Ex Libris 
 C. K. OGDEN
 
 LEXICOGRAPHIA-NEOLOGICA 
 GALLIC A-, 
 
 THE 
 
 NEOLOGICAL FRENCH. DICTIONARY.

 
 LEXICOGRAPHIA-NEOLOGICA 
 GALLICA. 
 
 THE 
 
 NEOLOGICAL FRENCH DICTIONARY; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 WORDS OF NEW CREATION, 
 
 NOT TO BE FOUND IN ANY FRENCH AND ENGLISH 
 
 VOCABULARY HITHERTO PUBLISHED ; 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 Those added to the Language by the Revolution and the Re- 
 public, which, by a Decree of the National Convention in 
 1795, now form the Supplement to the Fifth Edition of the 
 French Academy's Dictionary, printed at Paris in 17Q8; 
 with the new System of Weights, Measures, and Coins. 
 
 THE WHOLE FORMING 
 
 A REMEMBRANCER OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 
 
 AS COMPRISING 
 
 A Short History of it, and a View of the Republic, 
 with Anecdotes, &c. &c. 
 
 Tant vaut 1'homme, tant vaut la langue. 
 
 BY WILLIAM DUPRE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY THOMAS BAYLIS, 
 Greville Street, Haiton Garden. 
 
 Sold by R. PHILIPS, No. 71," St. Paul's Church Yard; 
 
 I. andT. CARPENTER, No. 14, Old Bond Street; 
 
 and W. CLEMENT, No. 201, Straud. 
 
 18O1.
 
 IN 
 
 GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 
 
 OF 
 
 THE PATRONAGE AFFORDED THIS 
 WORK BY JAMES DUPRE, OF 
 WILTON PARK, IN THE COUNTY 
 OF BUCKS, ESQUIRE, MEMBER OF 
 THE UNITED PARLIAMENT OF 
 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 
 AND JOSIAS DUPRE PORCHER, 
 OF DEVONSHIRE PLACE, LON- 
 DON, ESQUIRE, 
 
 IT IS INSCRIBED 
 
 TO THOSE WORTHY FRIENDS 
 
 BY THE AUTHOR. 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 JLANGUAGES, like the people who use 
 them, are in a continual state of change 
 and fluctuation, which nothing is able to 
 prevent. In this unsteadiness some words 
 are dropped and lost, whilst others are in- 
 troduced and adopted : what are lost to a 
 language are sometimes advantageously so, 
 whilst its acquisitions are often of little be- 
 nefit ; on the other hand, it is many times 
 improved, as well by what it loses as by 
 what it gains.
 
 via 
 
 How far these positions may be applica- 
 ble to the French language, the vocabulary 
 now offered will enable the judicious 
 reader to determine ; and it is submitted 
 to the candour of the public, with the 
 hope that it will be considered merely 
 as a literary essay ; and that, in passing 
 judgment upon it, the labour and diffi- 
 culty attending such an undertaking will 
 be duly weighed. It would be unneces- 
 sary to make a recapitulation of these dif- 
 ficulties ; for, whereas it has been thought 
 that the compilation of a dictionary should 
 be the joint labour of a body of literary 
 men, the attempt a& an individual un- 
 known in the world of letters, and that in- 
 dividual an Englishman, to produce a 
 french work of this kind, if the pre- 
 sumption of it be pardonable, may hope 
 
 to be received with some indulgence. 
 
 To
 
 IX 
 
 To the generality of readers, who seek 
 amusement only, a work of this kind seems 
 to promise little entertainment; for what 
 can they possibly expect from the regular 
 procession of the Christ's Cross Row, in a 
 continued line of succession, from A, B, C, 
 to the concluding letter of the alphabet ? 
 and what delight or pleasure can they hope 
 to derive from a barren collection of nouns, 
 adjectives and verbs ? Perhaps, a reader 
 even of this sort, who shall vouchsafe to 
 examine this vocabulary with a degree of 
 attention will find it to merit in ^ome re- 
 spect his approbation, from the anecdotes 
 and other historical matter relating to the 
 french revolution, which will be found inter- 
 spersed in the course of the following pages. 
 To readers of newspapers, a numerous class 
 indeed, these pages will afford .much in- 
 formation, especially for the right under- 
 b standing
 
 standing the articles of intelligence trans- 
 lated from the french papers : recourse 
 being often had by their translators to an 
 7iglish neology, scarcely comprehensible 
 to the generality of english readers. 
 
 Although this work may be esteemed of 
 little use to those who are intimately ac- 
 quainted with french literature, it may not 
 be unpleasing to men of letters to be ena- 
 ble to " catch words as they rise" into use; 
 and not unpleasing to be assisted in the 
 speculation of what they could only con- 
 ceive by the strength of imagination, the 
 progress towards perfection of the lan- 
 guages of Greece and Rome, in the exam- 
 ple of a living language undergoing a 
 complete revolution before their eyes; a 
 language hitherto considered as the most 
 refined of the European tongues, become 
 
 on
 
 XI 
 
 on account of its politeness the fashionable 
 speech and vehicle of intercourse and com- 
 munication in courts, and for its clearness 
 and precision the language in which nego- 
 tiations are conducted, and treaties penned 
 and transmitted to posterity. 
 
 The conventional assemblies of France, 
 by their numerous resolutions and decrees, 
 as important as they are remarkable, have 
 entirely changed the face of the country, 
 and have in every respect given a new 
 form and constitution to that ancient king- 
 dom, as well with respect to its internal 
 government as its exterior relations. This 
 revolution, a phenomenon in politics not 
 to be paralleled in the history of mankind, 
 has in its progress wrought a change in the 
 language of the country. 
 
 b 2 Of
 
 Xll 
 
 Of this revolution and of those changes, 
 ojbjects of curiosity and consideration for 
 posterity, which will alone be enabled to 
 judge with impartiality of the events that 
 have taken place under the eyes of the 
 present generation of mankind, whether 
 for the benefit or prejudice of society, this 
 work will be found in some degree a re- 
 membrancer. 
 
 In the several examples produced in this 
 vocabulary of the different senses in which 
 the words brought forward therein have 
 been used, attention has been paid to se- 
 lect such passages as were characteristic of 
 the several epoch as of the revolution ; and 
 from these, the class of readers who seek 
 a relief from more serious avocations, it is 
 hoped will not be disappointed in the pains 
 they may take to turn over the pages of 
 
 . this
 
 Xlll 
 
 this work. For their assistance in the re- 
 search a useful index will be found ex- 
 pressly formed for the purpose. 
 
 To readers of observation, who consider 
 languages as they are the chief instru- 
 ments of our ideas, and who would obtain 
 a thorough knowledge of their nature, 
 and of the standard of perfection as it is 
 offered to their view in this vocabulary, 
 this work will be found no unprofitable as- 
 sistant. 
 
 Who could have imagined that the french 
 language, of which its own writers com- 
 plained as being jejune and barren of 
 words, and which Voltaire has styled, une 
 gue use fic.re, a qui il faut faire Vaumone 
 malgrc die (a proud beggar who must be 
 constrained to receive an alms), should, in 
 
 so
 
 XIV 
 
 so short a space of time have made the 
 acquisition of such a multitude of new 
 words and phrase?, beyond the example 
 of any language, ancient or modern ? 
 Who could have thought that a language 
 under the castigation and correction of an 
 academy for more than a century, and 
 to which that great writer before mentioned 
 did not dare in his numerous compositions 
 to add a word or expression, or even to ha- 
 zard one of a preceding author, however 
 approved, because it had not the sanction 
 of the academy, should break through 
 these restraints, assert its freedom, and esta- 
 blish its liberty, to the wonder of the pre- 
 sent times, and, in all probability, the 
 admiration of future ages ? 
 
 Viewing this phenomenon in literature 
 in this light, a collection of words of this 
 
 kind
 
 XV 
 
 kind cannot but be an object of curiosity 
 in the present day; as a more complete 
 one (for the literary mint is stili proceeding 
 in the labour of coining) will be to after 
 times. A collection of new french words, 
 it is presumed, must be a desirable acquisi- 
 tion in literature, the language of France 
 being now nearly as familiar in this and 
 other countries as the peculiar idioms. 
 
 With respect to language itself, it cannot 
 have escaped the observation of most 
 readers what a wonderful magic words and 
 expressions are endowed with, and what 
 extraordinary changes and effects they have 
 wrought on the minds of men and in hu- 
 man affairs. 
 
 Who that considers the conseqTrences 
 which followed ihe use of the words rex 
 
 and
 
 XVI 
 
 and im/jmzforamongst the- ancient Romans; 
 that the former caused Caesar to be assas- 
 sinated by his most intimate friend, as the 
 enemy of liberty and his country, and that 
 the latter preserved the life of Augustus, and 
 actually secured him a regal power for half 
 a century ; who that has observed the en- 
 thusiasm excited during the late revolution 
 in France by the words seize-cent and sans- 
 culotte ; and who that has read of the ex- 
 traordinary events produced by the words 
 gueuz and lesace during the insurrection of 
 the Netherlands in the time of Philip the 
 Second, but must be convinced of this- 
 truth ! 
 
 It is now necessary to say something as 
 to the plan and conduct of the work thus 
 laid before the public. 
 
 This
 
 XV11 
 
 This vocabulary contains nearly a thou- 
 sand words ; not all, indeed, of new crea- 
 tion, but such of them as are to be found 
 in the dictionaries hitherto published in 
 this country, will be found here with the 
 new acceptations which they have lately 
 received. This number of words might 
 have been greatly enlarged, had not some 
 attention been paid to the rejection of such 
 as appeared with the character of neolo- 
 gism, by which name the trench critics have 
 stigmatized the pruriency of many modern 
 writers of their country in the matter of 
 new words. It was, therefore, judged best 
 to admit into this vocabulary those only 
 which had been made use of by good 
 writers or eloquent speakers, together with 
 such as had already found a place in the 
 latest dictionaries published at Paris. A 
 list of the publications made use of in 
 c forming
 
 XV 111 
 
 forming this collection of new words 
 will be found at the end, the citations not 
 being always accompanied with the name 
 of the authority in the body of the work. 
 
 Besides the words created by the neology 
 of various writers and speakers, this vocabu- 
 lary contains the whole of the appendix or 
 supplement to the late edition of the french 
 academy's dictionary ; concerning which 
 the editors express themselves in the fol- 
 lowing words : " II etoit indispensable d'a- 
 " jouter a ce dictionnaire les mots que la 
 " revolution et la rcpublique out ajoutes a la 
 " langue. On s'est adresse pour ce nou- 
 *' veau travail a des liommes de lettres que 
 " 1'academie franqoise auroit rc<ju parmi 
 " ses membrcs, et que la revolution a 
 " compt6 parmi ses partisans les plus 
 
 " eclaires.
 
 XIX 
 
 " eclaires. Us ne veulent pas elre nom- 
 " mes ; leurs noms ne font rlen ci la chose ; 
 " c'est leur travail qu'il faut juger. II est 
 " soumis au jugement de la France et de 
 " TEurope." " We could not dispense 
 " with giving in this edition the words 
 " which have been added to the language 
 " by the revolution and the republican go* 
 " vernment. This has been done by men 
 " of letters, who were worthy of being 
 " received as members of the french aca 
 " demy, and who have proved themselves 
 " the best informed amongst the partisans 
 " of the revolution. They wish not to 
 *' be named ; but this is a matter of little 
 " consequence : it is of their work that 
 " France and the rest of Europe are to 
 (( form a judgment.'* 
 
 To
 
 XX 
 
 To conclude, the author oi this voca- 
 bulary has had too long experience of the 
 uncertainty of that fame or credit which is 
 to be expected from literary adventures, 
 and does not entertain so high an opinion 
 of his own abilities as to put in any strong 
 claim for public attention to his labours ; 
 he shall not, therefore, be greatly disap- 
 pointed if his work meet with a cool re- 
 ception, and he acquire no great degree of 
 celebrity from it. He supposed his time 
 innocently, if not usefully, employed in 
 this compilation ; and, perhaps unfortu- 
 nately for himself, he had no better way 
 of exercising his talents, such as they are, 
 either with a view to profit, or to ward off 
 those insidious attacks on the mind, which 
 enjoying full leisure, and having neither 
 business or amusement to fill it, is but too 
 often driven into the most fatal' paroxysms 
 
 of
 
 XXI 
 
 of morbid melancholy. However, should 
 the work chance to be well received, it 
 will be the endeavour of the author to im- 
 prove and enlarge it in a future edition ; 
 for as no dictionary ever yet issued from 
 the press compleat, much less can it be 
 expected of a neological vocabulary, like 
 this, which is, with all due deference, 
 now submitted to the public candour. 
 
 LONDON, 
 April 1st, 1801. 
 
 ABBRE-
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 AND OTHER NECESSARY EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 .r. m t noun substantive of the masculine gender. 
 
 s.f. noun substantive of the feminine gender. 
 
 s. m. pi. and s. f. pi. noun substantives masculine or femi- 
 nine in the plural number. 
 
 adj. adjective. 
 
 adj. de t. g. adjective of both genders, /. e. masculine and 
 feminine. 
 
 adj. m. and f. an adjective which is invariable in its termi- 
 nation, whether as masculine or feminine, as agricok, 
 inergique. Other adjectives have the final syllable of the 
 feminine placed after the masculine, thus, actif, ve, which 
 shews that aciif in the masculine gender is changed to 
 active in the feminine. 
 
 v. a. verb active. 
 
 <v. n. verb neuter. 
 
 <v. recip. reciprocal verb. 
 
 part, participle. 
 
 adv. adverb. ' 
 
 i. e. id est, that is to say. 
 
 A T . B. The citations, or authorities for the different senses 
 of the words arc included within parentheses, thus ( ). 
 
 ERRATUM.
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 In page QO, line 8, for cannot be hurtful, read cannot but be 
 burtful. 
 
 LEXICO-
 
 LEXICOGRAPHlA-NEOLOGICA 
 GALLIC A. 
 
 A. 
 
 A 
 
 -BAS, interj. Down with him ! down with it! A fa- 
 vourite expression with the French daring the revolution, 
 and much used by the mobs of Paris. It is a word of pro- 
 scription, a signal of political anathema, which marks in a 
 striking manner the fickleness of the French character; 
 since they have called out a-bas ! against all persons at dif- 
 ferent times, the idol of the evening being the objeft of 
 their execration the next morning. (A-bas M. Veto ! 
 Down with M. Veto ! A-bas Tallien ! Down with Tallien 1 
 A-las Petion Down with Petionl A-bas le dire&oire ! 
 Down whb the directory ! A-bas les rois ! Down with 
 kings! A-bas les saints! Down with the saints! A-bas 
 les impics ! Down with the impious wretches ! A-bas les 
 athees ! Down with the atheists ! A-bas les Sans-Culottes ! 
 Down with the Sans-Culottes ! See Veto, Sans- Culottes. 
 ABRITEK, v. a. from ubn, to shelter from the injuries of 
 the weather. (Les tentes construites de bois et cou- 
 vertes de chaume pour abriter les soldats malades furent 
 s renverses
 
 2 ACC 
 
 renversss par un ouragan The wooden huts covered wHh 
 thatch to shelter the sick soldiers were blown down in a 
 storm.) 
 
 ABSTRACTIVEMENT, adv. abstractedly. In the way of ab- 
 stract, or with abstraction of the quality or propriety of a 
 subject. (En considerant la question abstractwement et 
 sans aucun egard aux circonstances, vousjugerez que, etc. 
 Considering the question abstractedly > and without regard 
 to circumstances, you will judge, &c. Raisonner, parler 
 abstraffwement To discourse, to speak abstractedly.} 
 
 ACCAPARER, v. a. to forestall ; to monopolize; to buy up grain 
 or other articles of provision in order to produce a scarcity 
 and sell them again at advanced prices. (C'est faire un vol 
 & la nation et se rendre coupable ducrimede lese-nation que 
 Saccaparer les vivres. Le negociant honnete, qui fait pu- 
 bliquement de grandes provisions de denrees pour les re- 
 vendre au prix du marche, n'est done pas accapareur ; par 
 contre dans 1'espoir d'un benefice bonnete il travaille-i 
 1'approvisionnement des villes et a prevenir les disettes 
 It is a robbery of the people, and Itrse-nation, to monopolize 
 provisions. The fair trader who lays in a large stock of 
 provisions to vend them at a market-price is no monopo- 
 lizer, because he endeavours to guard against dearth or 
 scarcity, and expects no more than the just reward of his 
 industry.) 
 
 This word is applied to signify the act of collecting 
 and carrying of money out of the country. (Les emigres 
 accaparertnt et emporterent hors du royaume le numeraire 
 pour epuiser la nation The emigrants collected and car- 
 ried off the specie in order to weaken the nation. Acca- 
 parcr les louis d'or To collect the louisd'ors in order to 
 carry them away. 
 
 Figuratively it signifies to offer bribes for a thing, or 
 procure it by other undue methods, etc. (Accaparer les 
 
 suffrages
 
 ACC 3 
 
 suffrages to canvass for votes. Accaparer 1'opinion ptibli- 
 que to aim at popularity. Accaparcr les pouvoirs to ob- 
 tain power. Accaparcr les laches et terrifier les foibles to 
 seize on the dastards and awe the weak-minded. Accaparcr 
 les gouvernemens foibles to awe the weak states.) 
 
 The substantive accaparement is used in the same novel 
 and extensive sense. (Accaparement des droits et des pou- 
 yoirs Seizing on power and authority. Le Due d'Or- 
 Jeans s'est rendu criminel de lese-nation par tous les gen- 
 res ftaccaparemens pour parvenir a son but liberticide en 
 tunnt le peuple par la famine et leptoyen par les nouvelles 
 cbalnes de 1'esclavage, qu'il lui forger, et en accaparant I'o- 
 pinion publique par le noin d'Egalite, tapdis qu'il aspira au, 
 despotisme TheDukeof Orleans was guilty of lese-nation, 
 because he made use of every subtle artifice to accomplish 
 his plan of destroying liberty ; partly by starving the poorer 
 citizen and forging chains for the richer; in order to 
 which he aimed at popularity by the name which he gave 
 himself of Equality, at the same time that he aspired at 
 despotism.) See Lcse-Nation. 
 
 ACCLAMATION, s^f. shouting; acclamation. In an assembly 
 of the people it is the loud and vociferous manner of de- 
 claring their sentiments, pr giving their vote. (Proposition 
 votce par acclamation-^-^ motion voted by acclamation, i. e. 
 by unequivocal expressions of approbation and without 
 discussion. Magistral elu par acclamation a magistrate 
 chosen by acclamation, i. e. by shouts and without election.) 
 
 ACCUSATEUR PUBLIC, s. m. the public accuser. An officer 
 of justice instituted in the room of the laie procureurs, or 
 king's commissaries, from whom the constituent assembly 
 withdrew the right of accusation, as they considered it too 
 dangerous a power to be intrusted in the hands of the 
 king. There 13 one of these officers belonging to the cri- 
 B 2 minal
 
 4 ACT 
 
 minal tribunal of each department ; he is chosen by the 
 electors of the department, and his office is to prosecute 
 such crimes as are presented to him by the high jury (les 
 premiers jures); to inspect the public officers of his depart- 
 ment, to admonish them of neglect of duty, and to bring 
 to punishment such as act improperly. See Assembles. 
 
 ACCUSATEUK PUBLIC PRES LE TRIBUNAL CRIMINEL REVO- 
 
 LUTIONNAIRE, the public accuser belonging to the revo- 
 lutionary criminal tribunal. This is an officer of justice 
 appointed for the special purpose of prosecuting offences 
 of lese-nation ; to watch over the liberties of the people 
 and the national representation, and to prosecute such as 
 attempt to overturn and destroy them ; to inquire after 
 the authors of plots and conspiracies against the safety of 
 the public -, to take the informations and depositions of 
 witnesses ; to arrest upon a decree issuing for the purpose 
 from the national convention and the two committees of 
 general security and public safety, and to deliver the ac- 
 cused for trial to the revolutionary tribunal that sentence 
 may be passed according to law. 
 
 ACCUSATEURS NATioi*AUX, s. m. pi. national accusers. Ac- 
 cording to the constitution of the year 17p.5, these are 
 two members belonging to and nominated by the tribu- 
 nal of cassation, to prosecute such accusations in the high 
 court of justice, as that court is only competent to de- 
 cide upon. See Tribunal dt Cassation, Haute Cour dc. Justice. 
 
 ACTE CONSTITUTIONNEL, s. m. constitutional act. The title 
 given to the french constitution of government. See 
 Cbarte constitutionnelle and Constituiionnelh. 
 
 ACTIF, VE, adj. active. See Citoyen. 
 
 ACTIVE, EK, part, derived from the following verb aether. 
 
 ACTIVEK, v. a. to confer activity. (Activer un nouvel eta- 
 
 blissement
 
 5 ADM 
 
 blissement to set on foot a new establishment. Aci'wer Ic 
 recouvrement d'un impot to promote the recovery of a 
 tax.) 
 
 ACTIVEMENT, adv. actively ; with activity. This word which 
 was only used by grammarians to express that a neuter 
 verb is sometimes to be taken in an active sense, or aclvvtly, 
 Is now applied to activity, whether of mind or body. 
 (Tous les agens de la republique franchise, tous les admi- 
 nistratenrs et fonctionnaires publics doivent s'occuper ac- 
 tivement faire leurs devoirs Every agent for the french 
 republic, all its ministers and public officers should observe 
 to perform their respective duties with activity. Probite, 
 integrite, zele, energie, activite, desinteressement, lumieres, 
 patriotisme, doivent etre leurs qualites dominantes 
 Probity, integrity, zeal, energy, -activity, disinterestedness, 
 intelligence and patriotism ought to be their ruling prin- 
 ciples.) 
 
 ADDITIONNEL, LLE, adj. additional ; what is added to and 
 makes a part of any other thing. (Une loi additicnndh 
 tine loi a law additional to another law. Proposer un ar- 
 ticle*, additionnd a une loi to propose an additional clause 
 to a law ; a un decret, to a decree. Un ouvrage additicn- 
 nel un precedent a \^ork additional , or in addition to 
 another work. Une force ou puissance additionnelle & une 
 autre a force or power additional, or in addition to another. 
 Decret additionnel a un precedent a decree additional, or 
 in addition to a former one.) 
 
 ADJOINT, s. m. colleague. By the constitution of 179.5 this 
 is an officer chosen in the assemblies of the communes 
 to assist and supply the duty of the municipal agent. See 
 Auemblce communale, Agent municipale. 
 
 ADJOINXS, s. m. pi. colleagues. In criminal prosecutions these 
 are persons chosen from amongst the notables cf the com- 
 mune
 
 6 ADM 
 
 mime to assist in making reports and aiding the judges 
 with their advice. In the juri there are three of these. 
 ADJUKER, v. a. to adjure ; to conjure ; to make, a solemn ap- 
 peal. This verb, used formerly in church exorcisms, is now 
 frequently applied in cases where a particular force or 
 energy is meant to be given to any speech. (Nous adjurons 
 le peuple franrjois de se joindre & la convention nationale 
 pour exterminer les factions liberticides We adjure (or 
 'conjure) the french. people to join themselves to the na- 
 tional convention and root out factions destructive of li- 
 berty. Je {'adjure de dire la verite I adjure (or conjure} 
 thee to declare the truth.) 
 
 ADMINISTRATED, s. m. administrator ; one chosen by the 
 people to manage and direct the administration of any 
 affair. 
 
 ADMINISTRATE, VE, adj. power of administration applied to 
 assemblies or bodies. (Corps administrates bodies' having 
 power of public administration. Assemblees administrative! 
 assemblies with power of administration. Terminer une af- 
 faire par voie administrative au lien d'employer la voie ju- 
 diciaire to put an end to an affair by way of administra- 
 tion, in the room of judicial proceedings.) 
 
 ADMINISTRATION CENTRAIE, s. f. central administration. 
 This is a body vested according to the constitution of 
 1/95 with power of administration in every department for 
 adjusting contributions and other matters within them- 
 selves. Every central administration is composed of five mem- 
 bers, one of whom is removed yearly. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION INTERMEDIATE, s. f. intermediate admi- 
 nistration. By the constitution of 1/03 this is the name 
 given to administrations of the district which were in the 
 middle place betwixt the municipal and the central admi- 
 nistrations. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION
 
 AER 7 
 
 ADMINISTRATION MUNICIPALE, s. f. municipal administra- 
 tion. By the constitution of 1/Q5 there is one belonging 
 to every municipality and under the inspection of the ad- 
 ministration of the department. It has charge of the du- 
 ties of the administration of police. Every canton has at 
 least one municipal administration, and there is one to every 
 commune having from 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. The 
 members composing every municipal administration are no- 
 minated every two years, and one half of them are removed 
 at the end of that period. See Canton, Commune, Dfyarte* 
 matt. 
 
 ADMODIER, v. a. to lease; to let to farm. This is an old verb 
 newly revived. (Le comite d'agriculture a fait un rapport 
 sur le mode de louer ou tfadmo&er aux pauvres cultiva- 
 teurs les terres vagues et en friche, qui,se trouvent dans 
 les pares de la ci-devant liste civile The committee of 
 agriculture have made their report on the manner of leasing, 
 or letting to farm, to cottagers, the waste lands of the parks 
 formerly belonging to the civil list.) 
 
 ADRESSE, s. f. an address ; a letter of respect, congratula- 
 tion, declaration, requisition, or demand, made to a higher 
 authority. 
 
 ADRESSE AU PEUPLE FRANC.OIS, otr A LA NATION, address to 
 the french people, or the nation. This is a letter addressed 
 from the national convention to their constituents, to di- 
 rect their judgment, and excite their spirit oh any im- 
 portant occasion, to inform them of their true interests, 
 and the resolution which ought to be taken in any critical 
 situation. These addresses, which were never heard of for- 
 merly, are now very frequent. 
 
 AERONAUTS, s. m. an aeronaut; a traveller in the air. 
 AEROSTAT, s. m. an air balloon. The first application of air 
 balloons to military purposes was made at thebattleof Fleurus
 
 3 AER 
 
 in August 1/94. Ettenne, adjutant-general of the army of 
 the french republic, went up with one of them to recon- 
 noitre the Austrians. " i was attacked," says he in his 
 report of this aerial expedition, " with hisses and scoffs 
 " as well as with grenades, but none of them reached me. 
 " I corresponded with the generals during the fight, and 
 " informed them of every new position which the enemy 
 took, who in the end was defeated." (Une compagnie 
 d'officiers pour le service des aerostats a ete creee par la 
 convention nationale en Octobre 17Q4 A company of 
 aerostatic officers was formed by order of the national 
 - convention in October 1794.) 
 
 The. first aerostat when it was carried from Brussels to 
 Fkuriis was ridiculed by the inhabitants of that city as a 
 machine of trifling consequence, and they laughed to see 
 the adjutant-general Etienne gravely marching at the 
 head, of the party conducting it. Some tell you this device 
 was better than 50,000 fighting men. 
 
 INSTITUT AEROSTATICIUE, s. m. aerostatic institution. This 
 was first established by the committee of public safety at the 
 palace of Meudon, and is conducted with great secrecy. The 
 company of aeronauts consists of 50 enterprizing young men 
 who are constantly in practice. Balloons are by this institu- 
 tion prepared for the different armies and have their appro- 
 priate names; that employed at the battle of Fleurus on the 
 2tith of June 1/94 is called the Entreprenant. An aeronaut 
 and two officers of rank ascended in it twice, and by their 
 signals made with flags contributed to the success of the 
 day (or rather successive days), which was of the greatest 
 consequence to the republican arms. See Aerostat. When 
 the labours of the aerostatic institution shall have attained 
 to a degree of general utility and perfection, the transac- 
 tions, it has been said, will be published; at present the 
 
 french
 
 AGE 9 
 
 french public know but little of what is doing. The greatest 
 improvement the institution has hitherto made, has been 
 to add a kind of telegraph falling below the gondola and 
 suspended from it, consisting of eight cylinders of black 
 tatfeta, which form the signals by opening and shutting, 
 and appear like so many paper-lanterns. This simple ap- 
 paratus forms 265 changes, and has been found sufficient 
 for the purposes of correspondence. The principal engi- 
 neer has had in contemplation the construction of a tele- 
 graphic balloon which might be worked on terra jtrma by 
 means of strings communicaling with the cylinders before 
 mentioned at the height of twelve feet from the ground. 
 See Telegraphs. 
 
 AI^OSTIER, s.m. a^n aeronaut. In a general sense the conduc- 
 tor of an aerostatic machine; but particularly meant to ex- 
 press one who belongs to a company formed with design 
 to apply these machines to military purposes. (Compagnie 
 d'aavstierstbe company of aeronauts. Le general est 
 monte dans le ballon avec Tun des acrostiers the general 
 has ascended in the balloon with one of the aeronauts.) 
 
 AITAMEUK, s. m. one who starves others, (Les affameun 
 publics continuent toujours leurs manoeuvres criminelles 
 They tulo are striving to starve the public continue still to 
 practise their criminal designs.) 
 
 AGENCE, s. f. agency; the office and employment of a^ 
 agent. 
 
 AGENCE NATIONALS, national agency; the office or em- 
 ployment of a national agent. (Lesimportantes functions 
 de Vagence nationals The important duties of national 
 agency.) 
 
 AGENT, s. m. agent ; every cause, physical or moral, produ- 
 cing an effect. This word has long been used in philoso- 
 e phicai
 
 10 AGfc 
 
 phical treatises. In politics it signifies the person wha 
 is sent to foreign courts to transact matters with princes 5 
 and in commercial towns they who transact the business 
 of bankers or act for other persons are thus called. 
 
 The constituent assembly in their decrees applied this 
 word to the officers who are charged with public business. 
 
 Under the republican government this word makes an 
 epocha in the french language, as it has merely from using 
 been variegated into a number of different meanings of 
 which there is no example of the like kind in the history 
 of any language. It was used at first to express evr.ry 
 efficient cause, whether physical or moral, of public good 
 or evil. (Les agens de la prosperite, et de la calamite 
 nationale The agents of national prosperity and misfor- 
 tune. Les fermiers-generaux et leur armt-e de cinquante 
 mille hommes, une nuee de gens de pratique, ce nombre 
 cnorme des charges venales, qui montoit au-dela de trois 
 cents mille, cette masse effrayante d'hommes, qui levoient 
 un impot direct et indirect sur le peuple, furent les prin- 
 cipaux agcns de la calamite publique The farmers-ge- 
 neral and their army of fifty thousand men, a cloud of 
 lawyers, the immense number of persons who purchased 
 the offices they hold, amounting to more than three hun- 
 dred thousand, that astonishing body of the people who 
 imposed taxes, directly or indirectly, upon the people, 
 were the principal agents of public calamity.) 
 
 The public mind as it became more and more agitated 
 and alarmed at the state of the finances very soon substi- 
 tuted in the place of the words regie and regisseur, so 
 odious to the nation, the more pleasing appellation of 
 agent; financiers of every kind and complexion, and even 
 ministers of state, became in a little time distinguished by 
 this name, which being new, sounded therefore less harshly 
 in, their ears. 
 
 la
 
 AGE 11 
 
 In short, the words regie and regisseur were no sooner 
 dismissed from the language than the, word agent took their 
 place, and was applied to signify every individual invested 
 with power by the nation to act for the public good- 
 Id this sense the representatives of the people in the 
 national convention call themselves primary agents for the 
 french people. . 
 
 The deputies of the convention are stiled in the same 
 manner, as are all the public officers. The following 
 Quotations shew the different applications of the word ; 
 (Les agent de la republique franchise The agents of the 
 french republic. Les agens civils et militaires employes 
 au service de la republique The civil and military agents 
 employ: d in the service of the republic. II faut employer 
 les agens les plus propres i chaque travail suivant leur ex- 
 perience et Itur capacite Such agents only should be en- 
 gaged in any work as are fittest for it from their know- 
 ledge and experience. Le caractere et le devoir de V agent 
 d'une nation libre, qui a pose la vertu pour base unique 
 de son gouvernement, est d'avoir le courage d'etre juste 
 meme a son detriment, et considerer bien moins ce qui 
 enrichit que ce qui honore The character and obligation 
 of the agent of a free country, which has raised its govern- 
 ment on the basis of virtue, is to persist in the resolution 
 of being just though contrary to its interest, and to consi- 
 der rather what does it honour, than what may tend to 
 enrich it. Un people eclaire sur ses droits fixe qn regard 
 penetrant sur la conduile de ses agfns A people tho- 
 roughly acquainted with their rights cast a watchful eye 
 on the conduct of their agents. Les agens et proposes in- 
 fideles Agents and governors pot to be trusted.) 
 
 This term of qgfnt is applied to every department of the 
 
 public administration. (Les agent de la police, de la tre- 
 
 c 2 sorerfe
 
 14 AGE 
 
 sorerie nationals, de la commission des subsistances, de 
 1'administration forestiere. Les agens maritimes The 
 agents of the police, of the national treasury, of the provi- 
 sion board, of the woods, of naval affairs.) 
 
 There is a national agent in every department, district, 
 quarter and commune. See Departement, Canton, Commune. 
 
 The national agent of a commune, as that of Paris for 
 example, is appointed to watch over the security and po- 
 lice of that commune in general. He is to form a report 
 of these objects to the general council > to make his mo- 
 tions thereupon, and to see the orders executed which the 
 council come to a resolution upon in consequence. 
 
 The title of agent is likewise given to public ministers of 
 every rank residing at any foreign court, or sent thither on 
 any public errand. (Les agens de la republique franchise 
 dans les cours etrangeres The agents for the french re- 
 public in foreign courts. Les agens des puissances coali- 
 sees The agents of the powers in coalition.) 
 
 It is likewise used to signify any secret mission. (Leg 
 agens secrets des puissances ennemies The secret agents of 
 inimical powers.) 
 
 Agent is moreover taken in an opprobrious sense. (Les 
 principaux agens de la conspiration The principal agents 
 of the conspiracy. Les agens du federalisme The agents 
 of federalism. Les agens sanguinaires de Robespierre- 
 The sanguinary agents of Robespierre.) See Federalisme. 
 AGENT MUNICIPAL, s. m. municipal agent. According to 
 the constitution of 1/95 this officer was to be nominated 
 by the commune of a population under 5,000 inhabitants 
 to exercise the duties of the municipality. The junction 
 of municipal agents of every commune forms the municipa- 
 lity of the canton, at the head of which is a president for 
 the canton chosen by the primary assembly. See Canton, 
 Commune, etc. 
 
 AGGLO-
 
 A G R 13 
 
 ACGI,OMERER, v. rccip. to agglomerate, from the latin svord 
 glomus, a ball; to multiply or form into a heap, or body. 
 (On voit les ordrea militaires se croiser, se heurter, se con- 
 traricr et sagglomerer sur le merne pbjet Military orders 
 are seen to oppose and contradict .each other ; they multi- 
 fly on the same point. Les forces s'assemblent et &agglo~ 
 vier&nt a" vue d'osil The forces are assembling aqd visibly 
 agglomerate.) 
 
 AGITATEUR, s. m. agitator. A newly adopted word, used 
 to signify a man who causes trouble in the state, by stirring 
 up people to oppose the established form of government. 
 (Lea agltateurs mercenaires, manoeuvriers, conspirateurs, 
 meneurs d'intrigues et faiseurs de complots Those merce- 
 nary agitators, conspirators and contrivers of plots. Les 
 homines courageux, qui veulent sauver la patrie, sont trai^ 
 es par les emigres de scelerats et d'agitateurs Those brave 
 men who are willing to save their country are treated by 
 !the emigrants as dastards and agitators.) 
 
 AGRESSIP, VE, adj. aggressive. This adjective is intirely 
 new, implying whatever has relation to aggression, or at- 
 tack. (Le plan agressif de 1'ennemi a echoue The enemy 
 failed in his aggressive design.) 
 
 AGRICOLE, adj. de t. g. cultivating ; whatever relates to til- 
 lage, culture of land, or agriculture. (Un peuple, un etat 
 agricoh pent asseoir sur le sol meme qu'il occupe, le fonde- 
 ment de sa prosperite A cuh'watlng nation may be assured 
 of deriving prosperty from their lands. La premiere societe 
 agricoh a du se conduire d'apres les regies de la justice; 
 de la chez les Grecs Ceres Themisphore ou Liigislatrice 
 The original society cultivating land was under the neces- 
 sity of observing the rules of justice ; for this reason the 
 
 Creeks
 
 U A J O 
 
 Greeks stiled Ceres Themisphore, or Legislatress. Toute 
 commune agricole en France doit avoir le plus grand soin 
 des belles races de bestiaux, telles qu'on les voit en Angle- 
 terre et en Hollande, et des belles laines, parce qu'elles 
 seront toujours une des premieres ricfaesses d'un people 
 agricole et comrriergant Every cultivating comrriune in 
 France ought to pay the greatest attention to improve the 
 breed of their cattle, as it is practised in England and 
 Holland; and to. the growth of wool, as these are articles 
 which conduce to the enrichment of a cultivating and com- 
 mercial nation.) See Aratoire. 
 
 AGRICULTEUR, s. m. a husbandman ; .cultivator, or tiller of 
 land. Although this as well as the foregoing word (agri- 
 cole) is not to be found in the dictionary of the french aca- 
 demy, and is marked in others of the latest date as obso- 
 lete and antiquated, yet the first constituent assembly con- 
 sidering the great advantages to be derived from agriculture l 
 was desirous to give every encouragement to tillage, and 
 therefore honoured husbandmen with the name of citizen, 
 in the room of manant and paysan, as they had before been 
 stiled 5 and thereby rescued them from scorn and derision 
 by putting them on an equality with every other order of 
 the people. 
 
 AJOURNEMENT, s. m. adjournment. (Ajourncment\\Vim\ie, ou 
 indefini Adjournment sine die, or without time fixed.) 
 
 AJOUENER, v. a. to adjourn. 
 
 AJOUKXE, EE, part, adjourned. 
 
 AIMANT, E, a participle used adjectively ; compassionate; 
 friendly. (Sensible et aimant envers les gens de bien et de 
 probite- Compassionate and feeling with regard to good 
 men. Etre d'un caractere aimani To be of a friendly dis- 
 
 po-
 
 ALI 13 
 
 . position La charite sensible et aimanle envers les infirmes 
 et malades necessiteux est une des plus aimables vertus 
 That charity, which feels for, and is compassionate towards 
 men labouring under sickness and distress, is one of the 
 most amiable of virtues.) 
 
 ALARMISTE, s. m. an alarmist ; one who causes terror or 
 alarm in the minds of men. (Defiez-vous des alarmi'tes, 
 qui savent composer leur physionomie, qui affichent & la 
 
 nouvelle d'un echec la tristessc, quand la joie est dans 
 leur coeur Distrust 'those alarmists who with a steady 
 countenance can give an account of a check, and profess 
 sorrow whilst the/ are inwardly rejoicing on the occa- 
 sion.) 
 
 ALBION, s. m. Albion; a name frequently given to Great 
 Britain. (La fiere Albion The proud Albion.) 
 
 ALIMENTER, v. a. to support ; to maintain ; to cherish. 
 This word only used in a law sense is now applied to all 
 public affairs. (AHmmter les armees To support the ar- 
 mies. AYimenter 1'industrie nourriciere d'un peuple To 
 maintain industry in a people for their support. Alimtntcr 
 1'esprit public dans les societes populaires To maintain the 
 public spirit in popular assemblies. Alimenter les manufac- 
 tures en leur fournissant les plus belles laines To chrisb 
 the manufactures by furnishing the finest wool.) 
 
 It is likewise used figuratively ; (aliment er les passion?, 
 la discorde to nurture the passions, to nurture discord. 
 Les richesses ne servent i bien des gens qu'a" alimcntcr leurs 
 vices et les debauches Riches serve only with many peo- 
 ple to nurture their vices and debauchery.) 
 
 ALIMENTAIRE, adj. alimentary, is used with the same lati- 
 tude as the preceding to express every kind of alimentary 
 
 sup-
 
 16 A M A 
 
 support, whether for the people, the army, or the national 
 industry. (Approvisionnemens alimentaires Alimentary 
 provision, or such provision as is made for the sustenance 
 of the people. Les etats des personnes, qui ont besoin de 
 secours alimentaires, doivent etre confe&ionnes par chaque 
 municipalite The condition of people who stand in need 
 of alimentary support ought to be perfected by each muni- 
 cipality.) See Confiffion, Municipalite. 
 
 ALTERNAT, s. m. right of alternation. Spoken of two pla- 
 ces having a right in turns of becoming the seat of admi- 
 nistration. 
 
 ALTERNER, v. a. to alternate, or exercise the right of alter- 
 nation. 
 
 AMALGAME, s. f. amalgama. This word used by the chy- 
 mists to signify the mixture of quicksilver with metals, is 
 now applied to any other union. (L'amalgame ou 1'union 
 ctroite de deux peuples The amatgama, or close union of 
 two people.) 
 
 AMALGAMER, v. a. and recip. to amalgamate, or unite strictly. 
 (Le parti populaire de la Hbert6 s'est amalgame avec 1'oppo- 
 sition The party amongst the people who support the 
 cause of liberty are amalgamated with the party in the op- 
 position. Amalgamer les peuples si differens au physique 
 ct au moral To amalgamate people differing so greatly in a 
 physical and moral sense. Supprimer les troupes franches 
 et les amalgamer avec les autres troupes de la republiquc 
 dans les anciens cadres, qui doivent servir a former les de- 
 mi-brigades To disband the free troops and amalgamate 
 them with the other troops belonging to the republic ia 
 the old squadrons, so as to form half brigades.) 
 
 AMBW
 
 AN 17 
 
 AMBULANCE, s. f. a moveable hospital. These were houses 
 constructed in a manner so as to be taken to pieces, and 
 carried from place to place, according to the movements 
 of the army ; and served as receptacles in which the sick 
 and wounded men might be received and attended. (Nous 
 avons pris a 1'ennemi son ambulance We took the enemy's 
 moveable hospital.) 
 
 AMENDE, EE, part, amended. 
 
 AMENDEMENT, s. m. amendment. The alteration "of a 
 projected law or decree, in order to improve it by render- 
 ing it clearer and more explicit. 
 
 AMENDEB, v. a. to amend. 
 
 AMENK, s. m. an order for bringing a person privately be- 
 fore a judge, &c. 
 
 AN SI.LON L'ERE DBS FRANCOIS, the year according to the 
 french computation. The french era commences with the 
 origin of the republic, which was on the 22d day of Sep- 
 tember, 1792. 
 
 The year consists of twelve months, each of which has 
 three decades, each decade having ten days, consequently 
 all the months have thirty days equally. 
 
 To make a solar year five days are added, which are 
 called the Sans-Culottides. These days are dedicated to 
 the celebration of Virtue, Genius, Labour, Opinion, Re- 
 ward. 
 
 The French date their liberty from the epocha of con- 
 stitutional monarchy ; thus it is two years antecedent to 
 the rise of the republic. (L'an premier de la republique 
 franchise une et indivisible, Yan trois de la liberte The 
 first year of the french republic one and indivisible, the 
 third year'of liberty.) 
 
 Every fourth year, being the bissextile or leap year, 
 having
 
 I s , A K A 
 
 having one day more, a sixth festival is added, which is 
 stiled the Sans-Culottide. This is the festival of the peo- 
 ple, \vho on that day are to renew their oath of living and 
 dying free. See Decade, Sans-Culottides, Consihuttonnel. 
 ANARCHISTE, s. ni. an anarchist; one who finds his pleasure 
 or interest in a state of anarchy, that is, of disorder ; when 
 no head or chief being acknowledged, to whom submis- 
 sion is paid, the laws are violated with impunity, as there 
 is no authority whereby to enforce them. (On reprcche 
 aux frangois de n'etre que des anarcbistes. Sont-ils anar- 
 cbisles parce que, instructs de leurs droits, ils ne veulent 
 plus obeir aux ordres arbitraires de 1'ancien regime ? Le roi 
 et ses agens n'ont-ils pas tout le pouvoir necessaire pour 
 faire executer les lois ? Et les bons citoyens ne sont-ils 
 pas armes pour les maintenir ? On ne sauroit disconvenir* 
 que dans tout le cours de la. derniere revolution il y cut uu 
 grand nombre d'anarcbistes, qui voulurent profiler de 1'etat 
 anarchique de.la France, ne reconnoissant ni chef, ni loi 
 superieure & leur volonte. Rien assurement n'est plus 
 oppose tin bon gouverneme'nt. La representation natio- 
 . nale, qui reside dans la convention, a done le droit incon- 
 testable de purge.r toutes le& societes populaires de leurs 
 membrcs itnpurs, et anarcbistes sanguinaires, parmi lesquels 
 les Jacobins au cri unanirue da peuple occupent le premier 
 rang. La masse du peuple, qui est bonne, n'est done pas com- 
 posee y anarcbistes. The French are said to be no better than 
 anarchists. Are they anarchists because having discovered their 
 rights they would no longer submit to the ancient govern- 
 raent and its arbitrary rule ? Have not the king and hisagents 
 all the necessary powers for putting the laws in execution ? 
 And are not the good citizens armed for their defence ? 
 It cannot be denied that during the whole progress of the 
 tote revolution there were a considerable number of anar- 
 chists
 
 ANN 19 
 
 elists who endeavoured to take advantage of the state of 
 anarchy which France was under, and would acknowledge 
 no head, or any rule superior to their own will. Certainly 
 nothing can be more opposite to regular government. The 
 representation of the people, which is placed with the 
 convention, has then the undoubted right of purging 
 all popular societies of sanguinary anarchists and unwor- 
 thy members; amongst whom the Jacobins hold the first 
 place by the unanimous voice of the people. The bulk 
 of the people are not then made up of anarchists, but on 
 the contrary are worthy characters.) See Jacobin. 
 
 ANGLOMANE, s. f. one who is infected with the angkmania, 
 and affects to imitate english manners, and follow the 
 customs of the english nation. 
 
 ANGLOMANIE, s. f. anglomania ; an extraordinary predilec- 
 tion for whatever relates to the english nation, 
 
 ANNKE REPUBLICAINE, s. f. the republican year, which be- 
 gins with the autumnal equinox. See An. 
 
 ANNONCIATIF, VE, adj. announcing, or declarative. (Lettre 
 annonciati-ve The announcing, or declarative letter.) 
 
 AXNUAIRE, adj. de t. g. This word is substituted for calen- 
 drier, calendar or almanac. (Annuaire republicain The 
 almanac of the Republic. Ouvrage annuaire du cultiva- 
 teur, ou livre elementaire d'agriculture, qui doit renfer- 
 mer ni systeme ni theorie, mais des verites consacrees par 
 ^'experience The husbandman's calendar, or instructions 
 jn agriculture; this work should not admit of system or 
 theory, but contain truths confirmed by experience.) 
 
 ANNXJITE, s. f. annuity; an annual payment which dis- 
 charges a part of the principal borrowed with the Whole 
 ot the accruing interest. (Lr.s acqucreurs de biens na- 
 D 2 tionanx
 
 20 A P P 
 
 tionaux ont payes leurs annuites The purchasers of the 
 national estates have made good their annual payments.} 
 
 ANTI-CIVIUE, adj. de t. g. anti-civic ; whatever is con- 
 trary to civism. See Ctviqut, Civisme. (Sentimens anii- 
 civiques Anti civic sentiments. Exhortations anti-cwiques 
 Anti-civic exhortations.) ' 
 
 ANTI-REPUBLICAIN, NE, adj. anti republican ; whatever is 
 contrary to the republican constitution or form of govern- 
 ment. (Parti anti-republicain The anti-republican party.) 
 
 It is likewise used substantively ; and thus signifies one 
 who professes himself to be of the anti-republican party, or 
 an anti-republican. 
 
 ANTI-SOCIAL, E, adj. anti-social ; whatever is contrary to, 
 or destructive of human society. (Des violences anti- 
 sociales Anti-social disturbances,) 
 
 APER$U, s. m.- a statement. This word was known to the 
 french language, lately, as a participle only, belonging to 
 thfe verb appercevoir. (L'aperfit des resultats de la contri- 
 bution en nature The statement of the amount of con- 
 tribution in kind. Un court apercu< A short statement. 
 Un aperfu diplomatique sur 1'elat de la guerre presente 
 A diplomatic statement on the state of the present war. 
 Uaper$u des depenses A statement of expences. Au pre- 
 mier apercu il conste, &c. From the first statement it is 
 evident, &c.) 
 
 APPITOYER, v. a. to touch with compassion. (Appitoyer 
 quelqu'un sur le sort d'un autre To touch any one iv'tib 
 compassion for the fate of another.) 
 
 S'APPITOYEH, v. recip. to be touched with compassion j to re- 
 gret. (S'appitoyer sur le sort des patriotes To be 
 touched with compassion for the fate of the patriots. S'a/>- 
 
 pitoyer
 
 A R A 21 
 
 pitytr sur ceux que la justice nationale frappe du glaive de 
 la loi To be touched witk emission for those whom na- 
 tional justice strikes with the sword of the law. Les trai- 
 tres s'appitoyent sur les succts de la campagne^ ils emp^i- 
 sonnent les victoires et pressentent des revers The traitors 
 regret the successes of the campaign ; they misrepresent 
 victories and foretel defeats.) 
 
 APPITOYEMENT, s. m. pity ; compassion. (L'appitoytment 
 sur lesort des coupables traitres ^ la patrie est une qualite 
 desastreuse dans la crise presente Pity for the fate of 
 guilty traitors to their country is a dangerous principle in 
 the present crisis.) 
 
 APPROXIMATIVE, adj. approximative ; whatever is produced 
 by approximation, or collective examination. A word newly 
 coined. (Un etat approximatif des dettes nationales 
 An approximative state of the national debts. Une idee 
 approximative An approximative idea. Voici une distribu- 
 tion approximative des forces militaires de France Here is 
 an approximative distribution of the military force of 
 France.) 
 
 AUATOIRE, adj. de t. g. whatever belongs to tillage. (Nous 
 ne venons pas vous proposer des academies d'agricultuie, 
 ni des methodes et preceptes aratoires des savans, mais des 
 moyens pratiques de naturaliser sur le sol de la France 
 rindnstrie rurale, qui fait la richesse de nos voisins. La. 
 nature nous a favorise comme les autres peuples. La sol- 
 licitude du gouvernement doit concourir avec elle pour 
 faire rendre a la France lesavantages que 1'insouciance du 
 regime precedent lui a fait perdre si long-temps We do 
 not propose to you academies of agriculture, neither do we 
 offer rules or precepts relating to tillage devised by those who 
 are skilled in such matters, but practical methods of rural
 
 22 ARI 
 
 industry appropriated to the soil of France : such as are a 
 source of wealth to our neighbours. Nature has been as kind 
 to us as to other nations^ the attention and care of govern- 
 ment ought to be assistant to nature in producing all those 
 advantages which neglect in the late administration of 
 affairs has occasioned France to lose for such a length of 
 time.) 
 
 ARBITRE, s. m. arbiter, or arbitrator. An indifferent per- 
 son chosen to decide any matter in dispute betwixt parties. 
 The constitution of 1/95 declares such decision to be 
 final, unless the parties themselves have expressly stipu- 
 lated for a reference. 
 
 ARBITRES PUBLICS, s. m. pi. public arbitrators; a kind of ma- 
 gistrates, according to the constitution of 1793, to be 
 chosen by the electoral assemblies, who are finally to de- 
 termine all disputes which have not been fully determined 
 by private arbitrators, or the judges of the peace. They 
 were meant to supersede the civil tribunals. See Tribu- 
 nal. 
 
 ARE, s. m. in measuring land, the are, according to the 
 new system of measures, supersedes the perche carree or 
 square perch, and is nearly equal to two square perches of 
 twenty-two feet each side; each of these perches contains 
 0.5104 decimal parts of the are. See Metrologle.. 
 
 ARISTOCRATS, s. m. aristocrat. This term, which is entirely 
 new to the french language, implies a person attached 
 from principle to a constitutional aristocracy, and who is 
 the partisan and defender of it. According to this defini- 
 tion, there are no aristocrats in France j because, at the 
 time of the revolution, France was not made a constitu- 
 tutional aristocracy, but only such by an abuse of the 
 term. 
 
 ARISTO-
 
 ARI 23 
 
 ARISTOCRATS EN FRANCE, s. m. a french aristocrat j one 
 who is of the aristocratic- or counter-revolutionary party 
 in France (according to the explanation herein following 
 of the word aristocracy') ; and sometimes the name given 
 to every frenchman who has emigrated with counter-revo- 
 lutionary views. 
 
 The word aristocrat is likewise, used as an opprobrious 
 epithet, which the hatred of oppression has inspired every 
 frenchman with against all arbitrary governments, and of 
 every kind of despotism and cruelty. This epithet is, 
 however, by no means applicable to the defenders of a 
 constitutional aristocracy. 
 
 The following passage settles the present acceptation of 
 the word frencb aristocrat. (Aristocrates de tout etat et de 
 tonte couleur, royalistes, federalistes, Brissotins, Giron- 
 dins, egoistes, moderes, contre-revolutionnaireg, ultra- 
 revolutionnaires Aristocrats of every colour and descrip- 
 tion, whether royalists, federalists, Brissotines, Girondists, 
 egoists, moderates, counter-revolutionarists, ultra-revolu- 
 tionarists.) See Brissotin, Mod'cre, Contre-rcvolutionnaire, 
 Uhra-revolutionnaire, Ego'iste. 
 
 Since the moderate system has prevailed and gained the 
 upper hand in France, the moderates have been struck out 
 of the foregoing list of proscribed parties. 
 
 In the general sense of the word, there is then properly 
 no such description of person in France as an aristocrat; 
 on the contrary, by the constitution of the 20th June, 
 1790, there is neither high or low amongst the people ; as 
 by law every citizen is equal in respect to rights and 
 pretensions to offices, and all distinction of title abo- 
 lished. 
 
 The frencb aristocrats are those only who espouse the 
 party in opposition to the liberties of the people, the re- 
 public,
 
 24 A R I 
 
 public, and a popular government, of whatever rank and 
 situation of life they may happen to be. 
 
 ARISTOCRATIE, s. f. aristocracy. This word, in its : origi- 
 nal signification, implies a government under the princi- 
 pal or chief persons of a nation, whether it be hereditary 
 in any family, or bestowed on those who are most distin- 
 guished for wisdom, or respectable on account of age. 
 The term is likewise applied to an assembly of elders, or 
 to a senate by election, like that amongst the Romans. 
 
 According to this application of the term, France was 
 not an aristocracy before the revolution of 1/8Q, but a mo- 
 narchy. The word aristocracy has, however, been so much 
 bandied about daring the course of the revolution, that it 
 is necessary to trace it back to its rise, in order to settle 
 its precise meaning, and to determine that of another 
 word which has been much used as a term of reproach. 
 This is the word aristocrat, which is entirely new to the 
 language, and which has been applied to such as were in- 
 clined to favour an aristocracy, by those who were of a 
 contrary way of thinking, though an aristocracy is as 
 much a form of government, as a monarchy, or the po- 
 pular government, or democracy. 
 
 ARISTOCKATIE EN FKANCE, the french aristocracy. Before 
 the first revolution in 1 /8p, France was a monarchy only 
 in the name. The king was the head of the kingdom 
 apparently for no other purpose than to give it the appel- 
 lation of a monarchy ; the whole power and authority re- 
 mained in the hands of a number of great people, who 
 either immediately governed affairs, or influenced every 
 part of the administration. 
 
 France could only be considered as an unconstitutional aris- 
 tocracy, and of course became oppressive to the subjects, 
 
 because
 
 A R I 25 
 
 because this governmen having no foundation in the con- 
 stitution was guarded against oppression by no laws. 
 There necessarily arose two opposite parties, the aristo- 
 cratic, composed of aristocrats, and the democratic, or 
 party of the people, stiling themselves patriots. See Pa~ 
 triotiser. 
 
 The frencb aristocracy is then the court party (not that 
 of the king), and the two principal orders of the state, 
 the nobility (See NoliJiaire) and the ecclesiastics, with their 
 respective adherents, joined to them either from interest 
 or other motives, in order to oppose the popular power, 
 represented in the states-general by the deputies from the 
 commons, under the name of the third estate. 
 . The contention betwixt these two mighty powers, in 
 which Europe, in a coalition took part, became violent 
 from the first opening of the states-general, assembled 
 for the purpose of restoring vigour to the finances, then 
 in a desperate state, and of relieving the people sinking 
 under the heavy weight of the imposts, or taxes. 
 
 The first point discussed, and on which the fate of 
 France depended, was whether they should assemble by or- 
 ders, and separately, or deliberate together in the same assem- 
 bly; and especially, whether they should give their votes 
 singly (which was the wish of the nation), or by orders, 
 as had been the ancient custom. 
 
 A revolution was foreseen by both parties in the deci- 
 cision of this question. The intrigues and cabals of one 
 party, and the violent struggles of the other occasioned 
 not only a rupture betwixt both in point of politics, but 
 * gave rise to the words aristocrat and democrat, before un- 
 known to France. See Democratic. 
 
 Burlesque and ridicule intermixed themselves with dread- 
 ful conspiracies and scenes of blood. The aristocrats, bi- 
 K gott^d
 
 2d 
 
 gotted to the ancient ceremonies of the states-general of the 
 year J6'14 were called the six teen-hundred-and-fourteeners; 
 this appellation grew familiar with every one, and carried 
 with it the recollection of matters in dispute which di- 
 vided the minds of the nation. The aristocrats revenged 
 themselves by loading the third estate with all the ridicule 
 of the gothic form of convocation of l6l4, dressing the 
 grandees of the kingdom in pompous habits, in the pro- 
 cession made by the states-general, wherein the high no- 
 bility and the high clergy displayed great magnificence 
 and glittered with gold. The long train of the third es- 
 tate followed them habited ridiculously like the practi- 
 titioners of the law, in black gowns with large bands 
 round the neck, and seemed to be in mourning for the na- 
 tion. The third estate assembled themselves in the ten- 
 nis-court, for the ball of the assembly was shut against 
 them by the king's order; and there their president Bailly 
 took r.n oath from them not to separate until the consti- 
 tution of the kingdom was regenerated. This was. at 
 ouce marking out a line of separation betwixt the aristo- 
 cratic and popular parties which was never to be removed, 
 See Regeneration. 
 
 Such was the application, and such the origin of these 
 two words, nnsiocrat and democrat in France. The abo- 
 lition of royalty, which very greatly increased the number 
 in opposition to a revolution, proportionably occasionsd 
 the name of aristocrat to spread more widely, until it in- 
 cluded all of the anti-revolutionary party, whether dis- 
 tinguished as at first by the appellation of royalists, or 
 those who were desirous to establish royalty, either mo- 
 narchical, or constitutional, or the two parties of nobles 
 and ecclesiastics joined in strict union with the former : 
 in short, the term aristocrat was applied to mark out and 
 
 stig-
 
 ARR 27 
 
 .stigmatize every party which aimed at destroying liberty 
 and equality amongst the French people, and a republi-.. 
 can constitution j to the party of federalists who were for 
 parcelling out the state, and to all those who were sus- 
 pected of joining the counter-revolutionary party, from 
 their wealth or connexions, or from the probability of the 
 loss they might sustain. See FcdcraYiste. 
 
 Hence arose the terms, royal aristocracy, the aristocracies 
 of the nobles and ecclesiastics, mercantile aristocracy, and 
 egoist. See Egfistf, 
 
 ARRESTATION-, s. f. arrest. (Decreter d'arrssiation To de- 
 cree an arrest. Mettre en etat & arrestaticn To put in a 
 state of arrest.) 
 
 ARRIERE-PENSEE, s. f. a covert design ; concealed thought; 
 thoughts arising in the mind, which are not divulged, but 
 reserved to be delivered as occasion of time and place may 
 require, in order to forward a principal design. (Les 
 puissances n'avoient;aucune m^-^;^ d'aggrandisemect 
 The powers had no concealed ileugbt of aggrandisement. 
 , \] arriere-pensee des ministres dans cette cpnduite auda- 
 cieuse a ete de se menager la facility d'ttablir un principe 
 dangereux The ministers, by their daring conduct, 
 shewed that they had a covert design to contrive means of 
 readily establishing a dangerous principle.) 
 
 ARHIVAGE, s. m. the landing or arrival of goods. This is 
 applied to mean the arrival of any article of commerce or 
 provisions, into any sea-port or river j as likewise of goods 
 conveyed by land. Arrivee (arrival) is used principally 
 with respect to persons. (Les lieux A'arrivage des mar- 
 chandises et des denrees import es de 1'et ranger doivent 
 servir de regie pour fixer le prix du maximum sur ces ob- 
 jetsla The places of landing of merchandise and provi- 
 E 2
 
 2* ASS 
 
 sions imported from foreign parts ought to be made the 
 rule for settling the maximum of such articles.) See Maxi- 
 mum. 
 ARKOXJDISSEMENT, s. m. circle. See Canton. 
 
 ARTISTE, s. m. an artist. This name is now given to every 
 actor or actress upon the state, engaged in the representa- 
 tion of any dramatic action, as well as to the dramatic 
 author who composes pieces to be represented on the 
 stage. (II y aura relache au theatre national necessite 
 par le remplacement de plusieurs artistes There will be 
 a stop to the representations at the national theatre, neces- 
 sarily occasioned by supplying the places of several artists. 
 C'est un artiste estimable, appele au theatre national & 
 cause des grands succes, &c. He is an admirable artis( t 
 invited to the national theatre on account of his great suc- 
 ces, &c. Artist* d'un merite rare An artist of extraordinary 
 merit;.) 
 
 ASSEMBLES, 8. f. an assembly j a collection or meeting of 
 persons in the same place, and on the same design. 
 
 ASSEMBLES PRIMAIRE, s. f. the primary assembly; a meet- 
 ing of citizens dwelling in the same canton. This assem- 
 bly, by the constitution of 1703, appointed the deputies of 
 the legislative body. By that of the year 1795, the pri- 
 mary assembly was to choose the members of the electoral 
 assembly, the judges of peace and their assessors, the pre- 
 sidents of the municipal administration and the municipal 
 officers. They were likewise to deliberate and determine 
 upon any changes which might be made in the constitu- 
 tional act. 
 
 ASSEMBLES ADMINISTRATIVE, administrative assembly. Thijt 
 is the assembly of all the administrators chosen in the 
 
 electo-
 
 ASS 20 
 
 electoral assemblies for the purposes of administration 
 within their department or district. 
 
 ASSEMBLE COMMUNALE, s. f. a meeting of a commune. 
 By the constitution of 1795, the inhabitants of a com- 
 mune under the number of 5,000 are to assemble for the 
 choice of agents for such commune, and their (adjoints) 
 colleagues. See Commune. 
 
 ASSEMBLE E"LECTORALE, s. f. electoral assembly; a meet- 
 ing of electors nominated in the primary assemblies who are 
 to choose the members of the legislative body and of the 
 tribunal of cassation (See Cassation), the grand juries (See 
 Hauls Jures), the administrators of departments, the pre- 
 sidents, public accusers, and secretary of the criminal tri- 
 bunals, and the judges of the civil tribunals. 
 ASSEMBLES NATIONALS, the national assembly. This was 
 at first an assembly of the states-general, composed of 
 the three orders, to wit, the clergy, nobility and deputies 
 of the commons, to the number of twelve* hundred per- 
 sons, who met at Versailles in the month of May, 1J8Q, 
 to restore order in the finances. 
 
 This assembly, in which the whole nation was repre- 
 sented, finding a total disorganisation of all the branches 
 of administration, and perceiving the monarchical govern- 
 ment to be debased in its principles, and oppressive, on 
 the 1/th of June, 1789, substituted the name of national 
 Assembly for that of states-general, in order to form a new 
 constitution for France, whereby it obtained the name of 
 the constituent assembly. This assembly was declared 
 permanent by an article of the said constitution, though 
 it was to be renewed every two years, which periods 
 formed a legislature. 
 
 This assembly was composed of 74/ deputies, equal to 
 nine for each department. See Department. 
 
 The
 
 30 ASS 
 
 The first assembly was-intended to be a constituent one, 
 that is to say, it was. to frame a new constitution, which 
 it formed accordingly, and likewise published a declaration 
 of the rights of man, and of a french citizen. It more- 
 over abolished feudality (See Fcodalltc) and the privileged 
 prdersj it suppressed titles of distinction, badges (livrees), 
 and armorial bearings (armoiries), as marks of feudal 
 rights, &c. 
 
 ASSEMBLES DE REVISION, s. f., assembly of revision. The 
 constitution of 1/Ql had established assemblies of revision 
 for constitutional decrees, which were to take place every 
 eight years, the first assembly to be at the expiration, of 
 twelve years. By the constitution of 1/9-5, a like assem- 
 bly was established for the same purpose, which was. to 
 meet every three years, upon a resolution of the council of 
 elders, ratified by the council of five-hundred. 
 
 ASSENTIMENT, s. m. assent. This wprd, which was become 
 obsolete, has lately been revived. Consentement (consent) 
 is the expression of right, assentiment (assent) is th,a.t of 
 opinion. The father gives his consent to the mariage.pf 
 his child, the family their assent to if. 
 
 ASSERMENTER, v. a. to tender an oath to any one; to 
 swear. 
 
 ASSERMENTE", EE, part, sworn. They use likewise the par- 
 ticiple sermente. (Les pretres assermentes et non sermenics 
 The priests who are sworn, and who are not sworn.) See 
 Pr fires sermentes, insermentes. 
 
 ASSESSOR, s. m. assessor; an officer attached to a judge of 
 the peace, to assist him, and occasionally to supply his 
 place. This officer, appointed by the constitution of 
 179 5 > is chosen in the primary assemblies. 
 
 ASSIGNAT,
 
 A.S-S 31 
 
 ASSIGNAT, s. m. an assignat. This term, which is entirely 
 siew to the language, has superseded the names of pa- 
 pier-monnoie national (national-paper money), and papier 
 du domaine national (uational-domain-paper-money), with 
 which this kind of currency was decorated al its com- 
 mencement. 
 
 The assignat signified a bill made payable to the bearer 
 for a certain sum, to the amount of which it circulated as 
 cash, throughout the kingdom, in all transactions of bu- 
 ness. 
 
 The word owed its rise to the following occasion. 
 When the constituent assembly issued bills to the amount 
 of four hundred millions of livres to pay off a part of the 
 national debts, and to discharge the great number of of- 
 fices which were bought and sold under the royal system 
 of government, they were assigned, or secured, ou the 
 sale of the national effects, arid thisjjave them the name 
 of as signals. 
 
 This word assignat appeared at its origin of so little 
 consequence, and was so much despised in Prance and ri- 
 diculed in other countries, that Mirabeau, in his speech 
 in the assembly or. the occasion, observed with some hu- 
 mour, qu'il aimoit mieux avoir un assignat hypotheque sur 
 un jardin, qu'un papier-monnoie royal hypotheque sur un 
 royaume (lhat he would sooner have an assignat secured 
 upon a garden, than any royal paper money guaranteed by 
 a kingdom). 
 
 This name remained, and was given to all the issues of 
 paper which succeeded them ; and these increased in pro- 
 portu n as the kingdom was regenerated, until ihey were 
 accumulated to a prodigious amount. 
 
 These assignats (which are now no more), during their 
 existence, from their ready circulation, answered all the 
 
 pur-
 
 i A S S , 
 
 purposes of the precious metals, being rendered secure 1 7 
 a mortgage of the national property for their reimburse- 
 ment. They had, therefore, undoubtedly, a real and 
 intrinsic value, and were certainly preferable to all 
 other royal paper, or to paper issued by any national bank, 
 whose only security is a property not disposeable, or 
 which is not vendible on the claim of any person what- 
 ever. 
 
 Considered in a political light, the creation of assignats 
 bad this particular advantage, that the bearers of them 
 became of necessity defenders of the new constitution, 
 which guaranteed the exchange of assignats for the na- 
 tional effects; and accordingly Mirabeau, in his speech 
 delivered upon this subject in the national assembly, 
 made use of this as an argument to establish them. 
 
