 
 
 carefully drawn up and attended to, as any failure, discre- 
 pancy, or untruth in the proceedings or papers is liable to de- 
 feat the application. 
 
 In case of the decease of the inventor, his administrator 
 may apply for and receive the extension ; but no extension 
 can be applied for or granted to an assignee of an inventor. 
 Parties desiring extensions will address MONN & Co., 37 Park 
 Row, New-York.] 
 
 A patent may be assigned, either as to the whole interest 
 or any undivided part thereof, by any instrument of writing. 
 No particular form of words is necessary to constitute a 
 valid assignment, nor need the instrument be sealed, wit- 
 nessed, or acknowledged. 
 
 A patent will, upon request, issue directly to the assignee 
 or assignees of the entire interest in any invention, or to 
 the inventor and the assignee jointly, when an undivided 
 part only of the entire interest has been conveyed. 
 
 In every case where a patent issues or reissues to an as- 
 signee the assignment must be recorded in the Patent-Office 
 at least five days before the Issue of the patent, and the 
 specification must be sworn to by the inventor. 
 
 Every assignment or grant of an exclusive territorial 
 right must be recorded in the Patent-Office within three 
 months from the execution thereof ; otherwise it will be 
 void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for 
 a valuable consideration without notice ; but, if recorded 
 after that time, it will protect the assignee or grantee 
 against any such subsequent purchaser, whose assignment 
 or grant is not then on record. 
 
 The patentee may convey separate rights under his 
 patent to make or to use or to sell his invention, or he may 
 convey territorial or shop rights which are not exclusive. 
 Such conveyances are mere licenses, and need not be re- 
 corded. 
 
 The receipt of assignments is not generally acknowledged 
 by the office. They will be recorded in their turn within 
 a few days after their reception, and then transmitted to 
 the persons entitled to them. A five-cent revenue stamp
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATENTS. 31 
 
 is required for each sheet or piece of paper on which an 
 assignment, grant, or license may be written. 
 
 Forms of Assignments of the entire interest in an invention 
 before the issue of letters-patent. 
 
 In consideration of one dollar to me paid by Ephraim G. 
 Hall, of Cleveland, Ohio, I do hereby sell and assign to said 
 Ephraim G. Hall all my right, title, and interest in and to a 
 certain invention in plows, as fully set forth and described 
 in the specification which I have prepared [if the applica- 
 tion has been already made, say "and filed"] preparatory 
 to obtaining letters-patent of the United States therefor. 
 And I do hereby authorize and request the Commissioner 
 of Patents to issue the said letters-patent to the said Ephraim 
 G. Hall, as my assignee, for the sole use and behoof of the 
 said Ephraim G. Hall and his legal representatives. 
 
 Witness my hand this 16th day of February, 1868. 
 
 J. F. CROSSETTE. 
 [Five-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 Of ihe entire interest in letters-patent. 
 
 In consideration of five hundred dollars to me paid by 
 Nathan Wilcox, of Keokuk, Iowa, I do hereby sell and 
 assign to the said Nathan Wilcox all my right, title, and 
 interest in and to the letters-patent of the United States, No. 
 41,806, for an improvement in locomotive head-lights, 
 granted to me July 30th, 1864, the same to be held and 
 enjoyed by the said Nathan Wilcox to the full end of the 
 term for which said letters are granted, as fully and entirely 
 as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if 
 this assignment and sale had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand this 10th day of June, 1869. 
 
 HORACE KIMBALL. 
 [Five-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 Of an undivided interest in the letters-patent and extension 
 thereof. 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by 
 Obadiah N. Bush, of Chicago, 111., I do hereby sell and
 
 32 INFORMATION CONCEENING PATENTS. 
 
 assign to the said Obadiah N. Bush one undivided fourth 
 part of all my right, title, and interest in and to the letters- 
 patent of the United States, No. 10,485, for an, improve- 
 ment in cooking-stoves, granted to me May 16th, 1856 ; the 
 same to be held and enjoyed by the said Obadiah N. Bush 
 to the full end of the term for which said letters-patent are 
 granted, and for the term of any extension thereof, as fully 
 and entirely as the same would have been held and enjoyed 
 by me if this assignment and sale had not been made. 
 Witness my hand this 7th day of January, 1869. 
 
 JOHN C. MORRIS. 
 [Five-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 Exausiae territorial grant ly an assignee. 
 
 In consideration of one thousand dollars to me paid by 
 William H. Dinsmore, of Concord, N. H., I do hereby 
 grant and convey to the said William H. Diusmore the ex- 
 clusive right to make, use, and vend within the State of 
 Wisconsin, and the counties of Cook and Lake in the State 
 of Illinois, and in no other place or places, the improve- 
 ment in corn-planters for which letters-patent of the United 
 States, dated August 15th, 1867, were granted toLeverett R. 
 Hull, and by said Hull assigned to me December 3d, 1867, 
 by an assignment duly recorded in liber X 8 , p. 416, of the 
 records of the Patent-Office, the same to be held and en- 
 joyed by the said William H. Dinsmore as fully and entirely 
 as the same would have been held and enjoyed by me if 
 this grant had not been made. 
 
 Witness my hand this 19th day of March, 1868. 
 
 ABRAHAM MOORE. 
 [Five-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 License shop riffJit. 
 
 In consideration of fifty dollars to me paid by the firm 
 of Simpson, Jenks & Co., of Huntsville, Ala., I do hereby 
 license and empower the said Simpson, Jenks & Co. tc 
 manufacture, at a single foundry and machine shop in said 
 Huntsville, and in no other place or places, the improve- 
 ment in cotton-seed planters for which letters-patent of the 
 United States, No. 71,846, were granted to me November
 
 INFORMATION CONCERNING PATKNTS. 33 
 
 13th, 1868, and to sell the machines so manufactured through- 
 out the United States, to the full end of the term for which 
 said letters-patent are granted. 
 
 Witness my hand this 22d day of April, 1869. 
 
 JOEL NORCEOSS. 
 [Five-cent revenue stamp.] 
 
 Table of Official Fees. 
 
 On filing every application for a design, for three 
 
 years and six months $10 00 
 
 On filing every application for a design, for seven 
 
 years 15 00 
 
 On filing every application for a design, for fourteen 
 
 years 30 00 
 
 On filing every caveat 10 00 
 
 On filing every application for a patent 15 00 
 
 On issuing each original patent 20 00 
 
 On filing a disclaimer 10 00 
 
 On filing every application for a reissue 30 00 
 
 On filing every application for a division of a reissue. 30 00 
 
 On filing every application for an extension 50 00 
 
 On the grant of every extension 60 00 
 
 On filing the first appeal from a primary examiner to 
 
 examiners-in-chief. 1000 
 
 On filing an appeal to the commissioner from exami- 
 ners-in-chief 20 00 
 
 On depositing a trade-mark for registration 25 00 
 
 For every copy of a patent or other instrument, for 
 
 every 100 words 10 
 
 For every certified copy of drawing, the cost of hav- 
 ing it made 
 
 For copies of papers not certified, the cost of having 
 
 them made 
 
 For recording every assignment of 300 words or 
 
 under 1 00 
 
 For recording every assignment, if over 300 and not 
 
 over 1000 words '. 2 00 
 
 For recording every assignment, if over 1000 words. 3 00
 
 34 COPY-RIGHTS. 
 
 COPY-BIGHTS. 
 
 ANT citizen or resident of the United States may obtain 
 a copy-right who is the author, inventor, designer, or pro- 
 prietor of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical com- 
 position, engraving, cut, print, or photograph or negative 
 thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
 and of models and designs, intended to be perfected as 
 works of the fine arts. 
 
 A copy-right can not be obtained unless the title or de- 
 scription is recorded in the library of Congress, before the 
 publication of tfie work. 
 
 Those who desire to obtain copy-rights are requested to 
 communicate with Munn & Co., No. 37 Park Row, New- 
 York, and send us the title of the book, print, photograph, 
 or article. We will then cause the title to be printed, 
 and recorded at Washington, as by law required. The 
 Official Certificate of copy-right will then be immediately 
 sent to our client. Our charge to attend to the business of 
 obtaining a copy-right is $5, which please remit with the 
 title. 
 
 If a copy-right is de.-ired for a painting, drawing, chrorao, 
 statue, statuary, or model or design for a work of art, send 
 us a brief description thereof and $5. 
 
 Copy-rights are granted for the term of twenty-eight years, 
 and may be renewed for fourteen additional years, if the 
 renewal is filed within six months before the expiration of 
 the first term. 
 
 Copy-rights maybe assigned; the assignment must be 
 recorded by the Librarian of Congress. 
 
 Infringers of copy- rights are subject to heavy fines and 
 penalties. 
 
 Foreigners who are not residents of the United States 
 can not obtain copy-rights ; but if residents, they may ob- 
 tain copyrights. 
 
 Address Munn & Co. for further information. 
 
 COMMON hydraulic cement mixed with oil forms a good 
 paint for roofs and out-buildings. It is water-proof and in- 
 combustible.
 
 MODELS TRACING PAPER. 
 
 35 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 IT is always better for in- 
 ventors to have their models 
 constructed under their own 
 supervision, even at an in- 
 creased cost in money or time. 
 During the making of the mod- 
 el, the inventor often perceives 
 points where important changes 
 can be made, or where the in- 
 vention may be rendered more 
 perfect than was at first con- 
 templated. But in some instances, owing to residence in 
 distant parts or other causes, it is impossible for the invent- 
 or to furnish a model. In such cases, we (McxN & Co.) can 
 have proper models built by experienced and trusty makers, 
 at moderate charges. 
 
 TRACINQ PAPER. 
 
 OPEN* a quire of double crown tissue-paper, and brush the 
 5rst sheet with a mixture of mastic varnish and oil of tur- 
 pentine, equal parts ; proceed with each sheet similarly, and 
 dry them on lines by hanging them up singly. As the pro- 
 cess goes on, the under sheets absorb a portion of the var- 
 nish, and require less than if single sheets were brushed 
 separately. The inventor of this varnish for tracing-paper 
 received a medal and premium from the Royal Society. It 
 eaves the paper quite light and transparent, it may readily 
 >e written on, and drawings traced with a pen are perma- 
 nently visible. Used by learners to draw out lines. The 
 )apcr is placed on the drawing, which is clearly seen, and 
 in outline is made, taking care to hold the tracing-paper 
 teady. In this way, elaborate drawings are easily copied. 
 
 ALCOHOL has more than double the expansive force of 
 water of the same temperature. The steam of alcohol at 
 74 is equal to that of water at '212. When proper 
 means can be invented for saving the fluid from being lost, 
 it is supposed that alcohol can be employed with advantage 
 as the moving power for engines.
 
 36 VOICE OF THE PEOPLE. 
 
 VOICE OP THE PEOPLE. 
 
 WE might fill several volumes with flat- 
 tering testimonials from all parts of the 
 world, certifying to the great value of THE 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, but the limits of this 
 little book only permit us to make a few 
 selections. Bead the following : 
 
 MESSRS. EDITORS : Since I had the plea- 
 sure of receiving the back numbers of your 
 interesting and instructive journal, I have 
 shown specimens to several influential man- 
 ufacturers and intelligent mechanics in this 
 vicinity. One man told me that he had 
 twice obtained five dollars for a single re- 
 
 cipe that he copied out of THE SCIENTIFIC 
 
 AMERICAN, which he has taken regularly for 
 several years ; and I presume this is not an isolated case, 
 by many hundreds. It is just such journals as yours that 
 are annually condensed into encyclopedias, the compilers of 
 which roughly scoop off the cream of all the new discover- 
 ies in science and art that have been recorded in the col- 
 umns of various periodicals during the year ; but the facts 
 set forth in such annual works are often so mutilated or dis- 
 torted in the condensation, and so meagre in outline, as to 
 be practically of no value. Every mechanic and farmer in 
 the land should subscribe for THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, 
 not only for his own benefit, but also that of his children ; 
 he may have a Franklin or a Fulton, a West or a Watt, in 
 that little marble-player whom he pets in his leisure hours ; 
 and the natural bias of the child's mind toward mechanical 
 or agricultural pursuits requires to be confirmed or further 
 developed by intellectual nourishment of such a quality and 
 quantity as can. be derived only from a journal like your 
 
 Never make money at the expense of your reputation. 
 Say but little think much and do more. 
 Avoid borrowing and lending.
 
 THE CONDENSING ENGINE. 
 
 THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 EVERY mechanic and inventor should make himself gen- 
 erally familiar with the construction and operation of the 
 steam-engine. To assist them in gaining this knowledge, 
 we subjoin for reference a diagram of the common Con- 
 densing Engine, with letters of reference to the names of 
 the various parts : 
 
 a, steam cylinder ; b, piston ; c, upper steam port or pas- 
 sage ; d, lower steam port ; e e, parallel motion ; ff, beam ; 
 y, connecting rod ; A, crank ; i i, fly-wheel ; k K, eccentric 
 and its rod for working the steam-valve ; I, steam-valve and 
 casing ; m, throttle-valve ; n, condenser ; o, injection-cock ; 
 p, air-pump ; g, hot well ; r, shifting-valve to create vacuum 
 in condenser previous to starting the engine ; s, feed-pump 
 to supply boilers ; t, cold-water pump to supply condenser ; 
 , governor. A study of the above diagram and descrip- 
 tion, in connection with attentive observation of engines in 
 motion, will be of much assistance in acquiring a general 
 understanding of the machine. We recommend the follow-
 
 38 
 
 HINTS TO LETTER-WKITEKS. 
 
 ing standard works for careful study by all who desire to 
 become thoroughly posted : Bourne's Catechism of the 
 Steam-Engine, Main & Brown's Marine Steam-Engine. 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 A HINT TO LETTER-WRITING BORES. 
 
 E consider, as a general thing, that our 
 correspondents are a fair and high-minded 
 set of men, such as we are most happy to 
 accommodate by answering, so far as it is 
 in our power, all their inquiries; but there 
 are a few of whom we can very justly com- 
 j plain. They put to us all sorts of ques- 
 tions, to answer which might require a 
 half- day of our valuable time ; and if we 
 snub them off with a short answer, they are 
 likely to reply back in complaining terms. 
 It cannot be reasonably expected of us, 
 that we shall spend our time in such to 
 us profitless letter-writing. We mean to be accommo- 
 dating, but cannot consent to waste all our time in getting 
 information for correspondents who seem not to know how 
 to appreciate either our forbearance or the value of our 
 time. As an example of what we mean, we have a case 
 before us. A correspondent wants us to hunt through our 
 filea for a notice of some book which appeared in THE 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN some years ago, and to help him to 
 find the book. He also wants us to find for him an English 
 book which we do not believe can be had in this market. 
 Another correspondent wants us to send to England without 
 delay to get something which would require time and money 
 to procure for him, but in regard to which he don't even 
 inclose a three-cent stamp to pre-pay our letter. Another 
 incloses three cents, and wants a calculation made which 
 would cost us two hours' hard study. It is well enough for 
 such correspondents to know that our time is worth to us 
 more than a cent and a half per hour. Treat us fairly, and 
 you will have no cause of complaint.
 
 CANADIAN PATENTS. 39 
 
 CANADIAN PATENTS. 
 
 THE new patent law of 
 Canada abolishes all dis- 
 criminations against for- 
 eigners, and permits the 
 grant of patents to Ameri- 
 can inventors on very fa 
 vorable terms. The pro- 
 ceedings are quite similar 
 to those of the United 
 States Patent-Office. 
 
 __ In order to apply for a 
 
 patent in Canada, the applicant must furnish a working 
 model, showing the operation of the improved parts ; the 
 model not to exceed eighteen inches on the longest side. 
 Send the model, with a description of its merits, by express 
 or otherwise to Munn & Co., 37 Park Row. Also remit to 
 their order by draft, check, or postal order the money to 
 pay expenses, which are as follows : For a five years' pa- 
 tent, $75 ; for a ten years' patent, $95 ; for a fifteen years' 
 patent, $115. The five and ten years' patents are granted 
 with privilege of extension to fifteen years. 
 
 The above charges cover the government fees, drawings, 
 specifications, and all expenses. From six to twelve weeks' 
 time are ordinarily required in order to obtain the patent. 
 Inventions that have been patented in this country for not 
 more than one year may be patented in Canada. During 
 the first year of the Canadian patent, the holder thereof 
 may import the improvement from the States if he prefers ; 
 but within two years he must commence the manufacture 
 in Canada. 
 
 A circular in regard to Canadian Patents can be had free 
 of charge by addressing Munn & Co., SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 
 Office, 37 Park Row, New- York. The Dominion of Canada 
 is a splendid field for the introduction of new inventions. 
 Her population is 5,000,000, and rapidly increasing. Her 
 people partake of the spirit of enterprise which governs here. 
 The Canadians are now building a railway from the Atlan- 
 tic to the Pacific, and every thing indicates a spirit of re- 
 newed activity.
 
 40 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN PATENTS. 
 
 FOREIGN PATENTS. 
 
 AMERICAN INVENTORS 
 should bear in mind that, as 
 a general rule, any invention 
 which is valuable to the pat- 
 entee in this country, is worth 
 equally as much in England 
 and some other foreign coun- 
 tries. Four patents Amer- 
 ican, English, French, and 
 Belgian will secure an in- 
 ventor exclusive monopoly 
 to his discovery among one 
 hundred millions of the most 
 intelligent people in the 
 world. The facilities of busi- 
 ness and steam communication are such, that patents can 
 be obtained abroad by our citizens almost as easily as at 
 home. 
 
 Models are not required in any European country, but 
 the utmost care and experience is necessary in the prepara- 
 tion of the specifications and drawings. A variety of small 
 tax duties and other fees must be paid ; many official for- 
 malities are also to be observed in obtaining foreign patents. 
 It is therefore important that the applicant should place his 
 business in the hands of established and reliable agents. 
 
 For the past twenty years, the majority of all patents 
 taken out by Americans in foreign countries have been ob- 
 tained through MUNN & Co.'s SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PATENT 
 AGENCY, and nearly all of this foreign patent business is 
 still done by us. Our experience and success in this branch 
 is very great. 
 
 The following summary will give a general idea of the 
 granting and duration of European Patents : 
 
 Great Britain. Patents are granted for fourteen years 
 to any person who is the inventor or the first importer. If 
 a patent has been previously obtained in any other country, 
 the British patent expires with it. The British patent ex- 
 tends over Great Britain and Ireland, but does not include
 
 COSTS OF FOREIGN PATENTS. 41 
 
 the Colonies. Separate patents are issued by the Colo- 
 nies. 
 
 f ranee. Patents are granted for 16 years, unless the 
 invention has been previously patented in some other 
 country ; in such case it dates and expires with the pre- 
 vious patent. The invention must be put into practice in 
 France within 2 years from the date of the patent. 
 
 Belgium. Patents are granted for 20 years, or, if pre- 
 viously patented in another country, they expire with the 
 date thereof. The working of the invention must take 
 place within one year from the date of patent, but an ex- 
 tension for an additional year may be obtained on applica- 
 tion to the proper authorities. 
 
 Spain and Cuba. The duration of a Spanish patent of 
 importation is 6 years, and it can be prolonged to 10 years ; 
 the invention is to be worked within one year. 
 
 Tne patent may also include Cuba upon payment of an 
 additional fee. The Governor-General of Cuba is also al- 
 lowed to grant, separate patents for that Island. 
 
 Aitstria. Patents are granted for 16 years, and the 
 fees are payable by instalments. 
 
 Russia. Patents are granted for various terms, with fees 
 proportionate to the term selected by the applicant. 
 
 Prussia. The patent laws are less encouraging for in- 
 ventors than those of any other European nation. The 
 invention must be worked within 6 months, and the appli- 
 cation may be rejected if the Royal Commission think 
 proper. 
 
 FULL INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 For taking out Foreign Patents in all the principal coun- 
 tries of the world, with the costs, are contained in a 
 SPKCIAL PAMPHLET, which we publish and send FREE OK 
 CHARGE. Address MUNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 
 
 CAUTION. Pay no attention to the solicitations of foreign 
 agents of unknown responsibility, who send circulars to parties 
 whose names they copy from the patent lists of THK SCIENTIFIC 
 AMERICAN. 
 
 CLEAR, dry, cold air contains more oxygen, is more bracing 
 to the human system, and is heavier than moist air. People are 
 accustomed to say that the air on damp days feels heavy ; but 
 the truth ia the air is lighter, and therefore the blood is less 
 oxydized, and the feelings consequently depressed.
 
 42 
 
 HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 
 
 HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 
 
 IN the prefatory portion of this lit- 
 tle work, we have presented hints 
 upon the general success of invent- 
 ors, and the great value of even the 
 simplest inventions. But it must not 
 be supposed, because a patent is 
 granted, that the world will run after 
 an unknown man to buy from him an 
 unknown patent. In order to sell a 
 patent, judicious effort is required on 
 the part of the inventor or his agent. 
 Indeed, his final success will depend, 
 to a considerable extent, upon his 
 business tact and energy. He should 
 make himself thoroughly conversant 
 with the merits of his invention, and 
 sliould prepare specimens or model machines thereof, made 
 in the most perfect manner, so as readily to exhibit the op- 
 erations of the improvement to others. 
 
 After obtaining a patent, the first grand requisite in ef- 
 fecting its sale is to make the merits and importance of the 
 improvement publicly known. This may be done in various 
 ways : by advertisements in newspapers, by cards, circulars, 
 pamphlets, etc., by local and travelling agents. Some per- 
 sons appoint agents in each town or county, giving them a 
 liberal portion of the net proceeds for the sale of rights, or 
 a handsome per cent upon the receipts for machines sold. 
 In estimating the value of patent rights for different States, 
 counties, etc., one very common method is to fix the price 
 with reference to the amount of population. 
 
 One of the most comprehensive and powerful methods 
 of bringing the merits of an invention before the public, is 
 to have it noticed and engraved in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERI- 
 CAN. This paper, published weekly, has a large circulation. 
 It is seen by probably not less than one or two hundred 
 thousand readers, who comprise all of the most intelligent 
 persons of scientific and mechanical acquirements in the 
 country. The fact of publication in THE SCIENTIFIC AMKR-
 
 HOW TO SELL PATENTS. 43 
 
 ICAN is a passport to their attention and favor. It is upon 
 the judgment and advice of scientific and mechanical per- 
 sons that the purchasers of patent rights and new inven- 
 tions are apt to rely. " Yes, that is a good invention. It 
 has been well illustrated in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAS, and 
 I fully understand its construction. I advise you to pur- 
 chase the right." We suppose that more patents are sold 
 upon such advice than by all other agencies and means put 
 together. 
 
 To assist the sale, it is always advisable to have the pat- 
 ent taken out through the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN AGENCY. 
 The study necessary to the preparation of the specification 
 and drawings familiarizes our minds with the merits of the 
 invention, and as all worthy inventions patented by us are 
 noticed in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, we are enabled to 
 speak of them with some degree of authority. 
 
 We keep artists constantly employed in preparing en- 
 gravings for THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. All our engravings 
 are original. We never print old cuts. Parties who desire 
 to huve engravings inserted in THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 
 will please address MCNN & Co., 37 Park Row, New- York. 
 After publication, the engravings will be returned to the 
 owner, who can then use them for other papers, circulars, 
 etc. 
 
 AGENTS TO SELL. 
 
 WE are often askeil to give the names of parties who 
 make it a business to sell patents. We are rarely enabled 
 to do so. Such concerns are generally quite fugitive in 
 their character. An office is opened, signs displayed, a few 
 customers engaged, and then suddenly the shop is closed. 
 The truth is, that the profit upon the sales of a single good 
 patent is equivalent to a fortune, and the business it fur- 
 nishes is enough to fully engage the attention of many per- 
 son?. Our advice to patentees is : Take hold of the busi- 
 ness of selling yourselves. If you want assistance, search 
 for agents among your friends, and interest them specially 
 in your invention.
 
 44 INCOME FKOM PATENTS. 
 
 ROYALTY. 
 
 1 ONE very profitable source of income from patents is roy- 
 *alffi~ This, in effect, involves a sort of contract between a 
 ; patentee and a manufacturer, by which the latter, in consid- 
 eration of license to make the thing, agrees to pay to the 
 patentee a specified sum upon each article when sold. The 
 patentee of the chimney-spring, now so commonly used to 
 fasten chimneys upon lamps, was accustomed to grant li- 
 censes to manufacturers on receiving a royalty of a few 
 cents per dozen. His income was at one time reported to 
 be fifty thousand dollars a year from this source. Howe, 
 the inventor of the sewing-machine, is said to receive a 
 royalty of from five to ten dollars on each machine, and his 
 annual income has been estimated at five hundred thousand 
 I. dollars. We might give many examples of success. The 
 license and royalty plan is oftentimes the most profitable 
 method of employing patents. 
 
 A CIRCLE is the most capacious 
 of all plain figures, or contains the 
 greatest area within the same out- 
 line or perimeter. 
 
 To find the circumference of a 
 circle, multiply the diameter by 
 3.1416, and the product will be the 
 circumference. 
 
 To find the diameter of a circle, 
 divide the circumference by 3.1416, 
 and the quotient will be the diam- 
 eter. 
 
 Any circle whose diameter is double that of another, con- ; 
 tains four tunes the area of the other. 
 
 Some employers think themselves entitled to the owner 
 ship of all inventions made by their workmen. But this is 
 not so. Employers have no claim to the inventions of their 
 workmen unless it can be shown that the latter was special- 
 ly employed to bring out such inventions.
 
 VALUE OF PATENTS. 
 
 45 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 PATENTS ON SMALL THINGS. 
 
 AN English firm has lately pat- 
 ented a peculiar shape for candle- 
 ends. By making them conical, or 
 tapering, they will fit any candle- 
 stick without being papered or tin- 
 kered up in other ways. Now, a 
 very small royalty on each pound 
 of candles will give a large annual 
 revenue to the inventors, and the 
 pecuniary value of their idea is 
 seen at once. Similar instances 
 might be given from cases at home, 
 where inventors have originated 1 
 some simple article in daily use and secured it, they have '. 
 m-t ivcd large rewards. " Despise not the day of small 
 things," says the proverb, and we may say, in addition, de- 
 ride no idea as useless that tends to advance the arts and 
 sciences, merely because it seems simple. 
 
