;i^_ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES fit^tuu/n ^ cs J / "^t^^ f^yXyMvOOlu^ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS EDITED BY Newtox 'Bateman, LL.D. Paul Selby, A.M. AND HISTORY OF PEORIA COUNTY EDITKD BY D.WH) McCri.I.OCH. ILLUSTRATED. VOLUME I. CHICAGO AND PEORIA : MUNSELL PrBLISHIXG COMPANY, PUBLISHERS 1901 Kntered according to Act of Congress, in the years 1894. iS99and 1900, by W I 1. 1, 1 A M W. M IT N S K I^ L , m ttie office of the I^ibrarian of Congress at Washin<;ton. TERRITORY DRAIXKI) HV TIIK ILLINOIS RIVER. F P4B317 V. 1 S 1 suvrs-u wAJTi^c^fewft^ PREFACE. Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention. In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the early history of the ^\'cst as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early Frencli population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its gi'and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on tlie Slavery question. This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting fortli of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material hiis been gathered from every available source, and most carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material lias been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordiiuiry inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space. And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no otlier book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book hiis been constructed and its tojjics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, ami drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, officials, aiul other special cla«scs; a book convenient for reference in the school, the office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 3 4 PREFACE. long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will bo found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are many of this character — it is handled accordingly. As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confusion. Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult tiisk has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work. While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to Hon. Harvey B. Ilurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. PREFATORY STATEMENT, Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of 1'erritorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-6.5, and the War of IsOSwith Spain; lists of State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions; the growth of jmblic improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. While individual or collected biogi'aphies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort h;vs been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public atTairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. The large number of toi)ics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 5 6 PKEFATORYSTATEMENT. elaboration of narrative. The object has been' to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no ])ains hiis been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space luis been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population. In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper tliat I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel il. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. K'aum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Pailroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State wlio have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work. In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in (ialesburg, on October 21, 1S!)7, was deplored, ncit only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the lime of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the j'liblic), the etithusiiism, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others wliicli ne brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit. With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists iu the fact that, in its prepara- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Abraham Lincoln {Fro>i(ispiece) 1 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 Asylum for Feeble-Minded ChildrLMi, Lincoln 237 Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartoiiville 85 liateman, Newton (Portrait) 3 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 "Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (18'.)S), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1801 ) 315 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 001 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 Illinois State Reformatory, Poutiac 493 7 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE InsUtution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 Interior of Koom, Kiiskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was fil-ted in 1825 (as it appeared, 18'j;{) 314 La Salle (Portrait) 240 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 GOO Map of Illinois Fullowiitg Title Page Map of Illinois River Valley McCormick Seminary, Chicago 3G2 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (189:i) 314 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 Selby, Paul (Portrait) 5 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 University of Chicago 363 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 \'iews in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 V lews of Drainage Canal 96 Views of Drainage Canal 97 War Eagle (Portrait) 246 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 Historical Encj^clopedia of Illinois. ABBOTT, (Lient.-GoT.) Edward, a British officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1TT8. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominallj-, over a part of the "Illinois Country. ■' Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott bad gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully tliat they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, tlie manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he \vrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- ture Vincennes. ABI\(tDO>', a city and railway junction in Knox County. 10 miles south of Galesburg and 8.5 miles northeast of yuincy. It is the center of a ricli agricultural region and has two banks, some flourisliing manufactures, including heavy wag- ons, working men's clothing and mouse-traps. Hedding College, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is located here. Abingdon Normal College, formerly a separate institution, located here, has been united with Hedding College. Population (1890), 1.321; (1900), 2,022. ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the ■"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulliut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) ACKERMAX, William K., RaUway President and financier, was bom in New York City, Jan. 29. 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraliam D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionarj- War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, volunt^irily retiring from this jxisition in August, 1883, thougli serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 10 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. (1893-95). He is an active member of tlie Chicago Historical Society, and lias reiulereil valuahle service to railroad liistory l).v the issue of two bro- chures on the "Early Historj- of Illinois Riil- roads,"anda "Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Rjiilroad." ADAMS. John. LL.I)., educator and philan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 17T2; graduated at Yale College in ITO.'j; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three years. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 18;i3, he removed to Jack.sonville. 111., where, four years afterward, he became the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. lie re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. Tlie subject of this sketcli was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years ( 1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834. the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorhatn, Me., and Andover, Mass., after wliich, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at §150 a year. He ne.\t entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Clncago to represent the house of Morris K. Je.ssup & Co. He thus became a.ssociated with the late John Crerar, the firni of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & Westlake Co., have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. Since the death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi- pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business. ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1800, and educated at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a physician several years, in 1838 lie assumed the chair of Natural Pliilosopliy, Cliemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Sledical Department of the .same institution, and, during liis connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every brancli embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in his adlierence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among i)roductions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirty-eiglit years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils. ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, born at Keene, N. H. , June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in tlie Cliicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884. "86 and "88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library. ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y.. in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield. 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was.elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 11 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841. and died in ofRce, August 11, 1843. ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 18i5 and named in honor of Jolin Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 stj. m. and its jxjpula- tion at 61,888. The soil of tlie county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate e(iuable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. ADD.iMS, John Huy, legislator, was bom at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1823; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist null on Cedar Creek. In 18.i4 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 186.5 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881.— Mi.ss Jane ( .\ddanis).i)hilanthropist.the founderof the "Hull House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. ADDISOX, a village of Du Page County, 24 miles west-northwest from Chicago. It is the seat of an Evangelical Lutheran School. Popu- Uttion (1890), 485; (1900). 591. AD J UT AXTS-GENER AL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of tlie Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. Previous to the War of the Retellion the position was rather honorary tlian otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cumbent was simplj- the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. .Ale.x- ander. After the admi.ssion of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wni. Alexander, 1819 21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28 : James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held the position for three years previous, resigned to enter active ser\-iee, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appf)intee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration tliat all the Illinois volunteers had teen mastered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- allj' lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its supjxirt. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-Generars office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Billiard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897—. AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, l)ecause of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the .State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to com, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being .$31, 106.674. with 3,068.- 930 acres under cultivation. In the production of com it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, and the value of the crop being estimated at §86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, although the annual average value of the crop from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than §29.000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses (.§83.000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine (§30.000.000), third in cattle-growing (§32,000,000), and fourth in dairj- product.s, the value of milch cows being estimated at §34,000,- 000. (See also Farmers' Institute.) 12 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A Jepartment of tlie State administration which grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation frotn the State treasury for its maintenance was SI. 000 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Bro%rn. of Sangsimon Coimty. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Keimicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Trea.surer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department ha.s well equipped offices in the State HoiLse, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dissemination of .statistical and other information relative to the State's agi'i- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three general officers (President, Secretarj' and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congi-essional district. The State appropriates some §20,01)0 annually for the prosecution of its work, V)esides which there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between .?'20,0(ll* and S2.'5,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at tlie State Fairs, and some $10,000 divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs. AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell Count)-, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent ia teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of SIcKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then e.stablished a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1S.")7) trans- ferred to the Slinnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled b}- declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology," to which he had devoted man}' previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and Viist research. Dr. Akers was a man of profoimd convictions, exten- sive learning and great ehMpience. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the .State during the time of his most active seirice in the denomination to which he belonged. AKIX, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and hascontinued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for Cit}- Attorney' of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet. and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all comj)etitors of 111,2.5.5. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while liis personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities. ALB.4\Y, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621. ALBION, the coimty seat of Edwards County. Dairying is a leading industry in the surrounding EXriiKIMl.N I 1 ARM ;rill. \INliYAKUI L'NIVEKSn'V ol II.I.l.\uIS. EXPERIMENT lARM u!: lU' ;. . rNivi;usn'v di- ii.i.incji-- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 13 country, and the village has a well-managed creamery. It has a bank, five churches, an acad- emy, wagon and plow works, flour mills, an ice factory, and a weekly newspaper. Coal is also mined in the vicinity. It is situated about 36 miles by rail northwest of Evansville, Ind. Popu- lation (1880), 875; (1890), 937; (19rtant offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lac, Wis., Dec. 3. 1885. ALEDO, the county-seat of Mercer Covmty. The surrounding countrj- is rich in bitimainous coal, and fruit-growing and stock-raising are ex- tensively carried on. For the.se commodities it is a shipping jxjint of considerable importance. Tliree weekly papers are published here. Population (1880). 1,492: (1890), 1.601; (1900), 2,081. ALEX.WDER, John T,, agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad. 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm." comprising some 20.000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated vrith his father, in 1804. to Tennessee, and. while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to "37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment. Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was .\ide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 14 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade. Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 188T he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first Bromoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancv. I;i 1874 he was elected to the Forty- 18 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois. ct)n- tinuing in that position four j-ears, wlien he retired to private life. ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland. Jefferson County, N. Y., Jan. 29, 18'.>4; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent thi-ee years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 18.)0, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of which he became a Profe.ssor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy. Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, anil temporary President of Quincy College. In 1807 he was transferred to the Iniliana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; frt)m 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887. AXNA, a town in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. 37 miles north of Cairo. The surrounding region is famous for its crops of fruit and vegetables, anTI.>EBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pui'suant to the sugge.stion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kan.sas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Cluirles II. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register"; E. W. Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on Jlay 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge : W. B. Ogden, Chicago ; S. M. Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; WiUiam H. Hemdon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil- lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abia- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 19 ham Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of tliese served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col, Isaac C. Pugli of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of ISSij. ) APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena, Population (1880), 630; (1H90), 572; (1900), 576, APPLIXGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born in Broome Count}-, N. Y,, Dec, 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where lie fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksiiiitli, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his pro])erty in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 18.59, was one of the members of that bod}' appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (whicli see), and two years later was one of tlie earnest supporters of tlie Government in its preparation for the War of tlie Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863, while obeying an order to cliarge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood. APPORTIOXMEST, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads: I.,EGisLATivE. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818, Tliat instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Repre.sentatives not less tlian twenty -seven nor more tlian thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-tliird nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at tlie time of organization. The schedule appended to the first Con.stitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives, The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. E^ch county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for eacli varying from one to three; wliile John.son and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '2G, "31, '36, '41 and "47. Before an election was lield under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable clianges were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-flve and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equiil 1.000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional memljers for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter the number was neither increa-sed nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties. The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Re]5resentative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By tlie apportionment law f)f 18.'>4, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied under each act. while the number of memliers from Representative districts varied according to poiiulation. The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thas made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggi-egate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to pojiulatioii. This arrange- ment continued in force for only t)ne Legislature — that chosen in 1870. In 1873 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion tlie State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which Iiad been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower liouse was ascertained by divid- 20 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing the entire population liy 158 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached tliree-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a population equivalent to one and three-fiftlis times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; wliile each county with a larger po|)ulati()n was entitled to one additional Repre- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '83 and '98. Members of the lower house are elected bienni- ally; Senators for four years, tliose in odd and even districts being cliosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods. CoNGRESSlOiNAL. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1880 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, a])proved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first elec:tion under this law being lield on the first Monday in August, 1S32. At that time Illinois com|)ri.sed fifty-five coun- ties, wliich were apportioned among the districts as follows: Fir.st — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Wasliington, St. Clair, Clin- ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, Hamilton, Jefl'erson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Slarion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark. Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and tlie first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Monday of the following August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number of districts was increased to seven as follows; First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, PeiTy, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, JIadison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson. Gallatin, Franklin, White. Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, Marion ; Tliird — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- gomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page, Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, Livingston, Cliampaign, Vermilion, McLean, Bureau; Fifth ^ — Greene, Jersey, Calhoim, Pike, Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton, Peoria, Maoou|iin ; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, Ma,son, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. The next Congressional apportionment (August 22, 18.52) divided the State into nine districts, as follows— the first election under it being held the following November: First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Steplienson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Sec;ond — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- ery, Slielby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham, Jasper, Clay, LawTence, Ricldand, Fayette; Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond. Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jeffer.son, Mar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac. Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Haudlton, Edwards, White. Wayne, Wabash. The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com- pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State -at- large. The districts were as follows: Fir.st — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle. Lee: Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken- dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie, Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, Ford; Eighth— Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston ; Ninth — HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 21 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth— St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; Thirteenth— Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash. The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third— Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- dall, Grundy, Will ; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Srliuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, (hcene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Slorgan, Jlenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four- teenth — Macon, Piatt. Champaign, Douglas. Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery', Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Clay; Seventeenth — Slacoupin. Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union. Johnson, Williamson, Alex- ander, Pope. Massac, Pulaski ; Nineteenth — Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton. In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows: First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to Tth and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards :>th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fovirth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of tlie county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago, Stephenson. Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall. Grundy, Du Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown. Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun. Jersey ; Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas. Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Moultrie. Shelby, Effingliam. Fayette; Eight- eenth — Bond. Madison, St. Clair. Monroe, Wash- ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton. Jefferson, Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- din ; Twentieth ^ Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pulaski, Massac. The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the .State-at-large being elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne- bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll. Ogle, Lee; Tenth— Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will. Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford. Mc- Lean. DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Hendei-son, AVar- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler; Sixteenth — Cass, I\h)rgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard. Logan. Sangamon. Macon, Christian; Eigliteenth — Madison, Montgomery, Bond. Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland. Effingham, Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne. Hamilton. Ed- wards. Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty-fir.st — jiarion, Clinton, Wash- ington. St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry ; Twenty-second — Jackson. Union, Alexander, Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline. Pope. Massac. (See also Represeritatives 17' Congress.) IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an early day, wliere he remained until 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark Coimty. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he was elected to the lower branch of the Cieneral A.s.sembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eiglit j'ears. He was thus a Senator on the liieaking out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was returned a second time to tlie House of Repre- sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and "46 to the same body. Two years later ( 1848) lie was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18,")2. and in 18.')4 was an Anti Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion. Archer contested liis right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to the people. In a new election held in August, 18.56, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 18,56 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the office of Vice-President. He was also one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises in that section of the State, especiallj- the old Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His con- nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago. He was of tall stature and great energy of char- acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- municated itself to others. A local history has said of him that "he did more for Clark County than any man in his day or since," although "no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his sei-vices. "' Colonel Archer was one of the founders of Marshall, the county -seat of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- ated with him in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death oc- curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years. ARCOLA, an incorporated citj- in Douglas County, 1.58 miles south of Chicago, at tlie inter- section of the Illinois Central and tlie Paris & Decatur Railways. Its principal manufacturing plants are a broom factory and brick and tile works. It also has manufactures of flour, car- riages, and agricultural implements. Areola is lighted by electricity, and contains a handsome city liall, nine churches, a high-school and two newspapers. Population (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,99.5. AKGNZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blankenberg. in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 he came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where he was engaged for a short time in the leail trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk AVar, Beardstown being at the tin»e a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was tlie projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special cliarter from the Legislature in 1830. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bouglit in 1833, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of CJermans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in .securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- ern part of Morgan County, including the village HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 23 of Arenzville, and wliich had been in dispute, was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In Ifi-ii Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Filbnore, as bearer of di.sjjatclies to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53, and served as the Vice-President for his district until his death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died. April 2, 18.j6. ARLIXtfTON, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; (1890). 436: (1900), 400. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton). a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairying district and has several cheese factories, Ijesides a .sewing machine factorj', hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 99.5; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1.380. .VRMOUF, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 18.52 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 18.56, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing imtil 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission flnn of Armour & Co., with branches in New York. Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many hoiu-s to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosijerous firms in the country. Mr. Armour's practical tenevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establish- ment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over §2.250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother. Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901. ARMSTRO.\<;, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn. afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Ma.sterof his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm- strong), brother of the preceiling. was bom upon the farm of his jxirents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few months later in La Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1833. and where (with tlie e.Kception of his residence at L'tica) he has resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembh% also .ser»-ed in the CoiLstitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858. was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoj-. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Repre.sentative from La Salle County, he served in that body by succe.ssive re-elections until 1868. proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. — WiHiam E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was bom in Licking Coimty, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 24 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheriff of the county. Tlie latter year he was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized county of Grimdy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was pojiularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy." Died. Nov. 1. 18.50.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of years and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brotlier of this historic family, was born near Newark. Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 1.5, 1823, and came to La Salle Count}', 111., in 1831. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, but between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall Coimty, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, lie was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of liis Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district .schools in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 184.5, when he located in Mor- ris. Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majoritj', including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell to his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the lUioois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 32d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his olde.st brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin. ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-made."' He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Tliirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler. into the ranks of the Republican part}', by wliich he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- arl)' instincts, fond of Literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold." ARRIXGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 25 received on trial as a Metliodist preaclier and became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, wliere he was sent to the LegisLature, and, in 18-14, was the Wliig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where lie served as Judge for six years. In 18.")(> he removed to Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawj-er, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plislied scholar and gifted writer, having written mucli for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger, " over the signature of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an "Apostrophe to "Water." which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington ; is in an agricultural and stock region ; has one newspaper. Population (1890), 420; (1900), 317. ARTHUR, a village of Moultrie County, at the junction of tlie Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 9 miles west of Areola. The region is agricul- tural. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), ,536: (1900), aj8. ASAY, Edirard G., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 182.5; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist E])i.scopal Church; later spent sometime in the South, but in 18.53 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York Cit}-. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a hicrative practice. Ue was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was apixjinted by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, sers'ed by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marslial of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years £is Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official ixjsition. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asburj' was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas. Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and Ha}', in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. ASHL.iXD, a town in Cass County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is an important sliipping point for grain and stock. It has a bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 609; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,201. ASHLEY', a large and growing village in Wash- ington County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Louisville & Nashville Railways, 62 miles from St. Louis. The surrounding region is agricultural, there lieing also many orchards. Its manufactures include flour and agricultural implements. Population (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. ASH3I0RE, a town of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- way, 8 miles northeast of Cliarleston ; has a news- paper and considerable local trade. Population (1880). 403; (1890), 476; (1900). 446. ASHTOX, a village of Lee Count}*, on the Chi- cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 20 IIISTUKKAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago; has one newspai>er. Population (1880), 6-16: (1890), 680; (190U), 7.50. ASPIXWALL, Homer F., fanner and legisla- tor, was born in Stephenson County, III., Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two j-ears in a wholesale notion store, later resuming the occupation of a farmer. After Iiolding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Jlr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898, he was appointeorn in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in liis minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to Sangamon Coimty, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General As.serably, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Sliields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1852, but later removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 18G0. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Balls Bluflf, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1832. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Althougli he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 18.58. and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time lie studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 18C5 he was blaster in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of liis term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans." BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was bom in Litchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the follo^ving year. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County." which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895. BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionarj- in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band." or "Western College Society," of which he was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminarj-, near Alton, which he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870. 34 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BALLARD, Addison, iiiercliant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- vember, 1822. lie located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, wliere he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1H49 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte ; in 18.'j3 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, wliich he prosecuted until 1887, retiring witli a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of ChiSago, and again in the latter office, 1S94-9G. BALTES, Peter Josepli, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim. Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in IS.'iS, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded l)y his priests as somewliat arbitrarj'. He wrote imiuer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of (dergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 187."); second edition (revised and enlargedl, 1880. Died at Alton. Feb. V,. ISSfl. BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisicms. the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre. Oliio, and the second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Sliawneetown. Tlie total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of which 147j^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in ISol. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. Tlie following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860. while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1863, and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and. in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Riiilway. — Tlie Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & .Southeastern Railroad — eacli liaving been cliartered in 1867 — the new corjio- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the succes.sor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement. BALTI5I0RE & OHIO k CHICAGO R.\1L- ROAD, p.art of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. Tlie principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds §1,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is §20,329,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were .§3,385,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,4.52. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were ■§209,208 and the expen.sos §208,090. B.\A'GS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- liood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Ma.ss., then spent a year in a dry goods .store at Lacon, III., meanwliile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 35 of the Circuit Court in 1859; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 187.5. was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54; in 1802 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion wliich nominated Owen Love joy for Congress for the first time ; was one of the charter members of the "Union League of America," serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention wliicli nominated General Grant foi President for the first time. After retiring from the office of District Attorney in 1879, he removed to Chicago, wliere he is still (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. BAXKSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and sulisequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In 1823 he was elected to tlie State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1833-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He suli- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 18.53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on tlio slavery question, resulted in the division of tlie denomination into factions. Of these perhajis the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1833 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 250 churches, witli about 7. .500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isa;io McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionarj-, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eiglit years later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set- tlement. Bj' 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches. 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the Univer.sitj' of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago. BAEBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 186G. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter jear he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress bj' the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of blaster in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387. BARNSBACK, George Frederick Jiilins, pio- neer, was born in Germany, July 35, 1781; came to Pliiladelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until 1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bouglit a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted witli slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where lie resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnslack served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison Coimty. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., Maj- 14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troj-, Madison County ; was elected Slieriff in 1860 : in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Vohm- teers (lOOdays' men) ; also ser\-ed as a member of the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865). 36 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was bom in Onondaga Count}', N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed his boyhood and youtli. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught scliool at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a time, he held tlie office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 18G7, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of liis term lie resumed private practice. BARRERE, Oranville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in bis native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 185G. In 1873 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of liis term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 13, 1889. BARRINGTON, a village located on the north- ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of tlie Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railwaj', 33 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1.S90), 8-18; (190(1), 1,163. BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., JiUy 11, 1847; gi-aduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Springfield, lU., where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American chapel in Paris. On his return to the United States lie spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed liy Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate j'ears with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it necessary to resign his jiastoivite, wliich he did in the spring of 1896. After spending tlie summer in Germany, the regular itinerarj' of the round- tiieworld tour began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with liis return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899. BARRY, a city in Pike County, fomided in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains woolen and flouring mills, pork- packing establishments, etc. It has two local papers, a bank, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Population (1880), 1,393; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643. BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Cliicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 37 BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1H2H. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theologj' at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, .served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college.. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding chui'ches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Cliurch of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation continuing until IS.jG. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society ; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of tlie Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., August 8, 1890. BATAVIA. a town in Kane County, located on Fox River, and on brancli lines of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 38 miles west of Chicago. It has water power and establishments for tlie manufacture of wagons, paper bags and wind- mills. There are also extensive limestone quar- ries in the vicinity. Tlie town was founded in 1834 and incorporated as a village in 18,'i6. It lias two weekly papers, eight churches and six pul)lic schools, besides a private hospital for tlie in.sane. Population(18H0), 2,039; (ISUO). 3,.-)43; ( 19(10), 3,871. BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL.l)., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- jiedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an- cestry ; was brought by his parents to niinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, Imt graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting liim- self during his college course wholly by his own laljor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of faiUng health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon liis life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining tliere two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that iwsition four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven j-ears, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Scliools for Morgan County. In the fall of 18.57 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving coii- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five dilTerent languages of Europe, besides a volume of "Common Scliool Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized bj' the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three whii'li jirepared tlie bill adopted by Congi-e.ss creating tlie National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at SpringfieUl adjoining that used as an office by Abraliam Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 38 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. close intimacy sprang up lietween the two men, which enabled the "Schotyl-master," as Mr. Lin- coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of wliicl) he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of tlie higli character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after ha\-ing been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as liis health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891. as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February. 1878. Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with tlie provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Pldladelphia. Never of a very strong physiijue, wliicli was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profoimd sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of .sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he liad the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice niarried, first in 18.50 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massacliusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville Female Academj-), who died. May 28, 1878. — Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting liis studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College— a position especially created for lum. He had filled this position a little over one year when his career — • wliieh was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all tlie wives of clergymen. — P. S. BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; tlie next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^sop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower, When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1862 ; was com- missioned Slajor of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen montlis he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 39 Tis Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and sen-ing until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., 5Iay 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field. BATES, Georg'e C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y. , and removed to Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for tliat State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 1836, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11. 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty whicli he performed in an address of gi-eat eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a numVjer of years previ- ous to 18.30 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago. BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railwaj-, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330. BAYLIS, a village of Pike County, on the Naples & Hannibal branch of the "Wabash Rail- way, 40 miles we.st of Jacksonville; has one newspaper. Population (1890). 368; (1900). 340. BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870. supporting himself dm-ing Ids college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange Count}', Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the nortliern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow- ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes. BEAKI), Thomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was bom in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and. in 1818, removed to IlUnois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of tlie present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch Marcli of Morgan County, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown. in November, 1849. BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being the intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chicago, BurUngton & Quincy Rail\.-ays, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first feny across the Illinois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a princi- pal base of supplies for the Illinois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a liigh school), two banks and four papers, two of them daily. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here, — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, a baking powder factory, a feed-cutter factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. Tlie river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some -3300 000. Population (1880), 3,135; (1890), 4,220; (1900). 4,827. BEAUBIEX, Jean Baptiste, the second per- manent settler on the site of Chicago, was torn at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which lie maintained until 1818. He visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and. in 1818, became agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- where. After 1823 he occupied the building known as "the factory." just outside of Fort Dear- bom, which had lielonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 40 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by tlie Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there. Jan. 5, 186!!.— Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in wliich he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twentj'-two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man ; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated,, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for manj- years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien b3' his wliite wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 1823. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1863, and for years past has been employed on tlie Chicago police force. ISEUIi, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1803; taught .scrhool at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48 ; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and higli principle; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent jjart in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners. BECKER, Cliarles St. ]V., ex State Treasurer, was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded tliat it was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1806 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Coui't. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 13, 1891. BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1833, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the liar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two j'ears. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigneil. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville. 111.. March 5, 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father. Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 41 his mother being, in lier girlhood. Hannah York, one of the survivors of tlie famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, in company with his brotlier George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to wliere Terre Haute now stands. Imt finally locating in what is now a i)art of Edgar County. 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian re.servations in that .sec^tion of the State being set off by him. In connection with G\iy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land OflSce at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Rejjresentative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark. Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He contiimed in tlieir office and. on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859. he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his prnfeission. Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probalily now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of tlie Northwest." publi.shed in the "Fer- gus Series." besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the same firm), which he has enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early IlUnois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the ex[)iration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1H97, in each case being chosen President of the Board. BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 27, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, and began the study of law in the ofhce of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeiistern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difliculty in 1873. Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has been one of the a.ssi.stant counsel of the BaUiniore & Ohio system. His ])resent home is in Cincin- nati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently idenJilied with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In polities Mr. Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of tlie few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856. and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve vears. 42 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergjman and educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., August 27, 1803 — tlie son of Rev. Lj-m.au Beecher and the elder brother of Henry Ward; graduated at Yale College in 1S22, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 18-14, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving as pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until 18.5(i, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 he returned to Illinois as pastor of tlie First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, wliere lie resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to mucli hostile criticism on account of his outsjioken opposition to slavery, as sliown by his participa- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his eloijuent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brotlier Henry Ward, he was probably the most ])owerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and. in connection with liis able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nursery of independent tliought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of wliich the most impor- tant are: "Statement of A nti Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" (18,53); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Brooklyn. July 28, 1895. BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lymaa Beecher and brother of Edward and Henr}' Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover, became a Congregationalist clergj-man, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- ters in that city. June 23. 1889. BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, wlio was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. Tlie son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by liis own efforts in wliat he called "Brusli College." At the age of 21 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling dilferent circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately tliereafter, he retired to Plainlield. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 18G8, when he was superannuated, occupjing his time thereafter in writing remi- niscences of his early liistory. A volume of tliis character puhlislied by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North- west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9. 1895, in the 95th year of his age. BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Buctks County, Pa., Nov. 27. 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at Springfield, where he carried on the grocery business for five years, then removed to Chicago and engaged in the lumber trade in connection with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, Mich., which jiroved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- vesting largely in west side real estate in the city of Chicago, which appreciated rapidlj- in value, making him one of tlie most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893. — Jacob (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield. 111. ; in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by liis brother four years later, wlien they engaged largely in tlie lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational and benevolent institutions. Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- ant and afterwards- as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon tlie staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 43 Atlanta and Nasliville campaigns. Wliile a prisoner in the hands of tlie rebels he was i)laced under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago ^lanual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position wliich he has continued to occupy. During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to inve.stigate the school systems in European countries. BELKNAP, Hugh Kold, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Se{)t. 1, 1860, being the son of W. "W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War under President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when he entered the .service of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. He never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann). a recount provef<)ISTOWN RAILROAD. (See St. Lutiif:. Alfoii A Tvrrc Haute Railroad:} BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLIXUS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. l.'i, 1873. At Duquoiu it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is §1,692,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624. BELT RAILWAY C0MPA3VT OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 32, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Riiilroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 9:i. 26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago. Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been §524,549; capi- tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were §.556,847, the operating expenses §378,012, and the taxes §51.009. BELVIDERE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kea River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 48 miles east of FreejKirt. The city has eleven churches, graded schools and three banks (two National). Three newspapers are published here. Belvidere also has very consiT10> OF 1856. Although not formally called as such, tliis was the first Republican State Convention held in Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- lican organization in the State. A ma.ss conven- tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska Convention") was held at Springfield during the week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), and, although it adopted a platform in harmony %vith the principles which afterwards became the foundation of the Republican party, and appointed a State Central Committee, besides putting in nomination a candidate for State Trea-surer — the only State officer elected that year — the organi- zation was not perpetuated, the State Central Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call issued by a State Central Committee appointed by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held at Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-A^eb- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 53 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not even contain the word "Republican," but was addressed to those opposed to the principles of the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing Democratic administration. The Convention met on May 29, 185tj, the date designated by the Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- ties of the State at that time. Consequently representation was very unequal and followed no systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties into which the State was then divided, only seventy were represented by delegates, ranging from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty counties (embracing nearly the whole of the southern part of tlie State) entireh' unrepre- sented. Lee County had tlie largest representa- tion (twent3"-five), Morgan County (the home of Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- gates, while Cook County had seventeen and Sangamon had five. The whole number of delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates. John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards became prominent in State politics. The delega- tion from Cook County included the names of John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George Schneider, Mark Skinner, Cliarles H. Ray and Charles L. Wilson. The temporarj' organization was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams County in the cliair, followed by the election of John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent President. The otlier officers were: Vice-Presi- dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of W^arren; Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henrj- S. Baker of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State ticket was put in nomination consisting of William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias il. Hatch of Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of Lawrence, for Auditor ; James Miller of McLean, for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, and his place was subsequently filled by the nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition to the extension of slavery into new territory. A delegation was appointed to the National Con- vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, following, and a State Central Committee was named to conduct the State campaign, consisting of James C. ConkUng of Sangamon County; Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the occasion, before the convention or in popular meetings held while the memljers were present in Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out the policy of the administration for making Kan.sas a slave State. None of the speeches were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has been universally regarded by those who heard it as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage sjiellbound by the power of his argument, the intense irony of his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after cheer told how deeply their hearts had l)een touched and their souls warmed up to a generous enthusiasm." At the election, in November following, although the Democratic candidate for President carried the State by a plurality of over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in nomination at Bloomington was successful by majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the several candidates. BLUE ISLAXD, a village of Cook County, on the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and the Illinois Central Railwavs, 15 miles south of 54 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two newspapers, tesides brick, smelting and oil works. Population (1890). ^..^l; (1900), 6,114 BLUE 1SL.\ND R.\ILROAD, a short line 3.96 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; capital stock §25,000; operated by the Illinois Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt (1895) was §100,000 and its floating debt, 63,779. BLUE MOUXl), a town of Macon County, on the Wabash llailway, 14 miles southeast of Deca- tur; is in a grain and live-stock region; has a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 532; (1890). 690; (1900), 714. BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of the Wabash Rjxihvay, 52 miles west of Spring- field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (18S0), 162; (IsnO), 421; (1900), 539. BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was brought by his parents to Ohio when five years old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at Lacon, 111., in 1830, practicing there imtil 1862, when, having been ai)pointed Surgeon of the Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth General A.ssemblies (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and Twentieth (18.54-.58), and Trustee of the Institu- tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, remaining in the latter position seventeen years under the successive administrations of Gov- ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- idge — the last five years of his service being President of the Board. He was also President of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon to reside with his daughter, the widow of the late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years Representative in Congress from the Eighth District. BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the State Government, created by an act of the Legis- lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed by the Executive and is composed of three mem- bers (not more than two of whom can belong to the same political party), one of whom must be an employer of labor and one a member of some labor organization. The term of office for the members first named was fixed at two years; after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one member retiring annually. A compensation of §1,500 per annum is allowed to each member of the Board, while the Secretary, wlio must also be a stenographer, receives a salary of §1.200 per annum. When a controversy arises between an individual, firm or corporation employing not less than twenty-five i)ersons, and his or its employes, application may be made by the aggrieved party to the Board for an inquiry into the nature of the disagreement, or both parties may unite in the submission of a case. The Board is required to visit the localitj', carefully investi- gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once made public. If the application be filed by the emploj-er, it must be accompanied by a stipula- tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out for the space of three weeks after its date. In like manner, complaining employes must promise to continue peacefully at work, under existing conditions, for a like period. The Board is granted power to send for persons and papers and to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions are binding upon applicants for six months after rendition, or until either party shall have given the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or their intention not to be bound thereby. In case the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists between employes and an employer having less than twenty-five persons in his emjjloy, and that a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is made the duty of the body to put itself into communication with both employer and employes and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement between them by mediation. The absence of any provision in the law prescribing penalties for its violation leaves the observance of the law, in its present form, dependent upon the volimtary action of the parties interested. BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ ized under act of the General Assembly, approved March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five members, one from each Senatorial District. The first Board was appointed by the Governor, holding office two years, afterwards becoming elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the law was amended, reducing the number of mem- bers to one for each Congressional District, the whole number at that time becoming nineteen, with the Auditor as a member exofficio, who usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was increased to twenty-two. The Board meets annually on the second Tuesday of August. The abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in the several counties of the State are laid before HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 55 it for examination and equalization, but it may not reduce tlve aggregate valuation nor increase it more than one per cent. Its ixjwers over the return.s of the assessors do not e.xtend bej-ond equalization of assessments between counties. Tlie Board is required to consider the various clas.ses of property separately, and, determine such rates of addition to or deduction from the listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- scribe rules for determining the value of all the classes of property enumerated — personal, real, railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other corporations (excei)t newspapers) is fixed by the Board. Its consideration having been completed, the Board is required to summarize the results of its labors in a comparative table, which must be again examined, compared and perfected. Reports of each annual meeting, with the results reached, are printed at the expense of the State and distributed as are other public documents. The present Board (18971901) consists bj' dis- tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew 5Ic- Ansh, (•!) AUiert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) Frank K, Robeson, (U) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John W. Larimer. (22) William A. Wall, besides the Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-ofllcio member — the District members being divided politically in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four Democrats. BOARD OF PUBUC CHARITIES, a .State Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor Oglesby. Tlie act creating the Board gives the Commissioners supervisory oversight of the financial and administrative conduct of all the charitable and correctional institutions of the State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, and they are especially charged with looking after and caring for the condition of the paupers and the insane. As originally constituted the Board consisted of five male members who em- ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made for the appointment of a female Commissioner. The oflfice is not elective. The Board has always carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various State charitable institutions, anil, under its man- agement, no charge of peculation against any official connected with the same has ever been substantiated; there have been no scandals, and only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and almshouses has lieen careful and conscientious, and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- bers, their terras ending as indicated in paren- thesis: J. C. Corbas (1898), R. D. Lawrence (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- houn (1901), Ephraira Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- bus was President and Frederick H. Wines. Secretary BOG.\RDUS, Charles, legislator, was bom in Cayuga County, X. Y., March 28, 1841, and left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated in the common schools, began working in a store at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred and Fifty-first New York Infantry, lieing elected First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- ous service" before Petersburg. While in the service he participated in some of the most important battles in Virginia, and was once wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located in Ford Count}', 111., where he has l)eena success- ful operator in real estate. He has been twice elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, '92 and '96), and has served on the most important committees in each house, and has proved him- self one of the most useful members. At the .session of 189.5 he was chosen President pro tern. of the Senate. BO(iGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. Baker, liis terra to continue until 1906. BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was bom at Am- herst. Ma.ss., Jan. 17. 1831; fitted for college at Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst College in 18.53. While in college he taught school every winter, commencing on a salary of $4 per week and "boarding round" among the scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- emies at Limerick, Me., and at Pembroke and 56 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Derry, N. H., and in tlie high school at Law- rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner for Rockingham County, N. H. In 18G-1 lie went into the service of the Sanitary Commission in the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a colored regiment, but was not legularly mustered in. After the close of the war he was employed as Suiierintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- ized the first township high school ever organized in the State, where he remained eleven years. He afterwards organized the township high school at Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, in 1883, he organized and took charge of the township high school at Evanston, where he has since been employeil in his profession as a teiicher. Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State Board of Education and has served as President of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher he has given special attention to English language and literature, and to history, being the author of an English Grammar, a High School Speller and "Topical Outlines of General History." besides many contributions to educational jour- nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known somewhat as a tariff reformer. BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829; educated in the common schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring in local factories; studied law ami was admitted to the bar in 18.^3, the following year coming to Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. Bond .served several terms in the Chicago City Council, was Republican Presiilential Elector in 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- bly— 186G-70. BOXD, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the State, was born in Maryland, and, after being liberally educated, removed to Ka.skaskia while Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territorj-. He served as a member of the first Territorial Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in Congress, serving from 1813 to 1814. In the latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in the War of 1812, On the admission of the State, in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- kia, April 13, 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle of the preceding, came to Illinois iu 1781 and was elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly organized Territory of Indiana. BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The first American settlers located here in 1807, com- ing from the South, and building Hill's and Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcelj' twenty-five log cabins in the county. The county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin was erected in 181.5 by George Davidson. Tlie county was organized in 1818, and named in honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original limits included the present counties of Clinton, Fayette and Jlontgomery. The first court was held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit Court at Hill's Station. The first court house was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county contains good timber and farming lands, and at some points, coal is found near the surface. BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sejit. 4, 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled in Peoria, 111., in IS.jO, where he pursued the avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was admitted to the bar in 18.j2, but removed to Chi- cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in practice; served as President of the National Law and Order League in New York in 188.5, being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been President of the Illinois .State Bar Association, as well as a meml>er of the American Bar Associa- tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- cated are constitutional prohibition of special legislation; an extension of equity practice to bankruptcy and other law proceeresident of the Chicago Historical Societj' for seven years and connected with many other local enterprises. He was an ardent personal friend of President Lincoln and served as Repre.sentative in the Twenty -second General Assembly (1860-62). While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western part of the State, with an area of 300 square miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951 ; was cut off from Schuyler and made a separate county in Slav. 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacol) Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the Vandeventers and Hambaughs, Jolm and David Si.\, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, Willis O'Neil. Harry Lester, John Ausmus and Robert II. Curry. The county-seat is Mount Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and Ripley. The chief occupation of the peoi)le is farming, although there is some manufacturing of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois River. Population (1900), 11. .5.57. BROWNE, Franeis Fisher, editor and author, was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- dred Years to Come." In childhood he was brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, where he attended the public schools and learned tlie [irinting trade in his father's newspaper office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862, he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- clmsetts Volimteers, in which he served one year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the University of Michigan in 18()6, but abandoning liis intenton of entering the legal profession, removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1809 and "74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," when he became literary editor of ' 'The Alliance, " ' but, in 1880, he established and a.ssumed the editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- lication which has gained a high reputation, and of which lie has remained in control continuously ever since, meanwhile serving as the literarj- adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- ber of short lyrics, and is the autb.or of "The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden Poems by British and American Authors" (1881); "The Golden Treasury of Poetrj- and Prose'' (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 63 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- nection witli The Columbian Exposition in 1893. BROWNE, Thomas C, early jurist, was born in Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to Shawneetown in 1813, served in the lower brancli of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- yer to enter that body. In 181.5 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the Legislature in 182.5, and serving continuously until the reorganization of the .Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character and abilities have beeil differently estimated. Though lacking in industry as a student, he is represented by the late Judge Jolin D. Caton, who knew him personally, as a close thinker and a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, accustomed to argue questions in the conference room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity for expressing himself in short, pimgent sen- tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- siderable abiUty and had clear and distinct views of his own. An attempt was made to impeach him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of capacity to discharge the duties of his office," but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He was a Wliig in politics, but had .some strong sup- porters among Democrats. In 1823 Judge Browne was one of the four candidates for Governor — in the final returns standing third on the list and, by dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution, contributing to the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slax-eri/ and Slave Latcs.) In the latter part of his ofTicial term Judge Browne resided at Ga- lena, but, in 18.53, removed with his son-in-law, ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — probably about 1856 or 1858. BROivNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer. United States Senator and Attorney-General, was born in Harrison County, Ky. , in 1810. After receiv- ing a classical education at Augusta in his native State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was admitteil to the bar in 1831. In 1833 he served in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, was a member of the Legislature, serving in both houses. A per.sonal friend and political adherent of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization of the Republican party at the memorable Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a conspicuous supporter of the Government in the Civil War. In 1801 he was appointed by Gov- ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator Douglas' unexpired term, serving imtil 1863. In 1860 he Ijecame Secretarj- of the Interior by ap- pointment of President Johnson, al.so for a time di.scharging the duties of Attorney-General. Returning to Illinois, he was elected a memter of the Constitutional Convention Of 1809-70, which was his la.st participation in public affairs, his time thereafter being devoted to his profession. He died at his hotae in Quincy, 111., August 10, 1881. BRYAX, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, born in Culpepi>er County, Va., Nov 4, 1822: was left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, Mo. The following year he came to Marion County, 111., where he attended school and worked on a farm; in 184.5 entered McKendree College, graduating in 1849, and two years later was admitted to tlie bar, supporting himself meanwiiile by teacliing. He settled at Salem. 111., and. in 1852, w:is electeil as a Democrat to the State Senate, in which body he served for eight years, being reelected in 18.56. In 1801 he was elected to tlie bench of the Second Judicial Circuit, and again chosen in 1807, his second term expiring in 1873. While ser^•ing as Judge, he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for Congress on tlie Greeley ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— William Jennings (Brjan), son of the preceding, was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early life of young Bryan was spent on his father's farm, but at the age of ten years he began to attend the public school in town ; later spent two years in Whipple Academy, ,the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted two j'ears to the study of law in the Union Law School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he soon entered ujwn the practice of his profession at Jacksonville as the jjartner of Judge E. P. Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) foimd him a citizen of Lincoln, Xeb., wliich has since been his home. He took a prominent part 64 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State for tlie Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, antl in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for Congress in a district which liad been re^carded as strongly Republican, and was elected by a large majority. Again, in 1893, he was elected by a reduced majority, but two years later declined a renomination, though proclaiming himself a free-silver canilidate for the Uinted States Senate, meanwhile ofHciating as editor of "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1S90, he received tlie nomination for President from the Democratic National Convention at Cliicago, on a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis for the .same oflfice — being the youngest man ever put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- tory of the Government. He conducted an active personal cam]jaign, sjieaking in nearly every Northern and Middle Western State, but was defeated by his Republittan opi)onent, Maj. William JIcKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual compass and power, and is recognized, even by his political opponents, as a man of pure personal character. BRYAN, Thomas IJarbdur, lawyer and real estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 23, 1828, being descended on the maternal side from the noted Barbour family of that State ; grailuated in law at Harvard, and, at the age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 1852 lie came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- tensive real estate interests and built Bryan Hall, which became a popular place for en- tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen to deliver the address of welcome to Senator Douglas, when that statesman returned to Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. During the progress of the war he devoted his time and his means most generouslj- to fitting out soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and wounded. His services as President of the great Sanitary Fair in Chicago (186.5), where some S300.