 On the other hand, Bergasse, viewing the creation of 
 assignats merely as an operation of finance, and as an ac- 
 curate calculator representing the false value put upon 
 the national effects, and particularly upon those of the 
 church ; foreseeing, moreover, the too great multiplica- 
 tion of them owing to its great ease and readiness, and 
 the more than probable increase from forgeries/\vhich would 
 augment their amount beyond the reach of computation, 
 was of an opposite opinion to Mirabeau ; in the justice of 
 which he has since been confirmed by the experience of 
 the present time. 
 
 The assignats were created by a decree in 1/89, arj d abo- 
 lished by one in 1/96} at which period, they were so far, 
 depreciated, that one hundred livres in assignats would not 
 produce more than three sous seven deniers. This depre- 
 ciation had been gradual since 1791, on the 1st of Ja- 
 nuary in which year, the hundred livres in assignats wai 
 worth ninety-one livres ten sous. See Rescription, Mandat. 
 
 ASTU-
 
 AVO 33 
 
 ASTUCIBUX, SE, adj. deceitful ; crafty. (Des manoeuvres 
 astuciruscs se sont introduites clans ioutes lo< fournitures et 
 equippe.mens des troupes Deceitful practices are made use 
 of in furnishing and equipping the forces.) 
 
 ATHOCEMENT. adv. atrociously. (Une conspiration aussi 
 atrocement que profondement conibin6e A conspiracy as 
 atrociously as deeply laid.) 
 
 ATTACHE, s. m. a servant. Mon attache is now generally 
 used in France instead of mou valet de cbarobre,. mon la- 
 quais, mon gargon, Sec. (Le ministre public de France fit 
 son entree a Genes, precede de deux aitacbcs, portant habit 
 de citoyen et la co'carde nationale tricolore au cliapeau, 
 &c.- The public minister of France made his entry into 
 Genoa, preceded by two servants, dressed in the habit of 
 a citizen having the three-coloured national cockade in his 
 hat, &c.) 
 
 AUTORITB, s. f. authority; power; empire. 
 
 AUTORITS CONSTITUEES, constituted authorities. In France 
 these are such persons as exercise a limited power over 
 their fellow-citizens, which has been confided to them by 
 ihe laws, or by those, who are inve'sted with supreme au- 
 thority. 
 
 The public officers are then the constituted authorities. 
 All authority in France is constituted and dependant; the 
 supreme authority of the natjon, ar.d of its representa- 
 tives, is the only constituting and independent autho- 
 rity. 
 
 AVOUE", s. m. the avowee. The ai<ouc in France is the 
 officer who Ir<.s succeeded to the functions of procureur 
 (proctor, or attorney), and avocat (pleader or counsel- 
 Jor). 
 
 f The
 
 34 BAR 
 
 The national assembly, when they abolished the offices 
 of the procureur and avocat, were sensible of the necessity 
 . there was of establishing iu the tribunals of justice men 
 of skill in the law, to, act in behalf of the parties .inte- 
 rested and of .the use of rendering their office ostensible 
 and acknowledged by government ] accordingly, they 
 abolished the name of procureur, which was become 
 ..odious, and substituted for it the title of avoue. 
 
 An avoue implies a ministerial officer, expressly autho- 
 rized by the parties themselves, and awou'c, that is to sny, 
 acknowledged, by the tribunal. His duty it is to support 
 the cause of the party in whose behalf he is engaged j 
 every citizen is, however, at liberty to plead or 'defend 
 his own cause, or to depute another to do it for Him. 
 
 The aiiou'e can only be attached to' one tribunal of jus- 
 "ticcj except in Paris, where the same avoue may belong 
 to several tribunals. 
 
 BANAL, E, adj. paramount j authoritative. This word, used 
 only heretofore to signify a feudal service, is now applied 
 to force or violence 'offered either to body or mind. (Ar- 
 gument banal repete & satiete A paramount argument 
 fully repeated. Finir une discussion par une conclusion 
 lanalc To end a discussion with an autboritattvc conclu- 
 sion.) 
 
 BARRE, s. f. the, bpr; a part of the hall wherein the na- 
 tional assembly is held, separated from the foot of the 
 tribune, or pulpit, and facing the president. Here are 
 placed such persons as are not members, and have permis- 
 sion to be heard ; for example, public officers mandes a la. 
 
 bar re
 
 BEL . 35 
 
 barre (ordered to appear at the bar), and even the members 
 themselves, when required to clear up their own conduct. 
 ..See Tribune. 
 
 BARRIERES, s. f. pi. the barriers, toll-houses, or custom- 
 houses j offices placed on the frontiers, for. collection of 
 duties on merchandise and provisions going in or out are 
 
 > so called, as are those placed on the high roads to collect a 
 toll or tax for keeping them in repair. 
 
 BASEMENT, s. m. the basement ; the foundation j the bottom 
 or lower part of a building, and on which it is raised. (Le 
 basement d'un palais The basement or foundation of a pa- 
 lace.) 
 
 BASER, v. a. to lay the foundation ; to found. (Les grandes 
 conceptions du bien public, qui s'elevent aux principes 
 eternels de la nature, voht "baser le roc immuable de la 
 verite et 1'edifice du bien public Those vast ideas of 
 public benefit, which rise to the eternal principles of na- 
 ture, tend to lay the foundation of the imrnoveable rock of 
 truth, and the edifice of the public good. Baser son rap- 
 port sur des principes et lomieres certaines To found bis 
 report on clear information and principles.) 
 
 BELGE, s. m. a Belgian ;. an. inhabitant or native of Brabant 
 . and the Netherlands. (Les Beiges flottent entre la crainte 
 et 1'esperance, incertains de leur sort The Belgians are 
 wavering betwixt hope and fear, uncertain of their fate.) 
 BELGI&UE, s. f. used likewise as an adjective, the Bel- 
 gic provinces, or Austrian nethtrlands. (Un tel gene- 
 ral fut accuse d'avoir spolie la Btlgique A certain 
 general was accused of plundering ^ the Eclgic provinces. 
 Le souvenir de la BJgiqiie nous a mis en garde centre la 
 . philosophic revolutiomiaire. Dans notre situation actuelle 
 toute notre moralitc doit etre concentree sur la prosperite 
 if 2 de
 
 36 B RI 
 
 de ia republtqae The recollection of ihe Belg:c provinces 
 has put us on our guard against revolutionary philosophy. 
 In our present situation, all our morality ought to be con- 
 centrated in the prosperity of the republic.) 
 
 BRANDON, s. m. a flaming torch; a firebrand. This word, 
 which was only used in speaking of a wild-fire, or the 
 torch of Cupid, is now applied universally in serious 
 matters. (Agiter les brandons de la guerre civile To 
 brandish the flaming torch of civil war. Jeter les brandans 
 de la discorde entre Its societes reurues To cast the fire- 
 brands of discord amongst the re-united societies.) 
 
 BREVET D'IXVI;NTION, a patent fur an invention. See Patents 
 , nationals. 
 
 BRILLAMMENT, adv. brilliantly; in a brilliant niannrr. 
 (L'echfec que 1'armee du Rhin vient deprouver, est bril- 
 lamment efface par les succes en Italic The chrck which 
 the aniiy of the Rhine has experienced is made up in a 
 brilliant manner by successes in Italy.) 
 
 ERISSOTIN, s. ra. a Brissotin; one who is of Brissqt's' fac- 
 tion or party. 
 
 BRISSOTIN, E, adj. Bnssotine; whatever relates to Brrssot's 
 faction or party. (La faction Brissotine, Girondine, fed- 
 raliste, eomposee d'etres liberticides tendante a morceler 
 la republique, ayant Tanarchie dans le cceur The Brisso- 
 tine faction, Girondines and federalists, composed of liber- 
 
 ticides, with anarchy in the heart, conspiring to divide 
 the republic.) See Federaliste, Liierticide, Anarcbistc. 
 
 BRISSOTINISME, s. m. Brissotinis-m. The principles of the 
 faction or party of Brissot, and of his adherents of the 
 federalist or Girondine party, in opposition to the unity 
 and indivisibility of the republic, tending to separate and 
 
 divide
 
 B R I 37 
 
 divide it into several confederacies or republics indepen- 
 dent of each other. See Federation, 
 
 The faction arose in the national convention itself, and 
 was spread over the great commercial towns in the south 
 of France. Lyons was its principal seat ; in which city 
 there was at that time computed to be 200,000 inhabitants, 
 and five hundred of these merchants or manufacturers 
 reckoned worth a million of livres each," 
 
 Lyons, ever the rival of Paris, wished to withdraw it- 
 self from the government of that city, by which it was 
 overbalanced in the general confederacy of the republic 
 one and indivisible. Lyons, therefore, formed a grand 
 design, in which she was assisted by Marseilles, Toulon, 
 Bourdeanx, and a great number of royalists, who foresaw 
 a counter-revolution, which had for its design the esta- 
 blishment of several confederacies, or republican depart- 
 ments, separate and independent, instead of an indivisible 
 republic. 
 
 BKISSOTINER, v. a. to brissotinej to empty the pockets or 
 purse after the manner of Brissot. Brissot was driven 
 from Paris for some tricks ot youth, and sought an asylum 
 in London, where he g. shied a proficiency in an art which 
 he .was admirably qualified to distinguish himself by, 
 whether in financial or literary matters. 
 
 He began his brilliant career by the publication of a 
 treatise on genteel frauds (sur 1'honnetete cles voleries). 
 He did not confine his doctrine to barren arguments 
 a priori, but instructed the public by weighty proofs of 
 unanswerable and lucrative experience. This obtained 
 for him the honour of having his name applied to 
 feats of skill and addiess in the like way, called after 
 him (brissoti?ifr) br'usotining, with ihe further eulogium of 
 
 having
 
 33 ' B U R 
 
 having proved himself an adept in knavery (avoir bien 
 t merite de la coquinerie.) 
 BRULEMENT, s. m. the action of burning. (Le brulemcnt 
 
 des assignats The burning of assignats.) 
 BRUMAIKE, s. m. fog month ; the month in the new french 
 calendar which commences on the 22d of October, and 
 ends on the 20th of November, so called from the brumes, 
 or fogs, which prevail at this time of year. It is the se- 
 cond month in autumn, terminating as the other two in 
 re this for the sake of helping recollection under this re- 
 volution of the calendar which haafully taken place through- 
 out the republic. This month, like the rest of the new ca- 
 lendar (ku&icb see under iheir proper letters}, consists of thirty 
 days, divided into three decades. But it is to be observed 
 that it borrows ten days from the preceding month; it there- 
 fore ends on the 20th of November, and in this manner 
 the other months in the year end about the- same day, bor- 
 rowing ten or eleven days from the month in our calendar 
 which goes before it. 
 
 BULLETIN DES LOIS, s. m. the volume of the laws of the 
 french republic, and the arretes, or decrees, relative 
 thereto, as officially published.. 
 
 BULLETIN DE'CADAIRE, an historical relation of the affairs 
 of the republic in general, published on every decade. 
 
 BUREAU CENTRAL, s. m. an office established by the consti- 
 tution of l/g5 in the communes which are divided 
 into several municipalities, for matters adjudged to be in- 
 divisible by the legislative body. It is composed of three 
 members nominated by the administration of the depart- 
 ment, and confirmed by the executive power. 
 
 BUREAU DE PAIX, ou DE CONCILIATION, a kind of tribunal 
 established by the constitution of l/Ql for the amicable 
 
 .decision
 
 CAR 39 
 
 decision of matters betwixt parties, which could not pro- 
 perly be brought before the judge of the peace. The 
 constitution of 17Q5 establishes the same kind of concilia- 
 tory tribunal. See Jugc de pair. 
 
 / The'lnfluence and power 
 
 BuREAUCKATiE.s.m: ' ^ o f these offices and their 
 
 EuR'EAUCRATiauE ; adj.m.andf. } officers, and their multi- 
 
 ' plication.' 
 
 CANTON, s. m. a canton. By the constitution of 1/95, it 
 is stiled arrondissement (a circle). This is the subdivision 
 of a district, as a district is of a -department. It must 
 not have less than four square leagues, nor more than six. 
 This division is cf use to facilitate the meetings of ihe 
 primary assemblies, and to settle the tax-rolls. Every 
 canton has within its jurisdiction a judge. of the peace and 
 his assessors. See, Dtyartemcnl , Assembles frimaim, Mwi- 
 cipalile, Commune. 
 
 <?A VA, C.A IRA, it goes; that will ilo; the burthen of a 
 patriotic song so called, and now become a common ex- 
 pression in familiar conversation, (ca i>a, fa ira, en de- 
 pit des federalistt-s, des fanatiqties, et dc tons ceux -qui 
 voudront aneantir les droits imprescriptibles de I'homme 
 ca <va, fa ira, in spite of federalists, fanatics,' and all 
 those who would destroy the indefeasible rights of man- 
 kind.) See Chanson patriotique, 
 
 CAPITALISTS, s. m. a capitalist j one who possesses ready 
 money to a considerable amount, which he lends out to 
 use in order to live upon the interest arising from it. 
 
 CAREME POLITIGUE, ciyiauE, s. m. civic or political lent. 
 Instead of the holy time of lent, a lent called by this 
 
 name
 
 40 CAR 
 
 name was substituted in France at the instance of Le- 
 gendre, a butcher, a member of the national convention, 
 in the year 1/94. If you do not make a decree for one 
 of this kind (said he in the assembly), it will take place 
 without one. If I do not speak with eloquence, 1 
 speak at least with a thorough knowledge of the fact, 
 having followed the trade of a butcher for many years: 
 the oxen which are slaughtered at this time do not 
 afford fat enough to light the men who kill them whilst 
 they are at work. If there be a pound of flesh in Paris, 
 it should be given to the defenders of the country, to the 
 sick and infirm, to women in child-bed, and not to the 
 sybarites. We have fasted long enough for the saints of 
 the calendar, let us now fast for St. Liberty. 
 
 You have foreseen the necessity of a political lent (added 
 another orator) ; decree il now ; the people expect it from 
 you. You have in your hands the lever which Archi- 
 medes required : then move the world with it. 
 CAKMAGNOLE, s. f. a patriotic dance and song so called. 
 It owes its rise to the violence which broke out amongst 
 the people, occasioned by the late king's right of veto> 
 the massacre of the Swiss, and the knights of the po- 
 niard. It was called the carmagnole of the royalists, that 
 is to say, a dance and song made to incense the royalists. 
 
 It is since become a common phrase in familiar speech. 
 (On dit que nous dansons la carmagnole partout sur la 
 memc air ; pour dire, que les armes des carniagnoh ont du 
 succes partout. It is said that we dance the carmagnole 
 every where to the same tune ; which implies that the car' 
 magnoJs have every where the same success.) 
 
 Carmagnole was the name at first given to the particular 
 tune and dance before mentioned ; afterwards to a particu- 
 lar kind of coat, and to the soldiers who wore it, or who
 
 CAR 41 
 
 sung the song; lastly, to the reports made In the national 
 convention by the framers of them. 
 
 The word carmagnole is probably borrowed from the 
 name of a town so called in Piedmont, from whence came 
 a number of diminutive fellows who. served in the capacity 
 of lacqueys in Paris, and, as is. usual, were palled after the 
 name of the place from whence they came. 
 
 This song is remarkable because it has given the narne 
 of carmagnol to the republican part of the french nation. 
 See Chevaliers du poignard. 
 
 CARMAGNOL, s. m. a carmagnol. Every citizen in 'France 
 -; is now called by this name who is resolved to live free, or 
 die for the preservation of his liberty. 
 
 The Avord probably owes its origin to the song called by 
 this name, and that, perhaps, to the little lacqueys, who 
 are called in Paris the little (armagnoh from 1 their place of 
 birth and diminutive stature. There is besides some rea- 
 son to think that these small folks had a pretty large share 
 jn the revolution, and in the several insurrections which 
 followed upon it j however that may be, the great nation 
 has shewn not a small degree of pride in assuming the 
 name. (See the foregoing article.) 
 
 (Nos freres d'armes, les bons carmagnols su'r le's fron- 
 tieres et les sans-culottes a Paris, feront un rempart de 
 leurs corps autour de la convention pour defenclre la patrie 
 centre les ennemis du dehors, et la liberte centre les en- 
 nemis du dedans Our brethren in arms, the good carma- 
 gnols on the frontier, and the sans-eulottes of Paris, will 
 form a rampart with their bodies round the convention, to 
 defend our country against the enemies from without, 
 and -our liberty against our enemies from within.) See 
 Sam-culottes. 
 
 G CAETE
 
 42 CEN 
 
 CARTE DE SURETE, a protection given by the agents of a 
 commune to citizens known as,, such, and settled there, 
 5 coutajning their age, with a description of their persons. 
 
 CASSATION. See Tribunal de cassation. 
 
 CASTE, s. f. the cast. This term, which was formerly 
 confined to the idolatrous tribes of the East Indies, arid to 
 the egyptiarr casts, is now applied to every privileged class 
 of mankind. (La caste privHegiee nobiliaire jouit des 
 
 grands domaines, du drfcrit de chasse et de peche, et au- 
 
 tres droits appar'.enans & 1'ancieh regime feodal, de ire pas 
 .payfcrla taille reetie et personnelte';Vl'instar des evtfes l* 
 
 i toyens The privileged cast of nobility possessed large de- 
 mesnes, enjoyed the right of hunting and fishing, and 
 other rights belonging to the ancient feudal system of go- 
 vernment, together with an exception from any tax 
 OD property either real or personal, though paid bj other 
 ranks of citizens.) 
 
 CENTIARE, s. m. hi'laru-l measure, according to the new re- 
 
 publican system, is the hundredth part of the are, and 
 equivalent to a square metre. See 'Mcirctiogie. 
 
 CENTIGRAMME, s. m. accordin-g to the new system of 
 weights, this is the hundredth part of the gramme, 
 and the tenth of the decigram:, .e, nearly equivalent to 
 one-fifth of a grain. See Mctrelo^lc. 
 
 CKNTILITKE, s. m. according to the new system of mea- 
 sures, is the hundredth part of the litre, and the tenth 
 cf t'.ir de-alitie. See Mctrokgic. 
 
 CENTIME, s. m. a coin which, as;vf-nK.!-; to he new system, 
 makes the hundredth part ol th iraur, and the tenth of 
 a dccime. It answers to thr f.fth ot ,-the souj or four- 
 fifths of the liard, or about two deniers four-tenths ; thus 
 
 a piece
 
 CEN 43 
 
 a piece of five centimes is'equal to a sou. The centimes 
 are of copper and weigh two grammes each. See Me* 
 
 trologie. 
 
 CENTIMETRE, s. m. according to the new system of long- 
 measure, is the hundredth part of the meUre, and the 
 tenth of the decimetre. It supplies the place of the 
 pouce, or inch, and is equal to four Hgnes and an half. 
 See Mttroiogie* 
 
 CENTRAL,. E, adj. central. This word, only used formerly 
 in natural philosophy, is now used to signify any political 
 or moral thing, which from its nature or usual destination 
 lends to a common centre. (Un grand etablisser- tnt 
 central pour les travaux nationaux A grand centra/ esta- 
 blishment for national labour. Un systems de farces 
 centrales A system of central force. La Pologne une 
 communication centrah entre le midi et le nord Poland a 
 central communication between the north and south. On, 
 trouve & Paris pour le tableau du maximum tou'es les re- 
 lations centrales de tons les objets du commerce du 
 royaume At Paris is to be found in the table of the 
 maximum every central relation of all the articles of com- 
 merce in the kingdom. Rotnpre 1'action centrah du 
 gouvernement To break off the central action of go- 
 vernment. La route centrale de la France du midi au 
 nord The central road of France from north to south.) 
 See Maximum, 
 
 CENTRALISATION, s. f. centralization ; the action of cen- 
 tralizing, or tendency to a union in one common centre, 
 or of uniting power and. authority in a few hands. 
 
 The following passage from Sr. Just's, Discourse on tie Slate 
 of 'tin Finances will shew the use of this word, aswell as of cen- 
 tral and centraHser. (Le gouvernement doit avoir son point 
 G 2 central
 
 central dans toute sa peripherie. L'etat dea depenses par 
 ruois s'elevoit jusqu'a quatrc cent millions ; depuis sept 
 mois il n'est que decent quatre-vingt millions. Tel est 
 1'effet de la centralisation du gouvernement. Et plus on le 
 ccnlraluera, plus on verra diminuer les depenses Govern- 
 ment should have a central point throughout its whole 
 periphery. The state of the monthly cxpences amounted 
 to four hundred millions ; but within these seven months, 
 it is reduced to one hundred and eighty millions. Such is 
 the effect of the centralization of government ; and ther 
 more vie, centralize it, the more we shall find our expenses 
 . decrease.) 
 
 CENTRALISER, v. a. to centralize j to dispose of things in 
 
 such a manner as that they shall unite in one common 
 
 centre. (Centraliscr le bien en epurant les comites de faux 
 
 patriotes To centralize the welfare by depurating the 
 
 'committees of false patriots.) 
 
 CENTRALISM, HE, part, cen-tralized. 
 
 CENTRALITE", s. f. centraliLy, or a union in one common 
 centre. (Par la centralitc le comite de salut public connoit 
 la France et les cours etrangeres de 1'Europe coalisees con- 
 tre la France Through cenirality, the committee of pub- 
 lic safety is acquainted with France and the foreign powers 
 in a coalition against France. Centralite des operations 
 The certtrality of operations.) 
 
 CERNEMENT, s. m. the condition or state of any place or 
 ihing. surrounded or encompassed about on all sides. (Le 
 cernement d'une ville Investing a town.) 
 
 CERNER, v. a. to invest or surround on every sidej to 
 'blockade. 
 
 This term, which, with the 1 words cerne (a circle) and 
 was never used before but hi the sense it was
 
 CHE 43 
 
 employed In by magicians when they drew circles to per- 
 form their spells, or by woodmen when they tapped trees 
 (en cernant des arbres), are now commonly used in military 
 operations for the investment of places. (Corner une 
 ville To blockade or invest a town or city.) 
 CHANSON PATKIOTIGUE, a patriotic song. These are verses 
 sung by the people at their civic feasts, or decadaries, or 
 in the societies, and even on the theatres, partly in- 
 termixed with dances. Of these there are seven principal 
 ones. 
 
 1. The national dance : f a ira, &c. 
 
 2. The national family song : Ou ^tut-on tre nneiix 
 
 quail, sein de sa famille ? &c. 
 3. 3*he patriotic romance song : Vole au secours de la, 
 
 patrie, &c. 
 4. The march of the revolution : La libert'e soumise aux 
 
 bis, &c. 
 5. The satire : Aristocrates de Colhnce, et vousj messieurs 
 
 les ci-devants, &c. 
 
 6. The carmagnole : Madame Veto await promis, &c. 
 7. The marseillois' hymn : Allans, enfans de la patrif, 
 &c. ; of which the last strophe but one is never 
 sung by the people but on their knees : Amour sa- 
 cr'c de la palrie, &c. j and in singing the burthen 
 of it : Aux armes, citoyens ! &c. at the word Mar- 
 dons / they seem to leap up into the air. 
 CHARTE CONSTITUTIONNELLE, s. f. constitutional charter; 
 the name given the constitution which a people has 
 formed for itself, and according to which it is governed. 
 See Acte comtitutwnnel. 
 
 CHEVALERESQUE, adj. m. and f. whatever has the air of knight- 
 errantry j hazardous enterprizes, without plan, and with un- 
 equal
 
 46 
 
 equal force. (Des idees cbwaleresrua Ideas savouring of 
 knight-errantry. C'est une folie, que de vouloir porter 
 les idees cbwaleresques du douzieme siecle au milieu des 
 lumieres du dix-hnitieme siecle It i.s a folly to introduce 
 the extravagant ideas of the twelfth century amongst us 
 who live in the enlightened age of the eighteenth Le 
 
 cbevaleresque D , qui voulut se fnire due de la Bel- 
 
 gique, et enlever la toison d'or au lion sommeillant sur la 
 
 criniere du leopard The valorous D , who would have 
 
 made himself duke of the Belgic provinces, and have 
 stolen away the golden fleece from the lion sleeping on the 
 leopard's skin.) 
 
 CHEVALIER DU POIGNARD, a knight of the poniard. By 
 this name they were called who armed themselves with 
 poniards in defence of the king and royalty, before the 
 memorable 10th of August. At a certain signal, they 
 filled the apartments of the Thuilteries, and escaped put 
 of the palace on that fatal day by secret passages. See 
 Hommes du 10 d'Aout. 
 
 CHEVALIER DE LA GUILLOTINE, a knight of the guillotine. 
 This name was given to the Jacobins after their downfall, 
 to those cruel, unfeeling men who had made the guillo- 
 tine and the system of blood and terror the order of the 
 day. (Point de gnillotinades, point de noyades, cria Ic 
 peuple le 12 de Novembre, 1 7)4, ce jour i jamais memo- 
 rable et le plus glorieux de la revolution No guillotining, 
 no drowning, cried the people, on the 12th of November, 
 1794, the most glorious and memorable day during the 
 whole revolution. Robespierre et ses chevaliers de la guil- 
 lotine, ces furies de 1'enfer, furent plus dignes d'assister ^ 
 un club infernal qu'a la representation d'une nation, qui 
 ne veut mettre dorejiavant A 1'ordre du jour que la justice 
 
 et
 
 CHO 3fr 
 
 fet rhumahite Robespierre and his krxglts of ike guillotine, 
 those hellish fnfies, more fit to sit in an infernal club 
 than to represent a nation which has no wish but from 
 henceforth to make justice and humanity the order of the 
 day. Hommes de sang et terroristes, s'ecria Tallien dans 
 ia convention nationale, vous avez deshonore le p"euple 
 Francois, dans la presence duquel vous n'oserez jarnais 
 plus kver les yeux Terrorists, men, of blood, cried Tal- 
 lien in the national convention, you have dishonoured the 
 french nation > and you dare not look the people in the 
 face. Si ie devois prononaer la punition digne des forfaits 
 de ces hommes de sang, de ces vautours carnivores, s'eciia 
 Legendre, j.'invoquerois le pere de la nature de les condam- 
 ner a ne mourir jamais If I were to 'pron-otince a punish- 
 ment "worthy the offences of- such blood-thirsty men, such 
 insatiate vultures, said Legendre, I would pray the father 
 of nature to condemn.. them to live for ever.) See Jacobin.- 
 CHOSE PUBLiauE, s. f. by .this is meant whatever relates to 
 the public weal, benefit #>r good of the french people. 
 (La cbbse publ'iquc est le but de tout 'gouvernement, mais 
 particulierement celui d'un etat dans leqnel Torganisatiori 
 est telle que la justice et Ja vertu sont -unjqueaient consul-? 
 tees, ou les lois conventionnelles ont .pour seul objet 1'in- 
 teret social, et pour bases. la liberte et 1'egalite des droits 
 T:be public good is the object of every govert:ment, but es- 
 pecially so of a nation whose organization is such that jus- 
 tice and virtue are its only views ; in which the conven- 
 tional laws are inmed for the interests of society, and are 
 founded on UK basis of liberty and an equality of rights, 
 Hendre des services a la '.cbose pitbliquc To become service- 
 able, to the public good. Etre prejudiciable sous pi us d'un 
 rapport a la dost fniltiqn? To be of prejudice in several 
 respects to the public good. La -drove pubhque est -exposee 
 
 aux
 
 48 CIT 
 
 aux machinations des conspirateurs The 'public good lies 
 exposed to the designs of traitors. Pour sauver la cbose 
 publique on a besoin d'hommes et non de muscadins To 
 rescue the public w^z/ v/e have need of men, and' not of 
 muscadins.) See Muscadins. 
 
 Cbose publique is applied in a particular sense to the 
 administration of the contributions, and the expenses of 
 government. (La cbose publique se trouve dans un danger 
 . imminent The public weal is at this time in a critical 
 situation. Les baux de peu de duree sont aussi prejudi- 
 ciables i 1'interet particulier, qu'a la close publique ou 1'in- 
 teret et prosperite nationale Short leases are as -prejudi- 
 cial to private interest as to the public weal QI the national 
 interest and prosperity.) 
 
 CHOUAN, s. m. a Chouan. This was a name given to a 
 ; "banditti in la Vendee who were called so after the name 
 of their chief, and were concealed amongst the inaccessi- 
 ble rocks and impenetrable, woods of that department. 
 They were afterwards joined to the rebels, as the royal 
 and Christian army was called which opposed the repub- 
 lican or conventional forces. See Vendcen. 
 CHOUANNERIE, s. f. the act or proceeding of a Chouan, or 
 whatever is similar to it. 
 
 Ci-nr.vANT, adv. formerly. This word is now used adjec- 
 tively, and placed betwixt the substantive and its article. 
 (Le ci-devant roi The late king. Tous les ci-devant no- 
 bles All the former nobility. Les ci-devant pretres The 
 former priests. Les ci-dcvant princes, de Fiance The for- 
 mer princes of France. La ci-devant liste civile The late 
 civil list.) 
 
 CITOYEN, ENNE, s. a citizen. This word had already ob- 
 tained under the late royal constitutional government, and 
 
 implied
 
 civ 49 
 
 implied the member of a city, not as belonging to a town 
 only, but as a part of the state or civil society. 
 
 In the same extensive sense, every inhabitant of France, 
 having taken the civic oath, is a citizen, in the full enjoy- 
 ment of all the rights which he derives from nature, so 
 long as he fulfils the duties which the quality of citizen 
 or the constitution imposfs on him. 
 
 Citoyenne is a title given to french women, but without 
 powers, and merely as a mode of address, taking place 
 of madam 
 
 Under the republican government, the title of citizen : is 
 the only real, and the greatest title in France j it is there- 
 fore given to the president of the national convention. 
 (Citoyen president Citizen president. Citnyens represen- 
 tan.s du peuple franijois Citizens representatives of the 
 french people. Citoycns It'gislatenrs Citizens legislators.) 
 CITOYEN ACTIF, an active citizen ; one who has a right to 
 vote in the primary assemblies of his canton for the nomi- 
 nation of his municipal officers, and of the electors, who 
 are afterwards to make choice of the deputies to the national 
 convention. Before his vote can be given, the citizen must 
 have paid somewhere a contribution equal to three days 
 labour, and must have complied with the other conditions 
 required of him by the constitution. See Assemble pri- 
 maire, Cariton. 
 
 CIVILISATION, s. f. civilization. This word was only used 
 in a law sense to signify the conversion of a criminal cause 
 into a civil action, but is how applied to the act of civi- 
 lizing, or the propensity in a people to become polished, ' 
 or rather to correct their customs and manners by intro- 
 ducing into civil society a rational, active and beneficent 
 system of morality, full of charily and good works. 
 H (Chaque
 
 50 CIV 
 
 (Chaque citoyen de 1'Europe est aujourd'hui parti dans eft 
 dernier combat de civilisation Every european citizen is 
 now become a party in this last contest for civilization. 
 Civilisation des mceurs A civilization of manners.) 
 
 CJVIGUE, adj. civic; whatever relates, to the quality of ci- 
 tizen, or to the support and maintenance of eivism (tuhicb 
 see}. Heretofore the word civic was only applied to 
 crowns. (Couronne civique A civic crown.) But now 
 the French say : Vertus civiques Civic virtues. Sermenttz- 
 vique The civic oath. Fete civique A civic festival. 
 Don civique A civic gift. Mention civique et honorable 
 dans le bulletin Honourable and sivic mention in the bul- 
 letin of the assembly. 
 
 (Les malbeurs les plus cruels et les difficultes les plus in- 
 surmontables ne sauroient decourager la vertu et la valeur 
 civique The heaviest misfortunes and most insurmounta- 
 ble difficulties are not able to discourage civic virtue and 
 courage. Le monument civique, lequel nous elevens a la 
 patrie, est 1'inspiration des vertus domestiques et simples 
 pour preparer les jeunes iilles a devenir des meres ver- 
 tueuses, tendres et laborieuses, dit une des citoyennes de 
 la societe philantropique dans la convention nationale 
 One of the female citizens belonging to the philanthropic 
 society addressed the national convention thus: " The civic 
 monument," said she, " which we raise to our country, 
 is to inspire plain and domestic virtue in the minds of 
 young maidens, that they may become industrious, tender, 
 and virtuous mothers.") 
 
 CIVISME, s. m. eivism. This newly coined word is used to- 
 imply the zeal and eagerness of a citizen to comply v.ith 
 the duties annexed to that title, and forego every kind of 
 goism. (lut civisnit: le plus pur et zele The most pure 
 
 and,
 
 C O A 51 
 
 and zealous civism. Votre courage et votre citisme me 
 sont garants des succes et de la prosperite de la pairie 
 Your resolution and civism are sureties which warrant to 
 me the success and prosperity of the country. Donnec 
 des preuves de civ is me en faisant des sacrifices considera- 
 bles a la cause de la liberte To give proofs of civism by 
 making large sacrifices to the cause of liberty. Un carac- 
 tere de civismt fortement prouonce A character loudly 
 declared of civism. Certificat de civism f A certificate of 
 civism.) 
 
 CLASSER, v. a. to class, or divide into classes. (Classer Ics 
 terres sur une echelle de degres pour en trouvcr la valeur 
 productive dans un systeme de contributions TffJats.lsaei 
 by a scale of degrees to find how far it is productive in 
 a system of contributions.) 
 
 CLASSIFICATION, s. f. classification 5 the act of classing 
 together persons or other objects of a similar nature. 
 
 CLOTUREB, v. a. to hedge in, or encompass with a wall; to 
 surround ; to inclose. (CUturcr un bois, un champ, un 
 pre To inclose a wood, a field, a meadow. Pa tares clu- 
 turces Inclosed pasture land.) 
 
 CLUB, s. m. See Sdcit'tk populairh. 
 
 CLUBISTE, s. m. and f. a member of a club, either male or 
 female. From the word club, borrowed from the english 
 language, and adopted before the revolution, the french 
 have formed the substantive chtbiste, and, instead of club, 
 now more commonly make use of societe popnlaire to 
 mean a popular assembly, calling those clubistcs who fre- 
 quent such meetings. 
 
 SJE COALISER, v. recip. to coalesce, or join in a league or 
 opposition to any one; to join a party in order to add to 
 its strength. 
 
 H 2 COALI-
 
 52 eoi 
 
 COALISE, EE, part, coalesced. (Les puissances coalh'ecs 
 centre la France The powers coalesced, or in league 
 against France ) 
 
 COALITION, s. f. coalition; a league or union of several 
 individuals, or collection of persons or bodies politic 
 against another. 
 
 (La coalition des rois de 1'Egrope contre la France The 
 coalition of the kings of Europe against France. La coali- 
 tion des membres de 1'opposiiion et du ministere The coa- 
 lition of the members of the opposition and of the admi- 
 nistration. La coalition de tous les parlemens du royaume 
 The coalition of all the parliaments in the kingdom. La 
 coalition de tous les ordres privilegics, qui forma dans la 
 nation toute une nation a part. C'etcit la reunion de tous 
 ceux dont les abus composoient la vie et 1'ex.tstence, et 
 empechoient qu'on ne put faire aucune reforme The coa- 
 lition of all the privileged orders, which formed a nation 
 distinct from the nation itself. This was the union of 
 those, whose very existence depending on their abuses, 
 prevented any reform.) 
 
 CoCAIlDE, S. f. COCARDK NATIOXALE TRICOLORS, 3 COCkade; 
 
 the three coloured national cockade. This is composed of 
 red, blue and white ribbons, the insignia of French insur- 
 rection, and worn at that time by women as well as men, 
 instead of the royal cockade of white ribbon. See Dra- 
 peau, Pavilion t Tricolor e. 
 
 COINCIDER, v. n. to coincide. This verb, only made use 
 of in the science of geometry, is now applied to moral 
 subjects. 
 
 (Les projets des ennemis en dedans coincident avec ceux 
 du dehors The projects of our internal enemies coincide 
 with those of our external ones.)
 
 COM 53 
 
 CO-INTERESSK, KB, adj. co-interested ; having a like inteT 
 
 rest. (Les parties co-inttressees The co-interested parties.) 
 COLLECTIK, VE, ad. collective. This word, borrowed from 
 the grammarians, who have their nouns collective, or 
 nouns of multitude, as well as colkctlvcment (collectively), 
 is said of any thing united for a common purpose, espe- 
 cially of moral persons. (Le souyerain en France est un 
 etre collect]/ \\\ France the sovereign is a collective being ) 
 COMITE, s. m. a committee. This word is borrowed from 
 the english language, but not of a very late adoption, 
 though the formation of committees is entirely new in 
 France, and took place on the abolition of ministerial 
 employments, since which time all public business has 
 b.een conducted by committees. 
 
 A committee is a partial meeting of commissioners named 
 by the national convention, to which it is subordinate, for 
 the purpose of administering any particular portion of 
 government. - The duty of these committees (which seem to 
 be modelled after those belonging to the british parlia- 
 ment) is to prepare and offer subjects for the discussion 
 of the national convention ; to make their reports to the 
 same upon the several matters referred to them for exami- 
 nation ; to frame the motions necessary and proper for the 
 objects of their commission, and to apply and put in ac- 
 tion the several resources and powers of administration ; 
 and this under the .dep^ndance of the national conven- 
 tion. 
 
 The number of these committees has varied at different 
 periods, they amount at present to sixteen. The members 
 composing them, amounting to the number of two hun- 
 dred and fifty two, are not permanenr, but to be removed 
 a the pleasure of the national convention. 
 
 TUg
 
 04 COM 
 
 THE SIXTEEN COMMITTEES. 
 
 1. The committee of public safety ; consisting of 12 
 
 members. 
 
 2\ The committee of public security, which has under 
 its management the direction of the general po- 
 lice of the republic, and especially that of Paris 
 since the abolition of its municipality 1 6 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 3 n . The committee of legislation -16 members. 
 4. The committee of agriculture and arts 12 mem- 
 bers. 
 5. The committee of trade and provisions 12 mem" 
 
 bers. 
 
 6. The committee of public instruction 16 members. 
 7. The committtee of public assistance 12 members. 
 8. The committee of the finances 48 members. 
 9. The committee of public works, of mines and 
 
 quarries 12 members. 
 
 10. The committee of posts and carriages 12 mem- 
 bers. 
 
 11. The committee of military affairs 18 members. 
 12. The committee of the navy and colonies ^mem- 
 bers. 
 13. The committee of the division of the republic, &c. - 
 
 12 members. 
 14. The committee of the archives and decrees 16 
 
 members. 
 15. The committee of correspondence, dispatches and 
 
 petitions 12 members. 
 
 16. The committee of inspection for the hall of the 
 national convention-*-l6 members. 
 
 COM-
 
 COM 63 
 
 COMMERCIAL, B, adj. commercial 5 relating to trade. (In- 
 teret commercial Commercial interest. Entreprise commet- 
 dale A commercial undertaking. Toutes Jes parties du 
 corps commercial Every part of the commercial body. La 
 legislation commercials The commercial legislation. Nous 
 avons trouve 1'etat de t'outes les transactions commerciahs. 
 pour la confection du tableau du maximum a Paris We 
 inquired into the state of all commercial transactions in, 
 order to form the table of the maximum for Paris. (See 
 Maximum.') Avarice commerciale Commercial avarice.) 
 
 COMMISSAIRE AUDITEUR DES GUERKES, 8. m. by the COnSti- 
 
 tution of 1/91, the auditor commissary of war was to prose- 
 cute all military offenders within his canton. 
 
 CoMMISSAIRES DE LA COMPTABILITE NATIONALS, S. m. pi. 
 
 by the constitution of 1/95, these are five officers chosen 
 by the legislative body, at the same time, in the same 
 manner, and under the same conditions as the commis- 
 saires de la tresorerie (wbicb see) whose accounts they are 
 to audit. 
 
 COMMIS.IAIRE DU mRECToiRE EXEcuTiF, s. m. by the con- 
 stitution of 1/95, an agent of government charged with 
 the execution of the laws in the administration, as well 
 of departments as of municipalities, and likewise in the 
 tribunals. These commissaries are nominated by the exe- 
 cutive directory, and are to be displaced by them. 
 
 COMMISSAIRES DE POLICE, s. m. pi. officers charged with 
 a part of police assigned to them by the laws. 
 
 COMMISSAIRES DU ROI, s. m. pi. These were officers of jus- 
 tice under the constitution of IJQl, appointed by the 
 king to exercise the public administration of justice in his 
 name at the tribunals. 
 
 COM-
 
 56 t O M 
 
 COMMISSAIRES DE LA TR^SORERIE NATIONALS, 8. ttl. pi. by 
 
 the constitution of 1795, they are officers appointed to 
 inspect the receipt of the national money, and to direct 
 the distribution of it, &c. Th< y are five in number, 
 chosen by the council of elders from a list of fifteen trans- 
 mitted from the council of five hundred. They continue 
 in offide for five years, one going out yearly, who may be 
 re- chosen. 
 
 COMMUNE, s. f. a commune. Every arroridissement (circle) 
 of which a district or canton is composed is thus denomi- 
 nated. 
 
 This term, under the former kingly government, was 
 applied to cities and towns in France, which by special 
 privilege granted by the crown, were in the enjoyment 
 of civil liberty, and had the right of judges to decide dif- 
 ferences arising from the oppression of the nobles who 
 held these places in vassalage. ' 
 
 The term is now indiscriminately applied to every city 
 and town throughout France from Paris to the meanest 
 village; because the inhabitants of them are all free, and 
 have the right of chusing their municipal officers, whose 
 office it is to preserve rule and order, and to regulate all 
 affairs concerning the community. 
 
 Every commune, that is to say, every city, town, or vil- 
 lage, has its municipality, consisting at least of three 
 members, including the mayor, who is the chief. - Every 
 commune has a justice of peace chosen by itself. 
 
 Large cities have a general council of the commune, com- 
 posed of the mayor, the notables, council, administrators, 
 and the national agent with his two substitutes (substituts 
 adjoints). See Maire, Natalies, Municipalitc. 
 
 According to the french constitution, the sovereignty 
 f France is essentially residing in the people, that is to 
 
 say,
 
 COM 57 
 
 say, the active citizens united in their primary assemblies 
 formed in the several communes. It may be then said 
 that the commune is the spring, or fountain, from whence 
 the french sovereignty flows, and that, taken all together, 
 amounting as they do to above the number of 80,000 
 cdmmtines , they constitute the sovereign, for which reason 
 
 . it is held in France that the sovereign is a collective body. 
 See Citoycn actif, Assembles primaire, Collcctif. 
 
 COMPL^MENTAIRE, adj. complementary ; whatever is added 
 to any thing to make up its number, or complement. The 
 five days added at the end of the year to make up the 
 number of three hundred and sixty-five days are so called. 
 (Les cinq jours complementer es de 1'annee sont nomme* 
 ans-culotides The five complementary days at the end of the 
 year are called sans-culotides. Une ouvrage complemenidirt 
 d'un autre qui ne doivent faire qu'un ensemble parfait A 
 Complementary work which makes but an entire one joined 
 With the other.) 
 
 The following are the sans-culotides, or complementary 
 days of the year, according to the new french republican 
 calendar, viz. 
 
 1. September 1?> Primidi, the festival of Virtue. 
 
 2<>. is, Duodi, the festival of Labour* 
 
 3. lp, Tridi, the festival of Genius, 
 
 4. ' 2O, Quartidi,the festival of Opinion. 
 
 5. 21, Quintidi, the festival of Rewards. 
 
 This order is deranged every bissextile, on account of 
 the intercalary day which occurs on the 2th of February* 
 and which takes place in the republican calendar on the 
 day corresponding with the 21st of September, and is 
 called by the french, the sans-culotide. * 
 
 i COM-
 
 58 CON 
 
 s. . m. compJetioD j the act of filling- up 
 or completing whatever was wa ill ing to any .thiiig. . (I?our 
 
 : atteindre au compictemcni de i'annee soiaire, les cinq jours 
 
 , resfans seront cpnsaeres a des fetes civwjues et ajoutes A 
 la fin de Tanner. : In order to make a completion of the solar 
 
 . year, the- live remaining days are added to the end of .the 
 
 year, and consecrated as civic feasts.) 
 
 CONCILIABULE, s. m. a cabal ; the name formerly given to 
 religious meetings not authorized .by law, andi since ilje 
 first revolution, applied to the secret councils of couu-ter- 
 revolutionists. (Cette femme intrigante, cdnnue pour avoir 
 
 ." regu et rcuui chez elle en fcnciliabulcs les principaux chefs 
 
 : de la conspkation This woman of intrigue, notorious fur 
 having -cabals at her house, to which all the princi- 
 
 . pal conspirators resorted ...... Sentence of condenumion of 
 
 la citoyenne Roland.) 
 
 COXCILIATOIRF, adj. conciliatory: whatever is adapted to 
 reconcile persons or things together. (Moyens coiiSitiatolres 
 
 " Conciliatory means.) 
 
 CONCORPEK, v. a. to concord : to malve a concordance, or 
 * bring into union. (Ccncorder les rapports To make a 'eon- 
 cordance in- the reports.) 
 
 CONFECTION, s. f. a confection, making, or forming; a for- 
 mation, "or performance. This word, formerly use'd on- 
 ly by lawyers and pharmacopolists,' is now applied 'to me- 
 chanical and moral subjects. (Confection des etoffesj des 
 voitures Making stuffs, malting carriages. La confection 
 de tout travail concernant 1'iinposition des contributions 
 The ptrfafmbtittofaM the labour concerning the imposition 
 of contributions. Confection des roles des impots The 
 formation of the tax-lists, dyrifcction d'une loi Staking a 
 law. Ccjifccliun d'un journal national et des registres pu- 
 
 blics
 
 CON 50 
 
 blics de tout ce qui se dit et se fait dans la. convention na 
 tionale The formation of a national journal and a public 
 register of whatever is said or clone in the national con- 
 vention.) 
 
 CONFECTIONXEK, v. a. to work at the composition of 
 any thing. (Conftct'ionner des ouvrages a" vil prix To 
 ivork at a low price. Conft'ctiohner des voitures To 
 work at making carriages. CoJifictiomur des armes, 
 . des canons r-To work at making arms, casting can- 
 non.) 
 
 CoNFiDENTiELLnMENT, adv. confidentially ; with confi- 
 - deuce. 
 
 CoN'FRATERNisER, v. n. to fraternize ; to contract fraternal 
 relations, either individually or in a body, or betwixt na- 
 tion and nation, in order to unite and live in harmony to- 
 gether. 
 
 Though the substantive confraternite (fraternity or bro- 
 therhood) has been long in use, this verb confraterrincr is 
 entirely new, and has a different signification from 
 that which the substantive formerly had. The words 
 fraicrniie, confraternite (fraternity, confraternity), and^ 
 coHfr.attrniser (to fraternize), by the acceptation given 
 them on forming the popular societies or associations ia 
 France, were meant to inspire the members thus asso- 
 ciated with true sentiments of good will towards each 
 other, by reducing egoism under the influence of this 
 plain maxim in morality : " Do to thy neighbour as thou 
 wouldst wish he should do unto thee." This principle 
 being equally the foundation of all natural and political 
 morality, fraternity has been made an essential qualifica- 
 tion or requisite in all popular associations, in order to 
 found civil society upon that principle, and bring political
 
 00 CON 
 
 egoism under the dominion of natural morality. And for the 
 purpose of bringing to the recollection of citizens as often as 
 possible this salutary maxim, it has been made the usual 
 form of salutation in the popular societies, as well as in 
 the national convention, and all the reports from' the de- 
 puties and agents of the republic, are made to begin and 
 end in the same form, viz, Salut et fraternite Health and 
 fraternity. 
 
 CONSCRIPTION MILITAIRE, s. f. a military roll, or list of 
 citizens chosen for military services, according to classes. 
 
 CONSCRIT, s. and adj. one whose name is in the military 
 roll, or who is liable to be enrolled in it. (Les defen- 
 seurs consents The defenders on the military roll Les 
 foments de toutes les classes Every class inscribed upon 
 the military roll.) 
 
 CONSEIL DBS CINQ.-CENTS, the council of five-hundred. 
 a section of the legislative body, according to the consti- 
 tution of 1795, limited to five hundred members, who 
 have exclusively the making laws or framing resolutions. 
 See Resolution, 
 
 CONSEIL DBS ANCIENS, the council of elders. Another 
 part of the legislative body, composed of two hundred 
 and fifty members, who, by the constitcition of 1795, 
 have the exclusive privilege of confirming or rejecting the 
 resolutions for laws made in the council of five-hundred. 
 See Conseil des cinq -cents. 
 
 CONSEIL GENERAL DE LA. COMMUNE, s. m. the meeting of 
 the municipal officers and notables of a commune were 
 so called by the constitution of 1791- See Notable's. 
 
 CONSEIL DE DEPARTEMENT, s. m. by the constitution of 
 1/91, the meeting of the members of administration of 
 4 department were so styled to the number of twenty-eight. 
 
 COM-
 
 CON 64 
 
 CONSEIL DE DISTRICT,' s. m. by the constitution of 17PL 
 the meeting of the members of the administration of a 
 district is so named, to the number of eight. 
 
 CONSEIL DE JUSTICE, s. m. a tribunal established by the 
 constitution of 1791 in sea-ports and on board every ship, 
 to inflict the punishment adjudged by a military jury u P on 
 officers or soldiers belonging to the ship, according to the 
 marine criminal code. 
 
 CONSEIL MARTIAL, s. m. a tribunal instituted by the con- 
 stitution of 1791, in sea-ports and on board ships, to try 
 the general officers of the navy. 
 
 CONSEIL MUNICIPAL, s. m. by the constitution of 1/pl, a 
 meeting of two thirds of the members in municipalities, 
 consisting of more than three. 
 
 CONSERVATOIRE, s. m. conservatory, or repository. This is 
 the name given to a very large gallery, upwards of 
 thirteen hundred feet in length, which formerly joined 
 the palace of the Thuilleries to that of the Louvre, now 
 called the palace of the nation (palais national). This gal- 
 lery is converted into a national museum for the assemblage, 
 exhibition and preservation of all ancient and modern re- 
 mains and productions in arts and sciences, and the various 
 collections of natural curiosities which were shut up in the 
 different cabinets lately belonging to the foimer kings of 
 France; it is now called the conservatoire, having a particular 
 committee appointed for its inspection and management. 
 See Musee national. 
 
 CONSERVATOIRE DBS ARTS ET METIERS, s. f. repository of 
 arts and manufactures. This plan, when carried into 
 execution, is intended as a receptacle for all kinds of in- 
 struments and models of machines of use, with respect to 
 the food, raiment, or habitations of man. See Conservatoire, 
 
 CONST i-
 
 C2 CON 
 
 CONSTITUANT, s. m. a member of the first rvalional assem- 
 bly, which was fctyled constituante (eomiitnent) because it 
 gave a constitution; to France in I7i>l, ratified by the kiug 
 in the hall of the national assembly on the 14th of Sep- 
 tember of that year. 
 
 CONSTITUTION, s.-f. a constitution : a. system of lavs for 
 she government of a country. Of these there have been 
 in France, to the day on which this .article is written (Au- 
 gust 5, 1/99), three, viz. the first, or the constitution qf, 
 1791; the second, the constitution of 1/93; and the 
 third, the constitution of 1/95, 'Otherwise called the con- 
 stitution of the year 3. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONNALIT'E, s. m. consistency with the constitu- 
 tion, or the fundamental laws whereby a people or country 
 ars governed. 
 
 CONSTITUTION CIVILE DU CLERSE, s. f. organization of 
 the french clergy, decreed by-the constituent assembly, on 
 the 12th of July, 1/90. Every department formed one 
 diocese; the number of bishops (all to be chosen by the 
 electoral assemblies) was consequently reduced tc eighty- 
 three. This numbei' included twelve metropolitans, to each 
 of which there belonged nearly eight suffragans. See Ee- 
 fractcure. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL, LLE, adj. constitutional ; that is con- 
 formable to the spirit of the fundamental laws of a peo- 
 ple. (La monarchic consthutbnncUe The cemtltutional 
 monarchy. Un roi constitutionnel A. constitutional king. 
 Les lois constituiionnelles Constitutional laws. C'est un 
 principe comMutwnncl, que cheque membre de 1'etatdoitcon- 
 tribuer & ses charges a raison de ses facultes It is a consti- 
 tutional maxim that every member of a state should 
 contribute to the expense of its government in proportion 
 to his ability. Une doctrine constitutionneUeA. constitu- 
 tional
 
 COP) 7 03 
 
 . iional . doctrine. Forces cwstitutionneJL'sAu royauFue The 
 constitutional forces of the kingdom.) 
 
 A GTE coxsTiTUTi'ON-NSL UBS FK/vNijAis, the constitutional 
 act of' -the french. Jt is applied to thrft .act in, particular, 
 the-.lirst article; jof.. which converted the royal constitu- 
 
 : rional government into a republic,' one and indivisible, 
 
 ii was made mr-the 24th dajrol; August, J 792. -Sue 
 
 the- frerioh constitution; read in the national convention 
 
 -.on /.the 15ih of February, L7<)3, beginning with these 
 words: " The french nation constitutes itself into a- re- 
 public, one and indivisible, and makes: the rights of. nian, 
 a.% they have beau acknowledged and declared, the foun- 
 dation of its government," &x. 
 
 "CtottSTiTUTioNN-.L is likewise a substantive ; according to 
 
 : which acceptation, the partisans of the constitutional 
 royalty are styled les comMut'wnnels . (L'e genie des. consii- 
 nelT s'arrctoit a 'la dcmocratie ' royale The genius 
 of the constdutianah stopped at a royal democracy.) 
 
 Co\S"tTUTioNN T Ei.LEMFNT, adv. constitutionally, or agreea- 
 ble to the constitution. (Presenter' au roi une petition 
 constitutionncUt'inent To present a petition to the king 
 constitui tonally. Defendre la patrie ccmsnti&onneHemmt~-*To 
 defend the country constitutionally.} 
 
 CONTINENTAL, E, adj. continental. (Les puissances conti- 
 nent dl-s 1'he continental powers. Guerre continentale The 
 
 ' continental war.) 
 
 ' , 
 
 COXTKE- REVOLUTION, s. f. a counter-revolution. This 
 new-coined expression is used in France not only to signify 
 the violent overthrow or change of the first constitution, 
 whereby the nation became a constitutional monarchy, but 
 likewise the last, .which made it a popular and republican 
 government. (II y a un foyer de contre-rwolutio?: dans le 
 
 Pavs
 
 61 fc 6 tf 
 
 Pays des Landes There is a counter-revolutionary establish- 
 ment in the Pays des Landes.) 
 
 Amongst the thousand instances of the application of 
 this expression to be found in the publications of the day, 
 and amidst the very numerous relations of plots and de- 
 signs, true as well as false, of counter -revolutions, forged 
 with a criminal purpose, or suggested to the imagination 
 through fear and alarm, and heightened by the liveliness 
 of description, there is tine which characterizes in a man- 
 ner strikingly ridiculous the revolutionary spirit, or rather 
 frenzy and delirium of those turbulent times. Pinet, 
 making a revolutionary and guillotinary report to the na- 
 tional convention during the existence of Robespierre's 
 sanguinary system of government, writes thus: " He- 
 bert, cet insigne imposteur, marchand de fourneaux, a 
 souffle paries tuyaux de ses pipes effrontement la contu- 
 r&volution aux quatre bouts de la republique" " Hebert, 
 the dealer in iron stoves, that grand impostor Hebert, has 
 blown the counler-r evolution to the four quarters of the re- 
 piiblic by means of the funnels he deals in." Since Ro- 
 bespierre and the Jacobins have disappeared from off the 
 grand revolutionary stage, these counter-revolutionary blasts 
 have not been repeated, or rather, they have swept away 
 these blood-thirsty and blood-insatiate wretches. 
 CONTRE-REVOLUTIONNAIRE, s. m. a counter-revolutionist } 
 one who is guilty of the crime of leze-nation by engaging 
 in plots and conspiracies for the overthrow and destruction 
 of the new french constitution. (La peine des contre-rC~ 
 volutionnaires prononcee dans la loi du 10 de Mars et dans 
 les decrets posterieurs The punishment of counter-rfJolu- 
 ti'jvists declared in the law of the 10th of March, and in 
 subsequent decrees.) See Lett-rtaticn. 
 
 CON-
 
 CON 65 
 
 , adj. counter-revolutionary, cr 
 whatever has a tendency to overthrow or change the con- 
 stitutional or republican revolution} and such in France 
 has been the complexion of the times, that whatever was 
 not instrumental or conducive to a revolution, was consi- 
 dered as counter-revolutionary. (Ou apergoit. de grands 
 mouvetnens contre-rc-jolullonnaires dans plusieurs quartiers 
 de Paris In several quarters of Paris considerable counter- 
 revolutionary movements are perceptible. Des propos et 
 correspondances contre-revolutiormaires Counter- revolutionary 
 conversations and correspondence. Les cents contre-revo- 
 lutlonnaires se colportt-nt dnns tout Paris Counter-revolu- 
 tionary publications are haxvked about in Paris. La pres- 
 que totalite de la population de la commune de N. est im- 
 pregnce du marasms contre-rivolutionnajre et anti-republi- 
 cain Almost the \vhole of the people of the commune of 
 N. are infected with the anti-republican and counter-revo- 
 lutionary contagion.) 
 
 CONTHE-REVOLUTIONNAIKEMENT, adv. counter-revolutiona- 
 rily j in a counter revolutionary manner. 
 
 CONTRE-KEVOLUTIONNER, v. a. to counter-revolutionize ; to" 
 make or cause a counter-revolution. (Les ennemis de la 
 patrie cherchent a conirc-rcvolutwnncr toutes les mesures les 
 plussalutaires du gouvernrment republicain The enemies 
 of the country endeavour to counter-revolutionize the most 
 salutary measures of the republican government. Les 
 ' Romaics pervers s'attachent a centre -rcvohitionner toutes les 
 nir.surcs riu :-:;ilut public prises par la convention nationals 
 Perverse men strive to coujiter-revolutlonizc all the mea- 
 sures of public safety used by the national convention.) 
 
 vXtf.E, adj. m. and f. liable to contribution. 
 
 K COS-
 
 6Q CON 
 
 CONTRIIUTTIF, VE, adj. contributory. (La portion contrihi- 
 tived'an contribuable The contributory share of one who is 
 liable to contribute. Rejetter sur le peuple toutela por- 
 tion coniribut'we des pauvres To throw upon the people 
 . the whole contributory portion of the poor.) 
 
 CONVENTION, s. f. convention. This word was only hereto- 
 fore used to imply an agreement, bargain and compact, 
 but never till' lately to signify an assembly; though its di- 
 minutive, conventicule (a conventicle), was in use for a 
 small secret society or meeting of people. 
 
 The word convention was borrowed from the english lan- 
 guage, in which it meant an extraordinary meeting of 
 
 parliament, and was first applied to| the assembly of par- 
 liament which met in iGSB and declared that James the 
 Second had abdicated the crown of these kingdoms. 
 
 CONVENTION NATIONALS, s. f. the national convention. 
 In a general sense a national convention implies the as- 
 sembly of the representatives of a nation met for the 
 purposes of framing a constitution or altering matters, 
 &c. In a particular limited sense, this is to be understood 
 of the national assembly which constituted itself in 
 France in September, I'/QI, and exercised all authority 
 until the month of October, 1/C)5. See Asscmblie Na- 
 tlonalc. $ 
 
 It began with the destruction of royalty in France and 
 a proclamation declaring its government to be republican, 
 and popular. 
 
 According to the constitution and the declaration of the 
 natural, civil, and political rights of man, the sovereign- 
 ty in France is essentially inherent in the french people as 
 a body, or in that part of the naiion which is styled the 
 sovereign. 
 
 All
 
 CON 67 
 
 All the constituted power and authority, according to 
 the constitution, flows or emanates from this national so- 
 vereignty wheresoever it happens to be lodged. But as 
 a nation consisting of a numerous people cannot itself 
 exercise its powers, it bepomes necessary that the exercise 
 of it (but not its sovereignty) should be delegated, de- 
 puted, or placed with a body of elective representatives, 
 who are removeable, having power in its name to sanction 
 legislative acts and to exercise all other powers, of the na- 
 tional sovereignty, and to receive the accounts of all pub- 
 lic officers responsible to it. 
 
 This representative body of the firench people is the 
 national convention, which by its committees, or deputies, 
 exercises the powers intrusted to it. 
 
 This body is styled the legislators representing the 
 french people j citizens legislators ; citizens representa- 
 tives; the principal agents of the french people j deposi- 
 taries of its power and will and pleasure. 
 
 The national convention itself declares, by a decree dated 
 the llth of October, 1/Q4, that, being the depository of the 
 sovereignty of the people, it will not admit of the smallest 
 infringement upon the exercise of the right of sovereignty 
 on any pretence whatever ; not even upon petition of po- 
 pular societies, or partial union of citizens, or of every 
 separate commune. 
 
 It is composed of seven hundred and forty-seven depu- 
 ties; nine for each department. The president of it is 
 addressed by the title of citizen president. 
 
 CONVENTIONNEL, LLE, adj. conventional ; whatever relates to 
 
 the actual prevailing government in France, of which the 
 
 national convention is the organ or representative body. 
 
 (L'armee conventionnelk The conventional army. Les fran- 
 
 K. 2 <jois
 
 68 COR 
 
 5015 conventionneh The french conventicnals. La marine 
 
 cuiwentionnelle The conventional navy.) 
 CONVENTIONNEL, s. m. a member of the national assembly 
 
 formed in France in the year 1792 under the name of a 
 
 convention. 
 CO-ORDONNER, v. a. to co-ordain. This is a new verb, and 
 
 signifies the uniting two or more things together in such a 
 
 manner as to become inseparable ; or (les identifier) to 
 
 identify them. 
 
 CO-ORDONNE, EE, part, co-ordained. The word co-ordonnces 
 (co-ordinates') was always us*;d before in geometry. (Sous 
 un regime libre le gouvernement est co-ordonne avec le 
 peuple. L'action du gouvernement sur le peuple et la 
 reaction du peuple sur le gouvernement entrant essen- 
 tiellement dans la confection des lois In a free state, go- 
 vernment is co-ordained with the people. The action and 
 re-action betwixt people and government enter essentially 
 into the formation of laws.) 
 
 CORDELIER, a cordelier, or franciscan monk ; a monk of 
 the order of St. Francis ; a member of the society, or 
 club, called the cordeliers, because they assembled in a 
 convent formerly belonging to that ordef of monks. They 
 styled themselves friends of the declaration of the rights 
 of man and of a citizen. The cordeliers, during the sys- 
 tem of terror, endeavoured to vie with the Jacobins, 
 who overthrew them, as the party of the moderates af- 
 terwards did the Jacobins. See Jacobin, Moderc. 
 
 CORPS ADMINISTRATES, s. m. pi. assemblies charged with 
 the administration of affairs. 
 
 The constitution of I/pi had established administrations 
 for -departments and administrations for districts} each of 
 these bodies was divided into council and directory. After 
 
 the
 
 COS S^ 
 
 the constitution of 1795, there was no administration of 
 districts ; instead of which was substituted the municipal 
 administration of the canton. That for every department 
 bore the name of central administration. See Administra- 
 tion ccntrale. 
 
 CORPS L^GISLATIF, s. m. the legislative body ; a name 
 given to the national assembly because it exercised the 
 powers delegated to it by the nation of making laws. 
 The constitutions of the years 1/Q1 and 1793 had formed 
 one entire house composed of seven hundred and forty- 
 seven members, which was declared indivisible and per- 
 manent, removable entirely every two years. By the con- 
 stitution cf 1795, the legislative body is composed of 
 seven hundred and fifty members, divided into two coun- 
 cils; one called the council of five hundred, the other, con- 
 sisting of two hundred and fifty members, the council of 
 elders, both renewable in a third part every year. 
 
 CORRECTIONNEL, LLE, adj. correctional j whatever tends to 
 public correction, whether effected by fine, imprisonment 
 or otherwise. 
 
 POLICE CORRECTIONNELLE, a correctional police. This is 
 that tribunal of the police exercised by the justices of 
 peace, who have power to inflict punishments of fine or 
 imprisonment for offences committed against good order, 
 by riots, scandalous behaviour, public begging, homicide 
 from accidental causes, and what was formeily called in 
 France le petit criminel, or petty offences. See Juge de 
 faix. 
 
 COSTUME, s. m. dress. The word is applied to the badges, 
 or marks of distinction, used by the public functionaries 
 or officer* whilst on duty. 
 
 COUR
 
 70 DEB 
 
 COUR MARTIAL, s. f. court martial. By the constitution of 
 1791, a military tribunal, established for the application 
 of the penal laws to military offenders after the jury has 
 agreed upon the fact. See Jure militaire. 
 
 COURS FORCE. See Mandat. 
 
 CRIME DE LEZE-NATION, s. m. a crime against the nation, 
 which, according to the constitution of 1791> must be 
 brought before the high national court. See Haute cour na- 
 tionals. 
 
 CULOTTE, EE, adj. breeched, or wearing breeches j in op- 
 position to those called sans-culottes (without breeches' 
 or unbreeched), which see in its place. This is another 
 term for an aristocrat (See Aristocrat)) and all who are 
 reputed rich and independent are thus styled. (Les gens 
 eulottes de Lyon The people who are culottes (iTeecbed) at 
 Lyons.) 
 
 CUPIDE, adj. covetous. The substantive cupidite has been 
 long in use : this adjective is new. (Cupide des richesses 
 ^Covetous of wealth. Cupide des voluptes- Covetous of 
 pleasure.) 
 
 D. 
 
 DEBAUCHEMENT, s. m. the act of debauching ; sometimes 
 applied to the act of inciting soldiers to desert the service. 
 (Les del its centre les bonnes mceurs, Ic dfbetticbement des 
 jeunes gens de 1'un et de 1'autre sexe sont du ressort de la 
 police correctionnelle Offences against good order, the 
 debauching of youth of either sex are within the province 
 pf the correctional police^ See Corrcciionnel.) 
 
 DK-
 
 DEC 7i 
 
 E, adj. enlightened, or instructed. Un peuple 
 debt-tic, implies a people who, from a state of stupidity and 
 ignorance, have passed to one of intelligence and instruc- 
 tion. 
 
 DEBLoauER. v. a. to raise the blockade or siege of a place. 
 
 DcADAiRE, adj. decadary; relating to, or making part of 
 a decade. (Une fete decadairc dediee a 1'Eternel A deca- 
 dary festival dedicated to the Eternal. Chaque autorite 
 constituee doit rendre un compte exact de ses operations 
 dcadaires~Every constituted authority ought to give an 
 exact account of its dccadary operations.) 
 
 DKCADE, s. f. the space of ten days, from primidi to decadi 
 inclusive. These decades have taken place of the former 
 weeks, or space of seven days, in the french calendars. 
 Three decades make a month of thirty days. 
 
 D^CADI, s. m. the decadi ; tenth, or last day of the decade. 
 This day is set apart as a day of rest, and for the celebra- 
 tion of la fete dccadaire (decadary festival) to the Eter- 
 nal. 
 
 DlcADiNS and DOMINICAINS, s. m. pi. D'ccadln is the name 
 given by way of ridicule to those who observe the new 
 computation of time in France, as Dominicam is to the ob- 
 servers of the old. 
 
 " The spirit of opposition betwixt these two parties," 
 says Dr. Meyer, who visited Paris in 1797> "is remarka- 
 ble, as it is discovered by the shopkeepers in the Maison- 
 Egalite, the former Palais-Royal, and by those in every 
 street in Paris, some of them shutting up on the decadi, 
 but more on the Sunday, thereby tacitly discovering their 
 political faith ; whilst a third party, rather for the sake of 
 -an additional holiday than to keep well with the two 
 others, is close shut on Sundays as well as the decadis." 
 
