THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES FROM THE LIBRARY OF FRANK J. KLINGBERG n /7/ QUEEN VlCl^ORIA. IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY BY ELIZABETH WORMELEY LATIMER AUTHOR OF "FRANCE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY," "RUSSIA AND TURKEY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY," "FAMILIAR TALKS ON SOME OF SHAKESPEARE'S COMEDIES," "THE CHAIN OF ERRORS," '' PRINCESS AMELIE," ETC. FOURTH EDITION CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG AND COMPANY 1897 COPYRIGHT BY A. C. MCCLURG AND Co, A. D. 1894 NOTE. IN respect to my " France in the Nineteenth Century," and " Russia and Turkey " in the same period, I have some- times been reminded by reviewers most kind to the books, however, as readable, amusing, and instructive that I was not an historian working up new material for a definite result. I readily accept this opinion ; I have no desire to arro- gate to myself the high title of an historian, though, to a certain extent, all history must be compilation. My aim has been to throw flashes of light on events which during my lifetime have interested the public ; to amuse, and now and then instruct, the " general reader." Had I called my work " Historical Gossip," as I at first intended, my aim and scope in writing it might have been better understood. Throughout " France in the Nineteenth Century " there are many little personal reminiscences of my life in Paris from 1839 to 1842, and again in 1847 and 1848. I dis- guised these in the third person, not wishing to thrust my personality upon my readers. In the present volume I have done otherwise, and have made use of family and personal reminiscences as far as they would serve. My grandfather, Captain James Wormeley, being in 1775 a student at William and Mary College in Virginia, was dis- appointed in a love affair, and ran away to England. There, by the influence of Bishop Porteus, then Bishop of Ches- ter, and afterwards Bishop of London, he obtained a cap- taincy in the Stafford Regiment, at that time serving as the king's body-guard at Windsor. He remained with his regi- ment till 1 785, when peace had ended our Revolutionary 09*71 7 /w/woJL 6 it iv NOTE. War. His regiment was disbanded, and he returned to Virginia with his wife, the lady for whose sake he had left his friends and home. Twelve years later he was importuned to return to his old regiment; his wife had died, and he pined for association with his old comrades. Taking his only son, my father, Ralph Randolph Wormeley, he went back to England, and placed his boy in the British navy. There my father rose rapidly. He served all through the wars of Napoleon in the Mediterranean, under Sir Robert Calder, Lord St. Vin- cent, Lord Exmouth, Sir Charles Cotton, and Lord Colling- wood. He was made a post-captain in 1815, and became a rear-admiral in 1849, J ust fifty y ears a ft er ne had entered the navy. He was one of four American-born English admirals in this century ; Sir Isaac Coffin, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, and Sir Jahleel Brenton being the others. In 1820 my father sought a wife in New England, Miss Caroline Preble, niece of Commodore Edward Preble, one of the founders of the American navy. Their children were all brought up with heads and hearts full of American tra- ditions. This little explanation seemed necessary to make clear to the reader a few things in my narrative, which I hope may be as kindly received as its predecessors. E. W. L. HOWARD COUNTY, MARYLAND, September, 1894. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE I. THE YEAR 1822. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 9 II. GEORGE IV. MRS. FITZHERBERT. PRINCESS CHARLOTTE 45 III. LORD CASTLEREAGH. MR. CANNING. THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON 73 IV. THE REFORM BILL. LORD ALTHORP. LORD BROUGHAM. WILLIAM COBBETT ... 94 V. THE ACCESSION AND CORONATION OF QUEEN VICTORIA. LORD MELBOURNE .... 124 VI. MARRIAGE OF QUEEN VICTORIA. O'CONNELL AND IRELAND 145 VII. THE CABUL MASSACRE 167 VIII. TEN YEARS, 1841-1851 200 IX. THE GREAT EXHIBITION. SIR ROBERT PEEL. THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON. BARON STOCKMAR 227 X. THE INDIAN MUTINY 254 XL THE INDIAN MUTINY (Continued} 284 XII. DEATH OF THE PRINCE CONSORT 317 XIII. LORD BEACONSFIELD 343 XIV. THE SECOND CABUL MASSACRE 373 XV. MR. GLADSTONE 387 XVI. QUEEN VICTORIA'S JUBILEE AND HER FAMILY 411 INDEX 445 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. QUEEN VICTORIA Frontispiece KING GEORGE IV To face page 46 MRS. FlTZHERBERT 52 PRINCESS CHARLOTTE 70 GEORGE CANNING 80 DUKE OF WELLINGTON 90 KING WILLIAM IV 102 QUEEN VICTORIA IN HER CORONATION ROBES . . . 124 LORD MELBOURNE 132 LADY CAROLINE LAMB 138 DUKE OF KENT 142 DUCHESS OF KENT 146 PRINCE ALBERT, AT THE TIME OF HIS MARRIAGE . . 154 GENERAL SIR HENRY HAVELOCK 192 SIR ROBERT PEEL 238 SIR JOHN LAWRENCE 264 SIR COLIN CAMPBELL (LORD CLYDE) 282 SIR JAMES OUTRAM 302 PRINCESS ALICE 332 LORD BEACONSFIELD 360 WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE 388 PRINCESS ROYAL (AFTERWARDS EMPRESS OF GERMANY) 416 CROWN PRINCE FREDERICK (AFTERWARDS EMPEROR OF GERMANY) 422 PRINCE OF WALES 426 PRINCESS OF WALES 430 DUKE OF YORK 434 DUCHESS OF YORK 438 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. CHAPTER I. THE YEAR 1 82 2. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE in. E Marquis of Londonderry, better known to the world by his title of Lord Castlereagh, had been prominent in English politics for twenty-five years. He had persistently opposed all liberal advancement, all progressive opinions. He was succeeded in his office of Foreign Secretary by Mr. Canning, under whose guiding influence the cabinet of Lord Liverpool seemed to adopt, in foreign affairs at least, an entirely different policy. I was born in the summer of 1822, exactly as it were on the summit of the Great Political Divide, the old policy of repression going out, and the new policy of progress com- ing in, which has prevailed in England from 1822 up to this time. I came into a world governed on High Tory princi- ples, but with all kinds of radicalism, and sympathy for the late French Revolution, seething beneath the surface of society. Poor George III. had died in 1820, after nine years of hopeless insanity, during which the Prince of Wales had been Prince Regent of his kingdoms. Mr. Pitt, who had been Prime Minister at the beginning of the century, resigned office in 1801, but returned to it in 1804, when, 10 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. but for the opposition of the King, his old rival, Mr. Fox, would have formed part of his ministry. Pitt died in Jan- uary, 1806, and was succeeded by the ministry of All the Talents, in which Mr. Fox was Foreign Secretary. Mr. Fox on coming into office was forced to adopt his prede- cessor's policy, and to continue the war with Napoleon Bonaparte. He died, however, in 1806. A few months later, Mr. Canning became Foreign Secretary. In 1809, having unhappily quarrelled with Lord Castlereagh, then Minister of War in the same cabinet, whom he accused of tardiness in supporting English generals in the Pen- insular War, a celebrated duel took place, after which both combatants resigned their cabinet positions. Lord Castlereagh resumed office shortly after, but Canning, re- fusing to serve in the same ministry, would only accept, six years later, the office of President of the Board of Control. This he resigned in 1820, at the time of the Queen's trial ; but on Lord Castlereagh's death, in August, 1822, he was again made Secretary for Foreign Affairs, and at once committed England to a liberal and enlightened foreign policy. " No," he said, when invited by the Holy Alliance to crush the movement for constitutional govern- ment in Spain, " England can't help at that game. We '11 maintain the parcelling out of Europe by the Treaty of Vienna, though we don't half like it ; but we hold every nation to be free to do as it likes within its own boun- daries, and when we please we will resist any attack on this freedom." In France, in 1822, the close of Louis XVIII. 's life was made uneasy by the persistent efforts of the emigre nobility to restore the old regime in France. Prussia, but for the assistance she had afforded the Allied Powers in their struggle with Napoleon, would have been but of small account in the family of nations. Italy, which had favored Napoleon, was punished by being placed, directly or indi- rectly, under the dominion of the Austrians. Russia was under the Emperor Alexander, who was restrained by a conscientious adherence to what he considered the prin- THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. \\ ciples of the Holy Alliance from taking advantage of an opportunity offered him of acquiring supreme influence, if not absolute dominion, in Constantinople as the champion and protector of the revolted Greeks. Spain, under a weak and hated sovereign, King Ferdinand, was incurring the enmity of the Powers who composed the Holy Alliance, by making frantic efforts to secure a constitution, and, a year later (1823), was to be invaded by French troops, in order to check her tendencies towards liberalism. England when I was born had made very little material progress since the age of Queen Elizabeth. It prided itself, indeed, on its macadamized roads, its canal-boats, and its fast stage-coaches, and steamboats were beginning to be used on Scotch and English rivers; but in 1822 the steam- boats in Great Britain numbered only a hundred and twenty- three, and these dared not venture on the rough waters of the ocean. Large cities were beginning to be lighted with gas. The discovery of its illuminating powers was very recent, and the smell was too offensive to allow of its introduction into private houses. Boston, one of the earliest American cities to introduce it into its streets, did not adopt it till 1828. In 1822 Ohio represented our Far West. A quarter of a century earlier, Indians had tortured white men to death on the banks of the Miami River. Gutta-percha was a substance not yet applied to common uses. India-rubber overshoes were made for sale by Indians, who ran the sap into rough clay moulds. Stationers kept rubber shoes in those days to cut up for school children who wanted to buy little bits of India-rubber to obliterate pencil- marks. Elastic was not ; china buttons were not. Shirt-buttons looked like Queen Mab's chariot- wheels, tiny constructions made of thread and wire. Our nurse lighted our nursery fire with tinder-box, flint, and steel. Innocu- lation had but recently given place to vaccination ; and many faces pitted all over from small-pox might be met in any city in half-an-hour's walk through the streets. In common surgical practice there were no alleviations to pain. 12 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. In the summer of 1815 my father crossed the ocean on a ship that had on board the New York dentist, Dr. Parmlee, who had been to Paris to learn how to make artificial teeth. Before that time, if any man (like General Washington) wanted a new set of teeth, he had to reconcile himself to adopting those of a dead man. On the other hand, there were giants on the earth in those days in statesmanship and literature. Sir Walter Scott was bravely producing Waverley novels as fast as pen could write them, in his grand struggle against debt, prompted