()0() were cleared for disabled soldiers, were especially conspicuous. At this time he became the purchaser (at S3,000) of the original copy of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, ■which had been donated to the cause. He also rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was a leading factor in securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, later becoming Vice-President of the Board of Directors and making a visit to Europe in the interest of the Fair. After the war Jlr. Bryan resided in Washington for some time, and, by appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing refined litei'ary and artistic tastes, he has done mucli for the encouragement of literature and art in Cliicago. Ilis home is in the submban village of Elmliurst. — Charles Page (Bryan), son of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, was born in Cliicago, Oct. 2, Vi'i'), and educated at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and the following year removed to Colorado, where lie remained four yeafs, while there serving in both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he returned to Chicago and became a member of the First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, serving upon the staff of lioth Governor Oglesby and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the State Legislature from Cook County, being re- elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first Commissioner to visit Europe in tlie interest of the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return serving as Secretary of the E.xposition Commis- sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he was appointed by President McKinley Minister to China, but before being confirmed, early in 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. E. H. Conger of Iowa, wlio liad previously been appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- ferred to Pekin. BRYA\T, John Howard, pioneer, brother of William Cullen Bryant, tlie poet, was born in Cumniington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- ous offices in Bureau County, including that of Representative in the General Assembly, to which he was elected in 1842, and again in 18.'i8. A practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society in its early liistory, as also with the movement which resulted in the establishment of industrial colleges in the various States. He was one of the founders of the Republican party and a warm personal friend of President Lincoln, being a member of the first Republican State Convention at Blooinington in 1856, and serving as Collector of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- coln in 1868-64. In 1873 Mr. Bryant joined in the Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 65 years later was identified with the "Independent Reform" party, but has since cooperated with the Democratic party. He has produced two volumes of poems, published, re.spectively, in Isri.T and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College at Jacksonville, Died at Decatiu-, 111.. AugiLst 22, 1892. 6UDA, a town in Bureau County, at the junc- tion of two branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, twelve miles southwest of Princeton (the country-seat), and 118 miles west- southwest of Chicago. It has several churches, a bank and a newspaper office Dairying is ex- tensively carried on in the surrounding region, and Buda has a good sized creamery. Beds of clay abound, and brick and tile are manufactured here. There are also iron works and a manu- factory of railroad supplies. Population (1880), 778, (1890), 990; (1900), 873. BUFORl), Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and soldier, was born in Woodford C'ountj'. Ky., Jan. 13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then resigned his commission, and, after some service as an engineer ujion public works in Kentucky, established himself as an iron-founder and banker at Rock Island, 111 , in 1857 becoming President of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, Ark., where he was in command from Septem- ber, 1863, to March, 1805. In the meantime, by promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- General bj- brevet, being mustered out in August, 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs (1808), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific Railroad (180709). Died, March 28, 1883. BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 23, 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- ing school in a log school-house in the winter and working on a farm in the summer. His family then removed to Illinois, finally locating at Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the preparatorj- department of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was immediately made Principal of the preparatory department, remaining two years, when he was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in Shurtleff College, but remained only two years, when he accepted the pastorship of a church at CarroUton, which he continued to fill nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of one year he was again called to a professorship in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of Church History and Church Polity, which he continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; also serving for a time as Acting President dur ing a vacancy in that oflice. During this period he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- erator at General Associations of the BaptLst Church, and he became widely known, not only in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. BULL, Lorenzo, lianker, Quincy, 111 , was born in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819. being the eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the party who. under Thomas Hooker, moved from the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he arrived at Quincy, 111., entirelj' without means, but soon after secured a position with Judge Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and Justice of the Peace. Here the j-oung clerk made himself acquainted with the people of the county (at that time few in number), with the land-system of the country and with the legal forms and methods of [irocedure in the courts. He remained with Juilge Snow over two years, receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- lars jier month, and, for the second, ten dollars per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's family. He next accepted a situation with Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the most prominent mercantile houses of the city, remaining througli various changes of the firm until 1844, when he formed a partnership with 66 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his brother under the firm name of L. 'ashington, lawyer and Attor- ney-General, was torn in Madison County. N. Y., Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to Liston, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on a farm and taught at times : studied law at Pough- keepsie. N. Y., was admitted to the bar and established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. The public jwsitions held by him were those of State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and Attorney -General (1869-73) ; was also a memtor of the Republican National Convention of 1864. besides being identified with various business enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 70 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. BITLER, William, State Treasurer, was born in Adair County, Ky., Dec. lo, 1797; during the war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the messenger of tlie Governor of Kentucky, carrying dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it was largely through his influence that the pro- ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- lished in an official form. During the same year Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of James Miller, and he was elected to the same office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently befriended in the early struggles of the latter in Springfield. He died in Springfield. Jan. 11. 1876. BUTTERFIELI), Justin, early lawyer, was born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at Williams College, and was admitted to the bar at Watertown, X. Y., in 1812. After some j'ears devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where he attained a high rank at tlie bar. In 18;J,j he settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in his profession there also. In 18-11 he w;^s appointed by President Harrison United States District At- torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by President Taylor Con^missione^ of the General Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the latter place being Abraham Lincoln. Tliis dis- tinction lie probablj' owed to the personal influ- ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he rendered valuable service to the State in securing the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and elsewhere. One of the former relates to his address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur- rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if he was opposed to the war with Jlexico, he replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 2.5, is,^.-). BYFORI), William H., physician and author, was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 came witli his widowed mother to Crawford County. 111., and began learning the tailor's trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at Vincennes ami practiced at different points in Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he assumed a professorship in a Medical College at Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two years later became one of the founders of the Chicago Jledical College, where he remained twenty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, assuming the cliair of Gynecology. In 1870 he assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- lege of Chicago, remaining President of the Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death. May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical works which are regarded as standard by the profession, besides acting as a.ssociate of Dr. N. .S. Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical Journal and Examiner," the successor of the former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest esteem as a physician and a man, both by the general public and his professional associates. BVROX, a village of Ogle Coimty, on Rock River, at the intersection of the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railways, 83 miles west-northwest from Chicago. It is the center of a farming and dairying dis- trict; has banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal industry, but there are also tile works, a good quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being found in abundance. Population (1880), 572; (1890), 1,276; (1900). 697. CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician, was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky.. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 71 August 11, 18o3. Wlien lie was three years old his father's familj' removed to Rock Island, III, where he has since resided. After passing through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- ulated at the Universitj- of Michigan, graduating in June, 18T6. He owns extensive ranch and manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- ential in his party, having been a member of both the National and State Central Committees. In 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public office. CABLE, Bansom B., railway manager, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. His early training was mainly of the practical sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was actively employed as a lumberman. In 18.57 he removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock Island. Later he became interested in the pro- jection and management of railroads, being in turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His next position was that of General Manager of the Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His experience in these positions rendered him famil- iar with both the scope and the details of raikoad management, while his success brought him to the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- way interests all over the country. In 1876 he was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with this company he has held, successive!}", the offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- dent, General Manager and President, being chief executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock Island ct Pacific Raihcay.) CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas here in 1700. to which they gave the name of "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were jointly made the county-seats of St. Clair County, when that county was organized by Governor St. Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph County was set ofT from St. Clair, Cahokia was continued as the county-seat of the parent county, so remaining until the removal of the seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its early rival, Kaskaskia. it has dwindled in impor- tance until, in 1890, its jwpulation was estimated at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers make up a considerable portion of the present population. The site of the old town is on the line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road, about four miles from East St. Louis. Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- Builders. Works of fhe.) CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., which was embraced in Lawrence County on the organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes was a member of the House for Crawford County in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and for Lawrence County in the Third (1823-24), in the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence County to some point on the Mississippi River in 1826, but further details of his history are un- known. CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County, and the most important river point between St. Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- racli Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- ges, the land reverted to the Government. The forfeited tract was re-entered in ISS.j by Sidney Breese and others, who later transferred it to the "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is said to have erected the first house, and John Hawley the second, within the town limits. In consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois Centi'al Railroad has erected around the water front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- ing the Civil War Cairo w;is an important base for military operations. Its iwpulation, according to the census of 1900. was 12,566. (See also Alex- ander County.) C.VIEO BBIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest metallic bridge across a river in the world, being thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in Scotland. The work of construction was begun. July 1, 1887, and xininterruptedly prosecuted for twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 1889. The first train to cross it was made up of ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 72 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braceil timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and one span of IOG'4 feet. All these rest on cylin- der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally supported by piles driven within the cylinders. The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar general construction. The total number of spans is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, and one of 106^':^ feet. The total length of the metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, including that of the bridge proper, which is 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through spans and three deck spans. The through spans rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic foundations. The total length of the bridge, including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about 3^ miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle work has been filled in with earth, while that on the southern shore has been virtually replaced by an embankment since the completion of the bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in the clear above low water, and from the deepest foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including the filling and embankment of the trestles, has been (1S05) between S:l 250, 000 and §3,500.000. CAIRO, VINCEXXES &; CHICAGO RAIL- ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from Danville .to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & Vincennes Railroail in 1867, completed in 1ST3, placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold under foreclosure in Januarj-, 1880, and for some time operated as the Cairo Division of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Riiilway, it was united with the Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as the Cairo. Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland. Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Rnihra;/.) C.4IE0 ii ST. LOriS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis moral and correct in his public and private life, . . . was a respectable physician, and alwa^'S maintained an linblemished character." CALHOUX, John, pioneer printer and editor, was born at Watertown, N. Y., April 14, 1808; learned the printing trade and practiced it in his nativs^ town, also working in a type-foundry in Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him HISTOKICAL E^'CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 73 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, and, on Nov. 2G, befjan the issue of "The Chicago Democrat" — the first pajter ever published in that city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- ber, 1830, to John Wentworth, who conducted it until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 1861. 3Ir. Calhoun afterwards served as County Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as agent of the Illinois Centra! R;iilroad in procur- ing right of way for the construction of its lines. Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. CALHOUXj John, surveyor and politician, was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black Hawk War and was soon after appointed County Surveyor. It was imder Mr. Calhoun, and by his appointment, that Abiaham Lincoln served for some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon County. In 1838 Calhoun was cliosen Represent- ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the following session. He was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful candidate for the nomination for Governor in 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51). served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 1852 he was defeated bj' Richard Yates (after- wards (iovernor and United .States Senator), as a candidate for Congress, but two years later was appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General of Kansas, w-here he became discreditablj- con- spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out the policy of the Buchanan administration for making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- vention, with the election of which he had much to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. Joseph. Mo., Oct 25. 1859. C.^iLHOrX, William J., lawj-er, was born in Pittsburg. Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at various points in that State, his family removed to Ohio, where he worked on a farm untU 1864, Avlien he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of the war. He participated in a number of severe battles while with Sherman on the march against Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- ville, Tenn. During the lust few months of the war he served in Texas, being mustered out at San Antonio in tliat State, though receiving his final discharge at Colmnbus, Ohio. After the war he entered the Poland Union Seminar}-, where lie became the intimate personal friend of Maj William McKinley, who was elected to the Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 111., and began the study of law, later taking a course in a law school in Chicago, after which he was admitted to the bar (1875) and established himself in practice at Danville as the partner of the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1883 Mr. Calhoun was elected as a Republican to the lower branch of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during the following session, proved liimself one of the ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. Calhoim was appointed by President McKinley a special envoy to investigate the circumstances attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- uralized citizen of the United States who had died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- St^e Commerce Commission to succeed William R. Morrison, whose term had expired. CALHOUN' cor XT Y, situated between the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- nally, the countj' was well timbered and the early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, which tended to give the population more or less of a migratory character. Much of the timber has been cleared off, and the principal business in later years has been agriculture, although coal is found and mined in paying quantities along Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the almrig- ines found the precious metals in the bed of this stream. It was originally included within the limits of the Military Tract set apart for the veterans of the Wa'r of 1812. The physical con- formation of the coimty's surface exhibits some peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of both rivers, while through the center of the county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. The side valleys and the top of the central ridge are alike fertile. The Iwttom lands are very rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- tion (1890) of 311. CALLAH.iN. Etiiclhort, lawyer and legislator, was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; came to Crawford County, 111., in 1849, where he farmed, tauglit school and edited, at different times, "The Wabash Sentinel " and "The Marshall Telegraph." He early identified himself with the Republican party, and, in 1864. was the Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 74 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. trict ; became a member of the first State Board of Equalization by appointment of fiovernor Oglesby in 18G7 ; served in the lower liouse of the General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, "Ol, '9i? and '95, and, in 1893-9r), on a Joint Committee to revise the State Revenue Law.i. lie was also Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 80 years of age, and was President of the State Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. CALUMET KIVER, a short stream the main body of which is formed by the union of two branches which come together at the southern boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known as the Gi'and Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with the Little Calumet from the west, 'A^ miles Crom the mouth of the main stream. From the south- ern limit of Chicago the general course of the stream is north l)etween Lake Calumet and Wolf Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, Calumet Harbor has been construtrted, which admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy draught, and is a shipping and receiving point of importance for heavy freight for the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace Car Works and other manufacturing establish- ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as a navigable stream, and has lieen dredged by the General Government to a depth of twenty feet and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles, with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal in the vicinity of Willow Sjjrings. The stream was known to the early French explorers as "the Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by them with the Cliicago River. CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line, 4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within (.^ook County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company is the lessee, but the line is not operated at jjresent (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §68,700. It has no fimded debt, but has a floating debt of §116,357, making atotal capitaliziitioii of .St!w'),087. This road extends from One Hundredth Street in Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. (See Pnnisi/lrmiia Railroad.) CAMBRID(iE, the county-seat of Henry County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to agriculture and .stock raising. The city is a considerable grain market and lias some manu- factories. Some coal is also mined. It has a puldic library, two newspapers, banks, good schools, and handsome imblic (countj') buildings. Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States census report, 940; (1900), 1,345. CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian minister ami i)ioneer, was born in Kentucky in 1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, .settled in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have located where the town of New Salem (after- wards associated with the early history of Abra- ham Lincoln) was built, anil of which he and James Rutledge were the founders. He is also said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's name has been tenderly associated by his biog- raphers. Sir. Cameron subsequently removed successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter State, about 1878. CAMP DOr(;LAS, a Federal military camp established at Cliicago early in the War of the Rebellion, locateil between Thirty-first Street and College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest Avenues. It was "originally designed and solely used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- ment for Confodciate jirisoners of war. (For plot to liberate llie latter, together with other similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be but a preliminary step in the execution of a design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- erty." {See Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent from Richmond to Canada, held frequent conferences with leaders of the treasonable organizations in the North, including Clement L. Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that city and scattered throughout the States. The general management of the affair was entrusted to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second TIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 75 in command to the rebel (len. John Morgan dur- ing Ids raid north of the Ohio Kiver. while Col. Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger Orenfell (an Englishman) were selected to carry out the military program. Hines followed out his instructions with great zeal and labored indefatigably. Thonii)Son's duty was to dis- seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and strengthen the timorous ".Sons of Liberty" by the use of argument and money, both he and his agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. There was to be a draft in July, 1.Hf!4, and it was determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for July 30. This part of the scheme, however, was finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- self at Chicago, and personalh' attended to the distriljution of funds and the purchase of arms. The date finally fi.xerl for the attempt to liberate the Southern prisoners was August 2!), 1804, when the National Democratic Convention was to assemble at Chicago. On that date it was expected the city would be so crowded that the presence of the promised force of "Sons" would not excite comment. The program also included an attack on the city by water, for which pur- pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. There were some 26,.')00 Southern prisoners in the State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, who would be largely reen forced. With these and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus formed was to march upon Rock Island, Sjiring- field and Alton. But susi)icions were aroused, and the Camji was reenforced by a regiment of infantry aiul a battery. The organization of the proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and the great majority of those who were to compose it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the latter reported for service to justify an attack, and the project was postpone2. CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- tary Academy at West Point, and, in 18.").'), was attached to the Si.xth United States Infantry as Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian fighting, he was ordered to California, where he was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers. His record during the war was an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 1861; commanded tlie District of Southeast Mis- souri for eighteen months; led a brigade under Slocum in the Arkansas campaign; served with marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi; took a prominent part in the battle of Stone River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, at Chattanooga, Lookout Jlountain and Mission- ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- General for services during the war. Colonel Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- General in 1893. His home is at CarroUton. CARLINVILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles northea.st of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) is located here. Three coal mines are ojjerated, and there are brick works, tile works and flouring mills. Three newspapers are j)ublished here, two issuing daily editions. Population (1880), 3,117; (1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,.502. CARLYLE, the county -seat of Clinton County, 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas- kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. The town has churches and schools adapted to its wants, and some manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for young ladies, three weekly papers, and a i)ul)lic library of some 5.000 volume.s. Population (1880), 2.017; (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St. Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- rounding country is fertile, yielding lK)th cereals and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- turing, including the making of staves, are the chief industries, though the city has brick and tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- tion (1880), 2.512; (1890V 2.785; (1900), 2,939. CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as 80 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Rei)resentative in the Ninth General Assembly (1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventli ami Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) he was elected by the Legislature to the office of State Treasurer, retaining this position until the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. when lie was chosen his own successor by popular vote, but died a few days after the election in August, 1848. He was buried in what is now known as the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, long since abandoned — where his remains still lie (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- gist, was born of Piuitan and Revolutionary ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 37, 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , in 1828. and came to Cliicago in 1832, where he establislied liimself in tlie drug business, whicli was later extended into other lines. Soon after his arrival, he began investing in lands, which have since become immensely valuable. Mr. Carpenter was associated witli the late Rev. Jeremiah Porter in tlie organization of tlie First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in ISol. withdiew on account of dissatisfaction with the attitude of some of the representatives of that denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- ing himself with the Congregationali.st Church, in which he had been reared. He was one of the original founders and most literal benefactors of the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in bequests after his death, sums aggregating not far from .?100,000. One of tlie Seminary buiUl- ings was named in his honor, "C'ar))enter Hall. " He was identified with various other organiza- tions, one of the most important being the Relief and Aid Society, which did such useful work after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber- alitj' and benevolence, he won the respect of all classes, dying, August 7. 188G. CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- neer teaclier, born in Fiedoiiia. N. Y., .Sept. 1, 1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State Line. N. Y. ; in 1833 removed witli her parents (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in what was called the "Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, Will County. She came to Chicago the following year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to have been the first teacher paid out of the public funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom slie survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, Jan. 10, 1897. C.^RPENTERSVILLE, a village of Kane County, on the Lake Geneva branch of the Chi- cago & Northwestern l{;iilroad, 7 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 miles from Chicago. Population (18!»0), 7."j4; (1900). 1,002. CARR, Clark £., lawyer, politician and diplo- mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Maj' 20. 1830 ; at 13 years of age accompanied his fatlier's family to Galesburg. 111., where he spent several years at Knox College. In 18.^7 he gradu- ated from the Albany Law Scliool, but on return- ing to Illinois, soon embarked in i)oIitics, his affiliations being uniformly with the Republican jiarty. His first ofiice was that of Postmaster at (ialesburg, to whicli he was appointed by Presi dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued assistant of Governor Yates during the War of the Rebellion, serving on tlie staff of the latter with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to the National Convention of his jiarty at Baltimore in 18(i4, which renominated Lincoln, and took an active part in the campaigns of that j'ear. as well as tliose of 18G8 and 1872. In 18119 he purchased "The Galesburg Republican," which lie edited and published for two years. In 1880 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, from the State- at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus nomination for United States Senator, which was given to Cliarles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was defeated in the Republican State Convention as (■andidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister to Denmark, which post he filled with marked ability and credit to the country until his resig- nation was accepted by President Cleveland, when he returned to his former home at Gales- burg. While in Denmark lie did much to promote American trade with tliat country, especially in tlie introduction of American corn as an article of food, which has led to a large increase in the annual exportation of this com- modity to Scandinavian markets. CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at West Point in 18.')0, entering the Mounted Rifles. Until 18G1 he was stationed in the Far West, and engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 81 tenancy through his gallantrj-. In 1861 he entered upon active service under General Lyon, in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the second day at Pea Ridge, although three times wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, and materially aided in securing a victorj-, for his bravery being made Brigadier-General of Volunteers. In the summer of 1863 he was promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in the United States Army. He also distinguished himself for a first and second a.ssault upon taking Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at Corinth. In December of that year he was transferred to the Department of Arkansas, where he gained new laurels, being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, and Major-General for services during the war. After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and has since resided in New York. CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born at Charlestown, N. H., and educated at Marlow Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he visited a large number of the leading hospitals and asyhmis of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel received tlie appointment of Superintendent of the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, a position which he continued to fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect July 1 of that year. — Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148.039 over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. CARROLL COUXTY, originally a part of Jo Daviess County, but set apart and organized in 1839, named for Charles Carroll of CarroUton. The first settlements were in and around Savanna. Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor den. Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held their first court at Savanna. April 13, 1839. In 1843 the county-seat was changed from Savanna to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town- ships were first organized in 18.50, and the development of the county has steadily pro- gressed since tliat date. The surface of the land is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- esque. The land is generally good for farming It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- sissippi. Area of the county, 440 .S(|uare miles; population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public and private scliools. CARROLLTOX, the county-seat of Greene County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, 33 miles north-northwest of Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jack- sonville. A foundry, a carriage factory, two machine shops and two flouring mills are the chief manufacturing establishments. The town contains two banks, six churclies, a high school, and two weekly newsjjaper offices. Population (1880), 1.934; (1890), 2,2.58; (1900), 2,355. CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky., March 12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after attending sc1k>o1 at Tu.scola four years, eng;iged in teachhig until 1863, when he entered Illinois College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated from the Law Department of the University of Michigan, the next year establishing himself in practice at Quincy, where he has since resided He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty- second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in June, 1894, was elected to tlie seat on the Supreme Bench, which lie now occupies CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 18.54; in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his father locating at Pana, where he was educated in the public schools; was employed in farming, railroading and teaching several years, then studied law and was admitted to the bar, and. in 1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican, the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from Idaho and the first Representative from the new 82 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. State; was Commissioner of the General Land Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. In 1892 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- lican National Committee, serving until tlie St. Louis Convention of 1896. C.VRTEKVILLE, a village in Williamson County, 10 miles by rail northwest of Jlarion. Coal mining is the principal industry. It has a bank, four churches, a public school, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 692; (1890). 969; (1900), 1.749. CARTHAGE, a city, and the county-seat of Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincj- and the Wabash Railroads. It has waterworks and is lighted by electricity; luis three weekly papers, and is the seat of a Lutheran College. Popula- tion (ISSO), 1,.")94; (1890), 1.6.i4; (1900), 2,104. CARTHAfiE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching faculty of twelve members, and reports l.")8 inipils — sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. It has a library of .">.000 volumes and endowment of §32,000. Instruction is given in the classical, scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 this institution reported a property valuation of .S41,000. of which i;3.").000 was in real estate. CARTHAGE ic Bl RLIXGTON RAILROAD. (.See Chicatjo. Burlington rf- Quincy liailroud.) CARTWRKiHT, James Henry, Justice of the Supreme Court, was born at JIaquoketa, Iowa, Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist clergyman; was educated at Rook River Semi- nary and the University of Michigan, graduating from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home; in 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- late Court duty ; in Decemlier, 189.5, was elected Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 1897. CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., Sept. 1. 178.5. and at the age of five years accom- panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and unsettled, there were no schools, the neare.st mill was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- known. Methodist circiiit riders soon invaded the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious impressions. A few months later he abiindoned his reckless life, sold his race-Iiorse and abjured gambling. He began preaching immediately after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly received into the ministrj' of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, altliough only 18 years old. In 1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, where his homespun wit and undaimted courage stood liim in good stead. For a long series of years he attended annual conferences (usually as a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of slavery, and rejoit'ed at t)ie division of his denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous supporter of the Government during the Civil War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preaclier, a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the lecture platform, his (juaintness and eccentricity, together with his ine.xhaustible fund of personal anecdotes, insured an interested audience. Numerous stories are told of liis physical prowess in overcoming unruly characters whom he had failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the church he was equally fearless and outspoken, and liis strong common sense did much to pro- mote the success of the denomination in the West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal published works are "A Controversy witli the Devil" (18.53), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- ^v^ight" (18.56), "The Backwoods Preacher"" (London, 1^69), and several works on Methodism. CAR V, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 20, 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile attending a select school or academy at intervals; studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo, N. Y. , 18.55-56; served as City Attorney and later as Count}' Judge, and, in 1861. enlisted in the First Regiment Wisconsin "Volunteers, serv- ing as a Captain in tlie Army of the Cumberland, and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the staff of General Rousseau. After the war he settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, was the High-License candidate for Mayor in opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 83 many to have been honestly elected, but counted out by the machine luetlioUs then in vogue. CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex County, N. J., May 2, 1791 ; died at Summerfield, III, Dec. 16, 18.57. His father, Rev. Thomas Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his wife, Abigail Tingle}', was among the early settlers of .Sussex Coimty. He was descended from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name being originally Cossart, the American branch having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who emigrated from Lej-den to New York in 1663. At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site of the present city of Daj'ton, where some of his relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, ISH, he married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel Stites and Martlia Martin Stites, her mother's father and grandfather having been patriot sol- diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in the War of 1812, being a member of Captain Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1S18 he re- moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered the ministry of the Methodist Ejjiscopal Church, and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, where he taught school. Later he studied medi- cine and attained considerable prominence as a practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 183."). He was one of the founders of McKendree College and a liberal contributor to its support ; was also for many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at Lebanon, served as Count}' Surveyor of St. Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter- section of the Vaudalia Line and the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad, 3.j miles southwest of Terre Haute. Population (1890), 844; <1900), 1,500. CASEY, Zadoe, pioneer and early Congressman, was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the yoiuig- est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War wlio removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817. bringing with him his widowed mother, and settling in the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon. in Jefferson County, where he acquired great prominence as a politician and became the head of an influential family. He began preaching at an early age. and continued to do so occasionally through his iKjlitical career. In 1819. he took a prominent part in the organization of Jefferson County, serving on the first Board of County Commi.ssioners ; was an unsucces-sful candidate for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant- Governor, and during his incumbency took part in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept a seat as one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, to which he had been elected a few months previous, being subsequently re-elected for four con.secutive terms. In 1842 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. JlcClernand. Other public positions held by him included those of Delegate to the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in the Sixteenth and .Seventeenth General Assem- blies (1848-.')2), serving as Speaker in the former. He was again elected to the .Senate in 1800, but died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4. 1862. During the latter years of liis life he was active in securing the riglit of way for the Ohio & Mississippi Riiilroad, the original of the Mis- sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- western. He commenced life in poverty, but acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor of the ground upon which the Supreme Court building for the Southern Division at Mount Vernon was erected. — Dr. Xewton R. (Casey), son of the preceding, was l)orn in Jefferson County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- mary education in the local schools and at Hills- boro and Jlount Vernon Academies; in 1842 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that State, remaining imtil 184.5, when he com- menced the study of medicine, taking a course of lectures the following year at the Louisville Medical Institute; soon after began practice, and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning the following year to Mount Vernon. In 18.56.57 he attended a second course of lectures at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter year removing to Mound City, where he filled a number of positions, including that of Mayor from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election. In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- nois to the Democratic National Convention at Charle.ston, S. C, and, on the establishment of the United States Government Hospital at Slound Citv. in 1861, acted for some time a-s a volunteer 84 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 1866, he was elected Representative in the Twentj'-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. Cullom; also again served as Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74). Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey lias given his attention to the pi'actice of his profes- sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1833, educated in the common schools and at McKend- ree College, in due course receiving the degree of A.M. from the latter; studied law for three years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860, was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial District: in September, 1862, was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out Jlay 16. 1863, having in the meantime taken part in the battle of Stone River and other important engagements in Western Tennessee. By this time his regiment, having been much reduced in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was again elected State's Attorney, serving until 1808; in 1870, was cliosen Representative, and, in 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where he died, March 1, 1891. CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the center of the State, with an area of 360 square miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 — named for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed to have made the locality of Beardstown tlieir headquarters about the time of the discovery of the Illinois country. The earliest permanent white settlers came about 1830, and among them were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1831 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in 1837, M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest preachers, and among the pioneei's may be named Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing, Davis. Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins. Beardstown was the original county -seat, and during both the Black Hawk and Mormon troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made his first political speech. The site of the town, as at present laid out, was at one time sold by Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand- lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhaljitants. Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated until 1843. CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1833; graduated at Denison University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor there, and, for several years, had charge of the public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 111., remaining until his death. Jan. 31, 1893. Professor Castle received the degree of LL.D. from Denison Universitj' in 1877. CATHEUWOOI), Mary Hartwell, author, was born (Hartwcll) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844, educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the author of a number of works of fiction, which have been accorded a high rank. Among her earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), "Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" (1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. Anne" (1889). During the past few years she has shown a predilection for .subjects connected with early Illinois history, and has published popular romances under the title of "The Story of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French in the New World." CATON, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, was born in Monroe County, N. Y. , March 19, 1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty and maiuial labor. At 15 he was set to learn a trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to abandon it. After a brief attendance at an academy at Utica, wliere lie studied law between the ages of 19 and 21. in 1833 he removed to Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected Justice of the Peace, .served as Alderman in 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- ►J o H Z z w D O z ca X H O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 85 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During this period he more tliaii once occupied the posi- tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and. taking his family with him, began farming. Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he became interested in the construction of telegraph lines in the West, which for a time bore his name and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- ern Union," laying the foundation of a large fortune. On retiring from the bench, lie devoted himself for the remainder of his life to his private affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among his published works are "The Antelope and Deer of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." Died in Chicago, July 30, 189.5. CAVARLT, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- lator, was born in Connecticut, Sept. 1.5, 1793; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in 1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene County. Here he was elected Representative in the Fifth General Assembly (182()), and again to the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies (1842-48), acting, in 184.i, as one of the Commis- sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a pronunent candidate for the Democratic nomi- nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- tion by Augustus C. French. 3Ir. Cavarly was prominent both in his profession and in the Legislature while a member of that body. In 18.")3, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. CENTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near Coal Citv. Population (ISHd). 073; (1900). 290. CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSAXE, established under act of the Legislature passed March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- gan County. Its founding was largely due to the philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, who addressed the people from the platform and ai)peared before the General Assembly in behalf of this class of unfortunates. Construction of the building was begun in 1848. By 18.51 two wards were ready for occupancy, and the first l)atient was received in November of that year. The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, who served less than two years, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as Acting Superintendent for several months, when the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his administration continuing until 1870, when he resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge of the institution. The original plan of construc- tion provided for a center building, five and a half stories high, and two wings with a rear extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen and employes' quarters. Subsequently these wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an increase in the number of wards, and as the exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- ations have been made for the erection of addi- tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings have been erected within the past few years, and the capacity of the institution greatly increased — "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of many new and valuable features in the classifica- tion and treatment of patients. The number of inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 1,400. The counties from which patients are received in this institution embrace: Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- shall, Stark, Knox, Warren. Henderson. Hancock, McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, Mason, Menard, Ca.ss, Schuyler. Adams, Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Jlorgan, Sangamon, Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and Jersey. CENTRALIA, a city and railway junction in Marion County, 2.50 miles south of Chicago. It forms a trade-center for the famous "fruit belt" of Southern Illinois. It has also coal mines and various descriptions of manufactories, includ- ing Hour and rolling mills, nail factory, iron foundries and railway repair shojis. There are three papers published here — two daily. The city has several parks and an excellent system of graded schools, including a high school. Popula- tion (1880), 3.621; (1890), 4,703: (1900), 0.721. CENTRALIA & ALTAMOXT RAILROAD. (See Centralia &• Chester Railroad.) CEMRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail way line wholly within the State, extending from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the Mississippi River (91.0 miles), with a lateral branch from Sparta to Roxborough (.5 miles), and trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 8G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered as the Centralia & Chester R, and graduated at Dartnioutli in 179.5. Althougli reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary in Northern and Western New York. In 1805, he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, organizing a number of parishes and founding an academy at Worthington; was consecrated a Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to raise funds, laid tlie foundation of Kenyon College and Gambier Theological .Seminary, named in honor of two English noblemen who had contributed a large portion of the funds. Differences arising witli some of his clergy In reference to the proper use of the funds, he resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency of the college in 1831. and after three j-ears of missionary labor in Jlichigan, in 1835 was chosen Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to England, he succeeded in raising additional funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance and the most successful pioneer of tlie Episcopal Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop from 1843 until liis death, wliich occurred Sept. 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, the most important being "A Plea for the West" (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, Comprising a History of the Principal Events in the Author's Life" (1848). CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), G29. CHATSWORTH, a town in Livingston County, on the Toledo, Pooria & Warsaw Railway, 79 miles east of Peoria and 44 miles east -northeast of Bloomington. It is tlie center of a farming and stock-raising district, but has brick works and some other manufactories. It has a bank, four churches, a graded school and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 827; (1900). 1,038. CHEBAJfSE, a town in Irocjuois and Kankakee Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place lias a bank and two newspapers. Population (1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555. CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at Hobart in 1857, and began study for tlie ministry of tlie Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after ordination lie became rector of Chri.st Clniich, Chicago, and was iirominent among tlio.se wlio, under tlie leadersliip of Assistant Bishop Cum- mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- tion, and was consecrated in Christ Churcli, Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. CHENEY, John Yance, author and librarian, was born at (irovelaud, N. Y., Dec. 29, .1848, though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., where lie grew up and received his primary edu- cation, lie acquired his academic training at Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the same institution. Having studied law, he was admitted to the bar successivel)' in Massachusetts and New York; but meanwhile having written considerabl}' for the old ".Scribner's Monthly" (now "Century Magazine"), wliile under the editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually adopted literature as a profession. Removing to the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining imtil 1894, when he accepted the position of Librarian of tlie Newberry Librarj' in Chicago, as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney is the author of numerous essaj's on literary subjects. His published works include "Thistle- Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Bloom.s," iioems (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," jioeni (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's edition of Derby's Phfeiii.xiana. CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw and the Chicago & Alton Rail- roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-giowing and coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- rounding region, one mine being operated within the corporate limits. The city also has a cream- er}', canning works and tile works, besides two banks, seven churches, a graded school and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,063; (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,512. CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer, was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1813; at the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 89 age of thirteen was chaiiiman to an engineering party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- ton Railroad, and, in 1840, Chief Engineer of the Boston Waterworks, in 18.50 becoming sole Com- missioner of the "Water Department of that city. In 18.">, he became engineer of the Chicago Board of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity designed the sewerage system of the city — also planning the river tunnels. He resigned the iflHce of Commissioner of Public Works of Chicago in 18T9. He was regarded as an author- ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, Toronto, Jlilwaukee and other cities. Died, Augvist 19, ISSG. CIIESNUT, John A., lawyer, was bom in Ken- tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. was educated principally in his native State, but came to Illinois in 1830, read law with P. H. Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until ISoi'), when he removed to Springfield and engaged in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- nut was associated with many local business enterprises, was for several j'ears one of the Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and Diiiiil) at Jacksonville, also a Tru.stee of the Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the .same place, and was Supervisor of the United States Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. Died, Jan 14, 1898. CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph County: situated on the Mi.ssissippi River, 76 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, and is a prominent shipping point for this com- modity; also has quarries of building stone. It has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890), 2,708; (imio), 2,833. CHETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 20, 1824, of French Hugue- not stock — his parents having emigrated from Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. Having received a common school education, he became a merchant at Galena, and was the first to volunteer there in response to the call for troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, which General Grant had declined; participated in the campaign on the Tennessee River which resulted in the capture of Fort Donel.seing the chief port on the great hikes, Chicago ranks second to no other American citj' as a railway center. The old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, was operated in 1849, and within three 3'ears a substantial advance had been scored in the way of steam trans])()rtation. Since then the multi- ])lication of railroad lines focusing in or passing through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 1895 not less than thirty -eight di.stinct lines enter the cit}-, although these are operated by only twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of railroad track are laid within the city limits. The number of trains daily arriving and depart- ing (suburban and freight included) is about 3,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, and numerous bridges connect the various divi- sions of the city. History. — Point du Sable (a native of San Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of Chicago other than the aborigines. The French missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. After the expulsion of the French at the clo.se of the French and Indian War, the territory passed under British control, though French traders remained in this vicinity after the War of the Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- cred by the savages. (See Fo}-t Dearborn.) The fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement established around it. The first Government survey was made, 1829-30, Early residents were the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather aided in developing the resources and increasing n > o a. n o > n S o > o o o 3 c t/5 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 91 the population of the infant settlement by draw- ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of mutual protection. Town organization was effected on August 10. 1832. the total nunil>er of votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly for a time, but received a set-back in tlie financial crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became a city. The total number of votes cast at that time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st of July of that year showed a population of 4.180. The following table shows the names and term of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 1899: 1837 1838 1839 1S40 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1»46 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 IS60 1861 1862 1863 18(14 LSI 15 1^>^J6 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877-78 1879 80 1981-82 1883-84 1885 86 1887-88 1889-90 1891-92 1893 M 1895-96 l»y7-i>8 1899 City Clbrk. C'TV ATTORNEY. Wm. B. Ogdea.. Buckiier s. Morris Benj. w, Kayiiioiid Alexander Lloyd F. C. Hhermaii Beiij W. Kaymond AuffiiHtiis (Jarreil Autr Onrrftt.AlsoM S.Sherman(4) AuE:.Garrett.Al3onS.Sherman(4) John P. Chapiu James Curtiaa .. James H. VVoodworth James H. VVoodworth Jamf'S Ciirtiss Wiilter H (Uiniee I Walters. Oiirnee I Charles M. Gray Ira L MiHikeii Levi D. Boone Thomas Dyer John Weiitworth i John C Haines ' John C. Haines John Weiitworth Julian s, Rumsey F. C. Sherman F O. Sherman F, O. Sherman John B. Uice I John H. Rice John B. Rice ! Joli n B. Rice I John B- Rice(8j , R. B. Mason I K. B. Mason Joteph MediU Joseph MediU Harvey D. Colvin Harvey D. Colvin Monroe Heath. i9) H. D. Colvin, 1 Thomas Hoyne Monro.- IlMiith Cartfr H. Harrison .. Carter II. Harrison ; Carter H. Harrison Carter H Harrison John A. Rorhe Dewiit C. Cregier Hempstead Washburne Carter H. Harrison. Geo. B. I swift.! 11) John P. Hopkins. (II i Geo, B. Swirt Carter IL Harrison. Jr i Carter H. Harrison, Jr I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1) Geo. Davis IWm. H. Brackett Thomas Hoyne, Thomas Hoyne J.Curtis , James M. Lowe E. A. Rucker K. A. Rucker.Wm S.Brown(5» Henrv B. Clarke Henry B Clarke Sidney Abel Sidney A bell Sidney Abell Henry VV. Zimmerman Henry W- Zimmerman Henry W. ZLmmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman Henry W. Zimmerman H. Kreisman . li. Kreisman H. Kreisman Abraham Kohn A. J. Marble A. J. Marble H. W. Zimmerman H. W. Zimmerman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman Albert H. Bodman. Albert H. Bodman Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss Charles T. Hotchkiss.., Charles T. Hotchkiss... Jos. K. C. Forrest Jos. K. C. Forrest N.B. Judd |N. B. Judd jSamue) L. Smith [Mark Skinner Geo. Manierre Henry Brown G. Manierre. Henry Brown(3) Henrv W.Clarke Henry W. Clarke Charles H. Larrabee Patrick Ballingall Giles Spring (> R. W. Lull Henry H. Clark Henry H. Clark Arno Voss Arno Voss Patrick Ballingall J. A. Thompson J, L -Marsh John C. Miller Elliott Anthony Geo. F. Crocker John Lvle King Ira W. Buel Geo. A. Meech Francis Adams Francis Adams Daniel D. Driscoll Daniel D. Driscoll Hashrouck Davis Hasbrouck Davis Hasorouck Davis Israel N, Stiles Israel N. St ilea [Israel N, Stiles (Israel N. Stiles [Egbert Janiieson Egbert Jamieson Caspar Butz R. S Tu thill Caspar Butz I R. S. TuthlU P. J. Howard I Julius S. Grinnell . P.J. Howard John O. Xeumeister C. Herman Plautz D. W. Nickerson Franz Amberg James R. B. Van Cleave . City Treasitrkb. Chas. D. Gast field James H. B. Van Cleave. William Loetller Williaai LoelUer Julius S. Grinnell Julius S. Griimell Hempstead Washburne Hempstead Washburne Geo. F. Sugg Jacob J. Kern,G.A.Trude(10) Geo. A. Trude.... Roy O. West Miles J. Devine.. Andrew J. Ryan . Hiram Pearsons. Hiram Pearsons. Geo. W. Dole. W.8 Gurriee.N.H. BoUe8(2) N. H. Belles. F. C. Sherman. Walters. Gurnee. Waller S. Gurnee. Wm. L. Church. Wm. L. Church. Andrew {Jetzler. Wm. L. Church. Wm. Ij. Church. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Edward Manierre. Uriah P. Harris. Wm. F De Wolf. O. J. Rose. C. N. Holden. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey. Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hant(8) W. H. Rice. F. H. Cutting, W. H. Rice(7) David A. Gage. David A. Gage. A.G. Throop. A. G. Throop. Wm. F. Weiitworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. Wm. F. Wentworth. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. David A. Gage. Daniel O'Hara. Daniel O'Hara. Clinton Brlggs. Chas. B Larrabee. W. C. Seipp. Rudolph Brand. John M. Dunphy. Wni. M. Devine. C. Herman Plautz. Bernard Roesing. Peter Kiolbassa. iMlchael J. Bransfield. Adam Wulf. Ernst Hummel. Adam Urtseifen. (II I. N. Arnold resigned, and Oeo. Davis appointed, October. 1837. {2) Gurnee resigned, BoUes appointed hia successor. April. 1840. (3) Manu'ire ri"Hlgiied, Bniwn appointed his successor. July. 1843. (4) Elet'tiitn of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. (5> Brown uppouit'-d to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. (6) Harvey r-'signed and Hunt appointed to till vacancy. (7) Cutting having failed to tiualify. Rice, who was already lit office, held over. (8) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons In office at beginning of 1869 remaining In ofDce to December of that year. (9) City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1875, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order for a new election omitted the olTice of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council then in office refuted to canvass this vole, but Its successor, at its first meeting, did so. declaring Hoyne duly elected. Colvin. the incumbent, refu-^fd to surrender the olTice, claiming the right to '• hold over:"' Hoyne then made a contest for the ollice. which re3ulie elected Geo. B Swift (an Alderm-ui from the Kleventh Wird > Mayor ai iiitrnm. At a special elecliOQ held December 19, 1693, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrisun. 92 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The Fire of 18T1.— The city steadily grew tn beauty, population aiul coniinercial importance until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurreil the "great fire" the story of which has passed into history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, when, in 1874, occurred a second conilagration, although by no means so disastrous as that of 1871. The city's recuperative power was again demonstrated, and its subsequent development has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement shows its growth in population : 1837 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 4,179 4,470 28,269 . 112,162 . 298,977 . .503,185 . 1,099,8.50 . 1,698. .575 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago has witnessed only three disturbances of the peace by mobs— the railroad riots of 1877, the Anarchist disturbance of 1880, and a .strike of railroad employes in 1894. Municipal Administration. — Chicago long since outgrew its special charter, and is now incorporated under the broader provisions of the law applicable to "cities of the first class," under which the city is virtually autonomous. Tlie personnel, drill and equipment of the police and fire departments are second to none, if noi supe- rior to any, to be found in other American cities. The Cliicago River, witli its branches, divides the city into three principal divisions, known respec- tively as North, South and West. Each division has its statutory geographical boimdaries, and each retains its own distinct township organiza- tion. This sy.stem is anomalous; it has, how- ever, both assailants and defenders. Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine system of parks and boulevards, well developed, well improved and well managed. One of the parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The water supplj' is obtained from Lake Michigan by means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction new and better facilities are being constantly introduced, and the existing water system will compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- can city. Architecture. — Tlie public and office build- ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some instances classical, but generally severely plain. Granite and other varieties of stone are used in the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- ings, as well as in many private residences. In the business part of the city, however, steel, iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most largel)' employed in construction, the exterior walls being of brick. The most approved methods of fire-proof building are followed, and the "Chicago consti'uction" has been recognized and adopted (with modifications) all over the United States. Ofl^ce buildings range from ten to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them are sumptuous as to the interior, and manj' of the largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 occupants, including tenants and their employes. In the I'esidence sections wide diversit}' may be seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about equally popular. Among the handsome public, or semi-|)ul)lic buildings may be mentioned the Public Library, tlie Newberry Library, the Art Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of Sciences, the Auditorium, tlie Board of Trade Building, the Jlasonic Temple, and several of the railroad depots. Education and Libr.\ries. — Chicago has a public scliool sy.stem unsurpassed for e.x(!ellence in any other city in the country. According to the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the city had a total of 221 primary and grammar schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The total expenditures during the year amounted to §6,785,601, of which nearly S4,.j00,000 was on account of teachers' salaries. The city has nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings. Besides pupils attending public schools there are about 100,000 in attendance on private and parochial schools, not reckoning students at higher institutions of learning, such as medical, law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical schools, and the great University of Chicago. Near the city are also the Northwestern and the Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston and tlie latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there are tlie Library of tlie Chicago Historical Society and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to DAY AFTER THK FIRE. CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 93 the public for purposes of reference under certain conditions. Tliis list does not include the exten- sive library of the University of Chicago and those connected with the Armour Institute and the public schools, intended for the use of the pupils of these various institutions. CHICAOO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the leading commercial exchanges of the world It was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as a voluntary association, with a membership of eighty -two. Its primary object was the promo- tion of the city's commercial interests by unity of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature enacted a general law authorizing the establish- ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions an incorporation was effected — a second organi- zation being effected in April, 18.50. For several years the association languished, and at times its existence seemed precarious. It was, however, largely instrumental in securing the introduction of the sj-stem of measuring grain by weight, which initial step opened the way for subsequent great improvements in the methods of handling, storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. By the close of 1856, the association had overcome the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and the feasibilitj' of erecting a permanent Exchange building began to be agitated, but the jiroject lay dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted the first system of classification and gi-ading of wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- tion of the elaborate modern system, which has proved of such benefit to the grain-growing States of the West, and has done so much to give Chicago its commanding influence in the grain markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited to members. The same year the Board began to receive and send out daily telegraphic market reports at a cost, for the first year, of §500,000, which was defrayed bj' private subscriptions. New York was the only city with which sucli communication w;is then maintained. In Febru- ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- ring more extensive powers upon the organization, and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An important era In the Board's histoiy was the Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars were contributed, by individual members and from the treasury of the organization, for the work of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and providing for the families of enlisted men. In 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war upon the irredeemable currency with which the entire West was then flooded, and secured such action bj' the banks and by the railroad and express companies as compelled its replacement by United States legal-tender notes and national bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and. as then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- pied in a new building erected by the Chicago Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely one year after tlie destruction of its predeces.sor. Spacious and ample as these quarters were then considered, the growing membersliipand increas- ing business demonstrated their inadequacy before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the erection of a new building were taken in 1881, and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the largest and most ornate of its class in the world — was opened for occupancy. The membership of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the association is felt in every quarter of the com- mercial world. CHICAGO, BURLIXCiiTOX A: NORTHERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quiiicy Railroad.) CHICAGO, BURLIXGTOX A QUINCT RAIL- ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is the parent organization of an extensive system which operates railroads in eleven Western and Northwestern States, furnishing connections from Chicago with Omaha. Denver, St. Paul and Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- enne (Wyo. ), Billings (Mont), Deadwood (So. Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. The main line extends from Chicago to Denver (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. Tlie mileage of the various branches and leased proprietary lines (1898) aggregates 4.027.06 miles. The Company uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines controlled through the ownership of securities amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 179 miles of narrow-giiuge road. The whole number of miles of standard-gauge road operated by the Burlington system, and known as the Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated at 7,419, of which 1.. 509 is in Illinois, all but 47 miles being owned by the Company. The system in Illinois connects many important commercial 94 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. points, including Chicago, Aurora. Galesburg, Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Memlota, Ful- ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to .S234,884,- 600, whicli was equivalent to about .§33.000 \>eT mile. The total earnings of the roail in Illinois, during the fiscal year ending June 30. 1898, amounted to §8,724,997, and the total disburse- ments of the Company within the State, during the .same period, to S7,469,4.")G. Ta.xes paid in 1898, S377.968.— (History). The first section of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to the Aurora Branch Railroad Comjjany, the name being changed in 18,52 to the Chicago & Aurora Railroad Company. The line wa,s completed in 18.>3. from the junction with the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- cago, to Aiuora, later being e.\tended to Mendota. In 1855 the name of the Comjiany was changed by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 9, 1850, the two companies were con.solidated under the name of the former. Previous to this consolidation the Company had extended aid to the Peoria & Oipiawka Railroad (from Peoria to the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy. In 18.57 the name of the Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was acquired in the same way — the former constitut- ing the Quincj" branch of the main line and the latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up to 1803, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- road to enter the city of Chicago, but that j'ear began the construction of its line from Aurora to Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1872 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches in Illinois, built or acquired by this cor]ioration, include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, and tlie St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — is an important part of the system, furnishing a connection tetween St. Louis on the south and St. Paul ami Minneapolis on the north, of which more than half of the distance of .'583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. The latter division wivs originally chartered, Oct. 21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon. 111., to St. Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to Savanna, 111 (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 1886. It was formally incorjxirated into the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines- ville, Mo. (112 miles). CHICAGO, DAX VILLE & VINCENNES RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- road. ) CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or waterway, in course of construction (1892-99) from the Chicago River, within the limits of the cit}' of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines River, about 12 miles above the jimction of the Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object of the channel is the removal of the sewage of the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of the region comprised within what is called the "Sanitary District of Chicago." The fea.sibility of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by way of the Des Plaines River with those of the Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest French explorers of this region, and was com- mented upon, from time to time, by them and their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois was discussed in a report on roads and canals by Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, and the project was touched ujwn in a bill relat- ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- duced in Congress in 1811. Tlie measure continued to receive attention in tlie press, in Western Territorial Legislatures and in official rejwrts, one of the latter being a reix)rt by John C. Cal- houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the right of way to the State through the public lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, o 7i O r, r, •A o o > > n z z PI r z c H > C r r o PI -3 H Z z SAM I PARY CANAL - CHICAGO A>.i,^*WON» MANCHESTER mo NORTH SEA - PALTIC- NORTrt SEA - AMSTERDAM - SUEZ PANAMA WELLAND » lOO-O ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI HENNEPIN - ERIE ILLINOIS*MICHIGAN COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. •15 five J^ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- pose of its construction. The work was begun in 1WJ6, and so far completed in 1S4N as to a. CHRISTIAN COr>'TT, a rich agricultural county, lying in the "central belt," and organized in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first' given to it was Dane, in lionor of Nathan Dane, one of the franiers of the Ordinance of 1T8T, but a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- ponderance of early settlers having come from Christian Countj-, Kj-., this name was finally adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, the northern half of the coimty being best adapted to com and the southern to wheat. Its area is about 710 stjuare miles, and its population (1900). was 32,790. The life of the early settlers was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) could not grind more than ten busliels of grain per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A great change was wrought in local conditions by the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which passes through the eastern part of the coimty. Two other railroads now pass centrally through the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town of 2.829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- burg. and Assumption. CHURCH. Lawrence S., lavryer and legislator, ■was bom at Nunda, N. Y.. in 1820; passed his youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, at an early age began teaching in winter with a view to earning means to prosecute his studies in law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenrj-, then the county-seat of McHenry County, 111., having walked a part of the way from New York, jiaying a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- tures. He soon after visited Springfield, and having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the county-seat from McIIenry to Woodstock, he removed to the latter place, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. A member of the Wliig party up to 1856, he was that year elected as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth General Assembly, serving by re-election in the Twenty-first and Twenty-second; in 1860. was supported for the nomination for Congre.ss in tlie Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. E. B. Washbume; in 1862, aided in the organiza- tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign before reaching the field on account of failing health. In 1866 he was elected County Judge of McHenry County, to fill a ^-acancj-, and, in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of high principle and a speaker of decided abilit}'. CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, wa.s born at East Haddam. Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by liis father to Monroe County, N. Y., in boyhood, and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in teacliing, being one of the earliest teachers in the public schools of that city. Then, having spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first locating at Geneva, but the following year removed to Rockford, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- ford by the first President Harrison, remaining in office three years. Other offices held by him were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to the Second Constitutional Convention (1847), Judge of Probate (1849-57). Representative in the Twenty-tliird General Assembly (1863-65), and member of the first Board of Public Charities by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, being reappointed by Governor Beveridge, in 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- ment of the Secretary of War. as one of the Commissioners to as.sess damages for the Govern- ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 105 the Government bridge between Rock Island and Davenport. During the latter years of his life he was President for some time of the Rockford Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- tors, and, for many years. Managing Director of the Rockford Water Power Company, which has done so much to promote the prosperity of that city, and, at the time of his deatli, was one of the Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died at Rockford, Jime 23, 1892. CHURCHILL, (jieorge, early printer and legis- lator, was bom at Hubbardtown, Rutland County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for literature which led to his learning the printer's trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the office of the Albany (X. Y.) "Sentinel," and, after serving his time, worked as a journeyman printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to New York, and, after working at the case some five months, started for the West, stopping en route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. In the latter place he worked for a time in the office of "The Courier," and still later in that of "The Correspondent." then owned by Col. Elijah C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted bj' the fer- tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison County, where he continued to reside the re- mainder of his life. In order to raise means to improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he worked as a compositor in the office of "The Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. Charles County," advocating the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union without slaverj-, which caused considerable excitement among the friends of that institution. During the same year he aided Hooper ^ya^^en in establishing his paper. "The Spectator," at Edwardsville, and, still later, became a fretjuent contributor to its columns, especially during the campaign of 1822-24, which resultetl, in the latter year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- ative in the Tliird General Assembly, serving in that body by successive re-elections until 1832. His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- strated that his vote at the preceding session, in opposition to the scheme for a State Convention to revise the State Constitution in the interest of slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the House — in all serving a period in both Houses of .sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. He was an industrious and systematic collector of historical records, and, at the time of his death in the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and other historical material of great value. (See Slavery and Slave Laws; Warren, Hooper, and Coles, Edtcard.) CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was born near Monticello, Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger Ufe he was a farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His first experience in Indian fighting was under Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). In 177.5 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and the British having incited the Indians against the Americans in the following year, he was commissioned a Major of mihtia. He soon rose to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, and planned an expedition against the British fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In the latter part of 1777, in con.sultation'with Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- dition against Illinois, which was carried out the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other French villages surrendered at discretion. The following February he set out from Kaskaskia to cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of recapturing Vincennes, wliich had been fcikenand was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. After a forced march characterized by incredible suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- ture of the post. His last important militarj- service was against the savages on the Big Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after rejwsing in a private cemetery near that city for half a cen- tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General Clark's expedition and his life will be found in the "Conquest of the Countrj- Northwest of the Ohio River, 17741783, and life of Gen. George Rogers Clark" (2 volumes. 