 (En
 
 72 DEC 
 
 (En general, la cause de cette celebration du Dimancn* 
 doit etre moins attribute a un zele religieux. qu'a un funeste 
 esprit d'opposition qui s'etend & tout ce qui regarde les de- 
 crets constitutionnels et le gouvernement : il est tres-in- 
 different a" la plupart des dcminicahis si leurs eglises sont 
 changees en magasins a bled, ou en atteliers militaires, 
 comme la plupart sont dans le cas, ca si au moyen de la 
 pompeuse inscription : Le peuf>h franfois reconnoit un Eire 
 Supreme et VimmortaTite de Tame, ellea sont r'ouvertes a la 
 celebration du service divin. Ce ne sont pas ceux-la" qui 
 ont pris part & la joie extravagante du peuple, lorsqu'on. 
 luia rendu sa foi, lorsque Robespierre a joae sa farce hy- 
 pocrite, loisque le peuple, mais surtout les gens de la 
 campagne, transporte jusqu'il la frenesie, illuminoient 
 leurs villages, et ornoient leur entree de cette inscription '. 
 V'we VEternel In general, the cause of this celebration of 
 the Sunday is rather to be imputed to a perverse spirit of 
 opposition than to any regard for religion. This spirit disco- 
 vers itself in every thing which relates to the government 
 and its decrees ; for it is a matter of little importance in 
 the opinion of the greater part of these dominicains, whe- 
 ther the churches be converted into barracks lor soldiers 
 or granaries for corn, as most of them are, or whether 
 they be opened again for divine service, with the pompous 
 inscription : The Jrencb nation acknowkdgttb a Supreme 
 Being, and the immortality of the. soul. It was not these do- 
 mmicains who participated in the extravagant joy which 
 the people discovered when they were allowed to follow 
 their religion, at the time that Robespierre exhibited his 
 hypocritical farce, and when the people, especially the in- 
 habitants of the country, in their enthusiasm illuminated 
 their villages, and set up inscriptions at (heir entrance : 
 V"vue rjEto7tf/....Dumouriez, Fragmens sur Paris.)
 
 DEC 7& 
 
 DE'CABKIER, s. m. the french calendar or almanach so called 
 by the rule of a part for the whole. (Le nouvenu deca- 
 drier de 1'an premier de la renubliqne franchise une et in- 
 divisible The new calendar or almanack for thtt first year 
 of the freuch republic one and indivisible.) 
 
 DECAGRAMME, s. m, according to the new system, this is 
 a weight equal to ten grammes, and nearly equivalent to 
 two gros, forty-four grains. See Mctrclogle. 
 
 DECALITRE, s. m. a measure equal to ten litres, according 
 to the new system. In liquid measure it is substituted 
 for the seller, or velte, and is equal to ten pints and an 
 half. In dry measure, the decalitre is used in the room of 
 the boisscau, or bushel, containing twenty-six litrons, and 
 is nearly equivalent to twelve Ihrons and one half. See 
 Mitrologie. 
 
 DECAMETRE, s. m. according to the new system, this is 
 now used in long measure, and is equal to ten metres. It 
 supplies the place of the former chaine- d'arpentage, and 
 is equal to five toises or fathoms, nine pouces or inches, 
 and five lignes or tenths. See Mctrologie. 
 
 .DECIARE, s. m. in land measure, according to the new- 
 system is the tenth part of the are. See MctroJogie. 
 
 DECIGRAMME, s. m. according to the new system, a weight 
 which is the tenth part of the gramme, equal to ten 
 centigrammes, and nearly equivalent to two grains. See 
 
 Mitrologie. 
 
 DECILITRE, s. m. according to the new system, a measure 
 
 which is the tenth part of the litre. It is substituted in 
 
 liquid measure for the poisson, and makes the four-fifth 
 
 i part
 
 74 DEC 
 
 part of it. In' dry measure, thedfaifttre is equal to oner- 
 eighth of the litron. 
 
 DJ-CIME, s. m. according to the new system, a coin making 
 the tenth of the franc; and equal to ten centimes, or 
 hundred parts, answering to the old deux sous or uvo 
 pence. See Mitrolcgic. 
 
 DECIMETRE, s. m. according to the new system, this, in 
 long measure, is equal to the tenth part of the metre, or 
 ten centimetres. It is nearly equal to three pouces or 
 inches, eight lignes or tenths, and a third. See Mttroh- 
 gle. 
 
 DECISTKRE, s. m. according to the new system of measures, 
 the tenth of .the stere. The dcdstcre is nearly equal 
 to the solive, and is used in the measuring of wood... See 
 Metrologie. 
 
 DECLARATION, s. f. a declaration ; the act or document 
 whereby any matter is published or made known. 
 
 The word itself is indeed far from being new, but (la 
 declaration des. droits de I'homme et du citoyen) the decla- 
 ration of the rights of man and citizen, which was 
 the work of the constituent assembly,, merits the appella- 
 tion of novelty, though the existence of such rights may 
 be considered as not at all new. 
 
 The constituent assembly gave the name of declaration 
 to this explanation of rights, because it judged that it was 
 only necessary to set forlh these natural and absolute 
 rights of man to give them the force of law, and found 
 on their basis the superstructure of the future legislature 
 of France. 
 
 This declaration, which was the work of four days in 
 the month of August, 1/SQ, explains to the trench na- 
 tion the principles on which their government is to be 
 
 formed,
 
 D E C 7^ 
 
 formed, and of which the citizen ought ever to be mind- 
 ful. 
 
 This table of the declaration of the rights of man 
 and citizen, together with the act of the constitution 
 (1'acte constitutionnel) are engraved in large characters by 
 citizen Daguet, and placed in the hall of the national 
 convention, now of the (corps legislatif) legislative "body. 
 These tables are seven feet high, and three and an hn!f 
 broad, and are designed to be placed wherever citizens 
 meet or assemble themselves together for the exercise of 
 these rights. (La sainte declaration de$ droits de 1'homme 
 est gravee par la nature dans tous les coeurs, et juree pat 
 tous les fraoc.ais, et pour laquelle ils versent leur sang 
 The holy declaraiien of the rights of man is engraved by 
 nature in the hearts of every frenchman, and is sworn to 
 be observed by htm ; for this he is ready to shed his 
 blood. L'immortelle declaration des droits de 1'homme, 
 1'organe des lois sacrees de la nature crie : Arrete-toi, 
 homme ; tu frappes un homme libre avec un fonet homi- 
 cide : arrete la source des crimes est tarie The immor- 
 tal declaration of tfie rights of man, the organ of laws 
 sacred to nature, cries : Stay thy hand, O man ; thou strikest 
 a free man with the murderous whip : stop the source of 
 crimes no longer exists.) 
 
 DKCUET, s. in. a decree ; an act of the legislative body, which, 
 according to one of the articles of the constitution of 
 17t)l, could not be considered as law if it had not re?- 
 ceived the king's sanction. 
 
 By. the constitution of J/()3, the decree differed from 
 law, because its object was of inferior moment. 
 
 The constitution of 17Q5 gave the same name to divers 
 
 resolutions, whether of the council of elders or of the 
 
 J. 2 legis-
 
 ?6 D E J 
 
 legislative body, particularly to that relating to the decla* 
 ration of war. 
 
 DCRI:TER, v. a. to decree. The committees and adminis- 
 trative bodies can only make arretes, or resolutions. The 
 decrees or resolutions of the legislative body have the force 
 of law throughout the whole-, extent of the french repub- 
 lic. 
 
 DKFEDERALISER, v. a. to do away the federative faction, 
 whose object it was to divide the french republic, one and 
 indivisible, into a number of separaCe little republics. 
 (En defideralisanfLyon, le grand foyer dfs federalistes 
 By destroying the federative faction at Lyons, which is the 
 great nursery of federalists.) See Fcderaliser. 
 
 DEFENSEUR OFFICIEUX, s. m. an officer appointed for the de- 
 fence of criminals brought before the tribunals for judg- 
 ment. 
 
 DEFINITIF, VE, adj. definitive. This was a law term. Sen- 
 tence ou arret dlfuiitrf, . a definitive decree or sentence j 
 but now applied to the completion or ending of other 
 matters. (La conqucte definitive de la Bclgique The de- 
 finitive conquest of Belgium.) 
 
 DEHONTE, EE, adj. shameful ; shameless ; lost to all sense 
 of honour. (Une fern me debontee A shameless woman. 
 TJne proposition ou motion debcntee faite en faveur du 
 crime A slameful proposal or motion made to promote 
 crimes.) 
 
 D^JOUER, v. a. to frustrate ; to defeat. This word, which 
 was used by seamen to express the motion of a pennant 
 or flag (.f a ship \vheu agitated by the wind, is used in a 
 very extensive metaphorical sense to imply the means 
 ex<-rted to defeat or frustrate any seen t design or plot. 
 (Dtjouer'un complot To defeat a conspiracy. Dcjouer 
 
 let
 
 D E M 77 
 
 les projets liberticidcs To defeat the plans destructive of 
 liberty. La conspiration qui vient d'etre d'ejoiue avoit des 
 ram' ;i~ations jusques dans les arrnees The conspiracy 
 which has lately been frustated had spread itself to t,he 
 very ^ 'Idiery. D'cjouer la trame infernale d'affamer le peu- 
 p' To frustrate the horrid plot for starving the people. 
 I. ..arigues dyouees par la vigilance de la convention na- 
 tionale The designs defeated by the activity of the na- 
 
 - tional convention. G'est un beau jour pour la republique, 
 . que de voir d'ejouer la plus grande des conspirations, qui 
 s'eteruLit de tous Its bouts de la republique It was a 
 gloriofls day for the republic, to behold the defeat of the 
 greatest of conspiracies, which extended over all parts of 
 the republic. D'ejouer les manoeuvres des ennemis de la 
 chose publique To defeat the designs of the enemies of 
 the common weal.) 
 
 DKLIRANT, E, adj. mad; senseless. (Une presomption de- 
 lirante A mad presumption.) 
 
 DEMOCRATS, s. m. a democrat, or an advocate for demo- 
 cracy. See D'cmocraiie, D'cmocralif CIL France. 
 
 DEMOCRATS EN FRANCE, a french democrat ; one who 
 is of the democrat ical party in France, and defpnds 
 the revolutionary government of it, agreeable to the 
 following definition of the word democracy, and the 
 explanation of the french democracy j according to 
 which every french citizen is a democrat, as having taken 
 the civic oath to live and die a free man, and to defend 
 the republican government as constituted and actually 
 existing. 
 
 The word democrat is, therefore, no more an odious 
 epithet than that of patriot, because it implies only that 
 
 fidelity
 
 78 D EM 
 
 fidelity and attachment to the constitution which every 
 citizen has sworn to observe. 
 
 DEMOCRATIE, s. f. democracy. This word, borrowed frpm 
 the Greek language, and formed of demos, the people, 
 and crates, government, signifies a slate wherein the 
 whole system of government rests with the people. 
 This is equally a form of government with that of a mo- 
 narchy, an aristocracy, or with any other form which can 
 be devised. 
 
 PJMOCRATIE EN FKANCE, the french democracy. Agreea- 
 ble to the first article of the constitution every act of so- 
 vereignty can only take rise or emanate from the french 
 nation. 
 
 According to the constitution of 1/93, the french na- 
 tion being constituted into a republic, and having 
 founded its government on the rights of man, as declared 
 and acknowledged by itself, has adopted a democracy. 
 
 The principal features of this political constitution are 
 these : first, that every citizen of France has a voice in 
 chusing the representatives, the magistrates, and judges, 
 which is the only act they exercise in a body, entrusting 
 these with their whole power, and making them amenable 
 to themselves for any infringement of that power ; and 
 secondly, that these representatives are chosen only for a 
 certain time, on the determination of which they are re- 
 placed by others, so that the other citizens may succeed 
 in their turns. 
 
 The laws which ought to govern this political society 
 should equally protect all who submit themselves to their 
 government, favouring no one in particular, distributing 
 reward and punishment, and settling the distribution of 
 privileges and offices without distinction of person or rank, 
 and without favour or affection. 
 
 These
 
 DEM 79 
 
 These rights are delivered and laid down in the decla- 
 ration or constitutional act which lay the foundation of 
 the french republic and its democratic government. See 
 Declaration, Constitutioniul. 
 
 DKMONARCHISEK, v. n. to extirpate or overset monarchy. 
 
 (Peut-etre, seroit-il difficile, cependant, d'imaginer deux 
 regnes de suite plus propres a preparer une revolution re- 
 publicaine que celui de Louis XV et de Louis XVI. Et 
 ce ne fut pas seulemept par les fautes de leur ccnduite po- 
 litique, par la desordre de leurs finances, par 1'ineptie et 
 la versatilite de leurs ministres que ces deux princes con- 
 tribuerent si puissamment a demcmarcl'iser la France; c'est 
 encore par le genre particulier de leurs rnoeurs, de leur es- 
 prit, de leurs habitudes, en un mot, par leur caractere 
 personnel. Us desaccoutumerent la nation du joug qu'elle 
 portoit si volontiersj- ils la desaccoutumerent, pour ainsi 
 dire, d'avoir un roi. Car, enfin, quelque qualite, quelque 
 vertu meme qu'on daigne leur supposer, il faudra toujours 
 convenir, qu'on ne pouvoit pas .etrc moins roi, qu'ils ne 
 le' furent 1'un et rdutre. Perhaps it would be difficult 
 to conceive reigns following each other so proper to pave the 
 
 . way for a republican revolution as the two reigns of Lewis 
 the Fifteenth and Sixteenth. It was not altogether owing 
 to mistakes in their political conduct, nor 'to the disorder in 
 their finances, nor the unsteady weakness of their minis- 
 ters, that these two. princes contributed in so great a 
 degree to overset monardy in France, but rather to the 
 particular cast of their morals, their understanding and 
 their habits of life, in short, to their personal' characters. 
 They eased the neck of the nation .from vthat yoke 
 which was borne with so much cheerfulness ; in a word, 
 they suffered the people to be- in a manner without a king; 
 for, indeed, whatever degree of virtue may be allowed 
 
 them,
 
 DEF 
 
 them, or however they may be characterized, it cannot be 
 said that either the one or the other was by any means a 
 king Meister, Voyage de Paris vers la Fin de 1795.) 
 
 DEMONETISED v. a. to call in, as in the case of paper mo- 
 ney; to take away the metallic value, or currency of paper 
 money. (Demor.etiser les assignats To callvi the assignats.) 
 See Assignat. 
 
 DEMORALISED v. a. to pervert the morals. (Les factions, 
 les mauvaises lois d'emor absent le peuple Factions and un- 
 just laws pervert tbe morals of a people.) 
 
 DEMUSCADINER, v. a. to render a person less of a muscadin^ 
 or fop : that is to say, to deprive him of his self-suffi- 
 ciency and his egoism, and make him act naturally and 
 like a good citizen. See Muscadin. 
 
 DipARALisFR, v. a. to restore activity and feeling. The 
 opposite to paraliser, which see under tbe httcr P. (JDcpzra- 
 liser une armee To restore activity to an army.) 
 
 DEPARTEMENT, s. m. a department; a principal division of 
 territory of the french republic with respect to its admi- 
 nistration. The constitution of 1/91 had subdivided the 
 departments into districts, but that of 1/95 distributed 
 them into cantons. See Canton, District. 
 
 The word is likewise applied to the administrative as- 
 sembly, the central administration of every principal sec- 
 tion of France composed of cantons. It means, more- 
 over, the place where the members of these administra- 
 tions hold their meetings. 
 
 The substantive dtpartement is derived from the verb de- 
 
 partir (to distribute), and was heretofore only used to 
 
 . signify divisions in the quartering of troops or collection 
 
 of taxes, and such like matters of state in the marine 
 
 ad war departments, &c. 
 
 This
 
 DEP Si 
 
 This division of France into eighty-three geographical 
 sections, or departments, with their subdivisions of cantons 
 or districts, was the work of the constituent national as- 
 sembly, agreeable to the judicious plan suggested by the 
 abbe Sieyes. 
 
 Upon the re- organization of the kingdom, it was con- 
 sidered, that to continue the ancient division into pro- 
 vinces,- founded upon privileges of a remote antiquity, 
 consisting of prerogatives, immunities and private inte- 
 rests clashing with the public good, would serve only to 
 preserve the memory of claims, dividing the national 
 interest, and preventing a perfect union of parties, from 
 whence nothing could be expected but intestine war and 
 .dismemberment. 
 
 This ancient division was moreover found to impede the 
 free communication and intercourse of trade betwixt the 
 several provinces, because each of them having its appro- 
 priate and peculiar privileges and immunities, these acted 
 as so many barriers to oppose such a liberal circulation as 
 ought to take place in a healthy and well constituted body. 
 
 And lastly it was discovered that the confused inter- 
 mixture of so many divisions of different kinds, of bail- 
 liages, senechaussees, generalities, military governments, 
 &c. in place of facilitating the administration of the 
 whole, to which every division of a state ought to lead, 
 served only to disturb every operation, and bring on dis- 
 order and confusion. 
 
 The national assembly considered all France as one en- 
 tire large body of which the departments were the springs 
 whereby to move it ; and that it should be their work to 
 form the several disproportionate parts into one beautiful 
 whole. 
 
 M In
 
 82 D EP 
 
 In order to render the government of every part easy, 
 the chief town of every department was to be the seat : 
 1. of the general administration to which the cantons or 
 districts were to be subordinate and accountable; 2". of 
 the criminal tribunal ; 3. of as many civil tribunals as 
 there are cantons or districts ; and 4. of a bishop. 
 
 This new division of France has given rise to as many 
 new geographical expressions as there are departments ; 
 which serve to mark them out according to the locality of 
 their situations, either with respect to some remarkable 
 mountain or river traversing through them/ as the Ga- 
 ronne or Rhone which pass entirely over the departments of 
 those names. 
 
 We have judged it more pioper to exhibit these new 
 terms in one view than to divide them throughout this 
 work, as well to assist those who may wish to make them- 
 selves acquainted with the new names, having only in 
 their recollection the old provinces and military govern- 
 ments, as to accommodate literary men, who may be desi- 
 rous of making their observations on the names taken 
 
 from the ancient inhabitants, or the characteristical deno- 
 minations of the parts wherein these aborigines dwelt. 
 
 And to make this table useful to the reader, we shall 
 add the chief town of every department, and the names of 
 
 , the former provinces j that so they may be severally found 
 in the maps printed before this new geography took place. 
 See Region.
 
 DEP 
 
 83 
 
 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF THE EISHTY-THRBE DEPARTMENTS 
 OF FRANCE; 
 
 Shewing the chief towns, directories, or seats of the gene- 
 ral administration of government of each department, and 
 the situation of the departments with respect to the pro- 
 vinces into which the country was formerly divided. 
 
 Departments. 
 
 Ain 
 Aisne 
 
 Cbltf Towns. 
 Bourg 
 La on 
 
 Calvados 
 
 Cantal 
 
 Charcnte 
 
 Caen 
 
 Saint-Flour 
 Angouleme 
 
 Former Provinces. 
 Bresse, Dombes. 
 Isle de Frante, Picardie, 
 
 Soissonnois, Verman- 
 
 dois. 
 
 Allier 
 
 Moulins 
 
 Bourbonnois 
 
 
 Lower Alps 
 
 
 
 
 (Basses) 
 
 Digne 
 
 Provence. 
 
 
 Higher Alps 
 
 
 
 
 (Hautes) 
 
 Chorges 
 
 Dauphiny. 
 
 
 Ardsche 
 
 Privas 
 
 Languedoc, 
 
 Vivarais. 
 
 Ardennes 
 
 Mezieres 
 
 Champagne, 
 
 Sedan. 
 
 Ariege 
 
 Foix 
 
 Foix, Conserans. 
 
 Aube 
 
 Troyes 
 
 Champagne. 
 
 
 Aude 
 
 Carcassonne 
 
 Languedoc. 
 
 
 Aveiron 
 
 Rhodes 
 
 Rovergue. 
 
 
 Bouches (Mouths 
 
 of the) du 
 
 
 
 
 Rhone 
 
 Aix 
 
 Provence, Pr 
 
 incipality 
 
 Orange. 
 Normandy. 
 Auvergne. 
 Angouinois. 
 
 Depart'
 
 64 DEP 
 
 
 Departments. Clief Towns, 
 
 Former Provinces. 
 
 Lower Cha rente 
 
 - 
 
 (Inferieure) Saintes 
 
 Saintonge Aunis. 
 
 Cher Bo urges 
 
 Berri. 
 
 Correze Tules 
 
 Limousin. 
 
 Corse Orezza 
 
 Island of Corsica 
 
 Cote d'Or Dijon 
 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Cotes du Nord Saint Brieux 
 
 Brittany. 
 
 Creuse Gueret 
 
 Marche. 
 
 Dordogne Perigueux 
 
 Perigord. 
 
 Doubs Besangon 
 
 Franche-Comte . 
 
 Drome Chabeuil 
 
 Dauphiny. 
 
 Eure Evreux 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 Eure and Loire Chartres 
 
 Orleanois, Perche. 
 
 Finisterre Quimper 
 
 Brittany. 
 
 Gard Nismes 
 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Upper Garonne 
 
 
 (Haute) Toulouse 
 
 Languedoc, Comminges. 
 
 Gers Auch 
 
 Arraagnac, Condomois. 
 
 Gironde Bourdeaux 
 
 Guienne, Bordelois. 
 
 Herault Montpellier 
 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Ille and Villaine Rennes 
 
 Brittany. 
 
 Indre Chateauroux 
 
 Berri. 
 
 Indre and Loire Tours 
 
 Touraine. 
 
 Isere Moirans 
 
 Dauphiny. 
 
 Jura Lons le Saunter 
 
 Franche-Comte. 
 
 Landes Mont de Marsan 
 
 Landes, Marsan. 
 
 Loire and Cher Blois 
 
 Orleanois and Blaisois. 
 
 Upper (Haute) 
 
 
 Loire Le Puy 
 
 Velai and Auvergne. 
 
 Lower (Infe- 
 
 
 rieure) Loire Nantes 
 
 Brittany. 
 
 Depart-
 
 DEP 
 
 Departments. Chief Towns. Former Provinces. 
 
 Loiret Orleans Orleanois. 
 
 Lot Cahors Querci. 
 
 Lot and Garonne Agen Agenois, Condomois. 
 
 Lozere Mende Languedoc. 
 
 La Manche (the 
 
 Channel) Coutances Normandy. 
 
 Marne Chalons sur Marne Champagne. 
 
 Upper (Haute) 
 
 Marne ^Chaumont 
 
 Mayenne Laval 
 
 Mayne and Loire Angers 
 
 Meurthe 
 Meuse 
 
 Morbihan 
 Moselle 
 
 Nord 
 
 Nancy 
 Bar le Due 
 
 Vannes 
 Metz 
 
 Douai 
 
 Nievre Nevers 
 
 Oise Beauvais 
 
 Orne Alengon 
 
 Paris 'Paris 
 
 Pas de Calais 
 
 (Streight of) Arras 
 Puy de Dome Clermont 
 Upper Pyrenees 
 
 (Basses) Tarbes 
 
 Lower Pyrenees 
 
 (Basses) ' Pau 
 
 Champagne. 
 Maine, Anjou. 
 Anjou, Saumurois. 
 Lorraine, Barrois^ Trois 
 
 Eveches. 
 Barrois and Trois 
 
 Eveches. 
 Brittany. 
 Lorraine, Barrois, Trois 
 
 Eveches. 
 Flanders, Hainault,Cam- 
 
 bresis. 
 Nivernois. 
 Isle de France. 
 Normandy, Perche. 
 Isle de France. 
 
 Artols, Boulonnois. 
 Auvergne. 
 
 Bigorre, Qnatre Vallees. 
 
 Beam, Pays Basques. 
 
 Dafart-
 
 66 D E P 
 
 Departments. Chief Towns. 
 Eastern Pyre- 
 nees (Orien- 
 
 tales) Perpignan 
 
 Lower Rhine 
 
 (Bas) Strasbourg 
 
 Upper Rhine 
 
 (Haut) Colmar 
 
 Rhone and Loire Lyon 
 Upper Saone 
 
 (Haute) Vsoul and Guay 
 
 Saone and Loire. Ma<jon 
 Sarthe Le Mans 
 
 Lower Seine (In- 
 
 ferieure) Rouen 
 
 Seine and Marne Melun 
 
 Seine and Oise Versailles 
 The Two Sevres 
 
 Former Provinces. 
 
 Roussillon. 
 Alsace. 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 Lyounois, Beaujolois. 
 
 Franche-Comte. 
 
 Burgundy. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 Isle de France, Cham- 
 pagne. 
 Isle de France. 
 
 (Deux) 
 
 Niort 
 
 Poitou. 
 
 Somme 
 
 Amiens 
 
 Picardy. 
 
 Tarn 
 
 Castres 
 
 Languedoc. 
 
 Var 
 
 Toulon 
 
 Provence. 
 
 Vendee 
 
 Fontenai-le-Comte Poitou. 
 
 Upper Vienne 
 
 
 
 (Haute) 
 
 Limoges 
 
 Limosin. 
 
 Vienne 
 
 Poitiers 
 
 Poitou. 
 
 Vosgcs 
 
 Epinal 
 
 Lorraine. 
 
 Yonne 
 
 Auxerre 
 
 Burgundy, Auxerrois. 
 
 DEPOFU-
 
 D E R s; . 
 
 DEPOPULARISER, v. a. to render unpopular; to deprive a 
 person of the favour of the people. (On travaille a dcpo- 
 pulariset Robespierre, c'est-a-dire, dans le temps qu'il fnt 
 1'idole du peuple They endeavour to make Robespierre 
 unpopular, that is to say, at the time when he was a great 
 favourite with the people. Les Brissotins dcpopulariscs par 
 . leurs efforts meme de paroltre populaires, quoiqu'au fond 
 ils fussent cnnemis du peuple, laissaient, dans ce combat 
 de vautours, chaque jour une plume sur le champ de ba- 
 taille, ;'. e, ils perdireut chaque jour dans 1'opinion pu- 
 blique Tlie Brissotines become unpopular by their very ef- 
 forts to give themselves the appearance of popularity, 
 though in renlity they were enemies of the people, left 
 every day, in this contest betwixt vultures, some plume 
 or other on the field of battle j that is to say, they lost 
 themselves daily in the public opinion.) 
 
 DEPORTATION, s. f. banishment, or transportation. This 
 word, which, amongst the ancient Romans, signified ba- 
 nishment to a particular place, has been applied in France 
 in the same sense, and sometimes understood as banish- 
 ment only out of the french dominions without exception 
 ot" place. 
 
 DKTORTEH, v. a. to banish, or send away as a transport. 
 
 DEPORTK, K"E, part, from deporter. It is likewise used as 
 
 , a substantive, to imply one who is banished, or sent a\va\". 
 as a transport. 
 
 DEPREDATEUR, s. m. a plunderer; one who commits waste, 
 or pillages, applied chiefly to depredations of public 
 money or the property of a ward. (Des ministres ou tu- 
 teurs deprcdateurs ^linisters or plundering guardians.) 
 
 DEROYALISER, v. a. to divert nny one's attachment to 
 royalty; to detach any one fiom loyalty to his kinor,
 
 88 DES 
 
 (Deroyaliser les regimens des ci-devant troupes du roi -To 
 detach the king's late troops from tbeir loyalty to tbeir sove- 
 reign ) 
 
 DESCRIPTIF, VE, adj. descriptive ; what is necessary to 
 give a proper account, relation, or explanation of any 
 matter or thing, in the way of inventory or catalogue. 
 (Un etat descriptif des munitions de guerre qu'on a trou- 
 vees dans une ville prise A descriptive statement of war- 
 like implements found in a town which has been taken. 
 L'etat dfscript'/f des depouilles. A descriptive account of 
 plunder. Un catalogue descriptif des livres d'un biblio- 
 theque A descriptive catalogue of the bboks of a library.) 
 
 DESORGANISATEUK, TRICE, a. m. and f. a disorganizer j 
 he or she who disorganizes or throws into disorder and con- 
 fusion, (Les Jacobins sont les plus medians de tous les 
 dcsorganisateurs; 3 force d'organiser ils desorganisent tout 
 The Jacobins are the worst of all disorganizers ; they disor- 
 ganize every thing by their organization.) 
 
 It is used likewise adjectively. (Une faction dcscrgani- 
 satricc A disorganizing faction. II ne seroit ni glorieux 
 ni convenable d'abandonner le champ de bataille aux 
 principes d'csorganisateurs de nos ennemis It would not be 
 either glorious or profitable to give up the contest to the 
 disorganizing principles of our enemies.) 
 
 DISORGANISATION, s. f. disorganization 5 the act of throw- 
 ing into disorder and confusion. (L'armee sans chef re- 
 presentoit le spectacle de. la disorganisation la plus com- 
 plete The army without its commander afforded a spec- 
 tacle of the most perfect disorganization. Disorganisation 
 brutale de 1'etat social A brutal disorganization of the 
 state of society. La disorganisation de toutes les autorites 
 constiiuces The disorganization of all the constituted au- 
 thorities. La disorganization raoroentanee d'une bataille a
 
 D E V 9 
 
 ete bientot reparee The momentary disorganization of a 
 battle has been soon recovered.) 
 
 DESOHGANISEH, v. a. to disorganize} to throw into disor- 
 der and confusion. (Desorganiser 1'armee par des a<Stes 
 de licence et d'indiscipline To disorganize the army by 
 licentiousness and want of discipline. On ne reussira pas 
 mieux a" desorganiser I'interieur de la France par les trou- 
 bles et par 1'anarchie, qu' la vaincre par la force des 
 armes It will be no more easy to disorganize the interior 
 of France by anarqhy and distress, than to conquer it by 
 force of arms.) 
 
 DESPOTISEK, v. a. to a6t despotically, with despotism, or 
 like a despot. (Un pays despotise dans son gouvernement 
 A country whose government is despotism. Une partie de la 
 societe a ete despotisee par 1'exageration de la patriotisme, 
 et 1'autre comprimee par la terreur One part of the so- 
 ciety has been acted upon despotically by the extravagance 
 of patriotism, and the other withheld by terror.) 
 
 DETENTION, s. f. imprisonment, or detention of criminals. 
 Imprisonment is one of the punishments ordered by the 
 new code of crimes and punishments ; and is only to be 
 inflicted by sentence of the criminal tribunals. (Peinede 
 detention Punishment by imprisonment. Maison de de- 
 tention A house for the imprisonment of criminals.) 
 
 D^VASTATEUE, TRICE, s. and adj. destructive ; one who 
 has made devastation or waste. (Un ennemi devastateur 
 An enemy who lays every thing waste. Des excursions 
 devastatriecs Destructive incursions.) 
 
 D^VERSER, v. n. to divert; to turn away. It is used only in 
 a figurative sense. (Deverser le mepris To divert scorn. 
 -Dfwrar 1'opprobre, 1'infamie To turn away disgrace, in- 
 <amy.)
 
 go DIP 
 
 It has been used improperly thus : Deverser les homme 
 dans la societe To divert (i.e. to take off) the society's 
 attention. 
 
 DEVIATION, s. f. deviation. This substantive, heretofore 
 only applied in physics, is now used in a moral sense. 
 (La deviation des principes de la morale ne sauroit etre 
 que pernicieuse & la bonne politique The deviation from 
 the principles of morality cannot but be hurtful to sound 
 policy.) 
 
 DEVIER, v. recip. to deviate. (Tendre & son but sans st 
 d&vier un seul instant To pursue one's end without de" 
 viating a moment.) 
 
 It is likewise used in an active sense. (Dewier les pa.- 
 triotes de la montagne, qui n'ont jamais devie des prin- 
 cipes dc la liberte et de la ligne r6rolutionnaire To di- 
 vert (to cause to deviate) the patriots of the mountain 
 who have never deviated from the principles of liberty 
 and the line of revolution.) 
 
 DIPLOMATE, s. m. an agent or minister publicly charged 
 with a mission or embassy to a foreign court. The term is 
 particularly applied to such of them, as make use of 
 every means which their situation furnishes to accomplish 
 their designs. 
 
 DIPI.OMATIB, s. f. this word is entirely new, and implies the 
 political negotiations, public as well as secret, carried on 
 by the agents of the several potentates of Europe in 
 different courts. It is sometimes applied strictly to the 
 artful manner of conducting such negotiations. (La di- 
 
 plomatie entre les rois The negotiations amongst kings. 
 Les ruses de la dip?omatie-The subleties of negotiation.) 
 
 DiPLOMATiauE, adj. diplomatic. The substantive diploma- 
 tijue, or the study of ancient documents, and the adjec- 
 tive
 
 D I S 91 
 
 live applied to this branch of science, are both very an- 
 cient, and differ from the adjective now under explana- 
 tion, which, as well as the substantive diplomatic, is ap- 
 plied to political negotiations betwixt the several powers. 
 In this sense, the French say, and we after them : Le 
 corps diplomatique, the diplomatic body, which implies all 
 the residents from foreign powers at a court j un repas dr- 
 flomatique, a diplomatic dinner j ceremoniel diplomatique, a 
 diplomatic ceremonial j violences et ruses diplomatiques t di- 
 plomatic stratagems and violences. 
 DJPLOMATICIUEMENT, adv. in a diplomatic manner. 
 
 DIRECTEUK, s. m. a number of the executive directory j 
 of whom there are only five, chosen from among the le- 
 gislative body. See Corps legtelj.tif, Directoire executrf. 
 
 DIRECTEUR DU JURE* u'ACcusATioN, s. m. the director of 
 the jury of accusation, or the president of every correc- 
 tional tribunal. See Tribunaux correct'ionnels. 
 
 DIRECTOIRE, s. rn. the directory. According to the consti- 
 tutions of 1791 and 1793, the section of an administra- 
 tive body charged with the execution of the arretes and 
 deliberations of the general assembly was so called. 
 
 DIRECTOIRB EX^CUTIF, s. m. the executif directory, or 
 council of five members, which, by the constitution of 
 1795, has the exercise of the supreme executive power 
 delegated to it. These members are nominated from 
 a list of ten offered from the council of elders to the 
 council of five hundred. This directory is renewed in 
 part every year by the election of a new member ; the 
 member going out of the directory is not re-eligible in 
 less thaa five years. 
 
 DISBTTEUX, EUSE, adj. famished^ starving; having a 
 
 scarcity of food. This adjective which has been marked 
 
 2 m
 
 $2 r> i v 
 
 in the dictionaries heretofore as obsolete or seldom me<5, 
 has been but too much employed during the late dearth 
 of four successive years. (Une annee disetteuse A year 
 of famine.) 
 
 It is remarkable that though the substantive disette is 
 tised to imply a famine, the adjective disetttux, formed 
 from it, has been always used as an expression of ridicule, 
 and to mean a poor needy devil ; or, in a compassionate 
 sense, for a distressed person. Furetiere has said : The 
 academicians, so far from rendering the French language 
 rich and copious, have starved and impoverished it (1'ont 
 rendu disetuusc). 
 
 DISSEMINER, v. a. to disseminate j to distribute ; to scatter 
 here and there, in different places. (Dissemmer les troupes 
 du midi au nord To spread the troops of the south tovardfr 
 the north. Disseminer la population nombreuse de Lyon 
 To scatter abroad the numerous population of Lyons. 
 II faut dtuemmtr les chetaux et les boeufs de la plus belle 
 espece, tels que les troupeaux de Rambouillet dans toutet 
 les contrees de la republique, a qui la nature n'a pas donne 
 les memes avantages The finest breed of horses and cat- 
 tle, such as are the flocks of Rambouillet, should be dis- 
 tributed in every part of the republic, where nature has 
 not been equally kind.) 
 
 DISSIDENCE, s. f. separation, or scission j disunion. (La 
 d'midcnce des Anglo-Americains The separation, or scis* 
 sion of the British colonies in America.) 
 
 DISTRICT, s. m. a district is the subdivision of a department, 
 relative to its jurisdiction. See Departerner.t, Canton, Sec- 
 tion, Arrondissement. 
 
 DIVAGATION, s. f. a matter irrelevant, or foreign to the 
 point in discussion. A substantive of new creation. 
 (L'on ne s'occupe que de divagations fri voles et de person- 
 
 nalites
 
 DON 93 
 
 -, dans la convention nationale The national con- 
 i employs its time on personalities or on frivolous 
 elevant matters.) 
 
 K, v. n. to wander from the matter in hand. (Di- 
 
 dans ses discours To wander from the subject of 
 
 ourse.) This verb, which has been marked in 
 
 ries as being seldom used, has been often employed 
 
 ational convention, since the members of it have 
 
 customed to wander from the subject of debate, 
 
 into disagreeable personalities, so as to occasion a 
 
 necessity of recurring to the order of the day. 
 
 , E, adj. divergent. This adjective has been 
 in geometry and physics to mean objects sepa- 
 
 smselves from each other. (Des questions diver- 
 
 'elles Questions divergent, (or which diverge) 
 
 iselves.) 
 
 , adv. separately. (Les proprietes qu'on pos- 
 
 ment property separately possessed.) 
 
 r . a. to divorce j to obtain a perfect dissolution 
 
 >f marriage, 
 
 , adj. and s. he or she that is divorced, having 
 
 v absolute dissolution of all marriage ties or 
 (Un divorce A man who is divorced, Une 
 cee A woman who is divorced.) 
 , 8. m. pi. See Dccadins. 
 datum 3 a word used in mathematical and other 
 a known quantity, or established truth from 
 action is to be made of something that remains 
 ted, known or established. (Avoir des donnees 
 s que les agens des puissances etrange"res oui'r- 
 ^e in possession of data of the plots which the 
 eign powers are forming.) 
 
 DRAPEAV
 
 $3 D 1 V 
 
 in the dictionaries heretofore as obsolete or seldom used, 
 has been but too much employed during the late dearth 
 of four successive years. (Une annee disettcuse A year 
 of famine.) 
 
 It is remarkable that though the substantive disette Is 
 used to imply a famine, the adjective disetteux, formed 
 from it, has been always used as an expression of ridicule, 
 and to mean a poor needy devil ; or, in a compassionate 
 sense, for a distressed person. Furetiere has said : The 
 academicians, so far from rendering the French language 
 rich and copious, have starved and impoverished it (1'ont 
 rendu disettiuse). 
 
 DISSEMINER, v. a. to disseminates to distribute ; to scatter 
 here and there, in different places. (Disseminer les troupes 
 du midi au nord To spread the troops of the south toy-ardr 
 the north. Disseminer la population nombreuse de Lyon - 
 To scatter abroad the numerous population of Lyons. 
 II faut disseminer les chevaux et les boeufs de la plus belle 
 cspece, tels que les troupeaux de Rambouillet dans toutet 
 les contrees de la republique, a" qui la nature n'a pas donne 
 les memes avantages The finest breed of horses and cat- 
 tle, such as are the flocks of Rambouillet, should be dis- 
 tributed in every part of the republic, where nature hat 
 not been equally kind.) 
 
 DISSIDENCE, s. f. separation, or scission j disunion. (La 
 dissidcnce des Anglo-Americains The separation, or scis- 
 sion of the British colonies in America.) 
 
 DISTRICT, s. m. a district is the subdivision of a department, 
 relative to its jurisdiction. See Department, Canton, Sec- 
 tion, Arrondissement. 
 
 DIVAGATION,, s. f. a matter irrelevant, or foreign to the 
 point in discussion. A substantive of new creation. 
 (L'on ne s'occupe que de divagations fri voles et de person- 
 
 nalites
 
 DON 93 
 
 halites dans la convention nationale The national con- 
 vention employs its time on personalities or on frivolous 
 and irrelevant matters.) 
 
 DIVAGUER, v. n. to wander from the matter in hand. (Di- 
 vaguer dans ses discours To wander from the subject of 
 his discourse.) This verb, which has been marked in 
 dictionaries as being seldom used, has been often employed 
 in the national convention, since the members of it have 
 been accustomed to wander from the subject of debate, 
 and run into disagreeable personalities, so as to occasion a 
 frequent necessity of recurring to the order of the day. 
 
 DIVEKOENT, E, adj. divergent. This adjective has beea 
 only used in geometry and physics to mean objects sepa- 
 rating themselves from each other. (Des questions diver- 
 gent rs entr'elles Questions divergent, (or which diverge) 
 from themselves.) 
 
 DIVISEMENT, adv. separately. (Les proprietes qu'on pos- 
 sede djuyisement Property separately possessed.) 
 
 DIVORCEE, v. a. to divorce j to obtain a perfect dissolution 
 of the tie of marriage. 
 
 DIVORCE, E, adj. and s. he or she that is divorced, having 
 obtained an absolute dissolution of all marriage ties or 
 obligations. (Un divorce A man who is divorced. Une 
 femme divorcee A woman who is divorced.) 
 
 DOMINICAINS, s. m. pi. See Dccadlns. 
 
 DONNEE, s.f. a datum ; a word used in mathematical and other 
 sciences for a known quantity, or established truth from 
 which a deduction is to be made of something that remains 
 to be computed, known or established. (Avoir des donnees 
 sur les trames que les agens des puissances etrangeres oui'r- 
 dissent To be in possession of data of the plots which the 
 agents for foreign powers are forming.) 
 
 DRAPEAU
 
 4 E C 1 
 
 DBAPEAU NATIOHAL TRICOLORS, s. m. the 
 
 national ensign. These are the colours of the french re- 
 publican army, consisting of stripes of blue-, white and 
 red, disposed vertically, viz. the blue next the ensign- 
 staff, the white in the centre, and the red waving in the 
 air. (Le drapeau tricolor e a ete arbore sur la tour d'une 
 ville The ibree-coloured ensign has been placed on the 
 stteple of a town.) See Cocarde, Pavilion, Tricolcre. 
 
 DUODJ, the second day of the decade, which see in its flact. 
 
 E. 
 
 ICHARPE MUNICIPALS s. f. the municipal scarf ; a large 
 wrapper of woollen stuff, blue, red and white, worn by 
 the municipal officers whilst on duty. 
 
 ECLAIREUR, s. m. one who enlightens others. Philosophers 
 have been styled eclaireurs (enligbtencrs), because they have 
 applied themselves to remove blind prejudices, or furnish 
 lights for the instruction and benefit of mankind in all 
 ages. 
 
 In a vein of irony, they have been called enllgltenen 
 who have thrown out their false lights to the unsettle- 
 roent of weak minds and disturbance of society. 
 
 These latter have likewise received the new terra of 
 philosophistes (philosophists) to distinguish them from 
 the true philosophers who have ever been a blessing and 
 ornament of the human race j from their fruits the diffe- 
 rence is to be discovered. 
 
 ECLAIREURS D'ARMEE, are, in the present french armies, 
 what were heretofore called the batteurs d'estrade, or 
 light troops, who take the lead of the army to^make fires 
 
 in
 
 ECO 9* 
 
 in the woods, forests and defiles, to guard against the 
 enemy's ambuscades. 
 
 These words, eclaireur and IdatKurt d'armee, in their 
 different acceptations, are newly received into the french 
 language. 
 
 ECOLES CENTRALES, s. f. pi. central schools; schools for 
 the second degree of public instruction, confided to ten 
 professors divided into three sections. There is a central 
 sclool for each department. 
 
 ECOLB NORMALS, s. f. a school wherein the citizen already 
 instituted in useful learning is instructed in the art of 
 teaching. Pupils of the first schools of instruction esta- 
 blished at Paris, after they had gone through their course 
 were to repair to the district to which they belonged, and 
 there open in three principal places of the cantons ap- 
 pointed by the administration what were called ecoks nor- 
 males particulieres for the instruction of citizens of both 
 sexes willing to acquire the art of teaching, and to de* 
 vote themselves to public instruction. This establishment, 
 made by decree of the 30th of October, 1794, was sup- 
 pressed the 26th of April, 1795. 
 
 ECOLE POLYTECHNICS, s. f. polytechnical school. Thi* 
 is a school for instructing pupils in the science of artillery, 
 and other branches of the military art. See Ecoks d& 
 service public. 
 
 ECOLES PRIMAIRES, s. f. pli schools established in every 
 canton for instruction in the elements of science. la 
 these schools the pupils are taught reading, writing, arith- 
 metic, and the principles of republican morality. 
 
 ECOLE DE SAUTE", s. f. school of health. The institution! 
 at Paris named 6cole de chirurgerie, and societ6 de mede- 
 cine, are now improved and continued under this name j 
 
 for
 
 Q6 E F F 
 
 for which purpose twenty-nine instltuteurs, or teachers 
 are appointed. The instruction includes the two branches 
 of medicine and surgery, which are no longer distinct 
 professions, but practised jointly, the practitioners being 
 styled officiers de sante (officers of health). 
 ECOLES DE SERVICE PUBLIC, s. f. pi. schools for the diffe- 
 rent professions of essential use to the public good re- 
 quiring information in arts and sciences. These schools 
 are nine in number: 1. the polytechnical ; 2. artillery; 
 3. military engineering; 4\ construction of bridges and 
 roads; 5. mining; 6. geography; 7. ship building; 8. 
 navigation ; and Cp. nautical sciences. To be admitted 
 to any one of these schools it is necessary to have passed 
 through the polytechnical school. See Ecole folyttclniqve. 
 
 ECOLES SPECIALES, s. f. pi. special schools. These arc 
 schools intended for finishing public instruction, of which 
 they constitute the third and last degree. 
 
 JCONOMITE, s. m. economist, applied to one engaged in 
 agriculture, or any other kind of rural industry; a farmer. 
 (A writer speaking of an annual work for the use of agricul- 
 turists, says : Les economises auront tout a prendre sur ce 
 que je dirai ; la theorie n'y entre pour rien ; 1'experience 
 pariera The farmers will have only to pursue my direc- 
 tions j theory will have no place here ; practice and expe- 
 rience is all in all.) ' 
 
 ECRIVAILLEUR, s. m. a scribbler; one who publishes vo- 
 luminous works, ill digested and of little use. 
 
 EFFBCTIF, VE, adj. effective; actual. This adjective,alwaysin 
 use, is now employed as a substantive. (Un effectif ras- 
 surant de vivres qui se trouve dans les magasins An ac- 
 tual account of what provisions are in the storehouses.)
 
 JEGA o? 
 
 ECALITE, s. f. equality; a uniformity or resemblance of 
 two persons or things in quantity or quality, whereby 
 there appears to be a similarity or relation betwixt them. 
 This word, which is by no means new in the moral and 
 physical language of mankind, has, however, made a 
 considerable figure during the revolutionary government 
 of France, and has been carried to as great a length as it 
 could possibly reach. It is on that account necessarily 
 distinguished in this collection of new phrases. 
 
 It is difficult to follow it through its different changes 
 of acceptation during the turbulence of the french revo- 
 lution 5 to give the curious speculatist some idea of them, 
 it will be sufficient to mark the following. 
 
 Under the royal constitutional system of government, 
 the sense of this word was limited to an equality in all 
 men as to their rights and duties, (egaiite de tous les 
 hommes en droits et en devoirs), which consisted in a 
 power of doing, possessing, or withholding, whatever 
 any other person lawfully did, possessed, or withheld, 
 and to exercise the same rights as any other person exer- 
 cised whatever might be his rank in society. 
 
 This equality of rights excluded iherefore all slavery, 
 end became the basis of man's liberty. To set a man 
 free from every obligation of duty, or to confer on him 
 rights he does not possess by nature, is equally a violatioa 
 of the equality of rights. 
 
 Under the republican system, this spirit of equally 
 found room for its excursions, and accordingly expa- 
 tiated 'over a field which afforded ample space for the 
 purpose} it extended its speculations of natural equa- 
 <;v, at first limited to rights and duties, to the le- 
 velling every social distinction, and had even gone so far 
 as to project an equalization of the goods of fortune. 
 
 o At
 
 gs EGO 
 
 At length, good sense and moderation prevailed over 
 this wild system, and the first principles of civil society 
 were firmly established in the security of life, and pro- 
 perty, which was made the foundation of government. 
 
 Accordingly, the equality of rights (egatite des droits) is 
 now properly defined to consist in laws, framed for all 
 degrees of persons, both as to protection and punish- 
 ment. 
 
 PALAIS D'EGALITE, MAISON D'E'OALITE, ou MAISON-EGA- 
 ; LITE, s. rn. equality-palace. This was formerly the Pa- 
 lais-Royal, or the palace belonging to the duke of Or- 
 , leans, who, as well as his palace, assumed the name of 
 coalite (fquality). The palace' still preserves its name ; 
 . but the memory of its owner is held in the utmost detes- 
 l tation, not only in his own country, but throughout all Eu- 
 rope, as one born for the disgrace and misfortune of the 
 human race, and cf his countrymen and cotemporaries. 
 
 IE, s,. m. egoism, or as commonly (but less properly) 
 ' written, ' egotisiE ; a sordid and immoral propensity to di- 
 vert all good to ourselves, and to sacrifice our fellow crea- 
 tures to our own particular benefit. 
 
 Self-love is, perhaps, one of the chief springs of ac- 
 iion in the human breast; but there is a love of self im- 
 planted in the moral nature of man which urges him to 
 the 'production of his own happiness, and which, by the 
 influence of his reason, moderates his passions, and in- 
 spires a prudent desire of doing to others as he would 
 have them do to himself; on the contrary, that vicious 
 and immoral love of self (whether it be exercised towards 
 man and man, or betwixt one nation and another, cen- 
 tering every thing within itself), inspires a hateful lust of 
 engrossing every advantage, and promotes injustice. 
 
 It
 
 EGO 99 
 
 It is this immoral disposition which is to be understood 
 by egoism, and consequently the word is used with great 
 latitude. 
 
 The progressive signification of the word in the french 
 language is worthy of remark. For a long time there 
 was only the verb egoi'ser in use j which was simply ap- 
 plied to the ridiculous vanity of a person who made him- 
 self the constant subject of his discourse. As the num- 
 ber of these vain persons increased a substantive was 
 formed to name them by; and hence arose the word 
 igdiste. At length, when in the ages of chivalry, acts of 
 prowess became the general topics of discourse, the sub- 
 stantive egdisme was invented for that personal disposition 
 or quality, This gradation may be traced in the dic- 
 tionary de Trevoux, in the several editions of the french 
 academy's, and in other dictionaries. \ 
 " Of late the word egdisme has kept pace with the ad- 
 vances made in civil society of this immoral quality as 
 discovered in its pernicious effects, and ought, therefore, 
 to be taken and used in the sense given it in the beginning 
 of this article. 
 
 (Un pays infecte ft egdisme A country infected with 
 egoism. Un ego'sme exclusif An exclusive egoism.) 
 EGO'ISTF, s. m. an egoist 5 a man possessed of so little 
 morality as to be willing to sacrifice his fellow crea- 
 tures to his wn interest, regardless of the happiness of 
 his neighbour, so that he obtain his ends; very different 
 from the disposition of mind which the poet Menander 
 gives to Chremes, who pronounced in the theatre of 
 Athens that noble sentiment, which had the effect of an.' 
 electrical stroke upon ten thousand auditors, and made 
 them burst into the most rapturous applause : Homo sum, 
 o 2 ' et
 
 100 E LE 
 
 et "bumani nibll a me alienum putoI am a man ; therefore, 
 whatever relates to man concerneth me. 
 
 The following sentences fully define the meaning of 
 this word. (Les egv'istes sont toujours en contradiction 
 avec le philantrope heurenx du bonheur de ses setnblables 
 Egoists are ever in opposition to philanthropists who are 
 happy whenever their fellow creatures are so. Les cgdistes, 
 concentres en eux-memes, indifferens a la chose publique, 
 sont les fleaux de la societe Egoists, centered within 
 themselves, indifferent to the public weal, are the pests 
 of society. Ceux qui n'aiment les fonctions que pour* 
 leurs emolumens,. ne sont que des cgo'istes They who de- 
 sire employments only for the advantages belonging to 
 them, are egoists. La voracite des ego'istes appelle la fa- 
 mine The avarice of egmsts bring on famine. Le 
 sanctuaire des lois ne doit etre qu'un asile ouvert au 
 patriotisme, non a la basse cupidite des ego'istes The 
 sanctuary of the laws ought to be an asylum for pa- 
 triotism only, and not for the infamous avarice of egoists.) 
 
 EHONTE, E, adj. a man, or woman deprived of his or her 
 honour. (Une femme ebontee de nos feroces ennemis A 
 woman deprived of ber honour by our fierce enemies.) 
 
 ELAGAGE, s. m. loppings of trees. (Les elagages des arbres 
 peuvent etre brules, et leurs cendres converties en salin, 
 ce salin en salpetre, le salpetre en foudre pour foudroyer 
 nos ennemis The loppings of tie trees may be burnt, the 
 ashes made into a lye, this lye converted to saltpetre, the 
 saltpetre to gunpowder, with which 1o fire at our ene- 
 mies.) 
 
 ELECTEUR, s. m. an elector, or one who has a power of 
 giving his vote at an election. This word is applied by the 
 French to those who choose the deputies representing thepi
 
 E L E 101 
 
 in the legislative body. These electors are themselves 
 chosen for this purpose by the active citizens in their pri- 
 mary assemblies. See Citoycn actif, Assemble frimaire, As- 
 semblee electorah. 
 
 ELECTRIZE, adj. m. and f. electrical. This adjective, 
 "heretofore applied to bodies affected by the subtle fluid 
 of electricity is now used to express impressions or agi- 
 tations of the mind. Le feu cleclrique qui embrase tous 
 les cceurs des soldats de la liberl ; en corabattant pour 
 elle, ils disent qu'ils out rerapli les devoirs de la nature et 
 de la raison The electrical fire which enflames the hearts 
 of all the soldiers of liberty, in fighting for which they 
 say they fulfil every obligation of reason and nature.) 
 
 ELECTRISER, v. a. to electrify. This verb is used in the 
 same manner as the adjective foregoing to express the im- 
 pressions or agitations of mind which others feel when 
 affected with the like ardour. (La nouvelle des victoires 
 a electrise toutes les cceurs des defenseurs de la patrie The 
 news of the victories has electrified the hearts of all the 
 defenders of their country. La gloire nationale electrise 
 toutes les ames The national glory electrifies every mind. 
 Les intrepides defenseurs de la patrie, converts d'honora- 
 bles blessurcs n'ont qu' se montrer dans les scenes pu~ 
 bliques pour les ciectrher par leur presence The bold de- 
 fenders of the country, covered with their honourable 
 wounds, have only to produce themselves on the public 
 scene to electrify them by their presence. Le peuple est 
 electrise par les victoires The people are electrified by 
 the victories. Ce fut la necessite de se defendre qui, ehc- 
 trimnt le courage et 1'energie du people remain, centnpla 
 ses forces, et le rendit un colo -e It was a necessity of 
 defending themselves which, electrifying the energy and 
 
 resolution
 
 102 E M E 
 
 resolution of thfi roman people, magnified their strength 
 a hundred times, and rendered them a colossus.) 
 
 S'ELECTRISKR, v. recip. to electrify one's self. Used much 
 in the same sense. (Selectrher dans les epanchemens de 
 I'amourfrafernel To electrify ones self by effusions of bro- 
 therly love.) 
 
 KLKVE, adj. m. and f. attentive to the raising, or breeding 
 cattle. (Une commune ctwe des bestiaux-^-A commune 
 attentive to breeding cattle.) 
 
 ELUSIF, VE., adj. elusive. This is a new adjective derived 
 from the verb eluder, to elude. (II est enfin temps de 
 mettre fin aux subtilites, et a tous les moyens clusifi^-lt 
 is high time to put a finishing steoke to subtleties, an4 
 every elusive means.) 
 
 EMBRIGADEMENT, s. m. a new coined word to signify the 
 act of forming battalions into brigades and half-brigades. 
 
 EMBRIGADER, v. a. a new verb, signifying to form batta- 
 lions into brigades. (Embrtgada: les troupes To form the 
 troops into brigades.) Our military phrase is similar : to 
 brigade ; brigading troops, &c. 
 
 EMETTRE, v. a. to issue; to declare j to publish} to make 
 manifest. 
 
 This was only used in a law sense, as, cmcttre un appel ; 
 to publish an appeal. 
 
 (Emettre son opinion dans une affaire To declare 
 his opinion on an affair. La majorite de la conven- 
 tion rationale representant la masse du peuple dont elle 
 ne fait cpfemettre le vceu general The majority of the 
 national convention, representing the body of the people, 
 whose wish they declare. Emettre des decrets, des assignats 
 nouveaux To issue decrees, new assignats.) 
 
 EM is*
 
 EMI 103 
 
 , E, part, issued ; declared. (Un voeu librement emis 
 A wish freely declared. Le peuple a emis son voeu d'etre 
 reuni a .la republique The people have declared their 
 wish to be united to the republic.) 
 
 EMISSION, s. f. an issue 5 a declaration. (Emission solen- 
 nelle et serieuse des vceux de la nation A solemn and 
 serious declaration of the wish of the nation. Emission dea 
 assignats An issue of assignats.) 
 
 S'EMBRANCHBR, v. recip. to interweave; to entwine itself. 
 This verb was formerly used only in an active sense, but 
 is now become a reciprocal verb. (Cette question s'atit- 
 Irancie avec unefoule d'autres This question intenuectvei 
 itself with a number of others.) A metaphor taken 
 from the interweaving, or entwining of the branches of 
 trees, whether by art or nature. This verb is new. 
 
 EMIGRANT, s. m. an emigrant; from the verb emigrer, 
 to emigrate, or quit one country for another. The 
 term was applied to those who went to foreign parts 
 on account of religion, but is now used for those who 
 leave their country for the sake of political opinions; 
 and more especially means such' as have gone from 
 France since the revolution ; being dissatisfied with the 
 new constitution, either the former royal, or the latter 
 republican. 
 
 EMIGR, s. m. an emigrant; derived from the verb emi- 
 grer. The term is particularly applied to such natives 
 of France as have quitted the country since the revo- 
 lution, without permission for so doing, and have not 
 returned within the time limited by the law. (La 
 constitution bannit i perpetuite les emigres & peine de 
 
 morfc
 
 104 E M I 
 
 mort The constitution banishes ihc emigrants for ever un* 
 der pain of death.) 
 
 EMIGRE PAK LA LOI, an emigrant as declared bylaw; a name 
 given to every Frenchman who has quitted the territory of 
 the republic since the 1st of July, l/Sp, with hostile and 
 counterrevolutionary designs, and had not returned oil 
 the pth of May, 1/90, the date which is to determine 
 his non-emigration and residence in France j all snch are 
 declared to be (hors de la loi) outlawed. 
 
 Absentees before the 1st of July, 1/89, are not consi- 
 dered as emigrants (emigres'), but as having renounced 
 their rights as citizens, and all their possessions within the 
 country. 
 
 EMIGRATION, s. f. emigration; the act of emigration or 
 quitting one's country. The late emigrations from 
 France are of so singular a nature, and so remarkable in 
 their consequences that they baV6 obtained the characte- 
 ristiral epithets of the emigfatl6ru of Coblentz, of Worms, 
 and on the Rhine. 
 
 EMIGRATION DE COBLENCE, fthe emigration to Coblentz. 
 The following are the circumstances principally remar- 
 kable in these famous emigrations. The taking the 
 Bastile by the men of the 14th of July (See Homrnss da 14 
 Juilkt), and the entry of the king into Paris three days 
 afterwards, when he passed between a lane formed by- 
 one hundred and fifty thousand men in arms, were 
 epochs which, like the eruptions of Vesuvius, filled every 
 Toad with fugitives. Some fled because they dreaded the 
 Tengeance of the people, others to transport into foreign 
 countries their malice and desire of revenge; which, in 
 the ferment all Kurope was then in, soon caused torrents 
 of blood to be spilt. These malcontents of the new 
 
 consti-
 
 E M I 105- 
 
 (constitution forming in France, whether assembled on 
 the Rhine, or scattered in bodies through other countries, 
 were perceptibly increasing, and became known by the 
 name of emigres, b'r emigrants. The following extracts 
 from the histories and correspondence of these emigrants 
 will shew the nature of these emigrations, and the cha- 
 racters of the emigrants themselves. (Les emigre 1 -, 
 royalistes, aristocrates, au sort'ir de 1'opera dates' vine 
 chaise de poste panifent sur le Rhiiv a fin d'y conjurer la 
 tempete par des tentatives enfant im-s/et persuades, ab- 
 surdement, qu'une vaste monarthie df- qudtor*ze siecles, 
 brisee en huit jours, se releverait d'eUfi-meme par les pro- 
 gres de Fanarchie, par la legcrete, Vinconstance de la 
 multitude} et par quelqnes demonstrations exterieares d'e- 
 hergie, s'endormans 'sur des adages et sur des lieux com- 
 muns, tels que ceux-ci : que le desordre ramenera 1'ordre; 
 que 1'anarchie decomposera le despotisme; que la demo-' 
 cratie tiaeurt de sa propre mort ; que la nation franchise 
 est la plus affectionnee a leur roi ; qoe ce n'est qu'une 
 ficvre anarchique des Frangais, &:c. Ces lieux communs 
 gouvernerent les esprits des dissidens emigres, qui ^ leur 
 tour influencerent par leurs longues erreurs les esprits des 
 etranger.3. Jamais erreur cut des suites plus fnnestes, 
 que celle des emigres, et ne prouva plus d'inexpirience 
 As soon as the opera was finished, the royalists' and aris- 
 tocrats threw themselves into post-chaises, and emigrated 
 to the Rhine, in order by their weak endeavours to in- 
 voke a storm, with the absurd notion that an immense 
 monarchy which had lasted for fourteen centuries, and 
 had fallen to pieces in eight days, could br put togelher 
 again, by the progress of anarchy, by ihr fickleness and 
 inconstancy of the populace, and by a trifling shew of 
 force and exertion, chiefly depending upon such common- 
 p place
 
 0K EMI 
 
 place observations as these: that disorder restores order * 
 that despotism is decomposed by anarchy; that democracy 
 dies by its own hands ; that the frersch nation has the 
 strongest attachment to its king; that this is no more 
 than a fever of anarchy which attacks the French, &c. 
 By maxims like these the emigrant malcontents were 
 themselves governed, and. under their influence endea- 
 voured to govern and lead foreigners. The consequences 
 were fatal, and the inexperience of the emigrants was 
 afterwards proved.) 
 
 The writings of both parties were spread over every 
 country of Europe, with this difference, that the several 
 courts countenanced only snch as were agreeable to their 
 own sentiments, and the emigrants were only attended 
 U>. 
 
 As the time drew near when the king was to attempt 
 an escape, the emigrations increased; the emigrants of 6V- 
 bkntz rejoiced, thinking the moment of revenge was ar- 
 rived. Messengers were dispatched to every court, and 
 the emigrants set off to meet the king. At Paris, the 
 first emotion was that of surprise, which was succeeded by 
 calmness; the whole nation rallied about the constituent 
 assembly, considering it as their sole support, while the 
 emigrants expressed their joy in the most extravagant 
 taanner. 
 
 Europe, filled with wonder and astonishment, was ex- 
 pecting the moment to arrive, when, according to the infor- 
 mation of the dispatches sent by the emigrants of Coblentx, 
 scenes of blood were to be opened ; but news came that the 
 King had been stopped at Varennes by the sieur Drouet, 
 . post-master of St. Menehould. For three days the freneh 
 nation was without a King; but the constituent assembly 
 kept to the order of the day, and continued sitting, 
 
 without
 
 E N C 107 
 
 without adjournment, for seven entire days and as many 
 nights, to prevent disorder and war from within or without, 
 to all which France was exposed'. 
 
 Five hundred thousand men received the King on his 
 return to Paris; neither murmur nor reproach was 
 heard, but a sullen and reproachful silence was universally 
 observed. 
 
 LE PETIT COBLENCE is a name given to a particular walk 
 on the Boulevards at Paris, frequented by aristocrats and 
 anti-republicans. (Quiconque a pretention au bon ton, 
 c'est-S-dire, a" 1'aristocratie, doit; se montrer quelquefois la 
 gemaine au fetit Ceblence avec ses egaux Whoever pre- 
 tends to politeness, that is to say, aristocracy, ought to 
 appear now and then in the week at the little Colhntz 
 amongst his equals. ...Dumouriez, Fragmens sur Paris, 
 179S.) 
 
 EMPAREMEKT, s. m. seizure; invasion. (L' cmparement d'une 
 ville Seizing a town.) 
 
 ENCADRER, v. a. to incorporate. This verb was applied 
 to paintings and putting them into frames, but now used 
 to other matters susceptible in a metaphorical sense of a 
 similar operation. (Encadrer les citoyens dans des differens 
 corps de' troupes, et les corps ou les brigades en d'autres 
 corps pour en faire un ensemble To incorporate citizens 
 in different bodies, and these troops or brigades into 
 other corps in order to the making them one entire 
 body.) 
 
 ENCOMBRANT, E, part, incumberingj whatever is cumber- 
 some from bulk or otherwise. 
 
 This is a participle from the verb encombrer (to incum- 
 
 ber, or impede), anoVis used as an adjective, to express 
 
 the quality of goods which are of a bulky and heavy na- 
 
 r 2 ture.
 
 108 E K E 
 
 ture, as wool, cotton, timber trees, &c. See Le tableau 
 du maximum. (Toutes. les .marchandises encombr antes au- 
 gmentent le prix du transport, qui doit verier raison de 
 Jeur encombre.ment All goods of a cumbcrs&me nature in- 
 crease the price of carriage, which must vary as they are 
 more or le.s bulky.) 
 
 ENERGIE, s. f. energy ; force. This word which was only 
 applied in the french language to strength or force of ex- 
 pression, as discovered in a nervous diction or flow of 
 language, has acquired, since the commencement of the 
 resolution, new meanings and significations, more agreea- 
 ble to its derivation from the Greek, energos, labour, op 
 workmanship. 
 
 This word energic (eneigy*) seems to be at present a parr 
 ticular favourite with the french nation, and as such 
 appears to have taken the upper hand of the word galanter 
 lie (gallantry) which, in the ages of chivalry and under 
 the monarchical government, expressed the only quality 
 esteemed worthy of admiration. 
 
 The following passages will prove the justice of this 
 definition* (L'sntrgie republicaine se developpe, la'nature 
 humaine et la jaison en travail triomphent The republi- 
 can energy is displayed, human nature and reason /in ope- 
 ration are triumphant. La convention rationale a deploye 
 toute son energie pour sauver le people et !a liberte de la 
 conspiration la plus infernale qr.i ait jamais existe, en 
 tuant la patrie an nom de la p;t' f rir-. The :intiona! conven- 
 tion has displayed all its energy to save the people and lir 
 berty from the most infernal conspiracy, which ever had, 
 existence, to destroy in the name of the country the 
 country itself. Votre energu vient d'assurer un nouveau 
 triomphe A la liberte Your entry y has lately procured 
 libeity afresh triumph. J^Wr^r de la liberte n,'a point 
 
 de
 
 ENE 109 
 
 de sexe ; quand on parviendroit a" detruire le dernier repu- 
 blicain, il y auroit encore a combattre les republicaines 
 The energy of liberty is without sex; when the last male 
 republican shall be destroyed, there will be the female re- 
 publicans left to contest with. L'amou.r dela patrie prend de 
 1'energie par les revers Patriotism derives an tnergy from 
 misfortunes. L'hiergie est a 1'ordre du jour Energy is 
 the order of the day. Comrquniquer son .energie a d'au- 
 tres To communicate his energy to others. La vieil- 
 Icsse a glace mon energie My energy is frozen with age. 
 ~L'energie xepublicaine fait de toute la France un atelier 
 d'armes, une fabrique de salpetre pour forger le tonnerre 
 et composer la foudre The republican energy makes all 
 France one shop for forging arms, and a saltpeter- work 
 for the composition of thunder and lightening. Les lois 
 de la nature, qui retentissent dans tous les ceeurs, agissent 
 d'un pole a 1'autre avec la meme energie The law of na- 
 ture, which is felt in every heart, acts with the same energy 
 from pole to pole. Vous avez deploye cette energie. toute- 
 puissante et snperieure & toutes les intrigues liberticides ; 
 vous avez comble 1'abime ou devait s'engloutir 1'edifice 
 sublime de la liberte You have displayed that energy 
 which is not to be withstood, and which is superior to 
 all the designs destructive of liberty ; you have rilled up the 
 deep abyss in which the sublime edifice of liberty was to 
 have been sunk.) 
 