 A very great misconception prevails in the minds of 
 many persons in respect to patents. They arc regarded 
 i-liietly as stopping-stones to fame or passports to future no- 
 toriety. This is a huge delusion. An invention is first 
 and principally an investment, just as an artist's picture, al- 
 though an inspiration, is a commercial venture. The glory 
 and renown attaching to either picture or invention is the 
 afterpart, the dessert to the solid feast on dollars and cents. 
 The natural result of the mistake alluded to is to lead per- 
 sons to underrate the value of their ideas. It is not at all 
 uncommon to hear individuals exclaim, " What ! get a pat- 
 ent on that thing !" in alluding to some little affair that can ! 
 be carried in the pocket. That very despised " thing" will 
 doubtless be the foundation of a good fortune, as many a 
 '! similar article has been before it. 
 
 The improvement in some art or manufacture suggests 
 itself to an individual, and he straightway applies it to his 
 own use with very great advantage. Now, what shall he 
 do ? Patent it and secure the fruit of his genius to him-
 
 46 
 
 CONDUCTING POWER OF METALS. 
 
 self, or give it to the world without price ? The business 
 man would say the former ; because if notoriety be the ob- 
 ject, great patents confer not only means, but distinction, 
 and where the first is attained, the second follows. 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 A SPARKLING- VANE. 
 
 A VERY curious and elegant vane for buildings may be 
 made by placing in the centre a spiral or twisted spindle, as 
 shown iii the above ut. This spindle should be hung on 
 delicate pivots, and the spaces between the spiral flanches 
 nearly covered with small pieces of looking-glass or thin 
 pieces of mica. The least breeze will put it in motion, and 
 as the reflectors will assume every possible position, several 
 of them will be sure to present the reflection of the sun at 
 every revolution, from whatever point it may be viewed, 
 thus producing a constant and very brilliant sparkling. 
 
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTING POWER OF 
 METALS. 
 
 THE effect of the electrical discharge on metallic bodies 
 is to raise their temperature to a less or greater degree, ac- 
 cording to their conducting power. The best conductors 
 are silver and copper ; the poorest, lead ; as will be seen 
 from the subjoined table : 
 
 Heat evolved. Conducting Power. 
 
 Silver, .................... 6 
 
 Copper, ................... 6 
 
 Gold, .................... 9 
 
 Zinc ..................... 18 
 
 Platinum, ............... 30 
 
 Iron, .................... 30 
 
 Tin, ..................... 36 
 
 Lead, .................... 72 
 
 120 
 120 
 80 
 40 
 24 
 24 
 20 
 12
 
 THE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION. 47 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 IMPORTANT TO INVENTOBS. 
 THE United States Patent Office at "Washington contains 
 nearly 50,000 models pertaining to patented inventions, all 
 of which are open to public inspection and examination, 
 together with the drawings and specifications relating there- 
 to. But the distance of the Capital and the time and ex- 
 pense involved in a journey thither deter, in fact, the 
 majority of inventors from reaping the advantages which a 
 personal examination of previously patented inventions 
 might oftentimes give them. To obviate this difficulty we 
 (Munn & Co.) are in the habit of making these examinations 
 at the Patent Office for inventors. When it is desired to 
 ascertain definitely whether an invention, believed to be 
 new, has been previously made, or to what extent, if any, 
 it has been anticipated, the applicant sends to us a rough 
 sketch and description of the device. We then make a 
 thorough examination in the Patent Office at Washington, 
 and report the result to the applicant. The charge for this 
 service is only $5, and it is frequently the means of saving 
 the applicant the entire expense of preparing a model, pay- 
 ing Government fees, etc., by revealing the fact that the 
 whole or material portion of his improvement was previous- 
 ly known. This preliminary examination is sometimes also 
 of importance in assisting to properly prepare the papers, 
 so as to avoid conflicting with other inventions in the same 
 class. The reader should carefully note the distinction 
 made between this preliminary examination at the Patent 
 Office and the examination and opinion given at our office, 
 either orally or by letter, for which no fee is expected. It 
 is only when a special search is made at the Patent Office 
 that the fee of &5 is required. We are able, in a vast num- 
 ber of cases submitted to us, to decide the question of pa- 
 tentability without this special search. See page 6 of this 
 little work. 
 
 WIIE.V the air is exhausted from a pump-tube, (usually 
 done by means of a piston,) the pressure of the atmosphere 
 will cause the water to rise in the tube to a height of thirty 
 feet
 
 48 VALUE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 
 
 " THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. We are sure 
 that if a few words of seasonable commend- 
 ation should induce any of that large class 
 of intelligent readers who can appreciate true 
 merit, to subscribe for this excellent publi- 
 cation, we shall be abundantly rewarded in 
 the conviction of having earned their grati- 
 tude. It is only recently that we have looked 
 into its columns with any degree of regular- 
 ity, and we take an early opportunity to ex- 
 press the extreme satisfaction and interest 
 which we have experienced in doing so. To condense our 
 idea of its most valuable characteristic into one sentence, we 
 consider THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN as embodying the high- 
 est function of all science, namely, its application to the 
 practical, every-day concerns of life, in clear, pure, agree- 
 able language. It will prove a pleasant guest and a use- 
 ful companion at any fireside it may enter." Watchman, 
 Oreenport, L. I. 
 
 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ought to be taken, read, and 
 studied by every intelligent man, young or old, worker or 
 idler, rich or poor, in the country. It commends itself to 
 every one, and is useful and interesting to all. The most 
 scientific may learn from it, and the unscientific understand 
 it. It has a peculiar charm about it that interests and af- 
 fects every person with a grain of sense in his head. We 
 are in the habit of sending our copy, after a thorough pe- 
 rusal, to the army, and the friend who receives it writes us, 
 that he likes it better than any other paper; that it is long- 
 ingly waited for, and eagerly read by his comrades, and 
 never ceases its circulation until so bethumbed that its col- 
 umns are no longer readable. Westchester County Journal. 
 
 Remember that, by subscribing to THE SCIENTIFIC AMERI- 
 CAN, you receive, in the course of the year, an amount of 
 reading matter nearly equal to four thousand ordinary book 
 pages. 
 
 THE light of lightning and its reflections, will penetrate 
 from 150 to 200 miles.
 
 HOW TO COMPUTE HORSE-POWER. 49 
 
 HOBSE-POWER. 
 
 Watt began to introduce his steam-engines he 
 wished to be able to state their power as compared with 
 that of horses, which were then generally employed for 
 driving mills. He accordingly made a series of experiments, 
 which led him to the conclusion that the average power of 
 a horse was sufficient to raise about 33,000 Ibs. one foot in 
 vertical height per minute, ond this has been adopted in 
 England and this country as the general measure of power. 
 
 A waterfall has one horse-power for every 33,000 Ibs. of 
 water flowing in the stream per minute, for each foot of 
 fall. To compute the power of a stream, therefore, multi- 
 ply the area of its cross section in feet by the velocity in 
 feet per minute, and we have the number of cubic feet flow- 
 ing along the stream per minute. Multiply this by 62, 
 the number of pounds in a cubic foot of water, and this by 
 the vertical fall in feet, and we have the foot-pounds per 
 minute of the fall ; dividing by 33,000 gives us the horse- 
 power. 
 
 For example : A stream flows through a flume 10 feet 
 wide, and the depth of the water is 4 feet ; the area of the 
 cross section will be 40 feet. The velocity is 150 feet per 
 minute 40 XI 50 =6000= the cubic feet of water flowing 
 per minute. 6000X62. 375,000=the pounds of water 
 flowing per minute. The fall is 10 feet; 10X375,000= 
 3,750,000= the foot-pounds ot the water-fall. Divide 3,750,- 
 000 by 33,000, and we have 113fJ- as the horse-power of 
 the fall. 
 
 The power of a steam-engine is calculated by multiplying 
 together the area of the piston in inches, the mean pressure 
 in pounds per square inch, the length of the stroke in feet, 
 and the number of strokes per minute; and dividing by 
 33,000. 
 
 Water-wheels yield from 50 to 91 per cent of the water. 
 The actual power of a steam-engine is less than the indicat- 
 ed power, owing to a loss from friction ; the amount of this 
 loss varies with the arrangement of the engine and th per- 
 fection of the workmanship.
 
 50 HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER OF BODIES. 
 
 ZUR BEACHTUNG FUR DEUTSCHE ER- 
 PINDER. 
 
 S)ie Unterjeid)neten babm eine 
 9(nlettuitg bevauSgegeben, roeld)e 
 angtebt tr>a ju befolgen ift rim ein 
 patent ^u ftcfyern, unb felbige tvirb 
 auf ^ortofreie Slnfrage gratis abge* 
 
 bent neuen 
 
 lonnen Siirger alter Sanber 
 tente in ben 23ereinigtcn taaten 
 git benfelben SBebingnngen erlqn 
 gen, hue bie S3iirger ber 83eretnig 
 ten taaten jelbft. 
 
 & 
 
 Wo. 37 |1ark iRoro, Hci-l)ork. 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 A MOVING load has a much greater effect on a beam than 
 a load at rest. For example, if the breaking weight of a 
 beam is 4150 pounds, the load being at rest, a load of 1778 
 pounds, moved at 30 miles per hour, will break the same 
 beam. The deflection of girders increases with the velocity 
 of the load. 
 
 HEAT-CONDUCTING POWER 
 ENT BODIES. 
 
 OF DIFFER- 
 
 Gold, 1000 
 
 Platinum, 9S1 
 
 Silver, 97-3 
 
 Copper, 898 
 
 Iron, 874 
 
 Zinc, 368 
 
 Tin, 304 
 
 Lead, ISO 
 
 Marble, 24 
 
 Porcelain, 12 
 
 FireCIay, 11 
 
 FireBrick 11 
 
 RELATIVE CONDUCTING POWER OF 
 FLUIDS. 
 
 Mercury, .\.1000 Proof Spirit, 812 
 
 Water 857 Alcohol, (pure,) 282
 
 IMPORTANCE OF CHEMICAL INVENTIONS. 51 
 
 [From the Scientific American.] 
 FIELD FOE, CHEMICAL INVENTION. 
 
 LESS than five per cent of all the patents issued are for 
 chemical inventions. The first impression which this fact 
 leaves is that the chemists are not so wide awake as the 
 mechanics. And it seems, too, as if the chemists have the 
 best chance, for they have the range of all the combina- 
 tions, almost infinite in number, of all the sixty or more 
 simple substances or elements, while the mechanic is limited 
 in all his inventions to the use of only five mechanical ele- 
 ments. But this course of reasoning is a little unfair for 
 the chemist, if we wish to determine his real merit as a 
 benefactor of mankind. Thus far the introduction of new 
 substances has been too slow and too much the result of 
 chance. Illuminating gas was known as a chemical product 
 for centuries before any use of it was made ; iodine, chromine, 
 chloroform, aniline, and a hundred other things, now com- 
 mon, were for a very long time only rare specimens on the 
 shelves of the chemist's curiosity-shop, before they were 
 found to be of the greatest value to men, and we cannot 
 have a doubt that much more of the same kind of wealth is 
 soon to be developed. May we not reasonably expect that 
 virtues may be discovered in things now neglected, which 
 will directly lead to the invention of arts more wonderful 
 and more useful than photography or electro-telegraphing ? 
 
 A correspondent, writing from Buffalo, says, in speaking 
 of the value of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN to its host of read- 
 ers : " I would as soon think of going without supper on 
 Thursday night as to neglect to call at the book-store for 
 the Paper of papers ; and I am proud to say that I have 
 influenced many others to ' go and do likewise.' I have my 
 volumes complete and nicely bound from volume five ; and 
 should poverty ever compel me to sell my library, my Bible 
 and my SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN should remain to grace the 
 otherwise empty shelves."
 
 52 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 THE 
 
 PATENT LAWS 
 
 OK THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 PASSED JULY 8, 1870. 
 
 AN ACT to revise, consolidate, and amend^the statutes re- 
 lating to patents and copy-rights. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate mid House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America in Congress assembled: 
 That there shall be attached to the Department of the In- 
 terior the office, heretofore established, known as the Pa- 
 tent-Office, wherein all records, books, models, drawings, 
 specifications, and other papers and things pertaining to pa- 
 tents shall be safely kept and preserved. 
 
 OFFICERS, SALARIES, AND SURETIES. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the officers and 
 employees of said office shall continue to be : one Commis- 
 sioner of Patents, one Assistant Commissioner, and three 
 examiners-in-chief, to be appointed by the President, and 
 by and with the advise and consent of the Senate ; one 
 chief clerk, one examiner in charge of interferences, twenty- 
 two principal examiners, twenty-two first-assistant exami- 
 ners, twenty-two second-assistant examiners, one librarian, 
 one machinist, five clerks of class four, six clerks of class 
 three, fifty clerks of class two, forty-five clerks of class one,
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 53 
 
 and one messenger and purchasing clerk, all of whom shall 
 be appointed by the Secretary of the Interior, upon nomina- 
 tion of the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of 
 the Interior may also appoint, upon like nomination, such 
 additional clerks of classes two and one, and of lower grades, 
 copyists of drawings, female copyists, skilled laborers, la- 
 borers, and watchmen, as may be from time to time appro- 
 priated for by Congress 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it furtlier enacted, That the annual sala- 
 ries of the officers and employees of the Patent-Office shall 
 be as follows : 
 
 Of the Commissioner of Patents, four thousand five hun- 
 dred dollars. 
 
 Of the Assistant Commissioner, three thousand dollars. 
 
 Of the examiners-in-chief, three thousand dollars each. 
 
 Of the chief clerk, two thousand five hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the examiner in charge of interferences, two thousand 
 five hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the principal examiners, two thousand five hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the first assistant examiners, one thousand eight hun- 
 dred dollars each. 
 
 Of the second assistant examiners, one thousand six hun- 
 dred dollars each. 
 
 Of the librarian, one thousand eight hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the machinist, one thousand six hundred dollars. 
 
 Of the clerks of class four, one thousand eight hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class three, one thousand six hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class two, one thousand four hundred 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the clerks of class one, one thousand two hundred dol- 
 lars each. 
 
 Of the messenger and purchasing clerk, one thousand dol- 
 lars. 
 
 Of laborers and watchmen, seven hundred and twenty 
 dollars each. 
 
 Of the additional clerks, copyists of drawings, female
 
 54 PATKNT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 copyists, and skilled laborers, such rates as may be fixed by 
 the acts making appropriations for them. 
 
 SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That all officers and 
 employees of the Patent-Office shall, before entering upon 
 their duties, make oath for affirmation truly and faithfully 
 to execute the trusts committed to them. 
 
 SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 and chief clerk, before entering upon their duties, shall se- 
 verally give bond, with sureties, to the Treasurer of the 
 United State?, the former in the sum of ten thousand dol- 
 lars, and the latter in the sum of five thousand dollars, con- 
 ditioned for the faithful discharge of their duties, aud that 
 they will render to the proper officers of the treasury a true 
 account of all money received by virtueof their office. 
 
 DUTIES OF COMMISSIONER, AND OTHERS. 
 
 SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the 
 duty of the Commissioner, under the direction of the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, to superintend or perform all the du- 
 ties respecting the granting and issuing of patents which 
 herein are, or may hereafter be, by law directed to be done ; 
 and he shall have charge of all books, records, papers, mo- 
 dels, machines, and other things belonging to said office. 
 
 SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 may send and receive by mail, free of postage, letters, print- 
 ed matter, and packages relating to the business of his of- 
 fice, including Patent-Office reports. 
 
 SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 shall lay before Congress, in the month of January, annually, 
 a report giving a detailed statement of all moneys received 
 for patents, for copies of records or drawings, or from any 
 other source whatever ; a detailed statement of all expendi- 
 tures for contingent and miscellaneous expenses ; a list of 
 all patents which were granted during the preceding year, 
 designating under proper heads the subjects of such pa- 
 tents; an alphabetical list of the patentees with their 
 places of residence; a list of all patents which have been 
 extended during the year ; and such other information of 
 the condition of the Patent-Office as may be useful to Con- 
 gress or the public.
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 55 
 
 EXAMIXERS-IX-CHIEF. 
 
 SEC. 10. And be it furt/ier enacted, That the examiners- 
 in-chief shall l>c persons of competent legal knowledge and 
 scientific ability, whose duty it shall be, on the written pe- 
 tition of the appellant, to revise and determine upon the va- 
 lidity of the adverse decisions of examiners upon applica- 
 tions for patents, and for reissues of patents, and in inter- 
 ference cases ; and when required by the Commissioner, 
 they shall hear and report upon claims for extensions, and 
 perform such other like duties as he may assign them. 
 
 SEC. 11. And be it further enacted, That in case of the 
 death, resignation, absence, or sickness of the Commissioner, 
 his duties shall devolve upon the Assistant Commissioner 
 until a successor shall be appointed, or such absence or sick- 
 ness shall cease. 
 
 SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner shall cause a seal to be provided for said office, with 
 such device as the President may approve, with which all 
 records or papers issued from said office, to be used in evi- 
 dence, shall be authenticated. 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner shall cause to be classified and arranged in suitable 
 cases, in the rooms and galleries provided for that purpose, 
 the models, specimens of composition, fabrics, manufactures, 
 works of art, and designs, which have been or shall be deposit- 
 ed in said office ; and said rooms and galleries shall be kept 
 open during suitable hours for public inspection. 
 
 SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner may restore to the respective applicants such of the 
 models belonging to rejected applications as he shall not 
 think necessary to be preserved, or he may sell or otherwise 
 dispose of them after the application has been finally re- 
 jected for one year, paying the proceeds into the treasury, 
 as other patent moneys are directed to be paid. 
 
 SEC. 15. And b? it further enacted, That there shall be 
 purchased, for the use of said office, a library of such scien- 
 tific works and periodicals, both foreign and American, as
 
 56 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 may aid the officers in the discharge of their duties, not ex- 
 ceeding the amount annually appropriated by Congress for 
 that purpose. 
 
 OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES NOT TO HOLD PATENTS. 
 
 SEC. 16. And be it fartJier enacted, That all officers and 
 employees of the Patent-Office shall be incapable, during the 
 period for which they shall hold their appointments, to ac- 
 quire or take, directly or indirectly, except by inheritance 
 or bequest, any right or interest in any patent issued by 
 said office. 
 
 SEC. IV. And be it furOier enacted, That for gross mis- 
 conduct the Commissioner may refuse to recognize any per- 
 son as a patent agent, either generally or in any particular 
 case ; but the reasons for such refusal shall be duly record- 
 ed, and be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the 
 Interior. 
 
 SEC. 18. And be it furtlier enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner may require all papers filed in the Patent-Office, if 
 not correctly, legibly, and clearly written, to be printed at 
 the cost of the party filing them. 
 
 SKC. 19. And be it furtlier enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the In- 
 terior, may from time to time establish rules and regula- 
 tions, not inconsistent with law, for the conduct of pro- 
 ceedings in the Patent Office. 
 
 SEC. 20. And be it further enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner may print or cause to be printed copies of the speci- 
 fications of all letters-patent, and of the drawings of the 
 same, and copies of the claims of current issues, and copies 
 of such laws, decisions, rules, regulations, and circulars as 
 may be necessary for the information of the public. 
 
 SEC. 21. And baitfurtfier enacted, That all patents shall 
 be issued in the name of the United States of America, under 
 the seal of the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the 
 Secretary of the Interior and countersigned by the Commis- 
 sioner, aud they shall be recorded, together with the speci-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 57 
 
 fication, in said office, in books to be kept for that pur- 
 pose. 
 
 SEC. 22. And be it further enacted, That every patent 
 shall contain a short title or description of the invention or 
 discovery, correctly indicating its nature and design, and a 
 grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of 
 seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, and 
 vend the said invention or discovery throughout the United 
 States and the Territories thereof, referring to the specifica- 
 tion for the particulars thereof; and a copy of snid specfii- 
 cations and of the drawings shall be annexed to the patent 
 and be a part thereof. 
 
 DATE OF PATENTS. 
 
 SEC. 23. And le it further enacted, That every patent 
 shall date as of a day not later than six months from the 
 time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof 
 was sent to the applicant or his agent ; and if the final fee 
 shall not be paid within that period, the patent shall be 
 withheld. 
 
 WHAT MAY BE PATENTED. 
 
 SEC. 24. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
 has invented or discovered any new and useful art, ma- 
 chine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new 
 and useful improvement thereof, not known or used by 
 others in this country, and not patented or described in any 
 printed publication in this or in any foreign country, be- 
 fore his invention or discovery thereof, and not in public 
 use or on sale for more than two years prior to his applica- 
 tion, unless the same is proved to have been abandoned, 
 may, upon payment of the duty required by law, and other 
 due proceedings had, obtain a patent therefor. 
 
 FOREIGN INVENTIONS MAY BE PATENTED. 
 
 SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That no person shall 
 be debarred from receiving a patent for his invention or 
 discovery, nor shall any patent be declared invalid, by rea-
 
 58 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 
 
 son of its having been first patented or caused to be patent- 
 ed in a foreign country ; provided the same shall not have 
 been introduced into public use in the United States for 
 more than two years prior to the application, and that the 
 patent shall expire at the same time with the foreign pa- 
 tent, or, if there be more than one, at the same time with 
 the one having the shortest term ; but ill no case shall it be 
 in force more than seventeen years. 
 
 DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATION. 
 
 SEC. 26. And be it further enacted, That before any in- 
 ventor or discoverer shall receive a patent for his invention 
 or discovery, he shall make application therefor, in writing, 
 to the Commissioner, and shall file in the Patent-Office a 
 written description of the same, and of the manner and pro- 
 cess of making, constructing, compounding, and using it, 
 in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any 
 person skilled in the art or science to which it appertains, 
 or with which it is most nearly connected, to make, con- 
 struct, compound, and use the same ; and in case of a ma- 
 chine, he shall explain the principle thereof, and the best 
 mode in which he has contemplated applying that principle 
 so as to distinguish it from other inventions ; and he shall 
 particularly point out and distinctly claim the part, improve- 
 ment, or combination which he claims as his invention or 
 discovery ; and said specification and claim shall be signed 
 by the inventor and attested by two witnesses. 
 
 SEC. 27. And be it further enacted, That when the na- 
 ture of the case admits of drawings, the applicant shall 
 furnish one copy signed by the inventor or his attorney in 
 fact, and attested by two witnesses, which shall be filed in 
 the Patent-Office; and a copy of said drawings, to be 
 furnished by the Patent-Office, shall be attached to the pa- 
 tent as a part of the specification. 
 
 COMPOSITIONS. 
 SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That when the inven-
 
 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 5'J 
 
 tion or discovery is of a composition of matter, the applicant, 
 if required by the Commissioner, shall furnish specimens 
 of ingredients and of the composition, sufficient in quantity 
 for the purpose of experiment. 
 
 SEC. 29. Andbeit further enacted, That in all cases which 
 admit of representation by model, the applicant, if required 
 by the Commissioner, shall furnish one of convenient size 
 to exhibit advantageously the several partaof his invention 
 or discovery. 
 
 OATH OF INVENTION. 
 
 SKC. 30. And be it further enacted, That the applicant 
 shall make oath or affirmation that he does verily believe 
 himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer 
 of the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improve- 
 ment for which he solicits a patent ; that he does not know 
 and does not believe that the same was ever before known 
 or used ; and shall state of what country he is a citizen. 
 And said oath or affirmation may be made before an} 1 per- 
 son in the United States authorized by law to administer 
 oaths ; or when the applicant resides in a foreign country, be- 
 fore any minister, charge d'affaires, consul, or commercial 
 agent, holaing commission under the government of the 
 United States, or before any notary public of the foreign 
 country in which the applicant may be. 
 
 OFFICIAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 SEC. 31. And be it further enacted, That on the filing of 
 any such application and the payment of the duty required 
 by law, the Commissioner shall cause an examination to be 
 made of the alleged new invention or discovery ; and if on 
 such examination it shall appear that the claimant is justly 
 entitled to a patent under the law, and that the same is suffi- 
 ciently useful and important, the Commissioner shall issue 
 a patent therefor.
 
 60 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 COMPLETION OP APPLICATION. 
 
 SEC. 32. And be it further enacted, That all applications 
 for patents shall be completed and prepared for examina- 
 tion within two years after the filing of the petition, and 
 in default thereof, or upon failure of the applicant to prose- 
 cute the same within two years after any action therein, of 
 which notice shall have been given to the applicant, they 
 shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto, un- 
 less it be shown to the satisfaction of the Commissioner 
 that such delay was unavoidable 
 
 RIGHTS OF ASSIGNEES. 
 
 SEC. 33. And be it further enacted, That patents may be 
 granted and issued or reissued to the assignee of the in- 
 ventor or discoverer, the assignment thereof being first 
 entered of record in the Patent-Office ; but in such case the 
 application for the patent shall be made and the specifica- 
 tion sworn to by the inventor or discoverer ; and also, if he 
 be living, in case of an application for reissue. 
 
 PATENTS AFTER DECEASE OF INVENTOR. 
 
 SEC. 34. And be it further enacted, That when any per- 
 son, having made any new invention or discovery for which 
 a patent might have been granted, dies before a patent is 
 granted, the right of applying for and obtaining the patent 
 shall devolve on his executor or administrator, in trust for 
 the heirs at law of the deceased, in case he shall have died 
 intestate ; or if he shall have left a will, disposing of the 
 same, then in trust for his devisees, in as full manner and on 
 the same terms and conditions aathe same might have been 
 claimed or enjoyed by him in his lifetime ; and when the 
 application shall be made by such legal representatives, the 
 oath or affirmation required to be made shall be so varied 
 in form that it can be made by them. 
 
 LAPSED AND REJECTED CASES. 
 
 SEC. 35. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
 has an interest in an invention or discovery, whether as in-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 61 
 
 ventor, discoverer, or assignee, for which a patent was order- 
 ed to issue upon the payment of the final fee, but who has 
 failed to make payment thereof within six months from the 
 time at which it was passed and allowed, and notice thereof 
 was sent to the applicant or his agent, shall have a right to 
 make an application for a patent for such invention or dis- 
 covery the same as in the case of an original application : 
 Provided, That the second application be made within two 
 years after the allowance of the original application. But 
 no person shall be held responsible in damages for the 
 manufacture or use of any article or thing for which a 
 patent, as aforesaid, was ordered to issue, prior to the issue 
 thereof: And provided further, That when an application for 
 a patent has been rejected or withdrawn, prior to the pass- 
 age of this act, the applicant shall have six months from 
 the date of such passage to renew his application, or to file 
 a new one ; and- if he omit to do either, his application 
 shall be held to have been abandoned. Upon the hearing 
 of such renewed applications abandonment shall be con- 
 sidered as a question of fact. 
 
 ASSIGNMENTS, GRANTS, AND CONVEYANCES. 
 