1896), by the late William II. English, of Indianapolis. CL.VRK. Horace S., lawyer and politician, was born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 106 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on a farm in Kane County, attending scliool in tlie winter. After a 3'ear spent in Iowa Citj- attend- ing the Iowa State University, he returned to Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, later occupying himself with various occupations in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to his Ohio home, where he began the studj- of law at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an 01\io regiment, rising from tlie ranks to a captaincy, but was finally compelled to leave the service in consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he wiis admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislatiire on the Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator in 1880, serving four years and proving himself one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 18S8 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National Republican Convention, and has long been a con- spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- nation for Governor. CLARK, John M., civil engineer and mercliant, was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; came to Chicago witli Iiis widowed mother in 1847, and: after five years in the Chicago schools, served for a time (IS.ji) as a rodman on the Illi- nois Central Railroail. After a course in the Rensselaer Polyteclmie Institute at Troy, N. Y., where he graduated in 18.j6, lie returned to the service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to Colorado, where he was one of the original founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- neer of its first water supply companj-. In 1862 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, but was in Santa Fe when that i)lace was captured by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, when the Confederates, being defeated, were driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The official positions held by Mr. Clark include tliose of Alderman (1S79-81), Member of the Board of Education, Collector of Customs, to which he was appointed by President Harri.son, in 1889, and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- son. Mr. Clark is one of tlie Directors of the Crerar Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. CLARK COUXTT, one of the eastern counties of tlie State, south of the middle line and front- ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 .st^uare miles, and population (1900), 24,03:5; named for Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers were John Bartlett, Abraham Wasliburn, James Wliitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer and L^ri Manly. The county seat is Marshall, the site of which was purcha.sed from the Govern- ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. William B. Archer, tlie latter becoming sole pro- prietor in 1835, in which j-ear the first log cabin was built. The original county-seat was Darwin, and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made only after a hard struggle. The soil of the count}- is rich, and its agricultural products varied, embracing corn (the cliief staple), oats, potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, maple sug;ir, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing interests are not extensive. Among the promi- nent towns, besides Marsliall and Darwin, are Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- field (510), and York (294). CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, Marcli, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, studied law, and was, for a time. Auditor of Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, locating at Jack.sonville, 111., where he spent most of his life. Died, in 1850. CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Soutliwestern Railroad, 13 miles west of Olney ; has two newspajiers, a bank and a plow factory ; is in a grain and fruit-grow- ing region. Population (1890), 612: (1900). 907. CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern (juarter of the State ; has an area of 470 square miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and soon after settlers began to locate homes in tlie county, although it was not organized until 1824. During the same year the pioneer settlement of Maysville was made the county -.seat, but immi- gration continued inactive imtil 1837, when manj- settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- son and Hopkins and Me.ssrs. Stanford and Lee, who were soon followed by the families of Coch- ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash River and a number of small tributaries drain the county. A light-colored .sandy loam consti- tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 107 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- date the county's requirements. Fruits, especially apples, are successfully cultivated. Educational advantages are fair, although largely confined to district schools and acadeniies in larger towns. Louisville was made the county- seat in 184'.J, and, in 1890, liail a poinikition of 637. Xenia and Flora are tlie most important towns. CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway extends from tliis point northwest to Carthage, and Keokuk, Iowa. Tlie mechanical industries include slate works and establishments for the manufacture of agricultural implements, grain measures, etc. It has a bank, five churches, a high school and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880). 941; (1890), 1,0.38; (1900), 996. CLE.WER, William, pioneer, was bom in Lon- don, England, in 181.5: came to Canada with his parents in 18.31, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged in business as a chandler, later going into the grocery trade; in 1849, joineil the gold-seekers in Californi;!, and, six years afterwards, established himself in the southern part of tlie ijresent city of Cliicago, then called Cleaverville, where he served as Postmaster and manageil a general store. He was the owner of considerable real estate at one time in what is now a densely populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- ernor of Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Danville. 111., was born in Franklin Count}', Ind., in 1^37; graduated from Asbury University, at Green- castle, in 18.j9, having supported himself during his college course by teaching. After reading law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle. he removed to Carbomlale. 111., where he again found it necessary to resort to teaching in order to ijurcliase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted in the Xinth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He was in the service for three years, was three times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 to 187.J was a Republican Representative in the Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth District. He was also a memter of the Repub- lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, by appointment of President Harrison, serving until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was appointed .Superintendent of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, at Xormal, but served only a few months, when he accepted the position of Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Danville. CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Tlie total length of this sys- tem (1898) is 1,807..34 miles, of which 478.39 miles are operated in Illinois. Tliat portion of the main line lying within the State extends from East St. Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- ville, to Cairo (2.59 miles) • the Chicago Division, extending from Kankakee southeast to the Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, from Wann Jimction, on the main line, to Alton (4 miles). Besides the.se, it enjoys with the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which it operates. Tlie system is uniformh- of standard gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- seven and eighty pounds), laid on wliite oak ties, and is amply ballasted with broken stone and gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system on June 30, 1898 — including capital stock and bonded and floating debt— was §97,149.361. The total earnings in Illinois for tlie year were §3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State 83,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were .§124,196. The history of this sy.stem, so far as Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati. Indianapolis, St. Louis & Cliicago, the Cleveland. Columbus, Cin- cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) were merged into the system. (For history of the several divisions of this system, see St. Loiiix, Alton enter upon a building which James Kinzie. the Indian trader, was erecting; later he erected a building of his own in which he started a harne.ss-shop, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. He has since been connected with a number 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of business enterprises of a public character, including banks, street and steam railways, but his largest successes have been achieved in the line of improved real estate, of wliich he is an exten- sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb Lectui'e Hall," on the campusof that institution, being the result of a contribution of his amount- ing to sir)().()()(). Dieil iu Chicago, April 5, 1900. COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the Illinoi.s Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and vegetables are extensively cultivated Iiere and shipped to northern markets. The surrounding region is well timbered, and Cobden has two lumber mills, as well as two flour mills. There are five churches and two weekly newspapers. Population (ISSO). SOO; (1800), !)94;"(1900), 1,304. COCHRAX, William Granville, legislator and jurist, was born iu Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 1844; brought to Moultrie County, III, in 1849, and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty -sixth Regiment Illinois Volimteers, serving in the War of the Rebellion three years as a private. Returning home from the war. he resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began merchandising at Lovington, continuing this business three years, when he began the study of law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has since been in active practice. In 1888 he was elected to the lower liouse of the General Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarlj' honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- tarian, clear-headed and just in liis rulings, and an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected for a six years" term to the Circuit bench. He is also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Normal. CODDIXG, Ichabod, clergyman and anti- slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; after leaving college served five years as agent and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 18.54 and "58. lectured extensively through Illinois on the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in the organization of the Republican party. Died at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. CODY, Hiram Hiteheock, lawyer and Judge; born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 1843. came with his father to Kendall County, 111. In 1847, he removed to Napen'ille, wliere for six years he served as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted to tlie bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge with practical unanimity , served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1874. was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- dena. Cal. COLCHESTER, a town in McDonough County, on tlie line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 53 miles northeast of Quincy, and 7 miles west-southwest of Macomb. Coal abounds in the surrounding region, more than 100,000 tons being mined annually, much of which is shipped from Colchester. The town also has manufac- tories of stoneware, brick (fire, paving and building) and di-ain-tile. It has a bank, three churches and two weekly newspapers. Popula- tion (1880), 1.007; (1890), 1.643; (1900). 1,635. COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the State of Illinois, born in Albemarle Coirntj-, Va., Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before graduation by an accident which interrupted his studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of President JIadison, remaining six years, after which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- senger by appointment of the President. He early manifested an interest in the emancipation of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his first tour through the Northwest Territory, going as far west as St. Louis, returning three years later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In April of the following year he set out from his Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville. Pa., where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river with his goods and servants to a point below Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying overland to Edwardsville. While descending the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were free, and, after arriving at their destination, gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. This generous act was, in after years, made the ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Ill Ed wards ville he entered upon the duties of Register of the Land Office, to which he had been appointed bj' President Monroe. In 1823 lie became the candidate for Governor of tliose opposed to removing the restriction in the State Constitution against the introtluction of slaverj', and, although a majority of the voters then favored the measure, he was elected by a small plurality over his Iiighest competitor in conse- quence of a division of the opposition vote between three candidates. Tlie Legislature chosen at the same time submitted to the people a proposition for a State Convention to revise the Constitution, which was rejected at the election of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient aid in opposition to the measure of such men as Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeok, George Forquer, Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he was himself a most influential factor in protecting Illinois from the bliglit of slavery, contributing his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Faj-- ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he continued to reside some j'ears on his farm near Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. Previous to 1833, he removed to Pliiladelpliia, where he married during the following year, and continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 1868. liaving lived to see the total extinction of slavery in the United States. (See Slai-ei-y and Slave Laws ) COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford County, but organized in 1831, and named in lionor of Gov. Edward Coles.— lies central to tlie eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146. The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the Okaw) runs tlirough the northwestern part of the county, but the princii)al stream is the Embarras (Embraw). Tlie chief resource of the people is agriculture, although the county lies within the limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the nortli and west are prairies, while timber abounds in tlie southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output embiacing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots and shoe!*, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is centrally located, and has a number of handsome public buildings, private residences and business blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated in 1865; in 1S90, its population was 4,135. Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 6,833, and is an important shipping point for grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the Kankakee & Bloomington branch of the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles nortlieast of Blooming- ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading industries of tlie section. It has banks and two newspapers. Population (1890), 825; (1900), 1.153. COLLEGE OF PHYSICLVXH AXD SURGEON'S, located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. The institution ranks among the leading medical colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is equal to those of other first-class medical schools throughout the country. The teaching faculty, of late j'ears, has consisted of some twenty-five professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of assistants, demonstrators, etc. COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward colleges. The first charters for institutions of this character were granted in 1833, and were for the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. Tlie first named was to be under the care of the Scotch Covenanters, but was never founded. The second was in the interest of the Baptists, but the charter was not accepted. Both these acts contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, notably one to the effect that no theological department .should be established and no pro- fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor should any religious test l>e applied in tlie selec- tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The friends of higher education, however, made com- mon cause, and. in 1835, secured the passage of an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private colleges — the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Joneslioro. vSimilar restrictive provisions as to theological teaching were incorporated in these charters, and a limitation was placed upon the amount of 112 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. property to be owned by any institution, but in many respects the law was more liberal than its predecessors of two years previous. Owing to the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these institutions were comjjelled to maintain i)rej>ara- tory departments under the tuition of the college professors. The college last named above (Jones- boro) was to liave been founded l)y the Christian denomination, but was never organized. The three remaining ones stand, in the order of their formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois College in 1829, and a chiss was organized in the collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female Academy, the first school for girls chartered in the State. From tliis time forward colleges and academies were incorporated in rapid succession, many of them at places whose names have long since disiippeared from the map of the State. It was at this time that there developed a strong party in favor of founding what were termed, rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- leges." It was believed tliat tlie time which a student might be able to "redeem" from stud}-, could be so profitably employed at farm or sliop- work as to enable him to earn his own liveliliood. Acting upon this theory, tlie Legislature of 1835 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor Seminary," in White County, and tlie "Chatham Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- mon County. University powers were conferred upon the institution la«t named, and its charter also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- vision that any sect miglit establisli a professor- ship of theolog}' therein. In 1837 six more colleges were incorporated, only one of which (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, better and broader vi.3ws of education had developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed all proliibition of the establishing of theological de])artments, as well as the restrictions previously imposed upon the amount and value of property to be owned by private educational institutions. The whole number of colleges and seminaries incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty- tliree. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, Lake Forest Vniversity, McKendree College, Mon- viouth College, Jcicksonville Female Seminary, Monticello Female Seminary, Northivestern Uni- versity. Shurtleff College. ) COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was bom in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at Boston University, 1858; soon after became an itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united with the Unitarian Church and officiated as pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- sas City, besides sui)plying pulpits in various cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but later served as a special commissioner of the Johns Hopkins University in the collection of labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine writer. His published works include: "Every- Day Subjects in Sundaj' Sermons" (1869) and "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" (187G). Died near iiis birtliplace, July 37, 1890. COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1.S04. He was the young- est of five bi-others who came with their parents from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and settled in the town of Unionville — now Collins- ville — in the southwestern part of Madison County. They were enterprising and public- spirited business men, who engaged, quite extensively for the time, in various branches of manufacture, including flour and whisky. This was an era of progress and development, and becoming convinced of the injurious character of the latter branch of their busine.ss, it was promptly abandoned. Tlie subject of this sketch was later associated with his brother Michael in the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged in manufacturing business for many years. He was a man of high business probity and religious principle, as well as a determined opponent of the institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that he was once subjected by his neighbors to the intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in commemoration of the act of emancipation in the West Indies, he gave utterance to the following prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant when our own country will celebrate a day of emancipation within her own borders, and con sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring throughout the length and breadth of the land." He lived to see tliis prophecy fulfilled, dying at Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor in 1842. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 113 COLLryS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, where he grew to manhood. After spending a couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 lie began the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 1837, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in exploration of the surrounding country, but returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had been his preceptor in New York, still later being a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- sidered an eminent authority in law and gained an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway slaves in securing their liberty or defended others who did so. He was also one of the original promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court at Ottawa, in 1854. COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was educated at the Northwestern University. He read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon built up a remunerative practice. He was elected to the Legislature in 1878. and through his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, soon became one of the leaders of his party on the floor of the lower hou.se. He was re-elected in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was elected to succeed himself in 188.5, and re-elected in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time devoting his attention to regular practice in the city of Chicago. COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, born at Collinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College, later taking a course in literature. l)hilosophy and theology at Yale College; served as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle several years ; in 1858, became editor and propri- etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but resigning in 1863, organized a company of the One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which he was chosen Captain, participating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army Corps headquarters, until after the fall of Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 18(J4, he was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- tinuing in this service vmtil the close of 186.5, when he engaged in the manufacturing business as head of the Collins Plow Compan}- at Quincy. This business he conducted successfully some twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins has served as Alderman and Maj'or, ad interim, of the city of Quincy; Representative in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- blies — dming the latter being chosen to deliver the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan; was a promi- nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican candidate for Congress in the Quincy District ; in 1894, was the Republican nominee for .State Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a, strongly Democratic citj'. COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- east of St. Louis, and about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. The place was originally settled in 1817 by four brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn., who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber, which was patronized by early settlers from a long distance. T^ie town was platted by surviving members of this family in 1836. Coal-mining is a principal industry in the surrounding district, and one or two mines are operated within the corporate limits. The citj- has zinc works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile factories. It contains seven churches, two banks, a high school, and a news- paper office. Population (1880), 2,887; (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4.021. COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left school at eight years of age to earn his living in a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. His onl}' opportunity of acquiring an education during this period, apart from private study, was 114 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in a night-school, wliich he attended two winters. In 1849 lie became a local Methodist preaclier, came to the United States the next year, settling in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- ment having gradually been changed towards Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked by the conference, and, in 18.')9, lie united with the Unitarian Church, having already won a wide reputation as an ekKjueiit public speaker. Coming to Chicago, he liegan work as a mission- ary, and, in 18G0, organized the Unity Church, beginning with seven members, though it has since become one of the strongest and most influ- ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted a call to a church in New York City, wliere he still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly visited England, and has exerted a wide influence as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of volumes, including "Nature and Life" (186G); "A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (18G8); "A History of the Town and Parish of likely" (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" (1886). COLTON, Chaunccy Sill, pioneer, was born at Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- • ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to Illinois in 18;i6, locating on the site of the present city of Galesburg, where he built the first store and dwelling house: continued in general mer- chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- while associating his sons with him in business under th^ firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. Colton was associated with the construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of the Company, was also a Director of the First National Bank of (ialesburg, the first organizer and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885. —Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born at Monson. Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- burg with his father's family in 1836, and was educated at Knox College, graduating in 185.5, and receiving the degree of A.M. in 18.58. After graduation, he was in partnership with his father some seven years, also served as Vice-President of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 1866. was appointed by President Johnson United States Consul at Venice, remaining tliere until 18C9. The latter year he became the General Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, continuing in that position until 1871, meantime vLsiting China, Japan and India, and e.stablisliing agencies for the Union and Central Pacific R;iil- ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 lie succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 1884, and the .same year removed to Washington, D. C. . wliere he has since resided. Mr. Colton is a large land owner in some of the Western States, especially Kansas and Nebraska. COLL'MBI.\, a town in Monroe County, 15 miles by rail south of St. Louis, Mo., and 9 miles north of Waterloo. It has a machine shop, two flouring mills and two cigar factories, besides five churches and a public school. Population (1880), 1,308; (1890), 1,267; (1900), 1.197. COMPANY OK THE WEST, THE, a company formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop the resources of "New France," in which the "Illinois Country" was at that time included. At the head of the company was the celebrated John Law, and to him and his associates the French monarch granted extraordinary powers, both governmental and commercial. They were given the exclusive right to refine the precious metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in tobacco and slaves. Later, the companj' became known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, owing to the king having granted them conces- sions to trade with the East Indies and China. On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France declared that the Illinois Country should form a part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the shrewd management of Law and his associates, immigration soon increased, as many as 800 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors of the company, in the exercise of their govern- mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- hriant Governor of the Illinois District. He proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company was energetic, and, in the main, wise. Grants of commons were made to various French villages, and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size and population. Permanent settlers were given grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. These grants (which were allodial in their char- acter) covered nearly all the lands in that pait of the American Bottom, lying between the Missis- sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 115 held their lands in one great common field, each proprietor contributing, pro rata, to tlie mainte- nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies Company divided the Province of Louisiana into nine civil and military- districts. That of Illinois was numerically the Seventh, and included not only the southern half of the existing State, but also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- ing the present States of Jlissouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and Colorado. Tlie Commandant, with his secretary and the Companj-'s Commissary, formed the District Council, the civil law being in force. In 1 732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were appointed directly by tlie French crown. COXCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- cated at Springfield, founded in 1S79; the succes- sor of an earlier institution under the name of Illinois University. Theological, scientific and preparatory departments are maintained, al- though there is no classical course. The insti- tution is under control of the German Lutherans. The institution reports §125,000 worth of real property. The members of the Faculty (1898) are five in number, and there were about 171 students in attendance. COXDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought by his parents to Coles County, 111., at the age of seven years, and received his education in the common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State University and graduating from the law depart- ment of tlie latter in 18G8. He then began prac- tice at Butler. Bates County, Mo., where he served three years as City Attorney, but, in 187.3. returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now a part of Chicago), where he served as City Attorney for four consecutive terms before its annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for the Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 1892, he was tlie Republican nominee for Judge of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was defeated with the National and the State tickets of that year, since when he has given his atten- tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank in his profession. rO\(JER, EdiTiii Hurd, lawyer and diploma- tist, was bom in Knox County. 111., March 7, 1843; graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1S62 and immediately thereafter enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated from the Albany Law School and practiced for a time in Galesburg, but, in 1808, removed to Iowa, where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and lianking; was twice elected County Treasurer of Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of his last term was appointed by President Harri- son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of Illinois. COXGREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but left for New Orleans without organizing any churches. The first church was organized at Mendon, Adams County, in 1833. followed by others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, who became pastor of the first Quincy church, followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant (afterwards President of Illinois College). Tru- man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot. Other Congregational ministers who came to t'>e State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- sonville Female .Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. Tliomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Theron Baldwin, Elisha Jenney. William Kirby. the two Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more of whom, either temporarily or permanently, became associated with Presbyterian churches. Altliough Illinois College wa.s under the united patronage of Presbyterians and Congreg-.itioiuil- ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- ment were Congregationalists, and the same was true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was convened the first Congregational Council, known in the denominational historv of the State as 110 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. that of Fox River. Since then sonie twelve to fifteen separate Associations have been organized. By 1890, tlie development of the denomination had teen such that it had 280 churches, support- ing 312 ministers, with 33, 126 members. During that year the disbursements on account of chari- ties and liome extension, by the Illinois churches, were nearly 81,000,000. The Chicago Theological Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school of divinity, its property holdings being worth nearly §700,000. "The Advance" (published at Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. (See also Religious Denominations.) CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIOMMENT. (See Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- atives in Congress. ) CONKLI>'(«, James Cook, lawyer, wa? born in New York City, Oct. 13, 1810 ; graduated at Prince- ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a later period he was associated with Gen. James Shields, afterwards a .soldier of the Mexican War and a United States Senator, at different times, from three different States. As an original Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated with Abraham Lincoln, whoso intimate and trusted friend he was through life. It was to him that Mr. Lincoln addres.sed his celebrated letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, and .served in the lower branch of the Seven- teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies (18.'51 and 18(!T). It was largely due to his tactful management in the latter, that the first appropri- ation was made for the new State House, which established the capital permanently in that city. At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where the Republican party in Illinois may be said to have been formally organized, witli Mr. Lincoln and three others, he represented Sangamon County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, and was appointed a member of the State Central Committee which conducted tlie campaign of that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's own District for him for President. The intimacy of personal friendship existing between him and Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- tion for over thirty years as an original member of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other public positions held by him included those of State Agent during the Civil War by appointment of Governor Yates, Tru.stee of the State University at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, continuing in office four years. High-minded and honorable, of pure personal character and strong religious convictions, public-spirited and liberal, probably no man did more to promote the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- field, during the sixty years of his residence there, than he. His death, as a result of old age, occurred in tliat city, March 1, 1899.— Clinton L. (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale College in 1864, studied law with his father, and was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed practice and has proved successful. He has devoted mucli attention of late years to real estate business, and lias represented large land interests in this and other States. For many years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument Association, and has served on the Board of County Supervisors, wliich is the only political oflSce he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the highest probity and ability, was defeated in a district overwhelmingly Democratic. CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of the State Senate; studied law and was admitted to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after removed to Illinois; the following year (1863) he enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was successively commissioned as Captain and Major, retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- Colonel. In 1873 he was elected Representative in the State Legislature from Coles County and re-elected in 1874; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893: in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of the Treasury, but declined the office; the same year ran as the Republic-an candidate for Con- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 117 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) District in opposition to Wni. M. Springer, and was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He declined a second nomination in 1888, but. in 1894, was nominated for a tliird time (tliis time for the Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was for a second term in 189(!. He declined a renomina- tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth Congress. CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle Air Academy and the University of Virginia, graduating from the latter in 18;J8, Then, having studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party in 18.54, he became a Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- nent of the policy of the Government in dealing with secession. Having removed to Marshall, Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice of his profession there, but was elected Judge of the Circuit Court in 1801, serving until his death, which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- stable was arrested because of his release of four deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers who had arrested them. He was subsequentl}' released by Judge Treat of the United States District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 23, in which four soldiers and three citizens were killed outright, and eight persons were womided. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. Illinois has had four State Conventions called for the l)urpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— adopted Constitutions which went into effect, while the instnmient framed by the Convention of 1863 was rejected by the iieoi)le. A synoptical history of each will be found below: Convb;n'tion of 1818.— In January, 1818, the Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress requesting the passage of an act authorizing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government. A bill to this effect was intro- duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- ing. It authorized the people to frame a Constitution and organize a State Government — apportioning the Delegates to be elected from each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday of July, following, as the day of election, and the first Monday of August as the time for the meet- ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned upon a census of the people of the Territory (to be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as taken, showed the required population, but, as finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,630 — being the smallest with which any State was ever admitted into the Union. The election took place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were farmers of limited education, but with a fair portion of hard common-sense. Five of the Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. Thomas (afterwards one of the first United States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, also a later Senator, was among the dominating spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter should be ascribed whatever new matter was incorporated in the instrument, it being copied in most of its essential provisions from the Con- stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The Convention completed its labors and adjourned, August 26, the Constitution was submitted to Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- nois was admitted into the Union as a State by re.solution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. Convention of 1847.— An attempt was made in 1833 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the movement being to secure the incorporation of a provision authorizing tlie admission of slavery into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, submitting the pro]X)sition to a vote of the people, was secured by the most questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it was rejected at the election of 1824. (See Slavery and Slave Laws: also Coles. Edward.) At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on the subject was submitted to the people, but it was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 ns HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- ted, and. at the election of 184C, was approved. The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, following. It was composed of 102 members, ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list of Delegates embraced the names of many who afterwards attained high distinction in public affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed in its successor, except by a few additions, among which was a section disciualifying any person who had been concerned in a duel from holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- ever, was carefully revised and several important c-hanges made. Among these may be mentioned the following: Limiting the elective franchise for foreign-born citizens to those who liad become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- ive; requiring that all State officers be elected by the people; changing tlie time of the election of the Executive, and making him ineligible for immediate re-election ; various curtailments of the power of tlie Legislature; imposing a two- mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- tion, August 31. 1847; ratified by popular vote, March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. CoNVENTio.M OF 1862. — The proposition for holding a tliird Constitutional Convention was submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860. and the election of Delegates lield in November, 1861. In the excitement attendant upon the early events of the war, people paid comparatively little attention to the choice of its members. It was (composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed as doubtful. The Convention assembled at Springfield on Jan. 7. 1862, and remained in ses- sion until March 24, following. It was in many respects a remarkable body. The law providing for its existence prescribed that the members, before proceeding to business, should take an oath to support the State Constitution. This the majority refused to do. Their conception of their powers was such that they seriously deliber- ated upon electing a United States Senator, assumed to make appropriations from the State treasury, claimed the right to interfere with military affairs, and called upon the Governor for information concerning claims of the Illinois Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- posed numerous important changes in the organic law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862, by a majority of over 16,000 votes. Convention of 1869-70. — The second attempt to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in submission to the people, by the Legislature of 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- tion held in November and the Convention assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles Hitchcock was chosen President, John y. Har- mon. Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were Republicans and forty-one Democrats, altliough fifteen had been elected nominally as "Indepenil- ents." It was an assemblage of some of the ablest men of the State, including representatives of all the learned i)rofessions except the clerical, besides mercliants. farmers, bankers and journal- ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, ami in the main good. Some of the principal changes made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the Convention, were the following: The prohil)i- tion of special legislation where a general law may be made to cover the necessities of the ca.se, and the absolute prohibition of such legislation in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of other matters; prohibition of the passage of any law releasing any civil division (district, county, city, township or town) from the payment of its just proportion of any State tax; recommenda tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon certain specified subjects, such as liberal home stead and exemption rights, the construction of drains, the regulation of charges on railways (which were declared to be public highways), etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses public warehou.ses, and providing for tlieir legis- lative inspection and supervision. The mainte- nance of an "efficient system of public schools" was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, town or district — to the support of sectarian schools was prohibited. The principle of cunni lative voting, or "minority representation," in the choice of members of the House of Represent- atives was provided for, and additional .safe guards thrown around the passage of bills. Tlir ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a second consecutive term was set aside, and a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 119 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary to override an executive veto. The list of State officers was increasetl by the creation of the offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent of Public Instruction, these having been previ- ouslj- provided for only by statute. Tlie Sui)reine Court bench was increased by the addition of four members, making the whole number of Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts authorized after 1874, anil County Courts were made courts of record. Tlie compensation of all State officers — executive, judicial and legislative ^was left discretionarj- witli the I^egislature, and no limit was placed upon the length of the sessions of the General As.senibl3-. The instru- ment drafted by tlie Convention was ratified at an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, August 8, following. Occasional amendments have been submitted and ratified from time to time. (See Constitutions, Elections and Repre- sentation: also Minority Representation.) CO'STITl'TIOSS. Illinois has had three con- stitutions— that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. The earliest instrument was that approved liy Congress in 1818. and the first revision was made in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at an election held, JIarcli ."), 1848. and going into force, April 1, following. Tiie term of State officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, except that of Treasurer, which is two years. Biennial elections and sessions of the General Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their seats for four years, and Representatives two years. The State is required to be apportioned after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- tricts, each of which elects one Senator and tliree Representatives. The principle of minority rep- resentation has been incorporated into the organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as many votes for one legislative candidate as there are Representatives to be chosen in his district; or ho may divide his vote equally among all the three candidates or between two of them, as he may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- palities are classified, and legislation is for all cities of a class, not for an individual corjiora- tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- ance must secure payment of their claims under the terms of some general appropriation. The sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to time, nor is there any restriction upon the power of the Executive to summon extra sessions. (See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections; Governors and other State Officers; Judicial System: Suffrage, Etc.) COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Monroe County. N. Y., May 11, 1819; completed his academic e), locating first at Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Uere he began the practice of his profassion, and, in 1846, was elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years, when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the jieople under the Constitution of that j-ear. for four years. From 18.')2 to 1800. he was State Senator, taking part in the election which re.sulted in making Lyman Trumbull L'nited States Senator in 1855. In 1861 lie served as one of the Peace Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference which met at Washington. He may be called one of the founders of the Republican party in this State, having been a member of the State Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the Northwestern Railroad, wliich he resigned in 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 1864. His death occurred at Evanston. August 18. 1894. COOK, Uaniel Pope, early Congressman, was born in Scott County. Ky., in 1795. removed to Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer, '' and at the same time served as Auditor of Public Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards; the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, then minister to London, and. on his return, was appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of the State he was elected the first Attorney- General, but almost immediately resigned and, in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- ing as Representative until 1827. Having married a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous opponent of the pro|)osition to make Illinois a slave State in 1823-24. and did much to prevent the success of that scheme. He also bore a prominent part while in Congress in securing the donation of lands for the construction of the 120 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished for his eloquence, and it was during his first Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was introduced into the State. .Suffering from consumption, he visited Cuba. and. after return- ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at Edwardsville, 111., June 13. 1825, the son of Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was educated by private tutors and at Illinois College; in 185.5 was elected Mayor of Springfield and the following year Slierilf of Sangamon County, later serving as Quartermaster of the State. Raising a company promptly after the firing on Fort Sumter in ISlil, he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Seventli Illinois Volunteers —the first regiment organized in Illinois under the first call for troojjs by President Lincoln ; was promoted Brigadier-(Jeneral for gallantry at Fort Donelson in March, 18G3; in 1864 commanded the District of Illinois, with head. In 1872 he was elected to Congress as a Rei)ublican, but, in 1874, was defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made tlio race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 15, 1879. COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where lie remained until his twentieth year, receiving a fair English education. After engaging succes- sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- tilling business, in 1836, in company with his younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They both decided to go into business there, first open- ing a small store, and later entering upon their hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at various times, of many large business blocks in the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, while boarding a street car in the central part of the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, receiving injuries which resulted in his death the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92(1 year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger lirother of the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., Nov. 32, 1806. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1820, set up in business on his own account. In 183G, while visiting Chicago with his brother James, he determined to go into business there. With a stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, newly bought in New York, a small store was opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the old Tremont House, then a low frame building kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was destroyed liy fire in 1839, as was also the larger rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost of •'57"), 000. surpassing anything the West had ever known before, the Tremont House this time stood until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again destroj-ed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an immense patronage, and was able to accumulate (for that time) a large fortune. He purchased and improved a large number of business blocks, then within the business center of the city. In 18.')3 he retired from active business, and, in con- secjuence of impaired health, ^'hose for the rest of his life to seek recreation in travel. In the winter of 1857, while with his family in Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- cago. COl'LTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, at the Crossing of the Centralia & Chester and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farming and coal- mining are the leading industries. The town has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 590; (1890), 598; (1900), 650. COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- ized Coiinfien.) COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railways. 00 miles southeast of Springfield. Considerable coal is mined in the vicinity ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew up on a farm and, after spending some time at Michigan Universitj-, entered the office of "The Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1S55 accepted a similar position on "The Chicago Tribune." which had just been bought by .Joseph Jledill and others, finallv becoming a stockholder and busi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 123 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889. COX, Thomas, pioneer. Senator in the First General A.ssenibly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union County, and a oons|)icuous figure in early State history; was a zealous advocate of the policy of making Illinois a slave State; became one of the original proprietors and founders of the city of Springfield, and was appointed the first Register of the Land Office there, but was removed under charges of mi.sconduct ; after his retirement from the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon sin Territory), became a member of the first Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected and once Speaker of the House, being prondnent in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. COY, Iriis, lawyer, was born in Chenango Countj', N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the common schools and at Central College, Cortland County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he located in Kendall County and began practice ; in 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in 1873, served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 1848; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- ated from the Cleveland Law School in 18()8, coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts .served in seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- bly (1883-9.5, inclusive) as Representative from Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was liorn in Edgar County, 111., Jan. 1.5, 1831, graduated from Kno.x College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in the following year, commencing practice at Knoxville. He held the offices of State's Attorney and County Judge, and represented Knox County in the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice C. B. Lawrence, and was re-electeil in '82 and '91 : his present term expiring with the centurj-. He is a Democrat in politics, but has been three times elected in a Republican judicial district. CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and '94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- tion Law. enacted in 1885. CRAWFORD COUXTY, a southeastern county, bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- ford, a Secretarj' of War. It has an area of 452 square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The first settlers were the French, but later came emigrants from New England. The soil is rich and well adapted to the production of corn and wheat, which are the principal crops. The county was organized in 1817, Darwin being the first county-seat. The present county-seat is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387: centrally located and the jx)int of intersection of two railroads. Other towns of importance are Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- lation, 582). The latter, ;is well as Robinson, is a grain-ship])ing point. The Embarras River cro.sses the southwest portion of the county, and receives the waters of Big and Hones' Creeks and Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral resources, but contains some valuable woodland and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- ing products. CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1890), ,539: (1900), 940. CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. When he was but 7 years old his parents removed to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the age of 21 he began the study of law, and. in 1852, was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a commission !is Lieutenant-Colonel, participating in all the important movements in the Mississippi Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time commanding a brigade. Returning home, he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress in 1868 and re-elected in 1S70, and. in 1880, was a delegate to the Democratic State Convention. Died, June 36, 1890. 124 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CREUiHTON, James A., jurist, was born in White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood removed with his parents to Wayne County, and was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at the Southern Illinois College, Salem, f^aduating from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a time while studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1870, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. CR£RAR, John, manufacturer and philanthro- pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York City, in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe of an iron-importing firm in that cit}', subse- quently accepting a position with Morris K. Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to Chicago in 1863, in partnership with J. McGregor Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & Co., in that citj-, also becoming a partner in the Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- ers. He also became interested and an official in various other business organizations, including the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Tru.st and Savings Bank, and. for a time, was President of the Clii- cago & Joliet Railroad, l)esides being identified with various benevolent institutions and associ- ations. After the fire of 1871, he was intrusted by the New York Chamber of Commerce with the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- ers by that calamity. His integrity and business sagacity were universally recognized. After his death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1889, it was found that, after making munificent bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to relatives, he hatl left the residue of his estate, amounting to some 82.000,000, for the purpose of founding a public library in the city of Chicago, naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited a man could have been devised. CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles soutli of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760. CROOK, George, soldier, was born near Day- ton, Oliio, Sept. 8, 1828 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, West Point, in 18.52, and was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- ant in 1853. In 18G1 he entered the volunteer service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- try; wiis promoted Brigadier-General in 1802 and JIajor-Geueral in 1864, being mustered out of the service, January, 1866. During the war he [Kirticipated in some of the most important battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded the cavalry in the advance on Kichmond in the spring of 1805. On being mustered out of the volunteer service he returned to the regular army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he was appointed Major-General and, from that time to his death, was in command of the Military Division of the Mis.soviri, with head(|uarters at Chicago, wliere he died, March 19, 1890. CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French village on the Mississippi just above the mouth of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1820), at Shippingport near the present city of La Salle (1829). and at Old Utica (1834); in the mean- while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in La Salle County, kept a storage and commission house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a .steamboat plying on tlie Illinois. Died, in 1846. CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry Countj', at the intersection of two divisions of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; (1«90). 781; (1900), 9.50. CL'B.V, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles north of Lewistown. The entire region (including the town) is underlaid with a good quality of bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick and cigars are made here, and the town lias a bank, a newspaper, three churches and good schools. Population (1880), 680; (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1.198. CULLEX, William, editor and Congressman, born in tlie north of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- burg, Pa., where he was educated in the public schools. At the age of 20 he removed to La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He lias served as Sheiifi' of La Salle Countv, and held IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 125 other loeal offices, and was for many years a part owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- lican." From 1881 to 188.5, as a Republican, he represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress. CULLOM, Richard \ortlieraft, farmer and legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, October 1, 179.5, but early removed to Wayne County, K3'., where he was married to Miss Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 1830 he 'removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to reside during the remainder of his life. Althougli a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of prominence and a recognized leader in public affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Rejire- sontative in the Tenth General As.sembly, serving in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of whom he was an intimate personal and political friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was again elected to the House. 3Ir. Culloni"s death occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. -1, 1873, his wife having died Dec. 5, 1808. Mr. and Mrs. Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby M. Cullom. CULLO.M, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 33, 1839. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1830, where his father became a member of the Legi-slature and attained prominence as a iniblic man. After two years spent in Rock Kiver Seminary at Mount Morris, varied bj' some e.vperience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of this sketch went to S|)ringfield to enter upon the study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, he was almost immediately elected City Attor- ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same time being elected to the Twentieth General Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, as a Republican, in 1800, being supported alike by the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the session following the latter election, he was chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first important political recognition. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln a member of the War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this capacity with Governor Boutwell of Jlassjichu- setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was also a candidate for the State Senate the .s;ime year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He was a delegate to the National Republican Con- vention of 1873, and, as Chairman of the Illinois delegation, placed General Grant in nomination for the Presidency, holding the same position again in 1884 and in 1893; was elected to the Illi- nois House of Representatives in 1873 and in 1874, being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he was the unanimous choice of his party for Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- ernor, was re-elected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. David Davis. Having had two re-elections since (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, which will expire in 1901. In 1898, by special appointment of President McKinley. Senator Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and reix)rt a plan of government for this new division of the American Republic. Other important measures with which his name has been promi- nently identified have been the Liws for the sup- pression of polj-gamy in Utah and for the creation of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His career has been conspicuoas for his long public service, the large number of important offices which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- plete e.xeniption from scandals of every sort. No man in the historj- of the State has l>een more frequently elected to the United States Senate, and only three — Senators Douglas. Trumbull and Logan — for an equal nmnber of terms; though only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to serve out the full period for which he was elected. CUMBERL.VXD COUNTY, situated in the southeast quarter of the State, directly south of Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1843. Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 16,134. The county-seat was at Greenup until 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, which was laid off in 18.54 and incoqwrated as a town in 1866. The present county-se;vt is at Toledo (population. 1890. 676). The Embarras River crosses the county, as do also three lines of railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has r. popula- tion of S'2'rK The county received its name from the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro jected, passed through it. 126 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CUMMIXS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of tlie Re- foi"meJ Protestant Episcopal Church, was torn near Smyrna, Del., Dec. U, 1823; gradu- ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, but, in 1841), took orders in tlie Episcopal Church; afterwards held i-ectorsliips in Balti- more, Norfolk, Kiclinioiid and the Trinity Epi.scopal Church of Chicago, in 18(i() being con- secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- Church or Evangelical partly, he early took issue with the ritualistic tendencies of the Iligh-Church party, and, having withilrawu from the Episcopal Church in 1370, became tlie fir.st Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- ous, elocpient and conscientious, but overtaxed his strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- erville, Md. . June 26, 187(). A memoir of Bishop Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. CUMULATIVE ^OTE. (See Minority Repre- senfiition. ) CURTIfS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was born in Adams, Jefferson County. N. Y., Ma.v ;iO, 18UG-, graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1831, with the highest lionors of liis class; after three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church at Brandon, Vt., in 183G. In 1841 he accepted an appointment as agent of the Home Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 1843 and IH.-iS holding pastorates at Madison, Ind., and Cliicago. In the latter year he was chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, dying there, Sept. 18, 1802. CURTIS, William Elroy, journali.st, was born at Akron, Ohio, Nov. .'5, 1850; graduated at Western Reserve College in IS.^Jl, meanwhile learning the art of typesetting; later served as a reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1873, took a subordinate position on "The Chicago Inter Ocean," finally rising to tliat of managing- editor. While on "Tlie Inter Ocean" he accom- panied General Custer in his campaign against the Sioux, spent several months investigating the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- tions in the South, and, for .some years, was "The Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he t)ecame Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the tour of the United States with the South and Central American representatives in that Con- gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he had general supervision of the Latin- American historical and arcliaeological exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every Central and South American country and has written elaborately on these subjects for the magazines and for publication in book form; has also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler'' and a "Diplomatic History of the United States and Foreign Powers" For some time he was managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of "The Chicago Record." CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier and manufacturer, was Imrn at Freetown, JIass., May 13. 1813; educated at the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., where lietjpened a country store, also built a mill at Vermilion ville; later was identified with many large financial enterprises which generally proved succe.ssful, thereby accumulating a for- tune at one time estimated at .$3,000,000. He was elected as a Democrat to the Thirteentli and Fourteenth General Assemblies (1843 and '44) and, for .several years, held a commission as Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. He organized and was principal owner of the Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First National Bank of that city; was the leading spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas Company at Ottawa, built and operated the Ottawa Macdiinc Shops and Foundry, s|)eculated largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — his operations in the latter being especially large about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a principal .stockholder in the bank of Cush- man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in the lumber trade in l\Iichigan, and was one of the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, however, brought financial disaster upon him, which finally di.ssipated his fortune anil de- .stroyed his mental and physical health. His death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 38, 1878. DALE, Michael G., lawyer, was born in Lan- caster, Pa. , spent his childhood and youth in the public schools of his native city, except one year in West Chester Academy, when he entered Penn.sylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating tbere in 1^*35. He then began the .study of law and was admitted to the b;ir in 1837; coming to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 127 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a suit at Greenville, Bond County, wliich led to his employment in others, and finally to opening an ortic:e there. In 1839 he was elected Probate Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also the Delegate from Bond County to tlie State Con- stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- signed the office of County Judge in Bond County to accept that of Register of the Land office at Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- ing the office of County Judge in Madison County five or si.Y terms, besides occupying some .subordi- nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- ville, April 1, 1805. DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at the intersection of tlie Atcliison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Rail roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has manufactories of lumber, woolen goods, carriages and wagons and a weekly newspaper. Popula- tion (18S0), 829; (1890), 747; (1900), 970. KAXENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of W. W. Danenhower. a journalist. After [jassing through the schools of Chicago and Washington, he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com- missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic steamer Jeannette at Havre. France, as second in command luider Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months, Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- abled most of the time by ophthalmia. Tliecrew, as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged their boats over the ice for ninety-five daj'S until they were able to launch them in open water, but were soon separated by a gale. The boat commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, where the crew were rescued by natives, landing Sept. 17; 1881. After an Ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other two boats. Lieutenant Danenhower, with liis crew, made the journey of 0.000 miles to Orenburg, finally arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He has told the story of the expedition in "The Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1888. Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. DANVERfS, a village of McLean County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. The section is agricultural. The town lias a bank and a newspai)er. Population (1880), 4fiO; (1890), 506; (1900), 607. DAXA'ILLE, the coimty-seat and principal town of Vermilion County, situated on the Ver- milion River. Four important lines of railroad intersect here. The town contains car-shops and numerous factories and is in the heart of a coal mining district. Danville is the seat of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home established by the General Government a few years ago. It has a number of churches, five graded and one high school, several banks and six newspapers, three publishing daily editions. Population (1880), 7,7.53; (1890), 11.491; (190(1), 10,3.54. DANVILLE, OLXEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicwjo & Ohio River Railroad.) DANVILLE, IRBANA, BLOOMIXOTOX & PEKIX RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) D'ARTAIGUIETTE, Pierre, a French com mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the Cliickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned at the stake. DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer and trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, came to this country in 1804, and soon after enlisted in the United States army, with the rank of sergeant. He served gallantly on various expeditions in the \Vest. where he obtained a knowledge of the Indians which was afterward of great value to him. During the War of 1812 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- Iiatetl in the defense of Fort Erie and in other enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- ing expired and the war ended, he entered the .service of the contract commissary. He selected tlie site for Fort Armstn)ng and aided in planning and supervising its construction. He cultivated friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the site of the present city of Rock Island. He had the confidence and respect of the savages, was successful and his trading posts were soon scat- tered through Illinois. Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 128 IILSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed tlie first postmaster at Rock Island, being tlie only wliite civilian resident tliere. In IS'ili he united his business with that of the American Fur Com- pany, in wliose service he remained. Although he employed every effort to induce President Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and liis followers to induce them to emigrate across tlie Mississippi voluntarily, wlien that Chief commenced hostilities. 3Ir. Davenport tendered his services to Governor Re^'nolds, bj wliom he was commissioned Quartermaster-General witli the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased rapidly after the close of tlie Black Hawk War In 1835 a company, of which he was a member, founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their lands in Iowa to the United States. In tlie latter year he gave up tlie business of fur-trading, having accumulated a fortune through hard labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often of grave perils. He had large business interests in nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which lie gave more or less personal attention. On the niglit of .July 4, 1843, lie was as.sassinated at his lionie by robbers. For a long time the crime was slirouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were ultimately detected and brought to punishment. DAVIS, David, jurist and United States Senator,' was born in Cecil County, Md., March 9, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being re-elected in 1855 and "Gl. He was a warm, per- sonal friend of Abraluini Lincoln, who, in 1863, placed him upon the bench of the United States Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial honors to become United States Senator in 1877 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 1881, he was elected President pro tem. of the Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- ton. June 26, 1886. DAVIS, George R., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; received a common school education, and a classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp- ton. Mass. From 1SG2 to 1865 he served in the Union army, fir.st as Captain in the Eighth Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the Third Rhode Isliind Cavalry. After the war he removed to Chicago, where lie still resides. By profession he is a liiwyer. He took a prominent jiart in the organization of the Chicago militia, wiis elected Colonel of the First Regiment, I. N. G.. and was for a time the senior Colonel in the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful Republican cantlidate for Congress, but was elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook County He took an active and influential part in .securing the location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General of the Exposition from its inception to its close, by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journali.st, was born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827. being the son of John Davis, United States Senator and Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral, remaining in active service until August, 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was, for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post." was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a voyage to Europe. DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to have taught the first school in that county. He became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the Whig party, was elected to the Thirteentli Gen- eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of Hillsboro; was also a member of the State Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a man of striking personal appearance, being over six feet in height, and of strong individuality. After the dissolution of the Whig partj' he identi- fied himself with the Democracy and was an intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 1866. UISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 129 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- ford County, Pa. , Oct. 2'>, 1823 ; came to Stephen- son County, III., in boyhood and .served as Representative in the General Assembly of IS')"! and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, was elected Captain and, on the organization of the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinoi.s Volunteers, at Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately wounded by a shot through the lungs, but recovered in time to join his regiment before the battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1802, he fell mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- zens, a few days before his death, to accept a nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve my country better in following the torn banner of my regiment in the battlefield." DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was born in Cecil County, Md. , July 20, 1806 ; gradu- ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The following year he removed to Illinois, settling at VandaUa, then the capital. In 183.5 Governor Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public Accounts, to which ofBce he was elected by the Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He attained prominence at the bar and was, for several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Companies, in which he was also a Director. Died, at Alton, March 4, 189T. DAVIS, \athau Smith, M.D., LL.D., jihysi- ciau, educator and editor, was born in Chenango County, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, winning several prizes during his course; the same year began practice at Bing- hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the chair of Physiology and General Pathology in Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a similar position in the Cliicago Medical College (now the medical department of Northwestern Universit)'), where he still remains. Dr. Davis has not onl3' been a busy practitioner, but a volu- minous writer on general and special topics con- nected with his profession, having been editor at different times of several medical periotlicals, including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The Journal of the American Medical Association." He lias aLso l)een prominent in State, National and International Medical Congresses, and is one of tlie founders of the Northwestern University, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago Historical Society, tlie Illinois State Microscopi- cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides other scientific and benevolent associations. DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the employ of the American Fur Company some seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and commenced studying law the next year; was elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a Democrat and next (18.56) as a Republican; served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate bench. Died. Jan. 12, 1892. DAWSOX, John, early legislator, was born in Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- tling in Sangamon County; served five terms in the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- sented Sangamon Count}' at the time of the removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 18.50. DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS IXSTITU- TION FOR EDI CATION OF, located at Jack- sonville, established by act of the Legislature, Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State charitable institutions. Work was not begun until 1842, but one building was ready for partial occupancy in 1846 and was comjjleted in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known as the south wing, w;is declared unsafe, and was razed and rebuilt.) The center building was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 1857. Other additions and new buildings have been added from time to time, such as new dining halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator house, kitchens, a gymnasium, seimrate cot- tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the institution is probably tlie largest, as it is un- questionably one of the best conducted, of its class in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 716. Among its employes are men and women of ripe culture and experience, who have been con- nected with it for more than a quarter of a century. DEARBORN. Luther, lawyer and legislator, was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 130 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and educated in Plymouth schools and at New Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- born County, Ind., where lie taught scluwl and served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then ciime to Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of his term. Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the banking business, whicli proving disjistrous in 185T, he returned to Mason County and began the practice of law. He then .spent some years in Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second time, resumed practice at Havana, served one term in the State Senate (lS7G-«0); in 1884 became member of a law firm in Chicago. l)ut retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyshi]> of the Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position until his death, which occurred suddenly at Springfield, April 5, 1889. For tlie last tvi-o j-ears of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at Aurora. DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County ; 3!) miles east of Springfield and one mile north of the Sangamon River — also an important railway center. Two coal shafts are operatetl outside the city. It is a center for the grain trade, having three elevators. Extensive car and rejiair sho|)s are located there, and several important manu- facturing industries flourish, among them flouring mills. Decatur ha-s paved streets, water-works, electric street railwaj-s, and excellent public scliools, including one of the best and most noted High Schools in the State. Four newsjiapers are published there, each issuing a daily edition. Population (189U), 16,841; (lUOO), 2(1.754. DECATUR EDITORIAL COWENTIOX. (See Anti-Nehranka Editoriul Coiirriifioii.) DECATUR & EASTERN RAILW.4Y. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) DECATUR, MATTOOX & SOUTHERX RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur d- Evansiille Hailu-ay.) DECATUR, SULLITAX & MATTOOX RAIL- ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) DEEP S>'OW, THE, an event occurring in the winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before his death, gave the following account of it: "In the interval between Cliristmas. 1830, and Janu- ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bejir a man, and finally over this crust there were a few inches of snow. The clouds passed away and the wind came down u])on us from the north- west witli extraordinary ferocit.v. For weeks — certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury in the thermometer tube was not, on any one morning, higher thaii twelve degrees below zero. This .snow-fall produced constant sleigliing for nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts siiy that this storm caused great suffering among both men and beasts. The scattered .settlers, un- able to reach the mills or produce stores, were driven, in some cases, to great extremity for supplies; mills were .stopped bj- the freezing up of streams, while deer and other game, sinking through the crust of snow, were easily captured or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- tenance or from the severity of the cold. DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at Middlebury. Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- smitli trade, which he followed until 1838, wlien he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and there founded the plow-works which bear his name and of which he was President from 1868 until his death in 1880.— Charles H. (Deere), son of the preceding, was born in Hancock. Addison County Vt.. March 28, 1837; educated in the common .schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow Company, and, on its incorporation. Vice-Presi- dent and General Manager, until his father's death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He is also the founder of the Deere & JIansur Corn Planter Works. President of the Moline Water Power Company, besides being a Director in various other concerns and in the branch liouses of Deere &• Co., in Kansas Citj', Des Moines, Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- standing his immense business interests, Mr. Deere has found time for the discharge of public and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he was for years a member and Chairman of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics; a Commissioner from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- tion of 1873 ; one of the State Commissioners of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, and a delegate from his District to the National Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 131 DEERIXG, William, manufacturer, was born at Paris. Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826, completed his education at the Readfield high school, in 1843. engaged actively in manufactur- ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- ing several large, successful business enterprises, including wholesale and commission dry-goods liouses in PortLind. Maine. Boston and New York. His greatest work has been the building up of the Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural implements and appUances. This concern began operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist than any other establishment in the country, receiving its raw material from many foreign countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- ing continues to be President of the Company and a principal factor in the management of its immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited and benevolent, and his business career has been notable for the absence of controversies with his employes. He has been, for a number of years, one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is President of the Board. DE KiXB, a city in De Kalb County. 58 miles west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown rapidly, largely because of the introduction of new industrial enterprises. It contains a large wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foundry, agricultural implement works, machine shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- turing establishments. It has banks, a newspaper office issuing daily and weeklj- editions, a trade- paper, nine churches and three graded schools. It is the site of the Northern State Normal School, located in 1895. Population (1880), 1,598; (1890), 2,579: (1900). .5.904. DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized in 1837. and named for Baron De Kalb, the Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained several \-illages and their own tribal government. No sooner had the aborigines been removed than white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, in September, 1835, a convocation was held on the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- rary form of government. The public lands in the county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with nimierous groves and wooded tracts along the principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- erse the county, which embraces one of the wealthiest rural districts in the State. DE KALB i GREAT W ESTERN RAILROAD. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) DELAVAX, a thriving city in Tazewell County, on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at the point of its intersection with the Pekin Division of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, 34 miles west-southwest of Bloomington and 24 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively grown in the adjacent territory, and much shipped from Delavan. The business of the place sujiports two banks, and two weekly papers are published. It also has five churches and a graded school. Population (1880). 1.340; (1890), 1,176; (1900). 1.304. DEMEM, Henry Dod^e, ex-Secretary of State, was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent citizen of the State, who held the office of State Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the subject of this sketch was educated there and at Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a compUmentary commission as Captain for gal- lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw Bayou, where the commander of his regiment. Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- tain Dement enterfed the State Legislature by election as Representative from Lee County in 1872. was re-elected in 1874 and. in 1876. was pro- moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 132 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chosen Secretary of State, anil re-elected in 1884, serving eight years. The last public position held by Captain Dement was that of Warden of tlie State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was appointed in 1891, serving two years. His present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff in 1826, and which he represented in the General Assemblies of 1828 and "M). He served with distinction during the Black Hawk War, having previously had experience in two Indian cam- paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this office to represent Fayette County in the General Assembly and aid in tlie fight against the removal of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing of success, he removed to the northern part of the State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of Public Moneys, but he was removed by President Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 184.5, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the office from that date until it was abolished. He was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, '62, and "70), being Temporary President of the two bodies last named. He was the father of Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at Dixon. Jan. 16. 1883. DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1854, and, in 1856. opened an office in Clii- cago; is still in practice and has served as President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and the State Bar Association. DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- lation (1880). 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,606. DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, after passing through Kenosha County, in that State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan through Cook County, finally unites with the Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet, by its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois River. Its length is about 15() miles. The Cliicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after receiving his primary education took a two years' course in the literary and a three years' course in the medical department of the Michigan Univer- sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1869. He then began practice as House Physician and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he visited Eurojie inspecting hospitals and sanitary methods, meanwhile spending six months in the Prussian military service as Surgeon during the Franco-Prussian War. After the clase of the war he took a brief course in the University of Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Jledical Super- intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the treatment of the insane has stood among the highest of his class. DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central portion of the State; has an area of 405 square miles and a population (1900) of 18,973. The land was originally owned by the Kickajwos and Potta- watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- nent white settlers occupy this region. The first to come were Felix Jones, Prettyman Marvel, William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- migrants, liut not until the advent of settlers from Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian church were built at Waynesville. The county was organized in 1839, and — with its capital (Clinton) — was named after one of New York's most distinguished Governors. It lies within the great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ::j:j lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. Both are railroad centers and liave considerable trade. DE WOLF. Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. IS, 181.5; talien early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that State; spent one year at a manual labor scliool in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will County, still later engaging in the same vocation in Chicago. In 1839 lie commenced the study of law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, was admitted to practice. In 'lS'>i he was elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the position for a quarter of a century, winning for himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an original abolitionist and his home is said to have been one of the stations on the "underground railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. He was descended from a family of lawyers, his grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- sional career. Mr. Dexter gave considerable attention at first to his father's extensive lumber trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter of the Government during the Civil War, and was an active member of the Relief and Aid Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years before his death being in the service of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincj- Railroad Company as its general solicitor and member of the executive committee of the Board of Directors. Died in Chicago. May 20, 1890. DICKEY, Huarli Thompson, jurist, was born in New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from Columbia College, read law and was admitted to the bar. He visited Chicago in 1830, and four years later settled there, becoming one of its mo.st influential citizens. Upon tlie organization of the County Court of Cook County in 1815. Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan opposition, serving until the expiration of his term in 1853. He was prominently identified ■with several important commercial enterprises, was one of the founders of the Chicago Library Association, and one of the first Trustees of the Illinois General Hospital of tlie Lakes, now Mercy Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his residence in his native city, New York, where he died, June 2, 1892. DICKEY, Theoplillus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, McDonough County, where lie was admitted to the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, where lie resided three years, a part of the time editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a resident of Ottawa, and, at the oiiening of the Mexican War. organized a company of volun- teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois Cavalry, and of whicli he was commissioned Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- paigns in the West. In 1865 lie resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the State-at-Iarge in ojiposition to John A. Logan, and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United States, resigning after eighteen months" service. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. McAllister, deceased; was re-elected in 1879, and died at Atlantic City, Julv 22, 1885. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as the ChrLstian Church and as "Campbellites," having been founded by Alexander Campbell Many members settled in Illinois in the early 30's, and, in the central portion of tlie State, the denomination soon began to flourisli gre.it '.;.'_ An^' one was admitted to membersliii) w'.io ma le what is termed a scriptural confes.^io.i of laitll and was baptized by immersion. Alexa" !,T Campbell was an eloquent jn-eacher and a ma.i >.l much native ability, as well as a born conver- sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in nunjjers and influence in the State. Tlie United States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with 50.000 pupils iu attendance. The value of the real property, which included .552 church edifices ( witli a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 ]iarson- ages, was §1,167,675. The denomination supports Eureka College, with an attendance of between 134 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued at §150,000. Total membership in the United States, estimated at 750,000. DIXON, an incorporated city, the countj'-seat of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock River and is the point of intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago, and 25 miles south of Freeport. Rock River furnishes abundant water power, and the manufacturing interests of the city are considerable, including two foundries, a plow factory, box and stove works, two flouring mills, two shoe factories, a planing mill, and a condensed-milk factory. There are two national banks, eight churches and three newspaper otiices — two issuing daily edi- tions. In schools the city particularly excels, having several graded (grammar) schools, two high schools, a Collegiate Institute and a Normal School. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917. DIXOX, John, i)ioneer— the first white settler in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed to New York City, where he was in business some fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family for the West, traveling by land to Pittsbiu-g, and thence by ilat-boat to Shawneetown. Having disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy Creek, some nine miles north of the present site of that city. Here he remained some five years, in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- mon County Grand Jury. The new county of Peoria having been establislied in 1825. he was offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was then called. Later he became contractor for carrying the mail on the newly established route between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards known as Ogee's Ferry. Tlie tide of travel to the lead-mine region caused botli tlie mail-route and the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his family to this point in April, 1830. Here he established friendly relations with the Indians, and, during the Black Hawk War .two years later, was enabled to render valuable service to the State. His station was for many years one of the most important points in Northern Illinois, and among the men of national reputation who were entertained at different times at his home, may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid- ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid otT the town; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature a member of the Board of Public Works, and. in 1840, secured the removal of the land office from Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate from Lee County to the Republican State Con- vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and, although then considerably over 70 years of age, spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. His death occurred, July 6, 1870. DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., March 23, 1833; was educated in the common schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, had become one of the most extensive concerns of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out of existence bj' the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- lislied and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an importing business in many lines of goods used in the grocery trade. Having become interested in the Merchants' Loan & Trust Compan}-, he was elected its President and has continued to act in that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — being one of those wlio guaranteed the $5,()()(),()()0 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago to assure the success of the enterprise. DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. 10 miles south of Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, churches and a graded school. Population (1880) 448; (1890). 1,110; (1900), 1,229. l)OX(i()LA, a village in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. Poimlation (1880), 590; (1890), 733; (1900), 681. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. an(L in 1851. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 135 removed to Wisconsin; two years later was elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1850, and the following j'ear was elected as a Democratic- Republican to the United States Senate, being re-elected as a Republican in ISli:?. Retiring from public life in 1S()!), he afterwards resided chiefly at Racine, Wis., thougli practicing in the courts of Chicago. He was President of the National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 1866, and of the National Democratic Convention of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., July 27, 1897. DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H., March 22, 1822 ; began teaching at 17 years of age and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; then taught several years and, in 1854, was offered and accepted the position of Superintend- ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two years later. Afterwards engaging in business, he served as Vice-President and President of the Board of Trade, President of the Com- mercial Insurance Company and of the State Savings Institution ; was a member of the State Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with various benevolent organizations of the city of Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. DOUGHERTY, John, lawj-er and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after tlie disastrous earthquakes in that region in 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and early attaining prominence as a successful criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized political leader, was elected as a member of the House to the Eighth General .\s.send)ly (1832) and re-elected in 1834, '36 and "40, and again in 1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the latter body until tlic adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, Sept. 7, 1879. DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Riilway President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three years in his native city, then came west and settled at Galena, 111., wliere he was admitted to the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central Railroad, with which he had been as-sociated as an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 he was a Director of the Company over twelve years ; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired permanently. Jlr. Douglas' contemjioraries speak of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, March 25. 1801. DOUCJLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- quence of the death of his father in infancy, his early educational advantages were limited. When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied liis mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. In 1832 ho began the study of law, but started for the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few months later resigned this office to enter the lower house of the Legislature, to which he was elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated befoi-e the Legisla- ture. He was a candidate for the j)residential nomination before the Democratic National Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having failed of a nomination for the Presidency at Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the "two thirds rule,"' he received the nomination from the ail journed convention held at Bivltimore six weeks later— though not until the delegates from nearly all the Sf Streator. It has two banks, a weekly news- paper, six churches, five large wai'ehouses and two hotels. The city is the center of a rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight hiis attained wide celebrity as the location of the first of a large number of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of the drink and morphine habits. Population (1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not include the floating popula- tion, which is largely augmented by patients who come to receive treatment at the "Keeley Insti- tute." DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi- cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; gradiiated in medicine at Middlebtiry College, in 1830; began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was aLso one of the original incorporators of the North Chicago Street Railway Company, and his name was prominently identified with many local benevo- lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural and stock-raising district, and is an imjxjrtant shipping point. It has seven churches, a graded school, two banks, two weekly newspapers and manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. Population (1880), 963:(1890). 1.058; (1900), 1.122. EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish ancestrj- in Essex Coimty, Canada West. March 17, 1S28, and accompanied his parents to Cale- donia, Boone County. 111., in 1840. His boyhood was passed upon his father's farm, and in 3-outh he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter and joiner. In 1852 lie removed to Rockford, Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and. Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for the Presidency of the Senate, but was defeated 144 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. He died while a member of the Senate, Sept. 3, 1877. EARTHQUAKE OF ISll. A series of the most remarkable earthciuakes in the history of the jn.ssissi])pi Valley began on the night of November 16. 1811. continuing for several months and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the center of the earlier disturbance appears to have been in the vicinity of New JIadrid, in Southeast- em Missouri, its minor effects were felt through a wide extent of country, especially in the settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous historj' states that, in the American Bottom, then the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the results were verj- perceptible. The walls of a brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then a young man of 23, living with his father's family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My Own Times." says of it: "Our family were all sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. . The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently fought, and it was supposed the Indians would attack the settlements. Not one in the family knew at that time it was an earthquake. The next morning another shock made us acquainted with it. . . . The cattle came running home bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the American Bottom many chimneys were thrown down, and the church bell at Cahokia was sounded by the agitation of the building. It is said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- kia in 1804, but I roving unsuccessful, in 18.37 he came west, stojiping a year or two at Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by way of Chicago, working for a time on "The Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at Lowell. La Salle County. This scheme was partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, after a few months' delaj', Eastman, in conjunc- tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication of "The Genius of Liberty " as the successor of Lundy's paper, u.sing the printing press which Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," in 18.53 becoming "The Free West," and finally, in 18.56. being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." After the suspension of "The Free West,'" Mr. Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, but it reached only its fifth numlier, when it was discontinued for want of financial support. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln United States Consul at Bristol, England, where he remained eight years. On his return from Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many articles of great historical interest to the Chi- cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and TFarrera, Hoopir. ) EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County. Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 3'ears of age, and, in 1833. graduated from Alle- gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; a year later established "The Northwestern Home and School Journal, ' which he published three years, in the meantime establishing and conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School Commissioner of Cook County — a position which was afterwards changed to County Superintend- ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- lishment of the Cook County Normal School. Since retiring from office he has been engaged in the real-estate business in Chicago. ECKH.iRT, Bernard A., manufacturer and President of the Chicago Drainage Boiird, w;vs born in .\lsace, France (now Germany), brought to -Vmerica in infancy and reared on a farm in 146 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Vernon County, Wis. ; wiis educated at Milwau- kee, and, in lH(i8, became clerk in tlie ottice of tlie Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard cities. He finally established an extensive mill- ing business in Chicago, in which he is now engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving foiu- years and taking a prominent i)art in draft- ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the Thirty -sixth General Assembly. He has also been prominent in connection with various financial institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was re-elected in 189.5 and chosen President of the Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- ident in December, 1898. EDBROOKE, Willoiigrhby J., Supervising Architect, was born at Deerfielil, Lake County, 111.. Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural profession by his father and under the instruc- tion of Chicago architects. Dui'ing Mayor Roche's administration he held the position of Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 1891, was appointed Supervising Arcliitect of the Treasury Department at Washington, in that capacity supervising the construction of Govern- ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, served in the War of 1813, and was wounded in the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that part of the State; was a Presidential Elector in 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit Judge in 1835, but resigned a few -weeks later. He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he addressed the court, he elicited the most profound attention. He was a sort of walking law library. He never forgot anything that he ever knew, whetlier law, poetry or belles lettres. " Died, June 29, 1849. EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergj'man and author, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher in that State, becoming Agent of the American Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1850, when he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorales in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- sionary Society by the General Conference of 1872. Dr. Eddj' was a copious writer for the press, and, besides occasional sermons, pul)lished two volumes of reminiscences and personal sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 7, 1874. EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- lution, served as an officer in the British navy, l>ut married an American woman of great force of character who sympathized strongly with the patriot cause. Having become involved in the desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife had promised to assist in reaching the American camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining for a while in the American army, during which he became the friend of General La Fayette, he sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from the wreck, with which she joined him two years later. He engaged in business and became an extensive land-owner, being credited, during Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- man naineil Paget, and became a large shipper of flour at an early day to the Southern markets. When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he %vas appointed one of the Judges of the Common Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued for more than a quarter of a century. On the establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one of the members for St. Clair Countj' — the Legis- lature holding its session at ChilUcothe, in the pre.sent State of Ohio, under the administration of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a Major-General of militia, retaining the office for many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, and, on the visit of La Fayette to Ka.skaskia in 1825. a reception was given at their house to the distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 147 they had made more than forty years before. He died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the eastern part of the State, was nanftd in honor of General Edgar. He was Worshipful 5Ia.ster of the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 1806. EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of counties from north to south, lying on the east- ern border of the State ; was organized in 1823, and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of Kaskaskia. It contains G31) square miles, with a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing and stock-raising being the principal industries. Generally, the soil is black to a considerable depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown clay of the subsoil comes to tlie surface. Beds of the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found in the northern portion, and some twenty-five years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five feet tliick, crops out near Baldwinsville and rims along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, tlie county -seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- lation of some .5,000. Vermilion and Dudley are prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was credited with a population of 830 in 1890. EDISBURG, a village of Christian County, on the Baltimore & Oliio .Soutliwestern Railway, 18 miles southeast of Springfield; has one or two banks and one newspaper. The region is agri- cultural, though some coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880), r,rA; (1890), 80G; (1900), 1,071. EDS.\LL, James Kirtland, former Attorney General, was bt)rn at Windham, Greene County, N. Y., Maj' 10, 1831. After passing through the common-schools, he attended an academy at Prattsville, X.Y., supporting himself, meanwhile, b}- working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at Albany in 18.52. The next two 3"ears he spent in Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the Legislature of tliat State in 1855, being a member of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 18.56, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State Senator, serving on the Committees on Slunic- ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventli General Assembly. In 1873 he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his second term he took up his residence in Chicago, where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- tice of his profession, until his death, which occurred, June 20, 1892. EDUCATION. The first step in the direction of the establish- ment of a system of free schools for the region now comprised within the State of Illinois was taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- tory." This applied specifically to the region northwest of the Ohio River, which had been acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting under the auspices of the State of Virginia and by authority received from its Governor, the patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first time established the present system of township (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, devised by Capt. Tliomas Hutchins, who became the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as the office was styled) of the United States under the same act. Its important feature, in this con- nection, was the provision "that there shall be reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the maintenance of public schools within the town- ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in each township, or fractional part of a township," shall be "given perpetually for the jiurpose con- tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary for the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." The reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling act" passed by Congress. Ajiril 18, 1818, authoriz- ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a State Government, and was formally accepted by the Convention which formed the first State Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one entire township (in adilition to one previously donated for the same purpose by act of Congress in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 148 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. together with three per cent of the net proceeds of the sales of public lands within the State, "to be appropriated by the Legislature of the State for the encouragement of learning, of which one- sixth part" (or one-half of one jier cent) "shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a system of free public education in Illinois had its inception in the first steps for the organization of the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in the preliminary steps for the organization of the State Government. The.se several acts became the basis of that permanent provision for the encouragement of education known as the "town- ship." "seminary" and "college or university" funds. Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- lish schools for tlie benefit of the children of the pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught the first American school within the territory of Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, followed by others in the next twenty years in Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- ties. Seeley 's earliest successor was Francis Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe County. Among the teachers of a still later period were John Boyle, a .soldier in Col. George Rogers Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 and Speaker of tlie first House of Representatives. The latter taught in the vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring Seminary. The schools which existed during this period, and for many years after the organi- zation of the State Government, were necessarily few, widely scattered and of a very primitive character, receiving their support entirely by subscription from their patrons. First Free School Law and Sales of School Lands. — It has been stated that the first free school in the State was established at Upper Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- ing this claim was based upon the power granted by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to establish such schools there, which power was never carried into effect. The first attempt to establish a free-school system for the whole State was made in January, 1825, in the pas.sage of a bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a Congressman "and Governor of the State. It nominally ajtpropriated two dollars out of each one hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or subscriptions for the support of schools. So small wiis the aggregate revenue of the State at that time (only a little over $60,000), that the sum realized from this law would have been but little more than §1,000 per year. It remained practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1839, when the State inaugurated the policy of selling the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds for the payment of current expenses. In this way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, realizing less tlian 860,000. The first sale of township school lands took place in Greene County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater part of the school section in the heart of the present city of Chicago was sold, producing about §39,000. The average rate at which these sales were made, up to 1882, was S3. 78 per acre, and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That these lands have, in very few instances, produced the results expected of them, was not so much the fault of the system as of those selected to administer it — whose bad judgment in premature sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of speculators, were the means, in many cases, of squandering what might otherwise have furnished a liberal provision for the support of public schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. Pillsburj', at present Secretary of the University of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many of the facts presented in this article — gives to Chicago the credit of establishing the first free schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. Early Higher Lxstitutions.— A movement looking to the establishment of a higher institu- tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- rating the University of Indiana Territory to be located at Vincennes. One provision of the act authorized the raising of §20.000 for the institu- tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees was promptly organized, with Gen. William Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 149 little progress was maJe. Twenty-one years later (1S27) the first successful attempt to found an advanced scliool was made by the indomitable Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- ment of liis Theological Seminary and High School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, in 1831, became tlie nucleus of ShurtleiT College at Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- nary, established in 1828, two years later expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a movement started by a band of j'oung men at Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions being formally incorporated by the same act of the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of these Institutions.) Education.\l Conventions. — In 1833 tliere was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the first of a series of educational conventions, which were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty years, and whose history is remarkable for the number of those participating in them who after- wards gained distinction in State and National history. At first these conventions were held at the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- eral Assembly, when tlie chief actors in them were members of that body and State officers, with a few other friends of education from the ranks of professional or business men. At the convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court; Judges. D. Lock wood, then of the Supreme Court ; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- ernor and United States Senator; O. H. Browning, afterwards United States Senator and Secretary of the Interior; James Hall and John Ru.s.sell, the most notable writers in the State in their day, besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy and others, all prominent in their several depart- ments. In a second convention at the same place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- fessional and literary men began to take a more prominent part, although the members of the Legislature were present i'l considerable force. A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made up largely of professional teachers and school officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; and the same may be saiil of those held at Jack- sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other points. Various attempts were made to form permanent eilucational societies, finally result- ing, in December, 18.54, in the organization of the "State Teachers" Institute," which, three years later, took the name of the "State Teachers' Association" — though an as.sociation of the same name was organized in 1836 and continued in existence .several years. St.\te Superintendent and School Jocr- NAL.S. — The appointment of a State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in memorials and resolutions by educational conven- tions, by the educational press, and in the State Legislature ; but it was not until February, 18.54, that an act was passed creating the ofl5ce, when the Hon. Xinian W. Edwards was appointed by Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common School Advocate" was published for a year at Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" began publication at Springfield, but was discon- tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- miister, " which became the organ of the State Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. The State Teachers" Association has no official organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is the chief educational publication of the State. Industrial Education.— In 1851 was insti- tuted a movement which, although obstructed for some time by partisan opposition, has been followed by more far-reaching results, for the country at large, than any .single measure in the history of education since the act of 1785 setting apart one section in each township for the support of public scho2; Springfield, Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at which the scheme was still further elaborated. At the Springfield meeting of January, 18.53, an organization was formed under the title of the "Industrial League of the State of Illinois,"' with a view to disseminating information, securing more tliorough organization on the part of friends of the measure, and the emploj-ment of lecturers to address the people of tlie State on the subject. At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- vention memorialize Congre.ss for the purpose of obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and endow industrial institutions in each and every State in the Union." It is worthy of note that this resolution contains the central idea of the act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- ward, making api>ropriations of public lands for the establishment and support of industrial colleges in the several States, which act received the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 — a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its session of 1853, liy unanimous vote in both houses, adopted the resolutions commending the measure and instructing the United States Senators from Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to give it their supjiort. Though not S[)ecifically contemjilated at the outset of the movement, the Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- posed, as a part of tlie scheme, the establishment of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School Department," which took form in the act passeil at the session of 1857, for the establishment of the State Normal School at Normal. Although delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other States, finally triumphed in 1863. The lands received by the State as the result of this act amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subse(iuent do- nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University'' — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- tutions in as many States and Territories, based upon the same general act of Congress. Free-School System.— While there may be said to liave been a sort of free-school system in existence in Illinois previous to 18.55, it was limited to a few fortunate districts possessing funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- ated within their respective limits. The system of free schools, as it now exists, based upon general taxation for the creation of a permanent school fund, had its origin in the act of that year. As already shown, the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction had been created by act of the Legislature in February, 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- lary of the previous measure, giving to the people a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided an official for its administration. Since then there have been many amendments of the school law, but these have been generally in the direc- tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- out departure from the principle of securing to all the children of the State the equal privileges of a common-school education. The development of the sj'stem began practically about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a century, the laws on the subject had grown into a considerable volume, while the number- less decisions, emanating from the office of the State Superintendent in construction of these laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. The following comparative table of school statistics, for 1860 and 1896. compiled from the Reports of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the system in some of its more important features: 18G0. I89S. Population 1,711,9S1 (eat.) 4,250,000 No. of Persons of School A^e i be- tween 6 and 21) •549.604 I,3.S4.3(!7 No. of Pupils enrolled *»72.'J47 BM.iilQ " School Districts 8.'.I5G li,lil5 " PnhMcSchools 9.1fi2 12.1123 ■' Omiled " 294 1.8»7 " Pnhllo llleh Schools 272 ■' School Houses built during Ihpvear 557 267 Whole No. of School Houses 8,221 12,632 No. of lliile Teachers 8.223 7,0.57 Female Teachers 6,4S5 18,359 Wliole No. of Teachers In Public Schools 14,708 26,416 Hl«heat Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 1180.00 1300.00 Highest Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 8,00 14.00 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Female Teacners... 4.00 10.00 Average Monthly Wages paid Male Teachers 28.i2 67.78 Average Monthly Wages paid Female Teachers 18.80 80.63 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 No of Pupils In Private Schools..., 29,264 139,969 Interest on State and County Funds received r73,<50.38 $65,583.63 Amount of Income from Township Funds 322,852.00 889.614.20 *Only white children were Included lu these statistics for 1860, 7i in > r r V. ■fi y. ■r. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 151 I860. 189G. Amount received from State Tai.. f 690,000.00 } 1,000,000.00 Special I)l8- trlctTaxes 1,265,137.00 1.1,133,809.61 Amount received from Bonds dur- ing the year 517,960.93 Total Amount received during the year by School Districts 2,193,456.00 15,607,172.50 Amount paid Male Teachers 2,772,«29.:)2 •■ Female •■ 7.186. 105.li7 Whiileamount paid Teachers ... 1,542,211.00 9,95»,9.H.99 Amount paid for new tichool Uou.ies 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 Amovint paid for repairs and im- provements 1 ,070,7.55.09 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 I54,8.'i«.64 •• " " •• Apparatus 8,563.00 104,298.92 " " " Books for Dis- trict Libraries 30.124 00 13,064.97 Total E.xpi'iidilures 2.?59,Si;8.0l) 14.614.l>27.31 Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,78(1.207.00 •• Libraries.. 377.819.00 " " " Apparatus 607,389.00 The sums annually disbursed for incidental expenses on account of superintendence and the cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- lished, and i)artially or wholly supported by the State, increase the total expenditures by some 8600,000 per annum. The.se higher institutions include the Illinois State Normal University at Normal, tlie Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- sion of 189.5, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, afterwartls establislied at Charleston, and the Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These institutions, although under supervision of the State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See description of these iiLstitiitions under their several titles.) The normal schools — as their names indicate — are primarily designed for the training of teachers, although other classes of pupils are admitted under certain conditions, including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic arts. In addition to these the State supports four other institutions of an educational rather than a custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum for the Feeble-JIinded at Lincoln, and the Sol- diers" Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated value of the property connected with these several institutions, in addition to the value of .school property given in the preceding table, will increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) to S47,l.').5,374.95, of which S4,37r),t07.9r. repre- sents property belonging to the institutions above mentioned. Powers and Duties of Superintexdexts AND Other School Officers. — Each county elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and instruct them in their respective duties, conduct examinations of persons desiring to become teachers, and exercise general supervision over school affairs within his county. The subordi- nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township Treasurer, and a Board (jf District Directors or — in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards of Education. The two last named Boards have power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- vise the management of schools in districts. Tlie State Superintendent is entrusted with general supervision of the common-school system of the State, and it is his duty to advise and assist County Superintendents, to visit State Charitable institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, school officers and others in regard to their rights and duties under the general school code; to decide controverted questions of school law, com- ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- ents and others, and to make full and detailed reports of the operations of his office to the Governor, bienniall}-. lie is also made ex-officio a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, and is empowered to grant certificates of two different gi'ades to teachers — the higher grade to be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and the lower for two years. Certificates granted by County Superintendents are also of two grades and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- tively, in the county where given. The conditions for securing a certificate of tlie first (or two- years') grade, require that the candidate shall be of good moral character and qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, pliysiology and the laws of health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- cate calls for examination in the branches just enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- ing, penmanship or other special branches, may take examinations in these branches alone, but are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they have been examined. — County Boards are empowered to establish County Normal Schools for the education of teachers for the common schools, and the management of such normal schools is placed in the hands of a County Board of Education, to consist of not less than five nor more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman of the County Board and the County Superin- tendent of Scliools shall be ex-officio memliers. 152 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Boards of Education and Directors may establish kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote of a majority of the voters of their districts), for children between the ages of four and six ^-ears, but the cost of supporting the same must be defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- vision of the School Law requires that each child, between the ages of seven and fourteen years, shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of each year, unless otherwise instructed in the elementary branches, or disiiualilied by physical or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an act, passed in 1891, women are made eligil)le to any office created by the general or si>ecial school laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same qualifications for the office as are prescribed for men. (For list of incumbents in the office of State Superintendent, see Superintendents of Public Iiixfructiuu. ) EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the latter in 1838; entered the Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after tlie battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The Northwestern Cliristian Advocate" at Chicago, and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every four years thereafter to the present time. He has also been a member of each General Confer- ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical Conference at London in 1881, and lias held other positions of prominence witliin tlie church. EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born in Montgomery County, JId., Jan. 17, 17"J3; at the age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- tucky, where he received liis primary education, and studied law; was admitted to the bar at Kas- kaskia. 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he was the youngest brotlier) being then Territorial Governor. During the next fourteen years he resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- ville. Owing to impaired health lie decided to abandon his profession and engage in general business, later becoming a resident of Upper Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State Senator from 1835 to "39, and was also the Whig (candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to Tlioinas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He served in tlie Bhick Hawk War, was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- cial!}' interested in education and in public chari- ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of Shurtleff College, to which he was a most munificent benefactor, and wliich conferred on him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper Alton. Sejitember, 1877. EDWARDS, Mninn, Territorial Governor and United States Senator, was born in Jlontgoiiiery County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- ing considerable money, he studied law and, step by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals. In 1809 President Madison ajipointed him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. This office he held until the admission of Illinois as a State in 1818, when he was elected United Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of his first (the sliort) term. In 1826 he was elected Governor of the State, liis successful administra- tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 lie became a candidate for Congress, but was defeated by Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and incorruptible, although cliarged with aristocratic tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of cholera, the disease having been contracted through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers from the ei)idemic. His demise cast a gloom over tlie entire State. Two valuable volumes bearing upon State historj-, comprising liis cor- respondence with many public men of his time, have been iiublished; the first under the title of "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards. " by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the late Eliliu B. Washburne, and printed under the auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — Mnian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 1809, the year his father became Territorial Governor of Illinois ; spent his boyliood at Kas- kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was educated at Transylvania University, graduating in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Aliraliani Lincoln, was appointed Attor- ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was elected to the Legislature from Sangamon HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 153 County, as the coUea^ie of xVbraliam Lincoln, being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and was influential in securing the removal of the State capital to Springtit-lJ. He was re-elected to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, and again to the House in 1848; was also a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. Again, in 1850, lie was elected to tlie House, but resigned on account of liis cliange of politics from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to fill the vacancy, was defeated l)y .James C. Conk-, Ung. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- son, 18.54-57, and, in 1861, was apiwinted by President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- sistence, which position he filled until June, 18Go, since whicli time he remained in private life. He is the autlior of the "Life and Times of Ninian Edwards" (1870), wliicli was prepared at the request of the .State Historical Society. Died, at Springfield, Sept. 2, 1H8!».— Benjamin Stevenson (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, anot licr son of ( jov. Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently became a Democrat, was a Delegate to tlie Con- stitutional Convention of 18(>3, and, in 18G8, was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- tion to Slielby 51. Cullom. In 1809 lie was elected Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but within eigliteen months resigned tlie position, preferring the excitement and emoluments of private practice to the dignity and scanty salary attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a citizen he was universally respected. Died, at his home in Springfield, Feb. 4. 1880. at the time of his decease being President of the Illinois State Bar Association. EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began life on a farm; later graduated at the State Normal School, Bridgewater, JIass., and from tlie Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer on the Boston water works, tlien lieginning a career as a teaclier wliicli continued almost unin- terruptedly for thirty-five years. During tliis period he was connected witli the Normal School at Bridgewater; a Boys" High School at Salem, and the State Normal at tlie same place, coming west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the St. Louis High Scho()l, and, in 1H02, accepting the Presidency of the State Normal University, at Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, remaining fourteen years, accomplished his greatest work and left his deepest impress upon the educational system of the State by personal contact with its teachers. The ne.xt nine years were spent as pastor of the First Congregational church at Princeton, when, after eighteen months in the service of Knox College as Finan- cial Agent, he was again called, in 1880, to a closer connection with the educational field by his election to the office of Slate Siq^rintendent of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, having failed of a re-election, he soon after assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University at CarUnville. Failing liealth, liowever, com- pelled his retirement a year later, when he removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) liis iilaoe of residence. EDWARDS COrXTT, situated in the south- eastern part of the State, between Ricliland and White on the north and south, and Wabash and Wayne on the east and west, and touching the Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wab;ish County. The surface is diversified by prairie and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to the raising of both wheat and com. The princi- pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonj>as Creek, on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) was the seat for holding the first county court, in 1S15, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by 5Iorris Birkbeck and (ieorge Flower (emigrants from England), in 1819, and settled largely by their countrymen, but not incorporated until 1860. The area of the county is 220 s(|uare miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in this county, though mostly in AVliite. Edwards County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, the Territorial Governor of Illinois. EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison County. lU. ; settled in 1812 and named in honor of Ninian Edwards, then the Territorial Gov- ernor. It is situated on three lines of railway. 18 miles northeast of St. Louis, Mo. In early times Edwardsville was the home of a number of the most prominent men in the history of the State. 154 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. including Governor Edwards, Governor Coles and others. It has brick yards, coal mines, flour mills, and machine shops. In a suburb of the city (Leclaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sanitary supplies, using large shops and doing a prosperous business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, one issued semiweekly. Population (1880), 2,887; (1890), 3,561; (1900), 4,1.57; with witli suburb (estimated). .5,000. EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Effingham Coimty, 98 miles nortlieast from St. Louis and 199 miles southwest of Chicago. It has three weeklj' papers and various manu- factures. Population (1890), 3,200; (1900), 3,774. EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for Gen. Edward Effingham. It is .situated in the central portion of the State, 62 miles nortlieast of St. Louis ; has an area of 490 square miles and a population(1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon and William I. Hawkins were the first County Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- raising are leading industries, wool being one of the principal products. EGAN, SVilliani Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent some time during his youth in the study of sur- gerj' in England, later attending lectures at Dub- lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in that State, later practicing in New York. In 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- nized as a prominent phj'sician ; on July 4, 18.36, delivered the address at tlie breaking of ground for tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the early years of his residence in Cliicago, Dr. Egan was owner of the block on which the Tremont House stands, and erected a number of bouses there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate to the first Convention of that party, held at Joliet in 1843; was elected County Recorder in 1844 and Representative in tlie Eighteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1853-54). Died. Oct. 27, 1860. ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- paper Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606. ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one newspaper; district argicultural. Population, (1900), 1,445. ELDRIDGE, Hamiltnu N., lawyer and soldier, was born at South "WilUamstown, Mass., August, 1837; graduated at Williams College in tlie class with President Garfield, in 1856. and at Albany Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to Chicago and began practice; in 1862 assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventli Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg, winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, but, after two years' service, was compelled to retire on account of disability, being carried east on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- ciently to resume his profession, but died in Chicago, Dec. 1, 1883, much regretted by a large circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly popular. ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers in Illinois are of two general clas.ses; (I) those conducted in accordance with United States laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively imder State laws. I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. (United States Senators). The election of United States Senators, while an act of the State Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- scribed by tlie laws of the United States. These make it the duty of tlie Legislature, on the second Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- ceding the expiration of the term for which any Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to elect his successor in the following manner: Each House is required, on the day designated, in open session and by the viva voce vote of each member present, to name some person for United States Senator, the result of the balloting to lie entered on the journals of the respective Hou.ses. At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the day of election, the members of the two Houses meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both Houses are read. If it appears that the same person has received a majority of all the votes in each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, however, no one has received such majority, or if either House has failed to take proceedings as required on the preceding day, then the members HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 155 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members jiresent. The person receiving a majority of all the votes cast— a majority of the members of both Houses being present and voting — is declared elected; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed at noon each legislative day of the session, and at least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. When a vacancy e.xists in the Senate at the time of the assembling of the Legislature, the same rule prevails as to the time of holding an election to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the session, the Legislature is required to proceed to an election on the second Tuesday after having received official notice of such vacancy. The tenure of a United States Senator for a full term is six years — the regular term beginning with a new Congress — the two Senators from each State belonging to different "classes," so that their terms expire alternately at periods of two and four years from each other. — 3. (Presidenti.\l Electors). The choice of Electors of President and Vice-President is made by popular vote taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The date of such election is fixed by act of Congress, being the same as that for Congressman, although the State Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting it and making returns of the same. The number of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the second Monday of Januarj- after their election (Act of Congress, 1887), to ca.st the vote of the State — 3. (Members of Cokuress). The elec- tion of Representatives in Congress is also held under United States law, occurring biennially (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- eral State election in November. Should Congress select a different date for such election, it would be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by a corresponding change in the State law relating to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a Congressman is two years, the election being by Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the case of Presidential Electors — the term of each Representative for a full term beginning with a new Congress, on the 'Ith of March of the odd years following a general election. (See Con- gressional Apjwrtionment. ) n. All officers under the State Government — except Boards of Trastees of charitable and penal institutions or the heads of certain departments, which are made appointive by the Governor — are elected by popular vote. Apart from county officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla- tive; (2) Executive; (-3) Judicial — which are chosen at different times and for different periods. 1. (Leoisl.\ture). Legislative officers consist of Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of November, biennially. The regular term of a Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the present Constitution) is four j-ears; twentj'-five (those in Districts Ijearing even numbers) being chosen on the years in which a President and Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at the intermediate period two years later. Thus, one-half of each State Senate is composed of what are called "hold-over" Senators. Repre.sentatives are elected biennially at the November election, and hold office two years. The qualifications as to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require that the incumbent shall be 2.5 years of age, while 31 years renders one eligible to a seat in the House — the Constitution requiring that each shall have been a resident of the State for five years, and of the District for which he is chosen, two years next preceding his election. (See Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The officers constituting the Executive Department include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attorney -General. Each of these, except the State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the general election at which Presidential Electors are chosen. Tlie election of State Superintendent occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that of State Treasurer every two years coincidently with the election of Governor and Superintendent of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execn- tirc Officers.) In addition to the State officers already named, three Tnustees of tlie University of Illinois are elected biennially at the general election in November, each holding office for six years. These trustees (nine in number), with the Governor, President of the State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public Instruction, constitute tlie Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. — 3. (Jcdici.\ry). The Judicial Department embraces Juilges of the Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such other subordinate officials as may be connected with the administration of justice. For the 156 HIISTORICAL E]\'OYGLUl'Ei)IA OF ILLINOIS. election of nieml)ers of the Supreme Court the State is divided into seven Districts, each of which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. The elections in five of these — the First, Secontl, Tliird, Sixth and Seventh — occur on the iirst Monday in June every ninth year from 1879, the last election having occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the other two Districts occur at similar periods of nine years from 18TG and 1873, respectively — the last election in the Fourth District liaving occurred in June, 1803, and that in the Fiftli in ISill.— Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected every six years at the November election. — Clerks of tlie Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected at the November election for si.\ years, the last election having occurred in 1890. Under the act of April 2, 1897, consolidating tlie Supreme Court into one (Irand Division, the number of Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one. aUhough the Clerks elected in 18!M) remain in otiice and liave diarge of the records of tlieir several Divisions until the expiration of their terms in 1902, The Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday of October, Deceml)er, February, Ai)ril and June. (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- sional Di.strict) are elective every four years at the same time as Congressmen, (b) County officers (exce|)t County Commissioners not under towusliip organization) hold office for four j'ears and are chosen at the November election as follows: (1) At the general election at which the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in counties having a population of 60,000 or over). Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate Judge (in counties having a i)i)pulation of 70,000 and over) , County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- ship organization a Board of County Commission- ers is elected, one being chosen in November of each j-ear, and each liolding office three years, (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an Act of tlie Legislature passed in 18.s,i, the hour of opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing -1 p. m. (See also Australian Ballot.) ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See Suffrage. ) ELdilX, an important city of Northern Illinois, situated in Kane County, on F'ox River and the Cliicago, Jlilwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. 30 miles northwest of Chicago. It has valuable water- power, and over forty manufacturing establish- ments of different varieties, cliief among them being the National Watch Factory, one of the largest in the world. The city is also a great dairy center, containing extensive creameries and milk-condensing works, and liaving a butter and cheese excliange wliose ipiotations are tele- graphed to all the principal commercial centers of the country. It is the location of the Nortliern (Illinois) Hospital for the Insane. The Fifty- fifth Congress made an appropriation for the erection of a Government (post-office) building here. The census reports show that Elgin has had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. Popula- tion (1880), 8.787; (1890). 17,823; (19O0). 22.433. ELCaX, .lOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The main line of this roiid extends we.st from Dyer on the ln'., soldier, was born at Wilton, Maine. April 15, 1819; studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature of that State in 1851, and proving himself an earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Oliio the next year, and, in 1854, removed toRockford, 111., where he embarked in the banking business. Soon after tlie firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached to the Fifteenth IlUnois, he was elected Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1863, and was killed while bravely leading on his men. ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- sionar}', was born in Keene. X. II.. .July 14, 1793; came to Illinois as a home mis.sionary of the Presbyterian Cliurch at an early day. and served for a time as pastor of cliurches at Kaskaskia and Jacksonville, and was one of the influential factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, for some years, a private school for young ladies at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still maintained after a history of over sixty years. Jlr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville. Ind., finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 1840. he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. ELLSWORTH, Ephraiui Elmer, .soldier, first victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 33, 1837. He came to Chicago at an early age, studied law. and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became famous for the perfection of its discipUne ami drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to Washington, going from there to New York, where he recruited and organized a Zouave regiment composed of firemen. He became its Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- worth observed that a Confederate flag was flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before he readied the street was shot and killed by Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men He was the first L^nion soldier killed in the war. Died, May 24, 1861. EL3IHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village of Du Page County, and residence suburb of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- road, 15 miles west of Chicago: is the seat of the Lutheran Evangelical Seminary, has two weekly papers, good common schools and several churclies. Population (1890). 1.0-50; (1900), 1,728. ELMWOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the Rock Island & Peoria branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west- northwest of Peoria ; the principal industries are coal-mining and paper manufacture; has banks and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,.504; (1890), 1,.548; (1900), 1.582. EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles nortli of Bloomington, It has several grain ele- vatoi-s, large mills, a carriage factory and agri- cultural implement works. Bituminous coal is found in the surrounding region, and a coal .shaft has been sunk. .\ weekly |)aper is pubhshed here. Population (18S0), (1890). 1,353; (1900), 1.441. EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign County anil runs southward through the counties of Dougliis, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, passing through Lawrence County, and entering the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. EMMERSOS, Charles, jurist, was bom at North Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 1.5. 1811; came to Illinois in 1833, first settling at Jackson- ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, then studied law at Springfield, and, having been admitted to the bar. began practice at Decatur, where he spent the remainder of his life except three yeare (1847-50) during which he resided at Paris, Edgar County. In 18.50 he was elected to 158 IIISTOllICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Legislature, and, in IS.jS, to the Circuit bench, serving on tlie latter by reelection till 1867. The latter year lie was a candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was still in session. ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles west of Carmi ; is tlie seat of Southern Illinois College. Tlie town also has a bank and two newspapers. Population (1880), 717; (1800). 870; (1900), 971. EXy flat-boat to Shawneetown, 111., cro.s.sed the State by land, finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land in Madison County, 111., he remained there about two years, when, in 1823, having received from President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of the newly established Land Otlice at .Springfield, he removed thither, making it liis permanent home. He was one of the original purcliasers of the land on which the city of Springfield now stands, and joined witli Maj. Elijah lies, John Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other [latentees, in laj'ing out the town, to which they first gave the name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office through the administration of President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by President Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., eldest son of Mr. Enos, was Ijorii in St. Charles, Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Repre.sentative in the General Assembly from Sangamon Count}' in 1852, and served by appointment of Justice McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the United States Circuit Court, being reappointed by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), anotlier .son, was born Sept. 29, 1S21, is a citizen of Springfield — has served as County Surveyor and Alderman of tlie city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of tlie late O. M. Hatch, Secretary of State (18.57-65). EPLER, Cyrus, lawj-er and jurist, was born at Charleston, Clark County. Ind., Nov. 12, 182.5; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- ville, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney the same year; also served as a member of the General Assembly two terms (185701) and as JIaster in Chancery for Morgan County, 1867-73. In 1873 lie was elected Circuit Judge for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire jirofessional and official career his home has been in .Jacksonville. Eqi'ALITV, a village of Gallatin County, on the .Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of Sliawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, tlie county-seat of Gallatin County and market for the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly paper is published here. Population (1880), .500; (l.SOfl), 622; (1900), 898. ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the Rock Island and Sterling Division of tlie Chicago, Burlington & (Quincy Railroad. 30 miles north- east of Rock Island, Population (1880), 537; (1.S90), .535; (1900), 768. EUREKA, the county-seat of Woodford County, incorjiorated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of Peoria ; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and agricultural district. The principal mechanical industry is tlie manufacture of drain-tile and pressed brick. Besides having good grammar and high schools, it is also the seat of Eureka College, under the control of the Christian de- nomination, in connection with whicli are a nor- mal school and a Biblical Institute. The town has four weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; (1895, estimated), 1,900. Eureka became the county-seat of AVoodford County HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 159 early in 1899, the change from Metamora being due to the central location and more convenient eccessibilitj' of the former from all parts of the county. Population (1900), 1,661. EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- ford County, and chartered in IS.^.'J, distinctively under the care and supervision of the "Christian" or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary aim of its founders was to prepare young men for the ministry, while at the same time affording facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been stead}'. Besides a preparatory department and a business school, the college maintains a collegiate department (with classical and scientific courses) and a theological school, the latter being designed to tit young men for the ministry of the denomi- nation. Both male and female matriculates are received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen professors and assistants, and an attendance of some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom were females. The total value of the institution's property is $1-14,000, which includes an endow- ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at 885,000. EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen Presidential Elector in 1864. and, in March, 1878, was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885. but dieil in 1888, three years before the expiration of his term. EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) was 133 — all young men. It has property valued at §59.305. EVAXS, Henry H., legislator, was born in Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to Aurora, 111., where the latter finallj- became fore- man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the war. Since the war he has become most widely known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and subsequently to the Senate everj' four years from 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty years of almost continuou-s service. He is a large owner of real estate and has been prominently connected with financial and other busine.ss enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas and Street Railway Companies ; also served with the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors Culloni, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. EVAXS, (Rev.) Jervioo G., educator and re- former, was born in Marshall County. 111., Dec. 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, which he filled for si.x years. He then became President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the following year returned to pastoral work. In 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; has also produced a number of volumes on reli- gious and moral questions. EVAXS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the establishment of the first insane hospital in In- diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, having accepted a chair in Rusli Medical College, in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for a time as editor of "The Northwestern Jledical and Sui-gical Journal." He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, became a successful operator in real estate and in the promotion of various railroad enterprises, and was one of the founders of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, serving as President of the Board of Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, from whom, in 1802, he received the ap]X)intment of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con- tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John- son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading factor in the construction of some of the most important railroad lines in that section, including the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was for many years the President. He was also 160 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent in connection with educational and church enterprises at Denver, which was his liome after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. ETANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 12 miles nortli of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern Kailroads. The original town was incor[M)rated Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act was passed by the Legislature incorporating it a.s a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town adopted village organizations vinder the General Village and City Incorporation Act of the same year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- tory to the village of Evanston have taken place as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts by petition; in April, 1874, the village of North Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the electors of both corporations; in April. 1886, there was another annexation of a small out-lying district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- tion of the annexation of South Evanston was submitted to the voters of both corporations and adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of organization under a city government was sub- mitted to popular vote of the con.solidated corpo- ration and decided in the affirmative, the first city election taking place April 19, following. The population of the original corporation of Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the total population of the new city 1.5,967. Judged by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated city has had a healthy growth in the pa.st ten years, giving it. at the end of the centurj-, a population of 19.2.59. Evanston is one of the most attractive residence cities in Northern Illinois and famed for its educational advantages. Besides having an admirable system of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the academic and theological departments of the Northwestern University, the latter being known as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and electricity, and maintains its own system of water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced within the corporate limits under stringent municipal ordinances, and the charter of the Northwestern University forbidding the sale of intoxicants within four miles of that institution. As a consequence, it is certain to attract the most desirable class of people, whether consisting of those seeking permanent homes or simply contemplating temporary' residence for the sake of educational advantages. EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawj-er and politician, was born in Kentucky in 179.5, and came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Ofl^ce at Vandalia, as con- temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a deposit of .$1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia at an early day. Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- tions held by him included Clerk of the Hou.se of Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; Representative from the counties composing the Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- bly (1830-31), when he also became Speaker of the House; Senator from the same District in the Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of wliich he was chosen President pro tempore. While serving in this capacity he became exofficio Lieutenant-f Jovernor in consequence of the resig- nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due course at the previous election. A year later (December, 18.3.5) he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had died in office. Failing of a re-election to tlie Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House of Representatives from his old district in 1838, as he was again in 1840, at each session being chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- lature at the close of his term, we find him at the beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died. March 2.5, 1846. His public career was as unique as it was remark- able, in the number and character of the official positions held by him within a period of twent}'- five years. EXECUTITE OFFICERS. (See State officers under heads of "Governor," ''Lieutenant-Gov- ernor," etc.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 161 EYE AXD EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth of a private cliarity founded at Chicago, in 1858, by Dr. Edward L. Hohnes, a distinguished Clii- cago oculist. In 1871 tlie property of tlie institu- tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, the title was changed by the substitution of the word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary became a State institution. The fire of 1871 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State erected another of brick, four stories in height, at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, Chicago. The institution receives patients from all the counties of the State, the same receiving board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened under legislative authority, which is under charge of some eminent Chicago specialists. FAIRBURY, an important town of Livingston County, situated ten miles southeast of Pontiac, in a fertile and thicklj- settled region. Coal, sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous quartz are found in the neighborhood. The town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 2,140; (1890), 2.334; (1900), 2,187. FAIRFIELD, an incorporated town, the county-seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. It is the seat of Hay ward Collegiate Institute; has an extensive woolen factory and large flouring and saw mills. It has three weekly papers and is an important fruit and grain-shipping point. Popu- lation (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1.881; (1900), 2,338. FAIRMOUNT, a town of Vermilion County, on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest from Danville. The town has a brick and tile factory, although the industrial interests are chiefly agricultural. One weekly paper is pub- lished here. Population (1890), G49; (1900). 928. FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 1835; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, and graduated from the State University there in 1859, during a part of his university course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal church at Madison : was next Vice-President of Gainesville University till 18G1, when he was ordained to the Methodist ministry and became pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- dier-General. On his return to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the church. He served as Regent of the University of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for .several years has been one of the Trustees of the IlUnois State Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of two or th»ee volumes, one of them being a "Sup- plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed Episcopal Church work in the West and North- west for several years ; lias also served as Chaplain of tlie Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, and was Chairman of the General Committee of the Educational Congress during the World's Columbian Exijosition of 1893. FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the Chicago Division of the IlUnois Central Railroad, 19 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and fruitgrowing constitute the chief business of the section ; the town has two newspapers. Popula- tion (1880), 318; (1890), 618; (1900), 693. FAR.>IER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction of the .Springfield division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- raising district, especially noted for rearing finely bred horses. The city h;is banks, two news- papers, churches of four denominations and good schools, including a high school. Population (1880). 