 NERGiauE, adj. m. and f. energie ; energical; full of energy. 
 The adjective, as well as the substantive, is used to imply 
 an intenseness of force, both of mind, body and labour. 
 (Les membres les plus energiques de la convention nationale 
 The most energical members (the members of the 
 greatest energy) belonging to the national convention. 
 Les defen&eurs les plus energiqucs de la liberte The de- 
 fenders
 
 no ENT 
 
 fenders of liberty of the greatest energy. Agir avcc 
 une sagesse cnergique To act with the energy of wis- 
 dom. Prendre des mesures cnergiques To use measures 
 of 'energy. Un fonctionnaire d'un caractere aussi pur 
 <\\\'emrgiqvt~- An officer whose character is as uncorrupt as 
 jnll of energy. Les vertus cnergiques luttent contre les 
 passions viles Virtues of energy struggle with mean pas- 
 sions. Les femmes et tout le peuple crioit a 1'entree 
 du roi a Paris, dans son langage cnerglquc : Nous vous 
 emmenons le boulanger, la boulangere, et le petit mitron 
 The women and the whole populace cried out as the 
 King entered Paris, in their encrgic language : We bring 
 you here the baker, the baker's wife, and their little 
 journeyman (meaning the king, queen, and dauphin). 
 Un tableau inergique A ' picture full of energy. Un dis- 
 cours male, vrai, et cnergique A discourse full of energy, 
 strength, and truth.) 
 
 ENERGICIUEMENT, adv. encrgically ; forcibly. This adverb 
 is applied in the like sense -with the substantive and adjec- 
 tive. See Energte, Energique. 
 
 ENRAGE, s. m. one who is outrageous; a madman. This is a 
 name given to such as are otherwise called ultra-revolu- 
 tionists, and who act according to ultra-revolutionary 
 principles. See Ultra-rcvolutionnaire. 
 
 ENTRAVER, v. a. to fetter; to fasten chains; to impede. 
 This word, applied only in fa-lconry and horsemanship, is 
 now used for any constraint offered fo the mind as well as 
 body. (Entrcwer et contrarier toutes les operations de la 
 campagne To oppose and impede every operation of the 
 campaign. Eiitra.'vcr la navigation des puissances neutres 
 To ibrau) impediments in the way of the navigation of neu- 
 tral powers. Les ennemis de la patrie cherchent a entraver 
 sans cesse le gouvernement The enemies of the country 
 endeavour to impede government without ceasing.) 
 
 EN-
 
 EPH in: 
 
 , R, part. Impeding j fettering. This participle 
 is employed, in the nature of an adjective, in the same 
 sense as its verb, entraver. (Les formes tntr an antes de la 
 justice The forms of justice which are of sucb impedi- 
 ment.) 
 
 ENVIRONNANT, E. part, from the verb environner, sur- 
 rounding. (Les commuues envircnnantes de Paris The 
 communes surrounding Paris.) 
 
 EPHEMERE, adj. m. and f. ephemeral} existing for a day. 
 From the substantive epbemeta (the name which Aristotle 
 has given to a species of fly, which lives only during the 
 space of five hours, or for one short day), an adjective 
 has been formed to express the quality of an existence 
 which speedily passes away. 
 
 Its application heretofore only to fevers (the paroxysms 
 of which are daily) and to certain flowers, is now exten- 
 ded to all the accidents of human life of sudden altera- 
 tion. 
 
 The various and quick succession of the scenes on the 
 great theatre of Europe during the space of a few late 
 years has been well expressed by this newly adopted ad- 
 jective ; it is accordingly said, that the life of man is 
 ephemeral, and that nothing is lasting round him but na- 
 ture, reason, justice, and virtue. (Qu'est-ce quc ITiomme 
 peut done faire dans cet etat cpbcmere ? II ne sauroit 
 rien faire qUe c qui est dans son pouvoir, c'est de mettre 
 la nature, la raison, la justice, et la vertu, en perma- 
 nence ou a 1'ordre du jour; car, quoique le jour metric 
 soit epbcniere, ce qui se fait chaque jour dans le dit orclrc 
 est aussi permanent et durable que la nature et la raison le 
 ont elles-memes - What then can man do in his ephemeral 
 situation ? He can do no more than he is able, which is, 
 to make nature, reason, justice, and virtue, permanent, 
 
 or
 
 m ERE 
 
 or the order of the day; for though the day is itself epfai 
 meral, what is done from day to day in the said order must 
 be as permanent and lasting as nature and reason are 
 themselves.) 
 
 EPURATEUR, s. m. a name given to a kind of spy, or in- 
 spector. From the verb epurer, to refine, to purify. 
 (Commissaires ipurateurs pour demasquer les intrigans 
 Inspecting commissioners appointed to discover those who 
 are concerned in conspiracies.) 
 
 EPUR ATI o tr, s. f. depuration ; inspection; the act of making 
 that pare which was before impure. (depuration d'une 
 societe infectee du venin dontre-revolutionnaire The 
 deputation of a society infected with a counter-revolu- 
 tionary poison. Passer a Vepuration des membres d'une so- 
 ciet6 To pass to the depuration (inspectto?t) of the members 
 of a -society.) 
 
 EPURATOIRE, adj. m. and f. purifying; whatever tends to 
 purification. (Le scrutin epuratoire The purifying ' scru- 
 tiny. La calomnie est pour 1'homme.un creuset epuratoire 
 Calumny is the purifying crucible of man,) 
 
 EPUREMENT, s. m. refining.. (Ucpurcment de la morale po 
 litique The refining of political morals.). 
 
 N. B. Epuration is applied to persons, and bodies poli- 
 tic ; epurement to things. 
 
 ERE, s. f. sera ; era j epoch, or epocha ; a period of time in 
 chronology, from whence a computation of years begins; 
 or takes place. 
 
 L'ERE DES FRANQOIS, ERE FRAN$OISE, the sera of the 
 f rench people j the french aera ; the period at which the 
 French begin their present reckoning) which is the 22d 
 of September, 1792 (1st Vendemiaire), or the day of the 
 foundation of the french republic. 
 
 The
 
 EX A iu 
 
 The natural fixed point at which the French begin 
 their reckoning is then at midnight, betwixt the 21st and 
 22d of September, when the autumnal equinox tnkes 
 place} and as the origin of their republic coincides with 
 this revolution of nature, they have considered it as an 
 additional reason for commencing their computation of 
 years from it. 
 
 It must be observed that they date theepocha of their 
 liberty from the first revolution of constitutional monar- 
 chy j accordingly, the first year of the french republic, 
 one and indivisible, agrees with the third year of liberty. 
 See Franciade. 
 
 EVASIF, VE, adj. eyasive. A new word, borrowed from 
 the english language, and now adopted in the last edition 
 of the academy's dictionary. (Repondre d'une manicre 
 evasive To answer in an evasive manner.) 
 
 EVERSIF, VE, adj. subversive. (Principes eversifs de tout 
 gouvernement Principles subversive of all government. 
 Des affiches everrives de la representation nationale - 
 Printed declarations subversive of the national representa- 
 tion.) 
 
 EXASPKRER, v. a. to exacerbate ; to exasperate. A verb ad- 
 mitted into the late edition of the french academy's dic- 
 tionary, but either omitted or marked as obsolete in all 
 the dictionaries published before it. (Exaspenr la mist-re 
 ,du peuple en haussant le prix des subsistances S un taux 
 excessif- To exacerbate the misery of the people by raising 
 the price of the necessaries of life- to an enormous degree. 
 Les intrigans s'agitent pour exaspcref le peuple sur le prix 
 des subsistances et la penurie des vivres The conspirators 
 strive to exasperate the people in the matter of the prices 
 of the necessaries of life and the dearth of provisions.) 
 
 a ' ExAsr-
 
 114 
 
 EXASPERATION, s. f. exacerbation; exasperation. (Bans cette 
 exasperation des esprits on continue de bruler les chateaux 
 et les archives dans les provinces Under this exasperation 
 of mind they go on in the provinces \yith burning castles 
 and archives.) 
 
 EXASPERE", J'.E, part.' exacerbated; exasperated. (Le peuple 
 avoit 1'ame exasptrfy de tops les maux qu'il avoit soufferts 
 The people were exasperated in mind with the evils 
 they had suffered. Exaspercs dans nos besoms, -divises en 
 dedan?, traverses dans tous nos projets, &c. Exacerbated 
 by necessity, divided within, counteracted in our plans, 
 &c.) 
 
 EXCEPTIONNEL, LLE, adj. exceptionable. (Ajouter un arti- 
 cle exceptionr.el a une loi To add an exception able, article to 
 a law.) 
 
 EX-CONSTITUANT, s. m. an ex-constitue^it ; the members of 
 the first constituent national assembly are so called. 
 
 The latin preposition ex (out) is now with us in like 
 manner often put before the names of the offices to. ex- 
 press the.ir non-possession, a* ex-minister, ex-general, cx- 
 presidcnt, and many others, answering to ci-devant, ivl>ich 
 see under letter C. 
 
 EXSCRPR, v.a. toabhor; tpexecnite. Thisverb, as well as its 
 participle execre, was only used in the canon law in con- 
 tradistinction toconsacrer, but is now applied fro every thing 
 that excites horror or disgust. (Les mots les plus cxccrcs et leg 
 plus repugnans sont ceux de regie et de regisseur The 
 words most cxccrattd and disgustful are these of regie and 
 regisseur. La mcmoire du due d'Orluans exccree par 
 toutes les nations The; memory of the duke of Orleans 
 txtcrated by all natipns.) 
 
 EXPLOIT.^-
 
 FAB H5 
 
 EXPLOITATIF, .VE, adj; capable of improvement. (Une 
 c~ A v.!*i<.', terre, metairie, caniere exploitative A corn- 
 nic ., i.ind, a farm, a quarry capable of improvement. - Poser 
 en puncipe d'agriculture, qu'il faut rt-gler les portions 
 f.r^ioitati-i-es de terres et y ajouter les obligations selon les 
 localises- --To lny it down as a maxim in agriculture, to 
 regulate the proportions of laud capable of improvement, and 
 impose restrictions according to the situation.) 
 
 EXPROTRIER, v. a. to dispossess, foreclose, or divest of pro- 
 perty. (La revolution a exproprie les emigres The revo- 
 lution h;is dispossessed the emigrants of tbcir property?) 
 
 EXTENSIF, VE, adj. extensive. This adjective is of new 
 creation, and differs from extensible,, which implies a 
 substance capable of extension, as gold. (Un acte cxlen- 
 sif d'autoritfi An extensive act of, authority.) 
 
 F. 
 
 FAKRICATEUR, s: m. a fabricator} a manufacturer. This 
 word was only used to imply a forger, or a coiner, or a fa- 
 bricator of counterfeit money, *but now means one em- 
 ployed in lawful and allowed fabrications or works. (Fa- 
 Incatcur de poudre et de salpfetre A manufacturer of gun- 
 powder and saltpeter. Fabricates des armes A manvfjc- 
 turer of arms, an armourer.) The French say likewise : 
 Fabricateur de-> complots A. fabricator of conspiracies. 
 
 After the French, we are frequently saying, and writing, 
 fabrics (from fabriques) for manufactories; though the 
 word has been -heretofore only used to imply the workman- 
 ship itself or manufacture of goods. 
 
 2 FAN- A-
 
 JI0 FED 
 
 FANATISER, "v. a. to make a fanatic; to inspire any onef 
 with fanaticism. It has been usually applied to religious 
 notions, but is now used with respect to political opinions. 
 (Fanatiser les habitans laborieux de la campagne To 
 make fanatics of the hard working inhabitants of the 
 country.) 
 
 FANATISE, KE, part, made, or become fanatics. (LesVen- 
 i\eens,fanatist:s par les pretres, furent excites la guerre 
 The Vendeans, become fanatics through their priests, were 
 stirred up to war.) 
 
 'FEDERAL, E, adj. federal. (La division fed'crale auroit af- 
 foiblie Je corps politique, et seroit devenue nne source in- 
 tarissable de dissensions intestines et de guerres civiles 
 The federal division would have weakened the body poli- 
 tic, and become an inexhaustible source of intestine dis- 
 putes and civil war.) 
 
 FKDERALJSER, v. a. to fcderalize.; to form confederacies, or 
 factions, as that of the Biissotines, or Girondistes. See 
 ii'tsmt. 
 
 F: : ..UJ':K. \LISME, s. m. federalism; ,a name given to a faction 
 which had its birth in the southern parts of France, par- 
 ticularly in the cities of Lyons, Bourdeaux, Marseilles, 
 and Toulon : the design of v.hich was to parcel out into 
 several federations, or republics, the great republic which 
 had been declared by two constitutional acts one and indi- 
 visible. This is likewise called the Brissotrn, or Giron- 
 diste faction. See Brissotin, Brissotialsnie. 
 
 The following passages will explain the senses in which 
 
 this word has been received. (Le fideratisme du midi, de 
 
 Lyon The federalism of the south, of Lyons. Accuser 
 
 quelqu'un de fcderalnme To accuse any one of fed-. 
 
 -Bourdeaux'le foyer dc ftda-jlhrnc Bourdeaux, the sear
 
 FED II? 
 
 ^''federalism-. La force de la revolution est dans 1'unite et 
 l'in:iivisibilite de la republique. Par \efcderalhme de Mar- 
 seille, la France sernble se dechirer comme Catofl dechira 
 fees entrailles de ses prop res mains; mais Caton nc fut 
 qu'un simple mortel, et le peuplo, image de la nature, est 
 imperiisable comme elle. Les qnatre cents mille federations 
 auroient fait au'tant de societes isolees et corporations a part, 
 qui les auroient isolees les unes des autres The strength of 
 the revolution consists in the unity and indivisibility of 
 the republic. By the federalism of Marseilles, France 
 seemed to be tearing out its entrails with its own hands, 
 like Catoj but Cato was but a man, and a nation, like 
 nature, of which it is the image, is immortal. The four 
 hundred thousand confederacies would have formed so 
 many distinct and separate societies and corporations, 
 which would have kept each other apart.) 
 FEDERALISTS, s. m. a federalist, or a partisan nnd defender 
 of federalism, as were Brissotf and those of his faction. 
 (Lesftderalistes de Marseille The federalists of Marseilles, 
 La cabale infernale des federalists* propage ses principes 
 destructeurs The infernal cabal of federalists are spreading 
 their destructive principles. Fcdcralistes, feuillans, soit 
 aristocrates, soit moderes, tons tendent a la destruction 
 de la republique, de la liberte, et a la dissolution de la 
 convention nationale Federalists, feuillans, whether aris- 
 tocrats or moderates, all promote the destruction of the 
 fepublic and of liberty, and the dissolution of the national 
 convention.) See Feuillans, Aristocrat, Modere. t 
 
 FEDERALISTS, adj. m. and f. federalist; appertaining to 
 federalism. (Mouvemens, intrigues fc'dtralistes- Federalist 
 motions and intrigues.)
 
 118 FED 
 
 FEDERATIF, VE, adj. federative; confederated. Gouvern- 
 ment federative A federative government, or state com- 
 posed of several other states, or governments, united to- 
 gether by a general alliance, submitting in cenain cases 
 to the determinations, or resolutions, of a general assem- 
 bly, but having each its separate and distinct laws, as the 
 Swiss for example. (Etat ft-deratif, republiquejfo/tr^zw 
 A confederated state, a confederated republic. La faction 
 federative avoit etablie un foyer de division, de scission, et 
 de discorde, en #bolissant 1'unite et Tindivisibilite de la 
 republique naissante The federative faction had esta- 
 blished a focus of division, separation, and discord, in 
 abolishing the unity and indivisibility of the growing re- 
 public.) 
 
 FEDERATION, s. f. confederacy; federation. The french 
 word confederation, from the latin preposition cum, and 
 the substantive fasdus, has been long in use, to imply a 
 mutual engagement of several states or governments for 
 the defence of each other, as were those confederacies which 
 heretofore existed in Poland; but the word federation is as 
 new a the object it explains happens to be in France : we 
 have, therefore, been obliged, in order to keep pace with 
 the french nation in the matter of explanation to give it 
 an english form, federation. 
 
 FEDERATION GENERALE DE PARIS, the general federation 
 of Paris; the assembly of deputations from the armed ci- 
 tizens and the troops of the line, decreed by the national 
 assembly to take place on the 14th of July, l/QO, being 
 the first anniversary of the taking of the Bastille, from 
 which the aera of the liberty of the french nation takes 
 its date. The intent of this meeting was to enter into a 
 pacte federati?, or solemn confederacy and engagement to 
 tnaintaiu their- liberty and the new constitution. 
 
 This
 
 FED 119 
 
 This ceremony took place on a large spot near Paris, 
 formerly called le Champ de Mars, but on this occasion it. 
 was named le Champ de Federation, the Field of Confe- 
 deracy ; where, in the presence of four hundred thousand 
 spectators, seated round the King and national assembly, 
 an oath to maintain the new constitution, and (de vivre 
 libres ou de mourir) to live free free or to die, was 
 taken by all present. 
 
 The same oath was solemnly taken on the same day in 
 every part of the kingdom. 
 
 (La federation du 14 Juillet, 1790 The federation of 
 the 14th of July, 1790.) 
 
 FEDERE, s. m. a confederate. In France, those are called 
 fideres who took the oath mentioned in the preceding ar- 
 ticle, as are those in whose name it was taken. Every ci- 
 tizen is under an obligation of taking the same, called 
 the civic oath. See Civique. 
 
 (Les/tY&'m arrives des provinces i Paris, emus du spec- 
 tacle de voir une multitude immense des habltans de. 
 cette ville, leurs fcmmes, leurs filles, les meres avec 
 leurs enfans, les pelles et les beches a In maitVtravailler 
 a construire le plus vaste theatre qui ait jamaiseu'; pre- 
 pare p"ar la main des hommes, joignirent leurs bras v i gen- 
 re ux a" ceux de cette multitude plus molle et delicate 
 The confederates, who were arrived at Paris from the pro- 
 vinces, struck with the sight of an immense, multitude 
 of the male inhabitants of that city, their wives, their 
 daughters, their mothers, their children, all with spades 
 and shpvels in their hands, working to form the most 
 spacious theatre which had ever been made by human 
 hands, joined in the labour, adding their vigour to the 
 -.yeak exertions of this crowd of more delicate and ener- 
 vated people.)
 
 120 , FIN 
 
 FKOPALITE, s. f. (qualite de fief, foi et hommage} the 
 privileges annexed to the demesne of the nobility, en- 
 titling the noble possessor to homage and certain services 
 from the serf or tenant cultivating the soil) ; whatever 
 relates to the feudal system, now entirely abolished in 
 France, for which reason, the word is introduced here, 
 riot as a new one, but as one which will of necessity be- 
 come every day more and more obsolete. (La nomencla- 
 ture de \afeodalite est devenue un idiome inintelligible en 
 France, et effacee dans le dictionnaire de la largue na- 
 tionale The vocabulary of the feudal system is become an 
 unintelligible speech in France, and blotted, out of the 
 dictionary of the language of the nation.) 
 
 FKUILLANS, s. m. pi. See Modcr'c. 
 
 FILIATION, s. f. filiation ; descent. This is used not only 
 with respect to an inheritance from father to son, but of 
 other things ; as for example of a man's actions. (Je puis 
 prouver par \z filiation de mes actions que je suis fils et pe- 
 tit-fils de parens honorables roturiers I can prove by the 
 filiation of my actions that I am the son and grandson of 
 reputable parents who were not noble.) 
 
 FJLTKER, v. a. to filtrate. The operation of filtration is fi- 
 guratively applied to insinuate into the mind. (L'irreligion 
 jihree dans les coeurs des enfans Irreligion Jiltratcd into 
 the minds of children.) 
 
 FINANCIER, isR, adj. financiering. This adjective, hereto- 
 fore only used in the feminine to express a species of writing 
 (I'ecriturejfwTZ^w de lettres rondes the round hand), is 
 now applied to evftry thing which relates to the^fmances. 
 (Cempognie financier c et commerciale A commercial and 
 financiering company.)
 
 FOR 121 
 
 F'mandd is likewise used in much the same sense. (Les 
 principes jinancich et commerciaux Financial and com- 
 mercial principles.) 
 
 FLOKEAL, s. m. flower month 3* the month in the new 
 french calendar commencing the 20th of April, and end- 
 ing on the igth of May, both inclusive. This is the 
 eighth month of the year, and the second of the spring j 
 all ihree of which months are made to terminate in al. 
 
 FLUCTUATION, s. f. fluctuation. This word, only used in 
 anatomy, is now applied to the fluctuating state of af- 
 fairs and persons. (La fluctuation de ia faveur populaire 
 Th&jhtctudtian of popular favour. Dans 1'etat de la Jluc- 
 tuatjon actuel'e des affaires il n'est guere permis a 1'analiste 
 de fixer ses regards sur tous les evenemend &c. In the 
 state of the present fuXuation of altairs it is scarcely al- 
 lowed the historian to cast a look upon the events, c.) 
 
 FOKCTIONNAIKE, s. m. functionary. This word, entirely 
 new to the french language, is from the Latin functio, &\\<i 
 signifies one who is in the execution of an office, or duty, 
 
 FoNCTioS'XAiRE PUBLIC, a public functionary, or officer. 
 In France, one who., for the people, and in their name, 
 performs any of the offices of government, for which he 
 receives pri/ and allowance, whether the said office be 
 spiritual or temporal. 
 
 From this definition, it appears that' the members 
 of the legislative body, the judges, ministers, mayors, 
 officers of the arrr.y and" navy, ambassador.-:, bishops, 
 curatts, are all public functional ies, responsible to the 
 mtion for the performance of their duty, whether ap- 
 pointed by the prople or legislative body. 
 
 FOBCEMENT, adv. forcibly ; by foicf. (Adopter fcrccment 
 
 tin genre de guerre fait pour revolter la natuie c-micre, 
 
 c'cst de ne donner aucun quartier aux troupes ennemies - 
 
 x To
 
 12* F R A 
 
 To adopt a kind of war by force capable of revolting all na- 
 ture against it, which is, to give the enemy's troops n& 
 quarter.) 
 
 FOR MR, s. f. shapej beauty. This word, which, connected 
 with body, is of as ancient use as that has been itself, 
 merits a place in this collection, because it has been ap- 
 plied to^ the beauty of the human figure, in the same 
 sense as the Latin fotma, in that sentence of Terence : 
 fJegans formarum spectator. 
 
 Accordingly, the French now say: Tout ce que les 
 formes airaabies ont de plus enchanteur a etc employe pour 
 devier les patriotes de la droite ligne revolutionnaire 
 Whatever there was most bewitching in beauty has been 
 employed to divert the patriots from the direct line of the 
 -revolution (meaning the most lovely women). Ces 
 formes enchanteress-es, qui embellisseut nieme la vertu * 
 
 . That bewitching s'bape, which might adorn virtue herself. 
 
 FotTKNEE, s. f. This word, which has been long in use to 
 
 , signify the quantity of bread placed in the oven at a single 
 baking, or what in English is called a batch, has, since 
 the commencement of the revolution, been applied in a 
 horrid sense to the number of unhappy wretches hurried 
 away at the same time in carts, in consequence of a con- 
 demnation by the revolutionary tribunals to undergo the 
 punishment of the guillotine. See Guiihtlue. 
 
 i'n.'-.Nc, s. m. the unity of coin, according to the new re- 
 publican division of money. The franc is used instead 
 of the livre tournois, being nearly of the same value 
 which that bore with respect to the crown of six livres. 
 It differs from the old livrei inasmuch as the franc is not 
 only used in accounts, but is an actual coin, whereas the 
 livre, like the english pound, was imaginary, and used in 
 
 accounts
 
 F R A 123 
 
 accounts only. The franc has nine-tenths of fine silver 
 and one-tenth of alloy, and weighs five grammes, or 
 about ninety-five grains. See Metrologu. 
 
 FRANCIADE, s. f. franciad. According to the new republi- 
 can aera, the period of four years, at the end of which 
 a day is to be added, to preserve the agreement of the 
 civil year with the motion of the celestial bodies. 
 
 This intercalary day is to be stiled the Sans-Culottide, 
 when a grand festival is to be held, and the oath renewed 
 of maintaining the republican constitution, and living 
 and dying free. See Ere dcs Franfais, Sextilc, SanS'Culot- 
 tide. 
 
 FRATERNISATION, s. f. fraternization 5 the act of uniting 
 as brethren. This substantive, from the verb fraternjser, 
 is new to the french language. (Toutes les societes unies 
 par une douce fraternisation All the .societies united by a 
 gentle fraternization.) 
 
 FRATERNISER, v. a. to fraternize; to unite as brethren. 
 (Fraterniser se dit particulierement des societes populaires 
 entr'elles, comme aussi des societaires entr'eux To fra- 
 ternize is applied particularly to popular societies, and the 
 members thereof amongst themselves.) See Soc'tetairc, 
 
 FRATERNIT, s. f. fraternity; brotherly love. There is a 
 natural fraternity, which is that warm friendship, love and 
 regard betwixt children sprung from the same parents. 
 
 The fraternity of institution amongst a number of dis- 
 tinct families for mutual support, and general protection, 
 is coeval with civil society itself. 
 
 The title of brother, given by crowned heads and 
 
 princes, to each other, and by the societies of knights 
 
 amongst their own orders, marks the progress of civiliza- 
 
 R 2 tion
 
 m FRO 
 
 tion and closer connexion of interests betwixt naibns 
 and kings in their several political relations. 
 
 Since the revolution in France, the members of the 
 same society, and the different popular societies, which 
 amounted to no less a number than sixty thousand, afiec- 
 ted to unite themselves r in the bond of fritncibhip and 
 brotherly love. 
 
 Thfiie new fraternal institutions have had their esta- 
 blished forms of addresss, to wit, the salutations of 
 health and fraternity (salut et fraternite), arid the acco- 
 lade fraternelle, or embrace. 
 
 The principal maxim of these societies in France, 
 (which must be every where admitted with applause), 
 has been declared founded on the universal principle of 
 doing to every one as we would wish to be done unto } 
 excluding all political and private egoism, and establishing 
 a general rule of rectitude for governing and directing 
 the actions of mankind. See Confratcrnitc . 
 
 FREKES D'ARMES, brothers in arms ; a titje no\y given to.tH'e 
 . soldi< rs of the french republic. 
 
 FHIMAIRE, s. m frosty month; the month of the new ca- 
 lendar* of the french republic, beginning on the 21st of 
 November and ending on the 20th of December, and 
 thus named on account of the frimats (hoar frosts) of 
 these months. This is the third month of the year, and 
 last of the three months of Autumn, all of which termi 
 nate in aire. 
 
 FROMENTEVX, EUSE, adj. productive of, or proper for the 
 culture of corn. (Un pays fromeniexx A country wbtcb 
 produ^s corn. Une tene fromenteuse Land Jit for sowing 
 corn.}
 
 GEN 125 
 
 
 
 s. m. fruit month; the month of the new 
 frenrh republican calendar beginning on the 18th of Au- 
 gust and ending on the l6th of September, being the 
 most fruitful month of the year. This is the twelfth 
 or last month of the year, and third month of the sum- 
 Bier, terminating, as the two foregoing, in tier. 
 
 G. 
 
 CrA L LOP niLZ, s. m. and f. gallophilus; a friend to the 
 French. It was the saying of Anacbarsi* Cloots: Gzlh- 
 flile de tout temps, mon coeur est sans fard, et mon sine 
 sans-culotte Ever a gallophil us, my heart is without dis- 
 guise, and my soul a sans-culotte. 
 
 GARDE NATIONAL, s. m. a national guard ; one belonging 
 to the army of the french republic. 
 
 GARDE NATIONALS, s. f. the national guard; a name 
 given in France to the army, whether at home or abroad. 
 By the constitution of l/f)5, \hc garde natlonale ft divided 
 into two bodies, .one called sedentaire (stationary), the 
 other en activite (on service) : the first, formed of all the 
 citizens, or sons of citizens, capable of bearing arms; the 
 second implies all on actual service by sea or land. 
 
 GARNISAIRE, GARNISER, GARNISONNAIRE, s. m. These words 
 are new, and are used to imply soldiers placed in garrison- 
 in a town where the contributions have not been satisfied. 
 See Contribut'if. 
 
 GENDARME NATIONAL, s. m. a cavalry soldier, substituted 
 since the revolution in the room of the mareqhaussee. 
 
 .GENDARMERIE NATioNALE, s. f. a military body of horse, 
 
 . in the room of what was formerly palled the marcchaus- 
 
 . gee. 
 
 Their
 
 126 , G L O 
 
 Their duty is to patrole the public roads for the security 
 of the interior parts of the republic ; they are to pursue 
 and take robbers on the highway, and malefactors of 
 fivery kind ; to forward the informations of crimes which 
 have been committed, to summon evidence for the convic- 
 tion of criminals, and to assist the officers of police j to 
 escort the public money, ammunition, and condemned 
 prisoners j and to be constantly on the watch for the pre- 
 servation of the peace and security, as well public as pri- 
 vate. 
 
 They do duty both on foot and on horseback ; are di 
 vided into twenty-eight divisions, having each three de- 
 partments assigned them ; each division is commanded by 
 a colonel. The uniform is blue, lined and faced with 
 red ; on the buttons are these words : Force la loi (to 
 add strength to the laws), which shew the nature of their 
 institution. 
 
 GENJ-'KATION, s. f. generation. This word is now applied 
 very extensively to every production, physical, moral, or 
 political. (La generation de la revolution republicaine et 
 ses progres excessifs font 1'etonnement de tous les con- 
 temporains The generation of the republican revolution 
 and its vast progress afford matter of astonishment to every 
 person living.) 
 
 GERMINAL, s. m. blossom month; the month of the new 
 frerich calendar which begins on the 21st of March, and 
 ends on the lf)tli of April, when the germes, buds, or 
 blossoms of vegetation appear. This is the seventh month 
 of the year aud the first spring month, all three of which 
 terminate in al. 
 
 GLORIOLE, s. f. ridicolous vanity, or boasting; a diminu- 
 tive of gloire (glory). (La petite gloriole d'etre officier 
 
 The
 
 G R A. 127 
 
 The trifling vanity of being an officer. Cest une sorte de 
 gloriole que de faire 1'abandon de son traitement attache i 
 la place de fonctionnaire public, que ne doit pas etre con- 
 sacreepar une mention honorable dans le bulletin de la re- 
 publique To give up the allowance annexed to the 
 charge of a public functionary is a kind of vanity which 
 ought not to be sanctioned with honourable mention in 
 the bulletin of the republic.) 
 
 GOUVERNTANT, s. m. a governor. Used only in the plural 
 number. (Les goiwernans et les gouvernes The governors 
 and governed.) 
 
 GOUVERNEMENT RE voLUTioXNAiRE, s. m. the revolu- 
 tionary government ; a . form of government which, 
 having for its object the preservation of the progress of 
 the revolution, and the conduct of it to its period, was 
 only established on a constitutional basis by the decrees of 
 the national convention, having the law of circumstances 
 for its principles. 
 
 GRADE, ou DEGRE DECIMAL DU MERIDIEM, s. m. the grade, 
 or decimal degree of the meridian ; a name given to the 
 hundredth part of the quadrant of the meridian, the 
 length of which has been made the basis of the new re- 
 publican division, or system of weights and measures. 
 The grade contains one hundred thousand metres, or 
 fifty-one thousand three hundred and twenty-four toises 
 or fathoms, one foot, nine .pouces or inches, seven lignes 
 and one-ninth. See Mctrologil. 
 
 GRADUEL, LLE, adj. gradual ; whatever is done by degrees. 
 Formerly used only in the civil and canon law. (L'aboli- 
 tion graduelle, ou progressive, de 1'esclavage The gradual 
 r progressive abolition of slavery ) 
 
 G K A D V I-. 1. L K -
 
 !2fc GUI 
 
 GRADUELLEMEXT, adv. gradually, or by degrees. (Eire 
 vraduellemcnt surcharge d'impots To be gradually loaded 
 with taxes. Les etablissemens de 1'instruction publique 
 seront distribue graduelkment-T\\z establishments for 
 public instruction will be settled ly degrees.) 
 
 GRAMME, s. m. the unity of weight, or gravity, according 
 to the new republican system. The gramme is the exact 
 weight of a volume of pure water, equal to the cube of 
 the hundredth part of the metre, when the water is of the 
 temperature to thaw icej it is nearly equal to It) grains; 
 the gros, or dram weight, answers in decimal parts to 
 3.8215 grammes. See. Mctrologu. 
 
 GRAND JUGE MILITAIRE, the .military high justice. By 
 the constitution of 1791, this was a commissary of war 
 who presided at the courts martial in every military cir- 
 cuit, or arrondissement. See Juge, 
 
 GUILLOTIX&DE, s. f. execution with the guillotine, or de- 
 capitation by that new -republican iustrument. 
 
 The executioner v/ho managed this fatal instrument at 
 Paris during the revolutionary government was named 
 Adams ; he, as well as the government itself, was com- 
 pared to Saturn, who, according to the heathen mytho- 
 logy, devoured his own children. 
 
 GUILLOTINE, s. f. the guillotine, or instrument for capital 
 punishments, used for decapitation, by an easy and 
 mechanical operation, in the room of the sword or axe. 
 Ifwas invented, or rather revived, perhaps improved (forit 
 appears to have been of ancient use), by a physician of 
 the name of Guillotin, after whom it is called ; and this, 
 it is said, for a double reason, not only as the inventor, or 
 improver, but as having suffered, that is to say, having 
 been himself guillotined by it. 
 
 GlULLOTINi,
 
 II A C 129 
 
 K, s. ra. a guillotined man, or one who has been 
 decapitated by this instrument. 
 
 GUILLOTINER, v. a. to guillotine. This newly-coined verb 
 active has been employed with great activity during the 
 revolution, c-specially under the system of government of 
 whirh Robespierre was the head; we scarcely need to add, 
 as a further explanation, that the word implies the act of 
 decapitation by the machine called a guillotine. 
 
 H. 
 
 HACHE, s. m. rm axe, or hatchet; a sharp iron instrument 
 with a wooden handle, used for the purpose of cutting 
 with a forcible blow. Hacbe et glaive de la loi (the axe 
 atid sword of the law) implies criminal justice. Tim ex- 
 pression is -only remarkable because the word loi (law) is 
 here substituted in the piace of justice (justice). Since 
 France has formed herself into a republic, she has hnd a 
 Remarkable predilection for the word loi, which has been 
 constantly used ir>sf <rl of la justice, unless with the'adjunct 
 nation;;' . 1 of ;his is, that, according to the prin- 
 
 ciples of the french republican government, la loi springs 
 out of t he general will of the people ; law is then the proper 
 work of the french nation, or people themselves, and the ci- 
 tizen suffering under it for any crime committed by him, 
 is condemned according to his own and the nation's will. 
 The distribution of justice under the former government 
 appeared to be multiplied over much, and too liable to an 
 iniquitous partiality not to admit of the substitution ot 
 the expression of law for that of justice. (Tomber sous 
 la bacbf de la loi To fall under the axe of the law. Lea 
 s e,\tcuteur*
 
 130 H A U 
 
 executeurs de la justice nationale tiennent en mains la 
 lads de la loi The executors of the justice of the na- 
 tion retain in their hands the axe of the lav/.) 
 
 It has likewise been used with the adjunct republicaine, 
 as in the following example taken from the translation by 
 general Dumouriez of the Fragmens sur Paris, written 
 Originally in German. (Apres de longs et vains efforts, la 
 commission temporaire des arts parvint a sauver ce qui 
 avait echappe & la bache republicaine ; c'est ainsi que le 
 forcene Hebert nommait cette ceuvre de destruction des 
 monumens des arts The temporary committee of the 
 arts, after a long, and, in many instances, a vain endea- 
 vour, at length were able to save what had escaped the 
 republican batclct; for thus did that furious fellow He- 
 bert style the engine made use of in the destruction of 
 the monuments of the arts.) 
 
 HAIXEUX, EVSE, adj., hateful; bearing hatred. This ad- 
 jective, which had grown obsolete, is newly revived. 
 (Un pays baineuxel intolerant dans ses pretres A country 
 bearing hatred, whose priests are intolerant (inclined to 
 persecute on account of religion). 
 
 HAUT-JURK, s. m. the grand jury. According to the con- 
 stitution of I/pi, this jury made a part of the haute 
 cour nationale, and is likewise established, by the consti- 
 tution of 1/95, in that of the haute cour de justice. 
 
 HAU;TE COUR DE JUSTICE, s. f. high court of justice; a 
 tribunal established to adjudge such accusations as are 
 brought by the legislative body, whether against its own 
 members or those of the executive directory. According 
 to the constitution of 1793, it is to be composed of five 
 judges and t s wo accusareurs nationaux (attornies general), 
 taken from the tribunal cf cassation, and the high ju- 
 ries.
 
 HEU 131 
 
 ries, nominated by the electoral assemblies of the depart- 
 ments. 
 
 HAUTE COUR NATIONALS, s. f. high national court; a tri- 
 bunal established by the constitution of 1/Q1, to adjudge 
 the crime of leze-nation. See Crime dt Llze-nat'ion. 
 
 HECTARE, s. m. a superficial measure for land, according 
 to the new system, equal to an hundred ares; it takes the 
 place of the former arpent, or acre, and is equal to two 
 arpens of an hundred perches carrees (square perches), 
 having twenty-two feet on each side. See Metrologie. 
 
 HECTOGRAMME, s. m. a weight, according to the new sys- 
 tem, equal to an hundred grammes, which is used instead 
 of the quarteron, and nearly equal to three ounces, two 
 - gros, or drams. See Metrologie. 
 
 HECTOLITRE, s. m. a measure of the new system, equal to 
 an hundred litres. It is used for liquids in the place of 
 the feuillette, and contains an hundred and five pintes, 
 equal to as many english quarts. In dry measure, the 
 hectolitre supersedes the old mine, and is equal nearly to 
 three minots. See Metrologie. 
 
 HECTOMETRE, s. m. in the long measure of the new repub- 
 lican division, is equal to one hundred metres, about fifty 
 toises or fathoms, seven feet, ten inches, and two lines. - 
 See Mcirologie. 
 
 HEURE, s. f. an hour; the twenty-fourth part of the natu- 
 ral day. 
 
 By the twelfth article of the decree of the national 
 convention, passed on the 5th of October, 1/93, for the 
 reform of the french calendar, it was regulated, that the 
 day, from midnight to midnight, should be divided into 
 ten parts, each part into ten others, and so on to. the 
 least measurable portion of time. This was not to be 
 s 2 qopjpulapry
 
 1'32 H E U 
 
 compulsory for public acts 'till the first'day of the third 
 year of the republic, which was the 22d of September, 
 1794. 
 
 If this regulation has been carried into execution, the 
 french hour makes the tenth part of the natural day; 
 consequently, it will be equal to two hours and .twenty- 
 four minutes of the common division of time, and to our 
 hour, in the proportion of five to twelve. 
 
 This new republican division of the natural day into 
 tenths and hundredths appears less evident and practicable 
 than the system of weights and measures. (See Mttrologie.) 
 There seems to be less necessity for such a revolution, and 
 the' utility of it to the public is not easily discoverable. 
 The division of the day into twelve hours seems better 
 adapted to the nature of the subject than the new deci- 
 mal division, by which morning, noon, evening, and 
 midnight will lose their places. Time-pieces and watches, 
 which are divided into twflves and sixties, must now be 
 laid aside : or, if used, arithmetical calculations must be 
 made every time to adjust the difference, which many 
 cannot, or will not do; and those who can, will think a, 
 trouble, which may be avoided by following the old prac- 
 tice. The french mathematicians have, indeed, under- 
 taken to compute new tables to adapt the old divisions to 
 the new system : but all the curious chronometers will be 
 no longer of any use; and what will France have gained 
 by the sacrifices she will makr ? 
 
 During the revolutionary system of government, the 
 figure chiefly used to express the last scene of mortal life 
 was this: Sa derniere beure frappe, a- sonne, ou sonnera 
 frientot His last hour is striking, has struck, or will soon 
 strike; in the room of the old expression: Son beure est 
 venue Kis hour is come. (La derniere beure sonnera 
 
 bientot
 
 HOM 133 
 
 biertot pour ceux qui out creuse le precipice dans lequel ils 
 ontvoulu precipiter les autres Their last hour will soon 
 strike \viio have dug the pit into which they would thrust 
 Others. La derniere beurc frappe pour tons les traitres de 
 la patrie The last bcur is striking for all traitors to their 
 country.) 
 
 HOMME, s. m. a man. To the several denominations of 
 that animal endowed with the gifts of speech and rea- 
 son, called man, \vhich are to be found in the different 
 vocabularies, from the vassal who tills the ground of his 
 landlord to the lord of the land himself, the following 
 are to be added, as being all of new creation. 
 
 HOMME DE LOI, the man of law, or lawyer; one skille4 
 in the new republican system of trench jurisprudence, 
 who undertakes the defence of the causes of citizens be- 
 fore the tribunals. The lawyers who have succeeded the 
 former avocats (advocatesii are now so called in France. 
 
 HQMMES, ou GENS DE COULEUH, men, or people of colour ; 
 a name given to the negroes in the West Indian colonies, 
 (La convention nationale, toutes les autorites constitutes, 
 Jes corps tlectoraux, les societes populaires, les sections et 
 comites, assisterent a la celebration de 14 fete des bommes 
 decouleur. Le president de la convention donna a \oratcur 
 de couleur 1'accolade fraternelle, apres avoir proclame 1'a- 
 bolition de 1'esclavage, au milieu des applaudissemens 
 mille fois repetes dans U-s airs : Vive la liberte ! The na- 
 tional convention, the constituted authorities, the elector 
 ral bodies, the popular societies, the sections and commit- 
 tees, were all present to celebrate the festival of the 
 people of colour. The president of the convention gave the 
 speahr of colour the fraternal embrace, after having pro- 
 plaimed the abolition of slavery amidst the applause and 
 
 acclamations
 
 134 HOM 
 
 acclamations of the people, whilst a thousand voices re? 
 peated the cry of Liberty for ever!) 
 
 HOMMES DU 14 JUILLET, the men of the 14th of July, 
 IjSp. These are otherwise styled les yainqueurs de la 
 Bastille (the conquerors of the Bastile). The slate prison 
 at Paris, called the Bastile, which was supposed to be 
 impregnable., and which a well disciplined army, with a 
 great leader, had endeavoured in vain to reduce, was 
 on this day taken by an irregular mob in a few hours : an 
 event so unlooked-for, and deemed so far from being pos- 
 sible, that when the news reached Versailles, it met, for 
 some time, with no credit. (Ge que le grand Conde ne 
 peut faire fut reserve aux bommes du 14 Juillcl What the 
 great Conde was unable to do, was reserved for the men of 
 tbe 14tb of Jufy .to accomplish.) 
 
 On the 14th of July, 1790., one year after the taking 
 of the Bastile, the grand feast of the confederation was 
 held throughout the whole kingdom. See Federation. 
 HOMMES DU 20 JUIN, the men of the 20th of June, 1792. 
 This was a mob at Paris, particularly of the poor inhabi- 
 tants of the suburbs of St. Marceau and St. Antoine, who 
 had before received the name of sans-culottes, set on by 
 persons of the first rank, who are said to have mingled 
 in disguise amongst this ru.de rabble. This mob broke 
 down the gates of the palace of the Thuilleries, where 
 the king and queen then resided, forced themselves into 
 the royal apartments, destroyed the furniture, and be- 
 haved with the most shocking indecency towards the un- 
 happy monarch, and his unfortunate contort. 
 HOMMES DU 10 D'AOUT, the men of the 10th of August, 
 1792. This was a mob which attacked the palace of the 
 Thuilleries, massacred the guard and the servants of the 
 
 king,
 
 HOM 133 
 
 king, whom they conducted, with the queen and royal 
 family, to the Temple. . Petion, Manuel, and Santerre, 
 the brewer, were the ringleaders of this day of blood, 
 which was immediately followed by the king's suspension. 
 See Chevalier du poignard. 
 
 HOMMES DU 2 DE SEPTEMBRE, the men of the 2d of Sep- 
 tember, 1792. An appellation given to a number of 
 blood-thirsty people, who, during one of the paroxysms 
 of the french revolution, formed a plan of taking off all 
 those who were suspected of entertaining counter-revolu- 
 tionary opinions. Accordingly, many thousands of per- 
 sons were massacred at Paris, as well as in other parts of 
 , the kingdom ; amongst others, were great numbers of the 
 nobility of France, and many priests : these were all deli- 
 berately murdered, without the least regard to the forms 
 of justice. These' horrid assassins have been otherwise 
 stigmatized with the name of Septembriseurs. See Septem- 
 briser. 
 
 (Les journees de Septembre ne.furent que 1'ouvrage 
 d'un petit nombre de tigres enivres The massacres of 
 September were the work of a small number of intoxi- 
 cated tigers. ...Memoires de la Citoyenne Roland.) 
 HOMMES DE SANG, bloody-minded men. The massacres 
 which Petion, Santerre, the brewer, and their party, had 
 only effected by means of sudden tumults and insurrec- 
 tions, though sufficiently bloody, Robespierre and his 
 adherents reduced to a system. They had formed a go- 
 vernment founded on the, basis of terror and death being 
 macte the order of the day, as a revolutionary principle, 
 1 HS the only means of securing liberty and equality, 
 - .iV'DT the republic. The number of victims to this 
 tionary government, made by the guillotine, by 
 
 the
 
 ii<s i c o 
 
 noyades (drowning) and the fusillades (shooting with 
 muskets), ar-j not to be- computed. This will ever he tie 
 nominate'.! lr. legnc- do trrreur et de sang en France (die 
 reign of terror and blood in France), during whi' 
 bespierrr, Carrier, and their infernal I'luh c.-, 
 mcs de sang exercised such shocking barbarities towards 
 their fellow citizens as are not to be paralleled in the 
 history of mankind. 
 
 MUMORISTE, adj. m. and f. humorous, having humour. This 
 is an adjective newly introduced into the frr-nch language 
 to express a quality for which we have long had an ap- 
 propriate word in the fpglish language. The substantive 
 bumeur by no means expressing that peculiarity ot plea-* 
 santry which we imply by our word humour, the French 
 are still under the necessity of joining aa adjective to it 
 (as belle, gaie, and the like) to convey *hc same meaning 
 as we are able to do by our substantive : they can, -howe- 
 ver, now say, un homme humorists a humorous, man. Un 
 ouvrage rempli de traits et pensces bu?noristcs a work 
 abounding with humorous- and witty strokes. Des saillies 
 iuinoristes humorous sallies., 
 
 I. 
 
 ICONOCLASTE, s. m. an iconoclast, or breaker of images. 
 A word of greek derivation. A name given to the french 
 republicans, who, in the height of their revolutionary 
 frenzy, threw down and broke the statues of their kings, 
 and other national monuments of the arts, because they 
 hated royalty and detested the feudal system. (Je vi<? avec 
 chagrin la place du monument du chevalier Lin- 
 nee. Li etait le buste de cet homme cclcbre sur un 
 
 piedestal
 
 IMA 137 
 
 "" piedestal c!r\e. Mais les iconoclast es 1'avo'terit brlsc. Pour- 
 quoi? Parcequ'il portoit un cordon de chevalerie I saw 
 
 - with regret the spot whereon the monument to Linnaeus 
 had been erected. The bust of this famous man -was 
 placed on a high pedestal ; but it had' been demolished by 
 tlieiconoclasts. And for what reason ? because it was de- 
 corated with the ribbon of an bider of knighthood. 
 C'est" aprcs le 10 Aont, qu'est tombee sous la hache des 
 iconoclast es la statue equestre d'Henri IV: cette statue 
 qu'adgroient encore pen dp inois avanl les P<arisiens, aux- 
 quels elle rappeloit le souvenir de cet hornme noble et ai- 
 niable, de ce bon roi The equestrian statue of Henry 
 the Fourth (of France) was demolished by the incoiuvlpts 
 after the lOth of August : a statue which a few months 
 before the Parisians so greatly venerated, as it called to 
 their recollection a noble-minded and amiable cnan, and 
 a good king....Dumouriez, Fragmens sur Paris.) $ee 
 Homm.es dii 10 d 'Aoiit. 
 
 ILMTERE, EE, adj. -illiterate ; that can neither -write or 
 read. Illetrc is to be found in some vocabularies in 
 
 ' this sense; but ilhtcre is of new crention. (Les gf-ns do 
 la campagne, tres-souvent iUhctes, et les femmes ilKttrres, 
 ignorant la disposition de la loi du maximum, en vendant 
 au-dela des prix fixes dans cefte loi, peuvcnt-ils etre pu- 
 uis ? Country people, and women in particular, for the 
 most part illiterate, and not comprehending the directions 
 of the law of the maximum, if these sell above the prices 
 
 fixed by that law, can they be punished ?) -See Loi Ju 
 
 IMAGE, EE, adj. rich in imagery, or expression. A new 
 
 word. (Une langue sonore et imjgce, telle que 1'Italicnne 
 
 T - 'A
 
 J38 I M M 
 
 A musical language, rid? in expression, like the Italian 
 tongue.) 
 
 IMITATIF, vp, adj. imitative. (L'esprit imitatifAn. imi- 
 tative genius. Les ftbricateurs des complots out 1'esprit 
 irnitatif en imitant le patriote dans son zele pour la chose 
 . publique : vrais Tariuffrs en pairiorisme, et hommes 
 deux faces- The conspirators have an imitative genius, 
 mimicking the patriot in his zeal for the public good : 
 very hypocrites in patriotism, men with double faces.) 
 
 IMMINEMENT, adv. imminently. (Peril qui menace immin't- 
 riient Danger imminently threatening.) 
 
 IMMORAL, E, adj. immoral. This adjdctive has only been 
 introduced into the french academy's dictionary with the 
 last edition of 1798, and is to be found in no others, 
 or at least but few, although it wrll be seen by the fol - 
 
 " lowing examples that it has been extensively Used. 
 (Hohnme immoral An immoral man. Caractere immoral 
 An immoral character. Loi jmmorah An immoral law. 
 
 ... Conduite immor ahImmoral conduct. Dans un siecle 
 aussi immoral que le not re, on est assez equitable pour ne 
 pgs faire grace a 1'homme immoral en faveur c!e son talent; 
 In an age as immoral as ours is, we are so just as not to 
 countenance an immoral man because he has talents. Prin- 
 cipes immoraux des factions liberticidcs The immoral prin- 
 ciples of those factions destructive of liberty. L'egoiste 
 est un homme immoral The egoist is an immoral man.) 
 
 IMMCRALITE, s. f. immorality. This substantive is equally 
 new in its introduction, (\limmoralite de tant d'etres cor- 
 rompns et pervertis The immorality of so many corrupted 
 and wicked people. Faire connoitre Ximmoralitc de ces in- 
 dividus sur les moyens de s'enrichir aux depens du peuple, 
 
 .qui "cherchent ^ eterniser Ja guerre pour se procurer des 
 
 gene-
 
 i M r 139 
 
 generalats To publish the immorality of those individuals 
 \vho seek to enrich themselves at the expense of the peo- 
 ple, and endeavour to prolong the war that they may pro- 
 cure themselves the commands of generals. L'immoralite et 
 lacorruption par laqucllechacunsacrifieasoi-meme tousses 
 semblablea The immorality and corruption through which 
 every one sacrifices his fellow creatures to himself.) 
 IMPASSIBILITY:, s fc f. insensibility to compassion. (IL'impas- 
 sibilitc des juges The insensibility to compassion of the 
 judges.) 
 
 IMPASSIBLE, adj. m. and f. insensible; not to be moved 
 with compassion. (Les juges doivent etre impassible en- 
 vers les traitres de la patrie Judges ought not to be moved 
 tuiib compassion for the traitors of their country. Etre im- 
 passible au milieu des instigations des scelerats To be 
 insensible to the solicitations of bad men.) 
 
 IMPERATIF, VE, adj. imperative; commanding. This has 
 been used in familiar speech, and ironically, instead of 
 imperieux; but is sometimes employed in a serious sense 
 speaking of a strict obligation. The following is an 
 example of the former: Les ministres, en restant toujonrs 
 dans les formes imperatives z\ dans leur dedain pour le peu- 
 ple, se rendirent enfin odieux The ministers, adhering to 
 imperative forms and despising the people, have rendered 
 themselves odious. This is agreeable to the latter accep- 
 tation: Travailler sans reliiche au bien public est la phis 
 imperative de /toutes les lois To labour without ceasing 
 for the public good is the most imperative of all laws.) 
 
 IMPERATIVEMENT, adv. imperatively; in an imperative 
 manner. (Le peuple voulut impirativement la republique 
 une et indivisible The people insisted imperatively upon 
 a republic one and indivisible.) This is a new acceptation 
 
 ef the word. 
 
 T 2 IMPK-
 
 Ud I M P 
 
 , adv. imperiously ; in an Imperious mSn- 
 ncr. This adverb is much in use, and is applied in the 
 same senses as rfie adjective following, likewise much 
 used. (Le commerce demande impcri easement dcs routes so- 
 lides, des canaux, jonctious des rivieres, &c. Trade im- 
 periously demands good roads, canals, the junction of ri- 
 vers, &c. La necessite' et 1'interet de la republique corn- 
 niande imperietissment The necessity and interest o.f the 
 republic imperiously demand. Le salut public commande 
 impcricusement d'arreter le progres du crime Public safety 
 imperiously directs a stop being put to the progress of 
 crimes. L T n interet plus pressant me fit impcricusement la 
 loi de, &c. A more pressing interest with me imperiously 
 made the law of, cc. L'introduction des troupes etran- 
 geres dans le royaume impcriciisement exigee par les circons- 
 tances d'un peril imminent The introduction of foreign 
 troops into the kingdom imperiously required by circum- 
 stances of imminent danger.) 
 
 IJIPERIEUX, EUSE, adj. imperious ; pressing; urgent. (Dcs 
 besoins imperuux Pressing necessity. Circonstances im- 
 fericuscs Urgent circumstances. La loi du maximum cst 
 une mesnre iwpLricuss The law of the maximum is an 
 imperious measure.) See Loi du. maximum. 
 
 IT.IPIETEK, V. n. to encroach upon. This verb is new, 
 (Nous avons fait provisoirement ce qu'exigeoit 1'interct 
 urgent du penple frangais sans impicter sur 1'autorite qui 
 ne nous ctoit point deleguee V/e have provisionally per- 
 formed whatever the urgent interests of the french people 
 ' required without ewcacbmg upon' an authority not dele- 
 gated to us....Discours de 1'assemblee constituante si la 
 convention nationale, Je 2i Septembre, 1792.) 
 
 IMPO-
 
 INC ui 
 
 , adj. m. and f. impolitic. This word is not to 
 be found in any french dictionary, though certainly great 
 use is made of it ; for example, the French say: Principes 
 irnpoHtiqucs: Principles that flre impolitic. Une demarche 
 rmpoMque A proceeding that is impolitic, 
 
 JMPOLTTIGUE, s. f. impolicy. (L'impolitique de la guerre 
 The impolicy of war, or of the war.) 
 
 IMPROBATEUR, s. m. one who disapproves of any thing. 
 
 IMPROBATEUU, adj. m. disapproving. (Un silence improba- 
 teur regnoit partout sur le passage dn roi, lorsqu'il revint 
 de Varennes a Paris A. disapproving silence (silence of 
 disapprobation) prevailed every where on the road as the 
 king was on his return from Varennes to Paris.) 
 
 JMPUTABLE, adj. m. and f. whatever may be deducted. 
 (La tresorerie nationale payera au citoyen N. la sommc 
 de - , impuiable sur ses appointemens The national 
 treasury will pay to citizen N. the sum of - , to be 
 deducted from his allowance.) 
 
 INAPPERQU, IXAPF.R^U, adj. rn. and f. unperceived. (Ces 
 individus resterent mapercus These individuals remained 
 
 IXCARCERATIOST, s. f. imprisonment; incarceration. This 
 substantive, with the verb following derived from it, 
 owes its origin to the revolutionary government undi-r the 
 tyrant Robespierre; during which, it is supposed, there 
 were not less than ten thousand incarceres (imprisoned 
 persons) in the places of confinement within Paris, and 
 in the different jails in other parts of the republic at least 
 one hundred thousand. 
 
 IN-CARCERER, v. r. to incarcerate, or fmprison. A new verb. 
 
 ISCARCERE, EE, part, incarcerated ; imprisoned. 
 
 Ixci-
 
 142 ING 
 
 INCIVIG.UE, adj; -m. and f. devoid of civism, i. e> contrary 
 to the oath taken by citizens, and the public good. 
 (Conduite incwique A conduct de-void <]f civism. Des 
 sentimens inciviques Sentiments devoid of cfaism. Une 
 motion inciviqueA. motion devoid of ci-vism, Pretres 
 inciviqncs Priests laving no c'vvism. Accorder des certifi- 
 cats de civisme a des citoyens inci'vlques To grant certifi- 
 cates of civism to citizens without it, i. e. civism. Reclamations 
 inciviques duxquelles il est temps de mettre un frein Claims 
 devoid of civism to which it is time to put a stop.) Sec Civisme. 
 INCIVISMF, s. m. incivism; the want of civism. (Un indi- 
 vidu note ftTKCvuisme. A person notorious for incvvism. 
 ' Reprocher ii quelqu'un des principos tfrnrivumt To re- 
 proach some one for his principles of incivism.') 
 Ixcoii^KriisFCE, s. f. incoherence; incoherency. (\Jincol;i- 
 rence de ses demarches The Incoherence of his proceedings. 
 ^incoherence de nos lois demande un nouveau code civil- 
 The incoherency of our lavvs calls for a new civil code. 
 ^incoherence d'une armee revolutionnaire avec nos principes 
 demande qu'on reorganise les troupes qui la composent, 
 ou qu'on les dissemine daus les departemens The incobe- 
 rency of a revolutionary army with our principles requires 
 that the troops composing it should be reorganized, or 
 that they should be distributed amongst the departments.) 
 INCOHERENT, adj. m. and f. incoherent. This adjective 
 had been long used in the french language before the 
 substantive formed from it (incoherence) was introduced. 
 ISCONSTITUTIONNALITE, s. f. inconsistency with the consti- 
 tution of government. 
 
 INCONSTITUTIOXNEL, LLE, adj. unconstitutional; whatever 
 is inconsistent with the constitution of government. 
 (Une doctrine inconstitutionndlc Unconstitutional doctrine. 
 Une mesure, une taxe incomtitutionndle AQ unconstitutional 
 
 measure>
 
 IND in 
 
 . . measure, tax. Un monarque inconstltutionnel An uncon- 
 stitutional monarch.) 
 
 lNeoNSTiTUTiovNELr.EMF.NT, adv. unconstitutionally. (La 
 chambre Tie doit s'eriger mconstitut'wnnellement en cour d'ap- 
 pel contre les sentences des tribunaux sans appcl The 
 house ought not unconstitutionally to form itself into a court 
 of appeal for sentences of tribunals from which there is 
 no appeal.) 
 
 LSCONVENANT, E, adj. 'inexpedient ; the contrary ef conve- 
 nant. This is a neological, or newly-created word. 
 (Ceux qui pensent que cette guerre est incomenante, in- 
 juste, destructive, et sans necessite, n'ont-ils pas le meme 
 droit de le dire, que ceux qui disent qu'elle est conve- 
 nante, juste, necessaire ? Have not they who think this 
 war inexpedient, unjust, destructive, and without necessity, 
 an equal right of calling it so, with those who maintain 
 it to be expedient, just and necessary ?) 
 
 INCKIMINER, v. a. to criminate ; to impute a crime to any 
 one. This verb, and the participle following, derived 
 from it, are of new creation. 
 
 INCRIMINE, 'EE, part, criminated. (Etre incnmine, d'infi- 
 delite dans la gestion, ou de malversation Xo be crimi- 
 nated with infidelity or malversation in the conduct of the 
 affair.) 
 
 INCULTURE, s. f. uncuUiva'tion ' ; the state of land which 
 is not tilled. The adjective inculte (uncultivated) has 
 been long in use ; but this substantive is only to be found 
 in the last edition of the freijch jic.ulcmy's dictionary. 
 (Apres de longnes annees ftmculiure rappeler ia tcrre a la 
 fecondite To make land productive after many years 
 of unculiivation.') 
 
 INDEMNI^E, s. f. indemnification. The word is used to im- 
 ply the annual allowance or salary of the members of the 
 
 legislative
 
 144: I N F 
 
 legislative body and directory. This iudtinnite is thus set- 
 tled by the constitution of 1/95 : each of the members 
 ,of the two councils receive annually the value of three 
 thousand myriagrainmes of wheat, which is about six 
 hundred and thirteen quintals and thirty-two pounds, 
 amounting to thrre hundred louis d'ors, valuing the quin- 
 tal at twelve francs ; the five members of the executive 
 directory are each paid the value of fifty thousand myria- 
 grammes, equal to ten thousand.; two hundred and fifty 
 quiritats. See Myriagravunc. 
 
 INDUSTRIE!., INSUSTKIAL, LLE, adj. labouring; laborious; 
 whosqever is occupied in labour pud industry, and what- 
 'soever is the object of such labour and industry. (La 
 classe industrielle du peuple The labouring class of the peo- 
 ple. Toutes les parties du corps manufacturier, industrial et 
 commercial, sont glace.es en Francp Jivery branch of the 
 manufactures, whether trading or laborious, is at a stand 
 *n France.) 
 
 INERTE, adj. m. and f. inert. This adjective is new to the 
 french language, though the substantive inertie has been 
 long in use in philosophy to express an incapacity for mo- 
 tion, or vis lnerti<. (La masse inerte etbornee des capita- 
 listes The circumscribed and inert mass of capitalists.) 
 
 INFLUENCEK, v. a. to influence. This verb is n$\vj the? 
 substantive influence has been long used, (bijlucncer le 
 peuple, une societe To influence a people, a society. Les 
 differens motifs qui doivent wjluencer les esprits Different 
 motives which mzyinjluence the mind. La convention na- 
 tionale ne doit pas se laisser mjluencer par des motions par- 
 ticuliers The national convention should uot sailer itself 
 to be influenced by motions of a private nature. La France 
 D'est pas un pays qu'on puisse inf.uenccr par la terreur 
 
 France
 
 INS 145 
 
 France is not a country to be influenced by terror. Un 
 journal impartial doit etre soustrait A 1'influence de cer- 
 tains individus, qui viennent in flutter les articles du 
 redacteur An impartial journal should not be under the 
 direction of certain individuals \vho have lately 'influenced 
 the editor's articles. La ligue Helvetique est assez puis- 
 sante pour ne se laisser 'mjluenccr The Helvetian league is 
 too powerful to suffer itself to be influenced.} 
 
 INFRANGIBLE, adj. m. and f. infrangible; not to be broken. 
 (Des liens infrangible^ Infrangible ties.) 
 
 INJUSTIFIAELE, adj. m.-and f. unjustifiable; not to be jus- 
 tified. (Un aveuglement inj notifiable. A.n unjustifiable 
 blindness. C'est no but inj-ustifable de la guerre de forcer 
 une nation de se soumettre a une forme dc gonvernement 
 qui n'est pas approuvee par elle-nTfcme It is an unjitsiijij.- 
 ble object of war to force a nation to submit to a form .of 
 government which it does not approve of.) 
 
 INSCRIPTION civiauE, s. f. the civic inscription. This is 
 an enrolment on the registers of a municipality of every 
 inhabitant of a commune, of the age .of twenty-one; 
 who is required to take the civic oath, and to enter into 
 the national guards. This was a regulation of the consti- 
 tution of 1/91 ; but .by ihnt of 1/95, the same enrol- 
 ment is required in a canton of every citizen of the same 
 age, but no mention is mr.de of the civic oath. 
 
 INS'ERMEXTE, adj. m. unsworn. Under this denomination 
 are included the priests who have not taken the oath re- 
 quired by the constitution civile du clergc (pylticb see in its 
 
 ' place), or that of liberty and equality. These priests 
 
 were assigned pensions and allowances, on condition they 
 
 attempted nothing against the new order of things; in 
 
 u which.
 
 146 INS 
 
 which case, they were, besides the loss of such pension, 
 to be punished with banishment. See RcfracLaire. 
 
 INSIGNIFIANCE, s. f. insignificance. (Avoir un air <j ';./- 
 signijlance tres-nuisible To have an appearance of inyignl- 
 ficance very prejudicial.) 
 
 INSIGXIFIANT, E, adj. insignificant. (Une denonciation 
 vague et ins ignifianie A vague and insignificant denuncia- 
 tion. Un hcmme insignifiant> qui n'est qu'nn instrument 
 passif An insignificant man, one who is a mere tool. 
 Cette inscription mille fois repetee snr tous les batimens 
 publics de France, est devenue sans effet et insignifanie ; 
 Unite et indivisibilite de la rtpublique, Tibertc, egaYite, et fra- 
 tcniit'e; mais au moins on a efface la finale terroriste, on. 
 la mort, et on y a substitue bumanitc, justice This inscrip- 
 tion on the public buildings of France, is to be found in 
 
 . a thousand places, and v/ith little effect at present, being 
 now insignificant, viz. Unity and indivisibility of fbi republic, Ii~ 
 birty, equality, and fraternity ; however, the terrific con- 
 clusion, or death, is omitted, and humanity, justice, substi- 
 tuted for it....Dumour:ez, Fragmens sur I^aris.) 
 
 INSOUCIANCE, s. f. negligence ; want of care and attention. 
 (C'est dans ['agriculture que le gouvernement doit el re 
 vraiment paternel, et reparer Vinsouciance dont il s'est 
 rendu si long-teinps coupable pour cet art nourricier des 
 peuples, le plus estimable de tous les travaux It is in 
 the culture of the soil that government ought to shew its 
 paternal regard, to make amends for that negligence for 
 which it has been so long blameable, with respert to 
 that art by which the people are fed, and which of all 
 kinds of labour is most to .be esteemed.) 
 
 INSOUCIANT, E, adj. negligent; carelessj inattentive. (Ceux 
 qui, dans les crises orageuses de la republique, se mon- 
 
 trent
 
 NS 147 
 
 . trent iaso&cians, doivent inspirer aux amis de la liberte les 
 plus grandes aiarmes They, who amidst the critical strug- 
 gles of the republic discover themselves to be too tnattenttvt 
 .observers, ought to be looked upou with much suspicion by 
 the friends of liberty.) 
 
 INSPBCTER, v. a, to inspect; to overlook. (Les fonction- 
 naires publics doivent inspecter tous ceux qui travaillent 
 sous leurs auspices The public officers ought to overlook 
 all those who work under them.) 
 INSTITUT AERosTATiauE. See Aerostatique. 
 INSTITUT NATIONAL DBS SCIENCES ET BES ARTS, s. m. 
 national institution for the sciences and arts. 
 
 A literary esiabiishment, decreed in the fourth year of 
 the french republic (17.Q6), to be fixed at Paris, and em- 
 ployed in the advancement of the arts and sciences. 
 
 This establishment was designed to supersede the three 
 ancient academies, which being royal foundations, were 
 deemed aristocratical, and likely to be influenced in fa- 
 vour of their founders. 
 
 Those famous academies had existed from the last cen- 
 tury, and were instituted during what is styled the Au- 
 gustan age of France, the long and splendid reign of 
 Lewis the Fourteenth. 
 
 The academic franchise (french academy), intended for 
 the improvement and perfection of the french language, 
 was founded in 1035, by cardinal Richelieu; the acade- 
 mic des sciences (academy of sciences), and -the academic 
 des inscriptions (academy of inscriptions), a kind of an- 
 tiquarian society, towards the close of the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 As the ;t; had existed under the monarchical government 
 
 they must necessarily have appeared in an obnoxious 
 
 u 2 light
 
 8 INS 
 
 light to rigid republicans, particularly in the eyes of many 
 of them who despised learning and learned men ; however, 
 as th&re were a number of deputies sent to the national con- 
 vention who either cultivated letters themselves or favoured 
 literature, the prejudices and aversion of the unlettered 
 members were worked upon to promote the establishment 
 of an institution of a more republican form, which might 
 be supposed less liable to the influence of private partiali- 
 ties, and more capable of producing benefit and advan- 
 tage to the nation. 
 