 SEC. 36. And be it further enacted, That every patent or 
 any interest therein shall be assignable in law, by an instru- 
 ment in writing ; and the patentee or his assigns or legal 
 representatives may, in like manner, grant and convey an 
 exclusive right under his patent to the whole or any speci- 
 fied part of the United States ; and said assignment, grant, 
 or conveyance shall be void as against any subsequent pur- 
 chaser or mortgagee for a valuable consideration, without 
 notice, unless it is recorded in the Patent-Office within three 
 months from the date thereof. 
 
 PURCHASERS' RIGHTS BEFORE PATENT. 
 
 SEC. 37. And be it furtfier enacted, That every person 
 who may have purchased of the inventor, or with his know 
 ledge and consent may have constructed any newly invented 
 or discovered machine, or other patentable article, prior to 
 the application by the inventor or discoverer for a patent, or
 
 62 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 sold or used one so constructed, shall have the right to use, 
 and vend to others to be used, the specific things so made 
 or purchased, without liability therefor. 
 
 PATENTED ARTICLES TO BE STAMPED. 
 
 SEC. 88. And be it further enacted, That it shall be the 
 duty of all patentees, and their assigns and legal represen- 
 tatives, and of all persons maKing or vending any patented 
 article for or under them, to give sufficient notice to the 
 public that the same is patented, either by fixing thereon 
 the word " patented," together with the day and year the 
 patent was granted; or when, from the character of the 
 article, this can not be done, by fixing to it or to the pack- 
 age wherein one or more of them is inclosed, a label con- 
 taining the like notice ; and in any suit for infringement, 
 by the party failing so to mark, no damages shall be re- 
 covered by the plaintiff, except on proof that the defendant 
 was duly notified of the infringement, and continued, after 
 such notice, to make, use, or vend the article so patented. 
 
 PENALTY FOR FALSE MARKING. 
 
 SEC. 39. And be it further enacted, That if any person 
 shall, in any manner, mark upon any thing made, used, or 
 sold by him for which he has not obtained a patent, the 
 name or any imitation of the name of any person who has 
 obtained a patent therefor, without the consent of such 
 patentee, or his assigns or legal representatives ; or shall in 
 any manner mark upon or affix to any such patented article 
 the word " patent" or " patentee," or the words " letters- 
 patent," or any word of like import, with intent to imitate 
 or counterfeit the mark or device of the patentee, without 
 having the license or consent of such patentee or his assigns 
 or legal representatives; or shall in any manner mark upon 
 or affix to any unpatented article the word " patent," or any 
 word importing that the same is patented, for the purpose 
 of deceiving the public, he shall be liable for every such 
 offense to a penalty of not less than one hundred dollars, 
 with costs ; one moiety of said penalty to the person who 
 shall sue for the same, and the other to the use of the United
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 63 
 
 States, to be recovered by suit in any district court of the 
 United States within whose jurisdiction such offense may 
 have been committed. 
 
 SEC. 40. And be it further enacted, That any citizen of 
 the United States, who shall have made any new invention 
 or discovery, and shall desire further time to mature the 
 same, may, on payment of the duty required by law, file in 
 the Patent-Office a caveat setting forth the design thereof, 
 and of its distinguishing characteristics, and praying protec- 
 tion of his right until he shall have matured his invention ; 
 and such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of 
 the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative 
 for the term of one year from the filing thereof; and if ap- 
 plication shall be made within the year by any other person 
 for a patent with which such caveat would in any manner 
 interfere, the Commissioner shall deposit the description, 
 specifications, drawings, and raddel of such application in 
 like manner in the confidential archives of the office, and 
 give notice thereof, by mail, to the person filing the caveat, 
 who, if he would avail himself of his caveat, shall file his 
 description, specifications, drawings, and model within three 
 months from the time of placing said notice in the post 
 office in Washington, with the usual time required for trans- 
 mitting it to the caveator added thereto, which time shall be 
 indorsed on the notice. And an alien shall have the privi- 
 lege herein granted, if he shall have resided in the United 
 States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and 
 made oath of his intention to become a citizen. 
 
 REJECTIONS. 
 
 SEC. 41. And be it further enacted, That whenever, on 
 examination, any claim for a patent is rejected for any reason 
 whatever, the Commissioner shall notify the applicant 
 thereof, giving him briefly the reasons for such rejections, 
 together with such information and references as may be 
 useful in judging of the propriety of renewing his applica- 
 tion or of altering his specification ; and if, after receiving
 
 64 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 such notice, the applicant shall persist in his claim for a 
 patent, with or without altering his specifications, the Com- 
 missioner shall order a reexamination of the case. 
 
 INTERFERENCES. 
 
 SEC. 42. And be it further enacted, That whenever an ap- 
 plication is made for a patent which, in the opinion of the 
 Commissioner, would interfere with any pending applica- 
 tion, or with any unexpired patent, he shall give notice 
 thereof to the applicants, or ipplicant and patentee, as the 
 case may be, and shall direct the primary examiner to pro- 
 ceed to determine the question of priority of invention. 
 And the Commissioner may issue a patent to the party who 
 shall be adjudged the prior inventor, unless the adverse 
 party shall appeal from the decision of the primary ex- 
 aminer, or of the board of examiners-in-chief, as the case 
 may be, within such time, not less than twenty days, as the 
 Commissioner shall prescribe. 
 
 AFFIDAVITS AND DEPOSITIONS. 
 
 SEC. 43. And be it furt/ier enacted, That the Commis- 
 sioner may establish rules for taking affidavits and deposi- 
 tions required in cases pending in the Patent-Office, and 
 such affidavits and depositions may be taken before any offi- 
 cer authorized by law to take depositions to be used in the 
 courts of the United States, or of the State where the officer 
 resides. 
 
 DUTY OF CLERK OF COURT. 
 
 SEC. 44. And be it further enacted, That the clerk of any 
 court of the United States, for any district or territory 
 wherein testimony is to be taken for use in any contested 
 case pending in the Patent-Office, shall, upon the applica- 
 tion of any party thereto, or his agent or attorney, issue 
 subpoena for any witness residing or being within said dis- 
 trict or territory, commanding him to appear and testify 
 before any officer in said district or territory authorized to 
 take depositions and affidavits, at any time and place in the 
 subpoena stated ; and if any witness, after being duly served 
 with such subpoena, shall neglect or refuse to appear, or
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. Go 
 
 after appearing shall refuse to testify, the judge of the court 
 whose clerk issued the subpoena may, on proof of such 
 neglect or refusal, enforce obedience to the process, or 
 punish the disobedience as in other like cases. 
 
 FEES AND RIGHTS OF WITNESSES. 
 
 SEC. 45. And be it further enacted, That every witness 
 duly suboffinaed and infattendance shall be allowed the same 
 fees as are allowed to witnesses attending the courts of the 
 United States, but no witness shall be required to attend at 
 any place more than forty miles from the place where the 
 subpoena is served upon him, nor be deemed guilty of con- 
 tempt for- disobeying such', subpoena, unless his fees and 
 traveling expenses in going to, returning from, and one 
 day's attendance at the place of examination, are paid or 
 tendered him at the time of the service of the subpoena ; 
 nor for refusing to disclose any secret invention or discovery 
 made or owned by himself. 
 
 SEC. 46. And be it further enacted, That every applicant 
 for a patent or the reissue of a patent, any of the claims of 
 which have been twice rejected, and every party to an inter- 
 ference, may appeal from the decision of the primary ex- 
 aminer, or of the examiner in charge of interference, in 
 such case to the board of examiners-in chief, having once 
 paid the fee for such appeal provided by law. 
 
 SEC. 47. And be itfurtlier enacted, That if such party is 
 dissatisfied with the decision of the examiners-in-chief, he 
 may, on payment of the duty required by law, appeal to 
 the Commissioner in person. 
 
 SEC. 48. And be it further enacted, That if such party, 
 except a party to an interference, is dissatisfied with the de- 
 cision of the Commissioner, he may appeal to the supreme 
 court of the District of Columbia, sitting in bane. 
 
 SKC. 49. And be it further enacted, That when an appeal 
 is taken to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia 
 the appellant shall give notice thereof to the Commissioner, 
 and file in the Patent-Office, within such time as the Com-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 missioner Bfcall appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically 
 set forth in writing. 
 
 SEC. 50. And be ilfurtJier enacted, That it shall be the 
 duty of said court, on petition, to hear and determine such 
 appeal, and to revke the decision appealed from in a sum- 
 mary way, on ths evidence produced before the Commis- 
 sioner, at such early ai>d convenient time as the court may 
 appoint, notifying the Commissioner of the time and place 
 of hearing ; and the revision shall be* confined to the points 
 set forth in the reasons of appeal. And after hearing the 
 case, the court shall return to the Commissioner a certifi- 
 cate of its proceedings and decision, which shall be entered 
 of record in the Patent-Office, and govern the further pro 
 ceedings in the case. But no opinion or decision of the 
 court in any such case shall preclude any person interested 
 from the right to contest the validity of such patent in any 
 court wherein the same may be called in question. 
 
 SEC. 51. And be it further enacted, That on receiving 
 notice of the time and place of hearing such appeal, the 
 Commissioner shall notify all parties who appear to be in- 
 terested therein, in such manner as the court may pre- 
 scribe. The party appealing shall lay before the court cer- 
 tified copies of all the original papers and evidence in the 
 case, and the Commissioner shall furnish it with the grounds 
 of his decision, fully set forth in writing, touching nil the 
 points involved by the reasons of appeal. And at the re- 
 quest of any party interested, or of the court, the Com- 
 missioner and the examiners may be examined under oath, 
 in explanation of the principles of the machine or other 
 thing for which a patent is demanded. 
 
 BILL IX EQUITY. 
 
 SEC. 52. And be it further enacted, That whenever a 
 patent on application is refused, for any reason whatever, 
 either by the Commissioner or by the supreme court of the 
 District of Columbia upon appeal from the Commissioner, 
 the applicant may have remedy by bill in equity ; and the 
 court having cognizance thereof, on notice to adverse par- 
 ties and other due proceedings had, may adjudge that such 
 applicant is entitled, according to law, to receive a patent
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 67 
 
 for his invention, as specified in his claim, or for any part 
 thereof, as the facts in the case may appear. And such 
 adjudication, if it be in favor of the right of the applicant, 
 shall authorize the Commissioner to issue such patent, on 
 the application filing in the Patent-Office a copy of the ad- 
 judication, and otherwise complying with the requisitions of 
 law. And iu all cases where there is no opposing party a 
 copy of the bill shall be served on the Commissioner, and 
 all the expenses of the proceeding shall be paid by the ap- 
 plicant, whether the final decision is in his favor or not. 
 
 Sec. 53. And be it further enacted, That whenever any 
 patent is inoperative or invalid, by reason of a defective or 
 insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee 
 claiming as his own invention or discovery more than he had 
 a right to claim as new, if the error has arisen by inadver- 
 tence, accident, or mistake, and without any fraudulent or 
 deceptive intention, the Commissioner shall, on the sur- 
 render of such patent and the payment of the duty required 
 by law, cause a new patent for the same invention, and in 
 accordance with the corrected specification, to be issued to 
 the patentee, or, in the case of his death or assignment of 
 the whole or any undivided part of the original patent, to 
 his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the unexpired 
 part of the term of the original patent, the surrender of 
 which shall take effect upon the issue of the amended 
 patent ; and the Commissioner may, in his discretion, cause 
 several patents to be issued for distinct and separate parts 
 of the thing patented, upon demand of the applicant, and 
 upon payment of the required fee for a reissue for each 
 of Buch reissued letters-patent. And the specifications and 
 claim in every such case shall be subject to revision and re- 
 striction in the same manner as original applications are. 
 And the patent so reissued, together with the corrected 
 specification, shall have the effect and operation in law, on 
 the trial of all actions for causes thereafter arising, as 
 though Ihc same had been originally filed in such corrected 
 forms; but no new matter shall be introduced into the 
 specification, nor in case of a machine patent shall the
 
 68 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 model or drawings be amended, except each by the other 
 but when there is neither model nor drawing, amendments 
 may be made upon proof satisfactory to the Commissioner 
 that such new matter or amendment was a part of the 
 original invention, and was omitted from the specification 
 by inadvertence, accident, or mistake, as aforesaid. 
 
 DISCLAIMERS. 
 
 SEC. 54. And be it further enacted, That whenever, 
 through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any 
 fraudulent or deceptive intention, a patentee has claimed 
 more than that of which he was the original or first inven- 
 tor or discoverer, his patent shall be valid for all that part 
 which is truly and justly his own, provided the same ia a 
 material or substantial part of the thing patented ; and any 
 such patentee, his heirs, or assigns, whether of the whole 
 or any sectional interest therein, may, on payment of the duty 
 required by law, make disclaimer of such parts of the thing 
 patented as he shall not choose to claim or to hold by vir- 
 tue of the patent or assignment, stating therein the extent 
 of his interest in such patent ; said disclaimer shall be in 
 writing, attested by one or more witnesses, and recorded in 
 the Patent-Office, and it shall thereafter be considered as 
 part of the original specification to the extent of the inter- 
 est possessed by the claimant and by those claiming under 
 iim after the record thereof. But no such disclaimer shall 
 affect any action pending at the time of its being filed, ex- 
 cept so far as may relate to the question of unreasonable 
 neglect or delay in filing it. 
 
 INFRINGEMENT, SUITS FOR. 
 
 SEC. 65. Atid be it further enacted, That all actions, suits, 
 :ontroversies, and cases arising under the patent laws of 
 ;he United States shall be originally cognisable, as well 
 n equity as at law, by the circuit courts of the United 
 States, or any district court having the powers and juris- 
 diction of a circuit court, or by the Supreme Court of the 
 District of Columbia, or of any territory ; and the court 
 ihall have power, upon bill in equity filed by any party 
 iggrieved, to grant injunctions according to the course and
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1370. 09 
 
 principles of courts of equity, to prevent the violation of 
 any right secured by patent, on such terms as the court 
 may deem reasonable ; and upon a decree being rendered 
 in any such case for an infringement, the claimant shall be 
 entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be account- 
 ed for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has 
 sustained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or 
 cause the same to be assessed under its direction, and the 
 court shall have the same powers to increase the same in its 
 discretion that are given by this act to increase the dama- 
 ges found by verdicts in actions upon the case ; but all ac- 
 tions shall be brought during the term for which the letters- 
 patent shall be granted or extended, or within six years af- 
 ter the expiration thereof. 
 
 APPEALS TO SUPREME COURT. 
 
 SEC. 56. And be it further enacted, That a writ of error 
 or appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States shall 
 lie from all judgments and decrees of any circuit court, or 
 of any district court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit 
 court, or of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, 
 or of any territory, in any action, suit, controversy, or case, 
 at law or in equity, touching patent rights, in the same man- 
 ner and under the same circumstances as in other judg- 
 ments and decrees of such circuit courts, without regard to 
 the sum of value in controversy. 
 
 RECORD EVIDENCE. 
 
 SEC. 5*7. And be it further enacted, That written or print- 
 ed copies of any records, books, papers, or drawings belong- 
 ing to the Patent-Office, and of letters-patent under the sig- 
 nature of the Commissioner or Acting Commissioner, with 
 the seal of office affixed, shall be competent evidence in all 
 cases wherein the originals could be evidence, and any per 
 son making application therefor, and paying the fee required 
 by law, shall have certified copies thereof. And copies of 
 the specifications and drawings of foreign letters-patent, 
 certified in like manner, shall be prima-facie evidence of 
 the fact of the granting of such foreign letters-patent, and 
 of the date and contents thereof.
 
 70 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 INTERFERENCE EQUITY PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 SEC. 58. And be it further enacted, That whenever there 
 shall be interfering patents, any person interested in any 
 of such interfering patents, or in the working of the inven- 
 tion claimed under either of such patents, may have relief 
 against the interfering patentee, and all parties interested 
 under him, by suit in equity against the owners of the in- 
 terfering patent ; and the court having cognizance thereof, 
 as herein before provided, or notice to adverse parties, and 
 other due proceedings had according to the course of equi- 
 ty, may adjudge and declare either of the patents void in 
 whole or in part, or inoperative, or invalid in any particu- 
 lar part of the United States, according to the interest of 
 the parties in the patent or the invention patented. But no 
 such judgment or adjudication shall affect the rights of any 
 person except the parties to the suit and those deriving ti- 
 tle under them subsequent to the rendition of such judg- 
 ment. 
 
 DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT. 
 
 SEC. 59. And be it further enacted, That damages for the 
 infringement of any patent may be recovered by action on 
 the case in any circuit court of the United States, or dis- 
 trict court exercising the jurisdiction of a circuit court, or 
 in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, or of any 
 territory, in the name of the party interested, either as 
 patentee, assignee, or grantee. And whenever in any such 
 action a verdict shall be rendered for the plaintiff, the 
 court may enter judgment thereon for any sum above the 
 amount found by the verdict as the actual damages sus- 
 tained, according to the circumstances of the case, not ex- 
 ceeding three times the amount of such verdict, together 
 with the costs. 
 
 PART INFRINGEMENT, SUIT FOR. 
 
 SEC. 60. And be it further enacted, That whenever, 
 through inadvertence, accident, or mistake, and without any 
 willful default or intent to defraud or mislead the public, a 
 patentee shall have (in his specification) claimed to be the 
 original and first inventor or discoverer of any material or
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 substantial part of the thing patented, of which he was 
 not the original and first inventor or discoverer as aforesaid, 
 every such patentee, bis executors, administrators, and as- 
 signs, whether of the whole or any sectional interest in the 
 patent, may maintain a suit at law or in equity for the in- 
 fringement of any part thereof which was bona fide his 
 own, provided it shall be a material and substantial part 
 of the thing patented, and be definitely distinguishable from 
 the parts so claimed, without right as aforesaid, notwith- 
 standing the specifications may embrace more than that of 
 which the patentee was the original or first inventor or dis- 
 coverer. But in every such case in which a judgment or 
 decree shall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs shall be 
 recovered unless the proper disclaimer has been entered at 
 the Patent-Office before the commencement of the suit ; nor 
 shall he be entitled to the benefits of this section if he 
 shall have unreasonably neglected or delayed to enter said 
 disclaimer. 
 
 PLEADINGS IN INFRINGEMENT. 
 
 SEC. 61. And be it further enacted, That in any action 
 for infringement the defendant may plead the general issue, 
 and, having given notice in writing to the plaintiff or his 
 attorney, thirty days before, may prove on trial any one or 
 more of the following special matters: 
 
 First. That for the purpose of deceiving the public the 
 description and specification filed by the patentee in the 
 Patent-Office was made to contain less than the whole truth 
 relative to his invention or discovery, or more than is ne- 
 cessary to produce the desired effect ; or, 
 
 Second. That he had surreptitiously or unjustly obtained 
 the patent for that which was in fact invented by another, 
 who was using reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect- 
 ing the same ; or, 
 
 Third. That it has been patented or described in some 
 printed publication prior to his supposed invention or dis- 
 covery thereof \ or, 
 
 Fourth. That he was not the original and first inventor 
 or discoverer of any material and substantial part of the 
 thing patented ; or,
 
 72 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 
 
 Fifth. That it had been in public use or on sale in this 
 country for more than two years before his application for 
 a patent, or had been abandoned to the public. 
 
 And in notice as to proof of previous invention, know- 
 ledge, or use of the thing patented, the defendant shall state 
 the names of patentees and the dates of their patents, and 
 when granted, and the names and residences of the per- 
 sons alleged to have invented or to have had the prior 
 knowledge of the thing patented, and where and by whom 
 it had been used ; and if any one or more of the special mat- 
 ters alleged shall be found for the defendant, judgment 
 shall be rendered for him with costs. And the like defen- 
 ses may be pleaded in any suit in equity for relief against 
 an alleged infringement ; and proofs of the same ma be 
 given upon like notice in the answer of the defendant, and 
 with the like effect. 
 
 PATENT NOT VOID BECAUSE KNOWN IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY. 
 
 SEC. 62. And be it further enacted, That whenever it shall 
 appear that the patentee, at the time of making his appli- 
 cation for the patent, believed himself to be the original 
 and first inventor or discoverer of the thing patented, the 
 same shall not be held to be void on account of the inven- 
 tion or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known 
 or used in a foreign country, before his invention or dis- 
 covery thereof, if it had not been patented, or described in 
 a printed publication. 
 
 EXTENSION OF PATENTS. 
 
 SEC. 63. And be it further enacted, That where the paten- 
 tee of an invention or discovery, the patent for which was 
 granted prior to the second day of March, eighteen hun- 
 dred and sixty-one, shall desire an extension of his patent 
 beyond the original term of its limitation, he shall make 
 application therefor, in writing, to the commissioner, set- 
 ting forth the reason why such extension should be grant- 
 ed ; and he shall also furnish a written statement under 
 oath of the ascertained value of the invention or discov- 
 ery, and of his receipts and expenditures on account there- 
 of, sufficiently in detail to exhibit a true and faithful ac-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 73 
 
 count of the loss and profit in any manner accruing to him 
 by reason of said invention or discovery. And said appli- 
 cation shall be filed not more than six months nor less than 
 ninety days before the expiration of the original term of the 
 patent, and no extension shall be granted after the expira- 
 tion of said original term. 
 
 SEC. 64. And be it further enacted, That upon the receipt 
 of such application, and the payment of the duty required 
 by law, the commissioner shall cause to be published in one 
 newspaper in the city of Washington, and in such other 
 papers published in the section of the country most inter- 
 ested adversely to the extension of the patent as he may 
 deem proper, for at least sixty days prior to the day set for 
 hering the case, a notice of such application, and of the 
 time and place when and where the same will be consider- 
 ed, that any person may appear and show cause why the 
 extension should not be granted. 
 
 SEC. 65. And be it further enacted, That on the publica- 
 tion of such notice, the Commissioner shall refer the case 
 to the principal examiner having charge of the class of in- 
 ventions to which it belongs, who shall make to said Com- 
 missioner a full report of the case, and particularly whether 
 the invention or discovery was new and patentable when, 
 the original patent was granted. 
 
 SEC. 66. And be ilftirtfier enacted, That the Commission- 
 er shall, at the time and place designated in the published 
 notice, hear and decide upon the evidence produced, both 
 for and against the extension ; and if it shall appear to his 
 satisfaction that the patentee, without neglect or fault on 
 his part, has failed to obtain from the use and sale of his 
 invention or discovery a reasonable remuneration for the 
 time, ingenuity, and expense bestowed upon it, and the in- 
 troduction of it into use, and that it is just and proper, hav- 
 ing due regard to the public interest, that the term of the 
 patent should be extended, the said Commissioner shall 
 make a certificate thereon, renewing and extending the 
 said patent for the term of seven years from the expiration 
 of the first term, which certificate shall be recorded in the 
 Patent-Office, and thereupon the said patent shall have the
 
 74 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 same effect in law as though it had been originally granted 
 for twenty-one years. 
 
 SEC. 67. And be it further enacted, That the benefit of the 
 extension of a patent shall extend to the assignees and gran- 
 tees of the right to use the thing patented to the extent of 
 their interest therein. 
 
 OFFICIAL FEES. 
 
 SEC. 68. And be it further enacted, That the following 
 shall be the rates for patent fees : 
 
 On filing each original application for a patent, fifteen 
 dollars. 
 
 On issuing each original patent, twenty dollars. 
 
 On filing each caveat, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the reissue of a patent, thirty 
 dollars. 
 
 On filing each disclaimer, ten dollars. 
 
 On every application for the extension of a patent, fifty 
 dollars. 
 
 On the granting of every extension of a patent, fifty dol- 
 lars. 
 
 On an appeal for the first time from the primary exami- 
 ners to the examiners-in-chief, ten dollars. 
 
 On every appeal from the examiners-in-chief to the Com- 
 missioner, twenty dollars. 
 
 For certified copies of patents and other papers, ten cents 
 per hundred words. 
 
 For recording every assignment, agreement, power of at- 
 torney, or other paper, of three hundred words or under, 
 one dollar ; of over three hundred and under one thousand 
 words, two dollars, of over one thousand words, three 
 dollars. 
 
 For copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of making 
 them. 
 
 SEC. 69. And be it further enacted, That patent fees may 
 be paid to the Commissioner, or to the treasurer, or any of the 
 assistant treasurers of the United States, or to any of the 
 designated depositaries, national banks, or receivers of pub- 
 lic money, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for 
 that purpose, who shall give the depositor a receipt or cer-
 
 PATENT LAWS OP 1870. 
 
 tificate of deposit therefor. And all money received at the 
 Patent-Office, for any purpose, or from any source whatev- 
 er, shall be paid into the treasury as received, without any 
 deduction whatever ; and all disbursements for said office 
 shall be made by the disbursing clerk of the Interior De- 
 partment. 
 
 MONEY PAID BY MISTAKE RETURNED. 
 
 SEC. 70. And be it further enacted, That the treasurer of 
 the United States is authorized to pay back any sum or sums 
 of money to any person who shall have paid the same into the 
 treasury, or to any receiver or depositary, to the credit of 
 the treasurer, as for fees accruing at the Patent-Office through 
 mistake, certificate thereof being made to said treasurer 
 by the Commissioners of Patents. 
 
 DESIGN PATENTS. 
 
 SEC. 71. -And be it further enacted, That any person who, 
 by his own industry, genius, efforts, and expense, has invent- 
 ed or produced any new and original design for a manufac- 
 ture, bust, statue, alto-relievo, or bas-relief; any new and 
 original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cotton, or 
 other fabrics ; any new and original impression, ornament, 
 pattern, print, or picture, to be printed, painted, cast, or 
 otherwise placed on or worked into any article of manufac- 
 ture ; or any new, useful, and original shape or configura- 
 tion of any article of manufacture, the same not having been 
 known or used by others before his invention or production 
 thereof, or patented or described in any printed publica- 
 tion, may, upon payment of the duty required by law, and 
 other due proceedings had the same as in cases of inven- 
 tions or discoveries, obtain a patent therefor. 
 
 SEC. 72. And be it further enacted. That the Commis- 
 sioner may dispense with models of designs when the de- 
 sign can be sufficiently represented by drawings or photo- 
 graphs. 
 
 SEC. 73. And be it further enacted, That patents for de- 
 signs may be granted for the term of three years and six 
 months, or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as the ap- 
 plicant may, in his application, elect.
 
 76 PATENT LA.WS OF 1870. 
 
 SEC. 74 And be it further enacted, That patentees of de- 
 signs issued prior to March two, eighteen hundred and 
 sixty-one shall be entitled^to extension of their respective 
 patents for the term of seven years, in the same manner 
 and under the same restrictions as are provided for the ex- 
 tension of patents for inventions or discoveries, issued prior 
 to the second day of March, eighteen hundred and sixty- 
 one. 
 