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- signed to encourage practical education among farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- tural resources of the State. Its membership consists of three delegates from each coimty in the State, elected annually by the Farmers' Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 162 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of Agriculture. Dairymen's Association and Horti- cultural Society, exofficio, with one member from each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- gates from the district at the annual meeting of the organization. Annual meetings (between Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, which sliall continue in session for not less than three days. The topics for discussion are the cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, farm drainage, improvement of highways and general farm management. Tlie reports of the annual meetings are printed by the State to the number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable quarters for the officers of the organization are provided in the State capitol. • FARMIXGTOX, a town and railroad center in Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 23 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined here: there are also brick and tile factories, a foundry, two ste;im flour-mills and a cigar manufactory. It is a large shipping point for grain and live-stock. The town has two banks and two newspapers, five churches and a graded school. Population (18',I0), l.:i:5; (1900), 1,729. FARXSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. After completing a course in the public schools, he entered the University of Micliigan, but left college at the end of his freshman year (18.')8) to serve in the Quartermaster's department of the army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter and a carrier of mails between the haunts of civilization and the then newly-discovered mines at Pike's Peak. Returning to lUinois, he was commissioned (1861) Assi.stant Quartermaster of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle was Colonel. (See Fariisworth, Jo)ui Franklin.) He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 1863, he was apjwinted aid-de-camp to General Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1803. was made a Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. FARXSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and former Congressman, was born at Eaton. Canada East. March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane County, where he practiced law for many years, making his home at St. Charles. He was elected to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 18.58. In .September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 1862, but resigned, March 4, 1803, to take his seat in Congress to which he had been elected the November previous, by successive re-elections serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of his life were spent in Washington, where he died, July 14, 1897. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, N. y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, and, for six years, was employed in surveying and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He was elected County Clerk in 18.i3, and re-elected in 18.57. Later he entered into commerce, becom- ing a partner with his brother, Jolin Villiers, in the firm of J. V. FarweU & Co. He was a mem- ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congre.ss as a Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which was carried into the House at Washington. Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, making three full terms in that body. He also served for .several years as Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. After the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) elected United States Senator, his term expiring Marcli 3, 1891. Mr. FarweU has since devoted his attention to the immense mercantile busi- ness of J. V. FarweU & Co. FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y., July 29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a common- school education and, in 1838, removed with his father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he attended Mount Morris .Seminary for a time, but, in 184.5, came to Chicago without capital and secured employment in the City Clerk's office, then became a book-keeper in the dry-goods establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus received his bent towards a mercantile career, he soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of the firm becoming Cooley, FarweU & Co., in 1860. About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter became associated with the concern and received their mercantile training under the supervision of Mr. FarweU. In 1865 the title of the firm HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 163 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm was incorporated under the name of The J. V. Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- well, being a member. The subject of this sketch ha.s long been a prominent factor in religious circles, a leading spirit of the Young 5Ien"s Christian Association, and served as President of the Chicago Branch of the United States Christian Commission during the Civil War. Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's second election in 1864; also served by appoint- ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of Indian Commissioners. He was a member of tlie syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the J. V. Farwell Companj-, and President of the Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. He was also prominent in the organization of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the Union League, the Chicago Historical Society and the Art Institute. FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was born at Morrisville, ilatlison County, N. Y., Jan. 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestrj'; graduated from Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he removed to Chicago, but the following year went to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. In 18.j4 he again settled at Chicago and soon secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six years. During this period he sat chiefly upon the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his second term he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the re- mainder of the ticket. In 1880 lie was chosen Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- sity I.aw School), serving until Juno. 1893, wlien he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. FAYETTE COUXTT, situated about 60 miles south of the geographical center of the State; was organized in 1821, and named for the French General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and mining are the chief industries. The old. historic '"Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. Perryville was the first county -seat, but this town is now extinct. VandaUa, the present seat of county government (population, 2,144), stands upon a succession of hilLs ujwn the west bank of the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the State Capital. Besides VandaUa the cliief towns are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- ber, and St. Ekno. FEEBLE-MI>DEI) CHILDREN, ASYLUM FOR. This institution, originally established as a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the in.struction of idiots and feeble-minded children." Its success having been assured, the scliool was placed upon an independent basis in 1871. and, in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering forty acres, was donated, and the erection of buildings begim. The original plan provided for a center building, with wings and a rear exten- sion, to cost §124,775. Besides a main or adminis- tration building, the institution embraces a school building and custodial hall, a hospital and industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a chapel has been added. It has control of 890 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- tution. The remainder is used for the purposes of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- tions constantly on file for the admission of others for whom there is no room. FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D,, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperarj-, Ireland, in 1829. and educated at Maynooth College. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once appointed President of the Seminary of Caroride- let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the affairs of the diocese with gi-eat ability. In 1880 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- bishop. His administration has been conserva- tive, yet eflicient, and the archdiocese has greatly prospered under liis rule. FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 164 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. van, 111., in 1832, and the next j-ear located at Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new town. Later he became agent for scliool lands and the State Bank, but failed financially in 1837, and returned to practice; resided several years at Payson, Adams County, but returning to Bloomington in IS.W, was instrumental in securing the location of the Chicago & Alton Railroad through that town, and was one of the founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it ■was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated personal biographj-; in tlie campaign of 1860 he served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- tral Committee, and, in 1803, was ajjpointed by Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- ous friend of the cause of industrial education, and bore an important part in securing the location of the State Normal University at Nor- mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 2.'), 1887. FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in Glasgow, Scotland. August 4, 181.5; learned the printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his youth in putting in type some of Walter Scotfs productions and other works wliich now rank among English classics. In 1834 he came to America, finally locating in Chicago, where, with various partners, he pursued the business of a job printer continuously some fifty years — being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was killed by being run over by a railroalished there. Toward the close of the Revolutionarj' War, Vir- ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, the colony was scattered, many families going to Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the post St. Clair's army, which had been badly weakened through desertions, was cut to pieces by the enemy, and tlie fortification was aban- doned. FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, erected about 1711 on tlie Ohio River, 40 miles from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. It was the first fortification (except Fort St. Louis) in the "Illinois Coimtry," antedating Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of the name is uncertain. Tlie best authorities are of the opinion that it was so called in honor of tlie engineer wlio superintended its construction ; by others it lias been traced to tlie name of the French Minister of Marine; others assert that it is a corruption of tlie word "Massacre," a name given to the locality because of the massacre there of a iRrge number of French soldiers bj' the Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by the French until after the evacuation of the country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. It later became a sort of depot for American settlers, a few families constantly residing within and around the fortification. At a very early day a military road was laid out from the fort to Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as milestones, the number of miles being cut with irons and painted red. After the close of the Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. With the cession of Louisiana to the United States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never re-garrisoned. According to the "American State Papers," during the period of the French occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary station and a trading post. FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, erected in 1709, on tlie Wabash River a short distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois French. In December, 1778, Helm and one private alone occupied the fort and surrendered to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who led a force into tlie country around Vincennes. FORT SHERIDAN (formerly Higliwood), a village and United States Jlilitary Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division of the Clii- cago & Northwestern Railway, 34 miles north of Chicago. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 1,575. FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of the Illinois River nearly opjiosite Utica, in La Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, wliich also served as a dwelling and trading post. A windlass drew water from the river, and two small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- prised the armament. It was solemnl)' dedicated by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering place for the surrounding tribes, especially the Illinois. But FVontenac having been succeeded as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while plots were laiil to secure his downfall by cutting off his supplies and inciting the Irocjuois to attack him. La Salle left the fort in lfi83, to return to France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a military post, though it continued to be a trad- ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle.) FORT WAYXE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chieago Railway.) FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Ne^v York. Chicago <£■ St. Louis Railway.) FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely related in interest to the works of the mound- builders in Illinois — tliough, probablj', owing their origin to another era and an entirely different HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 175 race — are those works which bear evidence of having been constructed for purposes of defense at some period anterior to the arrival of white men in the country. While there are no works in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to which have been given the names of "Fort Ancient"' on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are a number whose form of construction shows that they must have been intended for warlike pur- poses, and that they were formidable of their kind and for the period in which they were con- structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, while La Salle County is the seat of the first fortification constructed by the French in Illinois that can be said to have had a sort of permanent character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), it is also the site of a larger number of preliistoric fortifications, whose remains are in such a state of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than any other section of the State of equal area. One of the most formidable of these fortifications is on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines of ciroumvallation, showing evidence of consider- able engineering skill. From the size of the trees within this work and other evidences, its age has been estimated at not le.ss than 1.300 years. On the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, another work of considerable strength existed. It is also said that the American Fur Company had an earthwork here for the protection of its trading station, erected about 1816 or "18, and consequently belonging to the present century. Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has not been positively determined, about half a mile south of the former, has been traced in recent times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said to have -erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, which belonged j)ractically to the same era as the latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been given. One of these is a hill overlooking the Saline River in the southern part of Saline County, where there is a wall or breastwork five feet in height enclosing an area of less than an acre in extent. The other is on the west side of Lusk"s Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- work has been constructed bj' loosely piling up the .stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old Indian fortification were found by early settlers of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town Timber," about 1822 to 182.5. It was believed then that it had been occupied by the Indians during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians was, that it was burned bj- General Harrison in 1812; though this is improbable in view of the absence of anj' historical mention of the fact. Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back as far as 1752, and that it was erected by tlie Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- kaskia. There was also a tradition that there had been a French mission at this point. — One of the most interesting stories of early fortifications in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the Chicago Historical Society. Although the work alluded to by him was evidentlj" constructed after the arrival of the French in the country, the exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated ridge of timl>er land in Palos Township, in the western part of Cook County. He says: "I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in company with other persons, some of whom are still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. . . . As a strategic point it most completely commanded the surrounding country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'." Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied by Colonel Durantye in ICO.'i? The remains of a small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of Lake County, where the pre.sent city of Waukegan stands, giving to that place its first name of "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who had served in the session of the CJeneral Assembly of that year as a Representative from Sangamon County, and was then on his waj" to Green Bay, and the remains of the pickets or palisades were visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 174 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the latter part of the eighteenth century. There is also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie) stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. FOSS, iileorire Edmund, lawyer and Congress- man, Ava.s born in Franklin County, Vt., July 3, 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 188.5; attended the Columbia Law School and School of Political Science in New York City, finally graduating from the Union College of Law in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice. He never held any political oflfice until elected as a Republican to the Fifty fourth Congress (1894), from the Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the candidate of liis party, and was re-elected by a majority of over 20,000, as lie was a third time, in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in the Department of Agi-iculture. FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years were spent on his father's farm, but at the age of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., and, three years later, began teaching with an older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent some sixteen years teaching and practicing medicine at varioas places in his native State, in 1833 he came west, fii-st locating in Morgan County. 111. While there he took part in the Black Hawk War. serving as a Surgeon. Before the close of the year he was com]x;lled to come to Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who was an officer in the army and had been killed by an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real estate, which, in subsequent years, largely appreciated in value, he became identified with early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest real-estate owners of his time in the city. He was an active promoter of education during this period, serving on both City and State Boards. His death occurred. May 18, 1874, in consequence of injuries sustained by being thrown from a vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, wa.s born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, being emjjloyed for several years in the geological survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally devoted considerable attention to the study of metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by mining capitalists to make the first systematic survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon wliich, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he made a report which was published in two vol- imies in 18.50-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he participated in the organization of tlie "American Party" there, though we find him soon after breaking with it on the slavery question. In 18.55 he was a candidate for Congress in the Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological researclies and writings, also .serving for some years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) University of Chicago. His works include "The Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York. 1873) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," (Chicago, 1873), Vjesides contributions to numer- ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of several scientific associations and, in 18G9, Presi- dent of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of .Science. He died in Hyde Park, now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873. FOUKE, Philip IJ., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was chiefly self-educated and began his career as a clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 1841-43 was associated with the publication of "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, and, after being admitted to the bar, served as Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to tliat office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- teenth General A.ssembly (1850), and, in 18.58, was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth Congress and re-elected two years later. While still in Congress he assisted in organizing the Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of wliich he was commissioneil Colonel, but resigned on accountof ill healtli soon after the battle of Shiloh. After leaving the army he removed to New Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- trator and practiced law for some time. He then took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims against the Mexican Government, in which he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 175 was engaged some seven years, Anally removing to Washington City and making several trips to Europe in the interest of these suits. He won his cases, but died soon after a decision in his favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his brain in their prosecution. His death occurred in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he wa.s buried in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting as pall-bearers at his funeral. FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born in Burford, Conn.. August 11, 1837; was partiall}' educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference he was appointed successively to Chicago churches till 1873 ; then became President of the North- western University, holding this office four years, when he was elected to the editorship of "The Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he ■was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence is in .San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being devoted largely to the Pacific States. FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., and, after running southward through Kenosha and Racine Counties in that State, pa.sses into Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, below which point it flows southwestward, until it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. It atftirds abundant water jxiwer. FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and FiLves. ) FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1790, learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and. in connection with a partner, published a paper at Buffalo. N. Y. In consequence of the excitement growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828. (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831. com- menced the publication of "The Sangamo' (now "The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, continuing his connection therewith until ISu.'j. when he .sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was active in the organization of the State Agricul- tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording Secretarj- for several years. In 1859 he moved to Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 1872.— Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, was born at Wethersfield. Conn., April 14, 1815; in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and became a partner in the publication of "The Journal" until its sale, in 185.5. In 1861 he was appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C, serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur trade. Later he was United States Consul at Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — Josiali (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 183G engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on the Jacksonville & .St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- paper and one or more banks; the surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 310; (1890). .578; (1900), 687. FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- central part of the State; was organized in 1818. and has an area of 430 square miles. Population (1900), 19.675. The county is well timbered and is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county-seat is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The county contains no large towns, although large, well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, southwestern hospitality are preserved among the residents of to day. FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on the Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & Northwestern liailway. 88 miles west of Chicago. Grain and livestock are shipjied from here in considerable quantities. It has banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 730; (1890). 736; (1900), 681. FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who came to Southern Illinois at an early day and served as State Senator from Edwards County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 176 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. latter being an opponent of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- pation and. at the time he was a member of the Legislature, resided in what afterwards became Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was named for him. FRKKBl'Rtr, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), L0a8; (ISi)U), 848; (I'JOD), 1,214. FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- ston County, N. Y., May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught school at Le.vington, Ky.. while studj-ing law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840; removed to Shawneetown, III., in IS.'jl, was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced .some eight jears. He then began farming in Marion County, Mo. , but, in 1802, returned to Shawneetown and, in 18G3, was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the Supreme Court of Illinois, .serving until his death, which occurred at Springfield near the beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 1894. FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, Senior Warden ; James (Jalbraith, Junior War- den; William Arundel, Secretary; Robert Robin- son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons who were, without exception, prominent in the early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois in 1840 was si.x, with 1.57 members; the number of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 189.') was 713, with a membership of .50,727. of which 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 189.5 were §37,834.50; the contributions to members, their widows and orphans, $2.5.038.41; to non- members, 86.306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic Orphans' Home, 81,315.80.— Apollo Commandery No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi- zation of its kind in this or any neighboring State — was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- five subordinate commanderies, with a total membership of 9,355. and dues amounting to 87,7.54.75. The principal officers in 1895 96 were Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; John Henry AVitbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- bert W. Barnard. Grand Recorder.— The Spring- field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a total membership of 10,414. — The Grand Covmcil of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 2,318. FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west of Chicago. It has good water power from the Rock River and several manufacturing estab- lishments, among the manufactured out]nit being carriages, wagon wheels, windmills, coffee mills, flour, leather, foundry products and vinegar. The Illinois Central Railroad has shops here. Population (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,2.58. The Fifty-fifth Congress made an appropriation for a Government building at Freeport. FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; hair days. Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor. Zadoc Casey, and William L. D. Swing presided over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the Senate being made up of his political adversaries, 186 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. experienced no little difficulty in securing the confirmation of his nominees. Two United States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane being chosen to succeed himself and Jolin M. Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John McLean, deceased. The United States census of 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- gress instead of one, and this General Assembly passed a re-apportionment la%v accordingly. The number of State Senators was increased to twenty-six, and of members of the lower liou.se to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and public flogging. This Legislature also authorized the boiTowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of the State Bank which were to mature the follow- ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, the session having lasted seventy-three days. Eighth General Assembly. The session began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. William L. D. Ewitig was chosen President i)ro tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, tlie latter liaving been elected a Representative in Congress. Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions being ai)plicable to towns and public libraries. It also incorporated several railroad companies, — one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River (projected as a substitute for the canal), one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the State, running through Springfield. Other char- ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- porators generally failed to organize under them. A notable inci dent in connection with this session was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first and last trial of this character in the State's his- tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with four Senators excused from voting), the House attempted to remove him by address, but in this the Senate refused to concur. Tlie fir.st mechan- ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, as also a law relating to the "right of way" foi- "public roads, canals, or other public works.' The length of the session was ninety days. NiXTH General Assembly. This Legislature held two se.ssions. The first began Dec. 1. 1834, and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- sition. On Dec. 20. John M. Robinson was re- elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln was among the new members, but took no con- spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The principal public laws passed at this session were: Providing for the borrowing of S.500,000 to bo used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; and authorizing a loan of §12,000 by Cook County, at 10 per cent interest per annum from the coimty school fund, for the erection of a court house in that county. The second session of this Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 18 !5, adjourning. Jan. 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith of the State for the repayment of money bor- rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- tionment law was also passed providing for the election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, deceased. The length of the first session was seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three day.s — total. 118. Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5. 1836, and adjourned March G, 1837. The Whigs controlled the Senate by a large majority, and elected William H. Davidson, of White County, President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See Jenkins, Aleaxinder M. ) James Semple was re-elected Speaker of the House, which was fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature was remarkable for the number of its members who afterwards attained National prominence. Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides these, the rolls of this Assembly included the names of a future Governor, six future United States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for legislative discussion and action were the system of internal iiiiijrovements and the removal of the State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield finally effected such a combination that that city was selected as the .seat of the State government, while the Internal Improvement Act was passed over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second session of this Legislature met on the call of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 187 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjovirned July 23. An act legalizing the suspension of State banks was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement legi-slation was ignored. The length of the fiist session was ninet3'-two daj's and of the second thirteen — total 105. Eleventh General Assembly. This body held both a regular and a special session. The former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 1839. The Wliigs were in a majoritj' in both houses, and controlled the organization of the Senate. In the House, however, their candidate for .Speaker— Abraham Lincoln — failing to secure his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. Ewing. At this session SSUO.UOO more was appro- priated for the "improvement of water-ways and the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on account of internal improvements meeting with defeat. An appropriation (tlie first) was made for a library for the Supreme Court: the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was establislied. and the further issuance of bank notes of a smaller denomination than So was prohibited. By this time the State debt had increased to over 813,000,000, and both the people and the Governor vvere becoming apprehensive as to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A ci'isis appeared imminent, and tlie Governor, on Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special session to consider the situation. (This was tl^e first session ever held at Springfield; and, the new State House not being comi)leted, the Senate, the House and the Supreme Court found accommo- dation in three of the principal church edifices.) The struggle for a change of State policy at this session was long and hard fought, no heed being given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- ment system. Provision was made for the calling in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the speed}" adjustment of all unsettled accounts of the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- lated out of office. The special session adjourned Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149. Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. It first convened, by executive proclamation, Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- ment of interest on the public debt. In reference to this matter the following enactments were made: Authorizing the hypothecation of S300.000 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to be sold in the open market and the proceeds applied toward discharging all amounts due on interest account for which no other provision was made; levying a special tax of ten cents on the §100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of §100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began two days later. The Senate was presided over by the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of the House. Tlie most vital issue was the propri- ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of the State Bank, with its branches, and here party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- tions which had suspended specie payments, and in securing for those institutions the privilege of issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- tive veto, and in face of tlie defection of some of its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the special session and eighty-five during tlie regular. Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of fortj'-one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been acting Governor and United States Senator, ^s Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, were among the new members. Tlie existing situation seemed fraught with peril. The State debt was nearly §14,000,000: immigration had been checked : the State and Shawneetown banks had gone down and their currency was not worth fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor's warrants were worth no more, and Illinois Stat* bonds were quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18. Judge Sidney Breese w;is elected United States Senator, having defealeii Steplien A. Douglas for the Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State Bank (in which the State had been a 'large share- bolder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 188 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a like amount of bank stock owned by the State. Tlie same conditional release was granted to the bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a reduction of the State debt by about S3,000,0()(). The Governor was authorized to negotiate a loan of SI. GOO, 000 on the credit of the State, for the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- tion of the bonds hypothecated with JIacalister and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the moneys arising from the sale of public lands was acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of the State were pledged to the redemption "of every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a good and valuable consideration." To establish a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of twenty cents on every SlOO, payable in coin, was levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- tionment of the State into Seven Congressional Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 1843, after a session of ninety-two days. Fourteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the new members. William A. Richardson defeated Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal law was amended by the passage of a supple- mental act, transferring the property to Trustees and empowering the Governor to complete the negotiations for the borrowing of 81,600,000 for its construction. The State revenue being in- sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the government, to say nothing of the arrears of interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was set apart to pay the interest on the State debt and one and one-half mills for the same purpose from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever thereafter."' Fifteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus Edwards. State officers were elected as follows : Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed Secretary of State. A new school law was enacted; the sale of the Gallatin County salines was authorized ; the University of Chicago was incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District Courts were established ; and provision was made for refunding the State debt. The Assembly adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of eighty-five days. Sixteenth General Assembly. This was the first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After endorsing the policy of the administration in reference to the Mexican War and thanking the soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election of United States Senator to succeed Sidney Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, the other caucus candidates being Breese and McClernand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor convened the Legislature in special session on Oct. 23. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. Shields having ari.sen (growing out of his nativity and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside of the passage of a general law authorizing the incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- tion was enacted. The special session adjourned Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three days ; special, seventeen — total sixty. Seventeenth General Assembly convened Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1S9 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not all of wliich was well considered. By joint reso- lution of both houses the endorsement of the Wilmot proviso at the previous session was rescinded. The first homestead exemption act was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, tlie sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart being prohibited. Township organization was authorized and what was virtually free-banking was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by popular vote in November, 1831. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also passed at this session, the measure being drafted by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of this Assembly was held in 18.52 under a call by the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d — seventeen days. The most important general legislation of the special session was the reappor- tionment of the State into nine Congressional Districts. This Legislature was in session a total of sixty days. Eighteenth General Assembly. The first (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and adjom-ned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one "Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds in the lower house. Governor Matteson was inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was re-elected United States Senator. Jan. 5, the Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph (lillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the majority being "private acts." The prohibitory temperance legislation of the preceding General Assembly was repealed and the license system re enacted. This body also passed the famous "black laws" designed to prevent the iiumigration of free negroes into the State. The sum of S18.000 was appropriated for the erection and furnishing of an executive mansion; the State Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated toward reducing the State debt. A special session was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned March 4. The most important measures adopted were: a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- viding for the election of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and a charter for tlie Missis- sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four — total, sixty-seven. Nlneteenth General Assembly met Jan, 1, 1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected Speaker of the House. The political complexion of the Legislature was much mixed, among the members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know-Xothings, Pro-slavery Demo- crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while the entire strength of the opposition was forty- one. A United States Senator was to be chosen to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. The result of the first ballot was. Lincoln, forty- five; Shields, forty -one; scattering, thirteen; present, but not voting, one. Jlr. Lincoln's strength steadily waned, then rallied sliglitly on the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot to forty-two, but having dropped on the next ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, which was the limit of his strength. On the ninth ballot, LoncoLu's vote having dropped to fifteen, his name was withdrawn at liis own request, his support going, on the next ballot, to Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one member not voting. Trumbull, having received a majority, was elected. Five members had voted for him from the start. These were Sena- tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- coln, but they explained that they had been instructed by their constituents to vote only for an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub- sequentlj- prominent leaders in the Republican party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- plishing a political revolution, this Legislature proceeded to adopt several me;isures more or less radical in their temlency. One of these was the Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- tion by vote of tlie people at an election held in the following June. A new common school law was enacted, and railroads were required to fence their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 190 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. TwENTiKTH General Assembly convened Jan. 5, ISIiT. and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A Republican State aihninistration, with Governor Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the Legislature was Democratic in both branches. Lieut. Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, and Samuel Holmes, of Adams Count}', defeated Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of the House. Among tlie prominent members were Norman B. Judd. of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of Jolinson ; Shelby M, CuUom, of Sangamon ; John A. Logan, of Jackson ; William R. Morrison, of Monroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook; Joseph Gilles- pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. Among the important measures enacted by this General AsseTiibly were the following: Acts establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending the banking law ; providing for the general incor- poration of railroads; providing for the building of a new penitentiary; and funding the accrued arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of session, fortj'-six days. Twenty-first General Assembly convened Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five members. Tlie presiding officers were: — of the Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. Morrison, of Monroe Coiuity, who defeated his Republican opponent, Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message showed areduction of §1, !(>(), .S77 in the State debt during two years preceding, leaving a balance of principal and arrears of interest amounting to $11,138,454. On Jan. 6, 18,59, the Assembly, in joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote of fift}' four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. The Legislature was thrown into great disorder in consequence of an attempt to prevent the receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- tive apportionment bill which had been pas.sed by the Democratic majority in the face of bitter opposition on the part of the Republicans, who denounced it as partisan and unjust. Twenty-second General Assembly convened in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- atives. For the first time in the State's history, the Democrats failed to control the organization of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman presided over the Senate, and S. M. CuUom, of Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. Tliomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected President pro tem. of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring Governor (John Wood) reported a reandoned legal practice to engage in banking and in mercan- tile investment. After the expiration of his term in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at latest advices, he still resided. GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was born in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831 ; gradu- ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858, was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer County, a year later removing to Monmouth in Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, "91, and "97. After his last election he served for some time, by apiKiintment of the Supreme Coui't, as a mem- ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield District, 'but ultimately resigned and returned to Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool- headed, impartial Judge stancls very high, and his name has been favorably regarded for a place on the Supreme Bench. GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- cated in the high-school at Aiu'ora in tliat State. In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at Galena for his father, and, although not then a lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that he was asked to take charge of two others. This determined the bent of his mind towards the law, to the stud}' of which lie turned liis attention under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- ophilus L. Dickey, tlien of Ottawa. Soon after being admitted to the bar in 1840, lie formed a partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 203 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the founders of the Republican part}' and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator Douglas, at Ottawa, in 18.j8. In 1868 he served as Presidential Elector at the time of General Grant's fir.st election to the Presiilency, and the following year was appointed United States Dis- trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1875. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- ernor CuUom a memjoer of the Board of Railway and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards became President, serving six years. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 10, 1892. GODFREY, a village of Madison County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early settler who wa.s chiefly instrumental in founding that institution. Population (1890), 228. GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and I)liilanthropi.st, was born at Chatham, JIass., Dec. 4, 1794: at nine j-ears of age he ran away from home and went to sea, his first voyage being to Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a part of the next three years in the naval service, also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- some fortune; but, in transferring it (amounting to some S200.000 in silver) across the country on pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by brigands, with which that country was then infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging in the warehouse and commission business as the partner of Winthrop S. Gilmaii. under the name of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, in October, 1837. {See Lovejoij. Elijah P.) Soon after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- frey made a donation of land and money for the erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the erection of buildings, borne by him, was $53,000. The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- ing spirits in the con.struction of the Alton & Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. GOLCOXDA, a village on the Ohio River, eighty miles northeast of Cairo; is the county- seat of Pope County. The surrounding country is an agricultural and mining district. Lead and kaolin are found in the vicinitj'. It has a court house, several churches and schools, two banks and a weekly newspaper, besides flour, woolen and saw mills. It is a shipping point for a large region. Population (1890), 1.174; (1900). 1.140. GOLDZIER, Julius, ex- Congressman, was born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 18.54, and emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he settled in Chicago, where he was admitted to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 1892, was the successful Democratic candidate in the Fovu'th District, for Congress, but was defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- second Ward. GOODIXG, James, pioneer, was bom about 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook County, 111 , settling in what was later called "Gooding's Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove was aLso called the "Yankee Settlement," from the Eastern origin of the principal settlere. Mr. Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 1849, at the age of 82 years.— William (Gooding), civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at Bristol, Ontario Coimty, N. Y., April 1. 1803; educated in the common schools and by private tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly Ijetween teaching and working on the farm of his father, James Gooding. Having devoted considerable attention to surveying and civil engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- port. N. Y.. but sold out at the end of the first year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 204 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Being unsuccessful in tliis, lie accepted employ- ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. After a brief visit to his father's in 1833, he returned to Ohio and engaged in business there for a short time, but the following year joined his father, who had previously settled in a portion of what is now Will County, but tlien Cook, mak- ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" and engaged in farming. In ls;!C he was ap- pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, but, in 1.S43, became Chief Engi- neer, continuing in that position until the com- pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, Will County, in May, 1878. GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was born in Milton, Saratoga. County, N. Y., August 7, 181 1 ; grew up in Western New York, studied law and came to Cliicago in 1834, becoming one of the most prominent and reputable members of his profession, as well as a leader in many of the movements for the educational, moral and reli- gious advancement of the community. He was one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- copal Church of Chicago, an active member of the Union Defense Committee during the war, an incorporator and life-long Trustee of the North- western University, and President of the Board of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides being identified with many organizations of a strictly benevolent character. In 18.j9 Judge Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, resumed the practice of his profession. Died, March 15, 1889. GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with liis parents to Madison Count)'. III. , in 1834, and served in tlie Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards locating in Macoupin County, wliere he ha.s been extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. For some sixteen years he was a member of the State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of that period being its President. His home is at Carlinville. GOUDT, Calvin, early printer and physician, was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and in 1832 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the following year he entered Illinois College, being for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," of which his father was publisher. In association with a brother while in Jactsouville. he began the publication of "The Common School Advo- cate," the ijioneer publication of its kind in the Northwest, which was continued for about a year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844. began practice at Taylorville; in 1847 was elected Probate Judge of Christian Countj' for a term of four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he continued nineteen j'ears. In 185(1 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and, in the session of the following jear, was a leading supporter of the act estab- lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still later serving for some sixteen years on the State Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late William C. Gouily of Chicago. (wOUDY, William C, lawyer, was born in Indiana, Jlay 15. 1824; came to Illinois, with his father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- sonville, ijrevious to 1833, where the latter began the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a well-known publication of that time. At Jack- sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, graduating in 1845, when he began the study of law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield; was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year began practice at Levvistown, Fulton County ; served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State Senator (185G-60); at the close of his term re- moved to Chicago, where he became prominent as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- western Raih-oad. During President Cleveland's first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a large influence with the administration, and was credited with having been largelj' instrumental in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel- ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Died, April 27, 1893. GRAFF, Joseph T., lawyer and Congressman, was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 205 ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and %vas admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in 1893 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- tion of President of the Board of Education, never held anj' public ofllce until elected to Con- gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Gralf was a successful candidate for re-election in 189G, and again in "98. GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high and fine river views are obtainable. A line qual- ity of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here and exported by the river. The town has a bank, two churches and a graded school. Population (1880), 807; (1890). 927; (I'.IOO), 988. GRAIN IXSPECTIOX, a mode of regulating the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and under the general supervision of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- utive officer of the department is the Chief Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- tration are borne by fees. The chief business of the inspection department is transacted in Chi- cago, where the principal offices are located. (See Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and served as a member of the Third Territorial Council for .Tohnson County (1816-18); was a citizen of Union County when it was organized in 1818, and served as State Senator from that county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- blies (1832-26), and again in the Seventh and Eighth General Assemblies (18.30-34), for the Dis- trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander Counties. He is described as having been very illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and considerable influence. GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- ternal, charitable and patriotic association, limited to men who served in the Union arm_v or navy during the Civil War, and received hon- orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. John M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. John S. Phelps. Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6, 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had .served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers generally being somewhat doubtful of the result of the project; but, before July 13, 1806, the date fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 reported in Illinois. By October, 1806, Depart- ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- chussetts. New York, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, and the first National Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,.^00 posts, located in every State and Territory of the Union, with a membership of 4.")0,000. The scheme of organization provides for precinct. State and National bodies. The first are known as posts, each having a number, to which the name of some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier may be prefixed ; the second (State organizations) are known as Departments; and the supreme power of the Order is vested in the National En- campment, which meets annually. As has been said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his associates was to create a grand organization of veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- ism as well as mutual support. While he died sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of his hopes, the present has witne.s.sed the fulle.st realization of his dream. (See Stephenson, B. F. ) The constitution of the order expressly prohibits any attempt to use the organization for partisan purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and strengthen fraternal feelings among members; to assist comrades needing help or protection and aid comrades" willows and orphans, and to incul- cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief Corps" is an avixiliary organization, originating at Portland, Maine, in 1809. The following is a list of Illinois Department Commandei-s, chrouolog- 206 UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ically arranged: Ti. F. Stephenson (ProTisional. 1866), John M. Pahner (1S66-88), Thomas O. Osborne (1809-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram Hilliard (1874 76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Dickason (1884), William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post (1880), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton (1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John C. Black (1898). John B. Iniiian (1899). The fol- lowing Illiuoisans have held the position of Com- mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut. (two terms) 1800-07; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1808-70; Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. GRAND PRAIRIE SE.MIXARY, a coeduca- tional institution at Onarga, Ii'oquois County, in- corporated in 1803; had a faculty of eleven teach- ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 female. It reports an endowment of .§10.000 and property valued at .$55,000. Besides the u.-iual classical and .scientific dopartinents, instruction is given in music, oratorv, fine arts and prepara- tory studies. GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, situated on the Missis.sippi River, 27 miles south- west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the river opposite the village. It has four churches, a weekly nowspai)er, and two blast furnaces for iron. Population (18'.i0), 024; (IHOO). 881. GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU RAILROAD. (See Chicago &• Tc.ras Railroad.) GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y. , Blay 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., in 18.53. Here, having studied law, he %vas admitted to the bar in 18.55. removing to McIIenry County the same j'ear, and soon after engaging in the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he %vas elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth, He is now a member of tlie State Senate for the Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His home is at West McHenry. GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; came to Illinois at an early daj- and locatetl at Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, as were many of the early settlers of that region. In February, 1835, he was elected by the Cieneral Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a few months, dying at Vandalia the same j'ear. GRANT, riysses Simpson, (originally Hiram Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West Point Militarj' Academy, in 1843, and served through the Mexican War. After a short resi- dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena in 1800. His war-record is a glorious part of the Nation's history. Entering the service of the State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out of the war in 1801. and still later serving as a drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he immediately led into the field in the State of Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship and became a full Major-General of Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and Henrj-, in February follo%ving. His successes at Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- burg. were the leading victories of the Union armies in 1803. His successful defense of Chat- tanooga was also one of his victories in the West in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in March of that year, assumed command of all the Northern armies. Taking personal command of the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- paign against Richmond, which resulted in the final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate capital and the surrender of General Lee at Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1800, he was made General — the office being created for him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad interim, under President Johnson, from Au- gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was elected President of the United States and re- elected in 1872. His administration may not have been free from mi.stakes.' but it was charao- s O z c n z 05 o 2 § 8 i ^ re > o K o > o 2 » ■-• re 5 c? !•- o o < X < Oh 5x2 - a. O H Z « z o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 207 terized by patriotism anil integrity of purpose. During 1877-79 he made a tour of the -worlJ, teing received every wliere with tlie higliest honors. In 1880 his friend.s made an unsuccessful effort to secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- date on the Republican ticket. Died, at llount McGregor. N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary work was his "Memoirs'" (two volumes, 1885-86), which was very extensively sold. GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in VermiUon County, on the Big Vermilion River and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six miles south of Danville. Tlie chief industry is coal mining, which is extensively carried on. Population flSOn), 778: (1900). 010 GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After receiving a mercantile training in the counting house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- sliip with David McRae and John Kay, two young Scotchmen from Jlontreal. He established depots at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered that commander material financial assistance, becoming personally responsible for the supplies needed bj- the penniless American army. When the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory became a part of the United States, it was from the balcony of his house that the first American flag was unfurled in L^pper Louisiana. In recom- pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 30,000 acres of land near the present site of Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at St. Louis, April 21, 1817. GRATIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- arj', born in France, but at what date cannot be stated with certainty. After some years spent in Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors to the Illinois Mission (1088), succeeding Allouez as Superior two years later, and being made Vicar-General in 1691. He kibored among the Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias — his most numer- ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and Mis.souris. It is said to have been largely through his influence that the Illinois were induced to settle at Kaskaskia insteail of going south. In no.') lie received a severe wound during an attack by tlie Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually led, by one of their medicine men. It is said tliat he visited Paris for treatment, but failed to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as to time and place, but all agree that it resulted from the wound above mentioned. Some of his biographers assert that he died at sea; others that he returned from France, yet suffering from the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same j-ear. GRAY, £Ii.sha, electrician and inventor, waa bom at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a course at Oberlin College, devoting especial attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 lie began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, received his first patent ; devised a method of transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a year later accomplishing the same with eight messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- fe.ssor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- facture of telegrapli apparatus at Cleveland and Chicago, but has since been electrician of the Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing by telegraph the handwriting of the sender of a telegram — attracted great interest at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and "Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic Telegraphy and Telephony."' GR.VY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was bom in Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, read law and began secular editorial work in 1852. being connected, in the next fourteen years, with "The Tiflfin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" and "Newark American." Then, after several years spent in general publishing business in Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 lie came to Chicago, to take charge of "Tlie Interior," the organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has since conducted. The success of the paper under his management affords the best evidence of his practical good sense. He holds the degree of Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. GR.WVILLE, a city situated on the border of White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in the former, on the Wab;ish River, 35 miles north- west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered «08 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. region and is an important liard-wood market. Valuable coal deposits also exist. The manufac- turing establishments include (lour, saw and planing mills, anil stave factories. The city has two banks, six churches, and three weekly news- papers. Population (IS'.IO), 1. !)',)'); (lOOOi, 1.948. GRAYVILLE & MATTOO> RAILROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Frimsrillc Raihcai/) GREATHOUSE, Lucien, soldier, was born at Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois Wesleyan University, Bloomingtou. and studied law ; enli.sted as a private at the beginning of the War of the Kebellion and rose to the rank of ■Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; bore a con.spicuous part in the movements of the Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near AtLanta, Ga., June 21. 1804. GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and '49). (See IlUuuix Centrttl Railruad.) GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See Wabash Jiailway. ) GREEN RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- ward through Henry County, and enters Rock River about 10 miles east by south from Rock Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, and, for three years following, taught school, at the same time reading law. He was admitted to the bar in 1853 and began practice at Jlount Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, and to Cairo in 1863. In IS.'jS he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, was re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was elected to the State Senate for four years. In December, 186.'), he was elected Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of his term in 1867. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions of 1860, '64, '68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years a member of the State Central Committee of that party, and also, for four terms, a member of the State Board of Education, of which he has been for several years the President. He is at present (1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at Cairo. GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was born in the North of Ireland, Jul}-, 1833, brought to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk and at others setting type in a printing office. After spending some time in Western New York, in 18.')3 he commenced the study of law at Dan- ville. Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he taught and .studied law with Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, with lion. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton ; later served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term (1K67-09) as Representative in the General As.sem- bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- ship with Milton Hay and Daviil T. Littler, under the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later becoming the head of the firm of Greene & Humphrey. From the date of his removal to Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his home in Sjjringlield, after a protracted illness, Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- able in all his dealings, he commanded respect wherever he was known. GREENE, William (J., pioneer, was born in Tenne.ssee in 1812; came to Illinois in 1822 with his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. The younger (Jreene was an intimate friend and fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under whom he held an apixiintment in Utah for some years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 1894. GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quin('y and the Litchfield, Carrollton & Western Railways, twelve miles east of Carrollton and fift3'-five miles north of St. Louis. It is in an agricultural and stock-raising region. The city contains several churches, a seminary, a steam flouring mill and two weekly newspapers. It is an important shipping point for cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. Population (1880), 98,-); (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,08.5. GREENE COUNTY, cut ofT from Madison and separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 square miles; population (1900), 23,402; named for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being among the principal. Building stone and clay HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 209 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- ing settlers were David Stockton and James Whiteside, who located south of JIacoupin Creek in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon afterward. The Indians were numerous and aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the monuments of the Government surveys, erected some years before. Immigration of the whites, however, was rapid, and it was not long before the nucleus of a village was established at Car- roUton, where General Fry erected the first house and made the first coffin needed in the settle- ment. This town, the county-seat and most important place in the county, was laid off by Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns are Whitehall (population, 1,961). and Roodhou.se (an important raih-oad center) with a population of 2,360. (tREENTP, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Indianapolis & Terre Haute (Vandalia Line) and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 22 miles northeast of Effingham. It is a lumbering and fruit-growing region. Population (1890). 8.J8; (1900), 1,08.5. GREEXVIEW. a town in Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of .Springfield and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a bank, two weekly newspapers, seven churches and a graded and high school. Population (1880), 450, (1890), 1,106; (1900). 1,019. GREENTILLE, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of Big Shoal Creek, at the junction of the Jackson- ville. Louisville & St. Louis and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroads. .50 miles east- northeast of St. Louis. Corn and wheat are ex- tensively raised in the surrounding countrj', and extensive coal mines are in and adjacent to the city. The manufactures include flour and saw- mills, and plow and wagon factories. It is the seat of Greenville College for ladies, and has several banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890). 1,868; (1900), 2..504. GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of Indian tribes (.see Indian Treaties), at Green- ville, after his victory over the savages at the battle of JIaumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in which a number of tribes united The lands con- veyed within the present limits of the State of Illinois were as follows: A tract sii miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of the Illinois River; another, six miles square, around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort Ma.ssac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, and "the lands at all other places in the pos.ses- sion of the French people and other white set- tlers among them, the Indian title to which has been thus e.xtinguished. " On the other hand, the United States relinqui-shed all claim to all other Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis- sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash consideration paid by the Government was .?210,000. GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of State, emigrated from Albany, X. Y., and began the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after which he served for a time as United States Dis- trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- tutional Convention of that year, and served as Secretary of State from 18,50 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former year. In the Democratic State Convention of 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the nomination for Governor, though finally defeated by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential Elector for that year, and. in 1853, was appointed by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands, still Liter for a time acting as the minis- ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public Moneys at Carson City, Nev., where he died, Dec. 23. 1868. GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., N. Y.. July 6. 1822; graduated from Union Col- lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the study of law, studied theology and entered the Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the East he came West, becoming Principal of a classical school at Detroit. His ability as an educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 210 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later was called to that of the newly founded University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he remained until IHHO. He was United States Commissioner to tlie Vienna Exposition in 1873, Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in the educational department of the Philailelpliiu Centennial of 187(). From 1882 to "85 lie was a member of the United States Civil Service Com- mission. Tlie degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Madison University (Hamilton, N. Y.) in 1866. Wliile Stat." Superintendent lie published a "Compend of School Laws'" of Michi- gan, besides numerous addresses on educational subjects. Other works of his are "Handljook of History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago. 1866) ; "A New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). Wliile holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of Political Economj- in the Uiiiversit}' of Illinois during the latter years of his life, he resided in Washington, D. C, where he died. Oct. 20, 1898. By his special request he was buried on the grounds of the University at Champaign. GRESHAM, Walter (jiiinton, soldier, jurist and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- son County, Ind., March 17. 1833. Two years at a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at Bloomington University, completed his early education, which was commenced at the common schools. He read law at Corydon, antl was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 18G0 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was brevetted Major-General on March 13, 18G5. At Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled from service for a year. After the war he re- sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his county for Fremont. From that time iintil 1893 he was always prominently identified with the Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 1867-08, was the financial agent of his State (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant appointed liim Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In Jul}', 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, he was appointed United States Judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- cate of the renoinination of Grant in that year, but subsequently took no active per.sonal part in jiolitics. In 1888 lie was the substantially unani- mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1893 he was tendered the Populist nomination for President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of State, which he accepted, AN, James, statesman, was born in Clark County, 111., August 25, 1820; graduated at Asbury University, Ind. ; was State Superiiitendent of Public Instruction in Iowa (1817), President of Iowa Wesleyan University (18ij8), United States Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior (1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- versity. He was also a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- delphia Loj'alists' Convention of 1806; in 1873, after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark County, 111. ; .served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and the following year was elected to the Circuit bench under the new Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 was elected County Judge of Clark County. Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 1879. HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State, born at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y., in 1830, removed to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in business as a commission merchant; also served a term as Mayor of Pekin. For nianv years he took a prominent part in the history of the State. Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a patriotic secret organization sworn to pre.serve the Union, working in harmony with the war party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 1863 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, when Governor Yates requested him to remain at home and continue his effective work in the Union League, saying that he could accomplish more for the cause in this way than in the field. Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an organizer, and the League became a powerful factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- General on the Governor's staff, and had charge of the troops as tliey were mustered out. During a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (1809-73) as Secre- tary of State, he served as ^Vssistant Secretary, and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- field he acted as corresjiondent for .several news- papers, and, for a j'ear, was city editor of "The Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at different periods in the commission and real estate business, but has been retired of late years on account of ill healtli. Died May 10, 1900. HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers ; took a course in a commercial college and engaged in the stock and grain-.shipping business in Wood- ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of the city of Chicago ; in 1882 was elected to the Thirty -third General Assembly and re-elected in 1884. Dxiring his first term in the Legislature, Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage of the "High License Law," which has received liis name. Of late years he has been engaged in the grain commission business in Chicago. HARPER, William Rainpy, clergyman and educator, was born at New Concord. Ohio, July 26, 1856; graduated at Muskingum College at the age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this being one of the principal commencement honors in that institution. After three years' private study he took a post-graduate course in philology at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph. D.. at the age of 19. For several years he was engaged in teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- versity. Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- logical studies and devoting special attention to Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the cliair of Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. The school by correspondence was known as the 222 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "American Institute of Hebrew," and increased so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- dents, from all parts of tlie world, many leading professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the professorship of Semitic Language and Literature at Yale University, having in the previous jear become Principal of the Chautauqua College of Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the entire Chautauqua system. During the winters of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- tures on the Bible in various cities and before several universities and colleges, having been, in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale, although still filling his former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- cago University, which has rapidlv increased in wealth, extent and influence. (See University of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem- ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. Harper is the author of numerous philological text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap- plying the "inductive method" to tlie study of Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve the .study of English along these same lines. In addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals, and pnblislied numerous monograi)hs. HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842, the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard County, 111. Here, in 184.'), he was elected School Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker"s) and was elected Slajor. He was present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of General Shields at the latter, taking command of the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had assumed command of the brigade. During his absence in the army (1840) he was chosen to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, '56, and "58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few daj's after his fourth election and before completing his preceding term. H.\RRIS, ■William Logan, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the Michigan Conference, being transferred to the Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, after two years' pastoral work and some three years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position first of Principal of the Academic Department and then a professorship; was Secretary of the General Conferences (18.56-72) and, during 1860-72. Secretary of the Church Missionary Society; in 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining until his death, which occurred in New York, Sept. 2, 1887. Bisliop Harris was a recognized au- thority on Methodist Church law, and published a small' work entitled "Powers of the General Conference" (1859), and, in connection with Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise on "Ecclesiastical Law." having special refer- ence to the Methodist Cliurch. HARRISBURO, county-seat of Saline County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwaj', 70 miles northeast of Cairo. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture and fruit-growing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron are found in the vicinity. The town has flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, carriage and other wood working estab- lishments, two banks and three weekly news- papers. Population (IS'.iO). 1.72.3; (1900). 2.202. HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician. Con- gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of 20 years graduated from Yale College and began reading law, but later engaged in farming. After spending two years in foreign travel, he entered the Law Department of Transylvania University, at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, .settled at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, was elected to Congi-ess as a Democrat, being re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor of Chicago, filling that office for four succe.ssive biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election in 1887 by his Republican competitor. John A. Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He thereafter made a trip around the world, and. on his return, published an entertaining account of his journey under the title, "A Race with the Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- cratic candidate for the Cliicago mayoralty, but was defeated by Hempstead Washburne, Repub- lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ^23 tion of his party for the office, and was elected. In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, ' ' plac- ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong character and intense personality, making warm friends and bitter enemies; genial, generous and kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at either his office or his home. Taking advantage of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition — gained admission to his residence, and, without the slightest provocation, shot him down in his library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. MARRISOX, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, an earl}- Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- erally related to the signer of the Declaration of Independence of that name, and to President William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was educated in tlie public schools of Chicago, at the Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- tion to real estate. His father having purchased the "Chicago Times" about 1892. he became associated with the editorship of that paper and. for a time, had charge of its publication until its consolidation with "The Herald" in 189."). In 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by receiving a majority of the total vote. Again in 1899, he was re-elected to the same ofiice. receiving a plurality over his Republican com- petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of the youngest men who ever held the office. HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of Indiana Territory (including the present State of Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1T73, being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of the Declaration of Independence; was educated at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- viously served as Aidde-Camp to Gen. Wayne, by whom he was complimented for gallantry at the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by President Adams Secretary of the Northwest Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- gate in Congress; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, serving bj- reappointment some 12 years. During his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years later, he negotiated many important treaties with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers at Tippecanoe. Having Ijeen made a Brigadier- General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the Army of the Northwest, he won the important battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve j-ears. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, dying in Wa.shington City, April 4. 