 The institut national is cpmposed of one hundred and 
 forty-four members, residing in Paris, in conjunction with 
 the same number of associates who dwell in the several 
 departments of the republic ; to these will be added twenty- 
 four foreign associates, to be chosen on the conclusion of 
 a general peace. 
 
 The institution is divided into three classes, each of 
 which is subdivided into several sections. The meetings 
 are held in the old palace of the Louvre j of these meet- 
 ings four within the year are public ones. 
 
 The following is the division of the classes and the 
 sections. 
 
 FIRST CLASS. 
 
 . Philosophical and Mathematical Sciences. 
 
 Section 1. mathematics; 2. mechanics; 3. astronomy f. 
 4. experimental philosophy; 5. chemistry; 6. natural his- 
 tory and mineralogy; 7- botany and the vegetable system > 
 8. anatomy and zoology; 9. medicine and surgery; 10. 
 rural economy and the veterinary art. Ten sections, each 
 consisting of six members, resident in Paris, and six asso- 
 ciates, dwelling in the departments : in. all, one hundred 
 and twenty.
 
 149 
 
 SECOND CLA9S. 
 
 Moral and Pollrical Sciences. 
 
 Section 1. analysis of sensations and ideas; 2. ethics $ 
 3. social knowledge and legislation} 4. political economy; 
 5. history; 6. geography. Six sections, consisting each 
 of six Parisian members, and six departmental associates : 
 in all, seventy-two. 
 
 THIRD CLASS. 
 
 Pbilohgy and tbe Fine Arts. 
 
 Section 1. grammar; 2. the ancient languages; 3. poe- 
 try j 4. antiquities and ancient monuments; 5. painting; 
 6. sculpture; 7. architecture; 8. music and declamation. 
 
 Eight-sections, each having six members in. Paris, and 
 six associates in the departments : in all, ninety-six. 
 
 IXSTITUT DES souRDs ET MUETS, s. m. institution for the 
 deaf and dumb. 
 
 An establishment supported by the republic for the 
 education of such unfortunate*objects as being "born deaf 
 are consequently dumb, under the direction of Sicard, 
 in the Rue Jacques, Faubourg Germain ; fifty of these 
 were in 1/97 maintained by it, and were publicly exa- 
 mined every decade. 
 
 Sicard has paid great attention to his pupils, who per- 
 form to admiration ; bat it is painful, says Dr. Meyer, to 
 see the contorsions and grimaces of a dea and dumb per- 
 son labouring to speak, in sounds harsh and grating to the 
 ears....Dumouriez, Fragmens sur Paris. 
 
 This good man, Sicard, was unfortunately included in 
 the proscription of the 4th of September, 1797, (18th 
 Fructidpr), and actually transported to Cayenne.
 
 150 INS 
 
 INSTRUCTIONNEL, LLE, instructive; whatever tends to in- 
 struction or information. (Correspondance instructionnelle 
 Instructive correspondence. Adre*ser au peuple pour les 
 jours decadaires, consacres d 1'Eternel, des lettres twine- 
 tionnelks propres & fairc connoitre a tous les citoyens ces 
 vertus simples, qui forment les elemens du bonheur so- 
 cial, des ouvrages de morale, des journaux patrionques, 
 &c. On the days of the decades, which are dedicated 
 to the Eternal Ruler, to address letters of instruction to the 
 citizens, in order to diffuse the knowledge of those 
 plain virtues which form the rudiments of social hap- 
 piness, together with works of morality, patriotic jour- 
 nals, &c.) 
 
 INSUCCES, s. m. ill-succes. (Tenter une attaque sur une 
 place, et en cas d l i?isucces sur une autre To make an at- 
 tack upon a place, and in case of ill-success to attack ano- 
 ther.) 
 
 INSURGE, s. m. an insurgent; one who is engaged in insur- 
 rection. (Les insurges s'excrcent sans cesse aux armes 
 The insurgents are constantly exercising with arms.) 
 
 INSURGENT, E, adj. insurgent; belonging to or being in a 
 state of insurrection ; not as a lawless body, but as the 
 word is applied to the Hungarian militia, styled insitrgavts. 
 (Les troupes insurgent, I'armee insurgente. The insurgent 
 troops, the insurgent army.) 
 
 INSURGENT, s. m. an insurgent. (Les insurgent de 1'Ame- 
 rique, de la Pologne The insurgents of America, and of 
 Poland.) 
 
 STNSURGER, v. recip. to rise in a body. (Le people ne 
 s'inwrge que pour soutenir et affermir sa liberte The peo- 
 ple never rise in a body but to strengthen and support their 
 liberties.) 
 
 INSURREC-
 
 INS 151 
 
 INSURRECTION, g. f. insurrection; the acts of insurgents. The 
 use which was made of this word was at first confined to 
 the militia of Hungary and Poland; it afterwards extended 
 itself to North America ; and, lastly, it hath reached France. 
 
 It is deiived from the latin verb insurge&, to rise against; 
 and is now applied to the rising of an entire people in oppo- 
 isition to their rulers on the ground of oppression. 
 
 It is as distinct in its original meaning from revolt as that 
 is from mutiny, which are acts of rebellion against the es- 
 tablished laws, and powers in authority duly made and 
 constituted, through popular animosity, violence and mis- 
 apprehension. See Ijisitrgent. 
 
 (L? insurrection s'est propagee de proche en proche, de 
 citoyen a citoyen, et 1'esprit national s'est prononce forie- 
 ment pour la constitution The insurrection spread itself 
 from neighbour to neighbour, from one citizen to ano- 
 ther, and the national mincl declared loudly for the con- 
 stitution. Toutes les actions contraires au but de notre 
 insurrection seront soumises au supreme tribunal national, 
 comme des dtlits commis centre le salut de la patrie 
 All acts contrary to the end and design of our insurrection 
 shall be submitted to the supreme national tribunal as of- 
 fences committed against the security of the country. 
 Les Cordeliers, en prechant \' insurrection au peuple, et en 
 couvrant l'immor(e!le declaration des droits de 1'homme et 
 du citoyen d' n n crepe noir, ne voulaient-ils pas faire insur- 
 'ger le peuple centre lui-mtme? The Cordeliers, preaching 
 insurrection to the people, and concealing behind a cover of 
 black crape the immortal declaration of the rights of man 
 and of the citizen, would they not instigate thereby the 
 people, to an act of insurrection against themselves? (See 
 Cordeliers.) Et les Jacobins, prechant Y insurrection du peu- 
 ple centre la convention nationale,le corps reprcsentant du 
 
 peuple,
 
 152 I N. V 
 
 peuple, et centre les droits sacres de la surete des per 
 sonnes et des proprietes, la base de tout ordre social, ne 
 voulaient-ils pas faire insurger le peuple centre lui-meme 
 en creusant un abime a sa liberte par des vues ultra-revolu- 
 tionnaires et tyranniques ? And the Jacobins, by preach- 
 ing insurrection to the people. against the national conven- 
 tion, the body representing the people, and those sacred 
 rights, security of person and property, the basis of so- 
 ciety, would they not thereby instigate the people to in- 
 surreclwn against themselves, by digging a pit for their 
 own liberties, with ultra-revolutionary and tyrannical in- 
 tentions ? (See Jacobin.) On peut arreter Y insurrection du 
 corps, rnais on arrete en vain V insurrection de 1'esprit hu- 
 main Bodily insurrections may be stopped) but mental in- 
 surrections it is in vain to oppose.) 
 
 INSURRECTIONNEL, LLE, insurrectional ; belonging to in- 
 surrection. (Mouvement insurrection-net An insurrectional 
 movement.) 
 
 INTRIGUILLERIES, s. f. pi. petty intrigues. This diminu- 
 tive of the substantive intrigue has hitherto found no 
 place in any dictionary. Madame Roland says, in her 
 Memoires Particulieres : Louis XVI ne se preta qu' des 
 miserables intriguilleries, seul genre familier aux personnes 
 qu'il sut choisir, ou que sa femme protegeoit Lewis the 
 Sixteenth was much inclined to engage in pitiful Hi tie in- 
 trigues, which was all the people were skilful in, whom 
 he was capable of choosing, or whom his wife protected.) 
 
 INVESTIR, v. a. to invest. (This was a law term apper- 
 taining to the feudal system, which is" now used with 
 great latitude. They say now: Eire investi de la con- 
 fiance publique, d'une autorite quelconque To be in-vested 
 with the public confidence, with authority, 'fnvesti d'une 
 
 charge
 
 ISO 153 
 
 charge, du droit de la vie, de I'opinion publique To be 
 invested with an office, with the privilege of life, with 
 the public opinion. Le comite de surete generate investi 
 du pouvoir de veiller a la surete de la republique The 
 committee of general safety invested with the power of 
 watching over the security of the republic.) 
 
 INVIOLAEILITE, s. f. inviolability. The privilege which 
 belongs to a person in any public employment of not 
 being liable to arrests, or to undergo a trial for acts done 
 in virtue of his office. 
 
 INVIOLABLE, adj. m. and f. inviolable; being in possession 
 of the privilege annexed to any public employment, as 
 explained under inviolabilite. 
 
 INVRAISEMBLABLE, adj. m. and f. improbable; unlikely. 
 New in its present usage, as well as the substantive de- 
 rived from it. 
 
 IXVRAJSEMBLANCE, s. f. improbability. (L'histoire de nos 
 temps ne doit paroitre a la posterite qu'un tissu d.'in<vrat- 
 semblances The history of the present times must appear 
 to posterity as a collection of events of great imfrobabi- 
 %.) 
 
 IRREFLECHI, E, adj. unreflecting ; without reflexion. (\Jn 
 homme irrcJUcbi A man ivitbout reflection. La multi- 
 tude irrcftccbie- The unreflecting multitude.) 
 
 IRREUSSITE, s. f. ill-success. (L'irrcussite d'une entreprise 
 The ill-success of an enterprise.) 
 
 ISOLE'MENT, s. m. insulation ; the situation of any thing 
 which is insulated, i. e. separated or detached from 
 something else. This is a term used in architecture to 
 imply such parts of a building as do not join j and it is 
 now applied to signify every kind of separation, of per- 
 x sons
 
 154 I S O 
 
 sons as well as of things. (Un hoUmcnt affreux menace 
 la France France is threatened with an alarming insula- 
 tion. On voudroit etablir un systeme A.' is element et d'iner- 
 tie parmi les patriotes Endeavours are used to introduce 
 a system of insulation and inactivity dmongst the patriots.) 
 
 ISOLEMENT, adv. after an insulated manner, /. e. without 
 support. A new word. (Agir isolemcnt To act after ait 
 insulated manner.) 
 
 ISOLER, v. a. to insulate j to separate, or detach. This 
 verb, only employed as a term in architecture, implying 
 the action of separating different parts of a building from 
 each other so as not to join, and of which the participle 
 alone Was admitted into the french academy's dictionary, 
 at present signifies, to deprive any one of support and as* 
 sistance, and leave him alone and unprotected. (Tous les 
 efforts de nos ennemis en dedans et en dehors sont concen- 
 tres dans ce point, de nous isokr au milieu de 1'Europe 
 All -the endeavours of our enemies, as well within as 
 without, centre in this, to iniulate us in the midst of Eu- 
 rope.) 
 
 ISOLE, EE, part, insulated. (Les quatre cents mille fede- 
 rations auroient fait autant de societes isolces The four 
 hundred thousand confederacies would have become so 
 many insulated societies.) 
 
 S'ISOLER, v. recip. to insulate one's self or himself. Anewword. 
 (S'isokr au milieu de 1'Europe, c'est nous abandonner ab- 
 solument a nous-meroes, et nous priver de tous les secours 
 des autres nations et leur refuser les notres To insu- 
 late ourselves in the midst of Europe, were to be left 
 entirely to ourselves, to be deprived of every assistance 
 from other nations, and to refuse the same to them. 
 Comme la societe generate des hommes est un echange 
 
 jotunalier
 
 J A C 135 
 
 journalier dcs secours reciproques, il faut apprendre a 
 I'homme comrne aux pen pies ne pas ttre egoiste, ou 
 concf:ntrer le bonheur en lui-nieme, a ne pas iitakr As 
 society in general is a daily exchange of reciprocal aid, 
 we should teach mankind, as well as the people, not .to 
 become egoists, centering all happiness within thfcU own 
 persons, and not to insulate - 
 
 J- 
 
 JACOBS, s. ra. a Jacobin ; a name given to the member 
 of a society of "the people, established in the year 1789, 
 in the old convent of the Jacobins, Dominicans, or whrte 
 friars, at Paris. The same name has been given to the 
 societies connected or affiliated with this Paris club; as 
 well as to such individuals, not joining any society, as 
 have professed similar principles. 
 
 The society of Jacobins called themselves the friends of 
 liberty and equality ; they corresponded with the other 
 clubs, not only in France, but in every country where so- 
 cieties of the like kind were to be found. The number of 
 these clubs in France was not less than twelve hundred, 
 ond the whole amount of these societies was thought to 
 be sixty thousand; they formed together a political con- 
 federacy, uniting in one point, of a nature the most alar- 
 ming to the established governments of Europe ever 
 known. 
 
 The following is an account of the rise of the Jacobins, 
 given by a writer at the time this formidable club existed. 
 (Les Jacobins doivent leur naissance :\ la generation de i.t 
 republique; ou plutot la republique doii sa naissance aux 
 Jacobins, les grands regulateurs de la revolution The 
 x 2 Jacobins
 
 I5S JAC 
 
 Jacobins owe their rise to the creation of the republic ; or 
 rather, to the Jacobins, the grand regulators of the revolu- 
 tion, is the rise of the republic itself owing.) 
 
 The french Jacobin societies, which governed and di- 
 rected the national convention, many of the deputies to 
 which belonging to the principal club at Paris, proved a 
 most cruel scourge to the people. They were for reducing 
 and levelling all ranks and fortunes to an equality ; at 
 length its members being guilty of every enormity under 
 Robespierre, the club fell with him, or rather in consequence 
 of his fall. Robespierre was executed by the guillotine 
 on the 27th of July I79i, now celebrated as a feast under 
 the name of the Qth Thermidor, and the society of Jaco- 
 bins was abolished in November following. 
 
 An address from a section of the city of Paris to the 
 national convention soon after this horrid society was dis- 
 persed, has the following passage, which shews the detes- 
 tation in which it was held by the people. (Vous devez 
 designer tous les hommes de sang, ces vautours carnivores, 
 q-ui se sont nourris de la chair humaine sous le regime 
 sanguinaire de Robespierre et des Jacobins; le club des 
 Jacobins, repaire dans la capitale, ou 1'humanite est bannie 
 comme aristocratic, et la raison comme contre-revolution- 
 naire You ought to mark out those men of blood, those 
 devouring vultures, led with human flesh under the san- 
 guinary government of Robespierre and the Jacob'uis ; the 
 club of Jacobins, that den of wild beasts in the capital, from 
 \vhencehumanitywas driven away as being aristocratical, 
 and reason as counter-revolutionary.) 
 
 JACOBIN, E, adj. belonging, or appertaining to the clab of 
 Jacobins. (Le bonnet rouge Jacobin The red cap of the 
 Jacobins. La societe Jacobine The Jacolt'm club.) 
 
 JACO-
 
 J A L 157 
 
 JACOBINISMS, s. m. Jacobinism; the principles of demo- 
 cracy, as supported by the Jacobin party in France, and 
 elsewhere, in opposition to royalism and moderantism, of 
 which the society was the avowed enemy. (Un emissaire 
 du Jacobinisms An emissary of Jacobinism. Les principes 
 du Jacob'misme sont les boulevards de la revolution The 
 principles of Jacobinism are the bulwarks of the revolu- 
 tion.) 
 
 JACTANCE, s. f. boasting. This word, nearly become obso- 
 lete according to the dictionaries of the language, has lately 
 been revived, and used to signify the self-praise which 
 has its rise in vanity. It has its derivation from the latin 
 verb jactare, and appears to have superseded the french 
 word gasconnade, which is at present but seldom used. 
 
 The following story of a braggadocio, or boaster, will 
 shew the sense in \vhicli this substantive is now received. 
 
 (Un Gascon se vanta d'avoir tue son homme chaque fois 
 en dix et on^e differentes affaires d'honneur. Son ami, 
 qui avoit ecoute son beau conte, qui n etoit qu'une pure 
 jaciance, lui demanda : " Eh bien ! et la douzieme fois, 
 " tuates-vous votre homme ?" Le Gascon, qui scntit la 
 force de son arguineqt, rpppodit : " Par ma foi ! pour 
 " cette fois-ci il me tua." -A Gascon bragged of having 
 killed his man every time in ten and eleven different af- 
 fairs of honour. His friend, who had listened to his fine 
 tale, which was no other than mere boasting, said to him : 
 " Well, and the twelfth time, you killed your man too:" 
 The Gascon, who felt this observation in its full force, 
 replied : " Upon my word, that time I was killed myself." 
 J^LOUSEK, v. a. to covet, (Jacobins, il n'y a aucune sociute 
 qui ne jalouse votre estime Jacobins, there is no society 
 but covets your esteem.) 
 
 .. JOCKEYS,
 
 155 J U R 
 
 JOCKEYS, s. m. pi. a word borrowed from the English, 
 which has obtained nearly the same meaning as in that 
 language; (Dcpuis la ch;:te cln papier- monnoie et la rc- 
 - surrection du numeral re, on remarquoil de jour en jour 
 plus de voitures elegantes, de beanx chevaux de selle, de 
 livrees, de jockeys, surtout dans !es promenades publics-* 
 Since the dovvnfal of paper money and the renewed cir- 
 culation of cash, the places of fashionable x resort have 
 displayed a remarkable increase, from day to day, of ele- 
 gant carriages, beautiful saddle-horses, livery servants and 
 y^%5....Duniouriez, Fragmens sur Paris.) 
 JUGE, s. m. a judge. The judges are elected for a time 
 certain, and may be dismissed from their office for mis- 
 conduct. See Grand jiige militaire. 
 
 JUGE DE PAIX, judge of the peace. If these words are not 
 new in the french language, the office, as now conducted, 
 is certainly so to the french. natjpn. 
 
 The judge of the peace is an officer of justice arid police, 
 who, according to the constitution of 1705, must be 
 chosen by the primary assemblies. His duty is to hear 
 matters which are brought before him, arising within his 
 canton, or circle ; some of which he determines finally, 
 whilst others admit of appeal. Causes which can only be 
 determined upon by the civil tribunals, must be brought 
 before d judge of tbc peace and his four assesssors, in order 
 that they may (if possible) reconcile the contending par- 
 ties before their application to those courts. 
 
 Judges of the peace continue in office for two years, and 
 may be re-electrd. 
 
 JURE, s. m. a juryman j or the iury itself. 
 
 The appendix to the french academy's dictionary thus 
 demies this word : A com mission of private citizens, in- 
 habitants
 
 J U R 159 
 
 habitants of the neigbourhood, and persons well known, 
 called upon to establish the reality of an offence, and to 
 determine whether the party accused of it be guilty or 
 not. This commission is commonly styled the juri. Every 
 active citizen is liable to be called upon to perform the 
 office of juryman. 
 
 Thus far the appendix ; the institution as well as the 
 word are both new to the french people j both are evi 
 dently borrowed from the English j the word itself ap- 
 pears to be derived from the latin verb jurare, or from 
 jure diccndo. This institution was made by the first consti- 
 tuent assembly, which resolved that the life of a citizen 
 ought not to remain at the mercy of a judge, liable to 
 the influence of passions, or of a degree of indifference and 
 unconcern equally culpable 3 but that his case should be 
 decided upon by his peers, or equals ; and tills seems to be 
 that equality which has been so generally misunderstood, 
 and construed falsely into an assimilation of rank and of 
 the goods of fortune, not reducible into practice in any 
 state of society. 
 
 JI/KL MILITAIKF, s. m. ?. miljory jury/ or juryman. 
 
 According to i he constitution of 1791, before a military 
 offence can be* tried by a court martial, the -ground for 
 such tr'uil must be enquired into, and determined upon 
 by a jury formed of soldiers. See Juri miiitu'in:. 
 
 JUKI, s. m. a jury. The appendix to the french academy's 
 dictionary (1798) thus defines this word: An english 
 name commonly given to the commission called the jure, 
 It is likewise writ !en jury. 
 
 JUKI D' ACCUSATION, s. m. jury for the accusation. A jury 
 which -determines whether the accusation ought to be ad- 
 
 - mitted
 
 160 K I L 
 
 nutted or rejected. In every dfepartmcnt there are as 
 many juries for accusations as correctional tribunals. 
 
 JUKI CONSTRUCTION, s. m. jury of instruction. These 
 are three citizens chosen by the administration of the de- 
 partments to inspect into the several branches of public 
 instruction. There should be six of these juries in every 
 department. See Departement. 
 
 JUKI DE JUGEMENT, s. m. the jury for judgment ; the 
 jury which determines upon the existence of the crime, 
 and the criminality of the accused person. 
 
 By the constitution of 179^, there is to be one jury for 
 judgment, composed of twelve jurymen for every depart- 
 men. See Departement. 
 
 JUKI MILITAIRE, s. m. the military jury. By the constitu- 
 tion of 1791, there are juries of this kind both for land 
 and sea service. See Jure militaire. 
 
 K. 
 
 N. B. According to some, the three words here brought 
 tinder the letter K, should be written with cb, as being 
 all derived from the greek cbihos, which signifies a thousand. 
 
 KILOGRAMME, s. m. a weight, accordiug to the new repub- 
 lican system, equal to one thousand grammes, and nearly 
 two livres, or pounds, and six gros, gr drams. See Mc- 
 
 trciogie. 
 
 KILOLITRE, s. m. a measure of the new system, equal to 
 one thousand litres, used for liquids instead of the ton- 
 neau de mer, and equal to five pieces de Macon ; and for 
 dry measure, instead of the muid, containing nearly six 
 sellers and seven boisseaux. See Metrologie. ' 
 
 KILO-
 
 LEG lai 
 
 s. m. According to the new division of mea- 
 sures, tins is to be used for the admeasurement of distances 
 on the pnblic roads in France. The Li/cmetre is equal to 
 a thousand metres, or paces, and supplies the place of the 
 old measure of the quarter of a league ; it is about five 
 hundred and thirteen toises, or fathoms (102t) yards), five 
 inches, and three lines. See Metrologic. 
 
 LANTERN E, s. f. the lantern. A mode of punishment has- 
 tily adopted by the people at the beginning of the french 
 revolution ; which was, by hanging such persons as were 
 obnoxious to the cause with the ropes from which the 
 street-lanterns were suspended. (Condamner a la lan- 
 tmie To condemn to the lantern. Mettre a la lanterne 
 To put to the lantern. On crioit : A la lanterne, qu'on le 
 mette a la lanterne They cried out : To the lantern with 
 him, take him to the lantern.) 
 
 LANTERNER, v. a. to inflict the punishment described in 
 the preceding article. 
 
 LATITUDE, s. f. latitude. This word, formerly used by 
 geographers and geometricians only, now serves to imply 
 every kind of extension, whether corporeal, or intellec- 
 tual. (L'essor de la liberty a donne uue latitude procli- 
 gieuse'a 1'acception des mots The rapid -advances made 
 by liberty have given a very great latitude to the accepta- 
 tion of words.) 
 
 LEGISLATURE, s. f. the legislature. This is a new word 
 introduced into the french language with the first consti-
 
 162 L E S 
 
 tuent assembly, and implies the duration of a legislative 
 body, from its first assembly, or installation, to the expi- 
 ration of its powers, and the re-election of its members. 
 The first legislature of France commenced on the 1st of 
 May, J 7H ; and succeeded the national assembly con- 
 voked in the month of May, 1789, without any limited 
 duration, for the purpose of forming a constitution. The 
 legislative body, whilst assembled, is likewise styled the 
 legislature ; accordingly, it is said : La legislature presente 
 organisera 1'armee The present legislature will organize 
 the army. 
 
 LESE-MORALE, a breach of morality. Every action which 
 is disgraceful to the nature of man, placed in the situa- 
 tion he is by the great Author of existence, who has en- 
 joined him not to do to others what he would not they 
 should do to him. 
 
 The following measure was adopted by the national con- 
 vention, which will serve to shew the sense in which the 
 word is used. (Les femmes putliques, ce fleau de la so- 
 ciete, commencent a reparoitre & Paris. Que Ic comman- 
 dant general, qui s'est dej& infiniment bien comporte dans 
 ces occasions, soit done invite a veiller sur une des princi- 
 pales sources de tons ces delits de Tcse-morale, qui ne peu- 
 vent que mettre le comble & la corruption totale des mceurs 
 Common women, that nuisance of society, begin to 
 make their appearance at Paris. Let the commandant- 
 general, who has gained himself so much credit on the 
 like occasions, be invited to watch over one of the princi- 
 pal sources of every breach of morality, which cannot but 
 produce in the end a general corruption of morals.) 
 
 CRIME HE LKSE-NATION, the crime of treason against the 
 nation, 
 
 The
 
 LIB 163 
 
 The verb leser signifies, to wrong or to injure : thus, 
 they who attempt any thing to the prejudice of the li- 
 berty and equality of the french people are guilty of the 
 crime of Tese-nation ; as are all such as oppose the consti- 
 tution which the majority of the nation has thought good 
 to receive. This definition of the word, therefore, in- 
 cludes all counter-revolutionists. (Toute autorite consti- 
 tute se rend criminel de Use-nation, en abusant de ses pou- 
 voirs, et en trahissant les interets de ,la nation Every 
 Constituted authority becomes guilty of the crime of Icse- 
 nation, by abusing its power, and betraying the interest of 
 the nation.) 
 
 J.EVEE EN MASSE. See Masse. 
 
 LIBERTE, s. f. liberty. This word, as well as that of ega- 
 lite, is only introduced here as being new to the french 
 language in a revolutionary sense. The following passages 
 from the declaration of the rights of man by the consti- 
 tuent assembly, as presented to the King by that assembly, 
 on the 3rd of September, 1791, and accepted by his ma- 
 jesty on the 14th of the same month, will shew the sense 
 in which the word liberty is now received in France. (Le 
 but de toute association politique est la conservation des 
 droits naturels et imprescriptibles de rhomme. Les dis- 
 tinctions sociales ne peuvent etre fondees que sur 1'utilite 
 commune. La lib eric consiste & pouvoir faire tout ce qui 
 ne nuit pas a autrui. Ainsi 1'ejcercice des droits naturels de 
 1'homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres ci- 
 toyens la jouissance de ces memes droits. Ces boines ue 
 peuvent etre determiners que par la loi The end of all 
 political society is the security of the natural and impres- 
 criptible rights of man. Distinctions in society can be 
 founded only in the common good. Liberty consists in a 
 Y 2 power
 
 164 L I T 
 
 power of doing every thing which shall not injure ano- 
 ther. Thus the exercise of the natural rights of man has no 
 boundary but that which secures to other citizens the en- 
 joyment of the same rights. These boundaries can only 
 be fixed by the law.) 
 
 LIBERTICIDE, adj. m. and f. liberticidal. A new word, im- 
 plying whatever is destructive of the liberty of mankind, 
 and in particular that of the people of France, obtained 
 through the new constitution, and" acknowledged as a 
 natural and imprescriptible right by the declaration of the 
 rights of man, and of the citizen ; which no political as- 
 sociation whatever ought to deprive him of. (Factions 
 et efforts nberlicidfs 'Liberticidal factions and endeavours. 
 Les Brissotins, etres liberticides The Brissotins, a set of 
 liberticidal beings. Nous jurons de faire de nos corps un 
 rempart centre les conspirateurs lUerticides We swear to 
 oppose our bodies as a bulwark against liberticidal conspira- 
 tors.) 
 
 LISTE CIVILE, s. f. civil list. After the example of the 
 British Parliament, which allows the king an annual sum 
 by this title to support the splendour and dignity of his 
 crown, the national assembly in France settled on Lewis 
 the Sixteenth a civil list amounting to twenty-five millions 
 of livres. 
 
 LITRE, s. m. the unity, according to the new system, for li- 
 quid and dry measures. It is equal in its contents to the 
 cube of the tenth part of the metre. 
 
 The litre is used for liquids, instead of the pinte, and is 
 nearly equal to a pinte, and one-twentieth part. For dry 
 goods, it supersedes the litron, of which it makes one and 
 
 a quar-
 
 
 L O I 165 
 
 n quarter. The pinte, in decimal parts, answers to 0.9512 
 of the litre t and to 0.7927 of the litron. See Mctrologie. 
 N. B. The Paris pinte was forty-eight cubical inches ; 
 and the pot, equal to two pintes, made an English quart: 
 
 LOCALITE, s. f. locality. A new word, which signifies 
 whatever has relation to a particular spot, aud its local 
 varieties. (Moyens propres aux locahtcs Means adapted 
 to the locality. Calculer les circonstances des localitis 
 To calculate circumstances of locality. La legislation eco- 
 nomique et commerciale doit surtout avoir une connois- 
 sance exacte deslosatifcs An economical and commercial le- 
 gislation ought especially to be well aquainted with localities. 
 La convention nationale a etabli une comite d'agriculture 
 de trente membres, pour connoitre par lui-meme toutes 
 les localit'cs sur lesquelles il aura travailler pour faire un 
 code rural, utile et pratiquable The national convention 
 has established a committee of agriculture, consisting of 
 thirty members to acquire the knowledge of localities, in 
 order to form a rural code, at once .useful and practi- 
 cable.) 
 
 Loi, s. f. the law; the rule laid down for the conduct and 
 direction of a people being the result of the wisdom of 
 the legislative body, lawfully constituted and authorized. 
 According to the constitution of 1795, the resolutions of 
 the council of five hundred, adopted by that of the elders, 
 constitute the law. 
 
 By the constitution of 1/03, the measures agreed upon 
 by the legislative body were to be transmitted to the com- 
 munes and, unless returned within forty days with objec- 
 tions from the tenth part of the primary assemblies, they 
 were to be considered as law. 
 
 Loi
 
 166 L O I 
 
 Loi MARTIALE, martial law. The English were probably 
 the first institutors of this species of summary justice ; 
 which has been lately adopted by France in all its terrors, 
 . and with all the horrid attributes accompanying it. 
 
 This law, to which recourse is only had when the ordi- 
 nary sources of justice are become of no force, puts an 
 entire stop to the usual course of proceedings, and substi- 
 tutes instant execution by force of arms, to the milder de- 
 liberations of Themis. 
 
 The national assembly, taking into consideration that 
 states are strengthened by liberty, and weakened by licen- 
 tiousness, decreed the observance of martial law in times 
 particularly critical, thereby to restore the general tran- 
 quillity and security through a strenuous exertion of 
 force. 
 
 In case of riotous assemblies of the people, whetliei 
 armed or not, on a red flag being hoisted, a municipal 
 officer appears attended with guards, and declares that the 
 military force will be ordered to act. 
 
 If the people do not disperse upon this declaration, the 
 proclamation of martial law is made in the following 
 words : Avis est donne, que la loi martiale est proclamee, 
 que tout attroupement est criminel. On va faire feu. 
 . Que les bons citoyens se retirent Notice is given, that 
 martial law is proclaimed, and that it is unlawful to assem- 
 ble in bodies. Orders will be given to fire. Let all good 
 citizens depart. 
 
 At the second and third proclamation, these words only 
 are used : On va faire feu. Que les bons citoyens se re- 
 tirent. 
 
 If any persons remain after these several proclamations 
 are made, the soldiers are ordered to fire, and no one can 
 be made responsible for the consequences. 
 
 ETRE
 
 L U T 16; 
 
 ETR MIS nons BE LA LOI, to be outlawed. This phrase, 
 which is new to the french language, was at first invented 
 in order to put a stop to the counter-revolutionary designs 
 of the emigrants, who had retired to foreign courts with 
 hostile intentions ; and afterwards extended to all such as 
 departed from the republic during the revolution, and did 
 not return within the time prescribed by law. 
 
 LOUANGEUR,EUSE, adj. panegyrical; flattering. This word has 
 been long in use as a substantive, and is now of late em- 
 ployed with elegance as an adjective. (Relever la fadeur 
 d'un discours loitangeur par le sel de I'epigramrne To set 
 off the dulness of a Panegyrical discourse with the wit of 
 an epigram ) 
 
 LUTTE, s. f. contention ; wrestling; a struggle. This sub- 
 stantive, applied only to the contests of prize-fighters has 
 been figuratively used to express the difficulties which the 
 french republic has had' to combat, in regard to the powers 
 
 . in coalition. (Deji cinq annees des luttes les plus orageuses 
 cnntre des ennemis tels que la famine et la disette, \-\ 
 royaute, 1'aristocratie, le fanatisme, et la lutte avec tous 
 les rois de 1'Europe Already have five years been spent 
 in the most violent struggles with enemies, such as dearth 
 and famine, royalty, aristocracy, fanaticism, and a conten- 
 tion with all the kings of Europe.) 
 
 The following passage is from Rabaut, and are the con- 
 cluding words of his history of the first revolution. (Tan- 
 dis que la France achevera la lutte peniblc-dans laquelle file 
 est engagee, les petiples de 1'Europe ne verront pas sans 
 emotion s'accomplir les destinees 6tonnantes de qui depen- 
 dent les destinees. de 1'univers Whilst France shall be 
 putting an end to the painful contention in which she is <;a- 
 , the people of Europe will not behold without emo-
 
 168 L Y C 
 
 tioti the accomplishment of the surprising destinies on 
 which the fate of the whole universe depends.) 
 
 LUTTER, v. a. to" wrestle with. (La republique frangoise 
 lutte centre la plus redoutable liguedont 1'histoire a conser- 
 ve le souvenir Tha french republic wrestles with the moot 
 formidable league ever recorded in history. , Les vertus 
 energiques lutient contre les passions viles The virtues of 
 energy wrestle with hateful passions.) 
 
 XYCEE DBS ARTS, the lyceum of the arts. This began with 
 a private meeting of the members of the royal academy of 
 sciences, on the suppression of that institution ; accord- 
 ingly it suffered under the attacks of anarchy, and the 
 general demolition of every thing that related to science. 
 It has since been put on a footing with the other national 
 establishments, and supported by the government, at the 
 instance of the committee of public instruction. 
 
 The design of this lyceum is to encourage the sciences, 
 but especially the arts and trades of public utility; to 
 make known their progress, and to afford protection to 
 inventions, as well as to reward skilful workmen. 
 
 Since its institution, it has brought to light three hun- 
 dred and eighty inventions or improvements in the useful 
 arts, and rewarded the inventors. 
 
 LYCEE REPUBLICAIN, the lyceum of the republic. This 
 was founded by the unfortunate aeronaut, Pilatre du Ro- 
 zier, some little tim before he met with his fatal Phae- 
 tonic tumble. He gave it the name of lyceum, to which 
 has since been added that of the republic. 
 
 It is supported by voluntary subscriptions, and is the 
 only institution not maintained at the expense of the go- 
 vernment. It has a lecture-room, and rooms for conver- 
 sation and reading, furnished with books and news-papers. 
 
 It
 
 ?,I A I 169 
 
 it in open from ten in the morning till ten at night. It 
 has likewise a complete chymical laboratory. The lec- 
 tures read daily are on physics, or naturr.i philosophy, 
 chymistry, anatomy, botany and agriculture, history, 
 geography, grammar, and the cnglis.li and Italian lan- 
 guages. 
 
 M. 
 
 MAIRE, s. m. the mayor. This word, derived from the 
 Latin major, and the old French mayeur, signifies the head 
 of a municipality. 
 
 He is chosen every two years by a majority of active ci- 
 tizens in their primary assemblies. See Citoyen ac'tlf, A~>~ 
 semllee pnmairc. 
 
 The office of the mayor is .to superintend and inspect 
 every part of the municipal administration ; to preside at 
 their several councils, and to sign and ratify all their acts. 
 In the discharge of his office, he wears a sash laced with 
 gold ; and takes the lead in all public processions and at all 
 meetings. 
 
 MAJORITE, s. f. the majority. The number of votes which 
 exceeds the half. (Avoir la majorite des voix To have 
 the majority of voices. Une grande mqjorite A great 
 majority, i. e. considerably more than half.) 
 
 When it is used to signify the majority o'f voices of alt 
 the voters of an assembly, it is called la majorite absoluc, 
 the absolute, or clear majority; if it be the majority of the 
 strongest votes, it is called la majorite, ou pluralite rela- 
 tive, the relative majority, or plurality. 
 
 MAISON COMMUNE, s. f. the name given since the french 
 revolution to what was before styled la rcaison, or I'hotel- 
 ' de-ville (the town-house, or guildhall). 
 
 / MX i-
 
 i;o M A ;N 
 
 MA i so x D'ARBET.S. f. house of arrest ; a place appointed 
 for securing such persons as are taken up by mandat d'ar- 
 ret, or order of arrest or apprehension. See Mandat. 
 
 MAISON HE DI'/ILNTION, s. f. house of confinement ; a 
 place appointed by law for the confinement of such per- 
 sons as are by law ordered to be imprisoned. 
 
 MANDAT, s. m. an order. (Mandat d'a'mener An order to 
 appear before a judge ; likewise an order for apprehending 
 any person. Mandat d'arret An order to arrest a person, 
 and to lodge him in the maison d'arret.) 
 
 .MANDAT TERRITORIAL, s. m. bills issued by the french re- 
 public in May 1796, and intended to supersede the as- 
 signats and rescriptions. They were secured in the same 
 manner as these' latter, upon national property. The 
 creation of this paper money was never completed j all 
 that was ever done towards it was .to make what were 
 called promesses de mandat, to which the legislative body 
 gave the same value and the same cours force (forced cur- 
 rency). This cours force was taken away on the 6|h.of 
 February, 1797> by a resolution of the council of five 
 hundred, approved two days afterwards by the council of 
 elders. See Assignat, Rescription, Depreciation du Papier- 
 Monnoie. 
 
 MAXII-TSTATION'/S. f. manifestation. This word was only 
 applied to signify a declaration of the public opinion re- 
 specting matters of religion, but is now used in the same 
 sense as to morality and politics. (Manifestation de ses 
 seutimens A manifestation of his sentiments and opi- 
 nions.) 
 
 MANIPULATION, s. f. manipulation - r hand-labour. This 
 word was heretofore confined to imply such chymical ope- 
 rations as were employed in working minerals, but has 
 
 cow
 
 31 A R 171 
 
 now obtained a greater extent, and is used to signify all 
 kinds of labour by irind. They say now : La manipula- 
 tion- AM vin, of wine; du pain, of bread ; de I'luiilc, of 
 oil ; du sel, of salt. Perfectionner la manipulation de fou- 
 dre, rnouler et forcr le canon--To bring to perfection the 
 k&tdfabffur of casting, turning, and boring cannon. 
 
 MANIPULER, v. a. a new word, which signifies, to mani- 
 pulate, or work with the hands. \Maiiip:ikr vrn navire 
 To work a ship. La deesse de la Fra nee a communique 
 d'un seul mot a tous les citoyens le secret de manipttkr Ics 
 elemens du tonnerre et de la foudre; le patriotisme et la 
 science ont opere ce prodige The divinity of France has 
 in a single word communicated to all its citizens the secret 
 of -working iv'itb bands the elements of thunder and light- 
 ning; patriotism and science have wrought this miracle.) 
 
 MAKAIS, s. m. the marsh, or lowland. There being a party 
 in the national convention styled, by way of burlesque, 
 the mountain, that in opposition to it was denominated 
 the marais. The members of this party were called aristo- 
 crats ; and were sometimes charged with favouring royal- 
 ism, and at other times, the principles of the Girondine 
 and Brissotine factions, which went to divide the nation 
 into small republics. Robespierre and his adherents were 
 on all occasions exceedingly violent in their speeches 
 against this party, declaring it inimical to the cause of li- 
 berty and a republican government. Their sarcasms often 
 bordered on the ridiculous, as when they said : Les cra- 
 pauds du marais ont essaye de gravir sur la cime-de la 
 sainte montagne; mais les braves montagnards les ont 
 prccipite dans 1'abyme The toads of the iiianb have en- 
 deavoured to climb up to the holy mountain, but the brave 
 mountaineers have driven them down to their pools and 
 
 ditches. 
 
 z 2 MAR-
 
 1/2 MAX 
 
 MAHGUANT, E, adj. whatever serves to mark or distinguish 
 n person or thing. This adjective was used formerly to 
 signify no more thau the card which marked the progress 
 of a game at cards, but is now applied to remarkable per- 
 sons and actions. Accordingly, the French say now: 
 Toutes les nations marqnantes de 1'Europe All the distin- 
 guished nations of Europe. Les traits de bravoure les plus 
 m&rquaru, de nos freres d'armfs seront consignes dans le 
 livre des 'actions heroi'ques de la nation The most distin- 
 guished marks of bravery of our brethren in arms will be 
 recorded in the nation's book of heroic actions.) 
 
 MASSE (EN), s. f. in a body, or mass. The word masse, of 
 frequent use to signify a collection of several things into 
 one entire body, has, since the french revolution, been 
 applied, in a sense altogether new, to persons} as the 
 following examples will shew, all of them of late use. 
 (Aller, se porter en masse To go, to convey themselves 
 in a masse, or body. L'assemblee s'est portee en masse ' The 
 assembly went in. a body. Une levee en masse des citoyens 
 A rising of the citizens in a body, and by extension, des 
 habitans d'un pays, of the inhabitants of a country. At- 
 taquer en masse To attack in a body.') They likewise say: 
 La masse des preuves The ZWv of proof. La masse im- 
 posante des devoirs envcrs la patrie The powerful ma;; 
 of duties respecting our country. 
 
 MAXIMEK, v. a. to conform to the law of the maximum. 
 
 MAXIMUM, s. m. the maximum. A name given in France 
 ' to a tariff, or list of articles of merchandize or consump- 
 tion, with the highest prices fixed, beyond which the 
 dealers in the several articles were to make no exaction. 
 
 Maximum
 
 MAX 173 
 
 -. Mtumnum is likewise used to signify the highest degree. 
 (C'est le maximum en impolitique It is the maximum, or 
 highest degree of bad policy. Le maAimum en folie The 
 maximum, or highest degree of folly.) 
 
 LA LOT DU MAXIMUM, the'lawof the maximum. This law, 
 which was considered, at ihe first rise of the republic, by 
 the national convmion and a grc:it part of the french 
 nation as a very proper measure, and absolutely necessary 
 to be enforced, was repealed in the third year of the re- 
 public, as destructive of industry, and particularly inju- 
 rious to agriculture and commerce. 
 
 LE TABLEAU DU MAXIMUM, the table of the maximum. This 
 table, formed for the regulation of she maximum, and 
 comprised in two octavo volumes, containing every ar- 
 ticle employed in manufactures, or made an object of 
 commerce, exhibits to the consumer and mercantile 
 part of the french nation a chart of whatever is neces- 
 sary in the different branches of manufactures and the 
 arts, with the several productions of nature and human 
 labour, their first cost, as charged by the grower and ma- 
 nufacturer, together with estimates of the expenses of 
 freight and carriage, and the profit of the wholesale 
 dealer 'and retailer : in short, it is a geographical and topo- 
 graphical map of agriculture, manufactures, and indus- 
 try in general, calculated for the meridian of France; a 
 curious work, and the only one of its kind that is existing. 
 Although this table is no longer in use, the law of the 
 maximum being abolished, yet, considered as a work of in- 
 formation, it may hereafter be found of use in operations 
 of finance of greater importance to the nation. Jt is one 
 of those enquiries which resembles that made in former 
 times after the philosopher's stone ; though it proved to 
 be in vain, and labour lost, yet it became afterwards pro- 
 ductive
 
 J?4 M E R 
 
 ductive of something more beneficial than the gold which 
 was the original object of the research. 
 MENEUR, s. m. a leader. This word, heretofore applied 
 only to the ecuyer des dames (gentleman usher to la- 
 dies), or the meneur d'ours (bear- hadei), is now given to 
 the meneurs d'un complot (the leaders of a conspiracy), and 
 every faiseur de menses, d'intrigues et de pratiques se- 
 cretes (conductor of plots, intrigues and secret practices). 
 MENTIR, v. n. to lie; to tell an untruth. This verb, of as 
 ancient use in France and other countries as the vice itself, 
 of which it expresses the commission, is introduced here 
 because it has been a late practice in France to join it with 
 fhe substantive conscience. Mentir a sa conscience To 
 lie against one's conscience : which is a new phrase. 
 
 It has often been said by one member of the legislative 
 body to another : Mon frere, tu as mtnti a ta conscience- 
 Brother, thou hast lied against thy conscience. 
 
 The following anecdote will shew how this polite apos- 
 trophe has been applied in that assembly. One of the 
 deputies to the army of the north, boasting how the bul- 
 lets had saluted his tri-coloured plume of feathers (avaient 
 caresse son panache tricolore), another deputy from the 
 national convention, who was actually present at the bat- 
 tle in question, stopped him short with this reply : Mon 
 frere, tu as mentl a ta conscience, car tu fus, avec ton pa- 
 nache tricolore a trois lieues du champ de bataille Bro- 
 ther, thou hast lied against thy conscience, for thou, and 
 thy tri coloured plume of feathers, were at the distance 
 of three leagues from the field of action. 
 MERCAXJTMER, s. m. an itinerant butcher who carries meat 
 for sale from one town to another, and has no settled 
 ghop any where, a kind of occupation common to the 
 
 Low
 
 M E S 175 
 
 Low Countries. (Les mercandlers complottent ensemble 
 pour accaparer les viandes The backing butchers join 
 - together to forestal and raise the price of meat.) 
 MEKITER DE LA PATRIE, to deserve we'll of the country. 
 Though this phrase was in use during the french monar- 
 chy, yet it demands a place in this vocabulary on account 
 of its particular application at the present moment, it being 
 the form through which patriotic citizens receive the 
 thanks. of the republic as the reward of their civism ; ei- 
 ther by recording these words in the annals of the nation, 
 or inserting them in the bulletin, or national register of 
 heroic exploits, or, lastly, by inscribing the citizen's name 
 on the pillar in the national temple, or pantheon, amongst 
 other names of citizens who have proved themselves emi- 
 nently meritorious in the service of their country. 
 
 M^SESTIME, s. f. disesteem. The verb mesestimer (to di- 
 esteem) has been long in use; but this substantive is new. 
 
 MESSAGE, s. m. a message. By the constitution of 17P5, 
 all communications betwixt the executive directory and 
 the legislative body, and vice versa, are made by what is 
 caifed a message. 
 
 MESSAGES D'ET/VT, s. m. a messenger of. state; ?.n officer 
 whose duty it is to convey the messages which pass betwixt 
 the executive directory and the legislative body. The two 
 councils and the directory have each of them four mesifn- 
 gen of slate. 
 
 MESSIDOR, s. m. the harvest month ; the tenth month of 
 the year, according to the new french calendar, beginning 
 on the IQth of June and ending on the 18th of July, 
 wheu the cultivator of the land is gladdened with the 
 prospect of the waving corn and approaching 1 harvest, 
 
 .hoping
 
 J7<5 MET 
 
 hoping by an abundant crop to reap the reward of the la- 
 bour of the year. 
 
 This is the first summer month ; its name terminating, 
 as the two following, in dor.- 
 
 "MhTKK, s. m. the principal unity of the measures of the 
 french republic, according to the newly-received system. 
 It is one out of ten millions of parts into which in imagi- 
 nation the distance of the arc of the meridian, or fourth 
 part, betwixt the. north pole and the equator, is divided. 
 It is nearly equal to three feet, eleven lines, and an half. 
 The word is derived from the Greek metron, which signi- 
 fies a measure. See Mctrohgie. 
 
 METROLOGIE, s. f. metrology; the name given to the new 
 republican system of weights and measures lately esta- 
 blished throughout France. 
 
 The difference and infinite variety of the weights and 
 measures, throughout all the provinces of France, had en- 
 gaged the attention of mathematicians long before the 
 aera of the revolution. Before that great event, they had 
 made known their intention of iutrodu. ing a methodical, 
 uniform and invariable system of weights and measures, 
 which should be found equally useful in national transac- 
 tions, and in foreign commerce; rendering the communi- 
 cation at home and abroad more easy, by removing 'the 
 inconvenience and disadvantages that arose from the con- 
 fusion and variety, which fc in that respect, had hitherto 
 prevailed over the whole country. 
 
 It was, therefore, a happy thought to settle a weight 
 taken from nature, singular in its kind, and applicable to 
 all others : a metre, for the measurement of lengths, su- 
 perficies, and all dimensions of bodies ; and by this me- 
 tre to settle a gramme, or common weight. What added 
 
 to
 
 MET 177 
 
 to the merit of this idea was the connecting it with deci- 
 mal divisions. By such a progression, notwithstanding 
 the numerous difficulties attending it, this noble idra, 
 which had been generally considered as an idle specula- 
 tion, became actually realized in France. See Mltrc, 
 Gramme. 
 
 The revolution in France promoted this plan of a total 
 change of weights and measures, which had been thought 
 of under the ancient government, and which from the 
 nature of its constitution had been delayed in iis execu- 
 tion, if not totally laid aside. So long since as the year 
 1/00, the members of the academy of sciences, in con- 
 junction with several deputies of the national convention, 
 had laboured and completed this plan. Several men cf 
 learning in France had been fellow-labourers in producing 
 this new system, which is now enforced throughout the 
 republic, with the view not only of advantage to the 
 french nation, but to all others, amongst which it is 
 hoped it will by degrees be generally adopted. 
 
 All weights and measures are liable to be affected by 
 age, climate, the seasons, and other accidents, so that 
 their unity becomes altered at different times in the same 
 place. To remedy this unavoidable alteration as much as 
 possible, it has been an idea to borrow an invariable mea- 
 sure from nature herself, with which at all times to cor- 
 rect and restore the standards, or proofs of assize. For 
 this purpose Huygens proposed the length of a pendulum 
 beating seconds ; the french philosophers have chosen the 
 distance from the equator to the pole, the quadrant, or 
 fourth part of the circle of the meridian ; which dividing 
 in their thoughts into ten millions of equal parts, ihry 
 have called one of these parts the metre. This sublime 
 idea has, however, after an impartial consideration, met 
 A a with
 
 178 MET 
 
 with objections from philosophers both in France and Ger- 
 many j and principally because no precise measurement 
 of the quadrant of the meridian has been hitherto, or is 
 likely to be obtained. 
 
 At present, this measurement has been provisionally de- 
 termined to be 5,132,430 toises, or fathoms, equal to 
 30,794,580 Paris feet : according to which, the metre is 
 in decimal parts, 3.0794580 that is to sny, 3 feet, 
 inches, 11 T V<5 lines; and it will remain thiis settled 
 until the new admeasurements from the Mediterranean 
 Sea to the North Sea, and from Barcelona to Dunkirk, 
 are completed. See Grade. 
 
 The divisions of the new weights and measures adopted 
 by the french republicans, and the names which they have 
 given to them are simple, and easy to be remembered ; 
 they are greek words latiuized, made French, arid readily 
 assimilatfe with other tongues. 
 
 The table in the next page shews the whole system in a 
 clear and distinct point of view. 
 
 TABLE
 
 MET 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 S 
 
 8 
 
 b 
 
 - 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 9. 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 S*. 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 ? 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 | 
 
 * 
 
 M r 
 
 3 
 
 (V 
 
 3 
 
 imetre 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 
 cv 
 
 3 
 
 6" 
 
 3 
 
 iamctre 
 
 SLJ 
 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 
 > 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 ? 
 
 2 I 
 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 M 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 *n 
 
 
 
 5' 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 E' 
 3 
 
 G 2 
 
 So o 
 
 J 1 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 JS 
 
 n 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 * 5 
 
 o o > 
 o t S 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 rv 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 Centilitre 
 
 Decilitre. 
 
 r 
 
 R 
 
 Decalitre 
 
 Hectolitre 
 
 Kilolitre 
 
 
 DRY AND 
 
 LIQUID 
 
 MEASUUE. 
 
 | 
 
 * 
 
 O 
 rt> 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 JS 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 
 gramme 
 
 igramme 
 
 gramme 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 n 
 
 gramme 
 
 ogramme 
 
 gramme 
 
 agramme 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 >> 
 
 
 
 
 
 <> 
 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 r 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 ^ 
 
 A a a
 
 180 MET 
 
 Every method has been used to introduce this new sys- 
 tem of weights and measures into general use throughout 
 the republic, and particularly at Paris. According to the 
 twenty-fifth article of the law constituting the national 
 institution of arts and sciences in 1796, an original mea- 
 sure, or standard, is to be there deposited, made of plati- 
 na, or white gold, found to be the closest known metal, 
 and least subject to variation. Against all the principal 
 buildings, and in all places of public resort a neat tablet of 
 white marble is set up, with a metal metre fixed in it; and 
 on .all the great roads round Paris, a stone is placed in the 
 antique form, at the distance of every thousand paces, in- 
 scribed with the word Kilometre. See Kilometre. 
 
 A council of weights and measures has been established, 
 charged with the propagation of this new system, for 
 which purpose they have sent printed accounts of it to all 
 the foreign societies for the promotion of arts and indus- 
 try. 
 
 Doctor Meyer, a learned German, who was at Paris in 
 l/97> (t whom we are indebted for this and other arti- 
 cles), says, the new metres, or measuring rules, sold 
 there, are by no means exact, and are ill divided j and 
 the doctor adds, that he saw two bought out of the same 
 shop which differed from each other, notwithstanding the 
 council before-mentioned have been very minute and exact 
 in their instructions. In short, the introduction of these 
 measures has to encounter with much prejudice and many 
 difficulties; and several worthy and learned characters wish 
 the nation fairly rid of it, and that it had never taken place 
 at all. 
 
 These weights and measures appear to be used according 
 to the shopkeeper's political opinions. With some, the 
 old ell is still retained j and as the metre differs from the 
 
 ell
 
 MET 
 
 161 
 
 ell in being somewhat shorter, 'much dispute and litigation 
 is thereby occasioned betwixt buyer and seller. 
 
 To amuse the reader, after his perusal of this dry arti- 
 cle, we shall present him with a story related by the be- 
 fore-mentioned Dr. Meyer. 
 
 .A female citizen had bargained for an ell of cloth, but 
 on bringing it home, and measuring it by her own ell, she 
 found her measure short, and went to the shopkeeper, 
 who, having given her the measure of a metre, refused 
 to take it back, olimake her any allowance for the dif- 
 ference. Upon which she applied to the citizen judge 
 of the peace, whose name was Delorme, for redress, 
 \vhen the following dialogue took place. . 
 
 LA FEMME. 
 
 Monsieur . . . 
 DELORME (mterrompant). 
 Comment ! je ne suis pas 
 un monsieur. 
 
 LA FEMME. 
 
 Ah, pardon, Citoyen! Di- 
 manche pass6 . . . 
 
 DELORME. 
 
 Qu'appelez-vous Diman- 
 che ? Nous n'en avons plus. 
 
 LA FEMME. 
 
 Eh bien ! le quintidi de 
 la semaine. 
 
 DELORME (impatient). 
 Vous m'ennuyez. Je ne 
 . connois point de semaines. 
 
 THE WOMAN. 
 
 Monsieur . . . 
 
 
 
 DELORME (interrupting ier). 
 How's that ! I am no 
 monsieur. 
 
 THE WOMAN. 
 
 I beg your pardon, Ci- 
 tizen ! Last Sunday . . . 
 
 DELORME. 
 
 What do you mean by 
 Sunday ? We have no Sun- 
 days now. 
 
 THE WOMAN 1 . 
 
 Well, well ! the quimidi 
 of the week. 
 
 DELORME (hastily). 
 
 This is past bearing. I 
 know nothing of weeks.
 
 182 
 
 MIL 
 
 LA FEMME. 
 
 Mais, Mons . . . Citoyen, 
 je veux dire j la decade du 
 moU d'Avril. 
 
 DELOHME (en coTcre). 
 Encore une sottise. Avril ! 
 
 LA FEMME. 
 
 De Floreal. J'achetai une 
 aune . . . 
 
 DKLORME (furiettx}. 
 Finissez, enfin. Vous par- 
 lez de metres. Allez, allez, 
 allez ; vous avez encore des 
 Dimanches, des sernaines, 
 des tnois d'Avril, des aunes 
 et des messieurs. Retirez- 
 vous j vous ete une aristo- 
 crate ! 
 
 THE WOMAN. 
 
 But, Monsitur . . . Citi- 
 zen I should say; I mean 
 the decade of the month of 
 April. 
 
 DELORME (in a passion}. 
 
 There again ! April t 
 
 THE WOMAN. 
 
 Floreal, I should say. I 
 bought an ell ... 
 DELORME (in a violent rage). 
 
 I'll hear no more. Ygu 
 are talking of metres. Be 
 gone about your business. 
 You still keep to your Sun- 
 days, your weeks, your 
 months of April, your ells 
 and your monsuurs. Away 
 with you ; you arc an aris- 
 tocrat ! 
 
 The poor female citizen, much confused on having 
 jnade so many unfortunate blunders, quitted the presence 
 of the judge, and was fain to put up with the loss she 
 had sustained. 
 
 MILLIGRAMME, s. m. a weight according to the new repub- 
 lican system of the thousandth part of a gramme, and 
 about the fiftieth of a grain. See Metrologie. 
 
 MitLiMTRF, s. m. according to the new system of mea- 
 sures, this is the length of one thousandth part of the 
 metre. It .supplies the place of the former ligne, or line, 
 of which it i nearly the half. See Metro/logic. 
 
 MIXISTRE,
 
 M I S 163 
 
 MINISTRE, s. m. the minister. The principal agent for the 
 execution of the laws under the authority and inspection 
 of the executive directory. According to the constitution 
 f" 1T9 5 ' the number of ministers is not to be less than 
 six, nor more than eight. They are in the nomination of 
 the director)', which can revoke them at pleasure. 
 
 MINORITE, s. f. the minority j any number less than half 
 the whole number of voles. (Une grande mlnorite des 
 voix A great minority of voices, /". c. a very few.) It is 
 spoken likewise of the members. (La minorilc des votans . 
 The minority of members who voted.) 
 
 MJSE EN LIBEBTE, s. f. a discharge ; liberation; setting at 
 liberty. This phrase is new, and arose from the revolu- 
 tionary system of government, when imprisonment was 
 had recourse to on the slightest pretences. (La conven- 
 tion nationale a decrte la mise en libtrti- de tous les citoyens 
 incarceres pendant le regime de sang de Robespierre re- 
 connus innocens par la commission The national con- 
 vention has decreed the liberation of all citizens imprisoned 
 during Robespierre's sanguinary system of government, 
 who are found by the committee guilty of no crime.) 
 
 MISSION, s. f. a mission, or sending forth. This word was 
 heretofore applied to the religious function discharged by 
 missionaries, who were sent into different parts to en- 
 lighten heathens with the mysteries of the gospel ; but it 
 has now acquired the same sense as the substaative 
 agency. 
 
 During the time of royalty, the deputations from the 
 constituent assembly to the King, for the^ sanction of its 
 decrees were styled missions. The word was afterwards 
 used to imply the power, or direction in any public or po- 
 litical interest and concern, which any of the republic's 
 
 agents
 
 184 MOD 
 
 agents might have assigned to them in the departments, OT 
 with the armies, or at any foreign court. (L'objet d'une 
 
 . mission The object of a mission. La mission d'un minis- 
 Ire pres d'une des principales puissances de 1'Europe The 
 mission of a minister with one of the principal powers of 
 Europe. Les representans du peuple en mission dans un 
 departement The representatives of th people on a 
 mission into a department. Remplir une mission honoiable 
 avec energie To fulfil an honourable mission in a spirited 
 manner. Les missions d'une republique doivent etre con- 
 fiees au courage, i la vertu, et au merite A republic's 
 missions should be confided to resolution, virtue and merit. 
 Etre en mission To be on a mission. S'acquitter d'une 
 mission To acquit himself of a mission. Mission d'un en- 
 voye The mission of an envoy. Un tel envoye, ayant 
 
 . rempli sa mission, est retourne 1 Paris A certain envoy, 
 having fulfilled his mission, is returned to Paris) 
 
 The national assembly styled the grand object of the 
 kingdom's re-organization its miision, in the proclamation 
 made in the last sessions. These were the \v6Yds used on that 
 occasion : L'assemblee constituante declare que sa mission 
 est remplie, et que ses seances sont finies The consti- 
 tuent assembly declares its mission to be completed, and 
 that its sessions are over. 
 
 MITKAILLADES, s. f. pi. shooting from cannon loaded with 
 grape-shot : a new mode of punishment devised under 
 the revolutionary government of France, and principally 
 practised in the commune of Lyons. Cannon loaded 
 with grape shot were fired on citizens bound hand and 
 foot, and such as were wounded only by the discharge 
 were afterwards put to death with the sabre. 
 
 MODE, s. m. and f. mode; fashion ; manner; way; modu- 
 lation j mood; the rule of government in dress, beha- 
 viour,
 
 MOD 105 
 
 viour, sentiments, and entire conduct through life. This 
 substantive is of both genders. Under the monarchical 
 government of France, the frminine mods prevailed over 
 the masculine j and, indeed, obtained a soft of absolute 
 sway over >he minds of men which few other words had 
 ever arrived at before it. Les modes franchises (french 
 fashions) were followed in every nation, and presided over 
 the taste of the people of Europe. The masculine mode 
 was then confined wholly as a term in philosophy, gram- 
 mar and music, and was banished from polite society. 
 
 Under the republican government, the masculine mode 
 has gained the superiority, and the feminine is disgraced 
 as unworthy rational beings. Les modes franchises are no 
 longer followed or sought, because the ascendant of the 
 person is now changed for that of the mind ; and citizens 
 in France, male and female, dress according to their res- 
 pective tastes, whether in the grecian or roman manner, 
 or according to the mannekin, or doll, sent heretofore to 
 the several courts of Europe for the purpose of regulating 
 fashions. 
 
 The following examples will shew the use made of 
 mode, masculine, and the different senses in which it is 
 employed. (Ua mode de gouvernement, qui fait le bon* 
 heur ou le malheur d'un peuple A mode of government 
 which constitutes the happiness or misery of a people. 
 I.e mode le plus simple et le plus facile de lever des impots 
 sur le penple est de recevoir les contributions des terres en 
 nature The simplest and easiest mode of raising taxes on 
 the people is by receiving contributions from the land in 
 kind. Le mode d'rxecution de percevoir les impots en 
 nature The mode of execution for receiving taxes in 
 kind. Un mode d'organisation A mode of organization. 
 Un mof/f de combat A mode of fighting. Un mod^ 
 B b d'tx.
 
 180' MOD 
 
 ^'exception d'une loi A mode of exception to a law. 
 Une loi sans mode d'execution n'a point d'effet A law is 
 of no effect without a mode of execution. Le mode con- 
 certe pour la levee des recrues des troupes The mode set- 
 tled for raising recruits for the forces. Determiner le 
 mode d'une levee extraordinaire dans toute la Belgique To 
 settle the mode of an extraordinary levy throughout Bel- 
 ... gium ) 
 
 MODERAXTISME, ou FcuiLL AXTisME. As the French have 
 coined new words adapted to the several changes 'in, the 
 revolution of their country, so the English have been un- 
 der the necessity, in pursuing the thread of its history, to 
 introduce many which were unknown in their language 5 
 hence we have been accustomed to meet with the words 
 moderantisjn and fcuillant'mn in the course of our reading, 
 implying the doctrine or principles of the moderates or 
 Feuillans, who professed moderation with respect to the 
 revolution. 
 
 This moderate sytem of political government in France 
 was the very opposite of that of Robespierre and the Ja- 
 cjbinsj accordingly, the latter declared that of modera- 
 tion to be a dangerous principle during the crisis of a re- 
 volution, and productive of greater hazard to liberty than 
 the violences of the ultra-revolutionary system. After 
 the fall of Robespierre, and his sanguinary Jacobins, mo- 
 deranthm became the prevailing system of government in 
 France. 
 
 L, s. m. they who in France professed principles of 
 moderation with respect to the system of a revolutionary 
 government, were called moderns, 
 
 The moil'eres (moderates), convinced from their knowledge 
 of human nature, that a system of violence and of san- 
 
 guinary
 
 MOD 197 
 
 quinary measures, was repugnant to it ; and that an equa- 
 lity of conditions and of fortune was incompatible \vith a 
 state of civil society, and destructive of the social order, 
 opposed every attempt to introduce principles tending to 
 anarchy and the overthrow of society. These equitable 
 and reasonable notions were considered by Robespierre and 
 his adherents as strongly favouring aristocracy, and as 
 the ideas of a party which was pleased \\ith a weakness in 
 the revolutionary government, and th^ inactivity of the 
 national convention ; accordingly, the moderates were 
 charged with endeavouring by their writings and motions to 
 skreen the aristocrats from the punishment due to their 
 crimes, and to aim at a design of forcing the national 
 
 convention to lay aside its revolutionary character, and to 
 ' ' 
 
 forget itself so far as to pardon the betrayers of their 
 
 " country. 
 
 The maderes are likewise styled Feuillans, because when 
 they were persecuted by the Jacobins, and expelled that 
 club, they assembled themselves as a distincf society in the 
 refectory,of the convent of the Feuillans at Paris j these 
 worthy patriots, however, were far from forming a nu- 
 merous or flourishing dub during the reign of terror and 
 
 ' violence under Robespierre. 
 
 In the hall of the national convention, the moderns at 
 first occupied the right side, and the violent*, or opposite 
 party, the left ; when these last ascended the mountain, 
 the former took la plaine (the plain); and those suspected 
 of aristocracy, belonging to the Bvissotin faction, were 
 said to creep into what was styled le marais (the marsh) : 
 this was the origin of these denominations of parties, the 
 principles of each of which are herein explained under 
 their several* names. 
 
 B b 3 Mm-,
 
 188 M O N 
 
 Mois, s. m. a month; one of the twelve divisions of the 
 year, which; according to the calendar of the french re- 
 public, are each to consist of thirty days, and three de- 
 cades of ten days each, making in the whole three hun- 
 
 , dred and sixty days. The five remaining days, i. e. the 
 17th, 18th, igth, 20th and 21st of September, are called 
 Sansculottides, and are days of festival. See SanSculofl'uUs. 
 The first month of the year is called Vendemiaire (vin- 
 tage month); the last, Fructidor (fruit month). The 
 names of the twelve months are expressive and well 
 sounding; those of the autumn quarter end in aire, those 
 of winter in ose, those of spring in al, and those of sum- 
 mer in or; they are all to be found in this vocabulary 
 "under their proper letter. 
 
 MOMENTANEMENT, adv. momentaneously. (On a du ceder 
 momentancment & la superiorite du grand nombre des enne- 
 mis It is proper to yield momentancously to the superiority 
 of a great number of enemies. Les citoyens divises nia- 
 mcntancmcnt The citizens momentaneously divided.) 
 
 MONARCHIES, . rp. a partisan of constitutional mo- 
 narchy, as it made part of the constitution of the year 
 3791. 
 
 MONARCHIES, ENNE, adj. belonging, or appertaining to 
 the late royal or monarchical government of France. 
 
 (La frugalite et les moeurs sont les principales vertus 
 des republiques, et ne sont pas assez a 1'ordre du jour, 
 parce que la societe monarcbienr.e n'est pas epuree de la cor- 
 yuption de quatorze siecles. Morality and thrift are the 
 chief republican virtues, and are not yet sufficiently 
 made the prder of the day, because monarchical society is 
 
 not
 
 MON 189 
 
 not fully cleansed from the corruption of fourteen centu- 
 ries.) 
 
 MONARCHISTS, s. m. a partisan of monarchy. Tins sub- 
 stantive appears to have been first made use of by Raynal, 
 and has since been 'adopted by others. 
 
 MONTAGNARD, s. m. a mouhtaineerj a zealot for the french 
 revolution. This was a favourite appellation given by the 
 Jacobins to one another, and by which they endeavoured 
 to entrap popular applause. 
 