by his keen dread of mercantile dishonor. Byron in 1822 was in Venice, and had just published " Cain," as a defiance to steady-going humanity; Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey, Lamb, Campbell, De Quincy, and Professor Wilson were in their noontide glory. On the Continent, great authors had not yet shown them- . selves. The turbid waters of revolution had hardly subsided enough to let them rise. Goethe, indeed, was living, though, as a writer, he belongs rather to the last years of the eight- eenth century. Although America had Washington Irving, her literature was as yet only an annex to that of the mother- country. She raised little cotton ; she hardly manufactured any cotton cloth ; she printed none. Power-looms had, even in England, not entirely superseded the ancient hand- looms, on which weavers in their own cottages wove their webs. Workmen were bitterly opposed to the introduction of machinery, not foreseeing that the increase of produc- tion would give employment to hundreds where one would have got a living under the old system. How far large factories, with their armies of working-men and working- women, would be conducive to morality, breaking as they do into the home life of the working-classes, was a matter that in those days did not trouble the public conscience at all. Postage was a very heavy tax on those who could least afford to pay for letters; for the better class of society people in England avoided postage, through their ac- quaintance with peers or members of Parliament ; and the THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 13 franking privilege afforded those gentlemen a cheap and easy way of gratifying constituents, and bestowing favors upon friends. In 1822, High Churchism, as we know it now, or as it was in the days of Laud, was out of date in England. Wesley and his followers, half a century earlier, had run a furrow, as it were, over English soil, whence had started new life into the English Church, called Evangelicalism. The clergy were divided into high and dry divines of the old solid school, and the zealous, enthusiastic, rash, and somewhat contracted Evangelicals, who claimed a monoply of " Gospel teaching." Among the lay leaders of the Evangelical party were Zachary Macaulay (father of the statesman, poet, and historian), Lord Ashley, of whom I shall have more to say hereafter, and Mr. Wilberforce. Bishops in England always wore wigs, as well as knee- breeches, black silk stockings, shovel hats, and the episco- pal apron ; and when a young bishop with a fine head of hair was persuaded by his wife to request the Prince Regent's permission to appear at court without his wig, many persons especially the Duke of Cumberland predicted from such an innovation the downfall of the Church, much as the Court Chamberlain of Louis XVI. predicted the over- throw of monarchy when he saw shoe-strings instead of buckles in M. Roland's shoes. There was no system of government education at that time in England. The education of the poor was the work of private charity. There was a Poor Law, which obliged ratepayers to support paupers ; and sometimes the poor- rate became so grievous that it swallowed up the profits of the farmer and made him poor. He had to pay, besides tithes and church-rates (the latter for keeping church prop- erty in order), window tax for every window, taxes on his horses if above the size of ponies, taxes on his cart-wheels, taxes on malt, taxes on silver plate, if he had any, taxes on hair-powder, if he wore it, taxes on property, if he inherited it, and taxes on every bill he paid, for no receipt for any sum 14 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. above 10 was legally valid, unless it were written upon stamped paper. Sydney Smith's celebrated denunciation of taxation at that period (which my father made me learn by heart when I was seven years old) was no exaggeration. " We have," he says, " taxes upon every article that enters into the mouth, or covers the back, or is placed under the foot ; taxes upon everything which it is pleasant to fee), smell, or taste ; taxes on everything in the earth, or in the waters under the earth ; on everything that comes from abroad or that is grown at home ; taxes on the raw material ; taxes on every value that is added to it by the industry of man ; taxes on the sauce which pampers man's appetite, and on the drug which restores him to health ; on the ermine which covers the judge, and the rope that hangs the criminal ; on the poor man's salt, and the rich man's spice ; on the brass nails of the coffin, and the ribbons of the bride; on bed and board couchant or levant we must pay. The schoolboy whips his taxed top; the beardless youth manages a taxed horse, with a taxed bridle, on a taxed road; and the dying Englishman, pouring his medi- cine, which has paid seven per cent, into a spoon \vhich has paid fifteen per cent, flings himself back upon his chintz bed, which has paid twenty-two per cent, and expires in the arms of an apothecary who has paid a license of one hundred pounds for the privilege of presiding at his death-bed. His whole prop- erty is then taxed from two to twenty per cent. Besides the probate, large fees are demanded for burying him in the chan- cel ; his virtues are handed down to posterity on taxed marble, and he is gathered to his fathers to be taxed no more." This excessive taxation was mainly the result of the vast efforts made by England in her wars with Napoleon. Many persons believed (like Lord Holland) that Napoleon might probably have been quiet, had he been let alone, and con- sidered the wars against him as undertaken solely in the interest of kings and of the aristocracy. As time develops more and more the inner history of Napoleon's career, it may be doubted whether he ever could or would have adopted the motto of his nephew, "The Empire is peace," for more than a few years at a time. There was deep discontent in England from 1818 to 1822, which Lord THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 15 Castlereagh put down with a firm hand. His domestic government was stern, rigid, and persecuting. His foreign policy appeared to countenance every encroachment on the rights of nations attempted by the sovereigns of Europe. He shot himself in August, 1822, and popular hatred dis- turbed his funeral ceremonies as he was laid to his last rest in Westminster Abbey. In our own day we sometimes talk of being tired of Dickens's maudlin sympathies and sentimentalities ; but to estimate what the world was before the days of Dickens we must look back to the state of public sentiment upon the subjects on which he wrote, in my earlier days. Towards the close of the last century a son of Lord Mon- tagu had been stolen, sold to a sweep- master, and used as a chimney-sweep. Being sent to sweep the chimneys in his father's house, he entered his mother's chamber, and recog- nized his surroundings. This led to his being restored to his family ; and in grateful remembrance of his deliverance from suffering he gave, as long as he lived, an annual feast to all the London chimney-sweeps upon the ist of May. On his death, Mr. James White (Charles Lamb's friend) undertook to continue the festival ; but it was the sole gala day in the year for these unhappy boys. Such horrors as they suffered do not exist now, either in chimneys, or in factories, or workhouses, or Yorkshire schools ; and this is largely because Dickens has turned the full light of pub- lic sympathy upon the world's dark places of cruelty. Sydney Smith says, " An excellent and well-managed dinner is a most pleasing occurrence, and a geat triumph of civilized life. It is not only the descending morsel and the enveloping sauce, but the rank, wealth, beauty, and wit which savors the meats, the learned management of light and heat, the silent and rapid services of the attendants, the smiling, sedulous host proffering gusts and relishes, the exotic bottles, the embossed plate, the pleasant remarks, the handsome dresses, the cunning artifices in fruit and farina; the hour of dinner, in short, includes everything of sensual and intellectual gratification which a great nation glories in producing In the midst of all this, who knows that 1 6 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. the kitchen chimney caught fire half-an-hour before dinner, and that a poor little wretch of six or seven years old was sent up in the midst of the flames to put it out ! There is a positive prohibition of sending boys up a chimney in a blaze ; but what matter Acts of Parliament where the pleasures of genteel people are concerned ? or what is a toasted child, compared to the ago- nies of the mistress of the house with a deranged dinner?" He adds further : " When these boys outgrow the power of going up a chim- ney, they are fit for nothing else. The miseries that they have suffered lead to nothing ; they are not only enormous, but unprofitable. Having suffered in infancy every misery that can be suffered, they are then cast out to rob and thieve, and are given up to the law." I have spoken only of the chimney-sweeps, but the mis- eries suffered by young children in mines and factories were as great, if not so brutal ; and in this connection I may say a few words about a great and good man who came into Parliament at this period. He was born Lord Ashley, he became the Earl of Shaftesbury. He by no means belonged to a pious or exemplary family. His religious impressions were taken from a good old nurse who died when he was seven years old. " The recollection of what she said and did and taught," he has remarked, " even to a prayer that I now constantly use, is as vivid as in the old days when I heard her. I must trace, under God, very much, perhaps all, of the duties of my later life to her precepts and her prayers." The "duties" he thus speaks of were undertaken to pro- mote love to God and goodwill towards men, especially towards little children. I have heard him speak upon such subjects at public meetings in Exeter Hall. He was a tall, fair-haired, slender, eager-looking man, careless in dress, but fervent in spirit. The House of Commons from 1822 to 1826 was full of great orators, Canning, who died in 1827; Brougham, versatile, brilliant, and omniscient; Peel, the great debater ; Huskisson, the master of facts ; VVilber- force, with all the eloquence of conviction and persuasion. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 17 What Wilberforce had done towards emancipating blacks, Lord Ashley set himself to do for factory children. Factories in 1822 were a new invention. Up to the last quarter of the eighteenth century, linen, stockings, and woollen cloth had been, as I have said, woven in hand- looms by weavers who, like Silas Marner, dwelt in their own cottages. Their webs of linen were laid to bleach upon the grass, or spread upon the hedges. The pun- ishment was death for the Autolycus who filched them in the gloaming. Edward Cartwright about 1785 invented the power-loom. This led almost immediately to great industry in the manu- facture of cotton cloth. Factories were established, modern competition began ; and when hard times arrived, manu- facturers, anxious to produce cheap goods, threw men out of employment, and took on women, and children of tender age, to tend their looms. Then, too, in the year 1825 there came in England a " commercial crisis." Banks suspended payment in all directions, and as the notes of country banks circulated almost exclusively in the communities around them, ruin was wide-spread in many country towns. The great reform with which Lord Ashley's name is asso- ciated was his protest against employing child-labor in the mills. So great was the new demand for this cheap labor that London guardians of the poor were willing to supply small pauper boys and girls out of their workhouses to mill- owners, and despatched them by the bargeful to manufac- turing towns. These friendless creatures, overworked and ill-treated, died rapidly, or became lifelong cripples. " The factories were rilled with women and children working long weary hours in a polluted atmosphere, standing all day on their feet at their monotonous labor. Under this cheap labor system a curious inversion of the rules of life took place. Wo- men and children superseded men in the factories, and the domestic concerns of the family were attended to by shiftless men, or, mother, and father too, lived on the killing labor of their little children, to the utter destruction of parental affection, and of the last remnants of self-respect." 2 1 8 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Heartbreaking stories were published, in what are called Blue Books, /. e., reports of Parliamentary Commissions, about children so weary from their work that the most inhuman devices were resorted to by their mothers to rouse them in the mornings. Southey, under date of 1833, wrote of Lord Ashley and the child-labor system : " The slave trade is nothing to it. ... Once more I say, ' Cry aloud, and spare not.' These are not times to be silent. Lord Ashley has taken up the Factory Question with all his heart, and with a deep religious sense of duty. If we are to be saved, it will be I do not say by such men, but for the sake of such men as he is." I will not dwell on Lord Ashley's further efforts on behalf of children made to work in coal-mines. In South Stafford- shire, according to his speech in Parliament, it was common for children to begin work at seven years old. " In the West Riding of Yorkshire," he said, " it is not unusual for infants even of five years old to be sent to the pits. Near Oldham, children are worked as low as four years old, and in the small collieries towards the hills, some are so young that they are brought to work in their bed-gowns." This " work " was dragging sledge-tubs, on all fours, through tunnels too low and narrow to admit grown persons. The child had a girdle fixed about its waist, to which the sledge- tub was made fast by a chain. It took nearly twenty years from the first agitation of this subject before these abuses were effectually remedied by Act of Parliament. The greatest struggle was to obtain a law permitting only ten hours' work for women and children. Miss Barrett's noble poem, " The Cry of the Children," is said to have had a powerful influence on the result. At this time there was another noble work, taken up quietly and carried on successfully, by a woman whose name will be handed down to posterity as that of a " mother in Israel." Elizabeth Fry was a Miss Gurney, one of the rich and THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 19 influential Quakers of that name, a family whose happi- ness it still is to do good. Her mother died when she was twelve years old, and her father, self-absorbed, paid little heed to the seven lovely daughters who, on his country place near Norwich, were growing up around him. Elizabeth was the gayest of the band! She had those bounding high spirits which, overpowering in youth, are sometimes the salt that keeps men and women fresh into old age. A very un-Quaker-like young lady she must have been, doting on dancing, charmed with her own powers of enchanting gentlemen, quick, imaginative, eager for excite- ment, and admired and beloved wherever she appeared. " How amazing it must have seemed in after-life," writes one of her biographers, " to the calm, serene, holy-minded woman, invincible to the flatteries of courtiers, the friend- ship of kings and emperors, the tears of empresses, the shouts and blessings of excited crowds, unmoved, save to deepest humility, by all the homage, the adulation, the al- most adoration she met with when her name was ringing throughout Europe, to recall how in her butterfly youth the fripperies of a ball-room could have been ' too much ' for her, and singing at a village concert might, she feared, ' be a snare.' " When about eighteen she was suddenly startled out of her gay carelessness by a sermon heard at a Quaker meeting ; and by degrees she came to the fixed resolve of becoming what her sect called " a plain " Quaker. Not long after her adoption of the Quaker speech and dress, she married Joseph Fry, a young man of a family far stricter than the Gurneys, and went to lead the life of a London merchant's wife in the heart of the City. It is a mystery to many not connected with the Society of Friends how ladies of that Society contrive to do the work they do in furtherance of schemes of benevolence outside of their own homes, and yet maintain their domestic estab- lishments in perfect order and dignity. We account for it on the supposition that Quaker domestic establishments have 2O ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. their wheels so well greased by wealth, discipline, and kind- liness that all things run on smoothly, even in the absence of the guiding hand. At first Elizabeth wrote of herself, " My time appears to be spent to little more purpose than eating, drinking, sleep- ing, and clothing myself." But she had at all times a house full of company, and her large family of children came in rapid succession. Moreover, she suffered greatly from neu- ralgia, or, as she, in her ignorance of our modern long word, calls it, " from toothache." But by chance one day she paid a visit with a friend to the great prison at Newgate. In four rooms, not over large, they found crowded three hundred women, many of them having with them their children, some tried, and others untried, with only one man and one woman to take charge of them by night and day. Though military sentinels were posted on the roof, such was the prevailing lawlessness among these women that the Governor of the Prison entered that department with re- luctance, and advised the ladies to lay aside their watches before going in. Mrs. Fry's heart was touched. She sent the miserable creatures clothes ; but four years passed before she entered on the work with which her name is associated. It was in the midst of the bitter winter of 1816, when the Thames was frozen over, and a fire kindled on the ice roasted an ox whole, that Mrs. Fry, left alone at her own desire with these women, knelt among them and prayed for their little chil- dren, those half-naked and half-starved little children who stood around her. Then, having won the women's sym- pathy, she proposed to open a school for these little ones. One of the women was chosen superintendent ; and thus began that movement which has led to the astonishing ame- lioration of prison life all over the world. Here is a description of the Women's Department in Newgate as Mrs. Fry found it, written by one of her friends : " The railing was crowded with half-naked women struggling together for the front situation with the most boisterous violence, THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 2 and begging with the utmost vociferation. I felt as if I were going into a den of wild beasts, and shuddered when the door closed upon me." In a fortnight a great change, at least in outward appear- ance, had come over the wards. The most depraved had recovered some self-respect. In those days the offences for which people were hanged were very numerous. Forgery, passing counterfeit money, and even some kinds of petty theft, were capital crimes. One terrible duty was undertaken by Mrs. Fry, that of seeing, advising, and comforting condemned prisoners ; and her stories of these poor creatures, some of whom went out of their minds as they contemplated the horrors of their execution, are harrowing. One woman, for having passed counterfeit notes received from her lover (not knowing that they were counterfeited), was, in 1818, condemned to the gallows. Mrs. Fry exerted herself to obtain a pardon for her. In vain the Duke of Gloucester, stupid but kindly, used his influence with the Prime Minister ; the poor woman was executed. Her fate led to Mrs. Fry's introduction to the old Queen Charlotte, who was paying a state visit to the Lord Mayor. Hearing that Mrs. Fry was in the Mansion House (whither she had come to make interest on behalf of this poor woman), the Queen desired to see her. "A murmur of applause," says a spectator, " ran through all the assemblage as the Queen took Mrs. Fry by the hand. The murmur was followed by a clapping and a shout, which was taken up by the multitude without, till it died away in the distance." This visit to the Lord Mayor was Queen Charlotte's last appearance in public. She caught cold on this occasion, and died not very long after. Soon Mrs. Fry began to be consulted even by foreign nations as to the management of prisons. In spite of her numerous children, she undertook many journeys of benevo- lence, always accompanied by her brother, Joseph John Gurney, who in such matters went with her heart and hand. 22 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. During a great part of her life she was very rich ; but in her later days sorrows, domestic and pecuniary, came upon her. Her husband's business house was involved by the failure of other houses, and she had to move into a cottage, giving up her beautiful home. It also grieved her that her children all married out of the Quaker connection. Her eldest grandchild was born on the same day as her own youngest child. In her earlier days she was frequently sent for by the Duchess of Kent to visit the little Princess Victoria, whom she describes as " a sweet, lovely, hopeful child ; " and, later, she records long conversations on prison discipline with Prince Albert. The King of Prussia, when he visited England in 1842 for the christening of the Prince of Wales, insisted upon taking an informal luncheon at her cottage. On this occasion she presented to him eight daughters and daughters-in-law, seven sons and sons-in law, and twenty-five grandchildren. " Her life," says Mrs. Oliphant, " stands nearly alone in the boundless and almost uninterrupted success which attended every effort." Her end was gradual and peaceful. The naturally frail tenement failed, worn out by ceaseless exertions, at the age of sixty-five. She died at Ramsgate, October, 1845. In the garden of a cottage where she passed the last years of her life, a Memorial Church has been erected, the corner- stone of which was laid by Princess Louise. " The key to her whole character," says Mrs. Oliphant, " may be found in these words, written for her sister by her own pen : ' My dear Rachel, I can say one thing, since my heart was touched at seventeen, I believe I have never awakened from sleep, in sickness or in health, by night or by day, without my first thought being how I may best serve my Maker.' " Hers was the charity of the Christian, rather than the narrower zeal so frequent with philanthropists. Such was in part the state of things when I came into the world. With Lord Castlereagh's death, and the resumption THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 23 of power by a ministry that included Mr. Canning, a change came over England. In a world such as I have endeavored to describe, the personal history, predilections, and domestic conduct of the royal family were of very much more public importance than are the character and conduct of Queen Victoria's sons. The influence of the court filtered down, as it were, through all classes of the people. George III., when a very young man, came to the throne in 1760. He was son of that Frederic Prince of Wales whose name seems to be held in remembrance only in this country. Fredericksburg, Frederick County, Frederick, and Fredericton were all called after this Prince Fred, on whom an epitaph was written by court wits ; and as far as he is remembered at all, it is confirmed by posterity : " Here lies Fred, Who was alive, and is dead. Had it been his father, I had rather. Had it been his mother, Better than another. Had it been his sister, No one would have missed her. But as it is Fred, Who was alive, and is dead, There 's no more to be said ! " George III. enjoys the distinction of being the most relig- ious, virtuous, and respectable man of his family. " Farmer George " his people called him, and with good reason ; for, under the signatures of Joseph Trenchard and Ralph Atkin- son, he wrote several excellent letters to an agricultural paper concerning new methods of ploughing, and the re- claiming of waste lands. He owed his popularity, not only to his real goodness of heart and to a certain blustering bonhomie, but to the circumstance that he was an English- man, and the English had not had a king both born and educated on English soil since the days of Queen Elizabeth. In early life he had been several times in love. One of 24 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. his loves was Hannah Lightfoot, a pretty Quakeress ; an- other, a beautiful countess, of whom he talked much in his insanity ; another, Lady Sarah Lennox, daughter of the Duke of Richmond. This preference was nipped, however, in the bud by his mother and his ministers. Lady Sarah married Sir Charles Bunbury, a relative of the eccentric English- man, General Charles Lee, who was the rival of Washington, and on Sir Charles Bunbury's death gave her hand to one of the members of the brilliant family of Napier, whose representatives during the last century have done their country so much honor. George III. was married to a princess of seventeen, Charlotte, daughter of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. It has been the fashion to describe her as ugly, narrow-minded, ignorant, and close- fisted, and she certainly was not popular among the cour- tiers that surrounded her. But she says of herself, " I have found that the advice of the dear King, of being uniformly polite to everybody, of doing nothing in the spirit of party, and of adhering closely to my husband's family, has been my surest guidance." This advice was accompanied, on her young husband's part, by the strong- est desire to keep his young wife to himself, to form her, to convert her, as it were, into his own reflection. He read aloud to her daily, while she was engaged in sewing. He discouraged all intimacies, even with his own family. She maintained German court punctilio in matters of etiquette ; but her intense sense of decorum and propriety gave tone to the English court and aristocracy for more than a generation. My grandfather, Captain James Wormeley, who served many years in the Stafford Regiment (then the King's body- guard) at Windsor, had the most tender recollections of the King. I never but once saw him angry with his son, my father, and that was when I was about seven years old, and he had picked up in the nursery a volume of Peter Parley's Tales about Europe, just published, in which King George and his insanity were spoken of with levity. What my grandfather then said made a life-long impression THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 2$ upon me ; I have never been able to speak otherwise than tenderly of George III. And, indeed, how piteous a story is that of his sad life ! A worthless mother, a narrow education, no natural abilities, but strong conscientiousness and a kind heart ; and, above all, a large and handsome family, of which every member proved a failure. Two of his fifteen children died in babyhood. One of these he mourned for, saying pathetically in his sorrow : "Some would grieve that they had ever had so sweet a child, since they were forced to part with him. Such is not my case. I am thankful to God for having generously allowed me to enjoy such a creature for four years." His favorite daughter, the Princess Amelia, died in early womanhood, and her father's sorrow for her loss made him hopelessly insane. My grandfather often spoke of Princess Amelia as one of the sweetest children ever born. He would tell of her as he used to see her on the Great Terrace at Windsor Castle, trotting before her parents in quaint baby-dress, with smiles, and pretty nods, and kissings of her hand for every one who noticed her. When about fifteen she fell into ill-health. It was then she is believed to have written those touching lines, " Unthinking, idle, wild, and young," which are asso- ciated with her memory. Here is a less well-known prayer which after her death was found written on the fly-leaf of her prayer-book : " Gracious God, support thy unworthy servant in this time of trial. Let not the least murmur escape my lips, nor any senti- ment but of the deepest resignation enter my heart. Let me make the use thou intendedst of the affliction thou hast laid on me. It has convinced me of the vanity and emptiness of all things here : let it draw me to thee as my support, and fill my heart with pious trust in thee, and in the blessings of a redeeming Saviour, as the only consolation of a state of trial. Amen." A short time before Princess Amelia's death it is be- lieved that, in defiance of the Royal Marriage Act, she 26 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. was secretly united to Captain (afterwards General) Fitz- roy, an officer of her household, a gentleman of the family of the Duke of Grafton. At her death she left him all her jewels, which, however, he was not suffered to retain. With a dying hand she pressed a valuable diamond on the finger of her father, and begged him to remember her only with affection. Queen Charlotte was not a woman with an uncultivated mind. Some of her familiar letters, which during the last ten years have been given to the world, are playful and very charming. They inform us, though we can hardly realize the fact, that George III. once played an April-fool trick on one of his ministers ; and here is a little poem that the Queen sent him, two years after their marriage, in " a most elegant Valentine, worked by her own hands." It would be impossible to believe that a German lady, who never acquired a perfect pronunciation of English, could have written it, were it not that there are other little poems in existence from the same hand. " Genteel is my Damon, engaging his air ; His face, like the moon, is both ruddy and fair. Soft Love sits enthroned in the beam of his eyes : He 's manly, yet tender ; he 's fond, yet he 's wise. " He 's ever good-humored ; he 's generous and gay ; His presence can always drive sorrow away. No vanity sways him, no folly is seen ; But open his temper, and noble his mien. "By virtue illumined, his actions appear; His passions are calm, and his reason is clear. An affable sweetness attends on his speech ; He 's willing to learn, though he 's able to teach. " He has promised to love me : his word I '11 believe ; For his heart is too honest to let him deceive. Then blame me, ye fair ones, if justly you can, For the picture I 've drawn is exactly the man." And, indeed, all this was true, except as to the " noble mien," as true as any eulogy can be expected to be. It THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 2/ described George III. in his earlier days, before his dis- position had been troubled by incipient insanity. The whole story of that insanity is piteous in the extreme. From the age of twenty-seven, he had been subject to brief attacks of delirium. In 1788 a regency had to be appointed. He recovered in six months, but was stricken down again in 1801, and subsequently in 1804. In 1810 he became hopelessly insane, and never recovered. "At intervals during his first attacks," says one who was about the court at that period, " he still took an occasional interest in politics. His perception was good, though mixed up with a number of erroneous ideas. His memory was tenacious, but his judgment unsettled. The loss of royal authority seemed to prey upon his mind. " His malady seemed rather to increase than abate up to 1814, when, at the time of the visit of the Allied Sovereigns to England, he gave indications of returning reason, and was made acquainted with the interesting events that had recently occurred. The Queen one day found him singing a hymn, and accompanying himself on the harpsichord. After he had concluded the hymn, he knelt down, prayed for his family and for the nation, and earnestly entreated for the complete restoration of his mental powers. He then burst into tears, and his reason suddenly left him ; but he afterwards had occasionally lucid intervals." Towards the end of his life he became deaf. His sight was already gone. He imbibed the idea that he was dead, and said, " I must have a suit of black, in memory of George III., for whom I know there is to be a general mourning." In 1817 he appeared again to have a slight glimmering of reason. His sense of hearing returned, more acute than ever, and he could distinguish people by their footsteps. "After 1818 he occupied a long suite of rooms, in which were placed several pianos and harpsichords. At these he would frequently stop during his walks, play a few notes from Handel, and then stroll on. He seemed cheerful, and would sometimes talk aloud, as if addressing some one ; 28 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. but his discourse bore only reference to past events, for he had no knowledge of recent circumstances, either political or domestic. Towards the end of 1819 his appetite began to fail him. In January, 1820, it was found impossible to keep him warm ; his remaining teeth dropped out, and he was almost a skeleton. On January 27, 1820, he was con- fined to his bed, and two days later (a few days after the death of the Duke of Kent) he died, aged eighty-two years." He was the father of nine sons and six daughters ; but he had only five grandchildren of legitimate birth. Mr. Adams's account of his presentation to the King at St. James's Palace, 1785, as the first Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States, is familiar to many, but to all it must be interesting. " I passed," he says, " through the lesser rooms into the King's closet. The door was shut, and I was left with His Majesty and the Secretary of State alone. I made the three reverences, one at the door, another about half way up the rooms, and the third before the presence, according to the usage established at this and all the courts of Europe, and then addressed myself to His Majesty in the following words : ' Sir, the United States of America have appointed me their Minister Plenipotentiary to Your Majesty, and