1841, just one month after his inauguration. HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20. 1837. When he was three years old his parents removed to Illi- nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph County, which became his permanent home. He was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- Kendree College, Lebanon, in Jime. 18.j9. Five years later he was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He was Representative in Congress for two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, and again in 1876. HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry Count}-, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the Chicago & Northwestern Rjiilway. It was incor- porated in 1891, and has electric lights, an artesian water sjstem. two weekly newspapers and vari- ous manufacturing establishments, among them a flouring mill, a carriage-wheel factorj- and sew- ing machine works. The surrounding region is agricultur.il. Population(1890). 1.967; (1900), 2.602. HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14. 183.5; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass.. graduating from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston until 1802, when she was called to the principal- ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this 224 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey. 111., where she has since remained. The main building of this institution liaving been burned in Novem- ber, 18b9, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and improved plan, largely througli the earnest efforts of Miss Haskell. (See Monliccllo Female Semi- nary.) HATCH, Ozlas Mather, Secretary of the State of Illinois (IH.'iT-'e.'iV was horn at Hillsborough Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to Griggsville. 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- keeping at (Jriggsville. In the latter year he was appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one term. An earnest anti-slavery man, he was. in 1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- lican party for Secretary of State and elected, being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with Mr. Lincoln, of whom lie was a warm personal friend and admirer. During the war he gave a zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- nation and retired from political life. He was an original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- ment Association from its organization in 1865 to his death, and, in company with Gov. R, J. Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- ment. After retiring from office he was interested to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- ville, and was influential in securing the con- struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway from Naples to Hannibal, Mo He was. for over thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying there, March 12, 1893. HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert MMler, clergy man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westcliester County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed only sucli educational advantages as could be obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- ing the next eleven years supplying churches in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 18.')2 he went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that vicinity until 1865, when he a.ssumed the pastor- ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago, two years later going to the Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877. he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in Evanston and Chicago. In 18H6 he went to Sum- mertield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, he became Financial Agent of the Northwestern University at Evanston, of which he had been a Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, liis services were in constant demand during this period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the General Conferences of I860, '64, '76, '80 and '84, and was a leader in some of the most important debates in tliose bodies. Died, at Evanston, March 31, 1891. HATTON, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- coming foreman and local editor; in 1862, at the age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur lington, where he secured a controlling interest in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city under President Grant, and, in 1881, became First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- tration, being the youngest man who ever held a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. From 1883 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- chasing the plant of "The National Republican" in Washington, commenced the publication of "The Washington Post," with which he was con- nected until liis death, April 30, 1894. HAVANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- ping point for corn and osage orange hedge plants. An agricultural implement factory is HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 225 located here. The city has several churches, three public schools and three newspapers. Population (1890), 2,.^2,'5; (1900), :!,208. HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, and taught in various institutions in Massachu- setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodi.st ministry as a member of the New York Conference: five years later accepted a professorship in Michigan University, but resigned in 18.'J6 to become editor of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in that time serving two terms in the State Senate and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- vard University. In 1803 he accepted the Presi- dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 111. ; in 1873 became Secretary of the Methodist Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem. Oregon, in August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great versatility and power as an orator, wrote much for the periodical press and published several volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on rhetoric. HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a meager country-school education, at the age of 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- tion six or seven years, after which he spent three years in a more liberal course of study in a private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, when he removed to Chicago. After several years spent in manufacturing and real-estate business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The Praiiie Farmer," of which he remained in con- trol until 18.")8. Mr. Haven took an active interest in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for the promotion of popular education. For ten years following 1853, he was oflSciall}' connected with the Chicago Board of Education, being for four years its President. The comptroUership of the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. During the war he was a zealous supporter of the Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States for the Department of the Nurthwost, .serving in this capacity during a part of President Johnson's administration. In 1866 he was attacked with congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of that year. HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born in Hancock County. Ind,, April 23, 1830; came to Carroll County, 111., in boy hood, where he attended tlie common schools and later graduated from Eu- reka College. In 1863 he enlisted in the Union army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 1878. In 1880 he was reelected, but died before the expiration of his term, his successor being Robert R, Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen at a special election to fill the vacancy. HAWLEY, John B., Congressman and First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accomi)a- nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock County. At the age of 23 ( 1854) he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. From 18.56 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of Rock Island Coimty. In 1861 he entered the Union army as Captain, but was so severely woundetl at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress as a RepubUcan, being twice re-elected, and, in 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was appointed by President Hayes First Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, when he resigned. During the last six years of his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North- western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 24, 1895. HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838. of Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown L^niver- sit}-, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his father, in the meantime, having become a resi- dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- camp, also serving for some time under Gleneral 226 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Hunter and Gilmore, with the rank of Major and Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's assassination he served as Secretary of Legation at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d'Affaires at Vienna; was also editor for a time of "Tlie Illi- nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." Colonel Hay's more important literary works include "Castilian Days," "Pike County Ballads." and the ten-volume "History of the Life and Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- ration with John G. Nicolay. In IHT.") he settleil at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The New York Tribune." made Washington his home. In 1897 President McKiuley appointed him Am- bassador to England, where, by his tact, good judgment and sound discretion manifested as a diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- complislied foreign representatives America has produced. His jiromotion to the position of Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary "William R. Day, at the close of the Spanisli- American War, in September, 1898, followed naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he had won as a diplomatist, and was universally approved througliout the nation. HAY, John 15., ex-Congre.ssman, was born at Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- mon schools and worked on a farm until lie was 16 years of age, when he learneil the printer's trade. SuUsequently he studied law, and won considerable local jirominence in his profession, being for eight years State's Attorney for the Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, and, in 18()8, was elected a Representative in the Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in 1832; in 1838 became a student in the law office of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfleld, Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield and formed a partnei'ship with Judge Stephen T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which ended by the retirement of the latter from prac- tice in 1861. Others who were associated with him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby M. CuUom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue and member of the Judiciarv Committee, was prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. Again, as a member of the lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General Asseml)ly (1873-74), he assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the new order of things under the new Constitution. The estimate in which he was held by his associ- ates is shown in the fact that he was a member of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the State, which was especiallj' complimented for the manner in which it performed its work by concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man was more frequently consulted by State execu- tives on questions of great delicacy and public importance, during the last tliirtj' years of his life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the active prosecution of his profession, devoting Ids time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, Sept. 15, 1893. HAYES, PliiHp C, ex-Congressman, was born at Gran by, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a year old his parents removed to La Salle County, III, where the first twenty years of his life were spent ui)on a farm. In 1860 he graduated from Oberliu College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- listed in the Union army, being commissioned successively. Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- ing the publisher and .senior editor of "The Morris Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Jlorris, Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia which renominated Grant, and represented his district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since. HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in the drug business for two years; then began the study of law and was admitted to practice in 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, stumping the southern counties for the Demo- cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 1847 he raised a company for service in the Jlexican War, but, owing to its distance from the seat of government, its muster rolls were not HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 227 received until the quota of the State had been filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention for White County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- dential Elector. About 1852 he removed to Chi- cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and (1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- tion, particularly in its attitude on the question of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- lar assemblies, were of a very high order. HATMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarcliistic outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been addressed by orators who sought to inflame the worst passions of their hearers. The excitement (previouslj- more or le.ss under restraint) culmi- nated on tlie date mentioned. Haymarket Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed by the widening of West Randolph Street for an open-air produce-market. An immense concour.se assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- matory speeches were made from a cart, which was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his withdrawal, the oratorj* became more impassioned and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one whose identity has never been thoroughly proved, threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the police, who, under command of Inspector John Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of tlie crowd and were endeavoring to enforce the command. Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- ing in the street. The majority of the crowd fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests followed during the night and the succeeding morning, and search was made in the office of the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted in the discovery of considerable evidence of an incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook County found indictments for murder against eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were convicted after a trial extending over several months, both the State and the defense being represented by some of the ablest counsel at the Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was given twenty years' imprisonment. The death sentence of two— Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab — was sulwequently commuted by Gov- ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the county jail by exploding, between his teeth, a small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- tiously obtained; the remaining four (August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair attracted wide attention, not only throughout the United States but in other countries also. HAYNIE, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju- tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn. , Nov. 18, 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received but little education at school, but worked on a farm to obtain means to study law, and was licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, resumed practice in 1849, and, in 18.50, was elected to the Legislature from Marion County. He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 18.52 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- las ticket. In 18G1 he entered the army as Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- pated in the battles of Fort Douelson and Shiloli. and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865. wa.s appointed by Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at Springfield. November, 1868. HAYWARD COLLEGE AXD COMMERCIAL SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County; incorpo- rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in 1898. with a faculty of nine instructors. HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was born in Litchfield. Conn., in 1770; having lost his father at 7 years of age, learned the cari)euter"s trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was studying law in Missouri, and. two years later, was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 228 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. at Kask'G, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- cian, was born in Prussia in 18J3; left an orphan at the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he was for a time engaged in the manufacture of brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he admitted his son, "Washington Hesing, to a part- nersliip, installing him as general manager. Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895. — Washington (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he returned to Chicago and began work upon "The Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young man he was made a member of the Chicago Board of Education, but declined to serve a second term. In 1872 he entered actively into politics, making speeches in both English and German in support of General Grant's Presi- dential candidacy. Later he affiUated with the Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four years. His administration was characterized by a high degree of efficiency and many improve- ments in the service were adopted, one of the most important being the introduction of postal cars on the street-railroails for the collection of mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. HETWORTH, a village of McLean County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of Bloomington. The place has a bank and a news- paper. Population (1890), 566; (1900), 683. HIBBARD. Homer Nash, lawyer, was bom at Bethel. Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824. his early life being sjjent upon a farm and in attend- ance upon the common schools. After a short term in an academy at Randolph. Vt. . at the age of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also fitting himself for college with a private tutor. Later, having obtained means by teaching, he took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- mont fniversity, graduating from the latter in 18,50. Then, having spent some years in teach- ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 232 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later continuing his studies at Burlington and finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. Here he opened a law office in connection witli his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- son, but early in the following year removed to Freeixirt, wliere he subseciueutly served as City Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 1860, he became a member of the law firm of Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, serving during the life of the law. He was also, for some time, a Director of the National Bank of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American Insurance Conijiany. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., Feb. 22, 1807— the son of Jolm Hicks, one of the seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 181"). Leaving the roof of a stepfather at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle; served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, finally locating in Jefferson County, where he studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth General Assembly (18-10) and re-elected succes- sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early in the Mexican War (184G) he recruited a com- pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his profession at Salem, Marion County. He promptly raised a company which became a part of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantrj-. of which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- ment saw active .service in the campaign in West- ern Tennessee, including tlie battle of Sliiloh, where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded through the lungs, only recovering after some months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined his regiment in July following, but found him- self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, a few months later, on account of disabilitj\ Having finally recovered, he was restored to his old command, and served to the close of the war. In October, 1863, he was placed in command at Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen months, after which he was transferred to Colum- bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the place was desperately assaulted by the rebel Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 1-1, 1869, and was buried, in accordance with liis request, in the folds of the American flag. Born on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the death of this brave soldier should have occurred on the anniversary of that of the "Father of His Country." HKiBEE, Cliauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was born in Clermont County, Ohio. Sept. 7, 1821, and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He early took an interest in politics, being elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and two years later to the State Senate. In 1801 he was electeil Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1867, "73, and "79. In 1877, and again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 18S4. HI(i(i!IXS, Van Mollis, lawyer, was born in Genessee County, X. Y., and received his early education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to Chicago in 1837 and, after .^pending some time as clerk in his brother's store, taught some montlis in Vermilion County: then went to St. Louis, where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 111., where he read law and was admitted to the bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- ued to reside for theremainder of hislife. In 1858 he was elected as a Republican Representative in the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, and was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgiiis was successful as a lawyer and business man, and was connected with a number of important busi- ness enterprises, especially in connection with real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- eral local societies of a professional, social and patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 17, 1893. HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and Assistant Railway President, vras born in Chica- go, July 11. 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged in the real-e.state business; was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., and entered the engineering department of the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 233 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, and soon after assumed the same position in con- nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, being transferred to the Auditorship of the latter road in 1879. Later, lie became assistant to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and a member of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 0, 1844; in boyhood came to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State University, at Madison, in 18G4, also serving for a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers; studied law at the Michi- gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the aUsence of the United States District Attorney, conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for connection witli the celebrated Mountain Meadow Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The New York Times," his letters being widely copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high rank in his profession. He was the autlior of several volumes, including treatises on "The Law of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of Englandanil America, "and "Extraordinary Legal Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- tions," which are accepted as high authority with the profession. In 1870 he published a revised edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all his legal arguments, together with a memoir of liis life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its manufacturing industries include a milk-con- densing creamery, flour and planing mills, brew- eries, etc. It contains several churches and schools (among the latter lieing a Roman Catho- lic Seminary), a hospital, and has two newspapers — one German. The earlj- settlers were Germans of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. The surrounding country is agricultural. Population (1880), 1,900; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial census), 1,970. HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. It has a salubrious site on a blutf 100 feet above Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and health resort. It has a large hotel, several churches, an academy, a ladies' seminary, and editions of two Waukegan papers are issued there. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator, was bom in Middletown, Conn., March 14, 1833 , at 1!) removed to the State of New York and after- wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- portant elective office wa.s that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he was elected Representative in the General Assem- bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in the House he took a prominent part in the legis- lation which resulted in the organization of the Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 1808, and United .States JIarshal for the Northern District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During the last few years much of his time has been spent in California for the benefit of the* health of some members of liis family. HILL, Charles Augn.stus, ex-Congressman, was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will County, where, for several years, he taught school, as he had done while in New York. Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will County in 1860, and, in 1802, enlisted in the Eighth Illinois Cavalrj-, participating in the battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained until the close of the war, rising to the rank of Captain. In 1805 lie returned to Joliet and to the practice of his profession. In 1808 he was elected State's Attorney for the district comprising Will and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- tion. In 1888 he w;vs the successful Republican candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 bj' Lewis Steward. Democrat. HILL8R0R0, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 07 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 234 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. furniture and woolen goods. It has a high school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Tlie surrounding region is agricultural, though con- siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- tion (1880), 2,858; (1890), 2,500; (1900), 1,937. HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on the Rockford Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora. It is a rich agricultural and dairying region ; also has grain elevators and lirick and tile work.s. Population (1890), 49G; (11)00), 587. HINRICHSEX, William II., ex-Secretary of State and ex-Congressinan, was born at Franklin, Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at the University of Illinois, .spent four j-ears in the office of his father, wlio was stock-agent of the AVabash Railroad, and si.x years (1874-80) as Deputy Sherill of Morgan County; tlien went into the newspaper business, editing the Jack.son- ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after whicli he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- sumed his place on "The Courier. ' ' He was Clerk of the House of Representatives in 1891, and elected Secretary of State in 1892. serving until January, 1897. Mr. Hinric'hsen has been a mem- ber of the Democratic State Central Committee since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. llinriclisen was the nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 1898. HIXSDALE, a village in Du Page County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, an academy and three weekly newspapers. It is a popular suburban residence for Chicago business men. Population (1880), 819; (1890), 1,.584; (1900), 2,578. HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, which was the only important pub- lic office that he held, though his capacity was recognized by his election to the Presidency of that body. Died, May 6, 1881. HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y. , entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1834, and, after supplying various charges in that State during the next five years, in 1839 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most influential factors in the Methodist denomination in Nortliern Illinois. Between tliat date and 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, Belvidere, Rockford, Slount Morris, St. Charles and Cliicago (the old Clark Street church), with two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock River Seminary at Mount Blorris — his itinerant labors being interrupted at two or three periods by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, he was a delegate every four years to the General Conference. In 1800 he was appointed Agent of the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior representative, was placed in charge of the depository at Cliicago — in 1868 becoming the Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His subse(|uent service included two terms as Presid- ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; the position of Superintendent of the Chicago Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (wliich he assisted to organize), his last position being that of Corresjionding Secretary of the Sujierannu- ates" Relief Association. He was also induential in securing tlie establishment of a church paper in Chicago and the founding of tlie Northwestern University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, wliile on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 1829 tlie son began the study of engineering and, removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- pointful Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period resumed surveying and, having settled in La Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that county. In 1801 he joined Colonel Cushman, of Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- Colonel. The regiment took part in various battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt received an injury by being thrown from his horse which compelled his resignation and from HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 235 which he never fully recovered. Returning to Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of Andrew J. Hitt, fteneral Superintendent of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied him-self witli the Republican party on the breaking out of the Civil "War. He was a thirty-second degree Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born at Boonsboro, Md., June 3, 1828; in 1845 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but. in 18i)3, entered into the forwarding and com- mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 he began buying and selling real estate while continuing his farming operations, adding thereto coal-mining. In Slay, 1856, he was a delegate from La Salle County to tlie State Convention at Bloomington which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate business there ; in 1863 was appointed on a com- mittee of citizens to look after the interests of wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort Donelson, in tliat capacit)' visiting ho.spitals at Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- ing the war he engaged to some extent in the business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- mission to la}' out the park sj'stem of Chicago. Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he aided in the erection of the Woman's College in connection with the Northwestern University. In 1876 he was appointed bj' the Governor agent to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp lands within its limits, and has given much of his attention to that business since. HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. AVhen he was three j-ears old his parents removed to Illinois, settling in Ogle County. His education was acc^uired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. In 1858 Jlr. Ilitt was one of the reporters who reported the celebrated debate of that year between Lincoln and Douglas. PYom December, 1874, imtil March, '81, he was connected with the United States embassy at Paris, serving as First Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- tions he has represented the District continuously since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- ice. In that time he has taken an important part in the deliberations of the House, serving as Chairman of man}' important committees, not- ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has been Chairman for several terms, and for which his diplomatic experience well t|ualifies him. In 1898 he was appointed Vjy President JIcKinley a member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and report upon a form of government for that por- tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably considered for the position of Minister to Eng- land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 1808. HOB.\RT, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin in 1839 : graduated at Beloit College and, after a brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputj' Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and "The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for some years from 1869, Western Manager of the American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Ilobart became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" (Chicago), with which he remained until the close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his attention to real-estate matters. HOFFMAX, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1823, and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- go the same year. There he became a boot-black in a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented that county in.the River and Harbor Convention at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, the following year, entered the City Council. I^ater, he emlxirked in the real-estate busine.ss, and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 236 UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forced to assign in 1861. He early became a recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor to the German press, and, in 185G, was nominated for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was found ineligible by reason of his short residence in the United States, and withdrew, giving place to John Wood of Quiucy. In 18G0 he was again nominated, and having in the meantime become eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul at Chicago for several German States. For a ninnber of years past Jlr. Hoffman has been editor of an agricultural paper in Southern Wisconsin. HOGA\, John, clergyman and early politician, was born in the city of Slallow, County of Cork, Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at eight years of age. learned the trade of a shoe- maker. In 1H20 he became an itinerant Metho- dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville. 111., and soon after, liaving retired from the itinerancy, engaged in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. In 1836 he was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, two years later was appointed a Commissioner of Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was made President of the Board ; in 1841 was ap- pointed by President Harrison Register of the Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the pro slavery faction. After retiring from the Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate to the National Union (Democratic) Convention at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed a speaker of ilnusual eloquence and ability. His death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. Louis," and a "History of Methodism." HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in Oliio early in the century and came to Galena, 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- came a Judge in that State, dying a few years since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- sented to have been a man of much ability and a graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Iloge was a son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who held office until 1848. HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 went to Rochester. N. Y. , to be educated, finally graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, Mass. , in 1847, and beginning jiractice at Otisco, Mich. Two years later lie removed to Grand Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical College, in which he has held various chairs. He also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and was, for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the same institution; was President of the State Medical Society, and, for twenty j'ears, its Treas- urer. Other positions held by him have been those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- ation and editor of its journal. President of the Young Men's Christian Association and of the Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been prominent in Sunday School and church work in connection with the Armour Mission, with whicli he has been associated for many j-ears. HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- MALE). The establishment of this institution was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which appropriated §75,000 towards its erection and maintenance, not more than §15,000 to be ex- pended for a site. (See also State Ouardians for Girls.) It is designed to receive girls between the ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court of record upon conviction of a mi.sdemeanor, the term of commitment not to be less than one year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the K O « < w 2 r ffi 1) w > M o ►a M a w ::^ z w < > HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 237 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not less than three months. The act of incorporation provides for a commutation of sentence to be earned by good conduct and a prolongation of the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are empowered, in their discretion, eitlier to appren- tice the girls or to adopt them out during their minority. Temporary quarters were furnished for the Home during tlie first two years of its existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings for the institution have been erected on the banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. HOMER, a town in Cliampaign County, on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-soutlnvest from Danville and about IS miles ea.st-southeast from Champaign. It supports a flouring mill and a carriage factory; also has a bank, several churches, a seminary and two weekly papers. The region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880). 924; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws have been defined to be "legislation enacted to secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- pied by the family or individual, from liability to be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, and by restricting his rights of free alienation." In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- ing a family, and occupied as a residence, whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the value of §1,000. The exemption continues after death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- band occupying the homestead, and also of the children, if any, until the youngest attain the age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in releasing the exemption, but the property is alwajs liable for improvements thereon. — In 1862 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers on public lands under certain restrictions as to active occupancy, under which most of that class of lands since taken for settlement have been purchased. HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- cago. Population, (1900), 352. HOOLEY, Rii'hard M., tlieatrical manager, was born in Ireland, .\pril V). 1822; at the age of 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four years later, came to America, soon after forming an association with E. P. Christy, tlie originator of negro minstrelsy entertainments wliich went under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted a company of minstrels through the principal towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to some of the chief cities on the continent; re- turned to America five years later, and subse- quently managed houses in San Francisco. Philadelphia. Brooklyn and New York, finally locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of the most widely known and popular in the city. Died, Sept. 8, 1893. HOOPESTOX, a prosperous city in Vermilion County, at the intersection of tlie Chicago. Dan- ville & Vincennes Railroad, and the Blooniington Division of the Wabash Railway, 104 miles south of Chicago. It has grain elevators, brick and tile works, carriage and machine shops, and a can- ning factory, besides banks and one daily and two weekly newspapers. There are also a number of churches, a high school and a business college. Population (1880i,l,2T2;(1890), 1,911; (1900). 3,823. HOPKIXS, .ilbert J., Congressman, was born in De K;ilb County. 111., August 1.5, 1846. After graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, he studied law and began practice at Aurora. He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane County, serving in that capacity for four years. He is an ardent Republican and high in the party's councils, having been Chairman of the State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan ticket in 1884. The .same year he was elected to the Forty -ninth Congress from the Fifth District (now the Eighth) and has been continuoush- re- elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the Select House Committee on Census and a member of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was strongly supported for the Republican nomina- tion for Governor. HOUGHTOX, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 26, 180G, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- een began learning tlie printer's trade in the office of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his majority became a journeyman printer and, in 1828, went to New York. si>ending some time in the employment of the Harper Brothers. After a brief season spent in Boston, lie took charge of "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but. in 1834, again went to New York, taking with him a device for throwing the printed sheet off the press, which was afterwards adopted on tha 238 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, working for a time in the office of the old "St. Louis Republican." He soon after went to Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in the management of "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but resumed his connection with it the following year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold out. He afterwards spent some time on the Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to Galena and, during the later j-ears of his life, was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. HOVET, Charles Edward, educator, soldier and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Tt., April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 18.'52, and became successively Principal of high schools at Farmington, Slass., and Peoria, 111. Later, he a.ssisted in organizing the Illinois State Normal School at Normal, of which he was President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was composed largely of teachers and young men from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few months later, to brevet Jlajor-General for gallant and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice of law in "Washington, D. C. Died, in "Washing- ton, Nov. 17, 1897. ROWLAND, George, educator and author, was born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst College in 1850, he devoted two years to teacliing in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in Latin, Greek and French. He began the study of law, but, after a j-ear's reading, he al)andoned it, removing to Cliicago, where he became Assist- ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City Schools. This position he filled until August, 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a member of the Illinois State Board of Education, being President of that body in 1883. As an author he was of some note; his work being chiefly on educational lines. He published a translation of the .lEneid adapted to the use of schools, besides translations of some of Horace's Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odys-sey. He was also the author of an English grammar. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. HOYXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States Commissioner, was born in New "i'ork Citj-, Nov. 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after spending eleven j-ears alternately in Galena and Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five years; was admitted to the bar in Slarch, 1856, and appointed United States Commissioner the same year, remaining in office until his death, Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the Union League Club. HUBB.VRD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and for nine years traveled back and forth in the interest of his employers. In ls2T, having em- barked in business on his own account, he estab- lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time forward he became identified with the history and development of the State. He served with distinction during the Black Hawk and "Winne- bago "Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, and did much to promote the early development of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, no man was more active or public-spirited in promoting its commercial development and general prosperity. He was identified with almost every branch of business upon which its grow-th as a commercial city depended, from that of an earlj- Indian trader to that of a real-estate operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, he was one of the most earnest supporters of Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was prominently identified with every local measure lIISTOIilCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 239 for the maintenance of the Union caiise, and, for a year, held a commission as Captain in the Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment. " HUGHITT, MarTin, Railway President, was bom, August, 1837, and, in 1850, began his rail- road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- spatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, still later occupying the positions of Assistant Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he resigned to become Assistant General Manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 he became associated with the Chicago & North- western Railroad, in connection with which he has held the positions of Superintendent, General Manager. Second Vice-President and President — the last of which (1899) he still occupies. HL'LETT, Alta M., lawyer, was born near Eockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- raphy and became a successful o{)erator, but sub- sequently engaged in teaching and the study of law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but was rejected on account of sex. She then, in conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, interested herself in securing the passage of an act by the Legislature giving women the right that had been denied her, which having been accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- fornia. March 27, 1877. HUNT, Daniel D., legislator, was born in "Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembl3- in 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous service in one or the other branch of the General Assembly of sixteen years. During the session of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in the legislation which resulted in the location of the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De Kalb. HUNT, George, lawyer and ex- Attorney -Gen- eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; having lost both parents in childhood, came, with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 18.55. In July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After the close of the war, he studied law, was admitted to the bar. and, locating at Paris, Edgar County, soon acquired a large practice. He was elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and "82. In 1884 he received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both times, serving eight years. Among the im- portant questions with which General Hunt had to deal during his two terms were the celebrated "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied tlirougli their counsel to the Supreme Court of the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to grant them a new trial, which was refused. The case, on the part of the State, was conducted by General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, who had been condemned to life imprisonment, attempted to secure their release — the former by an application similar to that of 1887, and the latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham of the United States Circuit Court refusing a writ of habeas corpus. Tfte final hearing of these cases was had before the Supreme Court of the United States in January, 1892. General Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the plaintiffs — but with the same result as in 1887. General Hunt's management of these cases won for him much deserved commendation both at home and aljroad. HUXTERjAndrew J., was born in Greencastle, Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His early education was received in the common schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced his business life as a civil engineer, but, after three years spent in that profession, began the study of law and was admitted to the bar. He has since been actively engaged in practice at Paris, Edgar County. From 1SG4 to 1868 he repre- sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- teenth Congressional District against General Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his part}- in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his Republican antagonist. In 18.86 he was elected Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, was re-elected, but resigned this oflSce in 1892, having been elected Congressman for the State- 240 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. atlarge on the Demooratio ticket. He was a can- didate for Congress from tlie Nineteenth District again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at the United States Jlilitary Academy in 1822, and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During this period he twice crossed the plains to the Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- mission and engaged in business in Chicago, Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when the latter set out for Washington in February, 18C1, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- sioned Brigadier-General and, in Augu.st, made Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he commanded the main column of McDowell's army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded him in command in November, 1861, remaining until March, 1863. Being transferred to the Department of the South in May following, he issued an order declaring the persons held as slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina free, which order was revoked by President Lin- coln ten days later. On account of the steps taken by him for the organization of colored troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring him, in case of capture, subject to execution as a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- mand of the Department of the West, and, in 1865, served on various courts-martial, being President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- coln's assassins ; was brevetted Major-General in March, ISe.'i, retired from active service July, 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- eral Hunter married a daugliter of John Kinzie, the first permanent citizen of Chicago. HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life as oflfice-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 1846. There he found temporary employment as a compositor, later commencing tlie study of law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A portion of the present cit}' of Evanston is built upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy with the old school and most radical type of Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- sas-Missouri troubles of IH.'se, and became a mem- ber of the "National Kansas Committee" appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of which body he was a member. He was chosen Secretary of the executive committee, and it is not too much to say that, largely through his earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was finally admitted into the Union as a free State. It was mainly through his efforts that seed for planting was gratuitously distributed among the free-soil settlers. In 1869 lie was appointed a member of the Commission to revise the statutes of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of his colleagues. The revision was completed in 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- lature of 1873. Wliile no statutory revision has been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. Hurd has carried on the same character of work on independent lines, issuing new editions of the statutes from time to time, which are regarded as standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was nominated by the Republican party for a seat on the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College of Law. His home is in Evanston. HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier. Congressman and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified himself with that party and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly as a Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered the service as Brigadier-General, commanding the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg Landing ; was made a Major-General in Septem- > M O > o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 241 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- sequently to the command of the Department of the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he served another term in the General Assembly (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the Stateat-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed by President Grant Minister Resident to the United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. The latter year he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an independent Republican, but was defeated by William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and died at Lima, March 27, 1882. HUTCHIXS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, N. J., in 1730, died in Pitt.sburg, Pa., April 28, 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- quently called the "Geographer"; was also an officer of the Sixtieth Roj-al (Briti.sh) regiment, and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three years later he was charged with being in treason- able correspondence with Franklin, and im- prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to have devised the present system of Government surveys in this country, and his services in carry- ing it into effect were certainly of great value. He was the author of several valuable works, the best known being a "Topographical Description of Virginia." HUTSOXVILLE, a village of Crawford County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Railway, and the Wabash River. 34 miles south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 583; (1900), 743. ILLINOIS. (general history.) Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth in present area and the third in point of popula- tion. A concise history of the region, of whicii it constituted the central portion at an early period, will be found in the following pages : The greater part of the territory now comprised within the State of Illinois was known and at- tracted eager attention from the nations of the old world — especially in France, Germany and England — before the close of the third quarter of the seventeenth century. More than one hun- dred years before the struggle for American Inde- pendence began, or the geographical division known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had an existence; before the names of Kentucky, Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been lieard of, and while the early settlers of New England and Virginia were still struggling for a foothold among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the maps of North America as distinct and definite as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that time forward, until it assumed its position in the Union with the rank of a State, no other section has been the theater of more momentous and stirring events or has contributed more material, aflfording interest and instruction to the archieol- ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than that portion of the American Continent now known as the "State of Illinois." The "Illinois Country." — What was known to the early French explorers and their followers and descendants, for the ninety years which intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- scribed with great clearness and definiteness by Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who made the first survey of the Mississippi River soon after the transfer of the French possessions east of the Mississippi to the British, and who published the result of liis observations in London in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a work of the highest authenticity, and is the more valuable because written at a transition period when it w;is of the first importance to preserve and hand down the facts of earl}' French history to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the Mississippi on the west, by tlie river IlUnois on the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the east and the Ohio on the south." From this it would appear that the country lying between the Illinois and the Missis.sippi Rivers to the west and northwest of the former, was not considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 242 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. this agrees generally with the records of the early French explorers, except that they regarded the region which comprehends the site of the present city of Chicago — the importance of which appears to have been appreciated from the first as a connecting link between the Lakes and the upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears to have derived its name from Inini, a word of Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- phemized by the French into Illini with the suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the term, applied both to the country and the Indians occupying it, has been still further defined as "a perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and the derivative has been used by the French chroniclers in various forms though always with the same signification — a signification of which the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well as their successors of a different race, have not failed to be dulj' proud. Boundaries and Area. — It is this region which gave the name to the State of which it constituted so large and important a part. Its boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- cerned, are identical with those given to the "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east by Lake ^Michigan, the State of Indiana and the Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west and southwest bj' the Mississippi, which sepa- rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the WaV)ash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been a sort of concession on the part of the framers of the Act to our proud neighV)ors of the "Dark and Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies between the parallels of 36° .59' and 42° 30' north latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of longitude west from the citj' of AVashington. From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- sissippi River at a point between Quincy and Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous course of its river and lake boundaries, which comprise about tliree-fourths of tlie wliole, its physical outline is extremely irregular. Between the limits described, it has an estimated area of ,')6,6.'50 square miles, of which 650 square miles is water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. This area is more than one and one-half times that of all New England (Maine being excepted), and is greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few luiiulred square miles of the same. When these figures are taken into account some idea may be formed of the magnificence of the domain comprised within the limits of the State of Illinois — a domain larger in e.xtent than that of England, more than one-fourth of that of all France and nearly half that of the British Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, by any other State of the Union and with re- sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of the globe, transcend all human conception. Streams and Navigation. — Lying between the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- sected from northea.st to southwest by the Illinois and its numerous aSluents, and with no moun- tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once one of the best watered, as well as one of the most level States in the Union. Besides the , Sanga- mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia draining the region between the Illinois and the Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion of the State, is most important on account of its v.aluable water-power. All of these streams were regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- ing at least a portion of the year, in the early history of the country, and with the magnificent Jlississippi along the whole western border, gave to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters than that of any other single State. Although practical navigation, apart from the lake and by natural water courses, is now limited to the 5Iis- sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate of about 1,000 miles — the importance of the smaller streams, when the people were dependent almost wholly upon some means of water com- munication for the transportation of heavy com- modities as well as for travel, could not be over-estimated, and it is not without its effect upon the productiveness of the soil, now that water transportation has given place to railroads. IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 243 The whole number of streams shown upon the best maps exceeds 280. Topography. — In physical conformation the surface of the State presents the aspect of an inclined plane with a moderate descent in the general direction of the streams toward the south and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern end of the State and the point of lowest depres- sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Jlichigan at Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern part of the State — 1,2.57 feet — while a spur from the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of the country between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. These included some of the most valuable species of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. The native fruits included tlie persimmon, wild plum, grape and pawpaw, with various kinds of berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. Most of the native growths of woods common to the south were found along the streams farther north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few others. Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, in the middle and northern portion of the State, which excited the amazement of early explorers, was the vast extent of the prairies or natural meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many sections there appears little to distinguish the soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the character of their vegetation and other causes, for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and other productions has demonstrated that they do not lack in fertility, and the readiness with which trees take root when artificially propa- gated and protected, has shown that there is nothing in the soil Itself unfavorable to their growth. Whatever may have been the original cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt that annually recurring fires have liad much to do in perpetuating their existence, and even extending their limits, as the absence of the same agent has tended to favor the encroachments of the forests. While originally regarded as an obstacle to the occupation of the country by a dense population, there is no doubt tliat their existence has contributed to its rapid develop- ment when it was discovered with what ease these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how productive they were capable of becoming when once brought under cultivation. In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the State as a whole, many sections pre.sent a variety of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland of the most pleasing character. This is espe- cially the case in some of the prairie districts where the undulating landscape covered with rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and at some points on the Ohio, is foxmd scenery of a most picturesque variety. Animals, etc. — From this description of the country it will be easy to infer what must have been the varieties of the animal kingdom which here found a home. These included the buffalo, various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable paradise for game, both large and small, as well as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and mink were found along the streams. Most of these, especially the larger species of game, have disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- tected by law during certain seasons of the year, continue to exist in considerable numbers. Soil and Climate— The capabilities of the soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural fertility. This is especially true of the "American Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 244 mSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and of an average width of five to eight miles. This was the se;it of the first permanent white settle- ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it have been under cultivation from one hundred to one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are found both upon the bottom-lands and in the prairies in the central portions of the State. Extending through five and one-half degrees of latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. Though subject at times to sudden alternations of temperature, these occasions liave been rare since the country has been thoroughly settled. Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° in the northern part of the State and 56° in the southern, differing little from other States upon the same latitude. The mean winter temper- ature has ranged from 25' in the north to 34° in the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter temperature has seldom fallen below 20' below zero in tlie northern portion, wliile the higliest summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. The average difl[erence in temperature between the northern and southern portions of tlie State is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of the seasons for the same sections, from four to six weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- able to the production of nearly all the grains and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. Contest for Occup-vtion. — Three powers early became contestants for the supremacy on the North American Continent. The first of these was Spain, claiming possession on the ground of the discovery by Columbus; England, basing her claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a considerable part of the continent by virtue of the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain was general, extending to both North and South America; and, while she early established her colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, the covmtry was too vast and her agents too busy seeking for gold to interfere materially with her competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans established small, though flourishing colonies, but they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous in proselyting the aborigines, but while the former did not hesitate to torture their victims in order to extort their gold while claiming to save their souls, tlie latter were more gentle and beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact and the readiness with which they adapted tliem- selves to the habits of those whom they found in possession of the soil, enabled them to m.ake the most extensive explorations in small numbers and at little cost, and even to remain for un- limited periods among their aboriginal friends. On the other hand, the English were artisans and tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they were later in planting their colonies in Virginia and New England, and less aggressive in the work of exploration, they maintained a surer foothold on the soil when they had once estab- lislied themselves. To this fact is due the per- manence and steady growth of the English colonies in the New "World, and the virtual domi- nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than five-sevenths of the North American Continent — a result which has been illustrated in the history of every people that has made agriculture, manu- factures and legitimate commerce the basis of their prosperity. E.\RLY Explorations. — The French explorers were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and their successors and descendants held undisputed possession of the country, as well as the greater part of the Mississippi Valley. It is 'true that Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this whole region, but she was kept too busy else- where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to strengthen herself elsewhere. There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, while the English colonists who settled about Massachusetts Bay named that region "New England," the French gave to their possessions, from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- sissippi, the name of "New France," and the Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi- nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the treaty of 1763. As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 245 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- aries liad reached the Falls of St. Marj' (called by the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated as far west as "La Pointe"' on Lake Superior, where they opened up a trade with the Sioux Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later (1665), Fathers AUouez and Dablon, French mis- sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. About the same time the mission of St. Ignace was established on the north shore of the Straits of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "MichilU- niacinac"). It is also claimed that the French traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- ations about the head of the great lakes as far south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important conference with representatives of numerous tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first discovery of lead mines in the West. Up to this time, however, no white man appears to have reached the "Illinois Country," though much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- prising explorer who had already visited the Lake Superior region in search of copper mines, under a commission from the Governor of Canada, in company with Father Jacques Marquette and five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached the coiintrj' of the Mascoutins on Fox River, ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- consin, then descended the latter to tlie Mis- sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. Descending the Mississippi, which they named "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have encountered the first Indians of the Illinois tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- tained. Later they discovered a rude painting upon the rocks on the east side of the riverT which, from the description, is supposed to have been the famous "Piasa Bird," which was still to be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the present generation. (See Piasa Bird. The Legend of.) Passing the mouth of the Missouri River and the present site of the city of St. Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the Ohio, the}' finally reached %vhat Marquette called the village of the Akanseas, which has been assumed to be identical %vith the mouth of the Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, they started on their return. Reaching the mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream and ascended past the village of the Peorias and the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskiaa" — the latter being about where the town of Utica, La Salle Coxmty, now stands — at each of which they made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- quette. ) The next and most important expedition to Illi- nois — important because it led to the first per- manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- erer had spent several years in exploration in the lake region and among the streams south of the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has been claimed that, during this tour, he descended the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; also that he reached the Illinois by way of the head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to that stream by two years. The chief authority for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre Margry, who bases liis statement on alleged con- versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. The absence of any allusion to these discoveries in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. However this may have been, there is conclusive evidence that, during this period, he met with Joliet while the latter was returning from one of Iiis trips to the Liike Superior country. With an imagination fired by what he then learned, he made a visit to his native country, receiving a 246 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. liberal grant from the French Government which enabled him to carrj- out his plans. With the aid of Henry de Tonty. an Italian who afterward accompanied him in his most important expedi- tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac. then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a compan}' of thirty-four persons, he set sail on the seventh of August, 1C79, for the West. This vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, and he carried with him material for a boat which he intended to put together on that stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return with instructions, after discharging its cargo at the starting point, to join him at the head of Lake Michigan. W^ith a force of seventeen men and three missionaries in four canoes, he started southward, following the western shore of Lake Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon never was heard from again, and is supposed to have been lost on the return voyage. While waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his journey on the third of December. Ascending the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., now stands, he made a portage with his canoes and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On the first of January he arrived at the great Indian town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had left for the last time nearly five years before, but found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria Lake and the next morning reached the Indian village of that name at the foot of the lake, and established friendly relations with its people. Having determined to set up his vessel here, he constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of the river about four miles south of the village. With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- quette on the South Brancliof the Chicago River in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the first structure erected by white men in Illinois. This received the name "Creve-Caeur — "Broken Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- panions to the Upper Mississippi, by waj' of the mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. Anthony, La Salle started on his return to Canada for additional assistance and the stores which he had failed to receive in consequence of the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at Fort Creve-Cteur mutinied, and, having plundered the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled Tonty and live companions who had remained true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- nois near "Starved Rock," between where the cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where he spent the summer awaiting the return of La Salle. In September, Tonty "s Indian allies hav- ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, he and Ids companions were again compelled to flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after having spent the winter among the Pottawato- mies in the present State of Wisconsin. During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle made two other visits to Illinois, encountering and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at each end of the journey. At the last visit, in company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a separation of more than a year, he extended his exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France and Navarre." This was the first expedition of white men to pass down the river and determine the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of Mexico. Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois: in the fall of 1683, Tonty set about carrying into effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock, " to which reference has been made under the name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said to have included store-houses (it was intended as a trading post), dwellings and a block-house erected on the summit of the rock, and to which the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a village of confederated Indian tribes gathered about its base on the south which bore the name of La Vantum. According to the historian, Parkman, the population of this colony, in the LA .SALLK. HENRY D. TONTY. ^t^-j^.^^ ^L »«*iil^*«'8W|''!'''IS^ FT. DEARBORN FRflM THE WEST, 1808. WAK EAGI, CHIEK CllICAGOll. FORT DEARBORN, 2I), IN !'-,=;;,, FRi i.M Tlli- Si )rTH\VKST. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 247 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he made extensive excursions throughout the West. The proprietorship of the fort was granted to him in 1690, but, in 1703, it was ordered by the Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the plea that the charter had been violated. It con- tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, and Starved Rock.) Other explorers who were the contemporaries or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the Northwest, and many of whom are known to have visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all of whom did so, were Daniel Grej'solon du Lhut (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an account in 1703. Chicago River early became a prominent point in the estimation of the French explorers and was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably sometimes confounded with other streams about the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to have been a part of the route first used by La Salle. Aborigines and Early Missions.— When the early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois Country" they found it occupied by a number of tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the "Illinois," which consisted of several families or bands that spread themselves over the country on both sides of the Illinois River, extending even west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the east, extending beyond the present western boundary of Indiana, and tlie Miamis in the northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. (See niinois Indians.) There seems to have been a general drift of some of the stronger tribes toward the soutli and east about this time, as AUouez represents tliat he found the Miamis and their neighbors, the Mascoutins. about Green Bay when he arrived there in 1G70. At the same time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies were located along the southern shore of Lake Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now known as "Tlie Soo"), though within the next fifty years they had advanced southward along the western shore of Lake Jlichigan until they reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicago from tlie name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source of which is not far distant from that of the River Illinois." It does not follow necessarily that tliis was the Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the early explorers, both to a region of country between the head of the lake and the Illinois River, and to more than one stream emptying into the lake in tliat vicinity. It has been con- jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix was the Calumet, as his description would apply as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is other evidence that the Miamis, who were found about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- ceived a strong liking for the French, and being pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- ning of the eighteenth century we find them, much reduced in numbers, gathered about the French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the whites was attended with the usual results — demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- nation. The latter result was hastened by the frequent attacks to which they were exposed from their more warlike enemies, so that by the latter part of the eighteenth centurj-, they were 248 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. During the early part of the French occupation, there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to have been a man of unusual intelligence and vigor of character, and to have exercised great influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to Paris, where he received the attentions due to a foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a command in an expedition against the Chicka- saws, who had been making incursions from the south. Such was the general distribution of the Indians in the northern and central portions of the State, within the first fifty years after the arrival of the French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- vanced farther south and occupied a considerable share of the central portion of the State, and even extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The southern part was roamed over by bands from beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas tribes, some of whom were very powerful and ranged over a vast extent of country. The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after the forts erected for purposes of defense, were undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- tary post, established by La Salle in the winter of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph River within the boundaries of what is now the State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially erected a few months later on the east side of tlie Illinois a few miles below where the city of Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates this fort at the present village of Wesley, in Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," but the first occupied. It has been claimed that Marquette established a mission among the Kas- kaskias, opposite "The Rock." on occasion of his first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- newed it in the spring of 167.'), when he visited it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission was more than a season of preaching to the natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, etc. ; at least the story of an established mission has been denied. Tliat this devoted and zealous propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, is evident from his own journal. He gave to it the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception," and, although he was compelled by failing health to abandon it almost immediately, it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by Father AUouez, who had been active in founding missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it was maintained until tlie arrival of La Salle in 1G80. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father tJravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. There is evidence that a mission had been established among the Miamis as early as 1698, under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. This, for the reasons already given showing the indefinite use made of the name Chicago as applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- gan, probably referred to some other locality in the vicinity, and not to the site of the present city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there appears, from a statement in Tonty "s Memoirs, to have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the same locality as the mission. Speaking of his return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- manded." According to the best authorities it was during the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles south of the present site of the city of East St. Louis. This was the first permanent settlement by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on the Illinois was broken up the same year. A few months after the establishment of the mission at Cahokia (which received the name of "St. Sulpice"), but during the .same j-ear, the Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the mouth of the river wliich bears their name, and the mission and village — the latter afterward becoming the first capital of the Territory and State of Illinois — came into being. This identity of names has led to some confusion in determin- ing the date and place of the first permanent settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being given by some authors as that of the settlement HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 249 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven years later. Period of French OccupatiOxV. — As may be readily inferred from the methods of French colonization, the first permanent settlements gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later periods, but during the French occupation of the countiy, other villages were established, the most important being St. Philip and Prairie du Rocher ; all of these being located in the fertile valley now known as the "American Bottom," between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- kia. There were several Indian villages in the vicinity of the French settlements, and this became, for a time, the most populous locality in the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active trade carried on with the settlements near the mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple wants of the people required, being brought back in return. These boats went in convoys of seven to twelve in number for mutual protection, three months being required to make a trip, of which two were made annually — one in the spring and the other in the autumn. The French possessions in North America went under the general name of " New France, " but their boundaries were never clearly defined, though an attempt was made to do so through Commission- ers who met at Paris, in 17.53. They were under- stood by the French to include the valley of the St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to the northern boundaries of the British colonies ; the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- tested by England on the east and Spain on the southwest, they comprehended the very heart of the North American continent, a region unsur- passed in fertility and natural resources and now the home of more than half of the entire population of the American Republic. That the French should have reluctantly yielded up so magnificent a domain is natural. And yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- rendering the region east of the Mississippi (except a comparatively small district near the moutli of that stream) to England, and the remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to which they had been reduced by a long series of devastating wars. (See French and Indian Wars. ) In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a monopoly of the commerce, with control of the country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of which the celebrated John Law was the head, and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated with Louisiana and became part of that province. Law's company received enlarged powers under the name of the "East Indies Company," and although it went out of existence in 1721 with the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private fortunes in France and England, it did much to stimulate the population and development of the Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres erected, being named after the Duo de Chartres, son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- briant was the first commandant of Illinois and superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort Chartres. ) One of the privileges granted to Law's com- pany was the importation of slaves ; and under it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years later he received a large grant of land, and founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became slave territory before a white settlement of any sort existed in what afterward became the slave State of Jlissouri. During 1721 the country under control of the East Indies Company was divided into nine civil and military districts, each presided over by a commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the present State, with the country west of the Mis- ssisippi. between the Arkansas and the 43d degree of latitude, to the Rocky Jlountains. and included the present States of Slissouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 1732. the Indies Company surrendered its charter, and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 250 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was afterwards goremed by officers appointed directly by the crown. (See French Oovemors.) As early as September, 1699, an attempt was made by an expedition fitted out by the English Government, under command of Captains Barr and Clements, to take possession of the country about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground of prior discovery; but they found the French vmder Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, and they sailed away without making any further effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- while, in the early part of the next century, the English were successful in attacliing to their interests the Iroquois, who were the deadlj- foes of the French, and held possession of Western New York and the region around the headwaters of the Ohio River, extending their incursions against the Indian allies of the French as far west as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- tween the English and French began with the formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, and the grant to it by the English Government of half a million acres of land along the Ohio River, with the exclusive right of trading with the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this grew the establishment, in the next two years, of trading posts and forts on the Miami and Slaumee in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted French and Indian War, which was prosecuted with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- can continent. Among those who took part in this struggle, was a contingent from the French garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, commandant of the fort, was one of these, being the onl3' survivor of seven brothers who partici- pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by its terms Canada, and all other territory east of the Mississippi as far south as the northern boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great Britain, while the remainder, including the vast territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, was given up to Spain. Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands of the British, although the actual transfer of Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come from Vincennes to assume command on the retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfullj- for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- lish Government. It is worth}' of note that this was the last place on the North American con- tinent to lower the French flag. British Occupation. — The delay of the British in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the surrender of their posse.ssions in America by the treaty of 1763. was due to its isolated position and the difficult}' of reaching it with sufficient force to establish the British authority. The first attempt was matle in the spring of 1764, when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a force of four hundred regulars, but, being met by a superior Indian force, was compelled to retreat. In .\ugu.st of the same year, Capt Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition got as far as Fort Jliarai on the Maumee, when its progress was arrested, and its commander nar- rowly escaped death. The next attempt was made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name has been made liistorical by the celebrated speech of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- kia, but met with so rough a reception from both the French and Indians, that he thought it advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied by a party of friendly Indians, but having been captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he finally returned to Detroit without reaching his destination. The first British official to reach Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and received the surrender of the fort from the faith- ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- ing the more wealthy, left rather than become British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left almost in a body. Some joined the French colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then in Spanish territory. Much the larger number followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, during the previous year, and which now received HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. asi what, in these later days, would be called a great "boom." Captain Stirling was relieved of his command at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres were Col. Edward Cole, Col. Jolin Reed, Colonel Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last liad been an officer in the French array, and. having resided at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- pation of the country by tlie British. He was the last official representative of the British Govern- ment in Illinois. The total population of the French villages in Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated tlje popu- lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on tlie Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are about forty private houses and as many families." Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the French villages. In fact, although nominally in Spanish territory, it was essentially a French town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant, one Corporal and twenty men." Action of Continental Congress. — The first official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by the Continental Congress, was the adoption by that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was appointed agent and successor to these Commis- sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- mediately preceding and following that event, directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the Government of King George in a quarter where it was least expected, and where it was destined to have an immense influence upon the future of the new nation, as well as that of the American continent. Col. George Rogers Cl.\rk"s Expedition. — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing the settlements in tlie Mississippi Valley, sent trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The report brought to him gave him encouragement, and, in December of the oame year, he laid before Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men each for three months' service, and Governor Henry gave him §6,000 for expenses. Proceeding to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three companies, who were directed to rendezvous at Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- ville. It has been claimed that, in order to deceive the British as to his real destination, Clark authorized the announcement that the object of the expedition was to protect the settle- ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn Island another company was organized, making four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the Lsland at the mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met by a party of eight American hunters, who had left Kaskaskia a few daj-s before, and who, join- ing his command, rendered good service as guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, June 29, and, directing his course across the country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His force having, under cover of darkness, been ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile above the town, one detachment surrounded the town, while the other seized the fort, capturing Rocheblave and his little command without fir- ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- man called the "Jesuits' house." which had been sold by the French Government after the country was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, and known afterward by the British as Fort Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. Clark's expedition was thus far a compl'ete suc- cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 252 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, the proceeds of their sale being divided among Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to Vinoennes. Through the influence of Pierre Gibault— the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to swear allegiance to the United States, and, although the place was afterward captured by a British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together with a body of prisoners but little smaller than the attacking force, and §50,000 worth of prop- erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) Under Goveknment of Virginia.— Seldom in the history of the world have such important results been achieved by such insignificant instru- mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as in tliis almost bloodless campaign of the youthful conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely through Virginia enterprise and valor and by material aid furnished through Governor Henry, the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that commonwealth over the settlements of the North- west, by organizing all the country west and north of the Ohio River into a county to be called "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henrj', the elo- quent orator of the Uevolution, became ex-ofBcio its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," Dec. 13, 1778, entering upon his duties in May following. The militia was organized, Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia appointed, and the first election of civil officers ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel Todd's direction. Ilis record-book, now in posses- sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shovi-s that he was accustomed to exercise powers scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. (See Todd, Col. John.) In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." —but the origin of his authority is not clearly understood. He assumed to act as Commandant until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven years from 1783 to 1790." During the progress of the Revolution, there were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. The country, however, was singularly exempt from any serious calamity such as a general massacre. One reason for this was the friendly relations which had existed between the French and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. Several movements were projected by the British and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that they had little time to put their plans into execu- tion. One of these was a proposed movement from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on tlie lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for liaving engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge and Natchez from tlieir British possessors, con- vinced the latter that this was a "game at which two could play." In ignorance of these results, an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early part of May, 17.S0, to co-operate with the expedition on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four liours earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the invading force confined their depredations to kill- ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a hasty retreat in tlie direction they had come. These were the last expeditions organized to regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture Spanish posts on the Mississippi. EXPEDITION'S AOAINST FORT ST. JOSEPH. — An expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. This consi.sted of a company of seventeen men, led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, who, marching across the country, in the month of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 253 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady and his party captured a few British prisoners, and a large quantity of goods. On their return, while encamped on the Calumet, they were attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing the Indians, whom they met on their way, with promises of plunder, they were able to reach the fort without discovery, captured it and, raising the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- session for a few days, the party returned to St. Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." The Territorial Period.— At the very outset of its existence, the new Government of the United States was confronted with an embarrass- ing question which deeply affected the interests of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. This was the claim of certain States to lands lying between their western boundaries and the Mississippi River, then the western boundary of the Republic. These claims were based either upon the terms of their original charters or upon the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was under a claim of the former character, as well as by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- struction was opposed by the States which, from their geographical position or other cause, had no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, and the controversy was waged with considerable bitterness for several years, proving a formidable obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- federation. As early as 1779 the subject received the attention of Congress in the adoption of a resolution requesting the States having such claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants for unappropriated lands or granting the same during the continuance of the present (Revolu- tionary) War. " In the following year, New York authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its boundaries in such manner as they might think expedient, and to cede to the Government its claim to western lands. The case was further com- plicated by the claims of certain land companies which had been previously organized. New York filed her cession to the General Government of lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- chusetts and Connecticut in HS.'j and 1786. Other States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- ginia covering the southern part of the State, and Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the northern portion. It was from the splendid domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired from Virginia and other States, that the North- west Territory was finally organized. Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution providing for the temporary government of the Western Territory, and this was followed three years later by the enactment of the celebrated Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document contained numerous provisions which marked a new departure in the science of free government — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged"— its crowning feature was the sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Although there has been considerable contro- versy as to the authorship of the above and other provisions of this immortal document, it is worthy of note that substantially the same lan- guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784. by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- son, of Virginia —though not. at that time, adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), and could have had nothing directly to do with the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the principle which he had advocated finally received the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — all that were represented in that Congress — includ- ing the slave States of Virginia. Delaware, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See Ordinance of 17S7.) Northwest Territory Organized.- Under the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the first Governor on Feb. 1. 1788. with Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 254 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. James Mitchell Vamum and John Cleves Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- torial Government was organized at Marietta, a settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, JIarch 5, 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) was organized at this time, embracing all the settlements between tlie "Wabash and the Missis- sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- tice practically abolished and many of the citizens sadly in need of tlie obligations due tliem from the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three montlis, the Governor returned east. In 179.'5, Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the disposition of the local authorities to retain the official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- agreement over the county-seat question, at least in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present State of Ohio, by a force of Indians imder com- mand of Little Turtle, in which tlie whites sus- tained a heavy loss of both men and property — an event which had an unfavorable effect upon conditions throughout the Northwest Territory generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. Antlionj- Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- ning of a period of comparative peace with the Indians all over the Western Country. (See Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony.) FiKST Territori.\l Legisl.vtion— In 1798. the Territory having gained the requisite population, an election of members of a Legislative Council and House of Representatives was held in accord- ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. This was the first Territorial Legislature organized in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over Arthur St. Clair. Jr., son of the Governor. Ohio and Indi.\.\a Territories. — By act of Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories; the latter embracing the region west of the pres- ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- gress from the Northwest Territorj-, was ap- pointed Governor of Indiana Territorj', which at first consisted of three counties; Knox, St. Clair and Randolph — the two latter being within the boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their aggregate population at this time was estimated at less than 5,000. During his administration Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties with the Indians, of wliich six related to the ces- sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the Government acquired six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; twelve miles square at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 1.50,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of the French people and all other white settlers among them, the Indian title to which had been thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, Greenville, Treaty of. ) During the year 1803, the treaty with France for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was passed by Congress attaching all that portion of Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana Territory for governmental purposes. This in- cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon-. tana. Tliis arrangement continued only until the following March, when Louisiana was placed under a separate Territorial organization. For four years Indiana Territory was governed under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, but. the population having increased to the re- quired number, an election was held. Sept. 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- ernment to the "second grade" by the election of a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the vota indicated the indifference of the people on niSTOllICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 255 the subject. Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition received a majority of 138. Tlie two Illinois counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. Tlie former gave a majority of 37 against the measure and tlie latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the other counties. There were in the Territory at this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was in Michigan, which was set off, in 180.5, as a sep- arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 180.5, Shad- rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only to recommend a list of persons from whom it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. Clair. Illinois Territory Organized.— The Illinois counties were represented in two regular and one special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- tory. By act of Congress, which became a law Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- ern part being named Illinois. At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- rate political division, begins. While its bounda- ries in all other directions were as now, on the north it extended to the Canada line. From what has already been said, it appears that the earliest white settlements were established by French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia and the other villages in the southern part of the American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- vasion, there were not known to have been more than two Americans among the.se people, except such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional visits. One of the earliest American settlers in Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who came from Iilassachusetts and settled at an early day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a company of immigrants, consisting (with one or two exceptions) of members of Clark's command in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- land and Virginia and established themselves on the American Bottom The "New Design" set- tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively American colony in the "Illinois Country," was established by this party. Some of its members afterward became prominent in the historj- of the Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with others, settled in or near Kaskaskia alx)Ut 1783, and William Arundel, the first American mer- chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during the .same year. Gen. John Edgar, for manj- j-ears a leading citizen and merchant at the capita), arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years afterward by several brothers. James Lemen came before the beginning of the present cen- tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. Among other prominent arrivals of this period were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John Jlessinger, William Kinnej', Capt. Joseph Ogle; and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward Secretary- of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, Justice of the United States Court and father of the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane (first Secretary of State and afterward United States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- General and second Representative in Congress), George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State), and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- torial or State history. (See biographical sketches of these early settlers under their re- spective names.) The government of the new Territory was organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards. Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to Missouri. Stanley Griswold was appointed in his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- kaskia, the capital, in June, l!^09. At that time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph comprised the settled portion of the Territory, with a white population estimated at about 9,000. The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded the Governor in his arrival in the Territory', were confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 256 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA UF ILLINOIS. months, when the place was offered to John J. Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. Crittenden was then appointed. An incident of tlie year 1811 was the battle of Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted rangers were raised in Illinois this year under direction of Col. William Ru.s.sell, of Kentucky, who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the following year. They were commanded by Cap- tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. White.side, James B. Sloore and Jacob Short. The memo- rable earthquake which had its center about New Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this year, and was quite violent in some portions of Southern Illinois. (See Earthquale of ISll. ) W.\K OF 1812.— During the following year the second war with England began, but no serious outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where Chicago now stands, took place. This had long been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at first under French occupation and afterward under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago River on the .south side, on land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of C.reenville in 179.5. (See Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some alarm had been caiused by outrages committed by Indians in the vicinity, and in the earlj- part of August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the garrison of less than seventy-five men, received instructions from General Hull, in command at Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the public property as he might see fit. Friendly Indians advised Ileald either to make prepara- tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- tention to retire and divide the stores among them, with the conditions subsequently agreed upon in council, that his garrison should be afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a bad use would be made of them, while the Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois;" "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who had been on terms of friendship with the whites. appeared before Captain Heald and informed him phiinly that his young men intended to imbrue their hands in the blood of the wiiites; that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, surrendering a medal he had worn in token of amity, closed by saying: "I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' In the meantime the Indians were riot- ing ui)on the provisions, and becoming so aggres- sive in their bearing tliat it was resolved to march out the next ,000 acres, the length of the main line and branches exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. The company was thereupon promptly organized with a number of New York capitalists at its head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the purpose designated, under the pledge of the Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- tion of the line was constructed through sections of country either sparsely settled or wholly unpopulated, but which have since become among the richest and most populous portions of the State. The fund already received by the State from the road exceeds the amount of the State debt incurred under the internal improvement scheme of 1837. {See Illinois Central Railroad.) Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- crat) was elected Governor at the November election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State officers elected, were Gustavus Kcerner, Lieutenant- Governor ; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State ; Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor; and John Moore, Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new members of the House chosen at this election as a Representative from Jackson County ; while Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and late Counsel of tlie American Arbitrators of the Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil member, being the Representative from Lake County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- ber of Congress, was a member of the House and was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; Knoiclfoii, Dexter A. ; Koerner, Gnstai'iis: Starne, Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L. D.; Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A. ; Blodgett Henry W.) Reduction of State Debt Begins. —The State debt reached its maximum at the beginning of Matteson's administration, amounting to §16,734,177, of which §7.259,822 was canal debt. The State had now entered upon a new and pros- perous period, and, in tlie next four years, the debt was reduced by the sum of 54,564,840, leaving tlie amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, §12,834,144. The three State institutions at Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- cessful operation several years, but now internal dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- agement seriously interfered with their prosperity and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, impaired tlieir usefulness. Kansas-Nebr.\sk.\ Excitement. — During Mat- teson's administration a period of political ex- citement began, caased by the introduction in the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the repeal of the Jlissouri Compromise — otherwise known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although this belongs rather to National history, the prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- man who had won applause three or four j'ears before, by the service he had performed in secur- ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad grant, and the effect which his course had in revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies reference to it here. After a debate, almost unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law. May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where the State Fair was in progress, during the first week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 269 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to whom Douglas maile a rejoinder. Speeches were also made in criticism of Douglas' position by Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- cratic leaders were understood to be ready to assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, though they afterwards reversed their position under partisan pressure and became supporters of the measure. The first State Convention of the opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the same time, but the attendance was small and the attempt to effect a permanent organization was not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth General Assembly, which met in January, fol- lowing, Lj'inan Trumbull was chosen the first Republican United States Senator from Illinois, in place of General Shields, whose term was about to expire. Trumbull was elected on the tenth ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven for Governor JIatteson, though Lincoln had led on the Republican side at every previous ballot, and on the first had come within six votes of an election. Although he was then the choice of a large majority of the opposition to the Demo- cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the original supporters of Trumbull would not cast their votes for himself, he generously insisted that his friends should support his rival, thus determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) Decatur Editorial Contention.— On Feb. 22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which proved the first effective step in consolidating the opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill into a compact political organization. The main busi- ness of this convention con.sisted in the adojition of a series of resolutions defining the position of their authors on National questions — especially with reference to the institution of slavery — and appointing a State Convention to be held at Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- tral Committee to represent the new party was also appointed at this convention. With two or three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and joined in the call for the State Convention, whicli was held at the time designated, when the first Republican State ticket was put in the field. Among the distinguished men who participated in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy. John M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin- coln, who was one of the chief speakers, was one of the delegates appointed to the National Con- vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. The candidates put in nomination for State offices were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's ineligibility) ; Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Democratic ticket was composed of William A. Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas- urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of Public Instruction. The American organization also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. Morris for Governor. Although the . Democrats carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities ranging from 3,031 to 20,213— the latter being the majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- urer, whose name was on both the Republican and American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 1856. ) Administration of Governor Bissell. — With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the Republican party entered upon the control of the State Government, which was maintained with- out interruption until the close of the administi"a- tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 — a period of thirty -six years. On account of physical disa- bility Bissell's inauguration took jilace in the executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1S5T. He was immediatel}' made the object of virulent i)ersonal abuse in the House, being charged with jierjury in taking the oath of office in face of the fact that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. To this, the replj' was made that the offense charged took place outside of the State and be- yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of Illinois. (See Bissell, IPiV/iam //.) While the State continued to prosper under Bissell's administration, the most important events of this period related rather to general than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- sentatives, on the evening of June 1". 1858, of the celebrated speech in which he announced the doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- not stand." This was followed during the next 270 IIISTOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. few months by the series of memorable debates between those two great champions of their respective parties — Lincoln and Doujilas — which attracted the attention of the wliole land. The result was the re-election of Douglas to the United States Senate for a third term, but it also made Abraham Lincoln President of the United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas Debates.) About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 1859), came the discovery of what has since been known as the celebrated "Canal Scrij) Fraud." This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had been issued for temporary purposes during the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, but which had been subsecpiently i-edeemed. A legislative investigation proved the amount ille- gally funded to have been 8223, 182, and that the bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from which the State eventually realized §238,000 out of S2.5.),000 then due. Further investigation proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- gating 8l().5,346, which the State never recovered. An attemjjt was made to prosetnite Matteson criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, to find an indictment against him. (See Canal Serij) Frawl.) An attempt was made during Bis-sell's adminis- tration to secure the refunding (at par and in violation of an existing law) of one hundred and fourteen §1,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for which the State had received an insignificant consideration. The error was discovered when new bonds for the principal had been issued, but the process was immediately stopped and the new bonds surrendered — the claimants being limited by law to 28.04 cents on the dollar. This subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- ume. (See Macalister & Stebbins Bonds. ) Governor Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- ful, although tlie State continued to prosper under it as it had not done since the "internal improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im- posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the time of his election Governor Bissell was an invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, from which he never recovered. He died in office, March 18, 1860, a little over two months after having entered upon the last year of his term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. (See Bissell, William II.; also ITood, John.) Political Campaign of I860.— The political campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- ment throughout the nation, but especially in Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the State in which tlie convention which nominated him met. The Republican State Convention, held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor ; Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, and Newton Batenian for Superintendent of Pub- lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable for its excitement, it was also memorable for the large nuinber of National and State tickets in the field. The National Republican Convention assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- passed in the history of National Conventions, of whicli so many have been held in the "conven- tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was what might have been expected from such a beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider- ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a plurality over his highest competitor of nearly half a million votes, and a majoritj' in the elect- oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood : Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- Democrat), l.")9,253; Hope (BreckinridgeDerao- crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626. Among the prominent men of different parties who appeared for the first time in the General Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert H. McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and John Scholfield, in the House. Slielby M. Cul- lom, who had entered the Legislature at the previous session, was re-elected to this and was chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic candidate. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. '271 Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- taneously with the accession of the new State Government, ami before the inauguration of the President at Washington, began that series of startling events which ultimately culminated in the attempted secession of eleven States of the Union — the first acts in the great drama of war which occupied the attention of the world for the next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new State administration was inaugurated; on Feb. 2, Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- tion held at Washington, were appointed from Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. Palmer, ex-Gov. Jolin Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- field on his departure for Washington, in that simple, touching speech %vhioh has taken a place beside his inaugural addre.sses and his Gettysburg speech, as an American classic. The events which followed; the firing ou Fort Sumter on the twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 75.000 troops and the excitement which prevailed all over the country, are matters of National his- tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State militia for three mouths' service, and one week later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the Secretajy of War for the occupation of that place. Tlie offer of military organizations pro- ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, fifty companies had been tendered, while the public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- cipal cities were offering to supply the State with money to arm and ecpiip the hastily organized troops. Following in order tlie six regiments which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, those called out for the tliree months" service in 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to twelve, and were commanded by the following officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men. of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See ll'in' of the Rebellion. ) Among the many who visited the State Capitol in the earlj' months of war to offer their services to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, one of the most modest and unassuming was a gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a Captain in the regular army and had seen service in the war with Mexico, he set up no preten.sion on that account, but after daj's of patient wait- ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen requiring the services of an officer of military experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an experiment and from necessity than from convic- tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) wliich, from previous bad management, had manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of the war, the organizer of final victory over the Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies of the Union and twice elected President of the United States, started upon that career which won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See Grant, Ulysses S.) The responses of Illinois, under the leadership of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, to the repeated calls for volunteers through the four }-ears of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- nois troops took part in nearly every important battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- nois blood .stained the field at Belmont, at Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and Henry; atShiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass. Kenesaw Moun- tain, Resaca. Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in the South and West; and at Chancellorsville. Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the battles of "the Wilderness"' in Virginia. Of all the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proutl record of hav- ing answered every call upon her for troops without a draft. The whole number of enlist- ments from the State under the various calls from 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War Dep.artment, was 255,057 to meet (piotas aggre- gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to population was 15.1 per cent, which was only exceeded by the District of Columbia (which Iiad a large influx from the States), and Kansas 272 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Nevada, each of whicli had a much larger proportion of adult male population. The whole number of regimental organizations, according to the returns in the Adjutant Generars office, was 1.51 regiments of infantry (numbered con- secutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially reported by the War Department, were 34,834 (13.fi5 per cent), of which .'5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, and 2,1.")4 from other causes. Besides the great Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. : Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. Hurlbut, B. JI. Prentiss, John il. Palmer, R. J. Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M, Schofield, Giles A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. (See sketches of these officers under their respec- tive names.) Among the long list of regimental officers who fell upon the field or died from wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of the Nineteenth ; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the Twenty-seventh — all killed at Stone River; Col. John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut.-Col. Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy 0".Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; Col. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut.-Col. Thomas W. Ross, of the Thirty-second, at Shiloh; Col. John A. Davis of the Forty -.sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- liam A. Dickerraan of the One Hundred and Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut.-Col. Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of many of these officers will be found under the proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It would be a grateful task to record here the names of a host of others, who, after acquitting them- selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the plaudits of a grateful people, were this within the design and scope of the present work. One of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with the Seventh under command of Col. Edward Prince. COXSTITUTION.\L CONVENTION OF 1862. — An incident of a different character was the calling of a convention to revise the State Constitu- tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A majority of this body was composed of those opposed to the war policy of the Government, and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of the State administration and the General Gov- ernment was soon manifested, which was resented by the executive and many of the soldiers in the field. The convention adjourned March 24, and its work was submitted to vote of the people, June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in the field, who were permitted, as a matter of polic}-, to vote upon it. but who were practically unanimous in opposition to it. De.\th of Douolas. — A few days before this election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of the State of its most sagacious and patriotic adviser. (See Douglas. Stephen A. ) LEGISL.A.TURE OF 1863.— Another political inci- dent of this period grew out of the session of the General Assembly of 1863. This body having been elected on the tide of the political revulsion which followed the issuance of President Lin- coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, was Democratic in both branches. One of its first acts was the election of William A. Richard- son United States Senator, in place of O. H. Browning, who had been appointed by Governor Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to cripple the .State and General Governments in the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the subject of the war, which the friends of the Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but owing to the death of a member on the majority side, they failed to pass the Senate. These denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- tation of negroes into the State;" accused the General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- verting the Constitution" and attempting to establish a "consolidated military despotism;" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 273 charged that the war had been "diverted from its first avowed object to that of subjugation and the aboUtion of slavery;" declared the belief of the authors that its "further prosecution .... cannot result in the restoration of the Union .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and closed by appointing six Commissioners (who were named) to confer with Congress, with a view to the holding of a National Convention to adjust the differences between the States. These measures occupied the attention of tlie Legisla- ture to the exclusion of subjects of State intere.st, so that little legislation was accomplished — not even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. Legislature Prorogued.— At this junctiffe, the two Houses having disagreed as to the date of adjournment. Governor Yates exercised the constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, which he did in a message on June 10, declaring them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- tional term. The Republicans accepted the result and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in the House and a minority in the Senate continued in session for some days, without being able to transact any business except the filing of an empty protest, when they adjourned to the first Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- duced by this affair, in the Legislature and throughout the State, was intense ; but the action of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme Court and the adjourned session was never held. The failure of the Legislature to make provision for the expenses of the State Government and the relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the State which was never wanting when needed during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third Oeneral Assembly. ) Peace Conventions.— Largely attended "peac« conventions" were held during this year, at Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Sei)t em- ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. An immense Union mass-meeting was also held at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed by distinguished speakers, including both Re- publicans and War-Democrats. An important incident of this meeting was the reading of the letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. ConkUng. in which he defended his war policy, and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, in a characteristically logical manner. Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 was full of exciting political and military events. Among the former weis the nomination of George B. McCIellan for President by the Democratic Con- vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- tion of hostiUties' " with a view to a convention for the restoration of peace. 5Ir. Lincoln had been renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, in June previous, ^vith Andrew Johnson as the candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- ernor, with William Bross. for Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic candidate for Governor. Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of rebels from the South and their sympathizers in the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 2.5,000 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- ber election, but the activity of the military authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a military court before whom a number of the arrested parties were tried, proved the existence of an extensive organization, calling itself "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of which a number of well-known politicians in Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas Cons])iracy.) At the November election Illinois gave a major- ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for Governor, of 33.G7.1, with a proportionate major- ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote in the electoral college was 212, to 21 for McCIellan. Legislature of 186.j.— The Republicans had a decided majority in both branches of the Legis- lature of 18(55, and one of its earliest acts was the election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had been elected two years before to the seat formerly held by Douglas. This was the last public posi- tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- ernor. " During his official term no more popular public servant ever occupied the executive chair — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the L'nited States Senate. His personal and political integrity was never questioned by his most bitter political opponents, while those who had known 27-1 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. him longest and most intimately, trusted him most implicitly. The service which he performed in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of the State and in marslialing its heroic soldiers for the defense of the Union can never be over- estimated. (See Yutcs. Richard.) Oolesby's ADiMlNlsTKATioN. — Govemor Ogles- by and the other State officers were inaugu- rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties with a Legislature in full sympatliy with it, the new administration was confronted by no such difficulties as those with which its predecessor had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- fied with the war from its beginning, was one of the first lUinoisans promoted to the rank of Major-General, was per.sonally popular and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people of tlie State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired from a position on the Circuit bench to accept tliat of Adjutant-General, which he held during the last three years of the war, was Speaker of the House. This Legislature was the first among those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- ing slavery, wliich it did in both Houses, on the evening of Feb. 1, IHOf) — the same day the resolu- tion had been finally acted on by Congress and received tlie sanction of the President. The odious "black laws," which had disgraced the State for twelve years, were wiped from the statute-book at this session. The Legislature adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- ing a record as creditable in tlie disposal of busi- ness as that of its predeces.st)r had been discredit- able. (See Oglesbij, Hicliard J.) Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now rapiilly approaching a successful termination. Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, April 9, 18G5, and the people were celebrating this event with joyful festivities through all the loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm than in Illinois, the liome of the two great leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of these jubilations catne the assassination of Presi- dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater, Washington. The appalling news was borne on the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of gloom hung over every part of the land. Public buildings, business houses and dwellings in every city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal States were draped with the insignia of a univer- sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender. patriotic women who had given their husbands, sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- nois, at the taking olf of its chief citizen, the grandest character of the age, who had served both .State and Nation with svieh patriotic fidel- ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame and in the hour of his country's triumph. The Funeral. — Then came the .sorrowful march of the funeral cortege from Washington to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing thousands, she received to her bosom, near his old home at the State Capital, the remains of the Great Liberator, The part which Illinois played in the great struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as the scope of this work will permit. It only remains to be said that the patriotic service of the men of the State was grandly supplemented by the equally patriotic service of its women in "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Si.sters of the Good Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary organizations for the purpose of contributing to the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp and in hospital, and in giving them generous receptions on their return to their homes. The work done by these organizations, and by indi- vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the brightest pages in the history of the war. Election op 1806.— The administration of Gov- ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to enter the Union army. His majority was un- precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, conferring citizenship upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- lature. Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated the following ticket: For Governor, John M. Palmer. Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 275 Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor, Charles E. Lippincott. State Treasurer, Erastus N. Bates; Attorney General, Washington Bushnell. John R. Eden, afterward a member of Conj^ress for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as candidate for Governor, with William H. Van Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention was held at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- President. They were opposed bj' Horatio Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- President. The result in November was the election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois was 51,150. Of course the Republican State ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty eight Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the House. Palmer's Administration. — Governor Palm- er's administration began auspiciously, at a time when the passions aroused by the war were sub- siding and the State was recovering its normal prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading events of the next four years were the adoption of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. The first steps in legislation looking to the con- trol of railroads were taken at the session of 18G9, and although a stringent law on the subject passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, and, although superseded by the Constitution of 1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the legislation since had on the subject. The cele- brated "Lake Front Bill," convej'ing to the city of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the title of the State to certain lands included in what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, was re-enacted over his veto. This act was finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and after many years of litigation, the rights claimed under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany have been recently declared void by the Suj)reme Court of the United States. The Fif- teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to "citizens of the United States .... on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude," was ratified by a strictly party vote in each House, on March 5. The first step toward the erection of a nevy State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an appropriation of .$450,000, at the ses.sion of 1867. the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A second appropriation of §650,000 was made at the session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited the cost to §3.500,000. but an act passed by the Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation of §531,712 for completing and furnishing the building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The original cost of the building and its furniture exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) The State Convention for framing a new Con- stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1809. It consisted of eighty-five member.s — forty-four Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected as "Independents" and co-operated with the Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- cock was elected President. The Convention terminated its labors, May 13, 1870; the Constitu- tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special provision establishing the principle of "minority representation'' in the election of Representatives in the General Assembly, was adopted by a smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- ing feature of the latter was the general restric- tion upon special legislation and the enumeration of a large variety of subjects to be provided for under general laws. It laid the basis of our present railroad and warehouse laws; declared the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; prohibited municipalities from beconjing sub- scribers to the stock of any railroad or private corporation; limited the rate of taxation and amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required tlie enactment of laws for the protection of miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- tion against the re-election of a Governor as his own immediate successor was removed, but placed upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- ture consists of 204 members — 51 Senators and 153 Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- sentatives being chosen from each district. (See Constitutional Convention of 1SC9-70; also Con- stitution of JS70.) At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Legisl.\ture of 1871. — The Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1871'), in its various sessions, 27(; mSTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. spent more time in legislation than any other in the history of the State — a fact to be accounted for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- sive revision of the laws required in consequence of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides the regular session, there were two special, or called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature adopted the system of "State control" in the management of the labor and discipline of the convicts of the State penitentiary, which was strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special message. General Logan having been elected United States Senator at this session, Gen. John L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position of Congressman-at-large at a special election held Oct. 4. Chicaoo Fike of 1871. — The calamitous fire at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging rather to local than to general State history, excited the profound sympathy, not only of the people of the State and the Nation, but of the civilized world. The area burned over, including streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings out of 18.000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. Tlie loss of life is estimated at 250, and of prop- erty at § 1 87, 927, 000. Governor Palmer called the Legislature together in special session to act upon the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, amounting to §2,955,340. The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet in a regiment of United States troops organized for guard duty, led to some controversy between Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of Chicago and the military authorities, including President Grant, on the other; but the general verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between civil and military authority may not have been observed, the service rendered by the military, in a great emergency, was of the highest value and was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire of 1871 under title CJiicago.) P0LITIC.4.L CAMPAIGN OF 1872.— The political campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. Dissatisfied with the administration of President Grant, a number of the State officers (including (Tovernor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- licans of the State, joined in what was called the "Liberal Republican" movement, and supported Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 40,690. Governor Oglesby 's second administration was of brief duration. Within a week after his in- auguration he was nominated by a legislative caucus of his party for United States Senator to succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by the party whose candidates he had defeated at three previous elections. {SeeOglesbi/, RichardJ.) Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his chief. His aduiiuistration was high-minded, clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) Republican Reverse of 1874. —The election of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the Republican party had experienced in Illinois since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) was at the same time elected State Superintend- ent, while the Fusiouists secured a majority in each House of the General Assembly. After a protracted contest, E. M. Haines — who had been a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cul- lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- lowed — especially in the House — was one of the most turbulent and disorderly in tlie history of the State, coming to a termination, April 15, after having enacted very few laws of any im- portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly. ) Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. CuUom was the candidate of the Republican party for Governor in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the National ticket. The excitement which attended the campaign, the closeness of the vote between the itwo Presidential candidates — Hayes and Tilden — and the determination of the result through the medium of an Electoral Commission, are fresh in the memory of the present gener- ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for President was 19,631. but owing to the combina- tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for g' '2 S 3 b 5," O '■ o 15 la r./OTf J.LU. 'P~ liB&d li--Jjt^rr^' BOARD OX TRAIJH I'.ni.DIXG. CHICAGO. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 277 GuUom was reduced to 6,798. The other State officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- tenaat-Governor ; George H. Harlow, Secretary of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorne}'- General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- petitor, had a smaller majority than CuUom. The new State House was occupied for the first time by the State officers and the Legislature chosen at this time. Although the Republicans had a majority in the House, the Independents held the "balance of power" in joint session of the General Assembly. After a stubborn and protracted struggle in the effort to choose a United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1862. His election to the L'nited States Senate by the Demo- crats and Independents led to his retirement from the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- cumstance which, in the opinion of manj-, may have had an important bearing upon the decision of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, and more freijueutly acted with the Republicans than with their opponents. He supported Blaine and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 188-1:. (See Daris, Daind.) Strike op 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization of business, especially in the railroad centers of the State and throughout the country generally. The newlj- organized National Guard was called out and rendered efficient service in restoring order. Governor CuUom's action in the premises was prompt, and has been generally commended as eminently wise and discreet. Election of 1878.— Four sets of candidates were in the field for the ofiices of State Treasurer and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 — Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- hibition. The Republicans were successful. Gen. John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities averaging about 35,000. The same party also elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured a majority in each branch of the General Assem- bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served as Speaker of the Hou.se at this session. (See Smitli, John Cor.soii; Slade, JamesP.: also Thirty- first General Assembly. ) Campaign of 1880. — The political campaign of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle made by the friends of General Grant to secure his nomination for the Presidency for a third term. The Republican State Convention, begin- ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, ending in instructions in favor of General Grant by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, however, by the action of the National Conven- tion two weeks later. Governor C'uUom was nominated for re-election; John M. Hamilton for Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement for Sec- retary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, and James McCartney for Attorney-General. (See Dement, Henry D.; Swkjert, Charles P.; Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- sons for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republican National Convention met in Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- eral Grant, James .\. Garfield, of Ohio, was nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In Illinois. 022,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive majorities in both branches of the Legislature. No startling events occurred during Governor CuUom's second term. The State continued to increase in wealth, population and prosperity, and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped out." Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882, Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. Strattan, the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again had a majority in each House of the General Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 278 IIISTOHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. House. In the election of United States Senator, which occurred at this session, Governor Culloiu was cliosen as the successor to David Davis. Gen. John 31. Palmer receiving tlie Democratic vote. Lieut.-Gov. John M. Hamilton thus became Gov- ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See Cullom, Shelhi/ M.; Hamilton, John M.; CpUinx, Loren C, and Rtiab, Hrnni.) The "Harjier Iligh License Law," enacted by the Thirty-third General A.ssembly (188:!), lias become one of the permanent features of the Illi- nois statutes for the control of the litiuor traffic, and has been more or less closely copied in other States. Political C.\mp.vion of 1884. — In 1884, Gen. R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the Republican party for Governor, receiving at Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. The Republican National Convention was again held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- licans for President, and was put in nomination in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The choice of the Convention, however, fell upon James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading competitor being President Arthur. Logan was then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- tion. At the election in November the Republican party met its first reverse on the National battle- field since 18.16, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being elected President and Vice-President by the nar- row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State of New York. Tlie result was in doubt for sev- eral days, and the excitement tliroughout tlie country was scarcely less intense than it had been in the close election of 1870. The Green- back and Prohibition parties botli had tickets in Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. The plurality in the State for Blaine was 2.5,118. The Republican State officers elected were Richard J. Oglesln', Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14.- 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were elected for a second time, wliile Gross and Hunt were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, and Hunt, George. ) Chicago Election FRArDS.— .\n incident of this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat Rudolph Brand ( Democrat | as Sen.ator in place of lleiiiy W. Lemau, in the Hixlh Senatorial Dis- trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged jierpe- trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four years for perjury growing out of the investigjv- tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was ,found in the close vote in the Legislature for L'nited States Senator — Senator Logan being a candidate for re-election, wliile the Legislature stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two Greenbackers on joint ballot. A teilious contest on the election of Speaker of the House finally resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in the House and one in the Senate were rendered vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of the Representatives being Democrats, and the other Representative a Republican. The special election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy with a new member of the same jiolitical faith as his predecessor; but both vacancies in the House were filleil bj- Republicans. The gain of a Repub- lican member in place of a Democrat in the House was brought about by the election of Captain AVilliam H. Weaver Representative from the Thirty-fourtli District (composed of Mason, Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, Democrat. This was accomplished by what is called a "still hunt"' on the part of the Repub- licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- sation not only of the session, but of special elec- tions generally, especially as every county in the District was strongly Democratic. Tliis gave tlie Republicans a majority in eacli Hou.se, and the re-election of Logan followed, though not until two months had been consumed in the contest. (See Logan. John A.) OoLESBv's Third Term. — The only disturbing events during Governor Oglesby 's third term were . strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and Leraont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen at East St. Louis, in April, 18Sfi, and among the employes at the Union Stock- Yards, in November of the same year. In each case troops were called out and order finally restored, but not until sev- eral persons had been killed in the two former, and both strikers and employers had lost heavily in the interruption of business. At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 279 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 pliuality for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See Tanner, John E.; Edwards, Richard.) In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which met Jauuarj-, 1887, the Republicans had a major- ity in each House, and Charles B. Far well was elected to the United States Senate in place of Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell, diaries B.) FlFER Elected Governor. — The political campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- Seuator Joseph W. Fifer, of JIcLean County, and Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See Fifer. Josejyh W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets were also in the field The Republican Xational Convention was again held in Chicago, June 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President, on tlie eiglith ballot. The delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. Gresham. (See Gresham, Walter Q.) Grover Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a candidate for re-election. At the November elec- tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac X. Pearson, Secre- tary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor; Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, Attorney-General. (See Eay, Lyman B.; Pear- son, Isaac X.; Pavey, diaries H'; and Becker, Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- lature of 1889 were the reelection of Senator Cullom to the United States Senate, practically w.'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory education law, and tlie enactment of the Chicago drainage law. At a special session held in July, 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation looking to the holding of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) Repcblicvx Defeat of 1890. — The campaign of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 9,847 and Prof. Henry Ra;ib, wlio had been Super- intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. Though lacking two of an absolute majority on joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democ-rats were able, with the aid of two members belonging to the Farmers" Alliance, after a prolonged and exciting conte.st, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer United States Senator, as successor to C. B. Farwell. Tlie election took place on JIarch 11, resulting, on the 154tb ballot, in 103 votes for Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) Elections of 1892.— At the elections of 1892 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first defeat on both State and National issues since 1856. The Democratic State Convention was held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor : William H. Ilinrichsen for Secretary of State: Rufus N. Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for Auditor; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov- ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, Lyman B. Ray ; Secretarj- of State. Isaac N. Pear- son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey: Attorney-Gen- eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. WUlits and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- nated to succeed themselves. The Republican National Convention held its session at Minneapo- lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for re-election, while that of the Democrats met in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session imtil Jime 24, for the third time choosing, as its standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., ;is liis running- mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and People's Party also had complete National and State tickets in the field. The State campaign was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the Democrats, imder the leadership of Altgeld, mak- ing an especially bitter contest upon some features of the compulsory school law. and gaining many votes from the ranks of the German -Republicans. The result in the State showed a plurality for Cleveland of 26.993 votes out of a total 873,646— the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote amoimting to 48.077. The votes for the respec- tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld (Dem.), 425.498; Fifer (Rep.). 402,659: Link (Pro.). 25.628 ;Bamet (Peo.). 20. 108— plurality for Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 280 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. est given to any Republican candidate on either the National or the State ticket, leading that of President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the Democratic State ticket with the single exception of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in Congress from the State chosen at this time, eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, including among the latter the two Congressmen from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- ans in the House. The administration of Governor Fifer — the last in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- ernors — closed with the financial and industrial interests of the State in a prosperous condition, the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its treasury, Fifer was the first private soldier of the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, though the result of the next two elections have shown that he was not to be the lust — both of his successors belonging to the same class. Governor Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the State to be elected Governor, though the State has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus Koerner and Francis A. Hotf man, both Germans. Altgeld's Admixistr.ytion. — The Thirty- eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each House. (See Thirty-eighth General Assembly.) The inauguration of the State officers occurred on January 10. The most important events con- nected with Governor Altgeld's administration were the "World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both of these have been treated in detail under their proper heads. (See World's Columbian Exposi- tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the night of Jan. 3, 1895, of a portion of the buildings connected with the Southern Hospital for the Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and officers of the institution to great risk and no small amount of suffering, although no lives were lost. The Thirty-ninth General As.sembly, which met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- ation of §171,970 for the restoration of the build- ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. The defalcation of Charles "W. Spalding, Treas- urer of the University of Hlinois. which came to light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, involved the State in heavy loss (the exact amount of which is not even yet fully known), and operated unfortunately for the credit of the retiring administration, in view of the adoption of a policy which made the Governor more directly responsible for the management of the State in- stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- cessors. The Governor's course in connection with the strike of 1894 was also .severely criticised in some quarters, especially as it brought him in oppo,sition to the policy of the National adminis- tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- thizing with the strikers at a time when they were regarded as acting in open violation of law. Election of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed as surprising a reaction against the Democratic party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite direction. The two State offices to be vacated this year — .State Treasurer and State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction — were tilled by the elec- tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- urer, was 133,4'27, and that in favor of Samuel M. Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre- sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as elected were Republicans, and these two were unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen Democrats in the Senate, and eighty-eight Repub- licans to sixty-one Democrats in the House. One of the most important acts of the Thirty- ninth General Assembly, at the following session, was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- tion of members of the General Assembly at .SI, 000 for each regular session, with five dollars per day and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This Legislature also passedacts making appropriations for the erection of buildings for the use of the State Fair, which had been permanently located at Springfield; for the establishment of two ad- ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at Wilmington. Permanent Location of the State Fair.— In consequence of the absorption of public atten- tion — especially among the industrial and manu- facturing classes — by the World's Columbian Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was 2: z G 2 Z ■Si O z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 281 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. The initial steps were taken by the Board at its .annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that year, looking to. the permanent location of the Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- cago, in October following, formal speoification.s were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met in securing the prize. These were sent to cities intending to compete for the location as the basis of proposals to be submitted by tliem. Responses w^ere received from the cities of Bloomington, Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual meeting in January, 1894. with the result that, on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was accepted and the Fair permanently located at that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to ten divided between five other points. The Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to the State Board of Agriculture of 15.5 acres of land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair Grounds immediately north of the city — besides a cash, contribution of .550,000 voted bj- tlie San- gamon County Board of Supervisors for the erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- butions increased the estimated value of the donations from Sangamon County (including the land) to .$139,800, not including the pledge of the city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- sides an agreement on the part of the electric light company to furnish Ught for two years free of charge. The construction of buildings was begun the same year, and the first Fair held on the site in September following. Additional buildings have been erected and other improve- ments introduced each year, until the grounds are now regarded as among the best equipped for exhibition purposes in the United States. In the meantime, the increasing success of the Fair from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture in the matter of location. C.i.MP.\iGX OF 1896. — The political campaign of 1890 was one of almost unprecedented activity in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety and character of the issues involved and the number of party candidates in the field. As usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties were the chief factors in the contest, although there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, which tended to the introduction of new issues and the organization of parties on new lines. The Republicans took the lead in organizing for the canvass, holding their State Convention at Springfield on April 39 and 30, while the Demo- crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. McCuUough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. Smyth and FrancLs M. McKay for University Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the Democracy for State officers embraced John P. Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- retary of State, Finis E. Downing: Auditor, Andrew L. Jlaxwell; Attornej- -General, George A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. The National Republican Convention met at St. Louis on June 16, and, after a three daj-s' session, put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New Jersey, for Vice-President; while their Demo- cratic opponents, following a policy which had been maintained almost continuously by one or the other party since 1860, set in motion its party machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first time in the history of the nation, a native of Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with Arthur Sewall, a shipbuilder of JIaine, for the second place on the ticket. The main issues, as enunciated in the platforms of the respective parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by the prominence given to the tariff and monetary questions in each. This was the natural result of the business depression which had prevailed sinda 1893. While the Republican platform adhered to the traditional position of the party on the tariff issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the gold standard as the basis of the monetary system of the country, that of the Democracy took a new departure by declaring unreser\"edly for the "'free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;" and this be- came the leading issue of the campaign. The fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who had been favored by the Populists as a candidate for Vice President, and was afterwards formally nominated by a convention of that party, with Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- cago Convention, led to much friction between the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. At the same time a very considerable body — in inlluence and political prestige, if not in numbers — in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 282 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. section on the monetary question, and, adopting the name of "Gold Democrats," put innominaticm a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- tucky, for Vice-President. Besides tliese. the Pro- hibitionists, Nationalists. Socialist-Labor Party and "Middle-of -the- Road" (or "straiglit-out") Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the field, making a total of seven .sets of candidates appealing for the votes of the people on issues assumed to be of National importance. The fact that the two great parties — Democratic and Republican — established their principal head- quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in Chicago, had the effect to make that city and the State of Illinois tlie 5,0()0 per annum, to furnish plans and specifications for public buildings and supervise the construction and care of the same; authorizing the con.soUdation of the territory of cities under township organi- zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- sional townships, into one township ; empowering each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a private secretary at a salarj- of S2,000 per annum, to be paid by the State; amending the State Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish- ment and maintenance of parental or truant schools: and empowering the State to establish Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one to each city of .50,000 inhabitants, or three in cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an amendment of the State Constitution is to be voted upon by the electors at any general elec- tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to each County Clerk, whose ihity it is to have said copies published and posted at the places of voting for the information of voters. One of the most important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 284 UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. railway Franchise Law of the previous session, the provisions of which, empoweiing City Coun- cils to grant street-railwaj' franchises extending over a period of fifty years, had been severely criticised by a portion of the press and excited intense hostility, especially in some of the larger cities of the State. Although in force nearlj' two years, not a single corporation had succeeded in obtaining a franchise under it. A Retrospect and a Look into The Future. — The history of Illinois has been traced concisely and in outline from the earliest period to tlie present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, for a century it continued the hunting ground of savages and the home of wild animals common to the plains and forests of tlie Mississippi Valley. The region brought under the influence of civili- zation, such as then existed, comprised a small area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized counties of tlie present day. Thirteen years of nominal British control( 176.VT8) saw little cliange. except the exodus of a part of the old French population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. The period of development began with the occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- ernment of tlie settlements northwest of the Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 2.50,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 1.3,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed fertility of soil, its inexhaustible svipplies of fuel for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, there is little i-isk in predicting that the next forty years will see it advanced to second, if not first rank, in both wealth and population. But if the development of Illinois on material lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A long list of these miglit be mentioned, but two names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by common consent, assigned a higher place than all others, and have left a deeper impress upon the history of the Nation than any others since the days of Washington. These are, Ulys.ses S. Grant, the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham . Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of the Republic, and its Martyred President. CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. Important Events in lUinois TJistory. Hi73.— Joliet and MarquettP reach Illinois from Green Bay by way of the Upper Mississippi anil Uiinois HI vers. Hi74-5.— Marquette uiakes a second visit to Illinois and spends the winter on the present site of (.'hirago. IfiSO. La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. IGSl. Tonty beKJns the erection of Fort St. Louis on ■' Starved Hock" in lAi. Salle County. Hi82.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers to the mouth of the latter, and take pofssesshtn I April y. l(iS2i In the name of the Kint: of France. 