 (Republicans montagnards, qui marchent dans la vraie 
 ligne da la revolution republicaine, continuez, braves 
 montagnards, restez a" votre poste. Vous avez dans vos 
 mains la massue du people; frappez-en les ennemis. Foi 
 de montagnard, nous tiendrons parole Mountainc&rs of the 
 republic, who step in the direct path of republican revo- 
 lution, go on, brave mountaineers, maintain your post. 
 You hold in your hands the club of the people ; strike 
 your enemies down with it. On the faith of a mountaineer, 
 we will keep our \vord.) See Jacobin. 
 
 MONTAGNARD, E, adj. appertaining to the party of the 
 mountain. 
 
 (Principes montagnards Principles maintained by the moun- 
 tain party.} 
 
 MONTAGUE, s. f. the mountain ; a name given to a party of 
 the members of the national convention, who placed 
 themselves on the highest seats of the hall of the assem- 
 bly, and who espoused the opinions and voted for the 
 measures proposed by the most zealous revolutionists. 
 The opposite party were for a contrary reason called le 
 marais and la plaine. See tbese words. 
 
 (Graces
 
 IQ() MOT 
 
 (Graces te soit rendnes, sainte montagne, tu is sauve la 
 patrie en detruisant la plus horrible conspiration, immense 
 dans ses ramifications ; la montagne a encore une fois ecrasc 
 le crime Thanks be to thee, blessed mountain, thpu hast 
 preserved thy country by destroying the most horrid con- 
 spiracy; immense in its ramifications; the mountain- has 
 once more crushed criminality.) 
 
 MORAL, E, adj. moral. Thig adjective always much used 
 has been lately employed as a substantive to signify a 
 moral disposition, conduct, or manners. 
 
 (Donner des developpemens etendus sur le moral d'un 
 homme To give full information concerning the moral 
 conduct of a man, Jl est necessaire d'inspecter le moral 
 des troupes It is necessary to inspect into the moral conduct 
 of the troops.) 
 
 MORCELLEMENT, s. m. a partition into small parts or divi- 
 sions. ' 
 
 (Le morcellcment d'un pays The division of a country 
 info small parts. Tous les maux viennent du rhorcellemtnt 
 de nos forces All the evils arise through a division of our 
 troops into small bodies.) 
 
 MOTION, s. f. a motion. This word, borrowed from the 
 language of the British parliament, is used in the sense it 
 is applied to therein, and signifies a proposition offered 
 to the deliberation of the assembly. 
 
 Every deputy of the legislative body has a right to move 
 the assembly, or make a motion on any question, which is 
 liable to be quashed, if, on some other member moving 
 the previous question (t. e. whether the assembly shall 
 proceed to a deliberation on it, or not), it shall be resolved 
 in the negative. 
 
 A motion
 
 M U N igi 
 
 A motion stopped by the previous question may be re- 
 newed during the same sessions ; but not if it has been 'de- 
 bated, or deliberated upon. The like forms are observed in 
 the trench popular societies, in which public affairs are 
 discussed. 
 
 (Faire une motion To make a motion. Une motion insi- 
 dieuse, indecente, incendiaire, inconstitutionnelle An 
 insidious, indecent, incendiary, unconstitutional motion.) 
 See Question prcalable, 
 
 ^UKE MOTION D'GKDRE, a motion of order, or for order. 
 This is a motion to restore order in the assembly which any 
 member may move for when he judges there is occasion 
 for it. When the president (the speaker) of the legisla- 
 tive body finds his endeavours to bring the assembly back ' 
 to order become fruitless, he rings a bell, and puts on his 
 hat, which is a signal to the deputies that he craves their 
 
 support and assistance in the execution of his office. 
 
 / 
 
 MOTIONNAIKE, ou MoTioNNEUK, s. m. one v/ho makes a 
 motion, or offers a question to be deliberated or debated 
 on by the legislative body, or popular society. 
 
 MOTIONNER, v. n. to move a question; to make a motion, 
 or propose a matter for discussion and debate to the legis- 
 lative body, or a popular society. 
 
 MUNICIPALISED v. a. to municipalize, or to introduce the 
 municipal form of government into cities, or states. 
 
 (Municipaliser une vilie, province, un etat To mtmic'i- 
 palize a city, province, or state.) 
 
 MUNICIPALITE, s. f. municipality. 
 
 This word is only new to the french language as a term 
 for a form of government introduced with the revolution, 
 whereby the police and administration of affairs' vrithin 
 
 a citv>
 
 192 M U S 
 
 a city, to-.vn or village are now regulated. The officer* 
 chosen for this purpose are likewise called the municipalite ; 
 as is the place wherein they assemble for transacting busi- 
 ness. These officers have nothing to do with the judica- 
 ture, neither can officers of justice be chosen municipal 
 officers. There are forty-three thousand, three hundred 
 and sixty municipalities in France. The municipalites de 
 canton (municipalities of a canton) are abolished by the 
 constitution of 1795. According to this constitution, 
 every commune chuses an agent and his adjoint, or assis- 
 tant, and these officers meeting at the chief town of the 
 canton, together with a president elected by the primary 
 assemblies, form the municipality of it. - 
 
 The municipal officers, whilst in the execution of their 
 offices wear sashes of the national colours, with a white 
 fringe; that of the mayor, or president, is distinguished 
 from the others. 
 
 MUSCADIN, s. m. this appellation has taken pface of the 
 french words petit-maitre, adopted by the English, and long 
 used by Both nations to denote that effeminate, conceited, 
 selfish being, which we likewise style a fop, or fribble. 
 
 Though this kind of inoffensive animal, which it should 
 seem is found in France of the female gender, does not 
 owe its origin to the revolution, which has certainly pro- 
 duced both men and women of undaunted resolution, un- 
 shaken courage, and indefatigable perseverance, it un- 
 doubtedly owes its present name to it, which is far more 
 expressive of the qualities and properties of these crea- 
 tures than the former denomination of petit-maitre, and 
 seems derived either from the sweet wine called muscat, 
 that powerful odour, musk, or those delicate words (pa- 
 roles musquees) which usually issue from their perfumed 
 
 lips. 
 
 The
 
 M U S 193 
 
 The following passages will serve to characterize the 
 present generation of petit-maitres, or, as they are now 
 'styled, muscadins, in France. 
 
 (Defiez-vous d'une nue de muscadins et de muscadines, 
 qui va pleuvoir a Paris, non pour contre-revolutionner par 
 la force de leurs bras, mdis par 1'energie de leurs ma- 
 choires. En mangeant tous les jours deux cent francs par 
 tete $ 1'hotel d'Egalite pour un repas, ils consomment et 
 rencherissent les vivres, et font naitre la disette Be mis- 
 trustful of a aloud, of muscadins of both sexes which hangs 
 over Paris, not to bring about a counter-revolution by the 
 vigour of their arms, but by the strength of their jaws. 
 Eating, as they do, respectively, to the daily amount of 
 two hundred francs each meal at the hotel d'Egalite, 
 they must occasion a consumption of provisions and a 
 rise in the price, which in the end will produce a scarcity. 
 
 Les muscadins, qtjl roulent sur le pave de Paris, qu'on 
 ne peut faire Un pas sans les rencontrer, pour s'exemptet 
 de la requisition de servir dans I'infariterie, declarent 
 qu'ils veulent servir dans la marine. Quand ils sont arri- 
 ves dans un port de mer, ils font si bien par leur conduite, 
 qu'il faut les chasser de la, ou ils declarent qu'ils n'ont 
 point d'aptitude pour la marine, mais bien pour les troupes 
 i cheval. Arrives a Tescadron reformes par defaut d'ap- 
 titude dans la cavalerle, ils veulent rentrer dans la marine; 
 ou dans les ambulances, ou dans les charrois. Enfin, on 
 s'est lasse si bien de leurs subterfuges de sauver la patriei 
 qu'on auroit mieux reussi a organiser 1'armee du Pape, 
 qu'une armee de muscadins The muscadins, who are roll- 
 ing over the pavement of Paris in such numbers that you 
 cannot make a step without meeting some of them, in. 
 order to excuse themselves from the requisition for the 
 land service, say they will enter with the navy. When 
 '.: c they
 
 104 M U S 
 
 . they come to a seaport, their conduct is such, that they 
 are either ordered away, or they declare themselves not 
 fit for the marine service, hut very well qualified for the 
 cavalry. From the cavalry they are discharged as unfit 
 for the service. They next engage either in the sea ser- 
 vice, \viih the field hospitals, or corps of waggoners. In 
 short, \ve are so tired with their sham pretensions of serv- 
 ing their country, that we would sooner engage to orga- 
 nize the Pope's army, than an army of muscadins. 
 
 Les mus^atJins croquenttous les jours avec toute 1'energie 
 de Icurs dents les petits ortolans et les tcndres perdreaux 
 de Perigcrd ; petits messieurs, petits freres d'armes, petits 
 revoluiionnaires, petits en tout, excepte en repas somp- 
 tueux. Je fais la motion qu'ils soient loges aux Petits- 
 Peres jusqu'a la fin de la revolution, afin que par la di- 
 sette qu'ils occasionnent dans Paris, ils ne concourent au 
 renversement de la constitution The muscadms are daily 
 devouring with all the powers of their teeth the little or- 
 tolans, and the delicate Perigord partridges; they are a 
 little gentry, little warriors, and little revolutionists; lit- 
 tle in every thing, except in the article of good eating. 
 J move that ihcy.be placed with the Petits-Peres (little fa- 
 thers') till the end of the revolution, that the scarcity they 
 are the cause of in Paris may not contribute to overthrow 
 the constitution... .MojKon de Charlier, Moniteur, No. 
 214, 1/9-1.) 
 
 MLSEE NATIONAL, s. m. national museum. This is the 
 depositary of all the monuments of the sciences and arts, 
 aiviuit as well a modern ; with the natural curiosities 
 brought from the royal palaces, and the collections of no- 
 bility and other persons, who have either been massacred, 
 or have emigrated ; together with the plunder of Holland, 
 
 the
 
 .M Y R '195 
 
 the Austrian Netherlands, and the countries on the uhinej 
 the whole forming an immense treasure of inestimable 
 value. 
 
 This grand collection of the miracles of nature and art 
 is under the direction of a committee, and placed in the 
 Palais-National (the palace of, the nation), which is a 
 building joining theThuilleries to that of the Louvre. 
 
 There has been an affectation of drawing comparisons 
 betwixt Paris and ancient Rome ; but these cities bear a 
 resemblance in no particular so much as in the accumula- 
 tion at Paris of these immense treasures of the works of 
 art, which the French, in imiiation of the plunderers of 
 Greece, have collected, either as the spoils of conquests, 
 or as the extorted -considerations of tn-at'u-s of peace and 
 neutrality. -In this system of pillage, there is certarnly a 
 striking, likeness betwixt the two cities; btit whether 
 taste and genius will flourish at Paris in the -degree it has 
 done at Athens and Rome, is more than the active defen- 
 ders of this equivocal int-thud of forming museums, should 
 they declare in the affirmative; will be able to obtain 
 cfedit for. 
 
 MYIUAGHAMME, s. m. a weight, according to the new sys- 
 tem ; equal to ten thousand grammes; making about 
 twenty pounds and an half of the old weight. See Mctrj- 
 logie. 
 
 MYIUAMETRE, s. m. a measure of distance, agreeable to 
 the new system, equal to ten thousand metres, supplying 
 the place of the former poste, being nearly equal to live 
 thousand, one hundred and thirty two toises or. fathoms, 
 or about' two leagues. See j
 
 I g6 NAT 
 
 MYRIAKE, s. m. a measure to be used in surveying land 
 agreeable to the new republican system of measures, 
 which is equal to ten thousand ares, or about one hundred 
 apd ninety-six arpens, or acres, composed each of one 
 hundred perches carrees (square perches) of twenty-two 
 feet square. See Mctrobgtc. 
 
 N. 
 
 NATIONAL, E, adj. national j whatever relates to the na- 
 tion. No word has ever been known to acquire such ge- 
 peral use. The French now say: Fortune nationale~N.d- 
 tional fortune. Souverainete nationalc National sovereign- 
 ty. Convention, asssemblee natwnah National conven- 
 tion or assembly. Travaux nationaux National works. Jus- 
 tice nationale, qui s'appesantit sur les tetes con spi rat rices, 
 National justice, falling op the heads, of conspirators. 
 Journal national de tout ce qui se dit et se fait dans la con- 
 vention, aussi sacre, que lesannales de la Chine, dont on dit 
 que lorsqu'un empereur vouloit contraindre le mandarin 
 annaliste d'alterer un fait, celui-ci ne voulut jamais ycon- 
 sentir, a moins qu'il ne put ecrire sur la marge, que ce 
 fait etait altere par 1'ordre expres de 1'emperetir A na- 
 tional journal of whatever is spoken or done in the con- 
 vention, as sacred as the Chinese annals, of which it is 
 said, that when the emperor insisted upon the mandarin 
 who compiled it altering a fact, the annalist would not 
 consent unless he was permitted to write in the margin, 
 that it was done by order of the emperor. 
 
 NATIONALISED
 
 N A V \Q7 
 
 NATIOXALISER, v. a. to nationalize; to make any thing 
 .become national, or to appropriate it to the nation. 
 
 (Netionaliser la guerre, en enflammant les curs des ci- 
 toycns pour la cause commune To make, the war national, 
 by inflaming the minds of the citizens for the common 
 cause. Nationalise la fortune To make fortune become na- 
 tional. La fortune est naiionalh'ce ; presque tous les tresors 
 de la republique s'y trouvent Fortune is became national; 
 the whole treasures of the republic are in her possession.) 
 
 NATURALISKR, v. a. to naturalize. This word is applied 
 not only to the naturalization of foreigners, into a coun- 
 try ; but likewise to every production of nature, which is 
 capable of being transferred from one nation to another; 
 as well as to the phrases and expressions of foreign lan- 
 guages, and the good and bad qualities of foreigners, in- 
 troduced into another country. 
 
 (Une republique ne peut reposer ses fondemens que sur 
 la nature et sur les mosurs. Nos plus dangereux ennemi* 
 sont done ceux qui voudroient y naiuraliscr leurs propres 
 corruptions, qui voudroient nous corrompre et denaturer 
 par leur immoralite en la naturaluant chez nous A repub- 
 lic can only lay its foundations on nature and morality. 
 Our most dangerous enemies then are those who would 
 naturalize their vices in it, who would corrupt and 
 spoil us with their immorality by naturalizing it amongst 
 us.) 
 
 NAVHANT, p., part, sharp; acute; bitter; heartbreaking. 
 This participle, used as an adjective, is derived from the 
 verb navrer, which in most dictionaries is marked as obso- 
 lete, and has lately been restored to use, and employed on 
 $e occasion of the tragical deativ of the last /]ueen of 
 
 France,
 
 198 N A V 
 
 France, a princess of the house' of Austria, and eldest 
 daughter of Maria Theresa, the late empress queen. 
 
 Man, being the author and inventor of the language in 
 which he expresses his ideas, cm any extraordinary occa- 
 sion of grief and concern, searches out new words with 
 which to vent the feelings of his distress; and this is the 
 case, more especially, whenever his distress is of a new 
 and unparalleled nature ; then it Is that he is least con- 
 tented with expressions in. common use, and finds out and 
 adopts new words and phrases unknown before that pe- 
 riod. 
 
 The word navrant has been used in describing the very 
 extremity of distress and grief; that bitterness of concern 
 which gnaws and cankers the mind, denying it even the 
 painful relief of variety in wretchedness, by refusing to 
 intermingle itself with any fresh anxiety, 'till, like a con- 
 cealed asp, it instils a mortal poison into that breast 
 which has harboured it. 
 
 (Les douleurs nawantes de la reine avaient alters ses 
 traits, ses cheveux, ses sourcils, sa forme, et rendu toute 
 sa personne mecoonoissable a elle-meme et a ses juges. 
 Elle se presente a la barre. Elle n'est reconnue que par 
 sa declaration ferme, qu'elle est Marie Antoinette, princesse 
 d'Autriche. Lc navrant recit des inculpations, dont les 
 forcenes qui disposent momentantment du sort de la 
 France ont eu 1'incroyable atrocite d'enfler 1'horrible acte 
 d'accusation a defaut d'autre crime, excite des sentimens 
 dechirans qui ne peuvent ctre exprimesque par le silence. 
 Une plume decente se refuse ii les tracer The heartbreak- 
 ing g"ef of the queen had altered her very features, and 
 changed even the colour of her hair, and eyebrows j so 
 that her shape and person were scarcely cognizable by her 
 judges, or even by herself. She appears at the bar, and 
 
 is
 
 N E O 199 
 
 is known to be herself only by her resolute declaration 
 that she is Marie Antoinette, princess of Austria. The 
 lornd recital of those charges, which, in default of any 
 crime, the wicked wretches, who at that juncture dis- 
 posed of the fate of France, had the incredible audacity 
 to make the villainous ground of crimination, would stir 
 up in the mind such cruel sensations as can only be ex- 
 pressed by silence. The pen of decency 'refuses to trace 
 them on paper.) 
 
 NEOGRAPHE, s. m. aneographer; one who writes and spells 
 in a new and unusual manner. It is likewise an adjective; 
 and then implies whatever relates or belongs to such mode 
 of writing aud spelling. 
 
 NEOGRAPHISME, s. m. neography ; the practice of writing 
 and spelling in a new and unusual manner. 
 
 , s. f. neojogyj the invention and application of 
 new words, or the use^of words of long standing in a 
 new sense. 
 
 The following rule may serve as a guide to the writers 
 in aqy language who may be fond of introducing new 
 words : On peut distinguer les creations d'une ingenieuse 
 n'colugic lorsqu'ils ont un rapport, une ressemblance mar- 
 ques avec des aiibstantifs, des adjectifs, des verbes ou des 
 adverbes rr^us, ou bien lorsqu'ils tiennent d'un mot latin 
 connu, pourvu qxi'ils n'aient point un air etrange et un 
 prononciation difficile A word created by a judicious 
 neology may be distinguished by its striking relation to, or 
 affinity with some substantive, adjective, verb, or ad- 
 verb which is already received ; or if it be derived from 
 some known latin word, and is not in itself uncouth and 
 of difficult pronunciation, 
 
 N^OLOCIUUE,
 
 200 N E U 
 
 adj. m. and f. neological; \vhateverhas rela- 
 tion to neology, or the introduction of new words. 
 
 (On doit choisir, avec vine exactitude severe dans la 
 foule sans doute trop nombreuse des creations 7icologiqucs 
 dont on a de nos jours infeste la langue des Fenelon et des 
 Racine There ought to be a scrupulous distinction ob- 
 served in chusing amidst the unnecessary accumulation of 
 words of neokgical creation, with which the language of 
 Fenelon and Racine is invaded. ...Bibliotheque F^anc/rise.) 
 
 NEOLOGISME, s. m. neologism ; the injudicious introduc- 
 tion of new words and phrases into a language. 
 
 (Un des principaux devoirs d'un journal est de combattre 
 \encoJogisme t que les auteurs actuels portent souvent au-dela. 
 des bornes fixees par le bon gout One of the chief pro- 
 vinces of a periodical work is to oppose neologism, which 
 writers of the present day carry beyond the bounds pre- 
 scribed by good taste.. ..Bibliotheque Franchise.) 
 
 NLOLOGUE, s. m. a neologist ; one who makes use of words 
 and phrases of new creation. 
 
 NEUTRALISATION, s. f. neutralization; neutrality. This 
 word, confined to chemistry only, is now used as a syno- 
 nima of neutrality, or a disposition, resolution, or decla- 
 ration to take no part betwixt two or more contending par- 
 ties. 
 
 (Traite provisoire de neutralisation A provisional treaty 
 of neutrality.') 
 
 NEUTR.VLISER, v. a. to neutralize ; to cause a neutrality, or 
 to dispose of one person, or matter, so as to prevent in- 
 terference with another. 
 
 (Neutraliser les colonnes d'une armee To neutralize the 
 columns of an army. Prendrc des mesures efficaces pour 
 
 ncutraliscr
 
 N I V 20i 
 
 fieutraUscr le danger de cette institution militaire, i. e. de 
 i'armee revolutionnaire, en disseminant les troupes du 
 midi au nord To use efficacious measures for mutralizing 
 the danger of this military institution, i. e. of the revo- 
 lutionary army, by intermixing the armies of the south 
 and north.) 
 
 NIVELER, v. n. to level. This word was much used by the 
 french fanatics at the commencement of the revolution, 
 who had conceived a design similar to that of the englbh 
 levellers during Cromwell's rebellion of levelling fortunes, 
 and dividing lands into equal portions. 
 
 NIVELEUR, s. m. a leveller. __ This word was used to denote 
 a fanatic who in the beginning of the french revolution 
 adopted the opinions and principles of the levellers during 
 Cromwell's usurpation, with respect to equality of fortune 
 and estates. 
 
 NIVELLEMEKT, s. m. a levelling ; the act of reducing to a 
 level, or equality of height; a mathematical term, now 
 applied to every thing capable of being brought under an 
 equality. 
 
 This word was made much use of at the commencement 
 of the french revolution, and was applied to the equaliza- 
 tion of fortune, and the distinctions or ranks in society. 
 The nev/ french republicans, mistaking liberty and equa- 
 lity of rights, expressed and acknowledged to be every 
 man's birthright, for a declaration of social equality, re- 
 quired every thing to be levelled ; not considering that the 
 goods of fortune are the fruits of industry, and that so- 
 cial distinctions arise from eminent personal qualities 
 which are sanctioned by public opinion. 
 
 c d As
 
 202 N O ti 
 
 As in nature inequalities contribute to her ornament, 
 by conferring the charm of variety, adding to the utility, 
 benefit and advantage of the whole; so, on the contrary, 
 a principle of levelling, if adopted by mankind, would 
 tend to produce inactivity and weakness, crippling every 
 effort towards obtaining those distinctions which are the 
 reward of industry, virtue and merit. 
 
 The partisans of this new system were styled niveleurs 
 (levejlers), and ultra-revolutionists, amongst whom the 
 zealots of the Jacobin party held the foremost rank. So 
 extravagant were they in their notions of levelling, that 
 they denounced the rich as enemies of the people, and in- 
 cerised the rabble to such a degree against all proprietors 
 and wealthy persons, that they began to be persecuted 
 with the most unfeeling barbarity. 
 
 NIVOSE, s. m. snow month. The fourth month of the year, 
 according to the new french calendar of the republic, 
 commencing the 21st of December, and ending the IQtli 
 of January; so called from the Latin nives, or snows, 
 usually falling at this time. This is the first of the three 
 winter months, all of which terminate in '::. 
 
 NOEILIAIKE, adj. m. and f. noble; belonging, or apper- 
 taining to nobility. 
 
 The substantive nabiliaire, signifying the list of noble fa- 
 milies, has been in use from ancient tijnes, but the adjec- 
 tive is of very late introduction. 
 
 (Titre nobiliaire A nolle title. Caste nol>iliaire*r^he 
 iic.ble cast, Dorat donna sa demission a la commune de- 
 Paris, non comme noble, mais parce qu'on avoit mis un 
 titre nobiliaire a la tete de ses ouvrages Dorat gave in his 
 *... resignation to tho communeof Pari.s, not. because he was a 
 
 nobleman,
 
 NOT 203 
 
 nobleman, but because they had placed a noble title in the 
 front of his works.) 
 
 NOCES REPUBLICAINES, s. f. pi. republican weddings; the 
 name given to a horrid species of punishment practised 
 during the prevalence of Robespierre's sanguinary system, 
 particularly at Nantes, on those who were suspected of 
 entertaining anti-revolutionary sentiments ; which was, to 
 bind persons of different sexes together, two and two, and 
 drown them in that position. See Neyadcs. 
 
 NON-EMIGRATION, s. f. non-emigration. Amongst the 
 great number of words which have the negative panicle 
 non prefixed to them, we shall only remark this, because 
 it relates particularly to the famous emigrations of Coblentz. 
 The French say : Un certificat de non-emigration A certi- 
 ficate of non- emigration. See Emigration de Coblentz. 
 
 NONIDI, s. m. the ninth day of the decade. 
 
 NOTABLE, s. m. a notable. This word, which signifies 
 whatever is remarkable or well known, is applied in poli- 
 tics to every man of a settled habitation, following a law- 
 ful profession. According to this acceptation, it is an 
 adjective, and they say in France : Un notable citoyen A 
 citizen of knwuun character. 
 
 There was formerly in France an assembly of notables 
 (des notables}. These were the principal persons of the 
 nation ; the nobility and ecclesiastical orders. 
 
 The notables of the present times, and of whom we are 
 here to speak, are the citizens who are chosen agreeable to 
 the constitution of 1791 to represent a commune, either 
 in the general council, or to join in a presentment to the 
 criminal tribunals. 
 
 D d 3 This
 
 204 ODE 
 
 This council differs from the municipal council, which is 
 composed solely of municipal officers, and meets regularly 
 once in every month to pass accounts, and consider such 
 matters .as are brought before them. 
 
 These notalles have no rank but in the sessions of the 
 general council, when tht-y follow in the train of the mu- 
 nicipal council. See Municipalite. 
 
 NOYADES. s. f. pi. drowning; horrid practises made use of 
 during the sanguinary reign of Robespierre at Nantes, 
 and other places, on the unhappy persons reduced within 
 their power, by forcing them on board boats having a 
 plug, or false bottom, which being pulled out in the mid- 
 dle of a river, they were thus plunged under the water. 
 
 (Jacobins, continuateurs de Robespierre, le temps n'est 
 plus, ou on nous representoit les noyadcs, et de telles atro- 
 cites comme des formes acerbes, mais necessaires et revo-> 
 lutionnaires Jacobins, followers of Robespierre, the time 
 is past when drowning, and the like horrid cruelties, were 
 represented to us as sharp proceedings, which, however, 
 were necessary and revolutionary. See Noces rfyublicaincs. 
 
 o. 
 
 OCTIDI, s. m. the eighth day of the decade. 
 
 ODEON, ODEUM, ODEP, s. m. the athenian theatre; the or- 
 chestra j a musical theatre, and wherein rehearsals are 
 made. Odeon is the name which was given to the old 
 Theatre Fran 501 s upon its re-opening. This theatre had 
 
 been
 
 O R D 205 
 
 been shut up in the beginning of the revolution on ac- 
 count of the anti-patriotic and counter-revolutionary prin- 
 ciples' of the performers belonging to it. 
 
 OMBRE, s. f. a shade, or shadow. This word, under the 
 acceptation of the absence of light, has been used in a 
 poetical sense in the plural number, to express darkness. 
 (Les omlres de la nuit The shades of night.) 
 
 Thee is a novelty in the present use of this word, 
 which is, that without adding nuit (night) to it, it is ap- 
 plied to express a secret design, or plot, carried on in pri- 
 vate. Accordingly, the French now say: Les malveil- 
 lans et les agioteurs speculent dans Vombre sur la misere 
 publique Agitators and malevolent people speculate in 
 private on public misery. Les traitres a la patrie meditent 
 dans Y ombre des projets liberticides The traitors of their 
 country meditate in secret their liberticidal designs. Au- 
 cun ministre n'espere plus tenir ses operations dans Vombre. 
 No minister hopes now to carry on his designs in the 
 dark. 
 
 OPPRESSIF, VE, adj. oppressive; overbearing; eilher through 
 abuse of authority, or from violence. 
 
 (Le regime oppressif des intendans The^rasfV* go- 
 vernment of presidents. Un systeme oppressif An op- 
 pressive system. Des abus oppresses Oppressive abuses. 
 Decrets oppress ifs^-Oppressive decrees.) 
 
 PRDRE DU JOUR, the order of the day. The regulation or suc- 
 cession of the business which is to come before an assembly 
 met for the purpose of deliberating on certain matters ap- 
 pointed to be discussed on any particular day. The gene- 
 ral rule of legislative assemblies is, that no business 
 should interfere with that which is the order of tie day, or 
 
 which
 
 206 O R D 
 
 which is appointed to be considered on the day of their 
 meeting. 
 
 The business which constitutes the order of ibe day is 
 either such as usually takes place at every meeting, qr 
 such other matters as have been particularly marked out 
 for the consideration of the assembly on that day. 
 
 When any member makes a motion which appears to 
 be foreign to the business that makes the order of the day, 
 or enters into discussions which have DO relaiion to the 
 matter the assembly are deliberating upon, any member 
 may make a motion of order, when the assembly, on 
 hearing a few words from, the mover, will recur, without 
 further formality, to the order of the day, by barely men- 
 tioning that they have done so. See Motion d'Ordre. 
 
 This phrase, which on the first consideration appears no 
 other than an expression of form, made use of by the le- 
 gislative body and popular societies in France, has been 
 adopted in private conversation, and is now iu universal 
 use. 
 
 The order of tie day is applied not only to matters and 
 things with which it is properly connected, but is likewise 
 found where it could not possibly have been expected. 
 
 The following enumeration of matters with which this 
 phrase has been joined will amuse the reader by its va- 
 riety and contrast, and shew the different applications 
 made of this form of words altogether new to the french 
 language, but of ancient use with the british parliament, 
 from the proceedings of which it is evidently borrowed. 
 
 These passages are all extracted from the journals of 
 the national convention of France, in succession, and in 
 that confusion and disorder in which they are there 
 found, for with the national convention all \yas disor- 
 derly. 
 
 Dans
 
 6 R D 207 
 
 (Dans une republique naissante, qui ressemble & un 
 gros garcjon au berceau, mais qui peut devenir fort et ro- 
 buste, on doit mettre 1'energie, la mere nourriciere des 
 vertus, a Vordre du jour In a rising republic, which, like 
 a child in the cradle, may one day be grown sturdy and ro- 
 bust, energy, which is the foster-mother of virtue, should 
 be made the order of the day. Mettre de grandes mesures 
 a" Vordre du jour To make grand measures the order of the 
 day. Les gens riches sont a Vordre du jour Rich people 
 are become the order of tbe day. Les armees ont mis les 
 victoires et les vertus republicaines a" Vordre du jour The 
 armies have made victory and the republican virtues the 
 order of tbe day. Les legislaleurs doivent mettre la justice 
 et la probite a Vordre du jour Legislators ought to make 
 justice and probity the order of tbe day. La morale sera 
 desormais mise & Vordre du jour Morality shall be hence- 
 forth the order of tbe day. La vengeance et la terreur na- 
 tionale doivent etre a Vordre du jour Revenge and national 
 terror should be the order of tbe day. II est temps que la 
 morale publique s'epure, et que la justice et la vertu soient 
 raises a Vordie du jour It is time that the morals of the 
 public should be made pure, and that justice and virtue 
 be made the order of tbe day. Les victoires sont Vordre du 
 jour dans les armees Victories are the order of tbe day 
 \vith the armies. La guillotine est a Vordre du jour The 
 guillotine is the order of tbe day. Mettre les grandes ve- 
 rites a Vordre du jour To make great truths the ordtr of 
 tie day. Mettre dans 1'ame des conspirateurs la terreur 
 a Vordre du jour To make terror the order of tbe day in 
 the minds of the conspirators. Vous avez mis la probite 
 et la justice & Vordre du jour You have made justice and 
 probity the order of tbe day. II ne suffit >pas de metirc 
 la justice et la vertu a Vordre du jour; il faut les metire
 
 208 O R D 
 
 en permanence ; il faut en accelerer les developpemens 
 par 1'instruction publique It is not sufficient to make jus- 
 tice and virtue the order of tbe day, we must establish them 5 
 we must bring them forih by public instruction. Le fa- 
 natisme est le grand ordre du jour de la faction qui voulut 
 profiler des folies de la superstition pour renverser la re- 
 publique en armant tous les cultes les uns centre les au- 
 tres Fanaticism is the grand order of tbe day with faction 
 which wishes to avail itself of the follies of supersti- 
 tion to overthrow the republic by arming one sect against 
 another. Les deputes de la societe populaire de Cette de- 
 manderent qu'on mit la mort a I'ordre du jour. Cette pro- 
 position, rejettee avec indignation, fit naitre la motion de 
 mettre la justice nationale & I'ordre du jour. La reponse 
 du president de la convention nationale aux deputes de 
 Otte ftit : " C'est 1'energie chaleureuse, I'effet du climat 
 chaud qui vous a vu naitre, qui vous a fait faire la propo- 
 sition sanguinaire de mettre la mort a I'ordre du Jour. 
 La convention, qui represente une nation juste, met- 
 tra dorenavant & I'ordre du Jour la justice nationale" 
 The deputies from the popular society of Cette required 
 death to be made the order of ibe day. This proposal, 
 which was rejected with indignation, occasioned a motion 
 for national justice being made the order of tie day. The 
 reply of the president of the national convention to the 
 deputies of Cette was in these words : " It is a warmth of 
 energy, proceeding from the heat of the climate which 
 gave you birth, that has caused you to offer this sangui- 
 nary proposal of making death the order of tbe day. The 
 convention, which is the representation of an equitable 
 nation, will in future make national justice the order of 
 tbe day'.'} 
 
 The
 
 O R G 209 
 
 The following phrases are likewise in use. (Passer 
 Vordre du jour To pass over to the order of the day, De- 
 mander Vordre du jour sur ce qu'un autie propose To re- 
 quire the order of the day upon a motion of another person. 
 Faire une rqption ftordre To make a motion of order. Adop- 
 ter Vordre du. jour To adopt the order of tbe day. Rappeler 
 ii Vordre du jour To call tor t he order of the diy. Demaoder 
 la parole pour une motion ftordre To demand a hearing 
 upon a motion of order, i. e. to propose a motion of ton- 
 Sequence to the public weal to be discussed in preference 
 to matters of less importance. Placer a Vurdrd du jour 
 To place to the order of the day.) 
 
 OBGANISATEUR, s. m. an organizer; one who organizes. 
 ORGANISATION, s. f. organization; the act of organizing. 
 
 ORGANISER, v. a. to organize. This verb, formerly applied 
 only to the structure of the human body, or the formation 
 of a mechanical instrument, is now used in every. physical, 
 moral or political sense to which it can be adapted. The 
 revolution in France, wonderful in its progress, has pro- 
 duced a revolution even in the language of the country; 
 new words and phrases have been every where sought for, 
 and old ones have varied and extended their significations. 
 The extensive use which has been made of this verb, 
 and the substantives derived from it will appear in the 
 following passages. 
 
 (Le voyaumc de France, denature et tout dtspiganise, de- 
 voit etre reorganise dans ses fondemens The kiigdcmof 
 France, being corrupt and disorganized, ought to be re- 
 orgtmzed from its very foundations. L/asomblee natippale, 
 ,qui s'etoit constitute et otganiscc elle-meme, .organita Its 
 .finances, le clerge, 1'etat militairc, et toutes Ics pariirt 
 c e du
 
 2,0 PAL" 
 
 du gouvernement The national assembly, having consti- 
 tuted and organized itself, organized the revenue, the 
 clergy and military establishments, and every branch of 
 the government.) 
 
 The French likewise say : Organiser _\m gouvernement, 
 wne constitution, une societe, un comite, one arrnee, un 
 regiment To organize a government, a constitution, a so- 
 ciety, a committee, an army, a regiment. Organiser une 
 universite, une bibliotheque To organize an university, a 
 library. Organiser des spectacles civiques a" donner au 
 peuple, gratis, par decade To organize civic shows to be 
 presented, gratis t to the people every decade. 
 
 It is likewise used in an obnoxious sense. (Organiser 
 une conspi ration To organize a conspiracy. Organiser des 
 trahisons To organize treasons. La division et la discorde 
 organises* en France par les ennemis du dedans et du de* 
 hors Discord and division organized in France by dbmesr 
 tic and foreign enemies.) 
 
 P. 
 
 PALAIS NATIONAL, s. m. national palace; the name which 
 is now given to the two palaces, connected with each other 
 by a gallery. These palaces were formerly called the Lou- 
 " vre and Thuilleries. 
 
 The national palace now contains the hall wherein the 
 legislative body assemble, and where that vast collection 
 of the curiosities of art and nature, styled the national 
 museum, is deposited. 
 
 PAMFLETAIRK,
 
 1 PAN an 
 
 PAMFL^TAIRE, s. m. a pamphleteer, or writer of pamphlets; 
 
 a word which- the 'French have borrowed from the english 
 language, and now apply to the authors of fugitive piece* 
 and obnoxious pamphlets, or brochures. 
 
 (La honte est pour les famfletaires, et 1'honneur et la 
 gldire pour les ecrivains defenseurs de la patrie Shame 
 belongs to the pamphleteers, and glory and honour to wri- 
 ters who have proved themselves the defenders of their 
 country.) 
 
 PANTHEON FRAN$OIS, s. m. the french pantheon. This 
 was formerly a church dedicated to St. Gcnevieve, the pa- 
 troness of Paris. This beautiful edifice, which stands 
 upon the most elevated spot of the city, was by a decree 
 of the national assembly, dated the 4th of April, 1/91, 
 assigned for the reception of the ashes of illustrious pa* 
 triots. The same decree declares, that Honore-Riquetti 
 Mirabeau, being a most zealous and eloquent defender of 
 liberty, is worthy of being the first to receive this honour. 
 The national assembly afterwards decreed the same ho- 
 nour to the ashes of Voltaire, Rousseau, and the abbe 
 L'Epee, a teacher of the deaf and dumb; the two last 
 as men deserving well on account of their humanity. But 
 a subsequent decree has taken this honour away from Mi- 
 rabeau, and there are now in the Pantheon the remains of 
 Descartes, Voltaire and Rousseau only. 
 
 Over the magnificent portal of this building, which is, 
 however, unfinished, has been placed the following in- 
 scription : 
 
 AUX GRANDS HOMMF.S 
 LA PATRIE RECONNOISSANTE. 
 
 The grateful country to illustrious men. 
 
 R e 2 Besides
 
 2J2 PAR 
 
 Besides being a place of interment, this edifice is ap- 
 propriated to other important uses j as for instance, it is 
 the depositary of the altar of the country (I'autel de la 
 patrie), whereon the officers of the public (les fonction- 
 naires publics) are sworn, and it is the place wherein re- 
 wards are distributed and funeral orations are pronounced. 
 
 In the centre of the dome, a marble pillar has been 
 erected, consecrated to the memory of the conquerors of 
 the Bastille, and of all tlie citizens who have deserved well 
 of their country by their patriotic acts. 
 
 The following is the definition of this newly introduced 
 institution, taken from the appendix to the french aca- 
 demy's dictionary, 1/98. 
 
 The frcncb pantbion is a national monument destined to 
 receive the ashes of great men of France after the man- 
 ner of the roma'n pantheon, or temple of all the gods, 
 or rather of the deified heroes. 
 
 PAI-IEH-MO.NXOIE, s. m. paper money, i. e. paper substi- 
 tuted for coin, or money. 
 
 Under this name are comprehended these substitutes for 
 the precious metals, styled assignats, mandats, ivbicb see 
 explained in their respective places. See likewise Depreciation 
 du P after monnoie\ 
 
 PABALISE, PARALYSE, EE, part, deprived of the powers 
 of feeling and motion. In translations from the french 
 newspapers, we have introduced the words paralyzed, and 
 paralised, in order to keep pace with the French. 
 
 (Une armee parahsie par la perfidie de ses generaux An 
 army paralyztd by the perfidy of the general officers.) 
 
 FARALISER, PARALYSES, v. a. to paralyze, or paralise. From 
 the substantive faralys'ie (the name of the disease called 
 lJu 3 paralysis, or palsy), the French have derived this verb 
 
 4* - and
 
 PAR 213 
 
 and its participle in the preceding article. To keep pace 
 with them in Cdinin'g new words, as we have no one in 
 common use to express the act of depriving persons and 
 f ings of the powers of sense and motion, we have intro- 
 duced the new verb to paralyse, or paralise. 
 
 (Les g'>neraux perfides paraHsent\es armees Perfidious 
 generals 'paralyze the armies. Paraliser Je commerce To 
 paralyze commerce. Tousles mouvemens de 1'armefi pa- 
 roissent paralyses*- All the movements of the army appear 
 to be paralyzed. Une mesure qui paralise I'ex6cution 
 d'une loi A measure which paralyzes the execution of a 
 law. Les faux patriotes repandent la terreur qui paralise 
 les ames False patriots spread terrors which paralyze the 
 minds. Paral'uer 1'energie de vingt-cinq millions de 1'ran- 
 (jois To paralyze the energy of twenty-five millions of 
 Frenchmen. Le comite de salut public trouve que le de- 
 cret de la convention national* paralise une partie de la 
 mesure qu'il a prise pour le salut public The committee 
 of public safety- finds that the decree of the national con- 
 vention partly paralyzes the measures taken for the security 
 of the public. Le service des troupes preposees a 1'arri- 
 vage des s'ubsistances a Paris etoit paraTise par les ennemis 
 du dedans The service of the troops appointed for con 
 ducting provisions to Paris was paralyzed by domestic ene- 
 mies. Les Feuillans, ou tnoderes, tachent de paraliser le 
 gouvernement revolutionnaire The Feuillants, or mode- 
 rates, endeavour to paralyze the revolutionary govern- 
 ment. Les ressorts de la machine polhique avoient ete- 
 combines de mamere a en paraliser le jeu The springs of 
 the political machine were combined in a manner so as to 
 paralyze and prevent its working ) 
 
 PARTICIPE, s. ml the participle; one of the eight parts of speech 
 so called by grammarians, as participating 'both of the
 
 214 FA It 
 
 verb and adjective; with the first In government tmd sig- 
 nification, and with the last in declination. 
 
 The word participle is introduced here on account of the 
 revelation which the french republicans have made in their 
 grammar respecting it. 
 
 Under the monarchy, the academies and polite persons 
 of both sexes formed the first circles in Paris, and regu- 
 lated the public taste (insomuch, that, in point of language, 
 poets themselves durst not break through the laws which 
 they had established) j these were remarkably nice in the 
 use of participles^ considering them as contrary to the 
 genius of the french language. 
 
 But their regulations were found to affect the copious- 
 ness of the french language, which possessed only two 
 participles, whereas other tongues made use of more, and 
 were less confined in employing them. 
 
 The French have therefore revolutionized their grammar 
 in respect to participles, and whereas by a decision of the 
 academy the participle active could only be used in the sin- 
 gular number and never with a noun of the feminine 
 gender, it can now be employed, as well as the participle 
 passive in both numbers and either gender, as the follow- 
 . ing examples shew. 
 
 (L'assemblee nationale declara qu'elle maintiendroit les 
 alliances existantes The national assembly declared it 
 would maintain the existing alliances. Une des maximes 
 de neutralite reiultantc des traites ou du droit des na- 
 tions One of the maxims of neutrality arising from 
 treaties or the law of nations. Les communes tnvironnantes 
 Paris The communes surrounding Paris. Une autorite 
 atterrante An o-vertbrowing authority. Les quantjtes res- 
 tantes des viandes seront delivrees aux restaurateurs The 
 quantity rtmainmg of the provisions shall be given to the 
 
 keepers
 
 PAT. 215 
 
 keepers of eating-houses. Un tableau decllrant des mal- 
 beurs de la guerre A slocking picture of the miseries of 
 war. Le gouvernement existant The existing government. 
 Une scene decbirante A distressing scene. l^a difference 
 existante entre notre situation presente et celle de la der- 
 niere campagne The difference existing betwixt oar pre- 
 sent situation and that of the last campaign.) 
 
 PAS ,DK CHARGE, s. m. an attack with fixed bayonets. Thi 
 is a term of the new french republican tactics, Pas signi- 
 fies a step ; it had heretofore been joined only with, ballet 
 (d dance), as pas de ballet ; but, since the revolution, with 
 charge (an attack). 
 
 The manoeuvre is simply no more than soldiers ad- 
 yancing in the face of the enemy, and making ail attack 
 with fixed bayonets, i. e. with the bayonet only, fixed to 
 the musket, and without firing. 
 
 PATENTE, s. f. a patent j a kind of commission which every 
 person carrying on a trade or calling is under the neces- 
 sity of taking out and paying government for. 
 
 PATENTE NATIONALE, s. f. a. national patent 3 a commis- 
 sion granted to the authors or inven.tors of any new disco- 
 very, to secure to them the exercise and benefit of it ex- 
 clusively for a certain number of years. It is likewise 
 .named, in the constitution of 1791, brevet d'invention 
 (a commission of invention). 
 
 BE PATRIOTISER, v. 'recip. to make one's self a patriot. 
 'This verb is to be found in no dictionary of the french lan- 
 guage. 
 
 ( Le bon sens, 1'energie de I'ame, la froideur de 1'esprit, 
 le feu d'un cceur ardent et pur, brulaut du saint amour de 
 ia liberte, la frugalite et le desinteressement, voiB le vrai 
 
 caractere
 
 216 PAT 
 
 caractere de ceux qui veulent se patriotiser Good sense, 
 energy of mind, coolness, a purr, ardent and, hply de- 
 sire of liberty, plainness and disinterestedness, these 
 are the real qualities of those who would make themselves 
 patriots. Le vrai patriote doit se prononcer par les actions 
 qu'il a faites. Les patriotes accommodans, multiformes, et 
 ceux qui ne se patriot'uent que par interet, sont des faux pa- 
 triotes The true patriot should declare himself by his ac- 
 tions. Patriots, changeable and various, who make them- 
 selves patriots through motives of interest, are false pa- 
 triots.) 
 
 Patriotlser is likewise used in an active sense, to play the 
 patriot, as in the following passage. 
 
 (Tous ceux qui patriotisent, qui portent le bonnet rouge 
 sur la tete, de Jongs pantalons, de longs sabres et la 
 moustache, ne sont pas de vrais patriotes. Le vrai pa- 
 triote se prononce par ses actions. L'homme de Landau 
 est patriote, qui, ctant commande d'eteindre le feu qui 
 avoit embrase un bailment public dans le bombardement, 
 et a qui sa femme vint annoncer que sa propre maison 
 etoit incendiee, dit : " Ce n'est qu'un bien particulierj 
 " je rested mon poste." Et il y resta. Le bulletin na- 
 tional dit qu'il a bien rnerite de la patrie They who wear 
 the red cap on their heads, the long pantaloon, a large sa- 
 bre and whiskers, are no true, patriots. The true patriot 
 declares himself by his actions. The man of Landau is a 
 patriot ; he who, being ordered to put out the fire which 
 had taken a public building during the bombardment of 
 the place, and being informed by his wife that his own 
 house was in flames, replied : " That is bat a private con- 
 *' cernj I stay at my post." And accordingly remained 
 there. The national bulletin says he has deserved the 
 thanks of his country.) 
 
 PAVILION
 
 PEN 217 
 
 PAVILLON NATIONAL TRICOLORS, s. m. the three-coloured- 
 national flag. This is the flag of the republic, composed 
 of blue, white and red vertical stripes ; whereof th^ blue 
 is placed next the flag staff, the white in the middle, and 
 the red waving in the air. See Cocarde, Drapeau> Trico- 
 lors. 
 
 PENSEUE, s. m. a thinker. This is not a new word ; but 
 heretofore it has been only used in an ironical manner, and 
 by way of ridicule ; at present it is applied to signify 
 the man who considers the past and present, who weighs 
 causes and effects, and judges on the consequences of 
 events. 
 
 (Stephano, i. e. Etienne Rabaut, cent avec interet, 
 parle avec facilite, raais il n'est pas penseur. Cest a 1'em- 
 pire irresistible de la pensee, et a la perfectibilite de la 
 raison, qui rendent les hommes fenseurs, qu'ils del vent le 
 bonheur de commencer a devenir les hommes Stephano, 
 i. e. 'Stephen Rabaut, writes with feeling, is a ready 
 speaker, but is no thinker. It is from the irresistible in- 
 fluence of thought and the perfection of reason that men 
 become tbinkcrs, and derive the happiness of beginning to 
 be men.) 
 
 PENTARQUE, s. m. the pentarchy; a name given to (he 
 executive directory (which, by the constitution of 1795, 
 was to hold the reins of government), because consisting 
 of five persons j as that of triumvirate is at this instant 
 given to the executive power, which, by a fresh revolu- 
 tion that took place whilst this article w:is penning (()(h 
 of November, 1/J)9), is vested in Bonaparte as chief con- 
 sul, with two other consuls, who now actually govern 
 in France; See Directoire exccui'if, Pouvair cxccuiif. 
 
 i f PER CEP-
 
 218 PET 
 
 PEKCEPTEUR, s. ra. a receiver. This is a new substantive, 
 applied to the person whose office it is to collect duties or 
 revenue, or the income and profits of land. 
 
 PERMANENCE, s. f. permanency; a state of duration; applied 
 to an assembly which continues sitting without adjourn- 
 ment. 
 
 (L'assemblee nationale declare qu'elle est en permanence, 
 The national assembly declares itself to te, permanent, or 
 in a state of -permanency.} 
 
 They say likewise : a permanence at a permanency. 
 
 Permanence is likewise used to signify a settled residence. 
 (La permanence d'un ministre public dans up endroit The, 
 permanency of a public minister at any place.) 
 
 PERMANENT, E, adj. permanent; the situation of a person 
 or thing that i.s settled or in a fixed place. 
 
 (L'assemblee nationale restera permanente The national 
 assembly will remain permanent.} 
 
 PERMIS, s. m. a permit; a certificate of permission. The 
 term and practice are alike new in Fiance. 
 
 (Delivrer un perm'u sur 1'envoi des choses & 1'etranger 
 To deliver a permit for the exportation of goods to foreign 
 parts.) 
 
 PEHORER, v. n. to harangue. Peroraison (peroration) is 
 properly the recapitulation of the leading arguments in- 
 troduc^d at the close of a speech, but is likewise used to 
 signify a speech or harangue delivered in the convention 
 hall, or a popular assembly. 
 
 PETITION, s. f. a petition. This was heretofore a didactic 
 term, and used only with pvincipe, as petition de principe, 
 ;. e. an allegation of the matter in. dispute by way of 
 
 proof,
 
 P L U 219 
 
 proof, or, as it is commonly phrased, begging the question ; 
 it now signifies a request or demand addressed to a person 
 or body of persons invested with public authority. 
 
 According to the constitutions of the years I/pi and 
 ]793, the right of petition belonged to every individual, 
 and could not be delegated ; accordingly, it could not be 
 exercised in a collective capacity, or by any body or as- 
 sembly of citizens : but the constitution of 17Q5 allows 
 of collective petitions, addressed to authorities duly consti- 
 . tuted, for matters within their jurisdiction. 
 
 P^TITIONNAIRE, s. m. a petitioner. A new word. 
 
 (Accorder aux petitionnaires les honneurs de la seance 
 To grant the petitioners the honours of the sitting.) 
 
 PHILOSOPHISME, s. m.'false philosophy ; a depraved doctrine, 
 which, under the pretence of getting rid of vain preju- 
 dices, aims at* the destruction of the most certain princi- 
 ples, and generally received opinions. 
 
 PHILOSOPHISTE, s. m. one who professes the principles and 
 doctrine of pbilosopbisme, or false philosophy. See E;laireur. 
 
 PHRASER, v. n. to speak sententiously, or in sentences. 
 
 (Les declamateurs pbrasent sur le sujet des arts et des 
 sciences The speakers declaim in sentences upon the sub- 
 ject of arts and sciences.) 
 
 PLAINE, s. f. the plain ; thfe name given in the national 
 convention to the benches opposite to those of the moun- 
 tain. See Montague. 
 
 PLURALITE, s. f. the plurality, or greater number. 
 
 (r/uralite des voix The greater number of voices ; the 
 
 plurality.} 
 
 v { 2 PLUVIU^F.
 
 220 POP 
 
 PJLUVIOSE, s. m. rainy month; the month, according to the 
 new french calendar, beginning on (he 20th of January, 
 and ending on the 18th of February, both days inclusive j 
 so called from the rains of the winter season. This is the 
 fifth month of the year, and the second winter month, 
 terminating, as the other two, in fac. 
 
 POLICE COKRECTIONNELLE, s. f. the police of correction j 
 a part of the police of justice which has for its object the 
 correction of crimes. 
 
 PGPULAIRE, adj. m. and f. popular. The character or dis- 
 position of a citizen who has caused himself to be beloved 
 by his regard for the welfare of his fellow-citizens. 
 
 (II regne dans les armees un esprit vraiment populaire 
 surveillant la chose publique et I'amour tres-prononce de 
 la patrre A spirit truly popular prevails with the armies 
 which respects the public welfare and real patriotism.) 
 
 POPULA.RISER, v. a. to make popular ; to 'adapt a matter or 
 thing to the disposition and genius of the people and the 
 public good. This verb is new. 
 
 ' (Popu/ariser une langue To makt a language popular, 
 i. e. by leaving out expressions become obnoxious on ac- 
 count of their reviving old- grievances, and substituting 
 others.) 
 
 SE PCPULARISER, v. recip. to make one's self popular. 
 This verb is likewise of new creation. 
 
 (Robespierre, pour captiver la faveur populaire sc popu- 
 larisa' Robespierre made himself popular in order to gain 
 the favour of the people. Custines, pour reconquerir la 
 ptpularite qu'il avoit perdue, tacha de sc popularise? Cus- 
 tines endeavoured to make fatituflf popular to regain the- 
 favour of the people which he had lost. Le cliic d'Orleans, 
 
 pour
 
 POU 221 
 
 pour se pcpulariser, prit le nom d'Egalite; raais le peuple 
 en sentit la vanite- The duke of Orleans took the name 
 of Equality to make himself popular ; but the people saw 
 through the vanity of his design.) 
 
 POPULAKITE, s. f. popularity; a substantive borrowed from 
 the english language, and used in a like sense; the es- 
 teem and love of the people for a fellow citizen who has 
 a regard for the public welfare. , 
 
 (Popularhc douce, active, surveillante et rigide, qui ca- 
 racterise le vrai magistral et le bon Frangois That gen- 
 tle, vigilant and strict popularity which characterizes the 
 virtuous magistrate and good Frenchmen. Popularity d'une 
 proposition The popularity of a proposition, i.e. speaking 
 of its object, when for the good of the people. Prendre 
 le masque de la vertu et de la popularity To put on the 
 mask of virtue and popularity.) 
 
 TORTE-FOI-DRE, s. m. thunder-bearer ; a figurative expres- 
 sion used by the french soldiers, and applied by them to 
 their artillery. The important service of this branch of 
 tactics is apparent from the -number of artillery officers 
 and men attached to their armies, which has been com- 
 puted at sixty thousand. 
 
 POUVOIR EXECUTIF, s. m. the executive po\ver. By the 
 constitution of 1/91, the supreme executive power was 
 declared to rest exclusively with the king; that of 1/C)3 
 intrusted it to a council, styled conseil executif, com- 
 posed of twenty-four members cho?cu by the legislative 
 body from a list agreed upon by the several departments. 
 The constitution of 1795 has lodged it with a directory of 
 five members nominated by the same body> and now, at 
 the moment this article is writing (December 3, 1799)> ' n
 
 222 P R E 
 
 rests with a triunflvirate composed of Bonaparte as chief 
 consul, and two other consuls, his colleagues. How long 
 the executive power may rest in these hands there is no 
 possibility of guessing. Time alone cin discover what 
 may happen in a country thus situated ! . See Directors 
 executif. 
 
 PRAIRIAL, s. m. meadow month. The month, according 
 to the new french calendar which begins on the 20th of 
 May and ends on the 18th of June, both days inclusive, 
 being the season of hay and harvest. This is the ninth 
 month .of the year, and the third of the spring months, 
 which all three terminate in al. 
 
 PRECAXJTIONNEL, LE, adj. steps necessary to be taken by 
 way of precaution. 
 
 (Ranimer les mesures prccaiitionnelles de'defense sur les 
 frontieres To renew measures of precaution for defending 
 the frontier.) 
 
 PRECISER, v. a; to fix, or determine j to ascertain; to 
 prove. This verb has lately obtained a place in french 
 dictionaries, and is to be found in the appendix to that 
 of the french academy. It is an acquisition to the lan- 
 guage as will be perceived from the use made of it in the 
 following examples. 
 
 (Precuer aux autorites les bornes de leurs attributions 
 To determine the limits of jurisdiction of the powers in 
 authority. Precise? un fait To ascertain a fact. Preciser 
 un delit, un accusation To prove a charge, a crime. 
 Prcciser la signification, 1'acceptation d'un mot To ftx 
 the meaning, the acceptation of a word,) 
 
 PKMHENSION, s. f. the act of seizing, or laying an embargo 
 
 by
 
 P R E 223 
 
 by public authority upon any article of consumption or 
 merchandize to be applied as judged necessary. 
 
 (Droit de prehension The'privilege of seizing, &c.) 
 
 PRKLIMINAIKEMENT, adv. previously ; in the first place. 
 This adverb is new. 
 
 (Avant que d'entrer dans la discussion principale on a 
 arrete preliminairement It has been previously resolved be- 
 fore entering upon the principal discussion.) 
 
 PRES, prep, near; with; in 3 at. This preposition, which, 
 marks the proximity of place, has undergone a revolution 
 in its government. 
 
 According to the rule laid down in the academy's dic- 
 tionary, it ought regularly to be followed by the particle 
 de. (Prls de 1'eglise Near the church. Pres de la ville 
 Near the town.) 
 
 On the contrary, the present usage is constantly to sup- 
 press the de, as ,well in writing as in familiar discourse. 
 They now say : Les representans du peuple pres de la con- 
 vention nationale The representatives of the people in 
 the naiionai'convention. Les deputes pres un departement 
 .The deputies witb a department. Pres 1'armee #^ 
 the army. Accusateur-public pres le tribunal rvolution- 
 naire The public accuser at the. revolutionary tribunal. 
 Pres Paris At Paris. Pres le roiWitb the king. Un 
 ministte residant pres une cour A resident minister at a 
 court. 
 
 PRES&UE, adv. nearly; almost. This adverb is joined not 
 only to the verb and adjective, but likewise to the sub- 
 stantive being placed after [the article; as for example: 
 La presquile The peninsula. They say now: La pres- 
 ya'universalite du peuple frangois est portee pour le re- 
 gime
 
 224 PRO 
 
 gime republicain- Nearly the whole of the people are in- 
 clined for a republican government. La fresque totalite 
 des revenus de 1'etat fut absorbee par des depenses frivoles 
 Almost the whole of the revenue was swallowed up in 
 trifling expenses. 
 
 PRESUMABLE, adj. m. and f. presumable j that maybe pre- 
 sumed. 
 
 (L'abondance presumable de la recolte dans 1'annee cou- 
 rante The presumable plentiful crop of the present year.) 
 
 PRETEXTIEUX, EusE, adj. presumptuous j full of presump- 
 tion. 
 
 (Les hommes medicares sent les plus pretentieux Men 
 of mean abilities are the most presumptuous. Une preiai- 
 tieuse a" fatuite A woman foolishly presumptuous.} 
 
 PKKTRES SERMENTES, s. m. pi. sworn priests. These 'were 
 such priests as had taken the civic oath, by which every 
 class of citizens was bound to be faithful to the nation, and 
 to obey the law and constitution. See Constitution 'civile 
 du Clergc. 
 
 PRETRES NON-SE'RMENTES, s. m. pi. unsworn priests. See 
 
 Insermcnte, Rcfractaire. 
 
 PRIMIDI, s. m. the first day of the decade. 
 
 FRIOKITP;, s. f. priority ; the preference which one motion or 
 speech obtains of being heard or discussed before ano- 
 ther. 
 
 PROBE, adj. m. and f. from the Latin probus ; just} upright. 
 (Gens probes Persons of integrity.) 
 
 PROCLAMATION, s. f. a proclamation : the publication of a 
 lawj or an act whereby a law is published as about to
 
 PRO 225 
 
 be put in force, or to- be renewed, or revived when mis- 
 conceived or forgotten. 
 
 PHOCUR/VTEURS (GRANDS) DE LA NATION, s. ra. pi. grand 
 proctors of the nation. By the constitution of 1/yi, 
 these were two members of the legislative body, charged 
 in the name of the nation with ihe prosecution of any 
 accusation framed by the said body before the high na- 
 tional court. See Haute cour nationalc. 
 
 P*OCUREUR, s. tn. a proctor; an officer who represents the 
 inhabitants of an administration before a municipality, 
 &c. and is charged with the affairs of it. 
 
 By the constitution of 1791, every department had its 
 procureur-general syndic j every district a procureur syn- 
 dic, and every municipality a procureur de la commune. 
 
 PRODUCT/BUB, s. m. the cause or author of any production, 
 whether of nature or art, particularly applied to the cul- 
 tivator of land. 
 
 (Les producteurs et les consommateurs d'un pays The 
 cultivators and consumers of * country.) 
 
 PRODUCT-IP, VE, adj. productive. 
 
 (Le superflu de 1'annee productive supplee a l'anne di- 
 setteuse The superfluity of a productive year makes up 
 for a year of scarcity. La valeur productive <Jes terres 
 The productive value of lands, i. e. their valuation accord- 
 ing to their produce.) 
 
 PROFLUER, v. n. to spring out of; to derive from. 
 
 (Le peupleet les autorites qui prqftucnt d? lui The peo- 
 ple and the authority deriving from them.) 
 
 PROIETAIKE, adj. m. and f. belonging to the poorest class 
 
 of the people. The word is derived from the Latin prole- 
 
 G g toriif
 
 226 PRO 
 
 tarn, which was the name ^ivr n to the lowest class of ro 
 man citizens j so called on account, of their having nume- 
 rous families of children. They were likewise styled 
 'eapite censi, because they only' 'served to increase the num- 
 bnr of son!*. -< I( 
 
 (Une commune, tribu proleia'ire A c'ommune, or tribe, 
 censistihg of tie poorest peopJe.^ 
 
 PEO\OXC, EE, part, pronounced, or declared. This par- 
 ticiple, from the active verb prononcer, is used as the reci- 
 procal verb which follows. 
 
 (L'animosite la plus prononceeThe most declared ani- 
 mosity. L'opinkm fortement p'ronor.cce sur la liberte- -An 
 opinion for liberty strongly -declared.' Uh vteu bien pro- 
 nonce A wish fully dulared; Des patriotes bien prtrtonce* 
 -Patriots fully declared^ 
 
 S'E PRONONCER", V. recip. to' 1 pronounce or declare one's self. 
 
 - The verb active prononctr has beerj -liKretofore much used, 
 but of late this reciprocal verb has greatly obtained in the 
 sense of openly declaring for or against any person or 
 thing. 
 
 (& prononcer avec energie pour la revolution. To de- 
 clare, one's self-vf\\h energy for the revolution. Les n-pre- 
 sentans qui s'e sont prononch fortement centre les Jacobins. 
 The representatives who declared tbtimehw loudly against 
 the Jacobins. La victoire s\'si pronon.;^; cette fois pour nos 
 ennemis Victory has for this time declared itself in favour 
 of our enemies.) 
 
 PROPAGANDE, s. f. the propaganda ; a kind of society for 
 the propagation of revolutionary principles and purppses, so 
 called from a congregation or establishmenl at Rome, 
 called de propaganda fde from its object, which is to en- 
 lighten
 
 PUB 227 
 
 lighten heathen nations with the knowledge of the Chris- 
 tian faith. 
 
 s. m. a propagandist; a member of the 
 association, ih^ de ; gn of which has been explained in the 
 article immediately preceding. 
 
 pKUD'jioMME, s. m. an old word, used to signify, an officer 
 . sfcil'c.d.in_ the ITVVS and customs of a place; and since the 
 . r 'olution, th name given to. the assessors appointed to 
 assist the judge of the peace. See Jugc tie Paix. 
 
 PUBLIC, auE, adj. public. Independent of a great number 
 of acceptations in which 1 thw adjective k taken and used, 
 an-d parficulr.rly thnt which has been already explained, 
 under thf article t.bose publiqne, we must here remark the 
 two which fo!!o\V, esprit public, and opinion publi<]ue. 
 
 L'ESPRIT PUBLIC, s. m. public spirit. This is that regard 
 and attachment which induces men to make sacrifices for 
 the public good ; it is a principle founded on the love of 
 virtue and justice. 
 
 The definition here given of public spirit is supported by 
 the following quotations. 
 
 (Ranimer V esprit public^ qui doit conduire le peuple 
 frangois a son bonheur, a raff^nnissermnt de sa constitu- 
 tion sur les bases eternelles de la justice To revive public 
 spirit which ought to guide the french people to happiness, 
 to the establishment of their constitution on the eternal 
 basis of justice. L 'esprit public doit etre 1'arnour de la jiis~ 
 tice et de la vertuj l'e(> distraite, cVst le corrpmpre, et 
 la corruption est u complot liberticide Public spirit ought 
 to consist in the love of justice and virtue j to lead it 
 away from these is to corrupt it, and such corruption is a 
 conspiracy to destroy liberty. II faut survcillpr I' esprit 
 o g 2 fu^lif
 
 223 P'UB 
 
 public et non le censurer We should watch over public spi- 
 rit and not defame it. Le luxe, 1'egoisme, la corruption, 
 corrompent Yesprit public des citoyens Luxury, egoism/ 
 corruption pervert the public spirit of the citizens. Les 
 societes populaires doivent alimenter et ravivcr V esprit 
 public, et non 1'egarer et le corrompre en voulant les rendre 
 independantes de la representation nationale du peuple 
 francjois The popular societies ought to nourish and re- 
 vive public spirit, and not mislead and corrupt it by endea- 
 vouring to render tbeimelves independent of the national 
 representation of the french people. Cette armee a un. 
 bon esprit public This army is possessed of genuine public 
 spirit. On calomnie Yesprit public de la ville de Bour- 
 deaux, disent les deputes dans leur rapport $ la conven- 
 tion nationale j tout le peuple immense de cette ville sc 
 leva a notre arrivee pnr un mouvement spontane et tendit 
 les mains au ciel, promettant haine inalterable et guerre i 
 mort aux conspirateurs au dedans. Et ce peuple n'avoit 
 eu du pain depuis deux jours sans entendre le plus leger 
 rnurmure, et tout le reste du temps il n'avoit eu qu'une 
 lemie-livre, ce qui prouve que V esprit pMi^. y est monte 
 a sa plus grande hauteur The deputies, in their report to 
 the national convention, said : The public spirit of the city 
 of Bourdeaux has been treated with calumny The inha- 
 bitants of that place followed us in immense numbers on 
 our arrival as with one accord, and lifting up their hands 
 to heaven, protested the most inveterate hatred against do- 
 mestic traitors, declaring their resolution to pursue them 
 unto death. And this people had been without bread for 
 two days, yet there appeared not the least murmur on 
 that account, and before this they had only had half a 
 pound, which is a proof how exalted was their public spi- 
 rit. 1! esprit public est dechire dans cette commune en 
 
 deux
 
 PUB 229 
 
 deux partis, qui se disent tons les deux vrais patriotes, 
 n'agissant que par passions, comme des hommes poar qui 
 la patrie n'est rien Public spirit is in this commune di- 
 vided into two parties calling themselves true patriots, go- 
 verned by their passions, like men with whom their coun- 
 try stands for nothing. 
 
 According as a citizen is animated with this public spirit, 
 arises 
 
 L'OPINION puBLiauE, public opinion, which his fellow ci- 
 tizens form in their minds from his actions, as they appear 
 to merit their applause, or otherwise. 
 