have directed me to deliver to Your Majesty this letter, which contains the evidence of it It is in obedience to their express commands that I have the honor to assure Your Majesty of their unanimous disposition and desire to cul- tivate the most friendly and liberal intercourse between Your Majesty's subjects and their citizens, and of their best wishes for Your Majesty's health and happiness, and for that of your royal family. The appointment of a Minister from the United States to Your Majesty's court will form an epoch in the history of England and America. I think myself more fortunate than all my fellow-citizens in having the distinguished honor to be the first to stand in Your Majesty's presence in a diplomatic character; and I shall esteem myself the happiest of men if I can be instrumental in recommending my country more and more to Your Majesty's royal benevolence, and of restoring an entire confidence, esteem, and affection or, in better words, the old good-nature and the old good-humor between people who, although separated by an ocean, and under different governments, have the same language, a similar religion, and THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 29 kindred blood. I beg Your Majesty's permission to add that although I have sometimes before been intrusted by my country, it was never, in my whole life, in a manner so agreeable to my- self.' The King listened to every word I said with dignity, it is true, but with an apparent emotion. Whether it was the nature of the interview, or whether it was my visible agitation, for I felt more than I did or could express, that touched him, I cannot say ; but he was much affected, and answered me with more tremor than I had spoken with, and said, ' Sir, the circum- stances of this audience are so extraordinary, and the language you have now held is so extremely proper, and the feelings you have discovered so justly adapted to the occasion, that I must say I not only receive with pleasure the assurance of the friendly disposition of the United States, but I am very glad their choice has fallen on you to be their minister. I wish you, sir, to be- lieve that it may be understood in America that I have done nothing in the late contest but what I thought myself in- dispensably bound to do by the duty that I owed to my people. I will be very frank with you. I was the last man to conform to the separation; but the separation having been made, and having become inevitable, I have always said, as I say now, let the connection of language, religion, and blood have their natu- ral and full effect.' I dare not say that these were the King's precise words, for although his pronunciation is as distinct as I ever heard, he hesitated sometimes between his periods, and between much of the same periods. He was indeed much affected, and I was not less so; but I think all he said to me should not be kept secret in America, unless His Majesty or his Secretary of State should think proper to report it. " The King then asked me whether I came last from France, and on my answering in the affirmative, he, with an air of friend- liness, and smiling, or rather laughing, said, 'There is an opinion among some people that you are not the most attached of all your countrymen to the manners of France.' I was sur- prised at this, because I thought it indiscreet, and a descent from his dignity. I was a little embarrassed, but determined not to deny the truth on one hand, nor have him to infer from it my attachment to England on the other. I threw off as much gravity as I could, and assumed an air of gayety and a tone of decision as far as was decent, and said, ' That opinion, sir, was not mistaken. I must avow to Your Majesty that I have no attachment but to my own country.' The King replied, quick as lightning: 'An honest man will never have any other. ' " 30 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The sons of George III. were George, Frederic, William Henry, Edward, Ernest, Augustus, Adolphus, Octavius, and Alfred. The last two died in infancy. His daughters were Charlotte, Augusta, Elizabeth, Sophia, Mary, and Amelia. Of these princesses it has been truly said " that during the course of their long lives, full of trials, dulness, and monotony, they showed the same constancy and patience, with a display of domestic virtues and amiability that is truly remarkable. Admirable daughters, tolerant and affec- tionate sisters, excellent wives, sagacious and observing, they earned the respect and admiration of all, and reflected credit on the Queen their mother." We have already spoken of the Princess Amelia. Her sisters led all of them unhappy lives, ground down by court restraints, and made sorrowful by the always uncertain con- dition of the King, who was continually trembling on the verge of insanity, even when considered in his right mind. None married until very late in life, and none had any children. Charlotte, the Princess Royal, was thirty-one years old when a suitor presented himself for her in the Duke of Wiirtemberg. He was a very stout, elderly man, so stout that he had had to have a curve cut out of his dining- table to accommodate his obesity. In early life he had distin- guished himself as a soldier, and had become a favorite of Frederic the Great, who promoted his marriage with a lady of his own house, the eldest daughter of the Duke of Bruns- wick and of Augusta, sister of George III. ; she was sister to Caroline of Brunswick, wife of George IV. Of the men of this family of Brunswick, it might be said that they were all sans peur, but few of the women were sans reproche. The Prince and Princess of Wtirtemberg a year or two after their marriage went to the Russian court, where Catherine II. was then supreme. There the Princess greatly miscon- ducted herself, and is supposed to have incurred Catherine's enmity by attaching one of that lady's ex-favorites to her train of lovers. Her husband returned to Wurtemberg with his children, leaving his wife behind. She was imprisoned by Catherine in the fortress of Lode, and soon afterwards her THE FAMILY OF GEORGE HI. 31 death was reported, in 1788. Whether she died by violence or natural causes, or whether indeed she really died, has always been doubtful. Many persons thought her escape was effected by one of her lovers, and that she fled with him to Italy. George III. made careful inquiry into the circum- stances of her death before he permitted his daughter to be engaged to the supposed widower, and he appears to have been fully satisfied .by what was told him. The Princess Royal seems to have been glad to escape the restraints of her home in England, and not unwillingly married her stout, elderly suitor. All accounts say that she led afterwards a happy life, devoted to the care of her step-children and her step-grandchildren. One of her step-daughters was the admirable Princess Catherine, who married Jerome Bona- parte much against her will ; but she made him a devoted wife, and when, after the downfall of the Bonapartes, she was entreated by her father to forsake her husband, her letter of refusal is a touching expression of womanly fidelity and of a wifely sense of honor. The Duke of Wiirtemberg was made a king by the Em- peror Napoleon as a reward for his adherence to the French cause in the war of 1805 with Austria. It is thus that the eldest daughter of George III writes of the way she received, for her husband's sake, her own country's national enemy : " It was, of course, very painful to me to receive him with courtesy, but I had no choice ; the least failure on my part might have been a sufficient pretext for depriving my husband and his children of this kingdom. It was one of the occasions in which it was absolutely necessary de faire bonne mine d manuals gout. To me he was always perfectly civil." Napoleon said afterwards of another German queen, " She should remember that but for me she would be only the daughter of a miserable petty Margrave, and imitate the conduct of the Queen of Wiirtemberg, daughter of the greatest King on earth ! " The courteous reception of the Emperor Napoleon must indeed have demanded much self-restraint on the part of a lady brought up to consider him the Corsican Monster, 32 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. as was the fashion in England in those days. A few years before the interview, she recorded in her journal that she had been reading a scurrilous life of him, published to suit the popular opinion of his character. "The book," she says, "gives a very accurate account of the Monster from his childhood. I must tell you what hap- pened to me. I was reading to myself, and, my maid was in the room, and, being very eager, I called out a propos of one of his very malicious acts as a boy, ' Oh, you devil ! ' On which she said, ' I know what you are reading, I read some of it this morning ; and a more horrid creature never existed.' I was then shocked at having called him devil. It was an injus- tice to Beelzebub, who was a fallen angel ; for I believe Bona- parte to be an indigenous devil ! " When the stout King died, in 1816, his widow thus writes to her family : " I believe never was any one more attached to another than I was to the late King. This affection, which during our union was the happiness of my life, makes me look forward with impatience to the end of my days, when I trust, through the mercy of Providence, to be reunited to my husband in a better world. The present King behaves very kindly to me, and has shown the most dutiful affection to his late father." She never returned to England, but died at Louisburg, Oct. 6, 1828, made happy by the affection of those whom she calls " my dear little grandchildren," and who, she adds, " are really worth seeing. Mr. and Mrs. L , who saw them last year, will, I am sure, give you a full account of these little angels, who they seemed much pleased with." The next sister was Princess Augusta. Her intended bridegroom was a prince of Denmark; but the marriage negotiations came to an end, owing to matrimonial com- plications between the reigning Danish King and his wife, Caroline Matilda, posthumous daughter of Frederic, Prince of Wales, and sister of George III. Princess Augusta never married. She died in 1840. Contemporaries spoke of her as the most charming princess among those of whom one who lived among them and knew them well has written, " I really knew not such girls in any rank of life. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 33 They are all amiable in their different ways, and they are all different." My grandfather's favorite was Princess Elizabeth, who had a sweet face, full of goodness and of intellect ; but she became immensely stout even in her years of early womanhood. She wrote and published a little book of verses, illustrating the poems with her own de- signs. She was also an enthusiastic collector of old China and bric-a-brac. She remained unmarried till 1818, when she was forty-eight years old. Then another stout German came to England as her suitor, Philfp Augustus, the Land- grave of Hesse-Homburg, whose dominions and court were the originals of the court of Pumpernickel. That the poor princesses, while in England, lived in dread of what might happen to them under the regency of the Prince of Wales, and were ready to accept any fate that might remove them from his authority, may be gathered from this letter, written by Princess Elizabeth to Lady Har- court, a friend of the family : " Think, my beloved Lady Harcourt, how things are changed, that I now pray to the Almighty that I may leave this country. Turn which way we will, all appears gloom, and melancholy stares one full in the face. The prospect we have to look forward to in the wife of him who should be our protector in future times, is so dreadful that I had rather far choose the deserts of Arabia than all the amusements of London or the delights of the coun- try in England. Do pray for me, and wish for us all to be gone. My much-beloved mother knows a little how sincerely we all wish to be gone; but a daughter who loves her as truly as I do must feel the indelicacy of speaking too openly on a subject which separates us from her; but indeed, indeed, it is most necessary. ... I fear everything, nearly my own thoughts ; but I trust in the mercy of God, who will with his mercy guide my course, and, what I love almost best in the world, my brother. . . . But do get him to wish' us all away." The Landgrave of Homburg made anything but a favor- able impression on society in England. He is described by contemporaries as a "gross, corpulent German," as "smelling always of tobacco," as "snoring at theatres;" 3 34 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. and "all wondered at the destiny which could assign so charming a princess to such a monster." A great-aunt of Princess Elizabeth, the Princess Mary, daughter of George II., had married a former Landgrave of Hesse- Homburg, and her memory was cherished in the tiny principality. Mr. Rush wrote home an account of the wedding : " The conduct of the Queen was admirable. This venerable personage, the head of a large family, her children then cling- ing about her, the female head of a great empire, in the seventy- sixth year of her age, went the rounds of the company, speaking to all. There was a kindliness in her manner from which time had stricken away useless forms. No one did she omit, and she wore hanging from her neck a miniature portrait of the King. He was absent, scathed by the hand of Heaven ; a marriage going on in one of his palaces, he the lonely suffer- ing tenant in another. But the portrait was a token superior to a crown. It bespoke the affection in which for fifty years this royal pair had lived together. The scene would have been one of interest anywhere. May it not be noticeable on a throne?" My grandfather used to grieve over the accounts brought home by travellers of the poverty of the Landgravine's sur- roundings. They told of the bare furnishing of her tall old Schloss, and of her lack of the comforts provided in England for every middle-class family ; yet she was prob- ably happier in her married life than she had been at home. She surrounded her old Schloss with an English garden. She called it her " dear and blessed home." The Landgrave, too, improved under her influence, and thus Miss Knight speaks of him in her memoirs : " He has noble frankness of character and a patriarchal kindness in his family, which, added to his graciousness and his care of his subjects, render him worthy of being well beloved. He is well educated, very neat in his person, and never comes into company without changing his dress if he has been smoking." The Landgravine died in 1840, the year before the gaming tables were set up in Homburg. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 35 Of Princess Sophia I can tell very little. She had delicate health. After the deaths of her father and mother she had her separate establishment, and lived in retirement in the country. It is believed that, like her sister Amelia, she had been early married to an officer in her household. She died in 1848. Princess Mary, the prettiest of a very handsome family, had a sad and romantic history. When she was twenty years old she was engaged to her cousin, William, Duke of Gloucester. The young people were good-looking, ami- able, and exceedingly attached to each other; but their engagement was broken by command of George IV., because, having no son, and only one daughter, the Prin- cess Charlotte, and as, having separated from his wife, he was likely to have no more children, it might be desirable to marry the little heiress of the English crown to the Duke of Gloucester. He was therefore ordered to remain un- married until this little lady became old enough to take a husband, when, if her family could not find for her a more eligible prince, she would have to be married to her elderly cousin. The Prince of Orange proposed to Princess Char- lotte, and the hopes of her Aunt Mary rose high. But Charlotte in the end would have nothing to do with the Prince of Orange. How she married Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, and how deeply she was attached to him, must be the subject of part of another chapter. "As Princess Charlotte after her marriage descended the great staircase at Carlton House, she was met at the foot of it by her aunt, the Princess Mary, with open arms, and a face bathed in tears." A few weeks later Princess Mary be- came Duchess of Gloucester. For eighteen years she lived happily (though childless) with her kindly, unintellectual cousin and husband, but she long survived him. She died in 1857, the last of the Queen's aunts. The Earl of Malmesbury, in his Memoirs, speaks of her as " all good- humor and pleasantness." "Her manners," he adds, "are perfect, and I never saw or conversed with any princess so exactly what she ought to be." 36 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Such is the history of George III.'s six daughters, all lovely, all amiable, all with marred or manquJ lives. Now we will turn to the seven sons who grew to manhood, or rather to six of them, for we will leave aside George, Prince of Wales, whose matrimonial history will demand a considerable share of our next chapter. The sons of George III. may be said to form two groups, the four elder boys, and the three younger. The four elder were George, Prince of Wales, Frederick, Duke of York, William, Duke of Clarence, and Edward Duke of Kent. The others were Ernest, Duke of Cum- berland, Augustus, Duke of Sussex, and Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. Frederick, Duke of York, was the prince of most talent in his family. He was for many years Commander-in-Chief of the British Army ; and although the expeditions he com- manded in 1793 and 1799 met with little success, he was admirable as an organizer and reformer. His manners, too, were those of a finished gentleman, and by his affability he made himself many friends. On the other hand, he brought great scandal on himself and on his family by allowing an infamous woman, Mrs. Clarke, to sell to officers promises of promotion, to obtain which she used her influence with the Commander-in-Chief. This affair came to light, and was investigated by Parliament. The Duke of York was always in debt. Mr. Charles Greville relates that he and his Duchess were often thankful to take loans from their attendants. On one occasion they were unable to raise money enough to pay some village laborers who were digging a drain. My father used to tell a story of the fashionable tailor in London in his day, whose bill against the Duke of York fo* personal attire and liveries became so enormous that he was seriously embarrassed for lack of payment. His friends urged him to take a post-chaise and drive down to Oatlands, the Duke's place in the country, state his case, and ask a settlement. On his return his advisers crowded round him. " Well," cried the tailor, shaking his head, " he seemed so THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 37 glad to see me, and treated me so like a gentleman, that I could not ask him for money." When, after the Duke's death, it was proposed to erect a column to his memory in Carlton Gardens, a caricaturist in " Punch " drew a plan for it, an enormous file of bills strung on a wire, with the Duke's statue on the top. Those bills were eventually paid by a grant from Parliament. The Duchess of York was Princess Frederica, daughter of King Frederick William II. of Prussia. She lived for thirty years in retirement in the country, chiefly remarkable for her care of forty dogs. We judge from Greville's Memoirs that in their later years the pair got what little money they could command chiefly by playing cards. The Duchess died in 1822, and her husband in January, 1827. His funeral pro- cession was kept standing two hours in a damp chapel at Windsor on a flagged floor, waiting for George IV. as chief mourner. Canning insisted that Lord Eldon, the Chancel- lor, should stand on his cocked hat ; and for want of the same precaution, took the cold of which he died some months after. The Duke of York had a very poor opinion of his brother, George IV., and did not hesitate to tell his intimates that his brother's conduct on some points was so monstrous that he could only suppose he was mad. When the sad death of Princess Charlotte took place, Nov. 5, 1817, most of her male relations were unmarried. My father used to tell how he was standing on Waterloo Bridge a week after her death, when three Government messengers passed him at a gallop, each bearing an offer of marriage from a bachelor royal duke to some princess in Germany. The three suitors were the Duke of Clarence, the Duke of Kent, and the Duke of Cambridge. The first married Adelaide, Princess of Saxe-Meiningen. The second married Victoria, Princess of Saxe-Coburg, sister of Prince Leopold, and widow of the Duke of Lei- ningen, by whom she had had two children, a son, the Prince of Leiningen, and a daughter, Feodora. subsequently married to Prince Hohenlohe. The third suitor was the 38 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. Duke of Cambridge, who married Augusta, daughter of the Duke of Hesse-Cassel. The Duke of Clarence became afterwards William IV. His wife, Queen Adelaide, was a most admirable woman, who lived long after his death. They had two children, both daughters, who hardly survived their birth. Edward, the Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III., was the ill-treated and neglected member of his family, at least, he considered himself neglected, though several good appointments were given him. In his boyhood anything wrong that was done by his elder brothers was attributed to him. He was considered the member of the family who was of small account. He was sent to Germany, as all his brothers were (except the Prince of Wales), for military instruction, and was then put into the army ; but he was kept always with a very small allowance. His father was at least partially insane during his early manhood, which was one reason, probably, why the young men were sent from England, and ministers were worried by Prince Edward's continual requests for money. The history of his lost outfits is both comic and curious. By shipwreck or by capture, they were lost one after the other ; and when this was the case, the ministry was in no hurry to replace them. He held several positions of trust in Nova Scotia and Can- ada, where he made warm friends in all classes of society. At Halifax are still shown the dilapidated remains of the Prince's Lodge, which the Prince quitted in 1800, amid the general grief of the inhabitants of the place, with whom he was very popular, "a grief," says Judge Haliburton, " enhanced, no doubt, by his high rank as the King's