 SEC. 75. And be it further enacted, That the following 
 shall be the rates of fees in design cases : 
 
 For three years and six months, ten dollars. 
 
 For seven years, fifteen dollars. 
 
 For fourteen years, thirty dollars. 
 
 For all other cases in which fees are required, the same 
 rates as in cases of inventions or discoveries. 
 
 SEC. 76. And be it furtJwr enacted, That all the regula- 
 tions and provisions which apply to the obtaining or pro- 
 tection of patents for inventions or discoveries, not incon- 
 sistent with the provisions of this act, shall apply to patents 
 for designs. 
 
 TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 77. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
 firm domiciled in the United States, and any corporation 
 created by the authority of the United States, or of any 
 State or territory thereof, and any person, firm, or corpo- 
 ration resident of or located in any foreign country which 
 by treaty or convention affords similar privileges to citizens 
 of the United States, and who are entitled to the exclusive 
 use of any lawful trade-mark, or who intend to adopt and use 
 any trade-mark for exclusive use within the United States, 
 may obtain protection for such lawful trade-mark by com- 
 plying with the following requirements, to wit: 
 
 First. By causing to be recorded in the Patent-Office the 
 names of the parties and their residences and place of busi 
 ness, who desire the protection of the trade-mark. 
 
 Second. The class of merchandise and the particular de- 
 scription of goods comprised in such class, by which the 
 trade-mark has been or is intended to be appropriated. 
 
 Third. A description of the trade-mark itself, with fac-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 77 
 
 similes thereof, and the mode in which it has been or is in- 
 tended to be applied or used. 
 
 Fourth. The length of time, if any, during which the 
 trade-mark has been used. 
 
 Fifth. The payment of a fee of twenty-five dollars, in the 
 same manner and for the same purpose as the fee required 
 for patents. 
 
 Sixth. The compliance with such regulations as may be 
 prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Seventh. The filing of a declaration, under the oath of 
 the person, or of some member of the firm or officer of the 
 corporation, to the effect that the party claiming protection 
 for the trade-mark has a right to the use of the same, and 
 that no other person, firm, or corporation has the right to 
 such use, either in the identical form or having such near 
 resemblance thereto as might be calculated to deceive, and 
 that the description and fac-similes presented for record are 
 true copies of the trade-mark sought to be protected. 
 
 DURATION OF TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 78. And be it furttier enacted, That such trade-mark 
 shall remain in force for thirty years from the date of such 
 registration, except in cases where such trade-mark is 
 claimed for and applied to articles not manufactured in 
 this country and in which it receives protection under the 
 laws of any foreign country for a shorter period, in which 
 case it shall cease to have any force in this country by vir 
 tue of this act at the same time that it becomes of no effect 
 elsewhere ; and during the period that it remains in force it 
 shall entitle the person, firm, or corporation registering the 
 same to the exclusive use thereof so far as regards tin- 
 description of goods to which it is appropriated in the 
 statement filed under oath as aforesaid, and no other per- 
 son shall lawfully use the same trade-mark, or substantially 
 the same, or so nearly resembling it as to be calculated to 
 deceive, upon substantially the same description of goods : 
 Provided, That six months prior to the expiration of said 
 term of thirty years, application may be made for a renewal 
 of such registration, under regulations to be prescribed by 
 the Commissioner of Patents, and the fee for such renewal
 
 7f$ PATENT LA.WS OF 1870. 
 
 shall be the same as for the original registration ; certifi 
 cate of such renewal shall be issued in the same manner as 
 for the original registration, and such trade-mark shall re- 
 main in force for a further term of thirty years : And pro- 
 vided furtJier, That nothing in this section shall be con- 
 strued by any court as abridging or in any manner affecting 
 unfavorably the claim of any person, firm, corporation, or 
 company to any trade-mark after the expiration of the term 
 for which such trade-mark was registered. 
 
 DAMAGES FOR IMITATING TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 79. And be it further enacted, That any person or 
 corporation who shall reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or imi- 
 tate any such recorded trade-mark, and affix the same to 
 goods of substantially the same descriptive properties and 
 qualities as those referred to in the registration, shall be li- 
 able to an action in the case for damages for such wrongful 
 use of said trade-mark, at the suit of the owner thereof, in 
 any court of competent jurisdiction in the United States, 
 and the party aggrieved shall also have his remedy according 
 to the course of equity to enjoin the wrongful use of his 
 trade-mark and to recover compensation therefor in any 
 court having jurisdiction over the person guilty of such 
 wrongful use. The Commissioner of Patents shall not re- 
 ceive and record any proposed trade-mark which ia not and 
 can not become a lawful trade-mark, or which is merely the 
 name of a person, firm, or corporation only, unaccompanied 
 by a mark sufficient to distinguish it from the same name 
 when used by other persons, or which is identical with the 
 trade-mark appropriate to the same class of merchandise 
 and Belonging to a different owner, and already registered 
 or received for registration, or which so nearly resembles 
 such last-mentioned trade-mark as to be likely to deceive 
 the public: Provided, That this section shall not prevent 
 the registry of any lawful trade-mark rightfully used at the 
 time of the passage of this act. 
 
 REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 80. And be it further enacted, That the time of the 
 receipt of any trade-mark at the Patent-Office for registra-
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 79 
 
 tion shall be noted and recorded, and copies of the trade- 
 mark and of the date of the receipt thereof, and of the state- 
 ment filed therewith, under the seal of the Patent-Office, 
 certified by the Commissioner, shall be evidence in any suit 
 in which such trade-mark shall be brought in controversy. 
 
 TRANSFER OF TRADE- MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 81. And be it further enacted, That the Commissioner 
 of Patents is authorized to make rules, regulations, and pre- 
 scribe forms for the transfer of the right to the use of such 
 trade-marks, conforming as nearly as practicable to the re- 
 quirements of law respecting the transfer and transmission 
 of copy-rights. 
 
 FRAUDULENT TRADE-MARKS. 
 
 SEC. 82. And be it further enacted, That any person who 
 shall procure the registry of any trade-mark, or of him- 
 self as the owner thereof, or an entry respecting a trade- 
 mark in the Patent-Office under this act, by 'making any 
 false or fraudulent representations or declarations, verbally 
 or in writing, or by any fraudulent 7neans, shall be liable to 
 pay damages in consequence of any such registry or entry to 
 the person injured thereby, to be recovered in an action on 
 the case before any court of competent jurisdiction within 
 the United States. 
 
 SEC. 83. And be it further enacted, That nothing in thU 
 act shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any remedy at 
 law or in equity, which any party aggrieved by any wrong- 
 ful use of any trade-mark might have had if this act had 
 not been passed. 
 
 SEC. 84. And be it further enacted. That no action shall 
 he maintained under the provisions of this act by any per- 
 son claiming the exclusive right to any trade-mark which is 
 used or claimed in any unlawful business, or upon any ar- 
 t'cle which is injurious in itself, or upon any trade-mark 
 which has been fraudulently obtained, or which has been 
 formed and used with the design of deceiving the public in 
 the purchase or use of any article of merchandise.
 
 80 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 REPEALING CLAUSE AND SCHEDULE. 
 
 SEC. 111. And be it further enacted, That the acts and 
 parts of acts set forth in the schedule of acts cited, hereto 
 annexed, are hereby repealed, without reviving any acts or 
 parts of acts repealed by any of said acts, or by any clause 
 or provision therein : Provided, however, That the repeal 
 hereby enacted shall not affect, impair, or take away any 
 right existing under any of said laws ; but all actions and 
 causes of action, both in law and in equity, which have 
 arisen under any of said laws may be commenced and pro- 
 secuted ; and, if already commenced, may be prosecuted to 
 final judgment and execution, in the same manner as though 
 this act had not been passed, excepting that the remedial 
 provisions of this act shall be applicable to all suits and 
 proceedings hereafter commenced: And provided also, 
 That all applications for patents pending at the time of the 
 passage of this act, in cases where the duty has been paid, 
 shall be proceeded with and acted on in the same manner as 
 though filed after the passage thereof : And provided fur- 
 ther, That all offenses which are defined and punishable 
 under any of said acts, and all penalties and forfeitures 
 created thereby, and incurred before this act takes effect, 
 may be prosecuted, sued for, and recovered, and such of- 
 fenses punished according to the provisions of said acts, 
 which are continued in force for such purpose. 
 
 Schedule of statutes cited and repealed, as printed in the Sta- 
 tutes at Large, including such portions only of the appro- 
 priation bills referred to as are applicable to the Patent- 
 Office. 
 
 PATENTS. 
 
 Act of July 4, 1836, chapter 357, volume 5, page 117. 
 March 3, 1837, chapter 45, volume 5, page 191. 
 March 3, 1839, chapter 88, volume 5, page 353. 
 August 29, 1842, chapter 263, volume 5, page 543. 
 August 6, 1846, chapter 90, volume 9, page 59. 
 May 27, 1848, chapter 47, volume 9, page 231. 
 March 3, 1849, chapter 108, volume 9, page 395. 
 March 3, 1851, chapter 32, volume 9, page 617.
 
 PATENT LAWS OF 1870. 
 
 81 
 
 August 30, 1852, chapter 107, volume 10, page 15. 
 August 31. 1852, chapter 108, volume 10, page 76. 
 March 3, 1853, chapter 97, volume 10, page 2ft9. 
 April 22, 1854, chapter 52, volume 10, page 276. 
 March 3, 1855, chapter 175, volume 10, page 643. 
 August 18, 1856, chapter 129, volume 11, page 81. 
 March 3, 1859, chapter 80, volume 11, page 410. 
 February 18, 1861, chapter 37, volume 12, page 130. 
 March 2, 1861, chapter 88, volume 12, page 246. 
 March 3, 1863, chapter 102, volume 12, page 796. 
 June 25, 1864, chapter 159, volume 13, page 194. 
 March 3, 1865, chapter 112, volume 13, page 533. 
 June 27, 1866, chapter 143, volume 14, page 76. 
 March 29, 1867, chapter 17, volume 15, page 10. 
 July 20, 1868, chapter 177, volume 15, page 119. 
 July 23, 1868, chapter 227, volume 15, page 168. 
 March 3, 1869, chapter 121, volume 15, page 293. 
 
 OCEAN waves rise from 20 to 22 feet in extreme height, 
 at which altitude there are 3 in a mile and 4 per minute. 
 
 NEARLY all solids become luminous at 800 degrees of 
 heat F. 
 
 MKLTKD snow produces from ^ to ^ of its bulk in water. 
 EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON BODIES. 
 
 Fahrenheit. 
 Deg. 
 
 Cast-iron melts 2786 
 
 Gold " 2016 
 
 Copper " 1996 
 
 Brass " 1900 
 
 Silver " 1878 
 
 Red heat visible by day, . . 1077 
 Iron red hot in twilight, ... SS4 
 
 Common fire,. 790 
 
 Zinc melts 773 
 
 Iron, bright red in dark,. . . 753 
 
 Mercury boils 630 
 
 Lead melts 612 
 
 Linseed oil boils 600 
 
 Bismuth melts. ... . . 497 
 
 Fahrenheit 
 Deg. 
 
 Cadmium 450 
 
 Tin melts 442 
 
 Tin and bismuth, equal 
 
 parts, melts 388 
 
 Tin 3 parts, bismuth 5 parts, 
 
 lead 2 parts, melt 212 
 
 Sodium 190 
 
 Alcohol boils 174 
 
 Potassium 186 
 
 Ether " 99 
 
 Human blood, (heat of,). . . 98 
 
 Strong wines freeze 20 
 
 Brandy freezes 7 
 
 Mercury freezes 39}
 
 82 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 
 
 PROPERTIES OF CHARCOAL. 
 
 ALTHOUGH charcoal is so combustible, it is, in some re- 
 spects a very unchangeable substance, resisting the action 
 of a great variety of other substances upon it. Hence posts 
 are often charred before being put into the ground. Grain 
 has been found in the excavations at Herculaneum, which 
 was charred at the time of the destruction of that city, eight- 
 een hundred years ago, and yet the shape is perfectly pre- 
 served, so that you can distinguisli between the different 
 kinds of grain. While charcoal is itself so unchangeable, 
 it preserves other substances from change. Hence meat and 
 vegetables are packed in charcoal for long voyages, and the 
 water is kept in casks which are charred on the inside. 
 Tainted meat can be made sweet by being covered with it. 
 Foul and stagnant water can be deprived of its bad taste by 
 being filtered through it. Charcoal is a great decolorizer. 
 Ale and porter filtered through it are deprived of their color, 
 and sugar-refiners decolorize their brown syrups by means 
 of charcoal, and thus make white sugar. Animal charcoal, 
 or bone-black, is the best for such purposes, although only 
 one-tenth of it is really charcoal, the other nine-tenths being 
 the mineral portion of the bone. 
 
 Charcoal will absorb, of some gases, from eighty to ninety 
 times its own bulk. As every point of its surface is a point 
 of attraction, it is supposed to account for the enormous ac- 
 cumulation of gases in the spaces of the charcoal. But this 
 accounts for it only in part. There must be some peculiar 
 power in the charcoal to change, in some way, the condition 
 of a gas of which it absorbs ninety times its own bulk. 
 
 Hooker. , 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOR THE CRANK. 
 
 VARIOUS devices supposed to have advan- 
 tages over the common crank, have been in- 
 vented. Our diagram shows one of these 
 forms, which has been re-invented many times, 
 by different inventors. A grooved wheel is 
 employed, and in the groove are two slides, at- 
 tached respectively, by pivots, to the connecting! rod of a 
 piston rod. The reciprocating movement of the piston rod 
 acting upon the connecting rod, causes the rotation of the 
 wheel.
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 83 
 
 PBACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 A KNOWLEDGE of geometry, both practical and theoretical, 
 is of importance to mechanics and inventors. It is pro- 
 motive of truth and patience in mental habits, and leads to 
 the exercise of nicety and exactness in the execution of 
 mechanical labors. With a pair of dividers, a rule and 
 pencil, any person may speedily acquire a considerable 
 knowledge of practical geometry. We subjoin a few sim- 
 ple and generally useful problems for practice, in the hope 
 of thus interesting some of our readers in the subject, so 
 that they will continue the study. Complete works on geo- 
 metry can be had at the book-stores. 
 
 Problem 1. To divide a line into 
 equal parts. To draw a line perpen- 
 dicular to another : With a pair of di- 
 viders from the extremities of the line 
 A B as centres, with any distance ex- 
 ceeding the point where the line is to 
 be intersected, describe arcs cutting 
 each other as m n ; then a line drawn 
 through m n will divide the line A B 
 equally, and will also be perpendicular 
 thereto. 
 
 Problem 2i To find the side of a 
 square that shall be any number of 
 times the area of a given square : 
 Let A B C D be the given square ; 
 then will the diagonal B D be the side 
 of a square A E F G, double in area 
 to the given square A B C D ; the di- 
 agonal B D is equal to the line A G ; 
 if the diagonal be drawn from B to G, it will be the side of 
 a square A H K L, three times the area of the square A B 
 C D ; the diagonal B L will equal the size of a square four 
 times the area of the square A B C D, etc.
 
 84 
 
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY. 
 
 Problem 3. To find the diameter 
 of a circle that shall be any number 
 of times the area of a given circle : 
 Let A B C D be the given circle; 
 draw the two diameters A B and C D 
 at right angles to each other, and the 
 cord A D will be the radius of the 
 circle o P, twice the area of the given 
 circle nearly ; and half the cord will 
 be the radius of a circle that will contain half the area, etc. 
 
 Problem 4. To describe 
 an ellipsis, the transverse 
 and conjugate diameters be- 
 ing given : From o, as a 
 centre, with the difference 
 of the transverse and con- 
 /[. jugate semi-diameters, set 
 off o c and o d ; draw the 
 
 i diagonal c ?, and continue 
 
 the line o c to k, by the addition of half the diagonal c d, 
 then will the distance o A: be the radius of the centres that 
 will describe the ellipsis ; draw the lines A B, C D, C E, 
 and B H, cutting the semi-diameters of the ellipsis in the 
 centres k B TO n ; then with the radius m ,<t, and with k, 
 and TO as centres, describe the arcs D II and A E ; also, 
 with the radius n r, and with n and B as centres, describe 
 the arcs E H and A H, and the figure A E D H will be the 
 ellipsis required. 
 
 THE " SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN."" It is hardly necessary 
 for us to speak of its merits to those who are thoroughly 
 posted up in the improvements of the age ; but the general 
 reading public may not be so well aware that it contains the 
 finest engravings of all the late inventions the new moni- 
 tors, army and navy weapons, vessels, forts, machinery of 
 all kinds, military and civil, mechanical and agricultural 
 with essays from the most distinguished scholars upon prac-
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 85 
 
 tical philosophy, chemistry, and engineering. It is indis- 
 pensable to every inventor. It is useful for even,' famil v and 
 housewife. In short, it is the best scientific and mechanical 
 journal in the world, and we cannot see how any chemist, 
 architect, engineer, fanner, or mechanic can do without it. 
 MINN & Co., Publishers, 37 Park Row, New York." Cass 
 County Republican. 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 I\ the construction of models, or machinery, the skillful 
 mechanic and inventor will study to avoid clumsiness in tlie 
 arrangement of parts, and will naturally take pride in select- 
 ing, as far as possible, the simplest and best forms of me- 
 chanical movements. 
 
 To this end, we have thought that nothing could he more 
 suggestive or useful than a comprehensive exhibition of 
 many of the best mechanical forms already known. 
 
 After much labor and expense, we have brought together, 
 condensed and engraved expressly for this work, one of the 
 most extensive series of mechanical movements ever before 
 published. 
 
 Here the mechanic may find at a glance the movement 
 suited for his purpose, and may see the separate parts best 
 adapted to any special combination of mechanism. 
 
 As these engravings are not readily to be found elsewhere, 
 we recommend the careful preservation of this book. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE MECHANICAL MOVE- 
 MENTS BY NUMBERS. 
 
 1. Shaft coupling. 2. Claw coupling. 3,4. Lever coup- 
 lings. On the driving shaft, a disk with spurs is mounted, 
 and to the shaft to be driven :i lover is hinged. By causing 
 this lever to catch in the spurs of the disk, the coupling is 
 cflccted. 5. Knee or rose coupling, of which 26 is a side 
 view. 
 
 6. Universal joint. 7, 8. Disk and spur coupling. 9. 
 Prong and spur lever coupling. 
 
 10. Fast and loose pulley. 11. Sliding gear, the journal 
 boxes of one of the wheels being movcabJe. 12. Friction 
 clutch. By tightening or releasing a steel band, encircling 
 a pulley on the shaft, the machinery is thrown in or out of 
 
 8
 
 86 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 gear. 13, 14. Shoe and lever brakes. 15, 1C. Change of 
 motion by sheaves. 17. Spiral flanged shaft. 18. Con- 
 nected with the rod arc pawl links, catching into ratchet- 
 teeth in the wheel to which rotary motion is to be imparted. 
 When the rod moves in one direction, one of the pawls acts; 
 and when the rod moves in the opposite direction, the other 
 pawl acts in the same direction as the first. 19. The recip- 
 rocating motion of a rod is converted into rotary motion of 
 the fly-wheel by a weight suspended from a cord, which 
 passes ocer a small pulley that connects with a treadle, from 
 which the motion is transmitted to the fly-wheel. 
 
 20. "Flying horse," used in fairs for amusement. By 
 pulling the cords radiating from the crank, the persons occu- 
 pying the seats or borses on the ends of the arms arc enabled 
 to keep the apparatus in motion. 21,22. Bow string ar- 
 rangements, to connect reciprocating into rotary motion. 
 23. Same purpose by differential screw. 24. The same by 
 double rack and wheels. 25. Coupling for square shafts. 
 26. Side view of Fig. 5. 27. Sliding spur pulley coupling. 
 28. Lever with bearing roller to tighten pulley bands. 29. 
 Chain wheel. 
 
 30. Reciprocating rectilinear into reciprocating rotary 
 motion by two racks and cog wheel. 31. Oblique toothed 
 wheels. 32. Worm and worm wheel. 33, 34. Claw coup- 
 ling with hinged lever. 35, 36. Disk couplings, with lugs 
 and cavities. 37. Disk coupling with screw bolts. 38,39, 
 40. Shaft couplings. 
 
 41. Face view of Fig. 12. 42. Friction cones. 43. Fric- 
 tion pullies. 44. Self-releasing coupling. Disks with ob- 
 lique teeth. If the' resistance to the driven shaft increases 
 beyond a certain point, the disks separate. 45. Hoisting 
 blocks. 46. Elbow crank, for changing motion. 47. Re- 
 ciprocating into rotary motion by zig-zag groove on cylinder. 
 48. Another form of Fig. 29. 49. Reciprocating into a ro- 
 tary motion. 
 
 50. Same purpose. 51. Same purpose, by double rack 
 and two ratchet pinions. When the double rack moves in 
 one direction, one pinion is rigid with the shaft ; when the 
 rack moves in the opposite direction, the other pinion is rigid, 
 arid a continuous rotary motion is imparted to the fly-wheel 
 shaft. 52. Reciprocating into oscillating. 53. Retary into
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 87 
 
 reciprocating. By the action of the wheel pins, the carriage 
 is moved in one direction, and by the action of said pins on 
 an elbow-lever, it is moved in the opjx>site direction. 54. 
 Stamp rod and lifting cam. 55. For giving reciprocating 
 motion to rack. 56. Same motion to a bar with slot, by 
 means of an eccentric pin projecting from a revolving disk, 
 and catching in the slot. 57. Walking beam and fly-wheel. 
 58. Reciprocating motion to pump or other rod by means 
 of eccentric disk and friction rollers. See 81 and 104. 59. 
 Hoisting crane. 
 
 60. Frictiongears. See 43. 61. Rotary into reciproca- 
 ting by rising and falling pinion acting on endless nick. 
 62. By the revolving cam, a rising and falling or a recipro- 
 cating rectilinear motion is imparted to a drum. 63. Recip- 
 rocating motion to a frame by means of endless rack and 
 pinion. 64. Reciprocating rectilinear motion to a toothed 
 rack by a toothed segment on a lever-arm, which is subjected 
 to the action of a weight, and of an eccentric wrist-pin, pro- 
 jecting from a revolving disk. 65. Reciprocating motion to 
 a rod. The wheels are of different diameters, and conse- 
 quently the rod has to rise and fall as the wheels revolve. 
 (See 110.) 66. Cam and elbow lever. 67. Rod recipro- 
 cates by means of cam. 68. Revolving into reciprocating 
 motion, by an endless segmental rack and pinion, the axle 
 of which revolves and slides in a slot toward and from the 
 rack. This rack is secured to a disk, and a rope round said 
 dir-k extends to the body to which a reciprocating motion is 
 to be imparted. 69. Elliptic gears. 
 
 70. Bevel gear. 71. Worm and worm wheel. 72. Trans- 
 mitting motion from one axle to another, with three dif- 
 ferent velocities, by means of toothed segments of unequal 
 diameters. 73. Continuous revolving into reciprocating, l>y 
 a cam-disk acting on an oscillating lever. 74. Intermittent 
 revolving motion to a shaft with two pinions, and M-gment 
 gear wheel on end of shaft. 75. Oscillating lever, carrying 
 pawls which engage teeth in the edges of a bar to which 
 rectilinear motion is imparted. 76. Oscillating lever, con- 
 nects by a link with a rod to which a rectilinear motion is 
 imparted. 77. Oscillating lever and pawls, which gear in 
 die ratchet-wheel. 78. Common treadle. 79. DcM-ribing 
 on a revolving cylinder a spiral line of a certain given pitch
 
 88 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 which depends upon the comparative sizes of the pinion and 
 bevel-wheels. 
 
 80. Marking a spiral line, the graver moved by a screw. 
 81. (See Fig. 58.) 82. Plunger and rods. 83. Cross head 
 and rods. 84. Reciprocating rod guided by friction rollers. 
 85. Revolving into reciprocating motion, by means of roller- 
 arms, extending from a revolving shaft, and acting on lugs 
 projecting from a reciprocating frame. 86. Crank motion. 
 
 87. Reciprocating motion by toothed wheel and spring bar. 
 
 88. The shaft carries a tapper, which catches against a hook 
 hinged to the drum, so as to carry said drum along and 
 raise the weight on the rope. When the tappet has reached 
 its highest position, the hook strikes a pin, the hook disen- 
 gages from the tappet, and the weight drops. 89. Recipro- 
 cating motion to a rod by means of a groove in an oblique 
 ring secured to a revolving shaft. 
 
 90. Double crank. 91. Cam groove in a drum, to pro- 
 duce reciprocating motion. 92. Belts and pulleys. 93. 
 Pulleys, belts, and internal gear. 94. As the rod moves up 
 and down, the teeth of the cog-wheel come in contact with 
 a pawl, and an intermittent rotary motion is imparted to 
 said wheel. 95. By turning the horizontal axles with dif- 
 ferent velocities, the middle wheel is caused to revolve with 
 the mean velocity. 96. Oscillating lever and cam groove in 
 a disk. 97. Lazy tongs. 98. Oscillating segment and belt 
 over pulleys. 99. Converting oscillating into a reciproca- 
 ting motion by a cam-slot in the end of the oscillating lever 
 which catches over a pin projecting from one of the sides of 
 a parallelogram which is connected to the rod to which re- 
 ciprocating motion is imparted. 
 
 100. Oscillating motion of a beam into rotary motion. 
 101 . Motion of a treadle into rotary motion. 102. Double- 
 acting beam. 103. Single-acting beam. 104. (See Figures 
 58 and 81.) 105. Device to steady a piston by a slotted 
 guide-piece, operated by an eccentric on the driving-shaft. 
 106. Rod operated by *wo toothed segments. 107. Two 
 cog-wheels of equal diameter, provided with a crank of the 
 same length, and connected by links with a cross-bar to 
 which the piston-rod-is secured. 108. Device for a rectilin- 
 ear motion of a piston-rod based on the hypocyclodial mo- 
 tion of a pinion in a stationary wheel with internal gear.
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 89 
 
 If the diameter of the pinion is exactly equal to one-half 
 the diameter of the internal gear, the hypocyeloid becomes 
 a right line. 109. Same purpose as 56*. 
 