 (^opinion publique a deji condamne Carrier et tous ces 
 hommes de sang d'avance The public opinion has already 
 condemned Carrier and those sanguinary men. Uopinion 
 publique a condamne la memoire d'Orleans a rexecration 
 The public opinion has condemned the memory of Orleans 
 with execration. II est difficile a comprendre comment 
 le gouvernment a pu se jouer sans pudeur de Vopinion pu- 
 blique en se mettant au dessus du jugement de tout le 
 royaume It is difficult to comprrhend how government 
 had the face to trifle wfth the public opinion by setting up 
 its own ju'dgment against that of the whole kingdom. 
 Paris etoit le centre de \' opinion publique, et elle y etoit pro- 
 nonce* avec force centre les dilapidations des deniers pu- 
 blics, les recherches voluptueuses, et les depenses fas- 
 tueusps et immenses des ci-devant rois. " Et cette ma- 
 " gnificence est la sueur du peuple," dirent les deputes i 
 I'assetnblee nationale, ces hommes simples, qui n'etaient 
 jamais sortis de le-urs provinces, et qui venoient de voir le 
 spectacle de la miscre des villes et des campagnes, con- 
 trastant avec St. Cloud et Trianon Paris was the centre 
 of the public opinion, which was loudly declared there 
 
 against
 
 230 Q U E 
 
 against the waste of the public treasure, the refinemen 
 in luxury, jhe exi ruvagauce and enora>ous e*pvnse of 
 the late king-). " And this magnificence was to be sup- 
 " ported by the labour of the people," say the deputies 
 to the national as^mbly, those plain hone-it men who had 
 never stirred out of the country, and who came to view 
 the contrast betwixt St. Cloud and Trianon and the ruise- 
 ry of the provincial towns. tJoptnion publique n'etoit pas 
 pour Calonne, quoique personne ne rtunit plus d'audace 
 il plus de talens d'entretenir le vertige par des emprunts, 
 cles fetes, des prodigalites, des pensions. Tandis qu'il 
 arcusa ainsi la cour, il.ruina le peuple. Enfin, le roi, 
 touche de la situation de son peuple, pronon^a ces mots 
 qui a determine 1'epoque de la revolution : " Je ne veax 
 " plus ni impots, ni empruats." The public opinion was 
 never in favour of Calonne, though no person united 
 more confidence with greater talents to" preserve the tate 
 in a delirium by loans, great entertainments, profusion 
 and pensions. Whilst he was amusing the court in this 
 manner, he was ruining the people. At length, the king, 
 affected by his people's situation, pronounced these words 
 which brought on a revolution : " I will have no more 
 " loans or taxes." Vide Rabaut, 1, I. p. 03.) 
 
 Q. 
 
 QUARTIDI, s. m. the fourth day of the decade. 
 
 QUESTION, yREALABLE, s. f. the previous question, i. e. 
 whether the question then proposed, or one before it in 
 
 order
 
 QUO 231 
 
 of time., slmU be debated. This term, or phrase, 
 is likewise fnjqukntly made luse.of by the legislative body 
 with the following- meaning; /A member has made a n>o- 
 tipp, aoid whilst he is proceeding' to discuss it, ianother 
 Wftrnbeb moves, tuK.:/>7Y<uw7i:,s jfaacfJnr^upaa it (invoque la 
 question prcalabk sur une motion), which implies, that he 
 wishes the sense or opinion of the legislative body should 
 be taken, whether there shall be any further debate upon 
 that motion. 
 
 (De resultat de la question pr'calable a etc, que la motion 
 ne seroit pas mise a la disqussion The previous question 
 was put and carried, viz. that the motion should not.be 
 debated.) See Motion. 
 
 QUIETISME, s. m. quietism; formerly a' name given td prirf- 
 ciples.of a religious f;ect in the romish church, but lately 
 applied to the stale of ease affected by those who were un- 
 
 , MriHihg to take any part'in the revolution in France. 
 
 . 
 
 QUIETISTE, s. m. aquietist; one who remains in a state 
 
 of perfect unconcern respecting the revolution. The name 
 was formerly given to persons of the romish church, who 
 made all Christian- perfection to consist in a tranquillity 
 and inactivity of 'the so : al. 
 
 CiijiNTiDi, s. m. the fifth day of a decade, 
 
 - 
 
 QUOTITK, s f. quota, or individual part. 
 
 (Dans h repartition dwrcontiibntiohsef charges dn peu- 
 ple, 1'egalite de la quotitc doit exisier entre les memes |>ro- 
 duits nets sur toute la surface de la rrpublique, sans aacane 
 exemption, aucun privilege qni puissegrever Tun et l % ;uitre 
 suivniH le prinoipc constitutionofl, qf thaq'ue mcmbre doit 
 . conlribuera ses charges 3 ra-ison de'scs facultes In settling 
 the proportion of contributions and the public charge, an 
 
 equality
 
 232 RAM 
 
 equality ought to be preserved in the quota of the same 
 clear produce over the whole face of the republic, with- 
 out any exemption or privilege which may aggrieve indi- 
 viduals, agreeable to that principle of the constitution, 
 which requires every member to contribute to the public 
 expenses, in proportion to his ability.) 
 
 R. 
 
 RADIATION, s. f. an erasure, or erasement; the act of era- 
 sing or striking out .a name from a public register. 
 
 (Get emigre poursuit sa radiation That emigrant soli- 
 cits the erasure of his name in the list of emigrants, 
 A fait une demande en radiation Requires the erasure of 
 his name. Attend sa radiation Expects the erasure of 
 his name.) 
 
 RAMIFICATION, s. f. a branching out j a division into seve- 
 ral branches; ramification. This word, heretofore only 
 used in anatomy to express the division of a larger vein 
 into several lesser ones, is now applied, figuratively, in 
 morality and politics. 
 
 (II faut terrasser les factions jusques dans leurs moin- 
 dres ramifications We must destroy faction even to its 
 smallest ramification. Toutes les ramifications des grands 
 travaux nationaux, des ports, des chemins, des canaux, 
 des chaussees, des ponts, doivent aboutir a un centre 
 commun All the ramifications of great national works, 
 harbours, roads, canals, dykes, bridges, ought to centre 
 
 in
 
 R E C 233 
 
 one common point. Examiner un complot dans toutes 
 ses ramifications To examine a conspiracy through all its 
 ramifications. Cette conspiration etend ses ramifications 
 j usque dans les armees This plot has its ramifications 
 throughout the army. Une ramification de la conspiratioa 
 s'etend du centre aux frontitres de la republique A.rami- 
 Jication of this conspiracy extends itself to the centre of 
 the republic's frontier.) 
 
 RAPPORTE, EE, part, from the verb rapporler, which see in. 
 the next article. 
 
 RAPPORTER, v. a. in the sense in which this verb is used by 
 the legislative body, it signifies to repeal, to nullify, or 
 annul. 
 
 (Rapporter une loi To repeal a law. Rapporter une ar- 
 rete To rescind a resolution.) 
 
 RASSASSIABLE, adj. m. and f. that may be sated, or cloyed: 
 RASSEMBLEMENT, s. m. the act of assembling, or collecting 
 together. This substantive is new. 
 
 (Le rassemblement des troupes, des debris d'une armee 
 the assembling of the troops of the wreck of an army. Le 
 rassemblement des merveilles de la nature dans le musee 
 The collecting together into the museum the miracles of na- 
 ture. Le rassemblement des preuves ou des fa its en un 
 corps pour en composer un ensemble Collecting together 
 proofs or facts to form one entire piece.) 
 
 RE*ARMER, v. a. to re-arm, or arm anew. 
 
 (Rearmer les paysans Vendcens, fanatiques, et impregne* 
 
 de superstition To re-arm the peasants of la Vendee, a 
 
 superstitious, enthusiastic people.) 
 RECRUTBMENT, s. m. recruiting ; the act of raising levies 
 
 of soldiers for carrying on a war. 
 
 H h &j>lMR,
 
 2^4 KEG 
 
 IXEDIMER, v. a.^to rescue. This verb, formerly reciprocal 
 (Se redimcr des vexations To rid ones self from vexation), 
 is now used in an active sense, to express more empha- 
 tically an endeavour to remove every obstacle in the way 
 of liberty. 
 
 (Le genis de la libertc saura redimer la France du joug 
 tributaire du nord, en exploitant dans son propre sein 
 toutes les matieres premieres pour les besoins de la vie, de 
 la marine et de la guerre, comme sont les bois de construc- 
 tion, le salpetre, les belles laines, &c. The genius of li- 
 berty will be able to rescue France from the burthen of 
 a tribute to the north, by furnishing her at home with 
 the principal materials for the support of life, and sup- 
 plying her navy and army ; such as timber for building, 
 saltpeter, fine' wool, &c.) 
 
 REFRACTAIKE, s. m. a refractory person ; the name given to 
 all priests \vho had refused to take the oaths prescribed by 
 the civil constitution of the clergy. This was only re- 
 quired of such as chose to continue in their benefices. 
 See Constitution cvvih da. Clerge. 
 
 These priests have been since styled, with more pro- 
 priety, pretres insermentes, or nonjuring priests. See 
 Insermente, Pretrcs sermcntcs and Kon-sermentcs. 
 
 REGENEKATEUR, s. m. a regenerator ; one who effects the 
 work of regeneration, or the establishment of a new or- 
 der of things, whether in the physical-or moral world. 
 (Le regenerates d'une posterite entiere The regenerator 
 of an intire posterity. Les Jacobins pretendirent etre 
 les grands rigen&ratepn de 1'espcce humaine The Jaco- 
 bins pretended to be the great regenerators of the human 
 race.)
 
 REG 235 
 
 JVKGKNE'RATEUK, TRICE, adj. regenerating j whatever tends 
 to produce a regeneration. 
 
 (Les legons d'experience sent les moyens regeneraieurs 
 d'ameliorer ce qui n'a ete jusqu'a present que mediocre ou 
 mauvais Experience, by its regenerating powers, can im- 
 prove whatever is at present bad or imperfect. Un prin- 
 cipe regcherateur A regenerating principle. Une loi r'ege- 
 ncratrice pour tirer 1'agriculture de \mertie A regenerating 
 law to force agriculture out of its inactivity. Toutes les 
 parties de 1'agriculture, trop long-temps negligees en 
 France, sollicitent des lois encourageantes et reg'cncratrices 
 Every branch of agriculture, too long neglected in 
 France, requires regenerating and encouraging laws.) 
 
 REGENERATION, s. f. regeneration. This word, heretofore 
 only used in a religious sense, and as a term of art by the 
 chemists, has been employed in a remarkable manner in 
 the french language since the xra of the revolution. It 
 is now applied to signify the reproduction or birth of 
 physical, moral, and political objects, as will appear by 
 the following quotations, as well as from new expressions 
 and phrases arising from the word itself. 
 
 (Uue nation qui travaille serieusement a une regeneration 
 doit riecessairement s'epurer de ses vices et de son immora- 
 lite ; la regeneration du peuple franQois doit etre basee sur 
 ce principe A nation which seriously labours at rcgcnera- 
 tion should necessarily discharge itself of vice and immo- 
 rality; it is on this principle that the regeneration of France 
 should be founded. L'etat actuel de la France, ou tous 
 les tlemens de la morale, de la religion, de la politiquc, 
 sont confondus, est tel, qu'elle n'en sauroit sortir, que 
 par uue sorte de creation ou dc regeneration The present 
 situation of France, in which morality, religion and po- 
 H h 2 lilies '
 
 2313 REG 
 
 litics are confounded, is such, that it cannot be extricated 
 from it without a kind of creation, or regeneration. Nous 
 devons a Louis XIV 1'avantage d'etre la nation la plus ci- 
 vilisee de 1'Europe; nous devrons peut-etre a Louis X\ r l 
 Je bienfait d'une regeneration dont jouiront nos neveux 
 We owe to Lewis the Fourteenth the advantage of being 
 the most civilized nation j we shall perhaps owe to Lewis 
 the Sixteenth the happiness of a regeneration the benefits 
 of which our posterity will enjoy. Une societe populaire 
 a opere sa regeneration avec severite, et a combattu les in- 
 trigans avec energie A popular society has effected iti 
 regeneration with severity, and has fought against its anta- 
 gonists with energy. Les moyens de regeneration des bes- 
 tiaux sont sur le territolre meme de la republique; la na- 
 ture nous a favorise comme les autrrs peuples ; Tinsou- 
 ciance du gouverneraent n'a pas seconde la nature. II 
 faut done operer dans ks races des bestiaux une regenera- 
 tion prompte et complete, eh.faisant des etablissemens cen- 
 traux pour clever et conserver dans leur purete primitive 
 les troupeaux des belles races qui existent sur le sol de la 
 ; France, tel que celui de Raiwbouil-let. Les soins du gou- 
 vernement et une education plus soignee doivent concou- 
 rir avec }a nature pour multiplier et perfectionner les bes- 
 tiaux The means of regeneration of cattle are found 
 within the republic's territory ; nature has been as kind to 
 us as to other nations ; but nature has not been assisted, 
 owing to inattention on the part of government. We 
 must then endeavour to effect a speedy and perfect regene- 
 ration of the breed of cattle, by establishing central insti- 
 tutions to raise and preserve in their primitive perfection 
 herds and flocks of those beautiful races which are to be 
 found in France, particularly on the soil of Rambouillet. 
 The attention of government and a more judicious culture 
 
 may
 
 REG 237 
 
 jnsy be expected to aid nature and improve the breed of 
 cattle.) 
 
 RKGJSN-ERE, E, part, regenerated; used in the same sense 
 as its verb, regenerer, which follows. 
 
 ^La nation franchise doit etre r'eg'cn'eree dans ses fonde 
 mens The french nation must be regenerated from its 
 foundation. Voulons-nous arriver au vrai bonheur, i la 
 frugalite et aux mceurs simples de 1'Hge d'or, bannissons 
 de not re societe regeneree le gouvernement des vices et de 
 la corruption de tant de generations If we would attain 
 to true happiness, and to the frugality and simplicity of 
 manners of the golden age, we must banish the dominion 
 of vice and the corruption of so many generations from 
 our regenerated society. On a peint aux peuples d'ltalie 
 les Frangois regeneres comme des antropophages et des 
 rnangeurs d'enfans The regenerated French have been re- 
 presented to the people of Italy as anthropophagi and de- 
 vourers of children.) 
 
 v. a. to regenerate. This verb is as exten- 
 sively used as its substantive, regeneration ; it signifies, to 
 give a new existence and to establish a new order of 
 things in nature, morality and politics. 
 
 (Rigcncrer .une constitution politique To regenerate a 
 political constitution. Rcgenercr et multiplier les races des 
 bestiaux qui sont repandues sur le sol de la republique 
 To regenerate and multiply the breed of cattle to be found 
 on the soil of the republic. Regencrcr une ecole dans sea 
 principes To regenerate the principles of a school.) 
 
 REGIME, s. m. government; administration. This word, 
 used as a term both in law and grammar; and by physi- 
 cians for the patient's rule or regulation with respect to 
 his diet, &c., has now obtained a very great latitude of 
 
 nuaning,
 
 238 REG 
 
 meaning, and signifies, the perfection of political go- 
 vernment. 
 
 (Regime ancien et nouveau Ancient and modern go- 
 vernment. Regime royal et rcpublicain Royal and repub- 
 lican government. Regime feodal Feudal government. Le 
 regime tyrannique de Robespierre et des Jacobins The ty- 
 rannical government of Robespierre and the Jacobins. La 
 cour, decidee de renverser le nouveau regime, empechoit 
 1'etablissement du nouvel ordre des choses The court, 
 determined to overset the new government, prevented the 
 establishment of the new order of 'things. Regime des fi- 
 nances The administration of the finances.) 
 REGION, s. f. a region. The french republic being situated 
 on a superficies of twenty-seven thousand square leagues, 
 nearly equal to sixty-one thousand square english miles, 
 was first divided into eighty-three departments, which, 
 varying in respect to the habits and dispositions of their 
 inhabitants, the nature of the productions of their soil, 
 their situation and climate, called the attention of the le- 
 gislative branches towards framing a new division, and 
 this they effected by including the departments within 
 nine regions, each region comprehending nine departments, 
 except one which has two additional to make up the whole 
 number of .eighty-three departments. 
 
 This new division appears a very natural oqe. France is 
 nearly in the form of a square; there is therefore a central 
 one (region du centre), one for each of the four cardinal 
 points of the compass, and four others betwixt each of 
 the last four. 
 
 In this division by regions, a preference has been given 
 to names derived from situation and local peculiarities, ra- 
 ther than geographical distinctions. Thus there are the 
 region of the centre, those of the north, south, <ast and 
 
 the
 
 REG. 239 
 
 the regions of the seas (des mers), of the sources of rivers 
 (des sources), of the Garonne, and of tlie Rhone; as 
 will be seen more fully in the following table. See De- 
 
 partement. 
 
 TABLE OF. THE EIGHTY-THREE DEPARTMENTS, 
 ACCORDING TO THEIR DIVISION BY REGIONS. 
 
 N. B. The letters following the name of the department 
 shew its derivation - } wherein it is to be observed that (R.) 
 stands for riviere, a considerable stream of water empty- 
 ing itself into a river; (RR.) rivieres, rivers; (M.) mon- 
 tagne, mountain; (F.) foret, a forest; (Fl.) fleuve, a rivex 
 communicating with the sea; (Roch) rocher, a rock. 
 
 I. Region du Nord (north). 
 
 Paris Eure and Loire RR. Pas de Calais 
 
 Seine and Oise RR. Eure R. (Straight of Dover) 
 
 Oise R. Seine Inferieure R. Nord 
 
 Seine andMarne RR. Somme R. , Aisne R. 
 
 II. Region des Sources. 
 
 Aube R. Moselle R. Vosges, or Vauges, 
 
 Marne R. Meurte or Meurthe a chain of moun- 
 
 Ardennes F. R. tains. 
 
 Meusc Fl. Haul Marue R. Bas Rhin Fl. 
 
 III. Region du Levant (east). 
 Haut Rhin Fl. Cote d'Or, a chain Ain R. 
 Haute Saone R. of small hills. Isere R. 
 
 Doubs R. Saone and Loire RR. Rhone and Loire RR. 
 
 Jura M. 
 
 IV. Rfun.
 
 240 - flEG 
 
 IV. Region du Rhone. 
 
 Haute Loire' Fl. Basses Alpes M. Corse, Island in the 
 Ardeche R. Var R. Mediterranean. 
 
 Drome R. Bouches du Rhone Card R. 
 
 Hautes Alpes M. Fl. 
 
 V. Region du Midi (south). 
 
 Herault R. Tarn R. Arriege R. 
 
 Lozere M. Aude R. Haute Garonne Fl. 
 
 Cantal M. Pyrenees Orientales 
 
 Aveiron R; M. 
 
 VI. Region de la Garonne. 
 Gers R. Gironde R. Lot R. 
 Hautes Pyrenees M. Lot and Garonne Dordogne R. 
 Basses Pyrenees M. RR. Correze R. 
 Landes, or Landes 
 
 de Bourdeaux. 
 (waste land) 
 
 VII. Region du Couchant (west). 
 
 Haute Vienne R. Deux Sevres R. Mayne and Loire 
 Charente R. Vienne R. RR. 
 
 Charente Infer. R. Indre and Loire RR. Loire Infer. Fl. 
 Vendee R. 
 
 VIII. Region des Mers. 
 
 Sarthe R. Finisterre (Cape) Manche (the Chan- 
 
 Mayenne R. Cotes du Nord (the nel) 
 
 IlleandVillaineRR. northern coast) Calvados Roch. 
 Morbihan, a Gulf. Orne R. 
 
 IX. Region
 
 R E O 141 
 
 IX. Pu-glon du Centre. 
 
 Loire and Cher RIl. Xit-vre II. Creuse R. 
 
 Loiret R. Cher R. AHier R. 
 
 Yonne R. Indre R. Puy de Dome M. 
 
 REGULARISED v. a. to regulate. This verb is new to the 
 language, an J is always used in a figurative sense. 
 
 (La main du legislateur doit etre toujours la pour rtgu- 
 lariser les mouvemens et les operations ile la societe The 
 legislator ought always to be there with a hand to regulate 
 the movements and operations of society. j&guJariser les 
 mouvemens populaires To regulate popular motions.) 
 
 REJET, s. m. .rejection ; the act of rejecting. This substan- 
 tive, new in the sense in which it has been lately received, 
 is the contrary of adoption, as applied to a proposition or 
 motion of the legislative body. As 1'adoption d'une pro- 
 position is the acceptance of a motion or proposition, so 
 le rcjct ) or r Ejection, is the refusal of it. 
 
 RENAKIMN, INE, adj. cunning ns a fox. A new adjective. 
 
 (Aucur.e .ruse rcuardiue est etrangtre aux delicats mus- 
 cadins pour enlever la poule au pot des sans-culottes, et 
 pour leur enlever la meilleure volaille These delicate 
 uiuscadins are not as cunning as foxes j they cannot rob 
 the sans-culottes of their poultry.) 
 
 REORGANISATION, s. f. re-organization ; the act of re-orga- 
 nizing, or producing a new order of things. See Organi- 
 
 satiiiti. 
 
 REORGANISED v. a. to re-organize j to renevr, reform or 
 produce a new order of things for the advantage and se- 
 curity of the public weal. This verb, which is of new 
 creation as well as the substantive preceding it, is recipro- 
 i i cal
 
 242 REP 
 
 cal as well as active, as will be seen by the following 
 examples. 
 
 (Rcarganiscr le cornite de surete- publique, les autorittis 
 constitutes, les societes popukiires To re-organize the 
 committee of public safely,- the constituted authorities, 
 and the popular societies. L'esprit de ce departement est 
 a la hauteur de la revolution republicaine; le fanatisme 
 y est mort, la raison y regne, les soeietes populaires s r e- 
 purent, les autorites constitutes sc reorganised The spirit of 
 this department is at the height of republican revolution - 7 
 fanaticism is extinct, reason prevails, the popular socie- 
 ties are purged, the constituted, authorities re-organize tlan- 
 v-Vi-,-.) See Organiser. 
 
 RKOUVERT, part. c':c:/eJ ng:::::-. irom the verb r'couvrir. 
 (\,G theatre est i\o;ru<::'t The theatre is opened again.") 
 
 R.JTPRESSIF, VE, adj. repulsive j whatever resists, or with- 
 holds in reasonable bounds. 
 
 (Mesures rfyressri&i Repulsive measures.) 
 
 J.!i';ruELicAiXEMN'T, adv. after the manner of a republic, 
 
 REPUBLiCA*NisER^ v. n. to republicaaize. Jt is sometimes 
 used in an aqtive sense, to form a republic, or to adjusr 
 a matter according to the republican system. 
 
 (II est temps d'e refullicaniser\& commerce, ^qui doit etre 
 dans la regeneration universelle It is time to r/futiKa- 
 inze commerce, which ought to undergo an universal ft- 
 generatiou.) 
 
 EEPUBLICANIS.ME, s. m. republicanism; the passion for, or 
 bpirit of the republican system. 
 
 (Le republic anime est manifestee par la plus grande to- 
 talitc du . peuple frangois, ayant un million et deux cent* 
 
 mi Hi
 
 REP 243 
 
 mille soldats sous les armes ftepubKcahism has been dis- 
 covered amongst the greatest part of the whole frcnch 
 people, of whom there are twelve hundred thousand men 
 in arms. Dohner des preuves dn plus ardent repuklicaniirne 
 To give proofs of the most ardent republicanism. Lcs 
 oligarques, couverts dc leur manteau de rcpttoticamsme, 
 continuant centre les patriotes leurs persecutions atroces 
 The oligarchs, under the. cloak of republicanism, continue 
 their wicked persecutions of the patriots. Les traits dc 
 republicanism? The features of republicanism.) 
 
 Jlr.ruBLiauE FEANCJOISE, f. the french republic. 
 
 France, on her first organization, became a constitu- 
 tional monarchy; and the national assembly, judging the 
 nation too weak to proceed further, decreed t he revolution 
 to be compleat and ended. But the representatives of the 
 people, afterwards assembled in a national convention, 
 declared in favour of a republican government ; and, on 
 the 21st day of September, 1792, abolished the kingly go- 
 vernment, and pronounced France to be a republic. 
 
 From the date of this second revolution, France has as- 
 sumed the title of rcpublique franchise, une et indivisible 
 (the frencb republic, one and indivisible). She supported 
 this new character during die first two years by a revolu- 
 tionary government, conducted within the republic by 
 the most violent and sanguinary proceedings, and without 
 by the most extraordinary methods 5 making efforts of a 
 nature never heard of before, and not to be paralleled in 
 the history of the revolutions of our hemisphere. 
 
 In the midst of a succession of changes which have fol- 
 lowed each other with the utmost rapidity, every one sur- 
 passing in violence what had been before produced, France 
 affects to style herself one great national family, com- 
 ; i 2
 
 1i REP 
 
 posed of twenty-five millions of citi/eus, spread over a 
 surface of twenty-seven thousand square leagues, and, 
 from her declaration and support of the rights of man 
 and the citizen, of an imperishable nature. 
 
 In all addresses from the frencb republic to the people, 
 and to foreign nations, France declares, that the founda- 
 tion of her government consists in the principle that the 
 people are all and every thing; that all that is done ought 
 be with a view to the benefit and advantage of the whole ; 
 that as the losses of the republic are sustained by the peo- 
 ple, so her gains are for their enjoyment, and at their dis- 
 posal. 
 
 France has declared, that every citizen ought to enjoy 
 an equality of rights ; that throughout the republic the 
 love of liberty and fraternity ought to be the prevailing 
 principle j that there should be a reciprocity in wants and 
 assistance, and that the necessities of one should be the 
 necessities of all 5 and that whilst this is the rule and 
 rnaxim within the republic, an .absolute independence 
 shall be maintained without. 
 
 She lays it- down as a principle, that industry (which 
 is the wealth of nations), and frugality (which is the 
 chief virtue of a republic), ought to be held in esteem 
 whilst sloth is discountenanced. By connecting the la- 
 bour of individuals with the prosperity of the nation, ci- 
 tizens, whilst working for themselves, should consider 
 themselves as labouring for the republic, and promoting 
 each other's benefit and advantage. 
 
 The national convention, in an address to the french 
 nation of the 2d Germinal, l/f)4, declares, that justice 
 and integrity shall be made in future the standing order of 
 the day; to the end that, in superintending and improving 
 the moral and physical situation cf the people, all tirj
 
 R E Q 245 
 
 abilities, every view and. endeavour of citizens should tend 
 to one common cent-e, that every one may experience 
 and derive advantage from the same source; and these 
 exalted virtues and inclinations which form the moral man 
 and good citizen, become opposed to habits of vice, and 
 every unworthy pursuit, debasing mankind, and making 
 man an egoist and bad citizen. 
 
 The territory of the republic before the sera of the re- 
 volution was divided into several provinces; these ancient 
 divisions having been abolished, the republic is now di- 
 vided into eighty-three departments. See Departemcnt. 
 
 This was the labour of the first constituent national as- 
 sembly, together with its consequent subdivisions of districts 
 and cantons; there has been since, another division equally 
 useful and ingenious, of regions, winch see tinder that 
 came. 
 
 In order to obtain a comprehensive idea of the organi- 
 zation of the republic through all its branches, the reader 
 has only to consult this vocabulary for the articles, con- 
 vention national, assemblies primaires et electorates, miuiicipa- 
 litc, &c. and to assist him in this research he will find a 
 useful index formed for the purpose at the beginning of 
 this work. 
 
 s. f. requisition. This word, heretofore used 
 in law proceedings to imply the demands of justice, has 
 now obtained new acceptations of great latitude. 
 
 Accordingly, it is at present employed to signify a right 
 of actual seizure, or embargo, to which the republic lays 
 claim in all cases of emergency and necessity, upon what- 
 ever is wanted for the support of the common weal ; as 
 likewise a right to require citizens to devote their lives for 
 the service of the republic j and in general, to call for 
 
 whatever
 
 246 RES 
 
 whatever may be judged necessary to supply and furnish 
 out the armies of the republic. 
 
 The recruits wanted to fill up the armies, and to march 
 against the enemies of the french nation; have been di- 
 vided into three classes, called the first, second, and third 
 requisitions; which were, in the beginning, made with 
 much ceremony and shew, now in a great measure, if 
 not wholly, laid aside : these enrolments being at present 
 found not so cheerfully engaged in. 
 
 The following passages shew the application of this 
 word. 
 
 (Mettre les citoyens en requisition To put citizens in 
 requisition. Mettre en requisition les richesses de la nation- 
 To put the wealth of the nation in requisition. Mettre en 
 requisition la recolte, les vivres et denrees pour 1'approvi- 
 sionnement des armees, les cuirs pour la chaussure du sol- 
 dat To put in requisition the produce of the harvest, pro- 
 visions for the supply of the army, and leather for shoes 
 for the soldiers. Mettre en requisition les Mteaux To put 
 the boats in requisition.) 
 
 It is likewise used figuratively. (Tous les elemens de 
 la nature, les saisons et le temps sorit mis en requisition 
 pour delivrer la patrie du joug de la tyrannic The very 
 elements, times and seasons are put in requisition to deliver 
 the country from the yoke of tyranny. Tous les talens, 
 tous les ca;urs sent mis en requisition All hearts, and ge- 
 nius itself is put in requisition.) 
 
 REauisiTioNNAiRE, s. m. one who is subject to, or called 
 upon by the requisition, applied to those young men whose 
 services are or may be required with the armies. 
 
 E.ESCRIPTIOIT, s. f. a sort of paper money substituted in 
 1/95 for the assignats, and secured in the same manner 
 
 xi pen
 
 RET 247 
 
 upon lands belonging to the nation. See Auignai, Man- 
 dat. 
 
 RESOLUTION, s. f. a resolution; a proposition which has 
 been agreed upon in the council of five hundred. 
 
 SE -RESUMER, v. recip. to resume, or recapitulate one's own 
 argument. The reciprocal verb is new to the french lan- 
 ' guage. 
 
 (Un membre de la convention nationale, apres setre 
 resume, propose un pfojet de decret -A member of the 
 national convention, after recapitulating bis otun argument, 
 proposes the heads of a decree. En me rcsumant, il resulte 
 Recapitulating my argument, it follows. Un membre de la 
 convention, aprcs s'tltre resume, termine en proposant nne 
 motion A member of the convention, recapitulating kin 
 tiwn argument, concludes with making a motion. L'abbc 
 Sieves, se rcsnmant froidement au milieu de 1'indignation 
 generale, " Messieurs," dit-il, " vous ctes aujourd'hui ce 
 <c que vous ctiez hier. Vous vous constitutes hier en 
 " assemblee nationale constituante. Qu'est-ce qui vous 
 " empeche aujourd'hui ?" The abbe Sieyes, recapitulating 
 iun argument with calmness amidst the general indig- 
 nation, says : " Gentlemen, you are to-day what you 
 " were yesterday. You constituted yourselves yesterday a 
 " national constitutional assembly. What hinders your 
 '* being so to-day :") 
 
 RETROGRADE, adj. m. and f. retrograde. This term was 
 heretofore only used in astronomy, and applied to such 
 planets as move in a contrary direction .to the other hea- 
 venly bodies 5 it is now employed to signify a retreat, or 
 au appearance of retreating or giving way. 
 
 (Un mouvement retrograde de 1'armee A retrograde 
 
 movement of the army. Une marche retrograde A retro- 
 
 gratk
 
 218 REV 
 
 grade march. Chaqtie mouvement retrograde de la revolu- 
 tion fait faire les ennemis en dedans et du dehors un pas 
 en avant sur le sol de la liberte Every retrograde move- 
 ment of the revolution causes the domestic and foreign 
 enemies to advance upon the territories of liberty. La 
 marche retrograde de nos troupes me fait faire bien de la 
 bile The retrograde march of our troops causes my bile 
 to rise.) 
 
 RETROGRADE, v. n. to give way, to become retrograde. 
 
 (Faire retmgrader i'armee, la revolution To cause the 
 army, the revolution, to become retrograde. Obliger 1'en- 
 nemi a reirogradcr To oblige the enemy to give way. 
 Le defaut des vivres, des sub^i stances, la disenterie, obli- 
 gcnt nos armees a rliregrader The want of subsistance 
 and provisions, with the f*ux, oblige our armies to gvve 
 VJjy.) 
 
 BKVISION (ASSEMBLES DE), the assembly of revision. By 
 the constitution of 1791, this assembly, established for 
 the purpose of revising the decrees, was to meet every 
 eighth year after the first meeting, which was to take place 
 at the end of the twelfth. By the constitution of 1/95, 
 they were to meet every three years. 
 
 REVOLUTION, s. f. a revolution ; a change more or less sud- 
 den in any situation cr state of affairs. The word is 
 more particularly applied to the changes which happen in 
 the government of a nation or body of people j and is of 
 as ancient usage as government itself, or as a state of poli- 
 tical society on the face of our globe of earth. 
 
 The works of man, however perfect they may be, as 
 well as civil society itself, are liable to changes and va- 
 riations, which are the effects of their own motions. 
 
 Solon
 
 REV 240 
 
 Solon and Plato, who have assigned the first honours to 
 legislators and the founders of commonwealths, and have 
 pronounced the establishment of cities and governments 
 to be the perfection of human wisdom, acknowledge, 
 that, however excellent the prudence and foresight of any 
 man, it will be impossible for him to provide and guard 
 against evils and abuses which in the end will work a 
 change in every political institution. 
 
 This change, more or less violent, and more or less ra- 
 pid, is styled a revolution, though it be in fact no more 
 than a successive alteration from one form or organization 
 to another. To say that any form or organization shall 
 always last or continue the same} and that it shall be at 
 all times, and in every place exclusively the best and most 
 suitable for the government of other states, would be to 
 contradict long experience, and nature herself, who seems 
 by her forms to yield and accommodate herself to the dif- 
 ference of times and places. There is no durability in any 
 form of society which is not derived from the philanthro- 
 py, the justice and probity of its members. Machiavel 
 has followed the traces of this successive change in an- 
 cient Home from one form of government to another, in 
 his political discourses on Livy's Roman History ; and Mon- 
 tesquieu, Vertot, and our Gibbon, led by a clue imper- 
 ceptible to the eyes of common observers, have, with, 
 great acuteness of judgment, laid open, and discovered 
 the causes of the decay and fall of that empire. 
 
 LA REVOLUTION I-IIAX^OISE, the french revolution, of 
 which we are here to speak, is certainly as to its principles 
 in like manner of a progressive niture j and we are oaly 
 hrre to collect ihe particular circumstances which attended 
 it. explosion, and the effects it has produced on the moral 
 K. k and
 
 i6 ft i; V 
 
 and physical character of the french nation and govern- 
 ment . 
 
 It is characterized on a first view by having in the space 
 of the first four years been productive of two principal re- 
 volutions, with the addition of several of an inferior na- 
 ture 5 and all of them followed by such sudden organiza- 
 tions in every part of the economy, attended with transac- 
 tions of so much violence as to communicate repeated 
 shocks to almost all the people of Europe. 
 
 Another characteristic is that of a revolutionary govern- 
 ment, which the nation was formed into, intended to last 
 as long as the difficult struggle in which it was engaged 
 with the powers in coalition, and until by the wisdom of 
 its measures it had quieted the minds of foreign nations, 
 by which its political existence was doubted, through 
 the revolutionary systems it supported abroad, and the 
 sanguinary proceedings carried on at home. This could 
 only be effected by a declaration of principles founded on 
 the unerring laws of nature, on justice, rectitude and 
 good faith, on a general regard for humanity, and a steady 
 adherence to punctually fulfilling every engagement ; and 
 such was declared the basis of the i.ition's transactions 
 with foreign powers. 
 
 The first revolution of 1789 was brought about by the 
 late king; and this altered the former kingly government 
 to a constitutional monarchy, that is to Sdy, the govern- 
 ment of a king, according to a constitution. This revo- 
 lution was considered by the french people as a work of 
 ages, and the utmost that the energy of wisdom could 
 produce. By this step, Lewis the Sixteenth obtained the 
 title of restorer of the liberties of his people. The na- 
 tional assembly, after it had re-organized the kingdom ir: 
 every branch of its administration, which was effected in 
 
 the
 
 REV 251 
 
 ihc space of two years, four months, and twenty-five days, 
 decreed the revolution to be compleat and ended. 
 
 In the second revolution to which the last of their kings, 
 Lewis the Sixteenth, became a sacrifice, the constitutional 
 monarchy was changed to a republic. With the unfortu- 
 nate monarch was sacrificed a number, not to be esti- 
 mated, of victims, more or less deserving of their fate, 
 whose fall has since been expiated with the blood of their 
 persecutors, brought in their turns to the same fatal guil 
 lotine. 
 
 This last revolution was like the explosion of a volcano, 
 and shook not only France, but nearly the whole of Eu- 
 rope, the fire of which was not extinguished until the 
 whole matter of moderantism, and the revolutionary and 
 counter-revolutionary spirit was consumed. 
 
 After France had sustained these violent shocks, and 
 had undergone two great revolutions, in the course of 
 which so much blood had been spilt (without taking into 
 this amount a number of insurrections made by large 
 bodies of the people), and when she had, moreover, a 
 gigantic faction of Jacobins spread in every part of the 
 nation, she declared herself regenerated from every kind 
 of moral or physical corruption, and restored to herself. 
 Such appear to be the sentiments of Frenchmen at that 
 juncture of time, as they are to be gathered from the pub- 
 lic documents, from the daily journals, and speeches made 
 in the convention. Of these we shall now lay two speci- 
 mens before our readers, being opinions of Frenchmen 
 concerning the revolution, penned at the very moment 
 these scenes weie passing before them. Posterity will de- 
 termine how far France was justified in making such de* 
 clarations ; oixUhjs judgment can only, in our opinion, 
 be formed after a knowledge of the secret causes. pro- 
 It k 2 ducing
 
 252 REV 
 
 ducing the extraordinary events which fill the history of 
 this revolution ; which time alone is able to bring to 
 light. 
 
 (Le roi, touche de la deplorable situation de son peu- 
 pie, prononga ces mots, qni a determine 1'epoque de la re-* 
 volution : " Je ne veux plus ni impots ni emprunts." Ces 
 mots memorables, ainsi que la convocation inevitable des 
 etats-generaux, qui en fut la suite immediate, ne fit que 
 proclamer la revolution, ou en fut la cause prochaine, car 
 les causes generates datent de plus loin. Elle avoit etc 
 preparee par le coiirs des choses humaines. Les evene- 
 rnens particuliers er scenes dramatiques, qui ont rempli le 
 cours de cette revolution, doivent etre attributes a des 
 causes secretes, aux intdrets des agens particuliers, qui en 
 ont forme les intrigues diverses The king, affected by 
 the wretched situation his people were then in, pro- 
 nounced the words which brought on the epocha of the 
 revolution : " 1 will have no more taxes, nor loans." These 
 memorable words, and the assembly of the states-general 
 which was the inevitable and immediate consequence of 
 their being pronounced, became the forerunner and pro- 
 claimer of the revolution, for its leading causes are of a 
 date farther back. The revolution was brought about ac- 
 cording to the course of human affairs; the particular 
 events and scenes of this drama, which make up the rest 
 of the revolution, must be attributed to secret causes, to 
 the interests of the several actors, who had to play sepa- 
 rate and distinct parts in it. 
 
 La plus heureuse des revolutions qui s'est encore operee 
 sur la surface de la terre, est cclle qui s'est faite en France 
 en 1789. Elle nous a fait connoiire les principes d'un bon 
 gouvernement qne nous avons reconnu, mais que nous 
 p'avons pas tou suivls en etablissant le notre. Puissent 
 
 lea
 
 REV 253 
 
 les autres nations profiler de nos erreurs, et ne faire point 
 des pas retrogrades. Nous datons avec 1'annee 1/89 du 
 christianisme notre nouvelle existence et une nouvelle ere, 
 mais nos neveux jouiront plus de ses grands bienfaits que 
 ses courageux auteurs. La revolution franfoise vouloit de- 
 truire les differentes causes de la degradation de 1'homtne 
 en France. La revolution des esprits est plus grande que 
 celle du gouvernement, et la regeneration des esprits le 
 plus grand de vos bienfaits. On peut bien arreter la re- 
 volution des corps, rnais non celle des esprits. NOBS de- 
 votisa Louis XIV 1'avantage d'etre la nation la plus civi- 
 lisee de I'Europej nous devons a la revolution qui s'est 
 operee sous Louis XVI, le restaurateur de la liberte, 1'au- 
 rore d'une regeneration dont jouiront nos neveux The 
 best and noblest of all the revolutions ever produced upon 
 the face of this globe of earth was that brought about in 
 France in 17^9 I f has made us acquainted with the 
 principles of good government, which have been ac- 
 knowledged, though not followed, by us, in forming our 
 own. May other countries avail themselves of our mis- 
 takes ! We date from the year 1 /8p, according to the 
 Christian aera, a new one of our own, and our renewed exis- 
 tence : but the great benefits arising from our revolution will 
 be enjoyed by our posterity rather than by its bold authors. 
 The frencb revolution had for its object the destruction of 
 the different causes of man's degradation in France. The 
 revolution of the mind is greater than that of government, 
 and its regeneration the noblest benefit you have con- 
 ferred. The revolution of the body may be stopped, that 
 of the mind cannot. We owe to Lewis the Fourteenth 
 the advantage of being the politest nation of Europe; 
 but we owe to the revolution brought about under Lewis 
 
 the
 
 '454 ft E V 
 
 the Sixteenth, the dawn of a regeneration which wiH 
 shine in its full lustre on our posterity.) 
 
 REVOLUTIONNAIRE, s. m. a revolutionist; one who is a 
 a friend to the french revolution. 
 
 (Quiconque portoit un pantalon avoit des pretentious 
 au litre de revalutionnaire ; mais s'il arboroit le bonnet a 
 polls, les moustaches et les cheveux gras, oh ! il n'y avoit 
 plus un mot a dire, c'est incontestablement un rcvolution- 
 noire Whoever wore pantaloons had a right to the name of 
 revolutionist ; but if he clapped a fur cap on his head, wore 
 greasy hair and whiskers, to be sure, there was not a 
 word to be said about the matter, he was undoubtedly a 
 revolutionist.) 
 
 But it appears there was good reason for dressing in that 
 slovenly manner, for Couthon was for arresting all wh'o 
 had not the appearance of revolutionists. See the next ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 PKVOLUTIONNAIHE, adj. m. and f. revolutionary j belong- 
 ing, or according to the principles of the french revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Le gouvernement revoluiionncare en France-? The revo- 
 lutionary government in France. This was a name given 
 to a system of the most tryannical measures of govern- 
 ment ever known in the history of mankind. Jt was at 
 first submitted to by (he people of France because it was 
 judged of absolute necessity in vhe situation the revolu- 
 tion was then in. The system at length adopted the ab- 
 surd and mad principle of perfect equality, and of re- 
 ducing all conditions of mankind, with all property and 
 fortune to a common level. This mad system was carried 
 still further, and a design was formed to revolutionize the 
 whole world by means of its arms abroad, whilst it made 
 
 blood.
 
 REV 255 
 
 Wood the grand order of the day at home. This system of 
 government, which was by one of the sections of Paris 
 styled in the face of the national convention a sanguino- 
 cracy, was at last overthrown with Robespierre and his 
 club of Jacobins, and one of a more moderate nature 
 resorted to, having justice and equity for its principles. 
 
 (Couthon vouloit qu'on arreta dans les rues ceux qui 
 n'avoient pas 1'air rcvoluthmiiaire Couthon wished to have 
 all such put under arrest who in the streets appeared not to 
 have a r'cvolutienary air. Une arrriee rt-vffhitiorinaire A 
 revolutionary army. Une tete, tin esprit, un homme rtvo- 
 Jutionnaire, tel que Mirabeau A head, a genius, a revolu- 
 tionary man, like Mirabeau. Le char revomtionndlre roule 
 rapidement -The revolutionary car drives on rapidly.) 
 
 RKVOLUTIOXNAIREMENT, adv. in a revolutionary mannerj 
 According to the principles of the frei'ith revolution. 
 (Haranguer les troupes rcvolutionnairement To harangue 
 
 :he army in a revolut'-'jujry iiiamur.) 
 
 lit VOLUTIONNE, EK. part, from revoiutlonneT ', revolutionized. 
 (Nous avons ri'-vohitlonne le gouvernement We have 
 revolutionized the government.) 
 
 HKVOLUTIONNER, v a. to revolutionize;; to bring about a 
 
 ..hnijge or state of revolution ; to luirotltice the principles 
 of the french revolution. 
 
 (Revolutionner un et;it To introduce the principles cf tie 
 frencb revolution into a stale or government. Nous devons 
 f ncore r'c<vuhit:<jnncr nos niceurs, nos lois, nos usages, le 
 ^oniniercp, notre pens^e, et notre ipwue, qui est 1'instrii- 
 .lalier dr. la pen*ee We should yet revolutionize 
 n'.ij- marMrri) cr.r Jaws, our customs, our trade, our modes 
 jf ;hiikiuir, a-nd or.r laiigna<j;r, \vWch is the daily instr>.- 
 
 IDCQt
 
 256 ROY 
 
 ment of our thoughts. Nous devons surtout rcvohitionner 
 1'industrie rurale, qui fait la richesse des Anglois et des 
 Hollandois We should more especially revolutionize rural 
 economy, which brings so much wealth to the English and 
 Dutch.) 
 
 JARDIN DE REVOLUTION, revolution garden. This is the 
 name given to the garden belonging to the Palais Royal, 
 as it was heretofore called, now Maison-Egalite. 
 
 PLACE DE REVOLUTION, revolution place, or square. The 
 name given to the spot of ground whereon the Bastile 
 stood, of which nothing remains ; the stones wherewith it 
 was built are preserved in the cabinets of the curious, as re- 
 lics, whether of french tyranny, or french liberty, the 
 preservers themselves are best able to say. 
 
 RIVALISER, v. n. to rival, or vie with another person or 
 thing. 
 
 (Rivaliser de celerite To vie in swiftness. Nos troupes 
 legeres rivaliscnt de discipline et d'exactitude avec nos 
 grenadiers Our light troops rival our grenadiers in disci- 
 pline and regularity.) 
 
 RoMANTiauE, adj. m. and f. romantic j having the unnatu- 
 ral air of romance. 
 
 This newly coined word, borrowed from the english 
 language, has a place in the last edition of the academy's 
 dictionary. 
 
 ROYA'LISE, EE, part, of the verb royaliser; royalizedj at- 
 tached to the royal party, or cause. 
 
 (Les citoyens qui ont defendu la patrie centre 1'Europe 
 royaHsee The citizens who have defended the country 
 Europe attached to the royal party.) 
 
 ROYALISER,
 
 SAN 257 
 
 ROYALISER, v. n. to royalize; to belong to or be attached 
 to the royal party, or cause. 
 
 ROYAHSME, s. m. royalism 3 attachment to the royal party, 
 or cause. 
 
 (Les defenseurs ardens du nyalisme The sanguine de- 
 fenders of royalism. Sentir le rfyalismeTo feel au at- 
 tachment for tie royal party, or cause.) 
 
 S. 
 
 SACRER, v. a. to swear in the manner of the lowest people. 
 This word, formerly applied to the consecration of a 
 bishop, or the ceremonies used at a coronation, is now 
 descended to the most vulgar application possible. 
 
 (Carrier ne fit que sacrer et jurer aux gens qui, par 
 commiseration, voulurent examiner les prisons et soula- 
 ger les pauvres incarceres entassees les uns sur les autres 
 Carrier did nothing but swear at the people who, out of 
 compassion, examined into the state of the prisons, and 
 were willing to relieve the unhappy prisoners crowded to- 
 gether in heaps.) 
 
 SANS-CULOTTE, s. m. a sans-culotte, or one who is without 
 breeches, a nick-name given at the beginning of the re- 
 volution to the poorer partisans of it. According to the Pic- 
 ture of Paris drawn by the hand of Mercier, and taken 
 long before the aera of the revolution, (he inhabitants of 
 the suburbs of Paris were literally breechless and ashamed j 
 however, since that time, they, as well as .others who 
 fc I '
 
 1.38 SAN 
 
 were better accommodated, so far from being ashamed, 
 have been proud of the name of sans- culottes. 
 
 Times of civil commotion have been ever productive 
 of these kinds of nick-names, derived from accidental 
 circumstances of dress, &c. Thus, England had, during 
 the times of republican frenzy, her roundheads, so deno- 
 minated from the cut of their hair; the Austrian Nether- 
 lands, their gueux (occasioned by the appellation of beg- 
 gars given to the party), during their insurrection against 
 Philip the Second ; and France of late has had her 
 sans-eulottes, &c, 33 Ireland, more lately, her croppies, 
 &c. 
 
 This title of sans-culotte, which was at first conferred 
 by way of ridicule, was afterwards taken up seriously, 
 and became honourable in the estimation of the republi- 
 cans, the anti-royal party choosing to be distinguished 
 by it. 
 
 The aristocratic party, on their first assembling as 
 states-general, having assumed the habit and ceremonials 
 in use in l6l4, were styled les seize-cent-quatorzes (the 
 sixteen hundred and fourteeners) ; and these again, re- 
 marking the frequent insurrections of the mob of inhabi- 
 tants of the parishes of St. Anthony and St. Marceau, who 
 were the least respectable in point of dress and appearance 
 of all Paris, gave them the name of s a ?is- culottes ; and 
 this epithet, intended to raise a laugh in the politer cir- 
 cles, was seriously adopted by the duke of Orleans and 
 his adherents, and became the distinguishing name of the 
 popular party. 
 
 When (he representatives of the second assembly, or 
 national convention, appeared at Paris, in 1792, many of 
 the deputies from the provinces, having the air and dress 
 of poor illiterate rustics, became objects of derision to 
 
 the
 
 the richer and more polished Parisians ; and even the mob 
 of Paris made a scoff" of their country garb and manners, 
 attaching to them the title of sans-culoitM : insomuch, 
 that, at the very doors of the hall ..of the assembly, lists 
 were hawked about of the deputies, with their depart- 
 ments and residence at Paris, under the the title : Depu- 
 
 The following passages will shew the different accepta- 
 tions in which. this epithet has been received during the 
 progress of the revolution. 
 
 (Sans-suLtSes, bons citoyens, vivant du travail de Icurs 
 mains, enfans de la patrie, pbeissant aux lois, detestant 1'a- 
 narchie et le regime sanguinaire coinme egalement liberti- 
 cides et destructeurs de la republique Sons-culottes, good 
 citizens, living by the labour of their hands, the children 
 of their country, submitting to its laws, averse to anar- 
 chy and the system of blood, as equally subversive of li- 
 berty, and tending to destroy the republic.) 
 
 A distinction has been sometimes made betwixt car- 
 magnols or fveres d'armes (brothers in arms) on the fron- 
 tier, and the sans -culottes at Paris ; but, in the following 
 passage, the carmagnols are styled sans-cuhttes. (II est 
 touchant de voir nos braves sans-culottcs'prives de souliers 
 et des bottes au milieu des glaces supporter toutes les pri- 
 vations avec plaisir. Cette nuit, je vis un soldat, n'ayant 
 qy'une mechante culotte de toile toute dechiree: " Com- 
 " ment fais-tu pour te parer du froid avec une mechante 
 " culotte telle que je te vois :" " Je gele, mais je chante: 
 " Vive la republique" It is affecting to see our brave sans- 
 culotttes without shoes or boots in the midst of ice and 
 snow, bearing their hardships with chearfulness. It was 
 no longer ago than this very night that I met with a soldier 
 who had on a ragged pair of linen breeches, and when I 
 x. 1 2 asked
 
 SAN 
 
 asked him how he was able to stand the severity of the 
 weather, he replied : " I am cold, to be sure 5 but I sing : 
 " Success to the republic." 
 
 The following anecdote, extracted from the Correspon- 
 dence of the Emigrants, has appeared before in English, 
 and our readers will not be displeased, perhaps, to find 
 it here, with the original French. (Le fameux jour da 
 10 d'Aout, madame de Gemstorche, dame de madame de 
 Lamballe, effrayee, s'est jetee dans les bras d'un sans- 
 culotte pour lui demander la vie; il avait les mains teintes 
 de sang 5 il 1'a tiree de la fouJe, lui a demande ou il devait 
 la mener. Pour ne compromettre personne, elle 1'a pri 
 de 1'emmener chez lui. duel fut son etonnement de vcir 
 que la femoie de ce gueux etait une marchande de modes, 
 et sa mere une marchande lingere. Elle y passa la nuit. 
 Jls ont eu mille soins d'elle. Ce n'est pas la 1'embarras; 
 mais il est bon de savoir que messieurs les bourgeois sont 
 des sans-culottes. Le lendemain, ils 1'ont reconduite ou eHe a 
 voulu On the famous 10th of August, madame de Gems* 
 torche, an attendant of madame de Lamballe, being 
 much frightened, applied to a sansculotte to save her life. 
 This man's hands were stained with blood, but he drew 
 her from the croud, and, on his asking her whither she 
 would be conducted, she (that she might bring no friend 
 of hers into any difficulty) begged him to take her to his 
 own house. But what was her astonishment when sl/c 
 found that the wife o this wretch was a milliner, and his 
 mother a dealer in linen drapery ! She passed the night 
 with them, and met with the kindest treatment. This is 
 not so surprising, as to find a sans-cuhtte amongst the 
 class of citizens living in repute. The lady was, the next 
 day, conducted to the place she requested to go to.) 
 
 SANS-
 
 SCK 
 
 SANS-CULOTTE, adj. m. and f. (Le parti 
 
 sans-culotte party.) 
 
 SANS-CULOTTERIE, s. f. the class of men described under 
 the article sans culottt. The word is sometimes used in de- 
 rision, alluding to that class. 
 
 SANS-CULOTISME, s. m. an attachment to the principles of 
 the class of men called sans-cuhttes. 
 
 SANS-CULOTTIDES, s. f. pi. the name given for some time 
 to the five complementary days added to the twelve 
 months which form the new french republican year. - 
 
 LA SANS-CULOTTIDE, s. f. the name given to the interca- 
 lary day at the end of every fourth year, or franciad. 
 This is a great national festival in commemoration of the 
 revolution, when the oath is to be renewed of living or 
 dying free. See Franciade. 
 
 SANS-JUPON, s. f. as sans-culotte was applied to the most 
 indigent class of the people, so were the female citizens, 
 their wives, distinguished by the name of sans~jupon> i. e. 
 without petticoats. 
 
 SAHDE, s. m. a native of Sardinia. 
 
 3 VUDE, adj. m. and f. Sardinian, or belonging to Sardinia. 
 (Sa majeste Sarde His Sardinian majesty. Lcs troupes 
 Sardcs The Sardinian forces.) 
 
 LATKVR, s. m. a scrutineer; one who is employed in 
 the primary and electoral assemblies to scrutinize or exa- 
 mine the votes -with respect to goodness or legality. See 
 .!. ,.-.rc, AKcmblce electorate. 
 
 SCRUTER, v. a. to scrutinize or examine votes nt the election 
 of officers.
 
 202 $? 
 
 (Scruter la cortdnite de tous les fonctlonnaires publi( 
 To scrutinize the conduct of the public officers. Scruter 
 les vrais patriotes To scrutinize the real patriots.) 
 
 SECRETAIRE, s. m. a secretary; an officer attached to any 
 public authority to reduce into writing the proceedings, 
 carrying on the correspondences, &c. 
 
 The french say : Le secretaire greffier of a municipality, 
 or tribunal. 
 
 SECTION, s. f. a division, or arrondissement of a populous 
 city, such as Paris, which is divided into forty-eight sec- 
 tions. Every section of a city answers to a canton, and is- 
 governed in the same manner j that is to say, by a judge 
 of the peace and a commissioner of the police. The pri- 
 mary assemblies are held in the sections as in the cantons ; 
 and when a convocation of the commune, as in Paris, is 
 summoned, all the sections are to be assembled at the same 
 time. 
 
 The section of a city is then a subdivision of large 
 populous communes, like those of Paris, or Lyons, as the 
 district or canton is the subdivision cf a departement. See 
 these words in their proper places. See likewise Tribunal 
 civile. 
 
 SENTIMENTAL, E, adj. sentimental. An adjective which 
 the french ncologists have borrowed from the english, lan- 
 guage. 
 
 SEPTEMBRISADE, s. f. the name given to a general massacre 
 Which took place on the 2d and 3d of September, 1792, 
 in the prisons of Paris; when, without form of trial, all 
 those who were suspected of counter-revolutionary designs 
 
 . were cruelly put to death. 
 
 SErXEMERJSlS,
 
 SEX 2S3 
 
 SEPTBMBRISE", EE, part, of the verb Septembriscr. (Uno 
 telle fut septembrisee a la Force She was massacred in Stp- 
 tember 1792, at the prison of la Force.) 
 
 SEPTEMBRISER, v. a. to act as a murderer in the massacre of 
 the 2d and 3d September, 1792. 
 
 (Un tel septembrisoit aux Carmes That man acted in the 
 massacres at the Carmelite monastery.) 
 
 SEPTEMBRISEUR, s. m. the name given to those concerned 
 in the horrid massacres in the prisons at Paris on the 2d 
 and 3d September, 1/92, whether as actors in those 
 shocking scenes, or as the instigators of them ; though 
 the last have been usually called Septembristei. See 
 Homines du 2 de Septembre. 
 
 SEPTIC:, s. m. the seventh day of the decade. 
 
 SERIB, s. f. a series. This word was only used by mather 
 thematicians ; but during the revolution it has obtained 
 the same sense in which it is employed in the english lan- 
 guage, being applied to objects susceptible of uniform 
 continuation. 
 
 (Toute la scrie des resolutions The whole series of resolu* 
 tions Proposer une scrie de questions I faire a ceux qui 
 passeront a la censure To offer a scries of questions for pro- 
 posal to those who are to proceed in the reprimand. Telle 
 est la sfiie des fails imputes Such are the series of im- 
 puted facts. Une serie de cruautes e de trahisons A 
 series of treachery and cruelty.) 
 
 SESSION, s. f. a session ; the term of the duration of an as- 
 sembly or meeting, applied to the legislative body, in the 
 same sense in which ihe english word is used with respect 
 to the British parliament. 
 
 SEXTIDI, s. m. the sixth day of a decade.
 
 264 SIN 
 
 SEXTILE, adj. a year is said to be sextih, or bissextile, when 
 - it-has 366 days, and when according to the new french 
 computation, a sixth complementary day is to be added. 
 See Franciade. 
 
 SIGNATAIRE, s. m. a subscriber; one who signs his name 
 to a memorial or obligation. 
 
 SIGNIFIAXT, E, adj. significant; expressive. This word is 
 received into the late edition of the academy's dictionary, 
 (Les expressions les plus signifiantes The most signifi- 
 cant expressions.) 
 
 SIMULTANEITY:, s. f. simultaneity; a new substantive which 
 has a place in the academy's last edition, and applied to 
 actions or things existing together or having an agreement 
 with each other. 
 
 (Les societes populaires correspondantes repandent la 
 srmultancite des idees, preparent la simultaneite des volontes 
 et des forces The popular corresponding societies propa- 
 gate the simultaneity of ideas, and provide for the simulta- 
 neity of will and power. Simultaneite des pensees A 
 simultaneity of sentiment). 
 
 SIMULTANEMENT, adv, simultaneously; as with one mind. 
 This adverb is likewise new, but to be found in the last 
 edition of the academy's dictionary. 
 
 (Faire un mouvement iimultancment To make a move- 
 ment simultaneously. Plusieurs membres de la convention 
 rationale vont simultaiiiment a la tribune Several members 
 of the national convention ran to the tribune as iviil one 
 mind.) 
 
 SINGER, v. a. to ape; to imitate in an affected manner, 
 (Singer les modes ;To ape the fashion.) 
 
 SOCIETES,,
 
 S O C 26* 
 
 SOCIKTKS POPULAIRES, s. f. pi. popr.lar societies; a name 
 given in France to meetings of citizens for the purpose of 
 discussing political questions. They were regularly formed^, 
 and bad presidents, secretaries, and regulations for admis- 
 sion of members. By die constitution of 17Q5, these so- 
 cieiies are declared to be unconstitutional. 
 
 Popular societies owes their origin to the first revolution 
 which laid the foundation of the constitutional monarchy > 
 but for years before that event there had been public meet- 
 ings held at the Palais Royal, wherein the stale of the na- 
 tion was discussed with great freedom ; besides which, 
 private meetings were held, and a correspondence on po- 
 litical subjects carried on with the provinces. 
 
 After the lirst revolution, these popular societies, which 
 were instituted with the design of informing the public 
 mind, and acquainting the people with their true interests, 
 continued to increase in France until they amounted to 
 (lie amazing number of- sixty thousand. It may well be 
 supposed, that, in such a large body, there rriust have 
 been many factious and designing men. Through the 
 machinations of these, the societies became dangerous, 
 and arrived at such a piteh of power as to overawe the 
 national convention ; till at length, after vhe most violent 
 struggles, the societies themselves were crushed. See 
 Jacobiti. 
 
 SOCIETAIRE, s. m. a member of a popular society. At the 
 time of Robespierre's sanguinary system, whilst the po- 
 
 . pular society of Jacobins existed, the following proposition 
 was made to the national convention, viz. Une Ifste est pre- 
 sentee :> la convention nationale des noms et des clemrup's 
 de tons \essocieidiresc\\3\ composent la masse de cessocietes 
 tonjours disposes ii faire cle leurs corps autour de vous un 
 M ru rcuipart,
 
 265 S O U 
 
 remparr, arm que vous puissiez les choisir indistinctement 
 sur les registres A list is presented containing the 
 ^dwelling-places of all the members of popular societies that 
 the national convention may choose 3 body ready to form 
 a rampart round it. 
 
 &OI.IDAIRE, adj. m. and f. consolidated. This is a word 
 which was heretofore only used in the french language in 
 a law sense j but now the French say : Etre solidaire de 
 vcrtus, d'actions heroi'ques et de gloire To be consolidated 
 in virtue and in actions of heroism and glory. The na- 
 tional convention declared, that (les armees etoient soli- 
 wares de gloire) the array had consolidated its glory ; that 
 is to sny> the victories of one part of the army had been 
 added to ihe account of the rest. 
 
 SOLIDAIREMENT, adv. in a consolidated manner. 
 
 SOLIDARITY, s. f. consolidation 3 .the act of becoming con- 
 solidated. A new word, now having obtained a place in 
 the academy's dictionary, last edition. 
 
 SOUMISSIONNAIRE, s. m. one who has given his (soumission) 
 recognizance, or undertaking, for any bargain of na- 
 tional property. 
 
 SOUMISSIONNE, EE,. part, of the following verb. (Domaine 
 
 scumissionnc An estate^or which soumissicms, or recognizances, 
 een entered into on tbe part of tbc fur f baser.') 
 
 v. a. to enter into a recognizance, or un- 
 dertaking. (Soumissiomier une maison To aiier Into an 
 undertaking for a house.) 
 
 X, s. m. a sovereign} the power of sovereignly 
 (L'universalit'j des citoyens est le sowverain The 
 
 tf/'t.^/:.'v is in the body of citi/.cn?.) 
 
 SOUVE
 
 S P E 2b; 
 
 SOUVERAINETE", s. f. this word is thus defined in the sup- 
 plement of the french academy's dictionary: " The power 
 of making laws and enforcing them. The sovereignty of 
 France, according to the constitution of 1795, is lodged 
 with the people, and is one, entire, indivisible, inaliena- 
 ble and imprescriptible; it belongs to the pr-ople, who 
 exercise it in their own persons, or by their representa- 
 tives. The Athenians made their laws in assemblies of 
 the people, and gave the administration of them to the 
 magistrates. In France, the people delegate their autho- 
 rity yearly." 
 
 SPECULATEUR, s. m. a speculator. This word, used only 
 to signify a metaphysician, or curious observer of the 
 phenomena of nature, is now applied to civil and com- 
 mercial affairs, as well by the French as by us. Ac- 
 cordingly, they say : Ncgocians speculateurs Merchants 
 who are speculators, i. e. who are watchful, industrious 
 and inventive to seize on and improve every advantage 
 in the way of trade, &c. 
 
 SPECULATION, s. f. speculation, or the act of industry in 
 the contrivance, or improvement of commercial enter- 
 prises. 
 
 SPCULEK, v. n. to speculate 5 to form plans of commercial 
 enterprise. This verb, in its former acceptation, was 
 active. (See SpecuTateur.) In the sense in which it finds 
 a place here, it is neuter. 
 
 (Les agioteurs de patriotismo succulent sur les produits 
 d'une motion, comine les marchnnds ^culcnt sur le cours 
 de change The agents of patriotism speculate on the ef- 
 fects of a motion, as merchants speculate on the course of ex- 
 change. I* gros fermier specuh sur ce qu'il peut beneficier 
 SUP la toison da mouton The capital farmrr.'/.fv.v/d/aon the 
 M m 2 price
 
 265 S P O 
 
 price of wool. Denoncer les manoeuvres perfides des 
 scelerats, qui spccuknt dans I'ombre sur la misere pu> 
 blique To publish the wicked proceedings of such per- 
 sons as speculate secretly on the public distress.) 
 
 SPLEEN, s. m. the spleen, properly a distemper so called, 
 but more commonly applied to a particular irritability or 
 severity of disposition and temper. A word adopted into 
 the french language from the english. 
 
 (Je ne peux pas me dispenser de c:ter ici un trait qui a 
 interesse Paris, qui caracterise le spleen et la malice de ce 
 journaliste d'ailleurs tres-distingue I cannot dispense 
 with quoting a passage which has interested all Paris, and 
 which shews the^o/a'K and malice of this journalist, who, 
 in all other respects, is a respectable character.. ..Dumou- 
 riez, Fragmens sur Paris. La maladie a" laquelle les An- 
 glois sont particulierement sojet, et dont le nom a passe 
 dans les autres langues de 1'Europe, le spleen, n'est-il pas 
 encore une preuve sensible des effets de cette double in- 
 fluence de leur regime et de leur climat ? Is not the di- 
 sease to which the English are particularly subject, and 
 which has passed to other nations by the name they have 
 given it, the spleen, a plain proof of the two-fold effects 
 of their diet and climate ?... .Souvenirs de mes Voyages en 
 Angleterre, translated under the title of " Letters on 
 "England, by Henry I\ leister," 1799.) 
 
 SFONTANEMENT, adv. spontaneously; as with one accord. 
 This adverb is of new creation. (Renouveler spontaucmcnt 
 le serment de vaincre et de mourir Spotttanfowfy to re- 
 new the oath of death or conquest. Le cri de vengeance 
 et de justice contre les coupables conspirateurs s'est fait 
 eptendre spontanemcnt de toutes les extremites de la repu- 
 bljque jusqu'au centre The outcry of vengeance and 
 
 judgment
 
 SUB 260 
 
 judgment upon the guilty conspirators was to be heard, 
 as with one accord, from the extremity of the republic to 
 its centre. Tous les membres de la convention se levent 
 spontancmerft en agitant leurs chapeaux, et s'ecrient : " Nous 
 " jurons de viyre et de mourir pour la iibert6 et pour la 
 " republique." -All the members of the convention arose, 
 as with one accord, and waving their hats, cried out : 
 " "We swear to live and die free men, and not to survive 
 " the republic.") 
 
 STENOGRAPHIE, s. f. See Sttreograpbie. 
 
 STERE, s. m. the unity of measure, agffteable to the new 
 system of weights, &c. intended for fire wood. It takes 
 place of the former voie, of which it is nearly one half. 
 The corde (cord) of wood, in decimal parts, answers to 
 3.835 s feres. See Mctrologie. 
 
 STROGRAPHIE, s. f. stereography; the art of representing 
 solid bodies upon a plane; the science of measuring 
 which is termed stereometry. 
 
 STEREOTYPE, s. and adj. a type; a body that is solid; or 
 whatever relates to such type, or solid body. 
 
 STE"RJOTYPER, v. a. to cast in a solid form a page or more 
 of letter press ; to print books from plates of metal cast 
 in a solid form, 
 
 STEREOTYPE', E, part, letters cast in a solid form ; 01 
 books printed from solid plates of letters. 
 
 (Cette ouvrage est deja stertotypeeThis work is already 
 cast in solid plates of /^ter5....Bibliothe'que Frangoise.) 
 
 SUBVERSIF, VE, adj. subversive ; destructive; ruinous. 
 
 (Des principes snlversifs de 1'ordre general de la societe, 
 et subvtrsifi de tout gouvernement, basoient le regime
 
 270 ,SUR 
 
 sanguinaire de Robespierre et des..Jacobins The sangui- 
 nary system of Robespierre was founded on principles 
 ... subversive of the general order of society, and destructive 
 to all government. La revolution franchise a etc une se- 
 cousse subversive pour la politique royale The french re- 
 volution has given a shock to royal politics ivbicb has. des- 
 troyed them.,, . 
 
 SuccEssistB, adj. m. and f. of ability to succeed. 
 
 (Des parens successive* Relations of ability to succeed.) 
 
 SE SUICIDER, v. recip. to kill one's self; to become a self- 
 murderer. The substantive., suicide, has been long in use ; 
 but the verb is'nexv. 
 