son, to say nothing of the lavish expenditure of money for which he had for six years been most famous at the Lodge and in the town, and for the associations which gathered round his every movement, and the prestige which was given to society by his presence, all which were to be now lost forever." His moral character was not above reproach, but he never made the scandal of an openly irregular life, like almost all THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 39 his brothers. Warm-hearted and affectionate, and, justly or unjustly, considering himself estranged from his family, his life was probably a very far from happy one, and the only opportunity afforded him by which he could really have distinguished himself led to disaster and disgrace. He was sent to Gibraltar as its Military Governor, and entered upon his duties with great ardor. The English troops there at that period were two wholly disorganized regiments. Prince Edward introduced such strict discipline, and carried it out so energetically, that complaints in shoals were sent home to the English Government, and the soldiers broke out into open mutiny. This was suppressed with difficulty, and the Prince was recalled to England. He was never again trusted with any command of importance, but was always treated as the family ne'er-do-weel. It is surprising that, under the mortifications he suffered, he did not go wholly to the bad. In 1818 he was required, as a matter of state policy, to be married. The Duchess of Kent, although, as I have said, she was the mother of two children by her first marriage, made it the chief duty of her life after her union with the Duke of Kent, and the birth of their little daughter, to acquit herself rightly of the respon- sibility of training up the presumptive heiress to the English throne. She and the Duke at the time they expected their child's birth were too poor to reside in England. The Duke, indeed, was burdened with debts, and his allowance had always been small. He wrote to his brother, George IV., entreating for money to enable him to come home, that the heir or heiress presumptive to the throne of England might be born on English soil. No notice was taken of this request. The Duchess had come as near as possible to the coast of Eng- land, and it is possible that Queen Victoria would have been born a Frenchwoman, had not Alderman Wood advanced money to the impecunious pair. On May 24, 1819, Queen Victoria was born, at Kensing- ton Palace. On the following January her father died at Sidmouth, after a very short illness, leaving debts which 4O ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. when Queen Victoria came to the throne she at once as- sumed, and, setting aside part of her private income every year for the purpose, she has long since paid them off entirely. Here is a pretty picture of the Duke and his baby daughter, written by one who visited them at Kensington Palace, just before their removal to the sea-side : " On my rising to take leave, the Duke intimated it was his wish that I should see the infant Princess in her crib; adding, ' As it may be some time before we meet again, I should like you to see the child and give her your blessing.' The Duke pre- ceded me into the little Princess's room, and on my closing a short prayer that as she grew in years she might grow in grace and favor both with God and man, nothing could exceed the fervor and feeling with which her father responded with an emphatic Amen. Then, with no slight emotion, he continued: 4 Don't pray simply that hers may be a brilliant career, and exempt from those trials and struggles which have pursued her father, but pray that God's blessing may rest on her, that it may overshadow her, and that in all her coming years she may be guided and guarded by God.'" The Duchess of Kent was a sensible, dignified, judicious woman, who lived in retirement and devoted herself to her child. The little Princess Victoria was rarely allowed to appear in public, and was almost unknown to her own family. Her uncle Leopold was one of her guardians. He and her mother had probably from her infancy selected her future husband, her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha, and this young Prince, under King Leopold's advice and superintendence, was put in training at a very early age for his future important position. King William IV. exceedingly disliked the Duchess of Kent, and on several occasions treated her with rudeness altogether unbecoming a gentleman. In emergencies she seems to have relied on the advice of the Duke of Wellington. When her daughter came to the throne she retired as much as possible behind it, and after the Queen's marriage their households became separated. If any man was ever cordially hated, it was Ernest, the THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 41 Duke of Cumberland. Popular opinion looked upon him as a monster of iniquity. He was even accused of murder- ing one of his own attendants, a youth named Sellis ; and though the investigation seemed to establish the fact that it was Sellis who had tried to murder the Duke, and who, when overpowered, had cut his own throat, it was hard to remove an impression of the Duke's guilt from the public mind. His wife had been already twice married, once to Prince Frederick of Prussia, then again to Prince Salms, by whom she had had children, and from whom she was divorced for her irregularities. She was own niece to Queen Charlotte, having been born a princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz ; but on learning of the divorce, the Queen would neither receive her at court, nor acknowledge her as her daughter-in-law. The dread throughout England was very great lest the young Victoria should die before she was married and had had children, as tnen the Duke of Cumberland would have mounted the English throne. Hanover, however, was a kingdom that had a Salic law, so that when William IV. died the Duke succeeded him as its sovereign, to the great joy of Englishmen, who were relieved at his depar- ture. They were also glad to get rid of the connection with Hanover, looking upon it as the exciting cause of Continental wars. King Ernest of Hanover had one son, blind from his youth, and as good and well-beloved as his father was the contrary. He was very musical. He became King George V. of Hanover after his father's death, resisted the encroachments of Prussia in 1866, fought bravely in the battle of Langensala, where his Hanoverians distinguished themselves, but was finally deposed by Prussia's irresistible power. He had three children, two daughters, and one son. The son has married Princess Thyra of Denmark, sister of the Princess of Wales and of the Empress of Russia. The eld- est daughter of the blind King married, after her father's death, the nobleman who had served him as private secre- 42 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. tary, with the full consent of Queen Victoria, as head of the family. There is a lovely account of this lady, under a slightly disguised name, in Daudet's novel, " Les Rois en Exil." Augustus Frederick, the Duke of Sussex, had a somewhat singular history. He was the handsomest, the best-educated, the most liberal-minded and popular prince of his family. Early in George III.'s reign the King, in consequence of the marriage of his two brothers with ladies not of princely birth, favored the passage of an Act of Parliament called the Royal Marriage Act. By it no descendant of George II. 1 (sic) can contract a legal marriage without the consent of the sovereign, if less than twenty-five years of age. If over that age, and he cannot obtain the consent of the sovereign, notice of an intention to marry may be given to the Privy Council, and at the end of twelve months after this notice, if no objection has been made by Parliament, the marriage may take place, always providing that the bride or bridegroom shall be a Protestant. This law, until recently, has restricted English royal marriages to a very few German Protestant princely families. In England the prejudice against these German marriages has been intense. To this day it is understood that children in various branches of the royal family speak German rather than English among themselves. To return, however, to the Duke of Sussex. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, the Governor of Virginia was Lord Dunmore. He escaped, with his family, on board an English frigate, and on reaching England went down to his Scottish castle and estate. He had a very attractive family. One of his daughters, Lady Augusta Murray, was in Rome with her mother in the winter of 1792. There the Duke of Sussex, then a very young man, met her, fell desperately in love with her, and succeeded in persuading an English clergyman, in spite of the Royal Marriage Act, to perform the marriage ceremony. This 1 How far the innumerable German descendants of George II. continue to feel themselves bound by this law I am unable to say. THE FAMILY OF GEORGE III. 43 was repeated some months after in St. George's, Han- over Square, the banns of Augusta Murray and Augustus Frederick having been three times previously published, without attracting attention. Two children were born of this marriage, Sir Augustus d'Este, and his sister, Made- moiselle d'Este, who married Lord Truro, subsequently Lord Chancellor. The Duke and Lady Augusta were descended from common royal ancestors, in three different royal lines. Both claimed descent from James II., King of Scotland, one by the male line, the other by the female. Again, while the Duke descended from Margaret, sister of Henry VIII., Lady Augusta had for her ancestress his other sister, Mary. Both claimed descent from Louis I., Duke of Montpensier, and from Charles VII. of France, and, both being descended from the house of D'Este, they adopted that as the family name of their children. As soon as George III. learned the fact of the marriage, he took measures to have it declared null and void. The Duke of Sussex vehemently protested against this for some years, and stood up in defence of his wife, but eventually he weakened. Lady Augusta was created Countess of Ameland; but in 1809 she was forced to give up her chil- dren, on the ground that she " was bringing them up with an idea that they were princes and princesses." Troubles arising out of her unhappy marriage lasted till her death, which took place in 1830. Not long afterwards, the Duke, then an old man, and still in search of domestic happiness, in spite of the Royal Marriage Act married Lady Cecilia Underwood. She was ninth daughter of the Earl of Arran, and was born Lady Cecilia Gore ; but she had married Sir George Buggin, a London alderman, and on becoming a widow, in 1825, had obtained leave to change the name of Buggin to her mother's name of Underwood. In 1840 she was acknowledged by Queen Victoria and by Lord Melbourne's ministry to be the lawful wife of the Duke of Sussex, though not entitled to share his rank. She was created Duchess of Inverness in her own right, and was 44 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. devoted in her attentions to her husband. He was Pres- ident of the Royal Society, a fatherly uncle to the Queen, a patron of literature and science, an inordinate smoker, and the owner of a library especially rich in valuable Bibles. The world had nothing to say against him, except that he made debts, as