 110. Action similar to 65. 111. Revolving motion by a 
 circular sliding pinion gearing in an elliptical cog-wheel. 
 112. Similar to 96. 113. Carpenter's clamp. The jaws 
 turn on their pivot-screws, and clamp the board. 114. An 
 irregular vibratory motion is given to the arm carrying the 
 wheel A, by the rotation of the pinion B. 115. Intermit- 
 tent rotary motion of the pinion-shaft, by the continuous 
 rotary motion of the large wheel. The part of the pinion 
 shown next the wheel is cut on the same curve as the plain 
 portion of the circumference, and, therefore, serves as a lock 
 whilst the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the 
 pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece ujx>n the pinion, 
 when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 116. 
 Stop-motion used in watches to limit the number of revolu- 
 tions in winding up. The convex curved part, a, b, of the 
 wheel B, serving as the stop. 117. Several wheels, by con- 
 necting rods, driven from one pulley. 118. Intermittent 
 circular motion is imparted to the toothed wheel by vibrating 
 the arm 15. When the arm, B, is lifted, the pawl is raised 
 from between the teeth of the wheel, and traveling backward 
 over the circumference again, drops between two teeth on 
 lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 119. Re- 
 ciprocating rectilinear motion is given to the bar by the con- 
 tinuous motion of the cam. The cam is of equal diameter 
 in every direction measured across its center. 
 
 120. Mechanism for revolving the cylinder in Colt's fire- 
 arms. When the hammer is drawn back the dog, a, attached 
 to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, b, on the back of the 
 cylinder, and is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c. 121. 
 Alternate increasing and diminishing motion, by means of 
 eccentric toothed wheel and toothed cylinder. 122. Oscilla- 
 ting or pendulum engine. The cylinder swings between 
 trunnions like a pendulum. The piston-rod connects direct- 
 ly with crank. 123. Intermittent rotary motion. The 
 small wheel is driven, and the friction rollers on its studs 
 move the larger wheel by working against the faces of ob- 
 lique grooves or projections across the face thereof. 124. 
 Longitudinal and rotary motion of the rod is produced by
 
 90 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 its arrangement between two rotating rollers, the axles of 
 which are oblique to each other. 125. Friction indicator of 
 lloberts. Upon the periphery of the belt-pulley a loaded 
 carriage is placed, its tongue connected with an indicator. 
 With a given load the indicating pointer remains in a given 
 position, no matter what velocity is imparted to the pulley. 
 When the load is changed the indicator changes, thus prov- 
 ing that the friction of wheels is in proportion to load, not 
 velocity. 1 26. Circular intermittent rectilinear reciprocating 
 motion. Used on sewing-machines for driving the shuttle ; 
 also on three-revolution cylinder printing-presses. 127. Con- 
 tinuous circular into intermittent circular motion. The cam 
 is the driver. 128. Sewing-machine, four-motion feed. The 
 bar, B, carries the feeding-points or spurs, and is pivoted to 
 slide, A. B is lifted by a radial projection on cam C, 
 which at the same time also carries A and B forward. A 
 spring produces the return stroke, and the bar B, drops by 
 gravity. 129. Patent crank motion, to obviate dead centers. 
 Pressure on the treadle moves the slotted slide, A, forward 
 until the wrist passes the center, when the spring, B, forces 
 the slide against the stops until next forward movement. 
 
 130. Four-way cock. ^131. One stroke of the piston gives 
 acomplete revolution to the crank. 132. Kectilinear motion 
 of variable velocity, is given to the vertical bar by rotation 
 of the shaft of the curved arm. 133. Pantagraph for copy- 
 ing, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. C, fixed point. B, 
 ivory tracing point. A, pencil trace, the lines to be copied 
 with, and B, the pencil, will re-produce it double size. Shift 
 the slide to which C is attached, also the pencil slide, and 
 size of the copy will be varied. 134. Ball and socket joint 
 for tubing. 135. Numerical registering device. Tbe teeth 
 of the worm shaft gear with a pair of worm-wheels of equal 
 diameter, one having one tooth more than the other. If the 
 first wheel has 100 teeth and the second 101, the pointers 
 will indicate respectively 101 and 10.100 revolutions. 136 
 i Montgolfier's hydraulic ram. The right hand valve bcin< 
 kept open by a weight or spring, the current flowing through 
 the pipe in the direction of the arrow, escapes thereby. 
 When the pressure of the water current overcomes the weight 
 of the right valve, the momentum of the water opens the 
 other valve, and the water passes into the air-chamber. On
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 91 
 
 equilibrium taking place, the left valve shuts and the right 
 valve opens. By this alternate action of the valves, water 
 is raised into the air-chamber at every stroke. 137. Kotary 
 engine. Shaft, B, and hub, C, are arranged eccentric to the 
 case. Sliding radial pistons, a, a, move in and out of hub, 
 0. The pistons slide through rolling packings in the hub, 
 C. 138. Quadrant engine. Two single-acting pistons, B, 
 B, connect with crank, D. Steam is admitted to acton the 
 outer sides of the pistons alternately through valve a, and 
 the exhaust is between the pistons. 139. Circular into rec- 
 tilinear motion. The scolloped wheel communicates motion 
 to the horizontal oscillating rod, and imparts rectilinear 
 movement to the upright har. 140. Rotary motion trans- 
 mitted by rolling contact between two obliquely arranged 
 shafts. 
 
 MTJLTUM IN PAEVO. 
 
 We have some queer correspondents: One writes to know 
 if we will not be so good as to send a messenger to an ad- 
 dress which he gives, up town distance two and a half 
 miles from our office to make certain inquiries for him. It 
 would require one and a half hours time to do the errand, 
 and not a stamp inclosed. Another wants us to write a let- 
 ter and tell him where to get a combined thermometer and 
 barometer. Another, " will you be good enough to give me 
 the names and addresses of several of the makers of the best 
 brick machines;" another wants water wheels; another 
 threshing machines; each writer desires our written opinion 
 as to which is the best device, with our reasons, and not one 
 is thoughtful enough to inclose a fee, or reflect that to an- 
 swer his request will consume considerable of our time. An- 
 other party wishes us to write to him the recipe for making 
 ornaments out of coal tar, where he can buy the mixture 
 ready for use, and how much chequer-men will sell for in the 
 New York market. For this information he sends us the 
 generous sum of three cents in postage stamps. Mr. C. wants 
 us to tell him of some valuable invention, of which he can 
 buv the patent cheap, that would be suitable for him to take 
 to sell, on his travels out West, by towns, counties, etc , three 
 cents inclosed. Others want us to put them in communica- 
 tion with some person who will purchase an interest in their 
 inventions, or manufacture for them, or furnish this or that 
 personal information, our reply to be printed in the Scientific 
 American. We are at all times happy to serve our corre- 
 spondents, but if replies to purely personal errands are expect- 
 ed a small fee, say from one to five dollars, should be sent.
 
 92 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 u IT 
 
 XL 
 
 s;
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
 
 94 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 i
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS.
 
 96 
 
 MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS. 
 
 A
 
 WILL IT PAY? 97 
 
 WILL IT PAYP 
 
 On page 5, readers are informed that we are always happy 
 to give tliem our opinion as to the novelty of their inven- 
 tions, without charge. But some persons, when they send 
 for such information, add many other inquiries, difficult to 
 answer, and not included in our gratuitous invitation ; as for 
 example : " What is it worth ? Who will buy ? Will it 
 pay ? Docs it infringe '? ])ocs it conflict with IV s patent 1 
 If you will guarantee that it does not infringe, I will apply 
 for a patent," etc. 
 
 It is impossible for us to answer all of these questions 
 satisfactorily, but in special cases we might write out a reply 
 if a fee were sent to compensate for our time. The follow- 
 ing hints, however, may prove useful as a sort of general 
 answer. 
 
 " What is it worth ? Who will buy ?" If a patent is re- 
 fused, and cannot be obtained, the device is worth nothing, 
 and no one will buy. Therefore the first thing to be consid- 
 ered, the first step to be taken, is to obtain the. Patent. Do 
 not count your chickens, nor anxiously seek a market for 
 them, nor ask anybody to guarantee or insure their lives, 
 before they are hatched. 
 
 " Will it pay ?" As a general rule, every patentable im- 
 provement will more than repay the small cost of taking out 
 the patent. The sale of a single machine, or of a single 
 right of use, will often briii back more than the whole out- 
 j lay for the patent. The extent of profit frequently depends 
 \ upon the business capacity of the inventor, or his agent. 
 < Mic man will make a fortune from an unpromising improve- 
 ment, while another, possessing a brilliant invention, will 
 realize little or nothing, owing to idleness and incompetence. 
 [See remarks, page 42.] 
 
 "Docs it infringe?" To answer this in each individual 
 case, requires the special search mentioned at page 102. In- 
 fringement consists in the use, sale, or manufacture of the 
 thing patented. It is not an infringement to take out or 
 hold a patent for an improvement upon any other patent. 
 It is not an infringement to sell rights under any patent, 
 whether town, county or state rights, or licenses. The ac- 
 tual manufacture, sale, or use of an article may infringe ; 
 but the sale or purchase of patent rights is not infringement.
 
 98 
 
 WILL IT PAY? 
 
 "1 
 
 All good improvements are worth patenting, even if their 
 use infringes a prior patent. Many an infringing device is 
 worth more than the patent with which it conflicts. Patent- 
 ees of conflicting inventions can usually make satisfactory 
 arrangements with the owners of the prior patents ; it is ob- 
 viously to the interest of prior patentees to have their patents 
 used as extensively as possible. The princely revenue of 
 Howe, the inventor of the sewing machine, said to be five 
 hundred thousand dollars annually, is derived from infring- 
 ing patentees, who pay him a small royalty on each machine. 
 The net profits divided among the owners of one of these 
 infringing patents, the celebrated Wheeler and Wilson is 
 reported to be more than one million dollars a year. We 
 might give hundreds of analogous examples. 
 
 SUBSTITUTE FOB BELTS AND GEARS. 
 The object of this device is to transmit motion from one 
 shaft to another, without the use of belt or gear wheels, both 
 of which are in some instances objectionable. 
 
 Continuous rotary motion of the pulley shaft, is imparted 
 to the secondary shaft through the connecting rods 
 
 STEAM PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Pressure Correspond';; i Pressure Correspond';? \ Pressure i Correspond'^ 
 in Ihs. Temperature, in IBS. Temperature. in Ibs. Temperature, 
 
 10 
 15 
 
 90 
 
 25 
 80 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 45 
 50 
 55 
 
 192.4 
 212.8 
 228.5 
 241.0 
 251.6 
 260.9 
 269.1 
 276.4 
 283.2 
 289.3 
 295.6 
 
 65 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 80 
 
 85 
 
 90 
 
 95 
 
 100 
 
 110 
 
 120 
 
 130 
 
 301.3 
 306.4 
 311.2 
 315.8 
 320.1 
 324.3 
 328.2 
 332.0 
 a39.2 
 345.8 
 352.1 
 
 persq.in. Fahrenheit. 
 
 140 
 150 
 160 
 
 170 
 180 
 190 
 200 
 210 
 220 
 230 
 240 
 
 357.9 
 363.4 
 368.7 
 373.6 
 378.4 
 382.9 
 387.3 
 391.5 
 395.5 
 399.4 
 403.1 
 
 [THIRD EDITION.]
 
 THE VALUE OF BRAIXS. 99 
 
 THE VALUE OP BBAINS. 
 
 WORKING as an ordinary hand in a Philadelphia ship-yard, 
 until within a few years, was a man named John L. Knowl- 
 tou. His peculiarity was, that while others of his class were 
 at the ale-houses, or indulging in jollification, he was inces 
 sandy engaged in studying upon mechanical combinations. 
 One of his companions secured a poodle-dog, and spent six 
 months in teaching the quadruped to execute a jig upon his 
 hind-legs. Knowlton spent the same period in discovering 
 some method by which he could saw out ship timber in a 
 beveled form. 
 
 The first man taught his dog to dance. Knowlton, in the 
 same]time, discovered a mechanical combination that enabled 
 him to do in two hours the work that would occupy a dozen 
 men, by slow and laborious processes, an entire day. That 
 saw is now in use in all the ship-yards of the country. It 
 cuts a beam to a curved shape as quickly as an ordinary 
 saw-mill saw rips up a straight plank. 
 
 Knowlton continued his experiments. He took no part in 
 parades or target-shootings, and in a short time afterward he 
 secured a patent for a machine that turns any material what- 
 ever into a perfectly spherical form. He sold a portion of his 
 patent for a sum that is equivalent to a fortune. The 
 machine was used in cleaning off cannon-balls for the gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 When the ball comes from the mould, the surface is incrust- 
 ed, and the ordinary process of smoothing it was slow and 
 wearisome. This machine almost in an instant, and with 
 mathematical accuracy, peels it to the surface of the metal, 
 at the same time smoothing out any deviations from the per- 
 fect spheroidal form. 
 
 The same unassuming man has invented a boring-machine, 
 that was tested in the presence of a number of scientific gen- 
 tlemen. It bored at the rate of twenty-two inches an hour, 
 through a block of granite, with a pressure of but three hun- 
 dred pounds upon the drill. A gentleman present offered 
 him ten thousand dollars upon the spot for a part interest in 
 the invention, in Europe, and the offer was then accepted. 
 
 The moral of all this is, that people who keep on studying
 
 100 ENGRAVINGS AND ADVERTISING. 
 
 are sure to achieve something. Mr. Knowlton doesn't con- 
 sider himself by any means brilliant; but if once inspired 
 with an idea, he pursues it until lie forces it into tangible 
 shape. If every body would follow copy, the world would 
 be less filled with idlers, and the streets with grumblers and 
 malcontents. 
 
 ENGRAVINGS AND ADVERTISING. 
 
 EXPERIENCE shows that the illustration of inventions by 
 engravings is one of the best means ever devised for the 
 introduction of inventions and the sale of patents. As a 
 means for the circulation of such illustrations, nothing can 
 compare in value with the Scientific American. Every en- 
 graving published therein goes before probably not less than 
 one hundred andjifty thousand persons. 
 
 All good business men, before spending their money upon 
 advertising, are in the habit of inquiring about the charac- 
 ter and extent of circulation enjoyed by the journal that so- 
 licits their patronage. In this respect the publishers of the 
 Scientific American challenge the closest scrutiny ; the facts 
 will show that their terms are much lower than those of any 
 other journal of the same class in proportion to the extent 
 of circulation. 
 
 Parties who desire to have their machines illustrated can 
 address the undersigned, who are also prepared to send ar- 
 tists to make sketches of manufacturing establishments, with 
 a view to their publication in the Scientific American. 
 MUNN & CO., 
 37 Park Row, New-York. 
 
 SOAP-BUBBLES. 
 
 FEW things amuse children more than blowing bubbles. 
 Dissolve a quarter of an ounce of Castile or oil soap, cut up 
 in small pieces, in three quarters of a pint of water, and 
 boil it for two or three minutes ; then add five ounces of 
 glycerine. When cold, this fluid will produce the best and 
 most lasting bubbles that can be blown.
 
 GOING TO WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 101 
 
 GOING TO "WASHINGTON IN PERSON. 
 
 SOME inventors suppose, very 
 naturally, that if personally pre- 
 sent in Washington, they can get 
 their cases through more expe- 
 ditiously, or command other im- 
 portant facilities. But this is not 
 so. The journey to Washington 
 is usually a mere waste of time 
 and money. A good agent must 
 be employed after the inventor 
 gets there. No inventor can pos- 
 sibly have facilities or influence 
 superior to our own ; more than 
 ONE THIRD of the entire business of the Patent Office passes 
 through our hands ; and we have an office in Washington, 
 charged with the especial duty of watching over and press- 
 ing forward the interests of our clients. 
 
 The Patent Office does not prepare patent papers, or make 
 models. These must be provided by the applicant or his 
 attorney, according to law, otherwise his claim will not be 
 considered. , 
 
 The law especially requires that all documents deposited 
 in the Patent Office shall be correctly, legibly, and clearly 
 written, and that the drawings shall be of a specified size, 
 and executed in an artistic manner. 
 
 Persons who visit Washington in person, can have all 
 their patent business promptly attended to, by calling at 
 MUNN & Co.'s BRANCH SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN OFFICE, corner 
 of 7th and F streets, Apposite the Patent Office. 
 
 COPIES OF 'PATENTS, CLAIMS, ETC. 
 
 WE furnish full copies of specifications or drawings of 
 any existing patent, or open rejected case, official letter, 
 assignment, etc., etc. The expense is very moderate. For 
 $1 we can seu:l a copy of the claims only, of any existing 
 patent, provided the date or number of the patent is given. 
 But when we have to search up the patent, date or number 
 not being given, the charge is increased.
 
 102 THE LAW OF INFRINGEMENT. 
 
 INFRINGEMENTS. 
 
 THE general rule of law is, 
 that the prior patentee is en- 
 titled to a broad interpretation 
 of his claims. The scope of 
 any patent is therefore govern- 
 ed by the inventions of prior 
 date. To determine whether 
 the use of a patent is an infringement of another, generally 
 requires a most careful study of all analogous prior patents 
 and rejected applications. An opinion based upon such 
 study requires for its preparation much time and labor. 
 
 Having access to all the patents, models, public records, 
 drawings, and other documents pertaining to the Patent 
 Office, we are prepared to make examinations, and give 
 opinions upon all infringement questions, advice as to the 
 scope and ground covered by patents, and direct with vigor 
 any legal proceedings therewith connected. Address, MUNN 
 & Co., 37 Park Row, N. Y. 
 
 The expense of these examinations, with written opinion, 
 varies from $25 to $100 or more, according to the labor in- 
 volved. 
 
 To the Editors of Tlie Scientific American : 
 
 Let me encourage you, gentlemen, in your great enter- 
 prise. Perhaps we need light and elegant literature ; we 
 may even need " chess columns ;" but let THE SCIENTIFIC 
 AMERICAN continue to teach the people how to realize Dean 
 Swift's prayer " Make two blades of grass grow on the spot 
 where only one grew before." Let it still increase the me- 
 chanical and agricultural knowledge of bur artisans and far- 
 mers, by publishing the latest discoveries in science and 
 improvements in the arts. And then its editors will have 
 the noblest reward that of being considered the guard- 
 ian angels of genius, the champions of inventors, and the 
 " prime motors" employed in developing the highest phy- 
 sical and intellectual resources of this great country. 
 
 Camden, Ark. W. A. SHAW, M.D.
 
 QUICK APPLICATIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 QUICK APPLICATIONS. 
 
 WHEN, from any rea- 
 son, parties are desirous 
 of applying for a Patent 
 or filing a Caveat in 
 great haste, without a 
 moment's loss of time, 
 they have only to write 
 or telegraph to us, and 
 we will make special ex- 
 ertions, lu many cases, 
 we can prepare the pa- 
 pers at an hour's notice. 
 But our correspond- 
 ents must remember that 
 we can not send them blank papers for signature and oath, 
 as this is forbidden by the Commissioner of Patents. 
 
 Our distant clients, when in haste, may copy, on foolscap 
 paper, the petition and power of attorney on page 21. 
 Then, on another sheet, write a description of the invention. 
 N'o matter about grammar or language. Sign it in the pre- 
 sence of two witnesses. Then copy the form of oath on 
 page 21, attach it to the description, make affidavit before 
 a justice of the peace or notary, and send the papers with 
 check or order for the fees, as stated on pages 8 and 9. 
 Also send model. We can then at once revise and correct 
 the papers and proceed with the case before the Patent- 
 Office. 
 
 IT is necessary, in all cases, that the application for a pa- 
 tent should be made in the name of the inventor, and the 
 petition and specification must be signed by him. His at- 
 torney can not sign these original papers for him. 
 
 Caveats can only be filed by citizens and those who have 
 resided in this country a year and declared their intentions 
 to become citizens. Foreigners can not file Caveats. 
 
 All persons without any distinction as to nationality can 
 take American Patents on the same terms as citizens.
 
 104 
 
 USEFUL HINTS TO INQUIRERS. 
 
 A WORD TO INQUIRERS. 
 
 WE frequently receive letters containing 
 long strings of trifling questions, relative to 
 all sorts of things, without any fee to pay 
 us for our time in obtaining the information, 
 nor even stamps for postage or stationery. 
 Many of these correspondents close their 
 letters with the comforting assurance that 
 " I would remit for your trouble, but do 
 not know how much to send." To relieve 
 the consciences of all such doubters, we 
 would recommend them to send a dollar or more, according 
 to the value to them of the desired information. If the 
 latter is of no value, they ought not to trouble us with their 
 fly-tracks. 
 
 To certain other classes of inquirers the following hints 
 may be useful : The best washing-machines, the best straw- 
 cutters, the best churns, the best brick-machines, the best 
 engines, the best sewing-machines, the best of every thing 
 in the mechanical line, is advertised and illustrated in THE 
 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and the address of the parties having 
 such things on sale is there given. Write directly to them 
 for the information you want, and spare us. If you cannot 
 at first find what you desire, read the back numbers of 
 THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Do not expect us to do the 
 work for you unless you send a small remittance. 
 
 To find the area of an ellipsis, multiply the long diam- 
 eter by the short diameter and by .7854 ; the product will 
 be the area. 
 
 Never relate your misfortunes, and never grieve over what 
 you cannot prevent. 
 
 To find the area of a circle, multiply the square of the 
 diameter by the decimal .7854. Or multiply the circum- 
 ference by the radius, and divide the product by 2.
 
 WHEJIE TO GO FOR PATENTS. 
 
 105 
 
 [From The Scientific American.] 
 RELATING TO PATENTS. 
 
 T may be well for parties 
 who are interested in new 
 inventions to remember that 
 our firm of Munn & Co. have 
 taken out far more patents, 
 and have, therefore, had 
 much greater experience in 
 the profession, than any other 
 agency in the world. Those 
 who confide their business to 
 us may therefore rely upon 
 having it done in the best 
 nanner on the most mod- 
 erate terms. 
 
 In addition to these advantages, we make it a general rule 
 to assist the interest of our clients by giving publicity in 
 the form of editorial notices, of all the new and meritorious 
 inventions that are patented through our agency. The fact 
 that we have carefully studied these improvements during 
 the process of preparing the patent papers, enables us to 
 speak knowingly in regard to their best features. The pub- 
 licity thus given to inventions, owing to the immense cir- 
 culation of THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN among intelligent 
 readers, is often of the utmost benefit to patentees. In 
 some cases it has engaged the active cooperation of enter- 
 prising capitalists and manufacturers, in patents which other- 
 wise would have remained dead, and has resulted in the 
 most important pecuniary advantages to inventors and pa- 
 tentees, as hundreds of them are ready to testify ; although 
 the sum total of our charges for preparing their patent pa- 
 pers has rarely exceeded the small amount of twenty-five 
 dollars. Whatever carping, jealous, or envious persons, or 
 little agents, may say to the contrary, we are justified in 
 affirming that all who really wish to promote their own in- 
 terests will do well to employ THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 
 PATENT AOKSCY.
 
 106 
 
 MINERAL CONSTITUENTS. 
 
 MINERAL CONSTITUENTS ABSORBED OR 
 REMOVED FROM AN ACRE OF SOIL BY 
 THE FOLLOWING CROPS. 
 
 Potassa 
 
 Soda 
 
 Lime 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Oxide of Iron... 
 Phosphoric Acid. 
 Sulphuric Acid.. 
 
 Chlorine 
 
 Silica 
 
 Alumina . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 Wheat. 
 25 bushels. 
 
 Barley, 
 40 bushels. 
 
 Turnips 
 20 tons. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 29.6 
 
 17.5 
 
 47.1 
 
 3. 
 
 5.2 
 
 8.2 
 
 12.9 
 
 17. 
 
 29.9 
 
 10.6 
 
 9.2 
 
 19.7 
 
 2.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 7.1 
 
 20.6 
 
 25.8 
 
 46.3 
 
 10.6 
 
 27 
 
 13.3 
 
 2. 
 
 10. 
 
 3.6 
 
 118.1 
 
 129.5 
 
 247.8 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 210 nn 
 
 213.00 
 
 423.00 
 
 Hay, 
 
 % tons. 
 
 Lbs. 
 
 38.2 
 
 12. 
 
 44.5 
 
 7.1 
 
 .6 
 
 15.1 
 9.2 
 4.1 
 
 78.2 
 
 423.00 ! 209.00 
 
 SOUND 
 
 Is the effect produced upon the ear when air is set in motion 
 within certain limits of rapidity. Audible sound begins when 
 about thirty-two vibrations per second are made, and ceases 
 when about 8000 vibrations per second are reached. 
 
 The number of vibrations corresponding with the middle 
 C of a musical instrument is 522 per second. Au octave 
 below, half the number ; an octave above, twice the number. 
 
 Sound travels at the rate of 1100 feet per second in a still 
 atmosphere. The distance in feet between an observer and 
 the point where a stroke of lightning falls, may be known by 
 multiplying 1 100 by the number of seconds that elapse after 
 the flash is seen until the sound is heard. 
 
 A MESSIEURS LES INVENTEURS FRANCAIS. 
 LES inventeurs franc.ais non familiers avec la langue an- 
 glaise et qui prefereraient nous communiquer leurs inven- 
 tions en franqais, peuvent nous addresser dans leur langue 
 natale. Envoyez nous un dessein et une description concise 
 pour notre examen. Toutes communications serout reQues 
 en confidence. Chaque personne, soit native ou etrangere, 
 une seule exception, peut obtenir une patente dans les Etats 
 Uuis sous les memes conditions que les citoyens. On parle 
 franc,ais dans notre bureau. MUNN & Co., 
 
 37 Park Row, New-York, Scientific American Office.
 
 CENSUS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, BY COUNTIES, FOE 1870. 
 
 ALABAMA. Area, 60,722 square miles. 
 
 Antanga... 11,623 Clay 9,660 Fayette 7,166 Lowndea. . .26,719 Randolph . .12,006 
 
 Baker 6,194 Clehurne .. 8,017 Franklin. 8.006 Maron 17,727 Runell 21,636 
 
 Baldwin.... 6,004 Coffee 6,171 Geneva .2,959 Madison ...31.267 Sanford.. . . . 8893 
 
 Barbour... 29,309 Colbert .. .12,637 Oreene 18,399 Marengo.. .26,151 Shelby 11,318 
 
 Bentun Conecuh ... 9,674 Hancock Marion 6,059 St. Clair.. . fl.360 
 
 Bibb 7,469 Coosa 11,946 Hale 21,792 Marshall. ..9,871 Sumter 24,110 
 
 14,191 Mobile 49,311 Talladega.. 18,063 
 
 19,410 Mm.lgom'y.43.704 Tallapoosa 16,9*8 
 
 rrson... 12,345 Morgan. .. .12,187 Tuacaloosm. 20,081 
 
 derdale 15,092 Monroe. . . . 14,214 Walker. . . . 6,543 
 
 i rence .16,668 Perry 24.976 \Vanhington 3,912 
 
 1,132 Elmore ...14,477 Lee 21,760 Pickens.. . .17,690 Wilcox ... .28,377 
 
 2,676 Kscambia. . 4,041 Limestone. 15,017 Pike 17,423 Winaton.. . 4,166 
 
 Clrk 4,629 Etowah ...10,109 Total 996,988 
 
 ARKANSAS. Area, 52,108 square miles. 
 