 (Robnd -fest suicide ; sa fern me sur le lombereau encou- 
 ragea M. N. & mourir en homme Roland killed himself; 
 his wife in the tumbrel (as she' went to execution) encou- 
 raged (her fellow-sufferer) M. N. to die like a man.) 
 
 SUPPLIANT, E, adj. a word of new creation, and implies 
 one who performs the duty of a public officer, as his sub- 
 stitute, or locum tenens. By the constitution of 1703, the 
 deputies to the national convention were allowed these 
 proxies, called deputes suppleans, chosen with their princi- 
 pals, and to act in case of death, or dismission. The 
 officers of the tribunals of justice had likewise- their suf- 
 pleans. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAIRE, adj. m. and f. supplementary; whatever 
 is added by way of supplying deficiencies. This adjective 
 is new. 
 
 (Un ouvrage, un livre supplementaire A supplementary 
 work or book. Une mesure supplement airc A supplementary 
 measure.) 
 
 STRVEH-LANCE, s. f. inspection; the act of watching to 
 prevent and provide against damage or impediment in
 
 S U S 271 
 
 matters of a public concern ; circumspection. The sub- 
 stantive is new; though the verb, surv filler, in this sense, 
 has been long in use. 
 
 (La surveillance active sur les agens de la republique et 
 sur tous les fonctionnaires publics The active inspection 
 over the agents of the republic and the public officers. 
 La surveillance active de la police peut prevenir bien de de- 
 sordres et de delits The active circumspection of the police 
 may certainly prevent crimes and disorder. Le comman- 
 dant-general de Paris commande a ses freres d'armes la 
 plus grande surveillance The commander in chief of 
 Paris orders his brethren in arms to use the greatest 
 circumspection. La surveillance et respousabilite de tous le 
 agens preposes ^ la conservation de la republique The 
 inspection and responsibility of all the agents appointed for 
 the preservation of the republic. La surveillance des abus 
 The inspection into abuses. Cet evenemeat a redouble 
 la surveillance des magistrals This event has redoubled 
 the circumspection of the magistracy.) 
 
 SUSPECT, s. and adj. m. a suspicious, or suspected person; 
 one supposed to be inimical to the french revolution, or 
 indifferent as to its principles. 
 
 (Classe des suspects The class of suspected persons. Re- 
 pute suspect- Reputed or thought to 
 
 TABLEAU
 
 272 , T E L 
 
 T. 
 
 TABLEAU CIVKIUE, s. m. the civic list. According to the 
 constitution of 1791, a list was to be formed containing 
 the names of all the citizens belonging to every section 
 or canton, who, having taken the civic oath, had attained 
 to the age of twenty-one years. See Inscription cvvicpit. 
 
 TACHYGRAPHE, s. m. a shorthand writer; one who is able 
 to write the words of a speaker with equal celerity with 
 their utterance, whether by abbreviation or arbitrary 
 signs, or both, according to the rules of the art of tachy- 
 graphy, or shorthand writing. 
 
 The word particularly denotes an officer employed by 
 the national convention, at a certain salary, to take down 
 speeches delivered in that assembly, that they may after- 
 wards be correctly printed in the journals for the informa- 
 tion of the people and posterity. 
 
 TACTICIEN, s. m. a tactician j one skilful in tact'ics, i. e. 
 the art of training soldiers to form various military evolu- 
 tions. 
 
 (Nous avons pour ennemis les plus grands tacticiens de 
 VEurope The enemies we have to contend with are the 
 best tacticians of Europe.) 
 
 T^LEGRAPHE, s. m. a telegraph ; a name given to a machine 
 of the invention of citizen Chappe, for the purpose of 
 conveying messages from one extreme point to another, be 
 
 they
 
 t L 273 
 
 they ever so distant, by means of intermediate corres- 
 ponding machines of the same Construction, placed at 
 tonvenient stations; the celerity in communication where- 
 of depends upon the reception and transmission of sfcch 
 message at the corresponding stations, within the extent 
 of the line ; this is to be effected by signals implying 
 either whole sentences, or single words, or letters ; the 
 meaning of which signals it is not necessary the persbns 
 working the machines should be acquainted with : so that 
 the key to the correspondence need be in the possession' of 
 as few persons as is judged necessary. 
 
 By means of this invention, in consequence of which a 
 line of telegraphs was constructed, extending from Paris 
 to Lisle, a message has been conveyed in two minutes 
 from the one city to the other, and an ans\7er returned to 
 it equally swift. Orders which have filled half a sheet of 
 paper closely written have been transmitted in a quarter 
 of an hour to that distance, which is about one hundred 
 and thirty english. miles : a degree of swiftness beyond 
 the flight of birds. 
 
 Dr. Meyer, in his Fragmefls snr Paris, Whose informa- 
 tion upon the subject of tckgrapbs appears to have been 
 derived from Chappe himself, says, an answer to a ques- 
 tion made from Paris was returned from Lisle in his pre- 
 sence, in twenty-eight seconds, reckoning from the time 
 the signal was answered at Montmartre, the station cor- 
 responding with the palace of the Louvre, whereon the 
 ttkgrapb is erected at Paris, distant between five and six 
 miles. The question and answer was each made by a 
 single motion. The question was What news? The 
 answer None. 
 
 Hitherto the only communications by way of telegrapb 
 in France have been on the lines of Paris and Lisle, and 
 Paris and Strasburgh. Plans have been formed for ex- 
 N n tendin
 
 274 f E L 
 
 tending it to other parts of the republic, and particularly 
 to the sea ports, but the finances of the republic have not 
 been found equal to the expense, and these schemes have 
 been laid aside. Jn short, it is easy to conceive that the 
 expenses of constructing and maintaining such machines 
 must be enormous, and that the advantages resulting to 
 the french republic from its telegraph must have been lit- 
 tle or none. Greater benefits have, perhaps, been reaped 
 from the invention in this country} one of its principal 
 sea ports and largest naval arsenals, and another conside- 
 rable roadsted happening to be about the same distance of 
 Lisle and Paris from the centre of their activity ; but rich 
 and enterprising as England at present may be, and, it is 
 to be hoped, may long continue, it is a great question 
 whether this mode of communication will ever be further 
 extended. The merchants of Hamburgh, soon after the 
 construction of the french telegraph, in 1794, conceived a 
 design of erecting a line of telegraph betwixt that city 
 and the mouth of the Elbe, about seventy miles, for 
 commercial purposes, but were deterred from pursuing it, 
 after mature consideration, on account of the great ex- 
 penses attending the plan. See Institut aerostatique. 
 
 TELEGRAPHIE, s. f. telegraphy j a secret and swift method 
 of correspondence, by means of telegraphs, as described 
 in the foregoing article. 
 
 The word is derived from the greek language, and 
 signifies a distant correspondence. 
 
 (Les grands abbreviations de la telcgrapbls facilitent et 
 accelerent la correspondance The great abbreviations 
 made use of in telegraphy render correspondence, with its 
 assistance, easy and expeditious.) 
 
 TELEGKAPHI&UE, adj. m. and f. telegraphic ; whatever re- 
 lates to the telegraph. 
 
 (Cor-
 
 , THE 275 
 
 (Correspondances teUgrapbiques Telegrapblc correspon- 
 dence. Quelques gens dresses a" conduire la correspon- 
 dence tclegrapbique travaillent dans le bureau de Chappc 
 In Chappe's office persons are employed who are instructed 
 in the method of carrying on the telegraphic correspon- 
 dence.) 
 
 TERRIFIES, v. a. to terrify; to spread terror ariti alarm. 
 This verb is new. 
 
 (Les exemples terrifient les coupnbles et les traltres a" la 
 patrie Examples terrify guilty persons and traitors to 
 their country. Accaparcr les puissances qui ont des 
 forces, et tcrrifier les foibles To bring over the powers 
 that are strong, and spread an alarm amongst the weaker.) 
 
 TERRORISMS, s. m. the system of terror. 
 
 TERRORISTS, s. m. t an agent or partisan of the government 
 founded on a system of terror', which sprung up amongst 
 other abuses produced by the measures of the revolu^ 
 tionists. 
 
 TEXTUELLEMENT, adv. word for word; according to the 
 exact words. 
 
 (Les journaux ne rendent pas textuelhment tout ce qui se 
 dit dans la convention nationale The journals do not give 
 the speeches as delivered in the' national convention vjcrd 
 for word. L'execution d'un ordre textuelkment confiee par 
 une loi ou un decret The execution of an order under 
 a law or decree according to tbe exact words. La loi porte 
 texluelhment The law implies according to tbt e 
 
 THE'OPHILANTROPE, s. m. and f. a theophihnthropc ; a deist, 
 or theist, who professes himself a philanthropist, pr lover 
 of mankind. 
 
 N n 2 TWo-
 
 2/6 THE 
 
 i 
 
 THEOPHILANTROPIE, s. f. theophilanthropy; deism, or theism, 
 Connected with philanthropy, or the love of mankind. 
 
 THJBOPHILANTROPIQ.UE, adj. m. and f. theophilanthropical j 
 whatever has relation to the system of deism, or theism, 
 joined to the love of mankind. 
 
 THEORETICIEN, s. m. a theorist. This word differs from 
 ibeoricien, which follows, inasmuch as it implies one M'ho 
 is continually forming theories which he never reduces to 
 practice. 
 
 (La manie rpformatrice des ibeareticierj modernes The 
 madness of our modern theorists in point of reformation.) 
 
 TH^ORICIEV, s. m. one addicted to theories; a theorist} 
 applied chiefly to those who pass their lives in idle con- 
 templation, in opposition to such as are engaged in more 
 active industry. 
 
 THERMIDOR, s. m. hot month. The month, according to 
 the new french calendar, which begins on the lf)th of 
 July and ends on the J7th of August; and is so named 
 from the heats of summer experienced at this time. This 
 is the eleventh month of the year, and the second of the 
 summer months, all terminating their names ir. dor. 
 
 The pth Thermidor answers to the 27th of July, and 
 was the day (in 1/04) of the arrest of Robespierre, and 
 the shutting up of the Jacobin club. 
 
 THERMIDORIEN, s. m. one of the party which caused the 
 fall of Robespierre. 
 
 (\Jn-tbermidoru-n, specukteur reyolutionnaire A tber- 
 ipidorian, and speculator in revolutions., ..Mallet du Pap.) 
 
 TOURBE,
 
 TRA 277 
 
 TOURBE, s. f. a mob j a confused multitude of people. 
 This is an old word revived since the time of the frequent 
 insurrections during the revolution. 
 
 (Une tourbe du peuple de St. Antoine et de St. Marceau, 
 qui entraina comme un torrent tout ce qu'il rencontra dans 
 sa course s'agglomera a vue d'oeil et se jetta sur lesThuil- 
 leries A mob of people belonging to St. Anthony's parish 
 and that of St. Marceau, who like a torrent drove every 
 opposition before them, visibly increasing their numbers, 
 attacked the Thuilleries. Une tourbe de gens les plus in- 
 trigans de Paris s'assembla tous les jours au Palais ci-de- 
 vant Royal A multitude of the most intriguing people of 
 Paris who daily assembled in the late Palais-Royal.) 
 
 TRADUCTION, s. f. this word always used to imply a version 
 or translation from one language to another, is now ap- 
 plied to signify the surrender or delivery of a person to 
 the tribunals of justice, in which sense it is entirely new; 
 though the word traduire, from which the substantive is de- 
 rived, was so employed. 
 
 (Traduction de quelqu'un au tribunal criminel revolu- 
 tionnaire The surrender of a person to the revolutionary 
 criminal tribunal.) 
 
 TRAITEMENT. See Indefinite. . 
 
 TRAITKEUX, EUSE, adj. traiterous. 
 
 (Une proposition trattreuse et perfidr A perfidious and 
 traiterous proposition. Les faux patriotes font tous les 
 jours retentir la tribune de motions insidieuses, tra'treuses 
 et perfides, sous le manteau de patriotisme le plus ardent 
 False patriots clamour from the tribune with their insi- 
 dious, traiterous and perfidious motions.) 
 
 TRAVAII.LEP,
 
 378, T R I . 
 
 TRAVAILLER, v. a. the word signifies, to labour, and has, 
 been applied thus : Travailler les troupes To labour the 
 troops, i. *e. to excite .them to mutiny. Analogous to 
 which is the expression, Travailler le peuple To stir up di- 
 visions and insurrection amongst the people. 
 
 TRESORERIE NATIONALS, s. f. the national treasury ; the 
 place from whence the monies received on account of the 
 revenue of the republic are issued for the public service. 
 
 TRIBUNAL DE CASSATION, s. m. this is a tribunal established 
 by the constitution of 1795, for the purpose of deciding 
 upon applications for annulling sentences already made, 
 and hearing appeals from other tribunals. Thi re is but 
 one tribunal of this kind belonging to the republic; it is 
 composed of judges named by the electoral assemblies, al- 
 ternately in succession, to the number of three-fourths of 
 the departments. One-fifth of the members of this tri- 
 bunal are yearly renewed, and members going out are re- 
 eligible. Every judge has his suppleant, or substitute, 
 and belonging to this tribunal there are one commissioner, 
 with substitutes, named and displaced at pleasure by the 
 the executive directory. 
 
 TRIBUNAL CIVIL, s. m. a tribunal established by the consti- 
 tution of 1795, in every department, to determine mat- 
 ters of appeal or reference from the judges of the peace. 
 See Juge de paix. 
 
 This tribunal is composed of twenty judges, chosen by 
 the electoral assemblies to act for five years who may be 
 re-elected at the end of that term. They are assisted by 
 a commissioner who has a substitute named and displaced 
 by the executive directory , it has likewise a greffier (re- 
 gister or secretary). The civil tribunal is divided into sec- 
 tions, and five judges constitute a quorusn. 
 
 TRX-
 
 r R i 279 
 
 TRIBUNAUX DB COMMERCE, s. m. pi. tribunals established 
 by the constitution of 1795 for the particular purpose of 
 hearing and finally determining matters in dispute to the 
 value of five hundred myriagrammes of wheat ; beyond 
 that amount, in commercial affairs, whether at home or 
 abroad, their judgment is not final. 
 
 TRIBUNAUX CORRECTIONNELS, s. m. pi. tribunals established 
 according to the constitution of 1795, in the departments 
 to the number of three in each, and not more than six, 
 to decide upon matters, the punishment of which is nei- 
 ther infamous or capital. Each tribunal is composed of a ' 
 president, two judges of the peace and their assessors, a 
 commissioner of the executive power, nominated and 
 moveable by the directory, and a greffier or register. The 
 president, who is at the same time director of the jury of 
 accusation, is selected every six months by turn from 
 amongst the members of the civil tribunal of the depart- 
 ment. 
 
 TRIBUNAL CRIIMINEL, s. m. a tribunal established by the 
 constitution of 1/95, in every department, to execute 
 the sentence pronounced by the jury of judgment, when 
 such sentence is either capital or infamous. It is com- 
 posed of a president, a public accuser, four judges chosen 
 every six months by turns from the civil tribunals, of the 
 commissioner of the executive power belonging to the 
 said tribunals, or his substitute, and a grefh'er. The pre 
 sident, the public accuser and greffier are nominated!; 
 the electoral assemblies. 
 
 TRIBUNAL DE FAMILLE, s. m. by the constitution of l/pj, 
 this was a tribunal established to decide upon family 
 
 35s-
 
 280 T R I 
 
 disputes, either betv/ixt father and son, mother ?nc! 
 daughter, grandfather and grandson, brothers and sisters, 
 uncles and nephews, -c. This domestic tribunal was to 
 be constituted of eight persons akin to the family where- 
 in the ground of difference arose, or in default of kindred, 
 their friends or neighbours. When the sentence of this 
 family tribunal directed the confinement of an infant under 
 the age of twenty-one, it could not be carried into execu- 
 tion until it was confirmed by the president of the tribu- 
 nal of the same district. 
 
 TRIBUNAL DE POLICE MUNICIPALS,- s. m. a tribunal esta- 
 blished by the constitution of 1791> f* the preservation 
 of good order and punishment of breaches of 1 the peace. 
 It was composed of three members chosen by the officers 
 of the municipality out of their own body; and when 
 the number of souls amounted to sixty thousand, or up- 
 wards, the number of members was increased to five. At 
 Paris the number was nine. 
 
 TRIBUNAL DE PAIX, s. m. a tribunal composed of a judge 
 of the peace, and two assessors chosen in the commune 
 wherein the sessions are held. See Juge de paix. 
 
 TRIBUNAL REVOLUTIONNAIRE, s. m. a tribunal established 
 for the trial of persons accused of being inimical to the 
 revolution. 
 
 TRIBUNE, s. f. the tribune, or pulpit, from whence the 
 orators in the french national assemblies deliver their ha- 
 rangues. The tribune is placed by the side of the bar, 
 and in front of the president, and is raised several steps 
 from the floor of the hall. The Greeks and Romans had 
 their tribunes for their orators, but these were a new in- 
 troduction in France in the manner in which they are now 
 
 used.
 
 TYR 281 
 
 used. The Jacobins and other popular societies had like- 
 wise their tribunes, from whence their orators, elevated 
 above ;he floor, explained the rights of man, and the prin- 
 ciples of policy and morality. 
 
 TRICOLOKE, adj. m. and f. of three colours 3 the word is 
 applied by the French to their thire national colours, z. . 
 red, blue and white. See Cocarde, Drapeau, Pavilion. 
 
 TRIDI, s. m. the third day of a decade. 
 
 TRIOMPHALEMENT, adv. triumphantly; after the manner 
 of a triumph. This adverb is new. 
 
 TURBE, s. f. See Tourbf. 
 
 TYRANNEAU, s. m. a petty tyrant. 
 
 (Les outrages que les tyramieaux ont fait an peuplei ont 
 exaspere les esprits : tyrans subalternes, plus cruels et 
 atroces que les chefs. Les fermiers-generaux, tous les 
 agens du fisc, et leur armee de cinquante mille hommes 
 et cette nuee de gens de pratique, cent mille privilegi6s, 
 deux cent mille pretres accoutumes depuis mille ans a re- 
 gcnter la populace ct les femmes par 1'opinion et les pre. 
 juges, soixante mille personnes vivant de la vie rcligiease 
 et s'engraissant aux depens du peuple agricole tt indus- 
 trieux, qui tous ensemble levoient syr le peuple un impot 
 volontaire ou force par les enregistremens, dont le calcul 
 seul effrayeroit 1'imagination ; celte foule d'intendans et 
 de financiers depredateurs et sangsues avoit porte 1'exaspe- 
 ration des esprits du peuple a un tel point qu'il les regar- 
 doi't comme une armee de tyranneaux, au regime arbi- 
 traire desquels il etoit tous les jours livre sans savoir ou 
 deposer se.s esperances The outrages committed by the^e 
 fttty tyrants exasperated the minds of the people ; these 
 subalterns of tyranny were more cruel and arbitrary than 
 o o their
 
 W T Y R- 
 
 their principals. The farmers-general, all the officers be- 
 longing to the public treasury, .and their host of depen- 
 dants amounting to fifty thousand) with lhat considerable 
 body, the men of the law, one hundred thousand privi- 
 leged persons j two hundred thousand priests, for the 
 space of a thousand years in habits, of directing the people 
 and the women according to certain established opinions 
 and prejudices j sixty thousand persons leading a life of 
 religion, and fattening on the labour of the' industrious 
 husbandmen^ and these altogether levying a tax upon the 
 people, whether voluntary, or forced from them under 
 the sanction of registers, the total amount of which was 
 alarming beyond imagination. This numerous host of 
 superintendants and collectors of taxes with their bands 
 of robbers and plunderers had excited such a degree of 
 horror and detestation in the minds of the people, that they 
 considered them as an army of fctfj tyrants, to whose mer- 
 ciless treatment they were delivered over from day to day 
 without hope of deliverance.) 
 
 TYRANNICIDE, s. m. a tyrannicide ; a slayer of tyrants. It 
 is likewise used as an adjective ; which use of the word is 
 entirely new. 
 
 (Projet tyrannicide A tyra-r.nicldal scheme.)
 
 U. 
 
 Ut.TRA-PATRioTiauE, adj. rn, and f. ultra-patriotic j vio- 
 lently patriotic.' 
 
 (Des ccrivain's ultra-patriotlques et de* journalistes ont com- 
 pare Bonaparte aux. eonguerans spoliateurs de la GiicejJa 
 cause.de son zeie outre pour 1'accumulation exclusive des 
 arts en France, et ont fait tort par cette assimilation a sa re- 
 putation bien acquise d'ailleurs Some ultra-patriotic writers 
 and journalists have likened Bonaparte to the conquerors 
 \vho plundered Greece, oa account of his extraordinary 
 zeal for the exclusive acquisition and accumulation in 
 France of the monuments of the arts 5 and by this compa- 
 rison have done an injury to the character which he &n 
 justly merits in other respects... .Dumouri?, 
 fari., ) 
 
 s. m. cin ultra-revolutionist ; 
 one Avho, carries the principles of revo'.utkin beyond their 
 due bounds. The same word is likewise' Cis'e'd as an adjec- 
 tive, a's, Mesurcs ultra-T-v^u!io?inaires U.tra-wdutioixry 
 
 . 
 
 (Les ultra-rcvolutiomtaires repetent po'mpeusement 5ans 
 tie longs discours le mot A'ultra-rL-.olittionnaire The nltnt- 
 revolutioriists rep'-at in a ponipous manner the word ultra- 
 revolutionist in tln-ir long-winded speech^,.) 
 
 URGENCE, s. f. urgency; applied to the pre&siog necessity 
 of coming to -a , resolution and determiaiug upou any 
 
 matter. 
 
 o o 2
 
 .394 VAN 
 
 (Urgence d'une proposition The urgency of a proposi- 
 tion. Acte ou decret Surgcncc A decree or act of ur- 
 gency ) 
 
 The following phrase is likewise frequently made use 
 of by the national convention : II y a urgence implying 
 that the decree or law, with which it is joined, is urgent, 
 or of urgency, and ought to be attended to. 
 
 URGENT, .E, adj. urgent, of pressing necessity. 
 
 (Resolution urgcntcAn urgent resolution.) 
 
 . UTILISER, v. a. to make of use; to render useful. 
 
 V. 
 
 VANDALISME, s. m. vandalism; a system or proceeding 
 tending to destroy arts and sciences. 1 Of late, this word 
 has been applied to the excesses which the French were 
 guilty of within their own country in l/9'2 and 1793, 
 when so many monuments of the tine arts were destroyed. 
 See Iconoclaste, 
 
 But the allusion to the Goths and Vandals in this res- 
 pect is erroneous, inasmuch as these people, who inha- 
 Jbited the countries watered by the Danube, and invaded 
 Italy in the sixth century, were so far from destroying 
 the works of art that they admired them ; and Genseric, 
 king of the Vandals, carried many away from Rome, as 
 Bonaparte has done from Italy. 
 
 This system of spoliation is rather to be defended by 
 the proceedings of conquerors in all ages of the world -, 
 
 what
 
 VAN 2*5 
 
 what the Romans plundered from the Greeks, the Goths 
 and Vandals dispossessed them of. From the charge, 
 however of destroying the works cf art, the Goths and 
 Vandals are entirely free. But on the downfal of the 
 french monarchy, anarchy, fanaticism, and a spirit of 
 avarice and plunder prevailed, and produced scenes in 
 France of the most shocking barbarityj to which van- 
 dalism is very improperly applied. 
 
 The report made by Gregoire to the national conven- 
 tion, in the second year of the republic, on what was 
 called the havock and destruction of iaKila&m t contains a 
 melancholy picture of the excesses of these plunderers. 
 The damage, says he, done by them in France, is not to 
 be calculated, still less to be repaired j the statues of 
 kings and illustrious persons were defaced ; other antique 
 statues broken and mutilated; rich libraries and collec- 
 tions of rare manuscripts were taken away, sold by auc 
 tion at low prices, and are become irrecoverable to the 
 country; the noble cabinets of ancient and modern coins 
 were removed and melted ; those of intaglios, cameos 
 and precious stones, were broken, .scattered about and 
 lo^t ; in short, the devastators were suffered to plunder 
 the temples of arts and sciences for a long time with the 
 fullest impunity, and without the least opposition. These 
 enormities were carried on under colour of 'the decree of 
 the convention, which Directed the removal of all the en- 
 signs of royalty and the feudal system; they were further 
 excil'ed by the speeches of the ignorant part of the assem 
 bly, who were constantly exclaiming against the si \ 
 and men of letters; and \\licn at length it was thought 
 necessary to put a stop to this destruction, the m ; 
 iiru fallen upon were weak aucl ineffectual.,.
 
 (Noils "nions que-lcs Vandales se soient rendus coupr.blt'" 
 des exces monstrueux qu'on a voulu exprimer par le mo* 
 ' i'ttniiiiiisme. Non, jamais ils n'ont antanti tie propos deli- 
 bere' en -Italic des monamens des arta, et snrtout ceux qui 
 porloient le caractere auguste de 1'antiquite, ot qui etoit 
 derenus sacres par une existence des siecles. Non, in- 
 ttifws ils n'ont exerce dans les pays qu'ils tint conquis les 
 cruelles devastations que les hordes barbitres des Francois 
 ont commises dans le propre seln de Icur patrie We deny 
 <h;.t the Vandals were ever guilty of the shocking 'barba- 
 rities which it lias been thought proper to stigmatize with 
 the n-ime of Vahdalisrn. No, they never deliberately de- 
 faced the monuments of the -arts in Italy; much less 
 those that bore the venerable stamp of antiquity, and 
 were become sacred as having existed for ages. No, they 
 never committed that cruel havock in the countries they 
 conquered, which, barbarous hordes of Frenchmen have 
 bf>en guilty of in the Very heart of their native la'nd.... 
 Rapport ds Grcgoire, du 14 Fractidor, Tan 2, & 'la con- 
 vention nationale sur les destructions du Vandalisms et sur 
 les rooyens de les reprimer.) 
 
 VENDEEN, ROYALISTE DE_LA VENDEE, s. m. aVendeanj a 
 royalist of la Vendee, the name of a department, for- 
 merly the province of Poitou. These royalists, Avho op* 
 posed the republican government with so much violence, 
 have been sometimes called Chouans. See Clouan. 
 
 The Vindcans formed three large armies, whereof the 
 principal one under the command of Charette, \vas-raised 
 in the lo\y country of Ketz j the second, or central. army, 
 was commandtd by Sapinaud ; and the third, to which 
 the name of Chouans was chieiiy applied, was under 
 Stofflet. These three bodies were joined by aristocrats of 
 
 every
 
 YEN 237 
 
 every: s.prt and took the name of the royal catholic and 
 Christian army, having for their ensign, a cross, with three 
 flower -de luces., 
 
 The consequences of this insurrection to this depart- 
 ment, chiefly inhabited by industrious and peaceable 
 husbandmen, are shocking beyond-all example. The best 
 cultivated and most fruitful part of France has been laid 
 waste and depopulated, the flourishing city of Nantes 
 ruined, thousands of men, women and children miserably 
 perishing ; those whom the sword spared being destroyed 
 by famine. 
 
 No sooner had the republic, one and indivi&ible, p^b- 
 lished to all Europe that the french nation had univer- 
 sally declared itself a republican government, than a 
 whole department, with part of others adjoining, de- 
 clared for royalty and the catholic faith, in terras equally 
 strong with the supporters of liberty, equality and die 
 rights of man. 
 
 The inhabitants of la Vendee (a people, as has been 
 before observed, who were quiet and well disposed, the 
 general character of cultivators of land) hM accepted 
 the constitutional monarchy with rapture* of joy, flatter- 
 ing themselves that they should reap their future harvest* 
 without any of those vexatious claims with which their 
 industry had been heretofore burtheoed. Ignorant of 
 what was going on at Paris and in the great cities, their 
 minds were not agitated by the rage of party ; and they 
 would net, perhaps, have at all opposed the. republi- 
 can system, had they been suffered to enjoy their religious 
 sentiments and opinions without molestation, agreeable 
 to the declarations which had been made of liberty of 
 conscience. 
 
 But
 
 288 YEN 
 
 But the cause of this cruel insurrection, which brought 
 on scenes of bloodshed hardly to be equalled in the histo- 
 ries of civil wars, cannot be better laid open than in the 
 words of the report, made to the national convention by 
 the deputies Gallois and Gensonne, after their return on 
 the pth of October, 1791. 
 
 " The origin of the insurrection of la Vendee," say 
 these deputies, " takes date from the time these people 
 supposed their liberty of conscience invaded, and them- 
 selves injured through their priests, whom they consider 
 as their intercessors with God and- hi saints; as well as 
 by an opposition to their opinions on religious matters. 
 
 " Inflamed with sentiments like these, the Vendeans 
 looked upon the municipalities, the public functionaries 
 and constituted authorities as their bitterest enemies; be- 
 cause these officers did not see the decree concerning reli- 
 gion and liberty of conscience put in force. The constituted 
 authorities soon became incapable of keeping a people 
 within bounds, who, in other respects gentle, *wcre now 
 worked upon by their priests, who, whether sworn or 
 unsworn, contributed by dissensions amongst themselves 
 to blow the sparks of discord into a flame. See Prttre 
 sermente and non- sermente, and Constitution civile du Clerge. 
 
 " The line of separation that was drawn betwixt the 
 priests by the distinction of sermente and non-sermente, 
 occasioned a schism betwixt the people themselves, and 
 was the cause of feuds and divisions amongst persons of 
 the same family. The unsworn priests,, who had fora 
 a long time led these deluded people as they thought pro- 
 per, easily prevailed on their credulity to believe that the 
 sworn priests were in fact become a laity, and therefore 
 could not administer the sacraments, nor intercede with 
 saints, and were therefore incapable of procuring them 
 
 the
 
 VEX 29p 
 
 the blessings of Heaven, or securing them the least hope 
 of paradise; and insisting upon these points, the unswbrn 
 priests, as may be supposed, gained over a large party. 
 
 " The hatred betwixt these opposite parties became daily 
 more and more inveterate; for as the party attached to 
 the unsworn priests were obliged to attend their secret 
 meetings in the privacies of hills and vallis, they, on 
 that account, were violently set against the sworn priests 
 and their small flock. 
 
 " What has contributed in the greatest degree to in- 
 flame the minds of the people, and to work the schism 
 up to its greatest height, has been the conduct of a con- 
 gregation of missionaries, a sort of lay priests, who are 
 established in the bourg St. Laurent, district Montargu, 
 where they have so been for upwards of sixty years past ; 
 and these are spread over not only la Vend6e, but other 
 departments, and are strongly connected with a nunnery 
 of black sisters, who call themselves filles de la sagesse. 
 
 " The instructions issued by these two congregations, 
 v/hich are greatly respected in this department, have 
 wrought upon these infatuated people to that degree, that 
 they have conceived the most violent animosity against the 
 constitutional priests, and even against the new constitu- 
 tion itself. 
 
 " These instructions v/hich are addressed to ihe inhabi- 
 tants of the country, set forth, amongst other matters, 
 that persons applying to the sworn or constitutional priests 
 for the administration of sacraments commit a sin, which 
 cannot be pardoned in the article of death ; that mar- 
 riiic^s solemnized by them are mil and void before God j 
 that rather than suftVr these sacrilegious priests to bury 
 h r -:r vjead, it were b'/tler to hide the corpse in unconse- 
 p p crated
 
 0fl YEN 
 
 rrs ted ground. They further declare, that all municipa-' 
 Jitifs and constituted authorities continuing these sworn 
 t riests in thdr functions are apostates; and that every 
 communication with such sworn priest is sacrilege. 
 
 " This religious division amongst the people has produced 
 a political schism, which there is reason to fear will break 
 out into a civil war. The people who attend the sworn 
 priests at mass, and who are not above a third of the 
 whole department, give themselves the name of good pa- 
 triots j in consequence whereof those who follow the 
 unsworn priests are styled aristocrats. These last are 
 joined by all who are enemies to the new constitution, in 
 hopes, with their assistance, to bring about a counter-revo- 
 lution. 
 
 " Notwithstanding all the endeavours which have been 
 used," add the deputies, " to abolish these distinctions, 
 which have nothing in common with their differences on 
 * religious account; and though they have been frequently 
 told, that the political constitution was distinct and sepa- 
 rate from the civil constitution of the clergy ; that the law 
 was averse to force any one's conscience in religious mat- 
 ters; that they might hear masses wherever they chosr, 
 provided they were good citizens, and observed the laws, 
 yet the same political and religious schisms prevail amongst 
 them-" 
 
 The report concludes with observing, "that the mind? 
 of the people, thus worked up to a frenzy, and still fur- 
 ther excited by a band of priests, who keep alive the flame of 
 discord amongst them, civil as well as religious, are at pre- 
 sent in so strong a ferment, that something very calami-^ 
 tous is to be apprehended." 
 
 VEND?. =
 
 VET 39i 
 
 VNDMIAIRE, s. m. ( vintage month. The first month ci 
 the year, according to the oew french calendar, beginning 
 on the 22d of September, and ending on the 21st of Oc- 
 tober, so called because the vintage falls within that time. 
 This is the first of the autumn months, all of which V-r- 
 minate in aire. 
 
 VENTOSE, s. m. wind month. The sixth month of the 
 year, according to the new fremh calendar, commencing 
 on the Igihof February and ending on the 20th of March, 
 being a time when high winds usually prevail. This is 
 the third of the winter months, terminating, as the two 
 others, in 6se. 
 
 VERDICT, s. m. a verdict; the determination of a jury upon, 
 the matter of fact, after hearing evidence in the cause for 
 and against, 
 
 VERSATILITY, s. f. versatility; a disposilion to change. 
 The adjective, versatile, has been long used in the french 
 language; this substantive but of late. 
 
 (La versatile de 1'opinion publique The versatility of 
 public opinion. La versatility de nos principes sur notre 
 economic publique The -versatility of our principles on 
 public economy. La versatilitc de la favour publique The 
 versatility of public favour.) 
 
 , s. m. this substantive is formed of the latin verb, I 
 forbid, being the name given to the right or prerogative 
 which during the constitutional monarchy of France was 
 allowed to be exercised by the King, of suspending the 
 execution of the decrees of the legislative body, but not 
 of absolutely negativing them. It is adopted from the 
 form used in ancient Home by the tribunes of the peo- 
 * p '2 p!e,
 
 2)2 V I C 
 
 pie, who, whenever they opposed the decrees of the se- 
 nate, or any act of the magistrates, pronounced the word 
 'veto. 
 
 YEXATOIRE, adj. m. and f. vexatious. 
 
 (Le systeme de finances vcxatoire doit etre entie'remcnfc . 
 aboli parmi nous, qui ne voulons qu'un gouvernemenr 
 juste et modere, un caractere national d'egalite en droits, 
 un regime d'equite naturelle et de justice The vexation.* 
 system of finance should be entirely abolished from 
 amongst us, as we shall have a government that is just 
 and moderate, a system of natural equity and justice ; so 
 that equality of rights will be the national characteristic. 
 Un impqt vexatoire A vexqtlous tax. L'assemblee na- 
 tionale affranchit la France des droits incommodes et 
 'vexatoircs, qui arretent le voyageuri toutes les portes des 
 villes et sur tous les chemins The national assembly re- 
 leased all France from those troublesome and 'vexatious du- 
 ties, to discharge which the traveller was detained on his 
 journey, and stopped at his entrance into great towns.) 
 
 VICINAL, E, adj. by-ways. 
 
 (Chemins vicinaux Roads njjk'iob are wt public, ligbiuays, 
 Les chemins <vkinaux sont degrades par les roulages, ce 
 qui retarde 1'arrivage des subsistences dans les villes The 
 ly -roads are broken up by waggons which retard the arri- 
 val of provisions in the towns.) 
 
 VICTIMER, v. a. to sacrifice j to point out victims. Th-; 
 substantive, and reciprocal verb, se inctimer (to offer up 
 one's self a sacrifice), has been long in use ; the vevb has 
 only been used, in its active sense, during ihe revolution, 
 and it will ever be thought with too much activity.
 
 VIS 393 
 
 (L'aristocratie victims les patriotes The aristocracy 
 faints uut its 'victims amongst the patriots. Confondre ceur 
 qui ont laisse victimer les meilleurs patriotes To rout 
 those who have suffered the best patriots to be sacrificed. 
 La faction sanguinaire en France victime enfin 1'innocentc 
 Elisabeth The sanguinary faction in France at last 
 sacrifices the innocent princess Elizabeth. Louis XVI, 
 le dernier roi de France, fut victime Louis XVI, the 
 last king of France, was sacrificed. Robespierre et se 
 chevaliers de la guillotine, semblables au vautour car- 
 nivore qui designe dej^ dans les airs la tendre colombe 
 pour sa proie, victimerent dans chaque seance de leur 
 club infernal un grand nombre de sacrifices pour les im- 
 moler a leurs Smes sanguinaires, qu'ils ne purent ja- 
 mais assouvir, et pour les offrir en sacrifices aux furies 
 de 1'enfer Robespierre and his knights of the guillotine, 
 like greedy vultures that mark the harmless dove for their 
 prey as she flies along, pointed out tbfir victims at every 
 meeting of their infernal club, to sate, if possible, their 
 souls thirsting for blood, and to offer up sacrifices to the 
 furies of the lower regions. 
 
 VIGILER, v. a. to watch over. 
 
 ( Fiffiler toutes les parties de 1'administration, surtout U 
 partie financire To ivatcb over every part of administra- 
 tion, especially the financial branch. Vigihr 1'interieur 
 de la France, aussi bien que ce qui se passe en dehors To 
 watcb what is passing at home in France, as well as what 
 is doing abroad.) 
 
 VISITES DOMICILIAIRES, s. f. pi. domiciliary visits; a 
 search made in the houses of citizens with an armed force 
 under the direction of the magistrate. These domiciliary 
 visits can only be made under a law for the express pur- 
 pose. 
 
 VoCIFfcRA-
 
 294 V O T 
 
 VOCIFERATIONS, s. f. pi. vociferations. This word is In* 
 troduced into the appendix to the last edition of the french 
 academy's dictionary, and there defined : Paroles accom- 
 pagnees de clameurs, proferes dans une assemblee Words 
 loudly delivered in an assembly. See Vocifcrer. 
 
 VOCIFERER, v. a. to vociferate. The violent debates which 
 so frequently took place in the national assemblies and 
 other popular meetings in France have brought on the ne- 
 cessity of adopting a new word of latin etymology (long 
 since received into the english language), the french 
 tongue, it should seem, not affording a substantive and 
 verb sufficiently expressive of the vehemence with -which 
 the republican orators delivered their speeches. See V<t~ 
 fiferations. 
 
 VOTE, s. m. a vote ; the suffrage or voice given at certain 
 elections, or in deliberations upon political subjects. 
 
 KND OF THE DICTIONARY. 
 
 LIST
 
 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 
 
 From whence the Citations are made which are 
 to be found in tliis Vocabulary. 
 
 Collection des Dccrets de 1'Assemblee Constituante. 
 
 Correspondance Originale des Emigres. Paris, 1793. 
 
 Chr. Girtanner Histor. Nachriten xind Polit. Betrachtungen 
 
 uber die Franzos. Revolution. Berlin, 1793. 
 Considerations sur la Nature de la Re vol. de France, par 
 
 Mallet du Pan. 
 
 Xonveau Dictionnaire Frangais, contenant les Expressions dtf 
 nouvelle Creation du Peuple Frangais, Ouvrage addition- 
 nel au Dictionnaire de 1' Academic Frangoise, et & tout 
 autre Vocabulaire, par Leonard Snetlage, Docteur ca 
 Droit, de 1'Universite de.Gottingue. Gottingue, 1795. 
 
 Dictionnaire de la Constitution Frangoise* 
 
 Dicticnnaire de I'Academie Frangoise. Cinquieme Edition, 
 Paris, l'An'6 de la Republique (1798). 
 
 Discours de St. Just sur 1'Etat des Finances. 
 
 I>es Discours des Ornteurs et Piapporteurs dans la Convention 
 Nat to Date. 
 
 Frngmens sxu Pmi?, pnr FrcJuric-Jean Laurent Meyer, Do'c- 
 teur en Droif, a Hambourg. Traduits de 1'Allemand par 
 le Genijral Dufnouricz. Hambourg, 1798- 
 
 Lett re
 
 Lettre de Bergasse centre les Assignats. 
 
 Histoire de la Revolution Franchise, par Rabaut, 
 
 La Minerve d'Archenholz. 
 
 La Galerie des Etats-Generaux. 
 
 La Jacob! niade, Poeme Epique. 
 
 Manuel des Banquiers et des Gens d'Affaires. Paris, 1/98, 
 
 Manuel de Neologic. Paris, 180O. 
 
 Appel a I'lrnpartiale Posterite, par la Citoyerine Roland, 
 
 Femme du Ministre de 1'Interiear. Paris, 1/95. 
 Souvenir de Mes Voyages en Angleterre. Zuric, 1705. 
 
 Translated under the title of " Letters on England, by 
 
 Henry Meister. London, 1799." 
 Voyage a Paris vers la Fin de 1795 (by the Author of the 
 
 foregoing article). Paris, 1'An 5 de la Republique (1/97)- 
 
 A Translation of this Work is preparing for the Press by 
 
 the Author of this Vocabulary, the Translator of Meister's 
 
 " Voyages en Angleterre." 
 
 Dictionnaire Neologique des Hommes et des Choses, par le 
 Cousin Jacques* 
 
 The following is a list of gazettes, and other daily and 
 weekly literary and political papers, taken from the " Frag- 
 rriens sur Paris," a work which has been well received oil 
 the continent. This list is therein said to have been ob- 
 tained from the office of the Executive Directory ; and the 
 addition to thrs work of so great a curiosity it is thought 
 will not be unacceptable. These papers were all circulated 
 In the course of the year 1797, so that every Parisian had his 
 favourite print, which from that moment became his oracle, 
 according to which he thought and spoke. Of these there 
 
 have
 
 2P7 
 
 have been fifty in course of publication at one timej many, 
 as may be supposed, dying daily, and being replaced by 
 others which expired in their turn, often neglected and un- 
 known. None of them have a date prior to the commence- 
 ment of the revolution, and in these the different parties en- 
 gaged each other, government adding strength to itself from 
 their support and circulation. Many of these papers were 
 badly printed, both in respect to type and paper 5 some of them 
 were morning, others eveniog papers ; the price after cash 
 had superseded the assignats was deux sols, or -something 
 less than two pence sterling, of which the hawker was al- 
 lowed one third for his profit. 
 
 Title of tbe Paper. Names of tbc Editors, 
 
 Moniteur ftegnier and Trouve. 
 
 Republicain Frangois . . Brosselard and Chazot. 
 Courier de la Legislature et 
 
 de la Guerre. 
 Courier Francois. 
 Courier d'Egalite. 
 
 Journal du Soir .... Eti'enne Feuillant, propreme'nt 
 
 les Freres Chaigneau. 
 
 Journal du Matin et du Soir Sablier. 
 
 Journal de Perlet . . . Perlet. 
 
 Journal du Matin ... Jacquin. 
 Gazette Nationale de France. 
 
 Journal des Lois .... GalettL 
 
 L' Abbreviates Universe! . Racine. 
 Mercure Francois. 
 
 L'Eclair Bertiri. 
 
 Messager du Soir . . . . Langlois. 
 
 Postilion de Calais . . , Calais. 
 
 a q, Annalcs
 
 296 
 
 Title of tie Paper, 
 
 Annales de la Republique 
 Frangoise 
 
 Annales Politiques 
 
 Journal de Paris . . . 
 
 Censeur des Journaux 
 
 Historit-n 
 
 Nouvelles Politiques . . 
 
 Bulletin Universe!, ou Pa- 
 piers Nouvelles. 
 
 Journal de France . . . 
 
 Mercure Universel . . 
 
 Journal Militaire. 
 
 Bulletin de LiUerature . . 
 
 Decade Philosophique et Lit- 
 
 Names of tbe Editor':. 
 
 teraire 
 
 Petites Affiches. 
 
 Bulletin des Nouvelles et 
 
 Indications. 
 Journal des Debats et De- 
 
 crets 
 
 L'Ami des Lois .... 
 Journal des Hommes Libres 
 L'Orateur Plebti'en. 
 Tribun du Peuple 
 L'Ami du Peuple . . . 
 Journal des Patriotes de 1789 
 Sentinelle ...... 
 
 Le Batave ; 
 
 Gazette Historique et Poli- 
 
 tique de la France -et de 
 
 1'Europe. 
 
 Rpuillet. 
 
 Mercier. 
 
 Rgederer and Corancez* 
 
 Gallais. 
 
 Dupont de Neraours. 
 
 Suard. 
 
 Frtres Chaigneau. 
 Cussot and Batie. 
 
 Lucet. 
 
 Say, Guinguene, Boisjolin and 
 others. 
 
 Baudouin. 
 
 Poultier. 
 
 Vatard and Antonelle 
 
 Baboeuf. 
 Lebois. 
 Real. 
 Lou vet. 
 Dusaulcbby. 
 
 L'Audi-
 
 299 
 
 Title of tie Paper. ' 
 L'Auditeur National. 
 Gazette Franchise . . . 
 Magasin Encyclopedique . 
 Prix courant. 
 
 Le Veridique 
 
 Tableau de Paris, & present 
 
 Feuille du Jour, ci-devant 
 
 Quotidienne. 
 Courier de Paris, ou Chro- 
 
 nique du Jour .... 
 
 Le Bon Homme Richard. 
 Gardien de la Constitution 
 Courier Republicain . , 
 Courier de la Librairie, ' 
 L'Anti-Royaliste. 
 Annales Religieuses, Politi- 
 
 ques et Litteraires. 
 Journal des Campagnes. 
 
 Redacteur 
 
 Journal du Lycee des Arts 
 Journal des Enfans. 
 Journal Allemand der Pari- 
 
 ser Zuschauer .... 
 
 Journal de la Justice Civile, 
 Militaire et Commerciale 
 
 Annales de la Religion . . 
 
 Bulletin de la Semaine. 
 
 Journal des Finances. 
 
 Le Contradicteur, ou la Re- 
 vue. 
 
 Le Publiciste Philantrope . 
 
 Namts of ibs Editors. 
 
 Debarle. 
 JVIillin. 
 
 Husson. 
 
 Michaud. 
 
 Imbert de la Platiere and La- 
 batut. 
 
 Jolivet, dit Baraliere. 
 Poncelin. 
 
 Thuaut. 
 Desaudray. 
 
 Bohmer, Blau, Nimis and 
 Dorsch. 
 
 Grtgoire. 
 
 Xavier Audouin. 
 q 2 
 
 Of
 
 300 
 
 Of the foregoing list the Moniteurwas in the greatest request, 
 and the paper that for the most part found its way out of 
 France ; accordingly, the citations in this vocabulary are 
 chiefly made from that paper, for which there has been so 
 great a demand as to occasion its being reprinted agd pub- 
 lished in volumes, the first volume appearing in June, 1797. 
 
 INDEX,
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Denoting the Pages icherein the following Words 
 are to be found, with Explanations of the Nerv 
 Order of Things in France., the History of its 
 Revolution, Political Remarks, Anecdotes, &c. 
 
 A-bas , 
 
 Accaparer . . 
 
 Accusateur public . 
 Accusateur public prs 
 
 le tribunal criminel 
 
 revolutionnairc . 
 
 Accusateurs nationanx . 
 Adjoint . . . 
 Administrations cen- 
 
 trale et intermddiaire 
 
 municipale . . 
 Adresse au peuple fran- 
 
 (jois, ou & la nation 
 Aerostat Tnstitut aeros- 
 
 tatique . . 
 
 Agence nationale A- 
 
 gent municipal . Q 
 Agitateur . . 
 
 Alarmiste . . 
 
 Page 
 i 
 2 
 3 
 
 Page 
 Alimenter, Alimentaire 15 
 
 Amalgamer . .16 
 
 Ambulance . . 17 
 
 An selon 1'ere des Fran- 
 
 5015 . . 17 
 
 4 Anarchiste . .18 
 
 4 Annee republicaine . 19 
 
 5 Annuaire . . 19 
 Anti- civique republi- 
 
 cain social . 2O 
 
 6, 7 Apergu : . 2O 
 
 Appitoyement . . 21 
 
 7 Approximatif . 21 
 Aratoire . . 21 
 
 8 Arbitre Arbitres publics 22 
 Are . 22 
 
 12 Aristocrate en France 22 
 
 13 Aristocratic en France 23,24 
 15 Arrestation . . 27 
 
 Arriere-
 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Arriere-pensee 
 
 27 
 
 Arriv.ige 
 
 27 
 
 Artiste 
 
 28 C. 
 
 Assemblee primaire 
 
 
 administrative .com- 
 
 Canton . . 3Q 
 
 mtmale electorate 
 
 ^ va, c^ ira . . 3<} 
 
 nalionale- de revision 
 
 Careme politique, civi- 
 
 28, 
 
 30 que . . 3f) 
 
 Assessrur 
 
 30 Carmagnol . . 40. 
 
 Assignat 
 
 31 Carte de surete . . 42 
 
 Attache 
 
 33 Caste . . .42 
 
 Autorite Autorites 
 
 CenUare Centigramme 
 
 constitutes 
 
 33 Centilitre Centime 
 
 Avoue . . 
 
 33 Centimetre . 42, 43 
 
 
 Central Centralisation 
 
 
 Centraliser Centra- 
 
 B. 
 
 lite . 43, 44 
 
 
 Chanson patriolique 45 
 
 Banal 
 
 34 Chevaleresque Cheva- 
 
 Ear re 
 
 34 lier du poignard de 
 
 Barricres 
 
 35 la guillotine . 45, 46 
 
 Beige Belgique 
 
 35 Chose publique . . 47 
 
 Erissotin Brissotiner 
 
 Chouan Chouannerie 48 
 
 l ? r;-sotinis"me . 3(5, 37 Ci-devant . : 48 
 
 limmaire 
 
 38 Citoyen , . .43 
 
 Bulic'tin des lois dcca- 
 
 Citoyen actif . , 4g 
 
 daire 
 
 38 Civiquer Civisme . 50 
 
 Bureau central de paix, 
 
 Clubiste . . 51 
 
 on de conciliation 
 
 SeCoaliser Coalition 51, 52 
 
 Ihireancr.tic 13 urea u- 
 
 Cocarde Rationale tri- 
 
 cratique . 38,39 colore . . 52 
 
 
 Colleclif . . 53 
 
 
 Comite . . 53 
 
 
 Commissaire
 
 Page 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cornmissaire auditeur des 
 
 Co-ordonner 
 
 
 guerres du directoire 
 
 Cordeliers 
 
 63 
 
 executtf de la comp- 
 
 Corps administratif le- 
 
 
 tabilite nationale de 
 
 gislatif . 68, 
 
 
 police du roi de la 
 
 TV; ice. Correctionnel 
 
 
 tresorerie nationale 55, 56 
 
 Costume 
 
 0'; 
 
 Commune . . 06 
 
 Cuur martial 
 
 70 
 
 Complementaire . 5/ 
 
 Crime de Icze-nation 
 
 70 
 
 Conciliabule . .58 
 
 Culotte 
 
 7 
 
 ConFraterniser . . 5Q 
 
 
 
 Conscription militaire 
 
 
 
 Consent . . 60 
 
 D. 
 
 
 Conseil des cinq-cents 
 
 
 
 des a'nciens general 
 
 Debauchement 
 
 7<> 
 
 de la commune de 
 
 Dccadaire 
 
 71 
 
 departement de dis- 
 
 Decade Decadi Deca- 
 
 
 trict de justice mar- 
 
 dins et Dominicains 
 
 7! 
 
 tialmunicipal 6O, 6l 
 
 Deca drier 
 
 73 
 
 Conservatoire des arts 
 
 Decagramme Decalitre 
 
 
 et des metiers . 6l 
 
 Decametre . . 
 
 * ; 
 
 Constituant Constitu- 
 
 D6ciare Decigramme 
 
 
 tion Constit utionna- 
 
 Decilitre; Decime 
 
 
 litc Constitution ci- 
 
 Decimetre Decistrrc 
 
 
 vile du clerge Cons- 
 
 73 
 
 , 74 
 
 titutionuel Acte rons- 
 
 Declaration 
 
 74 
 
 titulionnel des Francois 
 
 Drcret 
 
 7- r 
 
 62, 63 
 
 nt;l':di'ralisT 
 
 7^> 
 
 Contre-re volution Cbn- 
 
 Defeuseor officienx 
 
 7<> 
 
 tre- revolutionnaire 
 
 D'.j'iucr 
 
 : ( > 
 
 Contre-re volution.ner 
 
 Dcmorrale en France 
 
 77 
 
 G3,65 
 
 Democratic en France 
 
 7^ 
 
 Convention nationale 6U 
 
 jK'inoiKiu hicr 
 
 7. ( > 
 
 Converflionncl . . 68 
 
 Di'-ijionetistr 
 
 S<)
 
 304 
 
 
 Page 
 
 feag* 
 
 Demuscadiner 
 
 80 
 
 Egalite ; 97 
 
 Departement 
 
 80 
 
 Palais, ou Maison d'E- 
 
 Depopulariser 
 
 87 
 
 galite . .98 
 
 Deportation Deporter 
 
 87 
 
 Egoi'sme Egoi'ste 98, 99 
 
 Deroyaliser 
 
 87 
 
 Elagage . TOO 
 
 Desorganisateur Disor- 
 
 
 Elecleur . . 100 
 
 ganisation Desorgani- 
 
 
 Electrique Electriser 101 
 
 ser , . 88 
 
 ,89 
 
 Embrigadement Embri- 
 
 Despotiser . < 
 
 89 
 
 gader . . . 102 
 
 Detention 
 
 89 
 
 Emettre Emission 102, 103 
 
 Deviation 
 
 90 
 
 Emigrant . 103 
 
 Diplomate Diplomatic 
 
 
 Emigre par la loi 103 
 
 Diplomatique 
 
 90 
 
 Emigration deCoblence 104 
 
 Directeur 
 
 91 
 
 Encadrer . . 107 
 
 Directoire exccutif 
 
 91 
 
 Encombrant . 107 
 
 Disetteux 
 
 99 
 
 Energie Energique 108,109 
 
 Divagation . 
 
 92 
 
 Enrage . 110 
 
 Divaguer 
 
 93 
 
 Entraver . . 110 
 
 Drapeau nationaie trico- 
 
 
 Ephemere . Ill 
 
 lore 
 
 9-1 
 
 Epurateur Epuration 
 
 Duodi. . . 
 
 94 
 
 Epuratoire Epure- 
 
 
 
 ment . 112 
 
 
 
 Ere des Francois 112 
 
 E. 
 
 
 Evasif . . 113 
 
 
 
 Eversif . . 113 
 
 Echarpe municipale 
 
 94 
 
 Exasperation Exasperer 
 
 Eclaireur d'armee 
 
 94 
 
 113, 114 
 
 Ecoles cent rales nor- 
 
 
 Ex-constituant . 1 14 
 
 males polytechniques 
 
 
 Execrer . 114 
 
 primal res de sante 
 
 
 Exploitatif . 115 
 
 de service public 
 
 
 Exproprier . 115 
 
 speciales . 95, 
 
 96 
 
 
 Economisle 
 
 96 
 
 
 Fabricateur
 
 Fabricateur 
 Fanatiser . . 
 Federal Federaliser 
 Fcderalisme Federal- 
 iste Federation gc- 
 nerale de Paris Fc- 
 dere . 11 6, 
 
 JEeodalite 
 
 Fcuillans. /S'cv rvio-.rc. 
 Filiation 
 
 Financier , 
 
 Floreal 
 Fluctuation 
 Fonctionnaire public 
 Forcement 
 Fournee 
 Franc 
 Franciade 
 Fraternisation Fraterni- 
 
 ser Fratcrnite . 
 Freres d'armes 
 Frimaire 
 Jfructidor 
 
 Page Page 
 
 115 Generation . 126 
 
 116 Germinal ' . . 126 
 Gloriole ." : 126 
 Gouvernement revolu- 
 
 tionnaire . 12/ 
 
 , Grade, ou degie decimal 
 lio du meridieu . 127 
 
 19.0 Gramme . . 128 
 
 Grand juge militaire 128 
 Guillotinade Guillotine 
 Guillotine Guillotiner 
 
 128, 129 
 
 120 
 120 
 121 
 121 
 121 
 121 
 122 
 122 
 123 
 
 123 
 124 
 124 
 125- 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallophile . 125 
 
 Garde nationale . 125 
 Garnisaire Garniser 
 
 Garnisonnaire 125 
 
 Gendarme national 125 
 
 H. 
 
 Hache . . 129 
 
 Haut-jure cotir de jus- 
 tice cour nationale 
 
 130, 131 
 
 Hectare Hectogramme 
 Hectolitre Hecto- 
 metre . . 131 
 Heure . . 131 
 Homrne de loi ou gens 
 de couleur du 14 Juil- 
 let du 2O Juin du 10 
 d'Aout du 2 de Srp- 
 tcrobre de sang 133, 136 
 
 Icono-
 
 
 306 
 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 
 Institut del sourds et 
 
 
 
 muets 
 
 149 
 
 I. 
 
 Instructionnel 
 
 150 
 
 
 Insurge Insurgent 
 
 
 Iconoclaste 
 
 136 S'Insarger 
 
 150 
 
 Illitere 
 
 137 Insurrection 
 
 151 
 
 Imitatif 
 
 138 Intriguilleries : 
 
 152 
 
 Immoral Immoral! te 
 
 138 Investir 
 
 152 
 
 Impassible Impassibilite 139 Inviolabilite 
 
 153 
 
 Imperatif 
 
 139 Invraiswnblance 
 
 153 
 
 Imperieux 
 
 14O Isolement Isoler S'lso- 
 
 Impieter 
 
 140 ler 
 
 153 
 
 Improbateur . 141 
 
 Imputable . . 141 
 Incarceration . 141 
 
 Incivique Incivisme 142 
 Incoherence Incoherent 142 
 Inconstitutionnalite In- 
 constitutionnel Incon- 
 stitutionnellement 
 
 142, 143 
 
 Indemnite . . 143 
 
 Influencer . 144 
 
 Inscription civique 145 
 
 Insermente . 145 
 
 Insignifiant . 146 
 
 Insouciance . 146 
 
 Institut aerostatique. See 
 - Aerostatique. 
 Institut national des scien- 
 ces et des arts 1 17 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacobin Jacobinisme 155 
 Jactance . 15/ 
 
 Jockeys . . 158 
 
 Juge de paix . 158 
 Jure militaire 158, 159 
 Juri d'accusation d'ins- 
 truction de jugement 
 militaire . 15p, 160 
 
 K. 
 
 Kilogramme Kilolitre 
 Kilometre 160, 161 
 
 Lanterne
 
 307 
 
 
 Page 
 
 P*g 
 
 
 
 Masse . . 172 
 
 
 
 Maximum . 172 
 
 L. 
 
 
 La loi du Maximum 17;} 
 
 
 
 Le tableau du Maximum 173 
 
 Lanterne 
 
 161 
 
 Mentir . . 174 
 
 Legislature 
 
 161 
 
 Meriter de la Patrie 175 
 
 Lese-morale 
 
 162 
 
 Message 175 
 
 Crime de Lese-nation 
 
 162 
 
 Messidor . . 1/5, 
 
 Liberte 
 
 163 
 
 Metre . . 176 
 
 Libert! cide . . 
 
 164 
 
 Metrologie . 176 
 
 Liste civile 
 
 164 
 
 Milligramme . 182 
 
 Litre 
 
 164 
 
 Millimetre . 182 
 
 Localite 
 
 165 
 
 Minorite . . 183 
 
 Loi 
 
 165 
 
 Mise en liberte . 183 
 
 Loi martlale 
 
 166 
 
 Mission . . 183 
 
 Etre mis hors de la loi 
 
 167 
 
 Mitraillades . 184 
 
 Lutte 
 
 167 
 
 Mode . . 184 
 
 Lycee des arts 
 
 168 
 
 Modere . . J86 
 
 Lycee republicain 
 
 168 
 
 Moderantisme . 186 
 
 
 
 Mois : 188 
 
 
 
 Monarchien . . 188 
 
 M. 
 
 
 Monarchiste . 180 
 
 
 
 Montagne Montagnard 189 
 
 Maire . ' . 
 
 169 
 
 Moral . . 190 
 
 Majorite 
 
 169 
 
 Motion , li)0 
 
 Maison commune 
 
 169 
 
 Une Motion d'ordre 191 
 
 Maison d'arret 
 
 170 
 
 Motionnflire . 19J 
 
 Maison de detention 
 
 170 
 
 Municipality . 191 
 
 Mandat 
 
 170 
 
 Muscadin . 192 
 
 Mandat territorial 
 
 170 
 
 Musee national . 1Q4 
 
 Manipulation 
 
 170 
 
 Myi'iagra.mme Myria- 
 
 Marais 
 
 171 
 
 metre Myriare 195, 196 
 
 
 R r 
 
 2 National
 
 N. 
 
 308 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Organisateur Organi- 
 sation- Organiser 209 
 
 National 
 
 196 P. 
 
 
 Nationaliser 
 
 197 
 
 
 Naturaliser 
 
 197 Palais national 
 
 210 
 
 Navrant , 
 
 197 Pantheon fran<jois 
 
 211 
 
 Neographe 
 
 199 Papier-monpoie 
 
 212 
 
 Neographisme 
 
 J99 Paraliser 
 
 212 
 
 Neologie 
 
 199 Participe 
 
 213 
 
 Neologisme 
 
 20O Pas de charge 
 
 215 
 
 Neutraliser . . 
 
 20O Patente nationale 
 
 215 
 
 Niveller Nivelleur 
 
 Patriotiser 
 
 215 
 
 Nivellement 
 
 201 Pavilion national tricolore217 
 
 Nivose ' 
 
 202 Pen sear 
 
 217 
 
 Nobiliaire 
 
 202 Pentarque 
 
 217 
 
 Noces republicaines 
 
 203 Percepteur 
 
 218 
 
 Non-emigration 
 
 203 Permanence 
 
 213 
 
 Nonidi 
 
 203 Permis 
 
 218 
 
 Notable 
 
 203 Perorer 
 
 218 
 
 Noyades 
 
 204 Petition 
 
 218 
 
 
 Petitionnaire 
 
 219 
 
 
 PhilosophistePlu 
 
 loso- 
 
 O. 
 
 phisme . 
 
 219 
 
 
 Phraser 
 
 219 
 
 Octidi 
 
 20^i Plaine 
 
 219 
 
 Odeon 
 
 204 Pluviose 
 
 220 
 
 Ombre . 
 
 205 Populaire 
 
 220 
 
 Oppressif 
 
 205 Populariser . 
 
 220 
 
 Ordre du jour 
 
 205 Se Pcpulariser 
 
 220 
 
 
 
 Popularite
 
 309 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Pag* 
 
 Popularit6 
 
 321 
 
 
 Porte-foudre 
 
 221 
 
 
 Pouvoir executif 
 
 221 
 
 R. 
 
 Prairial 
 
 222 
 
 
 PrecautionneJ : 
 
 222 
 
 Radiation . 23* 
 
 Preciser 
 
 222 
 
 Ramification . 232 
 
 Prehension . 
 
 222 
 
 Rapporter . 233 
 
 Preliminairement 
 
 223 
 
 Redimer . . 234 
 
 Pretres sermentes non- 
 
 
 Refractaire : 234 
 
 sermentes 
 
 224 
 
 Regenerateur . 234 
 
 Primidi . . 
 
 224 
 
 Regeneration . . 235 
 
 Proclamation 
 
 224 
 
 Regenerer , 23/ 
 
 Procurateurs (grands) de 
 
 
 Regime . 23JT 
 
 la nation 
 
 225 
 
 Region, et Tableau de 
 
 Procureur 
 
 225 
 
 France par ordre de 
 
 Proletaire 
 
 225 
 
 Regions et de Con- 
 
 Prononcer , 
 
 220 
 
 trees ,. 238 
 
 Propaganda . 
 
 22(5 
 
 Regulariser . 241 
 
 Prud'homme 
 
 227 
 
 Rejet . . 241 
 
 Public 
 
 227 
 
 Reorganisation Reorga- 
 
 L'esprit public 
 
 227 
 
 niser . . 241 
 
 L'opinion publique 
 
 229 
 
 Republicaniser . 242 
 
 
 
 Rcpublicanisme . 242 
 
 
 
 Republique frangoise 243 
 
 Q. 
 
 
 Requisition . 245 
 
 
 
 Rescription . 246 
 
 Quartidi 
 
 230 
 
 Resolution . 247 
 
 Question, prealable 
 
 230 
 
 Se Resumer . 247 
 
 Quietisme Quietiste 
 
 231 
 
 Revision (assembled de) 248 
 
 Quintidi 
 
 231 
 
 Revolution . 248 
 
 Quotitfj 
 
 231 
 
 La Revolution fran<joise 249 
 
 
 
 Revolutionnaire . 254 
 
 
 
 Rcvolu-
 
 310 
 
 
 Page 
 
 Page 
 
 Revolutionner 
 
 255 
 
 Souverain Souverainete 
 
 Jardin de Revolution 
 
 256 
 
 266, 267 
 
 Place de Revolution 
 
 256 
 
 Speculateur . 267 
 
 Royaliser 
 
 257 
 
 Speculation . 1 267 
 
 Royalisme 
 
 257 
 
 Speculer . 267 
 
 
 
 Stere . 269 
 
 
 
 Stereographie Stereo- 
 
 s. 
 
 
 type . . 269 
 
 
 
 Se Suicider . 270 
 
 Sacrer 
 
 257 
 
 Suppleant. . 2/0 
 
 Sans-culotte , 
 
 257 
 
 Surveillance . 270 
 
 Sans-culotterie 
 
 26l 
 
 Suspect . . 271 
 
 Sans-culottisme 
 
 261 
 
 
 Sans-culottides 
 
 261 
 
 
 La Sans-culottide 
 
 261 
 
 T. 
 
 Sans-jupon 
 
 201 
 
 
 Sarde 
 
 261 
 
 Tableau civique . 272 
 
 Scrutateur 
 
 261 
 
 Tachygraphe . 272 
 
 Section 
 
 262 
 
 Tacticien . . 272 
 
 Septembrisade 
 
 262 
 
 Telegraphe . 272 
 
 Septembriser 
 
 263 
 
 Tbeophilantrope . 275 
 
 Septembriseur 
 
 263 
 
 Theophilantropie 276 
 
 Septidi 
 
 263 
 
 Theoreticien . 276 
 
 Session . 
 
 263 
 
 TheoHcien . 276 
 
 Sextidi 
 
 263 
 
 Thermidor 1 . 276 
 
 Signataire 
 
 264 
 
 Thermidorien . 2/6 
 
 Societes populaires 
 
 265 
 
 Tourbe . . 277 
 
 Societaire 
 
 265 
 
 Traduction : 2/7 
 
 Solidaire Solidairement 
 
 
 Traitreux . 277 
 
 Solidarite 
 
 266 
 
 Tribunal de cassation- 
 
 Soumissionnaire Soumis- 
 
 civil criminel de 
 
 sionne 
 
 266 
 
 farnille de police mu- 
 
 
 
 nicipale >
 
 31 i 
 
 Page 
 
 nicipale de paix re- 
 volutionnaire 2/8,279,280 
 Tribunaux cprrectionnels 279 
 Tribune . 280 
 
 Tricolore . 281 
 
 Tridi . : 281 
 
 Tyranneau . ' 281 
 
 U. 
 
 Ultra-patriotique . 283 
 
 Ultra-revolutionnaire 283 
 
 Urgence . . . 283 
 
 V. 
 
 Vandalisme . 
 Vendeen Royalistes 
 
 la Vendee 
 Vendemiaire 
 Ventose 
 Verdict 
 Veto 
 
 Vexatoire ' . 
 Vicinal , 
 
 Victimer 
 
 Vi sites domiciliaires 
 Vociferation . 
 
 Vociferer 
 
 de 
 
 284 
 
 286 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 291 
 292 
 292 
 292 
 293 
 294 
 294 
 
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