all his brothers did, and died without paying them. There is little to be said about Adolphus, Duke of Cam- bridge. His brother, while Prince Regent and George IV., kept him nearly always in Hanover, where he governed as viceroy. I have seen him sometimes at the Opera, a rubicund, stout man, with a silly and resounding laugh. He had three children, George, now Duke of Cambridge, and Commander-in-Chief of the British Army ; Augusta, who is Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg- Strelitz ; and Mary, a great favorite of the English public, who married Prince Teck, a German without dominions, who since his marriage has led the life of an English country gentleman. It is their daughter, Princess Mary, now Duchess of York, great- great-granddaughter of George III., who is likely some- time during the coming century to take her place as Queen Consort on the English throne. It has been noticed that " in most of the male members of George III.'s immediate family, who all had good abil- ities, there was a certain strain of folly or eccentricity, owing a good deal to unrestrained self-indulgence and love of pleasure, which led to debt and difficulties, which in their turn led to abandonment of principle, to strange shifts, to careless oddities and recklessness." CHAPTER II. GEORGE IV. MRS. FITZHERBERT. PRINCESS CHARLOTTE. "T^EW persons in our own day have a good word to say *~ for the last of the four Georges. There were some loyal souls during his lifetime (like dear Sir Walter Scott) who genuinely believed in " the divinity that doth hedge a king," and persuaded themselves into esteeming him accordingly. But in his lifetime all con- temporary memoir-writers and journal-keepers spoke of him disparagingly ; his brothers, who knew him best, had, with their familiars, none but words of insolence to say of him, indeed, their satire is so fierce that it awakens a thrill of sympathy for their victim. Here are some of Byron's celebrated lines, written on the opening of the Royal Vaults at Windsor : " Famed for their civil and domestic brawls, Here heartless Henry lies by headless Charles. Between them stands another sceptered thing, It lives, it moves, in all but name a king. Charles to his people, Henry to his wife, In him the double tyrant starts to life. Justice and Death have mixed their dust in vain, Each royal vampire wakes to life again I Ah I what can tombs avail when these disgorge Two such to make a Regent in a George ? " Dickens has had his fling at George IV.'s meanness, sel- fishness, and pomposity, in the character of Mr. Turvey- drop ; while Thackeray, not content with sticking his steel pen through him, and holding him up to infamy, in the " Four Georges," gives us one of the keenest bits of irony in the English language, when he describes him as he saw 46 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. him at the theatre soon after he returned from India, as " George, the First Gentleman of Europe ; George the Good; George the Great and the Magnificent," bowing to his lieges. Peace be to his ashes ! There were three things to be said in his favor, he disliked signing death-warrants (which were very plenty in his reign), and often wretched criminals escaped the gallows through his mercy. Moore's description of him at his breakfast-table, with " Tea and toast, Death-warrants and the ' Morning Post/' was more witty than justifiable. He had elegant manners and wore an elegant wig, though the deportment was as artificial as the other. He was also more sinned against than sinning in his personal relations to the crew of witty rascals that in his early years he gathered round him. He was good to Sheridan, who rewarded him with ingratitude ; and he left behind him a paper excusing himself for many of the errors of his life by pleading the anomalous nature of his position. 11 The duties of life," he says, " are easy to most men, they fit them like a glove. Mine did not fit so well, nor so softly. I was blessed with a father, mother, and wife, each and all of whom were certainly the most intolerable persons that even fiction could present. . . . One of the great weaknesses of con- stitutional government is the impossibility of friendship or accord between a sovereign who thinks for himself, and any minister who does the same. No king may form a friendship founded on politics. After friendship and politics comes friendship and dissipation, a sorry link, yet a strong one. Friends of that kind had to be sought in men strangers to politics, other- wise ministers would be jealous, imagine plots, backstairs influence, and so on. I never had but one exception, Sheri- dan ; and yet what scrapes did he not get me into ! One great accusation against me was that I failed to provide sufficiently and honorably for such friends as were ruined by their own im- prudence ; but if the King of England wanted a small place of two or three hundred pounds a year for a friend, he might go begging for it, and not find it. It took me far less pains to get KING GEORGE IV. GEORGE IV, 47 Lord Moira made Governor-General of India than it did to get Moore the poor clerkship in Bermuda which ruined him. Again, with regard to marriage: It is said I married, or consented to be married, only that my debts might be paid ; that I had be- forehand determined to quarrel with and discard the Princess of Brunswick. Is it not more natural and proper to suppose that in my position I may have desired heirs to the English throne, and had made up my resolve for the duties as well as the pleas- ures and advantages of matrimony ? that, compelled to espouse what I had never seen or known, I was still, as a gentleman ot honor, prepared to reciprocate every generous, every loving, every delicate sentiment? Is it not possible that I may have been disappointed ? " George IV. was born in London, Aug. 12, 1762, and was christened George Augustus Frederick. He and his brothers, York, Clarence, and Kent, were educated in great privacy and under extremely severe discipline. Till he was eighteen he led a dreary life of almost entire seclusion at Buckingham House, Kew, or Windsor. The ordinary recre- ations of his age had been so utterly denied him that when at eighteen he attained the usual majority of princes, he at once gave way to all kinds of riotous excesses. Gam- bling, horse-racing, and all sorts of disreputable pleasures occupied his time, and led him into the society of vicious persons. The French Duke of Orleans (afterwards Philippe Egalite"), the most advanced blackguard of his age, was one of his intimates; also Fox, Sheridan, and Erskine, then leaders of the Whig party, and of fast London life. Those were the days when Colonel Byrd, of Westover, Vir- ginia, and other gentlemen of the old Virginia school, half ruined themselves by high play with His Royal Highness. On one occasion, when Colonel Byrd had lost heavily over night, he received a message in the morning from the Prince that half the debt would be enough to settle the account between them ; to which the Colonel replied promptly that a Virginia gentleman never staked more than he could afford to pay. George III. was distressed and scandalized by the 48 ENGLAND IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. excesses of his prodigal, nor was he soothed by the Prince's openly joining himself with the Whig party, which was opposed to Mr. Pitt, and professed to be in sympathy with the French Revolution. King George was himself an enemy to every kind of pro- gress, a conservative of the strictest kind. He refused to sanction any proper income for his son, though Parliament was ready to grant the Prince of Wales ^100,000 per annum. At the age of nineteen the Prince met a Roman Catholic lady, Mrs. Fitzherbert. She was six years older than him- self, and was the daughter of William Smythe, a Hamp- shire gentleman. At nineteen she had married Mr. Weld of Lulworth Castle, one of the same Weld family since well known in America. Mr. Weld died in a few months. His widow aftenvards married Mr. Fitzherbert, of Staffordshire ; he died in consequence of over-exerting himself in the cause of law and order during Lord George Gordon's No- Popery Riots, in 1 780, so graphically described in " Barnaby Rudge." At twenty-five, Mrs. Fitzherbert was a beautiful young widow, rich, courted, and admired. Here, in the language of a writer in one of the English magazines, is what followed : " George, the fat and fair young prince, already wearied of Mrs. Robinson, his poor Perdita, saw the brilliant young beauty. His heart was (as he said) seriously affected. The fair widow divided his affections with the bottle, and he became an assiduous wooer, whom Mrs. Fitzherbert endeavored as assiduously to avoid. Her coyness did but inflame his ardor. But she remained deaf to all entreaty, till Keit, the surgeon, Lord Onslow, Lord Southampton, and Mr Edward Bouverie arrived one night at her house in the utmost con- sternation, informing her that the life of the Prince was in imminent danger, that he had stabbed himself, and that only her immediate presence could save him. " There probably never was a man so ridiculous when play- ing the part of a lover as the Prince of Wales. To have himself bled that he might make himself look interesting for a MRS. FITZHERBERT. 49 moment in the eyes of some fair lady, was no unusual trick with him. On this occasion, however, it was positively declared that he had stabbed himself, and Mrs. Fitzherbert believed it to the day of her death. Meanwhile the four male emissaries of love besought the young widow to hasten and heal the wound. They succeeded in persuading her, after much difficulty, and she went to his residence at Carlton House, accompanied by the Duchess of Devonshire. When she reached the Prince's bedside she found him pale and covered with blood. The Prince told her that nothing would induce him to live unless she promised to become his wife, and let him put a ring on her finger." She yielded ; but the next day grew frightened, and repented. A narrative was drawn up of what had passed ; those who had been present signed it as witnesses, and Mrs. Fitzherbert, declaring that she had not been a free agent, fled beyond the seas. While abroad she became intimate with the Princess of Orange, who at that time was spoken of as the future Princess of Wales. The rage and grief of the Prince drove him to madness. There must have been incipient insanity in his composition. Lord Holland, on the testimony of Mr. Fox, says that " he cried by the hour ; he testified the sincerity and violence of his despair by extravagant expressions and actions, rolling on the floor, striking his forehead, tearing his hair, falling into hysterics, and swearing that he would abandon the country, forego the crown, etc." Mrs. Fitzherbert remained a year on the Continent, "endeavoring," as she says, "to fight off" the perilous honor that was persistently pressed upon her. Love- letters from the Prince followed her in such numbers that the French Government of that day fancied they were con- nected with some intrigue on the part of the Duke of Orleans (Chartres at that period), and arrested two of the couriers. At last a love-letter of twenty-seven pages, in which the Prince assured her that the King, his father, would connive at the marriage, decided her. She came to England, and at the same port where she landed was married to the Prince by a clergyman of the Church of 4 5