 Arkansas .. 8,268 Craigbead . 4,677 Izaril 6,806 Newton 3,364 Saline 3,911 
 
 Alhley 8,042 CroM 3.91S Jackson. .7,268 Ouachita. .12,975 Scott 7,483 
 
 Benton 13,831 Dallas 6,707 Jeflerson . .16,733 Perry 2,685 Searcy 5,614 
 
 Boone 7.032 Di-slia 6,125 Johnson.. .. 9,152 Phillips. .. .15,372 Sebaitian. .12,940 
 
 Bradley. ... 8,646 Drew 9,960 Lafayette . 9,139 I'ike 3,788 Serier 4,492 
 
 Calhoun ... 3,8*3 Franklin.. . 9,627 Lawrenre.. 5,981 Poinsett ... 1,720 Sharpe 6,400 
 
 Carroll 6,780 Fulton 4,843 Little River 3,236 Polk. 3,376 Union 10,571 
 
 Chicot 7,214 Grant 3,943 Madison ... 7,927 Pope 8,409 \an Buren. 6,107 
 
 Clark 11.953 Green 7,573 Marion 3,979- Prairie 8,604 Wa.hingfnl7.266 
 
 Columbia .11,3!17 H<-nipst.-ad 13.768 Mississippi. 3,633 Pulaski .. .32,066 White 10,346 
 
 Conway. .8,112 Hot Sprinjjs 6,877 Monroe 8,336 Randolph .7,466 Woodruff. . 6,891 
 
 Crawford . 8,1157 Independ'reU.SeG Montgom'y 2984 St. Francis. 6,714 YeU 8,048 
 
 Crittenden 3,831 Told 483,179 
 
 CALIFORNIA. Area, 188,981 square miles. 
 
 Alameda... 24,237 Humboldt.. 6,143 Merci-d. ... 2,807 S. Franr'ol49,482 Solano 16,871 
 
 Alpine 685 Inyo 1,956 Mono 430 8. Joaquin 21,060 Sonoma .. .19,819 
 
 ....9.582 Kern 2,925 Monterey .. 9.876 S.L.Obispo. 4,771 Stanblaua . 6,499 
 
 Butte ...11.403 Klamalh . 1,686 Napa 7,163 S. Mateo .. 6,636 Sutler 6,030 
 
 Calaveras. . 8,895 Lake...! .2,969 Nevada .. 19,136 S. Barbara. 7,784 Tehoma ... 3,587 
 
 Colusa 6.166 Laaaen 1,324 Placer 11,367 8. Clara. . .26,246 Trinity 3.213 
 
 Contra Cost* 8,461 Los Angeloil.1.309 Plumas ... 4,489 8. Cruz ... 8,743 Tulare 4,633 
 
 Del None.. 2,022 Marin 6.903 Sarramen(o26,831 Sluuta 4,173 Tuolumne. . 8,150 
 
 El Dorado 10,309 Mariposa .4.572 S. Bernar'o 3,988 Sierra 6.619 Yolo 9,899 
 
 Freano 0,336 Mendocino 7,546 San Diego . 4,974 Siskiyou ... 6,848 Tuba 10,861 
 
 Total . 660,286 
 
 CONNECT ICUT.-Area. 4,674 square milts. 
 
 Fairfirld 95,270 l.iti-lifield 48,727 N. Haven. 121,257 Tolland .. 22,000 Windhara 38.518 
 
 Hartford .109,007 Middlesex 36.099 N. London. 66,534 Total 537,418 
 
 DELAWARE Area, 2.120 squar t miles. 
 
 Kent 29,804 N. Castle 63,616 Sussex . .. 31,696 Total 126,016 
 
 FLORIDA. Area, 50,268 square miles. 
 
 Alachna 17,328 Duval 11.921 Jackson . .. 9.628 Marion 10,804 St. Johni .. 2,618 
 
 Baker 1.325 Escamhia . . 7,826 Jatlerson .. 13,398 Monroe 5,667 Snmter. . . . *,96 
 
 Benion . .. Franklin.. 1,266 Lafayette. . 1,783 Naau 4,247 Suwanee . . ,556 
 
 Bradford 3,671 Gadlen .. 9,802 Leon 15.233 New Rier, Taylor 1,441 
 
 Brevard . 1,216 Hamilton .. 5,749 Levy 2,017 Orange 2,195 Voluia ... . 1,7*3 
 
 Calhoun. . 908 Hernando 2,938 Liberty ... 1,060 Polk 3,159 W.kullm . . J,86 
 
 Clay . .2.098 HilLsboro . 3,215 Madinon .. .11,121 Putnam ... 3,821 Walton .. 3.060 
 
 Columbia 7,:a.5 Holmes ... 1 .672 Manaiee . . 1,931 S. Rosa 3,312 Waahinc'n 2.3OT 
 
 85 Tota' 187,760 
 
 GEORGIA. Area, 68,000 square miles. 
 
 Appling 5,086 Bullock . 5,610 Charltnn .. 1,8!I7 Cobl. 13,814 De Kalb .10,014 
 
 Baker ..6,843 Burke 14,586 Chatham .41. 279 Coffrr 3,192 Uoofcy 9,790 
 
 Baldwin 10,618 Butta .. .6,941 Cbattah'ee. 6.059 C.dquilt ... 1.654 Ihrngherty 11,614 
 
 Bankn 4,973 Calhoun . . 5,503 Chatooga . 6,902 Columbia . 13,529 Earlj 0.998 
 
 Barlow 16,606 Camlen ..4,611 Cherokee. . 10,399 Coweta .. 15,875 KchoU 1,978 
 
 Berrien .4,618 Campbell .. 9,176 Clarke 12,941 Crawford. . 7,657 Effingham. . 4,214 
 
 Bibb 21 .'. r ,. r . farr.,11. 11,782 Clay 6.493 Bade 3.033 Elberl 9.U 
 
 Brooks 8342 Caai Clayton . .6,477 Dawson ... 4.369 Emanuel .. 6,143 
 
 Bryan. ...5,262 Catoos ... 4,409 Clinch 3,946 Dec.tur. . 16,183 Fannin. . .. .4
 
 108 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 . . . 7,983 Irwin 1.837 Milton 4,284 Randolph 10,561 Un 
 
 Franklin -. 7,893 Jackson .. 11,181 Mitchell ..6,633 Richmond .25,137 Upton 9.430 
 
 Fulton 3.346 Jasper 10,439 Monre. .. .17.213 Sehley 6,129 Walker ... 9,9-:5 
 
 Uilmer 6,644 Jefferson . .12,192 Montgom'y. 3,586 ScriTer. ... 9,175 WaKun 11,028 
 
 Glascock .. 2,736 Johnson ... 2,964 Morgan .. .10,696 Spauklmg. . 10,205 Ware 2,SWi 
 
 Ulynn 6,376 Jones 9,436 Murray ... 6,500 Stewart . . . 14,204 Warren .. 10.546 
 
 Gordon 9,268 Laurens ... 7,834 Muscogee. 16.663 Sumler 16,559 WashingV 16,641 
 
 Greene 12,464 Lee 9,567 Newton .. .14.614 Talbot 11,913 Wayne 2.177 
 
 Gwinnett.. 12,431 Liberty .. .18,912 Ogletborpe.11,782 Taliaferro . 4,796 Wrbiter ... 4,677 
 
 Habersham 6,322 Lincoln 6.413 Paulding .. 7,639 Tatnall 4,860 White 4.CU6 
 
 Hall 9,607 Lowndes .. 8,321 Pickenj ... 6,317 Tajlor 7,143 Whitfirld .10,117 
 
 Hancock. .11,317 Lumpkin .. 6.161 Pierce 2,778 Tclfair S.S48 Wilciix .2.439 
 
 Haralson... 4,004 Macon 11,458 Pike 10.905 Terrell 9,053 Wilkes 11.7T6 
 
 Harrii 13,284 Madison. . 8,227 Polk 7.822 Thomas. . .17,158 Wilkinson 9.3S7 
 
 Hart 6,783 Marion ... 8,000 Pulaski .. 11,940 Towns 2,780 Worth :<"H 
 
 Heard 7,866 Mclntosh . 4.485 Putnam ... 10,461 Total 1,194,089 
 
 ILLINOIS. -Area, 65.405 square miles. 
 
 Adams 66,362 Du Page . .16.685 Jo Uaviess 27,810 Ma.on 16,184 Saline 12,714 
 
 Alexander. 10,564 Edgar 21,450 Johnson .. .11.248 Matsar ... 9,581 Sangamon 46,354 
 
 Bond 13.152 Edwards .. 7,666 Kane 39,091 Menard .. 11,736 Schuyler . .17,419 
 
 Boone 12942 Efflngham. 15,653 Kankakee 24,352 Mercer. .. .18.769 Scott 10,630 
 
 Brown. 12,206 Fayett ... 19,338 Kendall .. .12,399 Monroe .. 12,892 Shrlby M.47S 
 
 Bureau. 32,416 Ford 9,103 Knox 39,623 Montgom'y. 25,315 Slark 10.751 
 
 Calhoun 6,662 Franklin . .12,652 Lake 21,014 Morgan .'28.463 Stephenson. 30,608 
 
 Carroll 16.706 Fulton 38,292 La Salle .. .60,792 Moultrie . .10,386 Tajew ell . 27,903 
 
 Can 10,089 Gallatin ..11,134 Lawrence. 12,533 Ogle 27,493 Onion 16,518 
 
 Champaign 32,738 Green 20.277 Lee 27,171 Peoria 47,540 Vermilion. 30,388 
 
 Christian 20,363 Grundy .. .14,938 Liringston .31,472 Perry 13,723 Wabash ... .8,841 
 
 Clark 18,719 Hamilton . .13,014 Logan 23,062 Piatt 10,963 Warren 23.174 
 
 ' ' 
 
 Clinton 16,284 Hardin 8,113 McHenry. .23.762 Pope 11.437 Wayne 19,758 
 
 Coles .. 25,237 Henderson 12.582 McLean .. .63,988 Pulaski ... 8,752 White 16,846 
 
 Cook 349,978 Henry 35,507 Macon 20,622 Putnam .. .66,280 Whileside 27,606 
 
 Crawford 13,889 Iroquois ..26,782 Macoupin . 32.729 Randolph. .20,859 Will 43,013 
 
 Cumberl'd 12,223 Jackson .19,634 Madison. .44.131 Hichland .. 12,803 Williamson 17,329 
 
 DeKalb 23,266 Jasper ...11,234 Marion . . 20,622 Rot k Island 29,783 Winnebago 29,301 
 
 DeWitt 14.768 Jefferson ..17,864 Marshall . 16,956 St. flair .. .51.069 Woodford .18.956 
 
 Douglas . . .13,484 Jersey 16,054 Total 2,539,638 
 
 INDIANA. Area, 33,809 square miles. 
 
 Adams 10,382 Elkhart .. .26,026 Jeffrrwm . .29,741 Noble 20,389 Stark 3.888 
 
 Allen 43,494 Fayetto .10,476 Jennings 16,218 Ohio 6,837 Steuben 12.854 
 
 Barthol'w .21,133 Floyd 23,300 Johnson ... 18,366 Orange M3.497 Sullivan .. .18,453 
 
 Benton 6,615 Fountain 16,389 Knox 21,669 Owen 16.137 Sitzrrlandl2,134 
 
 Blackford 6,272 Franklin 20,223 Kosciusko 23,831 Parke 18,166 Tippecanoe 33,515 
 
 Boone 22,593 Fulton 12,726 La Grange. 14,148 Perry 14,801 Tipton 11,963 
 
 Brown 8,681 Gibson 17,371 Lake 12,339 Pike 13,779 Union 6,341 
 
 Carroll 16,152 Grant 18,487 La Porte . 27,062 Porter 13,942 Vanderb'g 33.145 
 
 Can 24,193 Green 19,514 Lawrence 14,628 Posey 19,186 Vermilion . 10,840 
 
 Clarke 24,770 Hamilton . .20,882 Madison. . .22,770 Pulaski 7,802 Vigo 33,549 
 
 Clay 19,084 Hancock. . .15,123 Marion 66,245 Putnam .. 21,614 Wabash .. .21,305 
 
 Clinton.... 17,330 Harrison .. 19,913 Marshall . 20,211 Randolph. 22,862 Warren ... 10,204 
 
 Crawford.. 9,861 Hendricks .20,277 Martin ... .11,103 Ripley 20,977 Warwick 
 
 Davien ...16,747 Henry 22,986 Miami 21.li.52 Rush' 17,626 Washing'n 18,495 
 
 Dearborn.. 24,116 Howard ... 16,847 Monroe ... 14.168 St. Joseph .25.322 Wayne 34,048 
 
 Decatur Huntington 19,036 Montgoin'; 23,765 Scott 7.873 Wells 13,585 
 
 De Kalb. . 17,167 Jackson ... 18,974 Morgan ... 17,528 Shelby 21,892 White ..10,554 
 
 Delaware 19,030 Jasper 6.534 Newton ... 5,829 Spencer .. .17,998 Whitley ... 14,399 
 
 Duboii 12,697 Jay 16.000 
 
 IOWA. Area, 50,914 square miles. 
 
 Adair 3,982 Cedar 19,731 IMibuque . 38.969 Humboldt . 2,596 Madison .. .16.854 
 
 Adams 4,614 Cerro Gor'o 4.722 Emmett . . . 1 .292 Ida 226 Mahaska . 2.5IW 
 
 AUamakee. 17,868 Cherokee .. 1,967 Fayrtte ... 16,973 Iowa 16,642 Marion 4,434 
 
 Appanoose 16,466 Chickasaw. 10,180 Floyd K.768 Jackson . . 22,620 Marshall . .17 076 
 
 Audubon 1.21J Clarke 8,736 Franklin .. 4,738 Jasper 22,116 Mills 8,717 
 
 Benton 22,464 Clay 1,5-23 Fremont 11.174 Jefferson .. 17,839 Mitchell . . . 9,583 
 
 Bl'k Hawk.21,706 Clayton . . .27,771 Greene 4,627 Johnson . . .24,898 Monona . . . 3,654 
 
 Boone.... 14,676 Clinton. .. .35,357 (Jrundy ... 6,398 Jones 19,731 Monroe ....12,724 
 
 Bremer .. 12,528 Crawford. . 2,530 (iuthrie ..7,061 Keokuk . . .19,434 Montgom'y. 6,934 
 
 Buchanan .17,034 Dallas 12.019 Hamilton .. 6,065 Kossuth .. 3.361 Musratine" 21,688 
 
 BuenaVista.1,586 Dari 16,665 Ilanrork... 999 Lee 37,210 O'Brien ... 715 
 
 Butler 9,961 Decatur ... 12,018 Hardin 13,686 Lynn 28,785 Osceola 
 
 Calhoun... 1,602 Delaware .17,432 Harrison .. 8,931 Louisa 12,869 Page 9,974 
 
 Carroll ... 2,461 Des Moines 27.258 Henry 21,460 Lucas 10,288 Palo Alto .. 1,336 
 
 Can 5,464 Dickinson . 1,389 Howard ... 6,282 Lynn 21 Plymouth . 2,199
 
 CENSUS OP THE UNITED STATES. 109 
 
 Porahontas. 1,446 Sac 1,411 Tima 10,131 Warren .. .I7.?K.I \V; m ,criiek23,570 
 
 Polk 27.H57 Boolt 33.5'.)9 Taylor 6,989 Washington I8.9SS Woodbury . 6,211 
 
 Pottawat'e 16,893 Shelby 3,640 Union 6.S88 Wa ync .. . . 1 1 ,287 Worth 2.89* 
 
 Powesbiek . 18,581 Sioui 76 Van Buren 17,672 Webster 10.484 W ri B hl ... .2,392 
 
 Hifl 3S i)ld .5,698 Story 11,651 Wapello .. 22.346 Winnebago 1.56S Total. .1,191,802 
 
 KANSAS.-Area, 78,418 square miles. 
 
 Allen 7,0*3 Crawford. . 8,160 Jellerwn.. .12,626 Nemeha .. 7,339 Rush 
 
 Anderson . . 5,220 Davis 3.993 Jewell 207 Nai . . 2 Huwll 156 
 
 Atchison.!. 15.607 Dickin.n .. 3,043 Johnson. .. .13,684 Neosho. .. .10,108 Saline 4,146 
 
 Barb'r(w.Carley Doniphan. .13,969 Kiowa Norton Sedgwick.. 1,622 
 
 Burton 3 Douglas .. .20,604 Labette 9,973 Osage 7,648 Shawnee 11121 
 
 Bourbon... 15,076 Kllii 1,336 Leavenw'rh32,444 Osborne... 33 Smith 6 
 
 Brown 6,824 Ellsworth. . 1,185 Lincoln 616 Ottawa 2,157 " 
 
 Butler 8,035 Ford Linn 12,174 Pawnee 
 
 Chase 1,975 Franklin.. .10,385 Lyon 8,024 Phillip. Trejo 
 
 Cherokee.. 11,038 Graham Marion 768 Pottawat'e. 7,848 W : kaunse* M2 
 
 Clarke Greenwood. 8,484 Marshall.. . 6,901 Pratt ... . Wallace 538 
 
 City 2,942 Goe McPherson. 738 Reno Wahinrt'n 4,081 
 
 Cloud 2,323 Harp'r (w. Carlejf Miami ... .11,755 Republic... 1,281 Wilson ... 6,4 
 
 Coflee 6,201 Hodeeman. Mitchell... 485 Rice 5 Woodaon 3817 
 
 Comanche Howard . ...2,794 Montgom'y. 7,564 Hiley 8,105 Wyandot "10.019 
 
 Caiky etui 1,175 Jackson. ... 6.053 Morris 2,226 Rorke.. .. Total.. 802,872 
 
 KENTUCKY. Area, 87,680 square miles. 
 
 Adalr 11,065 flay 8,597 Harmon . .12,993 Madison ..19.543 Pike 9,562 
 
 Allen 111,296 Clinton 6.497 Hart 13,687 Magoffin. .. 4,684 Powell J.699 
 
 Anderson .. 6,449 Crittenden. 9.381 Henderson. 18.457 Marion 12,838 Pulask! .. .17,670 
 
 Ballard 12,576 Cumberl'd. 7,690 Henry 11,066 Marshall .. 9,455 Robertnon .83.0P9 
 
 Barren 17,780 DaTiess. .. .20,714 Hickman .. 8,463 Mason 18,126 Rock Cajtle 7,145 
 
 Bath 10,145 ilroondson 4,459 Hopkins .. .13,827 NcCracken 13 ?S8 Rowan 2,991 
 
 Boone 10.CU6 Elliott 4,433 Jackson... . 4,547 McLean ... 7,614 Russell 5.809 
 
 Bourbon... 14,863 Estill 9,198 Jefferson .118,963 Meado 9,488 Scott 11,607 
 
 Boyd 8.673 Fayette 20,666 Jessamine . 8.638 Menifee ..1.986 Shelby.. .15,733 
 
 Boyle 9,515 Fleming .. .13,398 John Bell .. 8,731 Mercer. . ..13,144 Simpson ... 9.673 
 
 Bracken ..11,409 Floyd 7.877 Johnson ... 7,494 Metcalf. ... 7,934 Spencer ..5,966 
 
 Breathitt . . 6.672 Franklin.. .15.300 Kenton 36,096 Monroe 9,231 Taylor 8,J2 
 
 Breckin'ge. 13.110 Fulton 6.161 Knox 8,294 Montgom'y. 7,557 Todd 12,612 
 
 Kullit 7,781 Gallalin ... 5.074 La Rue 8,235 Morgan. .. 6,975 Trigg 13,686 
 
 Butler.... 9,404 Garrard. . .10,376 Laurel .... 6,016 Muhlenb'g. 12.638 Trimble. ... 6.677 
 
 Caldwell ..10,826 Grant 9.529 Lawrence . 8,497 Nelson 14.804 Union 13,640 
 
 Calloway .. 9,400 Gratej 19,398 Leo 8,056 Nicholas... 9,129 Warrm .. .21,742 
 
 Campbell.. 27 ,406 Grayson .. .11,680 Lctcher 4.608 Ohio 15,561 Washing'n. 12,464 
 
 .6,189 Greene 9,379 Lewis 9,115 Oldham 9,027 Wayne 10,602 
 
 .7,509 Greenup... 11,463 Lincoln 10,947 Owen 14,309 Webster.. .10,937 
 
 ..8,884 Hancock... 6,591 l.ivingiton . 8,200 Ow.ley 8,889 Whileley .. 8,278 
 
 ChrUtia* . .23,227 Hardin 15,705 lx> K an 20,429 Pemlleton .11,030 Wolfi 
 
 Clark 10,882 Harlan 4,415 Lyon 6,233 Perry .... 4,274 Woodford . 8,210 
 
 Total 1.81.001 
 
 LOUISIANA. Area, 41,255 aauare miles. 
 
 Ascension.. 11, 577 Carroll 10,110 Jackson ... 7,646 PlaqucminelO,553 8. Martin's. 9.370 
 
 Assumption 13,234 Catahoula . 8.475 Jaffcrson .. 17.767 Ft. Coupee. 12,981 St. Mary'.. 13.860 
 
 A.VOJ riles .. 12,926 Oaiborne.. 20,210 Lafayette. .10,388 Rapides .18.015 St. Tamm'y 5 686 
 
 H. HOUR. E 17,817 Concordia . 9,977 Lafourche .14.719 Richland .. 5.110 Tangipabo 7.928 
 
 5,114 DeSoto M.9G2 Liiingiton . 4,026 Sabine 6.466 Tensas 12,421 
 
 Hientillc .10,636 Fi-li.-i'iw.K. 13.499 Madison.. .. S. Bernard. 8,653 Ter.Bonne 12,451 
 
 Bossier 12,675 Felici'na.Wlu.l'.lH M wire bo us 9,387 St. Charles. 4,867 Union 11,685 
 
 21.714 Franklin .. 8,078 Natehitoeh* 18,265 St. Helena. 6,423 Vermilion 4,628 
 
 CalcasiMi .. 6,733 Grant 4,617 Opeluuiu SI. James .10.153 Washing"n. MM 
 
 !:,!.!, 1! .. 4.820 Iberia 9,042 Orleans . 191.125 SJ.theB'p Winn ....4.955 
 
 Cameron .. 1.691 Iberrille 15,317 OuaebiU . .11.652 8. Laund'y.21.640 Total 732,731 
 
 MAINE. Area, 31,766 square miles. 
 
 Awlrn-c'n .3IS.WW Hancock... 36,470 Lincoln. .. 26,697 Piscataquia 11.103 Waldo . 34.535 
 \, .,::>. :-.'.UfJ Kennebec. 53.205 Oxford . .. 33,188 Sagadaboc.l8>03 WasbiM'. 43,343 
 
 i ,i'20 Knox 30.82S Petnbscot.71.Cyl Somerset . .34.611 York 60,174 
 
 Franklin.. 18,807 Total ...626,463 
 
 MAHYLAND.-Area, 11.124 equare miles. 
 
 Alleenany 38,538 Carroll 28,619 llarfor.l . . .22,606 Pr.lii--irer.21.13H Talbot . . 1B.1S7 
 
 A Arundel.24.l.>7 C.rll '.-O.S71 II ,,r.l 11.150 Qu'n Anne 16,083 Washing'n 34.712 
 
 Haltimore.330,711 Charles 16.738 Krnt 17,10* St. Mary's 14,944 Wlmmiro 15 H02 
 
 Caliert 9.865 Dorchester 19.458 Muutgum'y 20,561 Somerset . .18,150 Worcester 16,419 
 
 Caroline... 12. 101 Prederirk .47.57J Total 780,806 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. Area, 7.80O square miles. 
 
 table 35.774 link.-. ,1.7*7 H*mpden f.4l)9 Nanturket. 4,123 rluffolk
 
 110 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MICHIGAN. Area, 56,243 square miles. 
 
 Alrona 696 Crawford Kalamazoo.32,054 Mcnominee. 1,892 Oalego 
 
 Allegan 32,105 Delta 2,441 Kalcosco . . 424 Michil'nac Ottawa.. 26,66i 
 
 Alpena 2756 Eaton 26,171 Kent 60,403 Midland .3,285 Presq. Isle. 355 
 
 Antrim 1 985 Emmet 1,211 Keweenaw. 4,205 Missaukee. 130 Roscommon .. 
 
 Barry 22199 Genesee .. .33,900 Lake 648 Monroe. .. .27,483 Saginaw.. .39,097 
 
 15900 Gladwin Lapeer 21,346 Montcalm.. 13,629 St. Clair . .36,661 
 
 ..14,662 
 
 84 G'dTn 
 
 4,443 Leelenaw.. 4,816 Monti 
 
 11,810 Lenawee . .45,696 Muskegon' 14,894 Schooli 
 
 Branch.... 26 226 Hillsdale . .31,684 Livingston 19,336 Newaygo. . 7,298 Shiawasaee 20,868 
 
 Calhoun ...36569 Holightou. 13,879 Mackinaw . 1,716 Nicosia St. Joseph 26,276 
 
 Cass 21094 Huron 9,049 Macomb .. .27,616 Oakland .. .40,867 Tuscola .. .13,714 
 
 Charlevoix. 1 724 Ingham .. .26,259 Manitou . . . 891 Oceana 7,222 Van lluren.28,828 
 
 Cheboygan. 2 196 Ionia 27,681 Manistee .. 6,074 Ogemaw... 12 Washtenaw41,434 
 
 Chippcwa.. 1 689 losco 3,163 Marquette. 15,033 Ontonagon. 2,845 Wayne .. 119,039 
 
 Clare 366 Isabell 4,113 Mason 3,273 Osceola 2,093 Wessford . 660 
 
 Clinton 22,846 Jackson .36,047 Mecosta 6,642 Oscoda 70 Total 1,184,296 
 
 MINNESOTA. Area, 95,274 square miles. 
 
 Aiflten 18 Cottonwood. 634 Kcnnebec.. 93 Otter Tail Sibley 6,725 
 
 Anoka 3,940 Crow Wing 200 Lake . 135 Perabina.. 64 Stearns. .. .14,206 
 
 Becker 308 Dakota L.quiParl. 145 Pierce Steele 8,271 
 
 Bi-llr.rnc.. 80 Dodge 8,598 Le Sueur. .11,607 Pine 648 Stevens 
 
 Benlon 1,658 Douglas etal 4579 McLeod .. .51,043 Pipe Stone Todd 
 
 Big Stone . 24 Faribault . 9,390 Manomin Polk . . . Toombs 
 
 Blue Earth.17,302 Fillmore. . .24,887 Martin 13,867 Pope et al. . 2,878 Traverse.. 
 
 Breckinr'o Freeborn . .10,583 Meeker. ... 6,090 Ramsey .. .23,081 Wabashaw. 15,869 
 
 Brown 6,369 Goodhue. . .22,618 Mille Lac. . 1,109 Redwood .. 1,829 tVadina 6 
 
 Buchanan Grant Monongalia 3,161 Renville Waseca. 7,864 
 
 Carlton 286 Hcnnepin. .31,566 Morrison .. 1 ,899 Rice.. 16,983 Washing'n 11,810 
 
 Carver 11,587 Houston .. .11,661 Mower 10,447 Rock 2.138 Watonwan. 2,426 
 
 Casa 184 Iianti Murray 209 St. Louis 11,561 Wilkin . 296 
 
 Chippewa.. 1,467 Itasca 178 Nicollet 8362 Scott 11,042 Winona 22,318 
 
 Chisago... 4,358 Jackson ... 1,825 Noble 117 Sherburne. 2,050 Wright .9,467 
 
 Cky 92 Kandiyohi . 1.760 Olmsted .. .19,793 Total 436,611 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. Area, 47,156 square miles. 
 
 Adams 14,774 Covington . 4,753 Jefferson . .13,848 Monroe. .. .22,632 Smith 7,126 
 
 Alcor ..10,431 De Soto Jones 3,313 Neshoba Sunflower 
 
 Amite Franklin .. 7,498 Kemper Newton ... 9,807 Tallahat'e . 7,852 
 
 Attala Greene 2,038 Lafayette Nominee . .20,905 Tippah 20,727 
 
 Bolivar ... 9,732 Grenada.. .10,571 Laudrrdale 13.462 Oktjbbeha Tishemingo 
 
 Calhoun... 10,561 Hancock .. 4,239 Lawrence 6,720 Panola 12,412 Tunica 6,358 
 
 Carroll.... 21 ,047 Harrison .. 5,795 Leake Perry 2,694 Warren ..26,765 
 
 Chickasaw. 19,899 Hinds 26,798 Lee 15,955 Pike 11,303 Washing'n. 14,569 
 
 . 
 19,370 Lincoln. .. .10,184 Poiitotoc ....... Wayne ____ 4,206 
 
 Choctaw Holm 
 
 Claiborne.. 13,386 Issaquena. . 6J887 Lowndes . .30,502 Prentiss ... 9,347 Will 
 
 Clark 7,505 Itawamba . 7,812 Madison. . .20,948 Rankin 12,977 Winston ... 8,984 
 
 Coahoma .. 7,144 Jackson ... 4,362 Marion. ... 4,211 Scott 7,848 Yalabusua. 13,254 
 
 Copiah 20,608 Jasper 10,884 Marshall . .29,416 Simpson ... 8,718 Yazoo 
 
 Total 627,117 
 
 MISSOURI Area, e7,38O square miles. 
 
 Adair 11,449 Clay 15,564 Iron 6,278 Montgom'y.10,405 St. Clair.. . 6,742 
 
 Andrew ...15,137 Clinton 14,063 Jackson. .55,041 Morgan ... 8,434 St. Francois 9,741 
 
 Atchison... 8,440 Cole 10,292 Jasper 14,929 N. Madrid 11,339 Ste. Gen've 8,384 
 
 Audrain .. .12.307 Cooper 20,692 Jefferson . .15,380 Newton .. .12,821 St. Louis .351,189 
 
 Barry 10,373 Crawford. . 7,982 Johnson .. .24,649 Nodaway. .14,751 Saline 21,672 
 
 Barton 6,087 Dade 8,683 Knox 10,974 Oregon .... 3,287 Schuyler . . 7,987 
 
 Bate 
 
 Benton 
 
 Bollinger . 
 
 Boone 
 
 Buchanan 
 
 Butler 
 
 Caldwell . 
 
 Callaway . 
 
 Camden 
 
 C. Girard' 
 
 Carroll... 
 
 , ...... , ..... , ego ... 
 
 15,960 Dallas ..... 8,383 Laclede ... 9,380 Osage ..... 10,793 Scotland. . .10,676 
 
 11,322 Daviess. .. .14,410 Lafayette. .22,623 Ozark ..... 3,363 Scott ...... 7,317 
 
 . 8,162 De Kalb. .. 9,858 Lawrence.. 13.067 Pemiscot .. 2,1)59 Shannon.. . 2,339 
 
 Carter 
 Cedar 
 Chariton . 
 Christian. 
 Clark 
 
 Adams 
 
 . , 
 
 20,765 Dent ...... 6,357 
 
 .30,350 Douglas ... 3,916 
 
 4,298 Dunklin ... 6,982 
 
 .11,390 Franklin . .30,098 
 
 .19,202 Gasconade .10,093 
 
 .6,108 Gentry ____ 11,607 
 
 ul7,558 Green ..... 21,649 
 
 17,446 Grundy .. .10,567 
 
 19,296 Harrison . .14,635 
 
 16,114 
 
 Lincoln ____ 14,073 
 
 Linn ...... 15,900 
 
 Livingston . 16,0-11 
 Macon .. .'.23,230 
 Madison ... 6,849 
 Maries .... 6,915 
 
 Marion ..22,504 
 McDonald 5,226 
 
 Perry 
 Pettis 
 Phelps 
 
 , 
 
 9.S77 Shi Iby .. 
 
 18,706 Stodiiard 
 
 10,506 Stone 
 
 23,076 Sullivan 
 
 17,330 Taney 
 
 Me. .. . 
 
 , ... , Miller ..... 
 
 .19,135 Holt ...... 11,652 Mississippi 
 
 , 
 
 . 6,707 Howard . ..17,233 
 
 13,667 HowHl ... 4,218 
 
 NEBRASK*. 
 
 19 Bl'kBirJ.. 31 
 
 . . 
 
 Randolph 
 Ray 
 Reynolds . 
 
 12,445 
 
 4,714 Vernon. . 
 11,217 Warren 
 10,510 Washin 
 
 " 
 
 11,335 
 
 Monroe... 17.149 St. Ch 
 
 Area, 75,995 squ 
 
 Buffalo... 193 Buit 
 
 .'OS Wayne . 
 
 18.700 Webster 
 
 . 3,766 Worth . 
 
 . 3,175 Wriglit . 
 
 . 21, 304 Total. . 1, 
 mil^s. 
 
 2,817 Butler .. 
 
 10.119 
 .. 8,536 
 8,253 
 .11,908 
 4,407 
 9,618 
 . .11,246 
 .9,673 
 11,719 
 .. 6,068 
 10,434 
 .6,004 
 ..5,684 
 ,711,796 
 
 . 1,256
 
 CENSUS OF TOE UNITED STATES. Ill 
 
 Cedar 1,032 Gage....!! 473 L'E.q.Cou't '261 Polk. '.'. ','. 'l38 York '.'.'. 604 
 
 Cheyenne. 100 Grant 484 Lincoln.... 17 Richardson. 9,780 Pawnee I R. 44 
 
 Clay 64 Green Lyon 78 Saline ... 3,106 .Vinnebago 14 
 
 Colfax .... 1,424 Hall 1,057 Madison ... 1,133 Sarpy 2.913 Terrify (nn- 
 
 Coming ..1Z.M5 Hamilton.. 130 Merrick... 657 Saunders 4547 iirnnhrd 
 
 Bakota 2,040 Harrison.. 631 Monroe.... 235 geward ... 2,993 into couu- 
 
 Dawson... 103 Jackson.... 9 Neraaha. .. 7,593 Shorter ties) in tiro 
 
 Dixon 1.345 Jefferson... 2.446 Nucolls... 8 Stanton ... 1,637 N.W.por- 
 
 Bodge 4,212 Johnson ... 3.429 Otoe 12,345 Taylor 197 lion of the 
 
 Bouglas . .19,982 Jones Pawnee ... 2,637 Washington 4,452 State 2 
 
 Fillmore... 238 
 
 NEVADA. Area. 112,090 square miles. 
 
 Carson E.meralda. 1,553 Lyon . ... 1.837 PahUto... 761 St. Mary's. 
 
 Churchill.. 196 Humboldt . 1.916 NJe 1,087 Hoop 133 Washoe .3,091 
 
 Bouglas... 1,215 Lander 2,815 Ormshy ... 3,668 Storey 11,359 White Pine 7,189 
 
 Elko 3.447 Lincoln 2,223 Total . 41,491 
 
 NEW-HAMPSHIRE. Area, 9.28O square miles. 
 
 eIknp...l7,Xl Ch-shire. . .27.265 Grafton .. .39.103 Merrimack 42,151 Stratford 30.241 
 
 Carroll 17,332 <,uos 14,932 Hilisboro . .64,238 Rockingh'm47,298 Sullivan . 18.058 
 
 Total 318,300 
 
 NEW-JERSEY Area, 3.320 square miles. 
 
 Allanlic ...14.093 Cumberl'd. 34,665 Hunterdon. 36,963 Morris 43,137 Somerset 23,510 
 
 Bergen ...30,142 E*-x ..143,845 Mercer 46,386 Ocean 13,630 Sussex 23.168 
 
 Burlington.53.638 Gloucester 21,562 Middlesex Panaic. .. .46,416 Union 41,865 
 
 Camden ..46.038 Hudson . .129,068 Monmouth. 46,196 Salem 23,940 Warren .. .34,348 
 
 Cape May . 8,349 Total 906,794 
 
 NEW-YORK.- Area, 47.OOO square miles. 
 
 Albany .. .133,052 Dutchess . .74,404 Livingston 38,310 Ouego ... 48.969 Stenben . 67.717 
 
 Allegany ..40,814 Erie 17K.G95 Madison 43.522 Putnam .. 15,420 Suffolk ... 46,960 
 
 Iroome .44.107 Essex 29,042 Monroe .. .117,867 Queens. .. .73.804 Sulliian .. .34,646 
 
 Cataraugus43.9<l9 Franklin . .30,271 MontgonTy.14.457 Rensselaer 95,660 Tioga 30,573 
 
 Cayuga . .69,549 Fultra 27,064 New York.922.S3l Richmond 33.029 Tompkins 33.180 
 
 Chatauqua 59,328 Genesee .. .31,608 Niagara 50.430 Rockland 26.213 Ulster 84,075 
 
 Chemung . .35,281 Greene ... .31,832 One ida . . I 10,009 S.Lawrenci*l,825 Warren . . .22.591 
 
 Chenango. .40,583 Hamilton .. 2.960 Onondaga.104,144 Saratoga 61.629 Wa.hingt p n49,570 
 
 Clinton 48,028 Herkimer 39.932 Ontario. .. 45,108 8chenreta'y2I,347 Wayne 47,711 
 
 Columbia. 47,044 JetTrrson . .65,415 Orange 80.901 Scboharie. .33.340 Wes'lche'r 132,228 
 
 Cortland. 25.174 Kings 419.92S Orleans .. .27,689 Schuyler .. 18,889 Wyoming 39.162 
 
 Delaware. .42,973 Lewis 28,700 Oswego 77,942 Seneca 27,826 Yates 19.5S6 
 
 Total 4,364,411 
 
 NORTH-CAROLINA.-Area, 60.7O4 square milea. 
 
 Alamance. .11,874 Chowan ... 6,450 Guilford. . .21.736 Mecklrn'g .24.299 Rowan 16.811 
 
 Alexander 6,868 Clay 2.463 Halifax .. .20,407 Mitchell ... 4,706 Rnlherford.l3.l3l 
 
 Alleghany . 3.697 Cleveland. .12,696 Harriett ... 8.895 Montgom'y. 7.487 Sampson . .16,416 
 
 Ani-ui ....12,428 Columbus. . 8,474 Hay wood .. 7,921 Moore 12,040 Slaniy 8,115 
 
 Aih.: .. .9,573 Craren ... 20,516 Henderson 7.706 Nash 11,077 Stokes 11,208 
 
 Beaufort.. 13.054 Cumberl'd 17.035 Hertford 9.273 N.Hanover.27,978 Surry 11,253 
 
 Bertie 12.950 Currituck . 6,131 Hyde... 6,445 Northam'n. 14.749 Transyl.'a. 3,536 
 
 Blad 12,831 Wane 2,728 Iredell ... 16,931 Onslow ... 7,669 Tyrrel ,171 
 
 Brunswick. 7,754 Davidson . .17.256 Jackson. .6,683 Orange 17,507 Union 13,118 
 
 Buncombe 15.412 Dane 9,620 Johnson .. .14.158 Pasquolank 8,131 Wake 35,617 
 
 Burke 9,777 Duplin .... 15.542 Jones 6,003 Perquim's . 7,946 Warren ... 17.768 
 
 Cabarras.. 11,964 Edgecombe 22,970 Lenoir 10,434 Person 11,170 Washing's). 6,616 
 
 Cal 1 HI . 8,476 Fonyth . 13,050 Lillington Pitt 17,276 Walauga. . 6,287 
 
 Camden ... 5,381 Franklin . .14,134 Lincoln 9,673 Polk 4,119 Wayne. .. .18.144 
 
 Carteret ... 9,610 Gallon 12.602 Macon 6,615 Randolph 17.558 WUkes ... 16,53* 
 
 Caswell ...16.081 Gates 7,724 Madison ... 8,192 Richmond 12,883 Wilson 12,268 
 
 Catawba ..10.984 Granrille .24,831 Martin 9.647 Hobeson .. 13.251 Yadkin 10,697 
 
 Chatham ..19.7*3 Greene 8,687 McDowell . 7..V.I2 Rockingh'mlS^lO Yancey .... 5,909 
 
 Cherokee.. 8,080 Total 1,065,505 
 
 OHIO.- Area, 39.984 square miles. 
 
 Adams . 20,750 Clrnnont 34,296 Franklin 63.019 Hocking.. .17.925 Madison ..15.633 
 
 Allen 23.623 Clinton ... .21.915 Fulton ...17.789 H..IIII-S ... .18,178 Mahoning .31.001 
 
 Ashland 21,933 Columbi'na 38,299 Gallia ....25,546 Huron 38.532 Marion. .. .16,184 
 
 Ashtabula 32.518 Coshoelon 23.600 Geauja . .13.069 Jackson .. 21.769 Medina... 20.091 
 
 Athens 21,872 Crawford. .25,556 Greene ... 28.062 Jefferson . .39,188 Meigs 11.466 
 
 Auglaiie . .20,040 Cuyahoga. 132,013 Guernsey 23,798 Knox 16,331 Mercer ... 17.264 
 
 Belmont ..39.715 Warke ... 32.131 Hamilton 260,370 Lake 16,935 Miami . 32,740 
 
 Brown 30,803 Defiance 16.719 Hancock . 33,847 Lawrence 31,380 Monroe 36,780 
 
 39,912 Drlaware 25.175 Hardin 18,714 Licking .. .36,131 Monlgora'y.3,8>7 
 
 .14.491 Erie 2N.IM8 Harrison .. 18.682 Logan J3.0M Morgan. . .20.161 
 
 24,188 FairAeld. . .31.139 Henry 14.028 Loraine . .10.101 Morrow ... 11,681 
 
 32,070 Fayelte ...17,170 Highland . .21,101 Lucas 4.7SI Mntkinsr.m44.8g
 
 112 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Noble 19,949 Portage .. .24,677 Scioto 29,802 Tuscaraw's 33.810 Washinj'n. 40,609 
 
 Ottawa 13,255 Preble 21,809 Seneca 30,828 Union .. .18,730 Wayne .. .35,082 
 
 Paulding .. 8,644 Putnam .. .17,083 Shelby 20,748 Van Wert .15,824 Williams . .20,991 
 
 Perry 18,453 Richland . .32,616 Stark 52,508 Vinlou 16,027 Wood 24,696 
 
 Pickaway 24.875 Ross ..37,097 Summit. .34,674 Warren . 26,690 Wyandotte.18 664 
 
 Pike 15,441 Sandusly .25,504 Trumbuil. .38,669 Total 2,662,214 
 
 OREGON. Are i, 102,606 square miles. 
 
 Baker 2,804 Columbia.. 863 Josephine.. 1,204 Polk ... J .. 4,700 Union 2,662 
 
 Beaton 4,584 Curry 604 Lane 6,426 Tillamook . 408 Wasco 2,609 
 
 COM 1,644 Douglas ... 6,066 Linn 8,717 Umpqu. Washing'n. 4,261 
 
 Clackamas. 6,993 Grant 2,251 Marian 9,966 Umatffia. .. 2,916 Yam Hill. . 5,012 
 
 Clatsop 1.2S4 Jackson ... 4.778 Multnomah 11,510 Total 90,922 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA.-Area, 46,000 square miles. 
 
 Adams 30,316 Chester ..77,806 Franklin . .45,365 McKean. .. 8,825 Snyder ...16,607 
 
 Allegheny.262,373 Clarion 26,960 Fulton 9,360 Mercer 49,979 Somerset . .28,228 
 
 Armstrong. 43,382 Clearfielcl 26,740 Greene 25,887 Mifflin 17,508 Sullivan ..6,191 
 
 Bearer 36,150 Clinton .. .23,211 Huntington 30,995 Monroe ... .18,362 Susqueh'na 37,624 
 
 Bedford .. .29,635 Columbia .28,766 Indiana .. .36,139 Montgom'y.81,772 Tioga 35,100 
 
 Berks 106,739 Crawford . .63,794 Jefferson . .21,656 Montour. .18,324 Union 15,666 
 
 Blair 38,051 Cumberl'd 43,912 Junitta. .. .17,390 Northam'n. 61,433 Venango.. .47,935 
 
 Bradford . .53,204 Dauphin. . .60,738 Lancaster. 121,340 r.'orthum'd.41,449 Warren . .23,897 
 
 Bucks 64.346 Delaware. ! 39,403 Lawrence. 27,298 Perry 25.486 Washing'n. 48,483 
 
 Butler 36,610 Elk 8,488 Lebanon. . .34,096 Philadel'a.674,022 Wayne 33,188 
 
 Cambria... 36,569 Erie 66,972 Lehigh 66,798 Pike 8,436 Westraor'd. 68,720 
 
 Cameron .. 4,273 Fayette .. .43,284 Luzerne . .160,737 Potter 11,265 Wyoming .14,586 
 
 Carbon 28,144 Forest 4,010 Lycoming .47,629 Schuylkill. 109,869 York 76,216 
 
 Centre 34,404 Total 3,499,248 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. Area, 1,306 square miles. 
 
 Brutal 9,421 Kent 18,595 Newport . .20,050 Providen'el49,193 Washing'n. 20,097 
 
 Total 217,366 
 
 SOUTH-CAROLINA. Area, 29,385 square miles. 
 
 Abberille..31,129 Clarendon Greenville .20,015 Marion Richland . .13,727 
 
 Anderson . .24,049 Colleton .. .34,014 Horry 10,721 Marlboro . .11,814 Spartanb'g.25,784 
 
 Barnwell .36,844 Columbia . 9,298 Kershaw . .11,754 Newberry . 17.983 Sumter. .. .25,268 
 
 Beaufort ..40,511 Darlinston 22,391 Lancaster . 12.087 Oconee 10,536 Union 19,248 
 
 Charleston Edgefield . .42,486 Laurens ..22,536 Orangeb'g Williams'g. 15,489 
 
 Chester ...18,806 Fairneld Lexington Pickens. ... 10,269 York J2.448 
 
 Chesterfi'd. Georgetownl6,161 
 
 TENNESSEE. Area, 45.600 square miles. 
 
 Anderson.. 8,704 De Kalb. . .11,425 Henderson 14,219 Marion ... 6,. SBtt Sequatchie . 2.335 
 
 Bedford 24,334 Dickson . .9,940 Henry 20,382 Marshall.. 16.S07 Kevier 11,028 
 
 Benton.. .8,234 Dyer 13.706 Hickman .. 9,856 Maury 36,286 Shelby 76,378 
 
 Bledsoe ... 4,870 Fayette .26,865 Humphrey. 9,326 Meig, 4,511 Smith 15,994 
 
 Blount. ...14,237 Fentress .4,717 Jackson .. .12,586 Monroe. .. .12,589 Stewart .. .12,019 
 
 Bradley ...11,662 Franklin . .14,970 Jefferson . .19,476 Montgom'y. 24.708 Sulliran .. .13,136 
 
 Campbell . 7,445 Gibson 25,670 Johnson . . . 6,862 Morgan . . . 2,969 Sumner . . .23,711 
 
 Cannon 10,602 Giles 32,413 Knox 28,994 Obion 15,608 Tipton 14,884 
 
 Carroll . . 19,447 Grainger . . 12,461 Lake 2,428 Orerton . . . 10,989 Union 7,605 
 
 'Carter 7,909 Greene 21,668 Lauderdale 10,838 Perry 6.926 V <n Buren. S.725 
 
 Cheatham . 6,678 Grundy ... 3,251 Lawrence. . 7,600 Polk 7,369 Warren . .. 12,716 
 
 Claiborne . 9,321 Hamilton . .17,341 Lewis 1.986 Putnam ... 8,698 Washing'n 16,318 
 
 Cocke 12,468 Hancock.. . 7.148 Lincoln 28,051 Rhea 4,854 Wayne 10,209 
 
 Coffee 10,237 Hardeman 17,769 McMinn ..13.969 Roane 15,623 Weakly .. .20,755 
 
 Cumberl'd. 3,461 Hardin 11,770 McNairy . .12,726 Robertson .16,166 White 9.228 
 
 Davidson . .62,898 Hawkins . .15,848 Macon 6,633 Rutherford. 33.2S9 Williamson 25,352 
 
 Decatur... 7,776 Haywood . .25,095 Madison. . .23,550 Scott 4,054 Wilson ... .25,884 
 
 Total 1,257,983 
 
 TEXAS. Area, 237,504 square miles. 
 
 " Buchanan'.!! !! Cook..!! !! Fayette ...'.'!!!! Hays. ..'.'.'. 4,088 
 
 Archer .. .. Burleson Coryell Fort Bend . 7,114 Henderson 
 
 Atacosa . .. Burnett Dallas Freestone. Hidalgo ... 2,387 
 
 Austin ...15,087 Caldwell Daris Frio Hill 7,453 
 
 Bander* 649 Calhoun Dawnon Galreston. ,15,'^H) Hood 
 
 Bastron .. Cameron . .10,999 Denton Gillespie Hopkins 
 
 Bayler Cas De Witt ... 6,443 Goliad 3,628 Houston 
 
 Bee .. Chambers . 1,603 Dimmitt . . 866 Connies Hunt 
 
 Bell 1,082 Cherokee Dtival Grayson Jack 694 
 
 Beiar Clay Eastland Grimes Jackson ... 1,278 
 
 Bexar Dis Coleman Edwards Guadalupe Jasper 4,118 
 
 Blanco Callahan Ellis 7,514 Hamilton Jefferson .. 1,906 
 
 Bowie Collin El Paso Hardeman Johnson 
 
 Bosque Colorado . 8,326 Ensinal Hardin 1 ,460 Jones 
 
 Brazoria 7,528 Comal ...5,283 Erath Harris 17,375 Karnes 
 
 Krazos . .. Comanche Falls Harrison Kaufman
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 113 
 
 Orange . . . 
 Palo Pinto. 
 
 .ney McCulloch Parker Starr Webb 
 
 ix McLennan Polk 8.707 Sterens Wharton .. 8,426 
 
 1/amar McMullen . 230 Presidio Tarrant ... 5,788 Wichita ... 
 
 Lampasas . 1,344 Medina 2,078 Red Hirer Taylor Wilbarger 
 
 L.asalle 69 Menora.... 667 Refugio ... 2,324 Throckm'n Williamson 
 
 Uracca... 9.168 Milan Robertson..... Titus Wilson 
 
 I.eon .. Montague. 890 Runnells Trai Wise 1,460 
 
 1/iberty ... 4,413 Montmor'y. 6,483 Rusk Trinity Wood.... 
 
 - estone Nacogdoc's Sabina Tyler 6,010 Young.... 
 
 Oak.. 862 Na*arro. .. 8,879 8. Aucusfe I'pshur Y'g Ter'y . . . 
 
 VERMONT. Area, 10,212 square miles. 
 
 Addison ..23.4S4 Cliitlenden .36,480 Grand Isle . 4.US2 Orleans .. .21,035 Wimlham ...... 
 
 Benning(on21.325 T.IV* ......... Lamoille.. .12.448 Rutland ........ Windsor ....... 
 
 Caledonia ...... Franklin ....... Orange ......... Washingfn ..... 
 
 VIRGINIA Area. 38,353 square miles. 
 
 Accomack .20.409 Craig ..... 2.042 Highland 4.151 Nelson ... .13,898 Koanoke . . 9.J60 
 
 Alberoarle, .27.544 Culpeper .. 12,227 Isleuf \Vig't8.320 New Kent . 4.381 Rockbridge 16,058 
 
 Alexandria.16.755 Cumberl'd. 8,142 Jackson ........ Nirholai ....... Ruuell ____ 11.103 
 
 Alleghany . 3,674 Dinwiddie .80,702 James City. 4,428 Norfolk .. .46.701 Scott ...... 9,927 
 
 Amelia ' 9,878 Doddridge ... Jefferson ...... NorthanTn. 8.046 8henandoahl4.*36 
 
 Amhent ..14,900 Eliiab'h Cy 8.303 Kanawha ...... NorthunTd. 6,863 Smyth ... 8,8*8 
 
 Appomattox 8,60 Essex ..... 9,927 K'g George ..... Noltoway. . 9.291 Soulharo'n 12,285 
 
 Augusta 28,763 Fairfax ... 12.962 K'g & <J'n. 9.709 Ohio ........... Spotiyha'a 11,728 
 
 Harbour . Fauquier . .19,690 K'g Will'm 7.398 Orange. .. .10,386 Stafford ... 6,420' 
 
 Bath ...3796 Fayelte .. .. Lancaiter . 6.365 Page ...... 8,462 Sussex ____ 7,886 
 
 Bedford .. .26,327 Floyd ..... 9,824 Lee ....... 13,268 Patrick. .. .10,161 Surry ..... 6.686 
 
 Berkele .. FluYanna .8.975 Lewii .......... Pendlrton ...... Taylor ......... 
 
 nklin ..18.264 Logan ......... Piltsjl.a'a.31,343 TajeweU . .10,711 
 
 .. ., 
 
 Frederick .16,696 Loudon. .. .20,929 Pleasantt ....... Tuck 
 
 Gilmer ......... Louisa ____ 16.33J Fonabonlai ...... Tyle 
 
 Lunrnbcrg. 10,403 l>)utan . 7,667 Upiht 
 
 Cabell 
 Calhoun 
 Campbell. 
 roline.. 
 
 13,427 
 . 8.777 
 .13371 
 
 6669 
 . 10,211 
 
 . 10.313 
 . 9,587 
 
 ......... rwick .. l',67 
 
 Pr. Kdw'd 12,004 Warren ... 6,716 
 
 Pr. George ..... Washingfn 16,816 
 
 ' 
 
 28,384 Halifa 
 . 16,128 Hamps 
 
 ......... . . , . 
 
 Matlhewi. . 6.200 Pr. Anne .. 8.273 We 
 
 McDowell . 1.300 Pulaski . . 6,638 Westmor'd. 7,6*2 
 
 Mecklenb'g 21,318 Putnam ........ Weteel 
 
 ........ 
 
 Raleigh ........ Wood 
 
 Carroll.... 9,147 H 
 
 Clay Hardy 
 
 Chariet C'y 4,975 Hanove 
 
 Charlotte. 14,613 Harris 
 
 Chesterfield 18,470 Henric 
 
 Clarke 6670 H 
 
 ..... 
 
 Middlesex . 4.981 Hun.lc.lph ....... Win 
 
 Montgom'y. 12,650 Ka|>paba'k. 8.261 Wise 
 
 .16,456 Monongalia ..... Richm.md 6,603 Wyomi 
 
 ..... Monroe ......... Hockingh',n23,668 Wythe . 
 
 . .G6.179 Morgan ........ Ritchie ......... York 
 
 12303 Nansrmontl 11,676 Roane .......... Total . 
 
 BarHonr 
 
 Berkeley 
 
 H,,n- 
 
 Braxton.. 
 
 Brooke... 
 
 C.bell ... 
 
 C.lhoun 
 
 6670 Henry 12303 Nansrmontl 11,676 oane .......... o 
 
 WE8T-ViaaiNIA.-Area, 23.000 square miles. 
 
 12 968 Grant 4,468 Logan ____ 8,124 Ohio ...... 28,831 Taylor 
 
 14900 Greenbrier.15,211 McDowell . 1.962 Pendletoo . 6,465 Tucker. 
 
 4.603 Hampshire. 7.6J3 Marion .. .12.107 Pleasants . . J.012 Tyler 
 
 cock ... 4,363 Marshall . 14,941 Pocihontu. 4.070 Opahur. 
 
 5.618 Mason ... .15.978 Preston .14.554 Wayne . 
 
 . .17,699 Mercer ... 7,064 Putnam ... 7.794 We..e 
 
 n .10,300 Mineral ... 6.349 Raleigh ... 8.673 Weteel . 
 
 n 13220 Monwigaha 13.647 Randolph . 5,563 Wirt 
 
 a ]$> Monro/. .. .lli.24 Wood .. 
 
 ..... 10,176 Morgan ... 4.315 Roue ..... 7,232 Wy 
 
 6,841 
 
 ,464 Hardy 
 
 6429 Harriso 
 
 2.939 Jackson 
 
 2196 Jeffer 
 
 . 6,647 
 
 ,458 
 
 Total. 
 
 more , . ... , .... 
 
 WISCONSIN.-Area. 63,924 square miles. 
 
 Adams 6601 Columbia .2S.S13 Grc.n 23.C11 Manitowor 83.364 Portage 
 
 A < liland" " >21 Crawford 13076 Green I.krl3,198 M 
 
 U.lAx "" Daills lo. 
 
 ..... ' ".63.096 Jack 
 
 . 47.039 Je(Te 
 
 4922 June 
 
 ! l!l22 Krn., 
 
 9489 Kc . 
 
 . 10.770 Lat.'roue 20,298 Pepin 
 
 8 345 Fondd' Lex-46.272 L. FayHle. 22,669 P-; 
 > 
 
 638 
 
 B.vneld S44 Dodge!... 
 
 Brown 25 166 Door ' 
 
 Buffalo Il,'l23 Douglas! 
 
 Burnett 706 Dunn 
 
 Calumet ! 12.334 Eau Clair 
 Chippew 
 
 . . 
 
 CUrk 3460 Grant . .3V>78 L l>uilll 
 
 . 
 
 . 5,888 Ra .. 
 
 . 8.066 R.chl.nd 
 
 .,41 Hock 
 
 16.551 81. Cro 
 
 . .... 8,321 Sauk 
 
 13.147 Oul.gamie 18.430 Shawanaw 3.166 
 
 10.128 Oiaukee ... 15.668 Sbeboygan 31.749 
 
 4,661 Trempcle.olO.TIj 
 
 9.959 Vernon .64 
 
 Po "' ...... *' 4t * Walwort. . 26.971 
 
 , 
 
 ..24644 M.rqu 
 
 .. 7.696 M,l.. 
 
 34.042 Monroe 
 
 12.372 Oconto 
 
 4,7t6 
 
 g ...... 
 
 .. .11.811 
 
 ^'J* 
 .1,224,830 
 
 ,S67 
 ... 1,907 
 
 7.8J2 
 . . . 8.02J 
 ... 7,882 
 
 1.780 
 ... 8,695 
 
 4,505 
 . ..1..000 
 g.. 3,171 
 4U,fli 
 
 .. .10.6*6 
 .24,740 
 . 11.712 
 
 89,034 
 .11.036 
 
 28.860
 
 114 
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Washing'!!. 24,320 Wauparca. 15,540 Waushara 11,279 Winneba K o 37,280 Wood 3,912 
 
 \Yi.ul,r,,lN> .VX.2X2 Total 1,065,167 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLLTMBIA.-Area, 60 square miles. 
 Bjo.-getownl 1,386 Washin'n. 109,204 Bal. Uisf ..11,117 Total 131,706 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 AKIZONA. Area. 113.916 square miles. 
 
 Moliovo... 179 Pima 8,716 Yavapaj .2,142 Yuma . . 1,621 Total .... 9,688 
 
 COLORADO.- Area, 104,500 square miles. 
 
 Arapahoe.. 6,829 Costilla 1,779 Gilpin ...5,490 Lake 522 Puebla 2,268 
 
 Beat 592 Douglas ... 1,388 Greenwood. 610 Larimer... 838 Sagnarhe. . 804 
 
 Builder . 1.939 1 Paso ... 987 Huerfano. . 2,250 La.iAnima 4,276 Summit 288 
 
 Clear Crei-k 1,596 Fremont. .. 1,064 Jefferson .. 2,390 Park 447 \VtM 1,478 
 
 Conejos 2,604 Total 31), 70S 
 
 DAKOTA. Area, 50,932 square miles. 
 
 BonHomme 608 Clay 2,621 Lincoln 712 Todd 337 Unorganized 
 
 Brooking; . 163 Deuel 37 Minnehaha. 355 Union 3,507 portion of 
 
 Buftab 246 Hutchinson. 37 Pembina . . 1,213 Yankton 2,097 Terrify 2,091 
 
 Chas.Mix. 162 Jayne 6 Total 14,181 
 
 IDAHO. Area. 86,294 square miles. 
 
 Ada 2,675 Boise 3,833 Lemhi 988 Oneida 1,922 Shonhone . . 7J2 
 
 Alturas 689 Idaho 849 Nez Perces 1,607 Owyhee ... 1,713 Total 14,998 
 
 MONTANA. Area, 143,776 square miles. 
 
 Beaver H'd 722 Dawson . . . 177 Gallatin ... 1,679 Lewis &Cl'k5,04l Meagher . . 1,387 
 Big Horn.. 38 Deer Lodge 4,364 Jefferson .. 1,831 Madison ... 2,684 Missoula ... 2,664 
 Choutcau.. 617 Total 20,594 
 
 NEW-MEXICO. Area, 121,201 square miles. 
 
 Arizona Dona Ana. . 8,864 Mora 8,056 Santa Fe .. 9,699 Taos 12,079 
 
 Bernalillo.. 7,569 Grant 1,143 Bio Arriba. 9,294 San Miguel 16,058 Valencia .. 9,093 
 
 Colfax 1,992 Lincoln 1,740 Santa Ana 2,599 Socorro 6,603 Total 91,789 
 
 UTAH. Area, 84,476 square miles. 
 
 Bearer 2,007 G J tS'tLakel8,337 Millard 2,763 Sampeto .. 6,786 Utah 12,203 
 
 Box Elder. 4,812 Green Riv'r Morgan ... 1 ,972 Shambip Wasatch .. 1,244 
 
 Cache 8,272 Iron 4,369 Piute Senir 19 Washing'n 3,064 
 
 Cedar Juab 2,038 Rich 1,956 Summit ... 2,512 Weber 7,868 
 
 Davis 4.459 Kane 1.513 Rio Virgin. 450 Tooele 2,177 Total 86,786 
 
 WASHINGTON.-Area, 69,994 square miles. 
 
 Chehalis . . 401 Jefferson . . 1,268 Mason 289 SuwamUh . 599 Walla Wla 6,300 
 
 Clallam 408 King 2,120 Pacific 738 Stevens 734 Whatcom . 634 
 
 Clarke 3,081 Kitsap 866 Pierce 1,409 Thurston .. 2,246 Yakima . . 432 
 
 Cowlitz 730 Klikitat... 329 Spokane Wahkiak'm 270 TheDis. Il's 824 
 
 Island 626 Lewis 888 Skamania 133 Total 23,901 
 
 WYOMING. Area, 97,883 square miles. 
 
 Albany 2,021 Carbon 1,368 Laramie. .. 2,957 Sweetwater 1,916 Unitah 856 
 
 Total 1 9,118 
 
 Cities Haying over Ten Thousand Inhabitants. 
 
 Census of 187O. 
 
 Louisville, Ky .100,764 Cmbri<re,Mass.39,634 Springfield, Mas26,703 St. Paul, Minn 20, 
 
 Cleveland, O .. .92,846 Hartford, Ct . .. 37,180 Nashville, Tenn. 26,872 Erie, Pa . . 19, 
 
 Pittsburs, Pa. . 86,236 Indianapolis.Ind. 36,665 Peoria, 111 26,787 Wkerlini;, W.V 19, 
 
 Jersey C'y.N.J.. 81,744 Scranton, Pa .. .35,093 Covington, Ky. .24,605 Norfolk, Va 19,
 
 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 115 
 
 Taunton, Man. 
 Chelsea, Mass . 
 Dubuque la 
 LeatenWth.Kar 
 Pt. Wayne, Iml 
 Springfield, 111. 
 
 8,629 Auburn, N Y. 
 
 8,547 Newburg. N.Y.. 
 
 8,404 Atlanta, Ga 
 
 7,849 Norwirn, ft. . 
 
 7,718 Sacramento, Cal. 
 
 5 Omaha, Neb 
 
 225 Elmira, N. Y 15.863 Hudson. N Y 14.135 
 
 014 Loekport, N. Y 15,458 Newbury't,MaaU,695 
 
 986 Gloucester.Maas. 15,387 BinghanVn.N Y. 12,862 
 
 653 Coboes, N. Y... 15,367 Concord, N. H 12.241 
 
 484 N Brun.w'k.Me.15.059 Schenec'y, N. Y. 11.026 
 
 083 N. Albany, Ind .14,273 Ogdensb'g, N.Y. 10,076 
 
 Census of the United States 1870. By States. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delawa 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 996.961 
 483.179 
 660,286 
 537,418 
 125.015 
 187.756 
 1,200,609 
 
 . 
 
 1,673,046 
 
 1,191,802 
 
 362.872 
 
 1,321,001 
 
 732.731 
 
 626,463 
 
 Maryland . . . 780.894 
 MasamchuMtt3l.467.351 
 
 Michigan 1,184.296 
 
 Minnesota... 436,511 
 Mississippi... 834,170 
 1,715,000 
 
 Nebraska 123.000 
 
 Nevada 42,491 
 
 N. Hampshire 318.300 
 New. Jersey. . 905,794 
 New- York .4,364,411 
 N. Carolina.. 1.069,614 
 
 Ohio 2,659.214 
 
 Oregon 90,922 
 
 Pennsjlvania.3,515,993 
 Rhode'hland 217,366 
 8. Carolina . . 7X8,000 
 Tennessee ..1,267,983 
 
 Teias 797,600 
 
 330.552 
 
 Virginia ..1,224,830 
 Wat-Virginia 446.616 
 Wisconsin . .1.066.167 
 Tot'l Slates 38,092.741 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 Montana . . . 
 
 Ve Menro 
 
 Utah ... 
 Washington. 
 Wyoming . . 
 Tolal Territo- 
 ries). 
 
 S9.706 
 14,181 
 
 I l."..x 
 
 MUM 
 
 91.852 
 86,786 
 13,901 
 9,118 
 
 442,500 
 
 Total Vailed 
 
 Stairs 38.535.241 
 
 ..Total 38,977,741 
 
 THE taking out of a patent in a foreign country does not 
 prejudice a patent previously obtained here, nor does it 
 prevent obtaining a patent here subsequently, unless the 
 invention shall have been introduced into public Use in the 
 United States for more than two yean prior to the applica- 
 tion ; and provided, that the patent shall expire at the same 
 time with the foreign patent, or, if there be more than one, 
 at the same time with the one having the shortest term ; 
 but in no case shall it be in force more than seventeen 
 years. 
 
 When application is made for a patent for an invention 
 which has been already patented abroad, the inventor will 
 he required to make oath that, according to the best of his 
 knowledge and belief, the same has not been in public use 
 ia the United States for more than two years prior to the 
 application in this country. 
 
 An applicant whose invention has been patented abroad, 
 should state the fact that a foreign patent has actually been 
 obtained, giving its date, and if there be more than one, of 
 the one having the shortest term. 
 
 THE best engines and boilers develop a horse-power per 
 hour by the consumption of two pounds of coal. But this 
 is better than the average ; and three pounds of coal per 
 horse-power, per hour, is .1 more common, result.
 
 116 DRAWINGS FOK THE PATENT-OFFICE. 
 
 DRAWINGS FOR THE PATENT-OFFICE. 
 
 THE rules of the Patent-Office in respect to drawings are 
 stringent. 
 
 The following rules must be observed : 
 
 The paper must be thin Bristol board or thick drawing- 
 paper, with a smooth or calendered surface. The outlines 
 must be executed in deep black lines, to give distinctness to 
 the print. Pale, ashy tints must be dispensed with. 
 
 In shading, lines of black ink should be used, and sucli 
 lines should be distinct and sharp, and not crowded. Brush 
 shadings or shadows will not be permitted. 
 
 All colors, except black, must be avoided in the drawing, 
 lettering, and signatures ; violet and purple inks must not 
 be used. 
 
 No agent's, attorney's, or other stamp must be placed, in 
 whole or in part, within the margin. 
 
 LIQUID GLUES. 
 
 TAKE of gum shellac three parts, caoutchouc (India rub- 
 ber) one part, by weight. Dissolve the caoutchouc and 
 shellac, m separate vessels, in ether free from alcohol, ap- 
 plying a gentle heat. When thoroughly dissolved, mix the 
 two solutions, and keep in a bottle tightly stoppered. 
 This glue is called marine glue, and resists the action of 
 water both hot and cold, and most of the acids and alkalies. 
 Pieces of wood, leather, or other substances, joined together 
 by it, will part at any other point than the joint thus made. 
 If the glue be thinned by the admixture of ether, and applied 
 as a varnish to leather, along the seams where it is sewed 
 together, it renders the joint or seam water-tight, and 
 almost impossible to separate. 
 
 COPYING-INK 
 
 TAKE two gallons of rain-water, and put into it J pound 
 of gum arabic, J pound brown sugar, -J pound clean coppe- 
 ras, pound powdered nut-galls. Mix and shake occasion- 
 ally for ten days, and strain. If needed sooner, let it steep 
 in an iron kettle until the strength is obtained.
 
 INSPECTION OP THE BOTTOMS OF WELLS. 117 
 
 ABOUT CAVEATS. 
 
 THE filing of a caveat does not secure an exclusive right 
 to make, use, and sell an invention. Such right is secured 
 only by those who obtain patents. See page 8. The Pa- 
 tent-Office does not examine into the novelty of the inven- 
 tion when a caveat is filed. Such examination is only made 
 when a patent is applied for. 
 
 INSPECTION OF THE BOTTOMS OF "WELLS. 
 
 SUFFICIENT light to enable any one to see the water or 
 earth at the bottom of a well can be directed down the 
 shaft by means of an ordinary looking-glass. If the well 
 be under cover, two glasses will be required, and the inge- 
 nious reader will, by a little experimenting, soon be able to 
 arrange them in the right positions. 
 
 SCREW-THREADS FOR GAS-PIPES. 
 
 THE standard for gas-pipes is as follows: 
 
 Diameter 
 inside. 
 
 Threads to 
 the inch. 
 27 
 18 
 18 
 14 
 14 
 
 Diameter 
 inside. 
 1 
 
 Threads to 
 the inch. 
 
 \\% 
 
 For all diameters above this, eight threads per inch is the 
 standard. 
 
 IT is immeasurably difficult to refute false doctrines, be- 
 cause they rest on convictions that error is truth. lAebig. 
 
 AN undergraduate at Cambridge, who found among the 
 questions on his examination paper this : " Why will not a 
 pin stand upon his point ?" elaborately explained the point 
 thus: 1. A pin will not stand on its head, much less is 
 it possible that it should stand on its point. 2. A ooint, 
 according to Euclid, is that which has no parts and no 
 magnitude. A pin can not stand on that which has no 
 parts and no magnitude, and therefore a pin can not stand 
 on its point. 3. It will if you stick it in.
 
 118 EARN WHAT YOU SPEND. 
 
 MUST I sign the patent papers in the country where my 
 residence is, or can I sign them wherever I happen to be 
 when I desire to apply for the patent ? 
 
 Answer. You can sign them wherever you happen to be. 
 The affidavit may be made before a Justice of the Peace, 
 Commissioner of Deeds, Notary Public, or any person au- 
 thorized to administer oaths. When the applicant is in a 
 foreign country, the oath must be made before a Notary 
 Public, or before a United States Consul or Minister. 
 
 A PATENTEE can not recover damages for any use of his 
 invention prior to the issue of his patent. All persons 
 have a right freely to make, use, and sell any article, process, 
 or invention prior to the grant of the patent. Therefore, 
 the sooner the patent is applied for the better. 
 
 EARN WHAT YOU SPEND. 
 
 THREE fourths of the difficulties and miseries of men come 
 from the fact that most want wealth without earning it, 
 fame without deserving it, popularity without temperance, 
 respect without virtue, and happiness without holiness. 
 The man who wants the best things, and is willing to pay 
 just what they are worth, by honest effort and hard self- 
 denial, will have no difficulty in getting what he wants at 
 last. It is the men who want goods on credit that are 
 snubbed and disappointed, and overwhelmed in the e*nd. 
 Happiness can not be bought by the bottle, nor caught up 
 by the excursion-train, nor put on with any robe or jewels, 
 nor eaten at any feast. It does not exist in any exhilara- 
 tion, excitement, or ownership, but comes from the use ol 
 the faculties of body and mind. 
 
 UNDERDRAWING. Surface water that flows off the lane 
 instead of passing through the soil, carries with it whatever 
 fertilizing matter it may contain, and abstracts some from 
 the earth. If it pass down through the soil to drain, tbr 
 waste is arrested.
 
 NEW-YORK AXD WASHINGTON. 
 
 119 
 
 NEW-TOKK AND WASHINGTON. 
 
 THERE are perhaps no two cities in this country to which 
 inventors and patentees are more frequently called, in the 
 course of business, than New- York and Washington. For 
 the convenience of our inventive friends, we subjoin a list 
 of the principal objects and places of interest, which they 
 should endeavor to see whenever they visit either place. 
 Inventors will always be welcome at our offices in New- York 
 or Washington ; and we hope they will " walk in " without 
 knocking. We shall be happy to give them any informa- 
 tion. (See page 13.) 
 
 WASHINGTON. PLACES OP INTEREST. 
 
 Arsenal. 
 Alexandria, Va. 
 Aqueduct. 
 
 Battle-Fields of Bull Run. 
 Congressional Cemetery. 
 Capitol and Grounds. 
 Georgetown Heights. 
 General Post-Office. 
 Government Insane Asylum. 
 Government Green-Houses. 
 Jackson's Statue. 
 Long Bridge. 
 Mount Vernon. 
 
 National Observatory 
 
 Navy Yard. 
 
 Navy Department. 
 
 Potomac Falls. 
 
 Presidential Mansion and Gardens. 
 
 Patent Office. 
 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 Smithsonian Institute. 
 
 Soldier's Home. 
 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 War Department 
 
 Washington Monument 
 
 Washington's Statues. 
 
 NEW-YORK.-PLACES OF INTEREST. 
 
 Academy of Music. 
 Academy of Design. 
 Asylum "for the Blind. 
 Astor Library. 
 Atlantic Docks. 
 Battery. 
 Bible House. 
 Blackwell's Island. 
 Central Park. 
 City Hall. 
 Cooper Institute. 
 Croton Reservoir. 
 Dry Dock. 
 Fort Hamilton. 
 Fort Lafayette. 
 Governor's Island. 
 
 Greenwood Cemetery. 
 
 High Bridge. 
 
 Hoboken. 
 
 Navy Yard. 
 
 Post-Office. 
 
 Scientific American Office. 
 
 Sub- Treasury. 
 
 South Street. 
 
 Staten Island. 
 
 Tombs. 
 
 Trinity Church. 
 
 United States Custom House. 
 
 Washington Monument. 
 
 Worth Monument. 
 
 Wall Street 
 
 Washington Market.
 
 < 
 
 Alcohol, Force of, . . .35 
 Amendments, .... 10 
 Appeals, .... 10,24 
 Application for Patents, 5, 9, 77 
 
 L I1STDEX. 
 
 Joint Inventors, ... 22 
 Lapsed Cases 10 
 License, Form for, ... 33 
 Liquid Glue lia 
 
 Assignments, . . . . 30, 61 
 Assignees, Rights of, . . 60 
 
 Minerals removed by Crops, . 108 
 Models 11, 22, 35 
 
 Austrian Patents, ... 41 
 A Word to Inquirers, . . 104 
 Belgian Patents, . 41 
 Bill in Equity, .... 64 
 British Patents, ... 41 
 Caveats, . . . . S, 63, 117 
 Cement Paint,. ... 15 
 Census of the United States, . 107 
 Charcoal, Properties of, . . 82 
 Chemical Inventions, . . 61 
 Circle, Problems, ... 44 
 Completion of Application, . 60 
 Contested Cases, ... 69 
 Copies of Patents, . . .101 
 Copying-Ink, .... 116 
 Copy-rights, .... 34 
 
 Multum in Parvo, ... 91 
 New-York Places of Interest, 119 
 Oath to Patents, ... 21 
 Officials can not hold Patents, 56 
 Official Rules Patent-Office, . 20 
 Patent Laws of the United States, 62 
 Patent-Office Rules, . . 20 
 Patents, How to ohtir.n, . 5, 9, 13 
 Patents, How to sell, . . 42 
 Patents, Value of, ... 4 
 Patents on Small Things, . 45 
 Patented Articles, Stamping, . 62 
 Patentee. Rights of, 30 
 Penalty for Stamping, . . 62 
 Petition for Patent, Form, . 21 
 Pleadings in Infringement, . 71 
 
 Cost of applying for Patents, . 9 
 Courts, Powers of, . . . 62 
 Cuban Patents, ... 41 
 Date of Patent, ... 24 
 Design Patents, ... 13 
 Disclaimers, .... 29 
 Drawings, . . . 22,116 
 Earn what you spend, . 118 
 Electric Spark, . . , 19 
 
 Power of Water, ... 49 
 Preliminary Examinations, . 6 
 Purchasers, Rights of, . . 61 
 Quick Applications, . . 103 
 Record Evidence, ... 69 
 Reissues, 27 
 Rejected Applications, . . 10 
 Relating to Patents, . . 105 
 Remittances, .... 11 
 
 Electric Conductors, . 46 
 Engravings and Advertising,* 100 
 
 Rights of Women and Minors, 14 
 Royalty, ... 44 
 
 Examinations, .... 23 
 Examiners-in-Chief, . . 74 
 
 Rules, Patent-Office. . . 20 
 Screw-Thread for Gas-Pipes, . 117 
 Sound, .... 106 
 
 Fees, Official, Table of, . . 33 
 Foreign Patents, ... 40 
 Forms of Assignments, . . 31 
 French Patents, ... 41 
 General Information, . . 7, 20 
 Geometry. Practical, . . 83 
 Going to Washington, . . 101 
 Harness Blacking, ... 14 
 Heat Conductors. . 50 
 Heat, Effects of. Table, . . 81 
 Heirs of Inventor, ... 60 
 Hints to Letter-Writers, . . 83 
 Horse-Power, .... 49 
 How to invent, ... 3 
 How to obtain Patents, . . 5, 9 
 How to sell Patents, . . 42 
 Income from Patents, . . 44 
 Infringement, Suits for, . . 68 
 Infringements, . . 102, 97 
 
 Specification, The, ... 53 
 Steam-Engme. The, . . 37 
 Steam, Pressure of. Table. . 93 
 Substitute for ]V!ts and Gears, 98 
 Substitute for tlio Crank, . ?i 
 Suits, Law Patents, . . 68 
 Tracing-Paper, . 35 
 Trade-Marks, . . . . 15, 76 
 Underdraining, . . .118 
 Use, prior to Patent:', . . 57 
 Value of Brains, ... 99 
 Value of Patents, ... 4 
 Vane, a Sparkling, . . 46 
 Voice of the People, . . 36 
 Washington, Places of, . 119 
 Wells, Inspection of, . 117 
 What is it worth ? ... 91 
 Who may obtain Patents, . 20 
 Where Patent Papers signed, 113 
 Will it Pay ? . . . . 9~ 
 
 Inventor mutt apply, . . 103 
 
 Witnesses Fees and Rights, . 65
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 iB
 
 A 000 844 482 o