1700.- First permanent French settlement In Illinois and Mis- sion of St. Sulpico established at Cahokla. 1700.— Kaskaakla Indiana remove from the Upper Illinois and locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskla Kiver. French settlement e.slablished here the same year becomes the town of Kaskiuskia and future capital of Illinois. I7Ifl.— The (Irst Fort Chartres. erected near Kiisknskia. 1718.— Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burned by Indians. 17.M. — Fort Chartres rebuilt atid streiiKthened. 17tij.— The niiiinls country surrendered by the French to the British under the trealy of 178.— Gen. U. S. Grant elected to the Presidency. 1S70.— The third State Constitution adopted. POPULATION OF ILLINOIS .-If Each Decennial Census from 1810 to 1900. 1810 (■>3) 12.282 iH'lii (21i 55.162 l.s;ui rjoi 157.415 IHUl (Hi 476,183 IH5U (11* 851,470 1860 (4) 1.711,951 1870 (4> 2.6a9,8yi 1880 (4) 3.077,871 1890 (3) 382fi,.^'>l 1900 ( 3 ) 4 .821 .550 Note.— Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State in order of population. ILLINOIS CITIES Having a Population of io,0OO and Over (1900). Name. Population. Chicago 1,«98,755 Peoria 6t>,100 Quincv 36.252 Springlield 34.159 Rockford 31,051 Joliet 29,353 East St Louis 29,655 Aurora 214.147 Bloomington 23,286 Klgni 22,433 Decatur 20.754 Rock Island 19,498 Kvanston 19,259 Name. Population. Galesburg 18.607 Belleville 17,481 Mollne 17,24S Danville 16,354 Jacksonville 15.078 Alton 14,210 streator 14,079 Kankakee 13,59& Freeport 13.358 Cairo 12,566 Ottawa 10,588 La SaUe 10,44ft HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 286 INDEX. This Index relateseicluslvely to matter embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Suhjecta will be found treated at leugth. under topical heads, in ibe body of the Encyclopedi Subjects of general State history Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. Altgeld, John P., adminiatration aa Gov- erncjr. 27y-N(.i: defeated for re-election, isl. Anderson. .Silnsuti H,,264. Antl-NebrasUa Editorial Convention, 25r». Anti-slavery contest of 18»-24: defeat of a convention scheme. 2f)U. Baker, Col. E. D., 26;i; orator at laying the corner-stone of State capitol.264. Bateman. Newton, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 270.274,270. Beverldgp, John L., Congressman and L.leuteiiiini-<4overn()r: becomes Governor by r'*siyii;itl'.>ti of Governor Ogle3by,27tJ. Birlcbpck, Morris, 260. Bissell, William H.. Colonel In Mexican War. 265; Governor, 209; death, 27U. Black Hawk War. 262. Blodgett, Henry W., Free Soil member of the Legislature. 208. Bloomlngton Convention (1S56), 269. Boisbrlant, first French Commandant, 249. Bond, Shadrach. 265; JJelegateiu Congress. 237; lirst Governor, 268. Breese. Sidney, 259. Browne. Thomas C, 260. Browning. Orville H.. In Bloomington Convenilon, 269; U. S. Senator. 27;i. Cahokia, tirsi French settlement at, 252. Camp I»out,'Iaa conspiracy, 273. Canal Scrip FiauU, 270. Carlin, Thoniaa, elected Governor, 2fi3. Casey, Ztuluc, elected to Coneress; re- signs the Lieutenant-GovprnorsUip, 262. Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 Chlcugo and Calumci Rivt-rs, importance of in estimation of early eiplurers, 247. Chiciigo election frauds, 276. Chictmo. lire of 1871,276. ChR-agtiu, Indiftn Chief for whom Chicago wa.s named. 248. Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to Illmois; capture of Kuskaskia, 251, Coles, Edward, emancipates his slave.s; candidate i'orGuveriior,2.S9; his election, 260; persecuted by hi.s enemies. 261. Constitutional ConvQiiiion of l8is, 258. Conatltutioniil Cnnventinn of 1847,266. Constitutional Con vention of 1862,272. ConstilutionivlCoMVentionof 1870.275. Cook, Daniel P.. 255; Attorney -General, 258; ele<'ted to Congress, 260-61. Craig, Capt. Thonuus. expedition against Indians at Peorisi. 257. Cullom. Shelby M.. speaker ofGeneral .\s- sembly, 270; ele3, Harrison, William Heurv. first Governor of Indiana Territory. 254. Henry, Patrick, Indian Commlsaloner for Illinois Country: assists in planning Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcio Gov- ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio River Illinois, its rank in orderof admission into the Union, area and population, 241 ; In- dian origin of the name; boundaries and area; geographical location; navigable streams, 242: topogruphy, fauna and flora, 243; soil and climate. 24;M4: crin- test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- ana 111 1721. 249; surrendered to the British in 1765, 251; under government of Virginia, 252: part of Imliana Territory, 254; Territorial Govennnent organized; Ninian Eklwards appointed Governor, 255; admitted as a State. 258 Illinois A Michigan Canal, 261. Illinois Central Railroad. 267-68. '■Illinois Country." boundaries defined by Captain Plttman, 241; Patrick Henrj-, first American Governor. 252. Illinois County organized by Virginia House of Delegates. 2-52. Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- rial officers. 255. Indiana Territory organized. 254; first Territorial Legislature elected. 255. Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. Internal improvement scheme. 263. Joliet, Lotii.s, accompanied by Marquette, visits Illinois in 1673, 245. Kane, Elias Kent. 258. Kansas-Nebraska contest. 268. Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 24S. Kenton. Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- tion against Kaskaskia. 2,51. Labor disturbances, 270,280.283. La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. La Salle, expedition to Illinois In 1679-80, 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of St. Joseph; disaster of Fort Creve-Cteur; election of Fort St. Lr)uis.246, Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the General Assembly, 2b3; elected to Con- gress, 2/56; unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate; member of Bloomington Convention of 1856; *■ House divided-aKainst-itself " speech, 269; elected President. 270; departure for Washington, 271; elected for a second term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. Lincoln- Douglas debutes, 270. Lockwood, Samuel 1).. Attorney-General; Secretary of State; opponent of pro- stttvery convention scheme, 260. Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union soldier, 272; Congress ma n-at-large. 274-76; elected United States Senator. 276; Re- publican nominee for Vice-President; third election OS Senator, 278. "Long Nine."263. Louisiana united with Illinois, 254. Lovejoy. Elijah P.. munlered at Alton, 263. Macalister and Stebblns Ixmds. 270. Marquette, Father Jacqius isee JoIlet>; his mission among the Kaskusklas. 248. Ma-son. William K.. V. S. Senator. 28"2. McLean. John, Speaker: first Representa- tlvoiuCongress: l'..S Senator; death. 2ti.i. Slenard, Pierre, i'w: President of Terri- torial Council, 2.'»7: elected Lieuteuaut- Governor. 268; anecdote of, 259. Mexican War, 266. Morgan. Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- ka.skia in 1776.251, Mormon War. 2»i4-(i5. New Design Settlement, 255. New France. 244, 249. Nicolet. Jean. French explorer, 244-5. Northwest Territory organized; Gen. Ar- thur St. Clair appointed Governor. 25.^: first Territorial Legislature; separated Into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 2.54. Oglesby, Richard J,, soldier in Civil War, 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- tion: chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third election to governorship, 278. Onlitianceof 1787.253. " I'aincourt *' (early name for St Louis) s^'ltled by French from Illinois. 251, Palmer. John M., member of Peace Con- ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; prominent events of his administration, '^b; unsuccessful Denujcrattc candidate fur Governor; elected U. S. Senator. 279; candidate for President, 2.S2. Peace Conference of 1861,271. Peace conventions of 1863, 273. Perrot. Nicholas, explorer. 245. Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the boundi^ ries of the 'Illinois Country." 241. Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of IllinolsTer- ritory, 2.55; Delegate in Congress; serv- ice in fixing northern boundary, 25iB. Prairies, t.rigin of, 343. Randolph Cuunty organized. 2.54, Renault, I'liilip F., first importer of Afri- can slavt'S to Illinois, 249. Republican State Convention of 1850,269. Reynolds, John, el'-eted Governor: resigns to take Seat in Coiitrress, 262; Sfieaker of Illinois House of Representatives. 268. Richardson, William A., candidate for Governor, 27U: IT. S. Senator, 272. Rocheblave, Chevalier de. la.st British Commandant in Illinois 2.51; sent as a prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. Shawneetown Rank. 257. Shawneetown fiood. 2».3. Shields. Gen. James. 263; elected U. S, Sen- ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. Southern Hospital fur Insane burned, 2S0. Spanish-American War. 2^1. Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- tion of new State i-apitol at. authorizeu, 275; .State Bank, 259. St. Clair, .\rthur, first Governor of North- west Territory, 25^1; visits Illinois, 254. St. Clair County organized, 254. Slate debt reaches its maximum. 268. state Fair permanently located, 281. Streams and navigation. 242. supreme Court revolutioiuzed. 2W. Tanner. John R., Slate Treasurer, 278; elected Governor. 281-2. Thomas. Jesse B., 255; President of Con- stitutional Convention of 1818, 258; elected United States Senator, 259. Todd. Col . John. County-Lleuteuaut of Illi- nois Countv,252. Tonty. Henry del see La Salle>. Treaty wiih Indians near Alton, 257. Trumbull, Lyman. Secretar>* of State. 2A4: electeil United Slates Senator. 269.70; Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. Vandulia. the second State cjipltal, 2.'i9. War of 1812, 256; expeditious to Peoria Lake. 257. War of the Rebellion; some prominent Illinois actors; number of troops fur- nished by Illinois; important battlespar- ticipated lu. 271 ?2; some officers who fell;, Grierson raid. 272. Warren, Hooper, editor Edwards ville Spectator. 2tto. Wayne. Gen Anthony. 254. Whig mass-meeting at Springfield. 264. Wihnot Proviso, action uf Illinois Legisla- ture uiion. 267. Wany, but this company jxvys rental for trackage facilities. About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-Ib. 296 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent improvements has been adopted, and is being carried forward. The principal traffic is the transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- tal stock (June 30, 1898) was §3,597,800; bonded debt, $1,800,000; total capitalization. 85,517.739; total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, §413,967; total expenditures in the State, S303,- 344. — (History.) This road was chartered Dec 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 1882, and through its entire length. Sept. 15, 1883. INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur d- Western Rail- u-aij.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See Indiana. Decatur ci- \\'< stern Railway.) INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis <& Eastern Railroad.) INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- road: also Peoria & Eastern Railroad. ) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur A Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. ) INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a State Institution designed to furnish the means of employment to dependent blind persons of both sexes, established under authority of an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 62 inmates, of whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General Assembly appropriated §13,900 for repairs, appli- ances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for ordinary expenses INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was bom in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- pleted his education. He studied law and was admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi- nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 1862 was the RepubUcan candidate for Congress for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. Allen; and, in 1804, was chosen to fill the unex- pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- sentative in the Thirty -eighth Congress. He was re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. IngersoU, and was, for some years, associated with him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879. INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y., August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, which had been mustered in in December, 1861, and, in 1864, identified him.self mth the Repub- lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General of the State under the new law enacted that year. As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of the Union Soldier," delivered at a .Soldiers' Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulog3' at his brother Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some twenty years he was the most popular stump orator in the West, and his services in political campaigns were in constant request throughout the Union. To the coimtry at large, in his later years, he was known as an uncompromising assailant of revealed reUgion, by both voice and pen. Among his best-known publications are "The Gods" (Washington, 1878); "Ghosts" (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose Poems and Selections" (1884); "The Brain and the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's home for some twenty years, in the later part of his life, was in the city of New York. Died, suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899. UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 297 IXGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, in 1856, came to Illinois, graduating with first honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 1861. The following year he enlisted in the One Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- ing been discharged for disability, his place was filled by a brother, who was killed at KnoxviUe, Tenn. In 18G5 he took charge of an Academy at Hillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late Judge E. y. Rice; in 1868 he assumed the super- intendency of the public schools at Greenville, Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- nated as the Republican candidate for State Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving a plurality at the November election of 123,593 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT POIICY, a name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of the people voiced at many public gatherings. It contemplated the construction of an extensive system of public works, chieflj' in lines of rail- road which were not demanded by the commerce or business of the State at the time, but which, it was believed, would induce immigration and materially aid in the development of the State's latent resources. The plan adopted provided for the construction of such works by the State, and contemplated State ownership and management of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, but was disapproved by the Executive and the Council of Revision, on the ground that sucli enterprises might be more successfully under- taken and conducted by individuals or private corporations. It was, however, subsequently passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- astrous effects of wliose enactment were felt for many years. The total amount appropriated by tlie act was $10,200,000, of which §400,000 was devoted to the improvement of waterways; §250,- 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western Mail Route"; §9,350,000 to the construction of railroads, and §200,000 was given outright to counties not favored by the location of railroads or other improvements within their borders. In addition, the sale of §1,000,000 worth of canal lands and the issuance of §500,000 in canal bonds were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, §500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly expended and nearly §0,. 500, 000 quickly added to the State debt. The system was soon demon- strated to be a failure and was abandoned for lack of funds, some of the "improvements" already made being sold to private parties at a heavy loss. This sclieme furnished the basis of the State debt under which Illinois labored for many years, and which, at its maximum, reached nearly §17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbins Bunds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; Eleventh General Assembly.) INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history have been those occurring in the Mississippi River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries of that stream have been subject to similar con- ditions. Probably the best account of early floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having been a witness of a number of them. The first of which any historical record has been pre- served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only white settlements within the present limits of the .State were in the American Bottom in the vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious results were produced. Governor Reynolds says the flood of that year (1770) made considerable encroachments on the east bank of the river adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the main channel. The stream continued to advance in this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom was again inundated, and the west wall of the fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when the American Bottom was again submerged and the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs — some of the people of Cahokia being driven to .St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish soil. The most remarkable flood of the present century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 298 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds of property and rescuing tlie imperiled owners. Some of the villages affected by this flood — as Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have never fully recovered from the disaster. Anotlier considerable flood occurred in 1836, but it was inferior to those of 1T84 and 1844. A notable flood occurred in 18r)l, when the Mississippi, though not so high opposite St. Louisas in 1844, is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy than in the previous year — the difference being due to the fact that the larger portion of the flood of 1844 came from the Jlissouri River, its effects being most noticeable below the mouth of that stream. Again, in 1808, a flood did con- siderable damage on the Upper Jlississippi, reach- ing the highest point since 18,51. Floods of- a more or less serious character also occurred in 1870, 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as some of those previouslj- named, the loss was pro- portionately greater owing to the larger area of improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and railroads, and in the destruction of other classes of property. — -Floods in the Ohio River have been frequent and very disastrous, especially in the upper portions of that stream — usually resulting from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early spring. With one exception, the highest flood in the Ohio, during the present century, was that of February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 1863— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1883— fifty- eight feet seven inches. The highest point reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the flood of 1833. The greatest altitude reached in historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — the re- corded height being three-quarters of an inch in excess of seventy -one feet. Owing to the smaller area of cultivated lands and other improvements in the Ohio River bottoms within the State oi Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- fered from both streams. Tlie most serious dis- asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen feet in the main street. A levee, which had been constructed for the protection of the city at great expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an appropriation of §00,000 was made by the Legis- lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 3, 1898, tlie Oliio River broke through the levee at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and causing the loss of twenty-live lives. Much .suffering was caused among the people driven from their homes and deprived of the means of subsistence, and it was found necessary to send them tents from Springfield and supplies of food by the State Government and by private contri- butions from the various cities of the State. The inundation continued for some two or three weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that of March 12, 1849. Tliis was the result of an ice- gorge in tlie Des Plaines River, turning the waters of that stream aci-oss "the divide" into Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged the region between the two rivers. AVIien the superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- cago River began to flow towards tlie lake, it bore before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but the vessels which liad been tied up at tlie-n'harves and other points along tlie banks for the winter. A contemporaneous history of the event says that there were scattered along the streamat the time, four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty- four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the moving mass; chains and haw.sers were snapped as if they had been whip-cord, and tlie whole borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets gave way in succession before the immense mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," .Siiys the record, "the river was choked -with sailing- craft of every description, piled together in inex- tricable confusion." While those vessels near the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with comparatively little damage, a large number of those higher up the stream were caught in the gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. The loss to the city, from the destruction of bridges, was estimated at 820,000, and to vessels at •588,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck of bridges compelled a return to the primitive system of forrie:^ or extemporized bridges made HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 299 of boats, to furnish means of communication between the several divisions of tlie city — a con- dition of affairs which lasted for several months. — Floods about the same time did considerable damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, which were memorable Hood years on these in- terior streams. On the former, the village of Peru was partially destroyed, while tlie bridges on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in the Illinois River, in the spring of ISS.^j, resulted in serious damage to bridges and other property in the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive inundations of the bottom lands along that stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru- ary, 1857, a second flood in the Cliicago River, similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- age, but was less destructive than that of the earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- tially constructed. — One of the most extensive floods, in recent times, occurred in tlie Mississippi River during the latter part of the month of April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was estimated at many millions of dollars, and many lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water reached a height of nineteen feet four inches above low-watermark on April 24, and. atQuincj', nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while tlie river, at points between these two cities, was from ten to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At Alton the height reached by the water was twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the strength of the levees protecting the American Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less than on some previous years. IPAVA, a town in Fulton County, on one of the branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The county abounds in coal, and coalmining, as well as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- rounding country. Other industries are flour manufacture and the manufacture of woolen goods. A bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper are also located here. Population (1880), 675; (1890), 667. IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the fiu-nace, lias steadily increased in this State. In 1880, Illinois ranked seventli in the list of States producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it had ri.sen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), turning out 074,506 tons, or seven per cent of the entire output. .Since then four additional fur- naces have been completed, but no figures are at hand to show the increase in production. During the decade lietween 1880 and 1890, tlie percentage of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used is chieflj' the native bituminous coal, which is abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were used; of anthracite coal, only 38,018 tons. Of the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 1890, 610,059 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal pig is not made in Illinois. IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash. Chester d: ^y^csU■rn Railroad.) IROQUOIS COUNTY, a largo county on tlie eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square miles; population (1900), 38.014. In 18.30 two pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and tlie other at Milford. Among tliose taking up homes at the former were Gurdoii H. Hubbard, Benja- min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- comb, and Miller. At Jlilford located Robert Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and Parker, besides the Cox, Bloore and Stanley families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- milion and organized in 1833, — named from the Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows tlirough it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies did not remove west of the Mississippi until 1836-37, but were alwaj's friendly. The seat of government was first located at Montgomery, whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally to Watseka. The county is well timbered and the soil underlaid by both coal and building stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the manufacture of crockerj- is also found. The Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- cipal towns are Giliiian (population 1,112), Wat- seka (2,017), and Milford (957). IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- mink i, rises in Western Indiana and runs westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee 300 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Counties, entering the Kankakee River some lire miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 miles long. IRVING, a village in Montgomery County, on the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad. 54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and seventeen miles east by north of Litchfield. It has five churches, flouring and saw mills, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), C30; (1900), 075. ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his name was prominently considered for a position on the Supreme bench of the United States. Ha is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- coln & Beale, which has had the management of some of the most important cases coming before the Chicago courts. JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; received his education at Pliillii)s Academy, Andover, Slass., and at Princeton College, leav- ing the latter at the close of his junior year to enter the army, and taking part in tlie battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. John Ne\vton, and, later, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, finallj' receiving the rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago Bar Association, and (by appointment of the Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. Under the will of the late John Crerar he became an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and named in honor of Andrew Jackson ; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- sissippi River forming its principal western boundary. The bottom lands along the river are wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State crops out at various points, varying in depth from a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the surface. Valuable timber and good building stone are found and there are numerous saline springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, Oliver Cress, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. Ilarrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. The principal towns (with their respective popu- lation, as shown by the United States Census of 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan County, and an important railroad center; popu- lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew Jackson. The first court house was erected in 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- portant State institutions, notably the Central Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — besides private educational institutions, including Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, a Business College and others. The city has several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- paper establishments, each publishing daily and weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the most attractive and interesting cities of the State, noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky and other Southern States predominated in its early .settlement, the location there of Illinois College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New England birth, so that it early came to be IXSTITUTKIX F(iK TH1-: DICAF AM) 1)1 MH, J ACKSt ).\\ II.I.H. Main Building and Girls' Cottage. INSTITUTION" FOR THE BLIND. JACKSONVILLE. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 301 regarded as more distinctively New England in the character of its population than any other town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1900), 15,078. JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an institution for the education of young ladies, at Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. The initial steps for its organization were taken in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois College. It may be said to have been an offshoot of the latter, these two constituting the originals of that remarkable group of educational and State Institutions which now exist in that city. Instruction began to be given in the Academy in May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah C. Crocker, and, in 1835. it was formally incorpo- rated by act of the Legislature, being the first educational institution to receive a charter from that body; though Illinois, MoKendree and Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later period of the same session. Among its founders appear the names of Gov. Joseph Dvincan, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian JI. Sturtevant (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev, John M. Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all of whom, except the last, were prominently identified with the early historj' of Illinois Col- lege. The list of the alumniie embraces over five hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts are attached to the Academy, all being under the management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.M. JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOT IS RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- way. ) JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- ville & St. Louis Railway.) JACKSONVILLE i ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- road, and constructed from Jacksonville to Waverly in 1870; later changed to the Jacksonville, Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the hands of a new company under the title of the Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles — total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between Centralia and Driver's (16V4 miles) was con- structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and operated under lease by the successor to that line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. By tlie use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. The same year (1H><7) the Jacksonville Southeast- ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi- ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Soutlieastern was reorganized in 1890 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893. was placed in the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria ct St. Louis Rail- road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897) was §1,500,000; funded debt, §2,300,000— total, §3,800,000. JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer preacher in the Ohio Vallej-, wlio removed to Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- quently the family took up its residence at Helfs Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal Church, remaining in active ministerial work until 1871, after which he accepted a super- annuated relation. During liis connection with the church in Illinois he served i»s station preacher or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock Island (1834); PlatteviUe (1836); Apple River (1837); Paris (1838, '42 and '43); Eugene (1839); Georgetown (1S40); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton (1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon District (1848-49); Alton District (1850); Bloom- ington District (1851-53); and later at Jackson- ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- dist church at Normal. He was twice married. His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- ston) died in 1849. The. following year he mar- ried -Vmanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. .\nthony W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 302 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS, Kansas in 1879. Ot his surviving chilUren, Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University of Chicago; John N. is in charge of tlie mag- netic laboratory in tlie National Observatorj- at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn., and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge Preparatory School of Cliicago. JAMES, Edninnd Janes, was born, May 21, 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated in the Model Department of the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, he was appointed Recorder on the United States Lake Survey, where he continued during one season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He etitered Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to Europe in August, 1875, entering the University of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was elected Principal of the Public High School in Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of Latin and (ireek, and Principal of the High School Department in connection with the Model School. Resigning this position at Christmas time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted a position in the University of Pennsylvania as Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- struction in this Department. He was al.so Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, the first attempt to organize a college course in the field of commerce and industry. During this time he officiated as editor of "The Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued bj- the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning his position in the University of Perfnsylvania on Feb. 1, 189G, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- lic Administration and Director of the L^niversity Extension Division in the University of Chicago, where he has since continued. Professor James has been identified with the progress of economic studies in the United States since the early eighties. He was one of the organizers and one of the first Vice-Presidents of the American Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he founded the American Academy of Political and Social Science witli headquarters at Pliiladelphia, became its first President, and has continued such to tlie present time. He was also, for some years, editor of its publications. The Academy has now become the largest Association in the world devoted to the cultivation of economic and social subjects. He was one of the originators of, and one of the mo.st frequent contriljutors to, "Lalor's Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the pioneer in the movement to introduce into the United States the scheme of public instruction known as University Extension; was the first President of the American Society for the Exten- sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices the first effective extension work was done in this country, and has been Director of the Extension Division in the Universitj' of Chicago since Febru- ary, 1896. He lias been especially identified with the development of higher commercial education in the United States. From his position as Director of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy he has affected the course of instruc- tion in this Department in a most marked way. He was invited by the American Bankers' Association, in the year 1893, to make a careful study of the subject of Commercial Education in Europe, and his report to this association on the Education of Business Men in Europe, republished by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, has become a standard authority on this subject. Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy have been established under the title of College of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia University. He has been identified with the progress of college education in general, espe- cially in its relation to secondary and elementary education, and was one of the early advocates of the establishment of departments of education in our colleges and universities, the policy of which is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- tions. He was, for a time. State Examiner of High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The Illinois School Journal," long one of the most influential educational periodicals in the State, now changed in name to "School and Home." He has been especially active in the establish- ment of public kindergartens in different cities, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 303 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of important institutions, among tliem being the University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, and tlie University of Cincinnati. He has served as Vice-President of the National Municipal League; of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- tees of the Illinois State Historical Library; is a member of the American Philosophical Society, of the Pennsj'lvauia Historical Society, of the National CouncUof Education, and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of the National Teachers' Association on college entrance i-equirements; is a member of various patriotic and historical societies, including the Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of the Colonial Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot Society. lie is the axitlior of more than one hun- dred papers ami monographs on various economic, educational, legal and administrative subjects. Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to Anna 3Iargarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- lach of the University of Halle. JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 2.j, 1824; graduated from the Universit}' of Vermont in 1846. After several years spent in teaching, he began the study of law, and graduated from the Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. Coming west the same year he located at Free- port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 1850. In 18G5 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. During a portion of this period he acted as lec- turer in the L'nion College of Law at Chicago, and as editor of "The American Law Register." His literary labors were unceafeing, his most notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- ventions; their History, Power and Modes of Proceeding." He was also a fine classical scholar, speaking and reading German, French, Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested in charitable and reformatory work. Died, suil- denly, in Chicago, June 10, 1890. JABROT, Xiiholas, early French settler of St. Clair County, was born in France, received a liberal education and, on account of the disturbed condition there in the latter part of the last cen- tury, left his native country about 1790. After spending some time at Baltimore and New Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and became a permanent settler there. He early be- came a Major of ndlitia and engaged in trade with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of life from hostile savages. He acquired a large property, especially in lands, built mills and erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses in that part of the country. He also served as Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823.— Vital (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large landed fortune from his father, and was an enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. Clair County during the last generation. He served as Representative from St. Clair County in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and always his firm friend and admirer. At the organization of the Twenty-second General Assembly (1857), he received the support of the Republican members for Speaker of the House in opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced thereby from affluence to poverty. President Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which took him to the Black Hills region, where he died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at the age of 73 years. JASPER COO'TT, in the eastern part of Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20. 160. It was organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- der township organization in 1860. The first Board of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- nolds, "W Richards and George Mattingley. The Embarras River crosses the county. The general surface is level, although gently undulating in some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a small way; but the people are principally inter- ested in agriculture, the chief i)roducts consisting of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 1.428. J.IYXE, (Dr.) (wershom, early physician, was born in Orange County, N.Y., October, 1791 ; served as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 304 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. His oldest daughter (Julia JIaria) became the wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at Springfield, in 1867.— Dr. William (Jayne), son of the preceding, was born in Springfield, 111., Oct. 8, 182G; educated by private tutors and at Illinois College, being a member of the class of 1847, later receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that institution; graduated from the Medical Depart- ment of Missouri State University; in 1800 was elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, the following year, was appointed by President Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, later serving as Delegate in Congress from that Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as Mayor of Iiis native city, and is now Vice-Presi- dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. JEFFERSOX COUNTY, a south-central county, cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 1819, when it was separately org.anized, being named in lionor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 580 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133. The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- ries, flows througli the county in a southerly direc- tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities are advantageous. The surface is level and the soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has been quarried and found well adapted to building purposes. The county possesses an abundance of running water, much of which is slightly im- pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure underlies the entire county, but the seam is scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate Court for the Southern Judicial District of the State. JEFFERT, Edward Turner, Railway President and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 1843, his father being an engineer in the British navy ; about 18.50 came with his widowed mother to Wheeling, Va., and, in 18.56, to Chicago, where he secured employment as oflBce-boy in the machinery department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice and, passing through various grades of the me- chanical department, in May, 1877, became General Superintendent of the Road, and. in 1885, General Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew from the Illinois Central and, for several years past, has l)een President an w « w ss O •c o rs- o < ^; w z w w t-c o z 3 O CJ HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 307 the river. A good quality of calcareous building stone underlies the entire region, and is exten- sively quarried. Gravel, cement and fire-clay are also easily obtained and in considerable quantities. Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. The Northern Illinois Penitentiary stands just outside the city limits on the north. Joliet is an important manufacturing center, the census of 1890 creORTHERX INDIANA RAIL- ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. Its capital stock is §300,000, and its funded debt, $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $63,370. (See Michigan Central Railroad.) JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in rafting on the Mississippi. Tlien, after two winters in school at Rockford, and a short season in teaching, he spent a year in the book and jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- tations in regard to mining, returned almost immediately. The next few years were spent in various occupations, including law and real estate business, until 1873, when he was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly-, ?.nd re-elected two years later. Other positions successively held by him were those of Commis- sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. He was, for fomteen years, a member of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- ing twelve j-ears of that period being its chair- man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, Wis., but has found time to make his mark in Wisconsin politics also. JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- ticing the latter in London for a short time, came to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- delphia, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition against the Indians on the Wabash. This having partially failed through tlie discontent and desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes four years, part of the time as Commissary- 308 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- cennes, being commissioned the same year by Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General of Indiana Territory, and, in 1S05, becoming a member of the first Legislative Council. He was Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located within the present limits of the State of Missouri (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, at tlie latter place acquiring large interests in mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- tion which framed tlie first State Constitution, was a prominent candidate for United States Senator before the first Legislature, and finally elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme Court, dying in oflSce at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 182-1. He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice among the early residents, as shown by the fact that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid ta:ces on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe County, to say nothing of liis possessions about Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- ceding b}' a first marriage, was born in Wales, Sept. 28, 1781 ; came to America with his par- ents, and was educated at Transylvania L^niversity and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a medical degree at the latter, but later studying law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- kia in 180G. Described as a young man of brilliant talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, at a special election held in September, 1808, was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by the party known as "Divisionists" — i. e., in favor of the division of the Territory — which proved successful in the organization of Illinois Territory the following year. Bitterness engendered in this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- tained between the friends of the respective parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, while Dunlap Hed, ending his days in Texas. — Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous part in securing the independence of that State from Mexico, dying there in 184.') — the year of its annexation to the United States. — George Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- versity, in 182.5; served as Clerk of the United States District Court in Jlissouri in 1826, and as Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War; in 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from Michigan Territory (then including the present States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected one of the first United States Senators and re- elected in 18.52; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia^ but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves duel near Washington, which resulted in the death of the former. After his retirement from office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d year of his age. JONES, Michae', early politician, was a Penn- sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of the Land OflSce at Kaskaskia; afterwards removed to Shawneetown and represented Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, a supporter of the scheme for a proslaverj- con- stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor Edwards. JONES, J. Rnssell, capitalist, was born at Conneaut, Aslitabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; after spending two years as clerk in a store in his native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 309 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in March following, was appointed by President Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, remaining in ofBce until 1875, when he resigned and returned to Chicago. .Subsequent Ij' he declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones served as member of the National Republican Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- ized the West Division Street Railway, laying the foundation of an ample fortune. JOXES, William, pioneer merchant, was born at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 23, 1789, but spent liis boyhood and early manhood in New York State, ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged in business as a grocer, and also held various public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of observation westward by way of Detroit, finally reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited in 1832 and in "33, making small investments each time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged in the stove and hardware business, founding in Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next year brought his family. While he never held any important public office, he was one of the most prominent of those early residents of Chicago through whose enterprise and public spirit the city was made to prosper. He lield the office of Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, was one of the founders of the city fire depart- ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable time as its President), and contributed liberallj- to the cause of education, including gifts of $50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which he was a Trustee and. for some time. President of its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born at Forestville, Cliautauqua County, N. Y., May 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- ton (afterwards Governor and a United States Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk in Grovernment offices and by the Trustees of the Illinois & Michigan Canal: spent a season at Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title office, in which he was engaged at the time of the fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two other firms, became the foundation of the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays an important part in the real-estate business of Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kiler Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- nent member of the Republican State Central Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, August 20, 1886. JOXESBORO, the county-seat of Union County, situated about a mile west of the line of the Illinois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north of Cairo, with which it is connected by a short, direct line. It stands in the center of a fertile territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is an important shipping point for fruit and early vegetables. The local business supports a bank. There are also two or three churches, and one weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. Population (1900), 1,130. JOSLTX, Merritt L., lawyer, was bom in Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, engaged in the practice of the law. The latter became prominent in political circles and, in 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On the breaking out of the war he allied himself with the Republican party ; served as a Captain in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth General Assembly from McHenry County, later serving as Senator during the sessions of the Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). After the death of President Garfield, he was appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the administration. Returning to his home at Wood- stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of JIaster in Chancery for McHenry County. JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was bom in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 310 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ville in that State; in 1803 was appointed by President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, in 18U5, acted as Commissioner in conducting a treaty witli the Wyandottes, Ottawas and otlier Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Micliigan at Mauinee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, serving there until the year befoi'e the Fort Dear- born Jiassacre. Removing to Mercer County, Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. In 1819 he was appointed to a United States Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of Arkans;is, but remained only a few months, when he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying there. May 28, 1834. JOURXAHSM. (See Xetcspapers, Early.) JUDD, >'ornian IJiiel, lawyer, legislator. For- eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- ment. He early rose to a position of prominence and influence in public affairs, holding various municipal offices and being a member of the State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 1860 he was a Delegate-at-large to the Republican National Convention, and, in 1801, President Lin- coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to Prussia, where he represented this country for four years. He was a warm personal friend of Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 31, 1837; was educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior Department in "Washington. Later, he resumed his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical trials which followed. In 1800 he was a Demo- cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, during the war, was a determined opponent of the war policy of the Government, as such mak- ing an unsuccessful cajnpaign for Lieutenant- Governor in 1804. In 1885 he was appointed Postma.ster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 32, 1895. JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THK. The Constitution of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in one Supreme Court, and sucli inferior courts as the Legislature might establish. The former consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature; but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, they were required to perform circuit duties in the several counties, while exercising appellate jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1834 the Legislature divided the State into five circuits, appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two years later, these were legislated out of office, and circuit court duty again devolved upon the Supreme Judges, the State being divided into four circuits. In 1829 a new act authoi-ized the appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. This arrangement continued until 1835, when the State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, five additional Circuit Judges having been elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved from circuit court service. After this no mate- rial changes occurred except in the increase of the number of circuits until 1841, the whole number then being nine. At this time political reasons led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided for the appointment of five additional Associate Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being divided at the same time into nine circuits. By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the judiciary system underwent an entire change, all judicial officers being made elective by the people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- ture had the power to create inferior civil and criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on a general ticket, to be voted throughout the State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 311 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court for the particular division in which the county might be located, although, by unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an appeal miglit be transferred to another district. Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the number miglit be increased at the discretion of the General Assembly. Availing itself of its constitutional power and providing for the needs of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature gradually increased the number of circuits to thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, -six years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular election, unless the unexpired term of the deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one year, in which case the Governor was authorized to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and each was required to hold at least two terms annually in each county, as might be fixed by statute. The Constitution of 1870, without changing the mode of election or term of office, made several changes adapted to altered conditions. As regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand Divisions were retained, but the number of Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like number of districts, but sitting together to con- stitute a full court, of which four members con- stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by the Court, and is usually one of the Judges Hearing the expiration of his term. The minor officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, tlie three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- dated in one, the Court being required to hold its sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme Court are fixed by law at §5,000 each. The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), and one or more terms of the circuit court are required to be held each year in each county in the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts is both original and appellate, and includes mat- ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook County), but without reducing the number of Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the election of one additional Judge (to serve two years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again in 1897 the Legislature jjassed an act increa.sing the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook County, to seventeen, while the number of Judges in each circuit remained the same, so that the whole number of Judges elected that year outside of Cook County was fifty -one. The salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, except in Cook County, where they are §7,000. The Constitution also provided for the organiza- tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for that purpose. These courts are a connecting link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; one to include all the Northern Grand Division except Cook County; the third to embrace the Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- ern. Each Appellate Court is hold by three Cir- cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the Supreme Court, each assignment covering three years, and no Judge either allowed to receive extra compensation or sit in review of his own rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each District every year, and these courts have no original jurisdiction. Cook County. — The judicial system of Cook County is different from that of the rest of the State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county an independent district, and exempted it from being subject to any subsequent redistricting. The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook Countj-, at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive additional compensation from the county treas- ury. The Legislature has the constitutional right to increase the number of Judges according to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen Judges. For this court there exists the same constitutional provision relative to an increase of Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook County. JUDY, Jaeol), pioneer, a native of Switzer- land, who, having come to the L'nited States at an early day, remained some years in Marj-land, when, in 178G, he started west, spending two years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at Kaska.skia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, located within the present limits of Madison 312 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was brought by his father to IJlinois in 1788, and after- wards became prominent in political affairs and famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization of JIadison County he became one of tlie iirst County Commissioners, serving many years. He also commanded a bodj- of "Rangers" in the Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member from Madison County in tlie Second Territorial Council (1814-1.5). Previous to 1811 he built the first brick house within the limits of JIadison County, which still stood, not many years since, a few mile.s from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), j'ounger son of Samuel, was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison County in the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-,'i4). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822— his ancestors on his father's side being from Switzerland, and those on liis motlier"s from Scotland; grew up on a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- tain of Iiis company, and, on its incorporation as part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- dred and Fourteentli, as part of the Fifteentli Army Corps under command of tliat brilliant soldier, Gen. Wm. T. Slierman, was attached to the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 18G3, to the surrender on the 3d of July following. It also participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and numerous other engagements. After one year's service, Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by domestic affliction, having lost two children by death within eight days of each other, while others of Ids family were dangerously ill. On his retirement from the army, he became deeply interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the most noted stock auctioneer in the United States — having, in the past tliirty j'ears, sold more thorough-bred cattle than any other man living —his operations extending from Canada to Cali- fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel Judy was elected a member of the State Board of Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- ously until 1896 — except two years — also serving a^ President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He bore a conspicuous part in securing the location of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and tl»e improvements there made under his administra- tion have not been paralleled in any other State. Originally, and up to 18.56, an old-line Wliig, Colonel Judy lias since been an ardent Repub- lican ; and though active in political campaigns, has never held a political office nor desired one, being content with the discharge of his duty as a patriotic private citizen. KAXAN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was born in Esse.v Count}', N. Y. , in November, 1837, at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 111. , and engaged in farming. During the Civil War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly four j-ears and retiring with the rank of Captain. After the war he served six years as Mayor of tlie city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortietli General Assemlilies. Captain Kanan was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a member of the first Post of the order ever established — that at Decatur. KANE, a village of Greene County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 408; (1890), .551; (1900), 588. KAXE, Ellas Kent, early United States Sena- tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress'' to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. The late Gen. Geo. W. Smitli, of Chicago, a rela- tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, based on family letters, that lie was really born in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- ating in 1812, read law in New Y'ork, and emi- grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial Government. Before the close of the same j'ear he served as a member of the first State Consti- tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- ernor Bond tlie first Secretary of State under the new State Government, but resigned on the accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years later he was elected to the General Assembly as Representative from Randolph County, but HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 313 resigned before the close of the year to accept a seat in tlie United States Senate, to which he was elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), having reached the age of a little more than 40 years, he died in "Wasliington, deeply mourned by his fellow-members of Congress and by his constituents. Senator Kane was a "Cousin of the distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, through his mother's family, while, on his father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and most progressive counties in the State, situated in the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 square miles, and population (1900) of 78,792; was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing through the county from north to south. Immi- gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed west of the Mississippi. A school was established in 1834, and a fchurch organized in 1835. County organization was effected in June, 1836, and the public lands came on the market in 1842. The Civil 'Wa.T record of the count}- is more than creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the attention of the people. The county has many flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Ehjin, Geneva and St. Charles. ) KANGLET, a village of La Salle County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three miles northwest of Streator. There are several coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. KANKAKEE, a prosperous city, the county- seat of Kankakee County, situated on the Kan- kakee River, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati & St. Louis and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 56 miles south of Chi- cago. It stands on a rolling prairie in the heart of a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, near extensive coal fields and beds of bog iron ore. It has excellent water power and numerous manufactories, including flour and paper mills, besides two quarries of valuable building stone. The Eastern Hospital for the Insane is located here. The city has one monthly and three daily and weeklj' papers Population (18S0), 5,051; (1890), 9,025; (1900), 13,595. KANKAKEE COUNTV, a wealthy and popu- lous county in the northeast section of the State, having an area of 680 sijuare miles — receiving its name from its principal river. It was set apart from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the present city of Kankakee contributing §5,000 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the principal pursuits. The first white settler was one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 2.5,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900j, 37,154. KANKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it unites with the Iroquois from the south and the Des Plaines from the north, after the junction with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a Une lying wholly in Ilhnois, 42.08 miles in length. It has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of §650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) reaching .$.557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,629. This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by these two lines, but operated bj- the former. (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- road.) K.\NSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- apoli.s, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, and railway machine shops, beside four churches, a collegiate institute, a National bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 ; (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1.049. K.\SK.\.SKI.\, a village of the Illinois Indians, and later a French trading post, first occupied in 1700. It passed into the hands of the British after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the liead of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, George Rogers.) At that time the wliite inhab- itants were almost entirely of French descent. The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 1804, the United States Government opened a land office there. For many years the most important commercial town in the Territory, it remained the Territorial and State capital down 314 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to 1819, when the seat of {government was re- moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on tlie west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles from the Mississippi, early in 1890 its site had been swept away by the encroachmtnts of the latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi- pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is sinxjjly its name. KASKASKI.V INDIANS, one of the five tribes constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed from what is now La Salle County, to Southern Illinois, where they established themselves along the banks of the river which bears their name. They were finally removed, with their b-ethren of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a distinct tribe, have become extinct. KASKASKIA RIVER, rises in Champaign County, and Hows southwest through the coun- ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Slielby, Fayette, Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and flows througli a fertile, undulating country, which forms part of the great coal field of the State. KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 38, 1833, was edu- cated at home and in the district schools ; spent 18.50-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the latter year and obtaining employment in a retail dry-goods store. In 18G0 he assisted in establish- ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co. , now Edson Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric Light Company. — Elbridge (J. (Keith), banker, Ijrother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. Keith was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local literary, political and social clubs ; was also one of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- sition of 1893-93. KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County, on the Mississippi River and at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Railways; is 150 miles north- west of Springfield. Agriculture is the principal occupation. Tliere are two weekly papers here. Population (1880), 943; (1890), 1,484; (1900), 1,,566. KELLOUU, Hiram Huntington, clergyman and edHcator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after which lie served for some years as pastor at various places in Central New York. Later, he established the Young Ladies" Domestic Seminary at Clinton, claimed to bo the first ladies' semi- nary in the State, and the first experiment in the country uniting manual training of girls with scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi- yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted tills system. Color was no bar to admission to the institution, though the daughters of some of the wealthiest families of the State were among its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co-laborer with Gerritt Smith. Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- ment in opposition to slaverj'. In 1836 he united with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the movement for the establishment of a colony and the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery institution in the West, whicli resulted in the location of tlie town of Galesburg and the found, ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was chosen the first President of the institution and, in 1841. left his thriving school at Clinton to identify him.self with the new enterprise, which, in its infancy, was a manual- labor school. In the West he soon became the ally and co-laborer of sucli men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a member of the World's Peace Convention, re- maining abroad about a year, during which time he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and others of the most prominent men of that day in England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching and teaching at various points during the remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected the latter 3'ear. Appointed Chief Justice of Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the colonelcy of the .Seventh Illinois Cavalry. Fail- ing health caused his retirement from the army I.— Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (1893). 2.— Kaskaskia Hotel where Lafa.vette was feted in 1825. 3. — First Illinois State House, 1818. 4. — Interior of room (1S93), where Lafayelte banquet was held. 5.— Pierre Menanl Mansion. 6. — House of Chief Ducoij;n, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). I. — Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2. — View on Principal Street (iSgi). 3. — Gen. John Edgar's House (1S91). 4. — House of Gov. Bond(i89i). 5. — " Chenu Mansion " where La Fayette was enter- tained, as it appeared in 1898. 6. — Old State House ( 190 )). HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. :J15 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. Thereafter lie became a conspicuou.s figure in both Louisiana and National politics, serving as United States Senator from Louisiana from 18C8 to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 187fi, during the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was elected a second time to the United States Senate by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. Kellogg has spent much of his time of late j-ears in Washington City. KEXDALL COl'NTY, a northeastern county, with an area of 330 square miles and a population (1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in honor of President Jackson's Postmaster-General. The Fox River (running southwestwardly through the county), with its tributaries, affords ample drainage and considerable water power; the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been rivals for the countj-seat, the distinction finally resting with the former. Among the pioneers may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. Morgan. KEXDRICK, Artiii A., educator, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- tinued practice for a short time. Then, having abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he became pastor of the North Baptist Church in Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, where he remained in pastoral work until 1873. when he assumed the Presidency of ShurtlelT College at Upper Alton, 111. KEXNEY, a village and railway .station in Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central and the Peoria. Decatur «& Evansville Railroads, 36 miles northeast of Springfield. The town has a bank and two newspapers ; the district is agricultiiral. Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584. KE>T, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega- tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, as a Congregational missionary, came to the Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so hard no one else would take it." In less than two years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers and sixtj' to ninety scholars, and had also estab- lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. In 1831 he organized the Fir.st Presbyterian Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home Slissionary Society. He was prominent in laying the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford Female Seminary, meanwiiile contributing freely from his meager salary to charitable purposes. Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful Fox""), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of shrewdness and bravery, which enabled liim finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He always professed ardent friendsliip for the whites, although this was not infrequently attributed to a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuadeil Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender himself to the United States authorities, he was formally deUvered to the custody of Keokuk. By the Rock Island treat}-, of September, 1832. Keo- kuk was formally recognized as tlie principal Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, supposedly administered by some partisan of Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk War.) KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- lenburg at St. Paul's College. Flushing. Long Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was then associated with a brother in founding St. James College, in Washington County, Md., but, in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the real-estate business, in which he was one of the oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 1896. He was one of the founders and a life member of the Chicago Historical Society and of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated with other learned and social organizivtions. He was also a member of the original Real Elstate 316 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- dent. KEWANEE, a town in Henry County, on tlie Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 32 miles northeast of Galesburg. Agriculture and coal- mining are the industries of the surrounding country. The town contains thirteen churches, three graded schools, a public library of 6,000 volumes, national banks and three weekly papers, two of them issuing daily editions. Its manufactures include foundry and machine shop products, agricultural implements, carriages and wagons, soil pipe, pumps and heating apparatus. Population (1880), 2,704; (1890), 4,569; (1900), 8,382. KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent his early life on a farm, enjoying onl}- such edu- cational advantages as could be secured by a few months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 started west bj' way of Mackinaw and, crossing Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a year in the "pineries." In 1819 he descended the Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route being attracted by the present site of the city of Quincj', to whieli, after two years spent in exten- sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he again returned, finding it still unoccupied. Then, after two years spent in farming iii Pike County, in 1824 he joined his friend, the late Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in Quincy two years previous. ■ Mr. Keyes thus became one of the three earliest settlers of Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a Major Rose. On the organization of Adams County, in January, 182.5, he was appointed a member of the first Board of County Commission- ers, which held its first meeting in his house. Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to the Chicago Theological Seminary, therebj- fur- nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall ' in connection with that institution. His death occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- nology is closelj- related to that of tlie Mascou- tins. The French orthography of the word was various, the early explorers designating them as "Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-poux," "Kick-a-bou," and "Quick-apous." The significance of the name is uncertain, different authorities construing it to mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," according to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- poos were noted as a nation of warriors. Tliey fought against Christianization, and were, for some time, hostile to the French, although they proved efficient allies of the latter during the French and Indian War. Their first formal recognition of the authority of the United States was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which reference was made to the treaties executed at Vincennes (180.5 and 1809). Nearly a century before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and established villages along the Rock River and near Chicago (1712 15). At the time of the Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they fought bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe, their chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As compared with other tribes, thej' were industri- ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence many of them drifted to the southwest, join- ing roving, plundering bands. In language, manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some ethnologists believe them to have been more or less closely connected. KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student of public aflfairs, and naturally eloquent. He was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to California, but, after a few years, returned to Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns of 1858 and 1800. On the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he had recruited a company. He was killed at the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, while leading a charge. KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. Population (1890), 473; (1900). 370. KING, John Lyle, lawyer, w.as born in Madison, Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who was one of the founders of Hanover College and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary there, which afterwards became the "Presby- terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest,"' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 317 now the MoCormick Theological Seminary of Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King began the study of law with an uncle at Jladison, and the following year was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next few years, in the organization of the Republican party. Removing to Chicago in 1856, he soon became prominent in his profession there, and, in 1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. Mulligan, who became eminent a year or two later, in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of sporting experiences with a party of professional friends in the woods and waters of Northern "Wis- consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 1893. KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 23, 1817; gradu- ated from Union College in 184G, studied law at Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar the following year, began practice at the same place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he held a number of important positions, including the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of Education, and the Union College Alumni Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twent}'- seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act for the protection of titles to real estate, made necessary by the destruction of the records in the Recorder's office. Jlr. King received the degree of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 6, 1893. KINGMAX, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended school at Washington, 111., then taught two or three years, and, in June, 1863, enlisted in the Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing three years without the loss of a day — a part of the time on detached service in charge of an ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- master. Returning from the war with the rank of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to Peoria, where lie engaged in business and has re- mained ever since. He is now connected with the following business concerns: Kingman & Co., manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company, Peoria General Electric Company, and National Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- prises — all large concerns in e'MUXDT, a city in Marion County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 329 miles south of Chicago and 34 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and coalmining are the principal in',, soldier, was born of Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 29, 1838; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after teaching for a time, began the study of law, completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was admitted to the bar in 1853. A 3'ear later he removed to Sterling, III., where he continued in his i)rofession until after the battle of the first Bull Run, when lie raised a regiment. The quota of tlie State being already full, this was not im- mediately accepted ; but, after some delay, was mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, vi-ith the subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he soon pro\ed himself a brave and dashing officer ; at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After remaining with the army several days, inflam- matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to the hospital at Louisville, where he lay l)et\veen life and death for some time. Having partially recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin his regiment, but was stopped en route by an order assigning him to command at Louisville. In November following he was commissioned Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry and ability" displayed on the field. In the last days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- covered to take part in the series of engagements at Stone River, where he was again wounded, this time fatally. He was taken to his home in Illinois, and, although he survived several months, the career of one of the most brilliant and promising soldiers of the war was cut short by his death, July 21. 1863. KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, where he remained until 1856, when he came to the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 319 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff of General Fitz-Jolin Porter until the retirement of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some coal-mining property near Danville, but later studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. A few years later he produced liis first novel, and, from 1890, devoted liis attention solely to literary pursuits, for several years being liter- ary editor of "The Chicago Tr-.bune. '' His works — several of which first appeared as serials in the magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in Spring County" (1885); "The McVeys" (1887); "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The Story of Chicago" — tlie latter in two volumes. At tlie time of his death he had just concluded, in collaboration witli Hon. John Moses, the work of editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- lished by Messrs. :Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in Chicago, April 29, 1894.— Elizabeth Stansbiiry (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and author — was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago in 1867 and, five years later, established a select school for young ladies, out of which grew what is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," which was continued until lier death, July 30, 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- umes of decided merit, written with the especial object of giving entertainment and instruction to the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's "History of France," a "History of England." "History of English Literature." etc. At her death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the hands of the publishers. KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist jireacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an early day, where he built 'the first horse-mill in that vicinity; in 1829 removed to Adams County, and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 1815. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two boys) while in Adams County, he brought them to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a trade, but my.steriou.sly disappeared — presumably having been kidnaped with the connivance of the man in whose charge they had been placed. KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once known as "Young America," situated about two miles southwest of Monmouth on the Chicago, Burhngton & Quincy Railroad. Flour is the principal manufactured product. The town has banks, several churches and a weeklj' newspaper. Population (1880), 1,079; (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry County, runs west through Boone, and enters Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An aitlu- ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- bago County, alx)ut eight miles southeast of Rockford. KITCHELl, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, at Xewark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, and the same year emigrated west, passing down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, where he was elected sheriff, studied law and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed to Palestine, Crawford County, El., where, in 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second General Assembly, and was also a member of the State Senate from 1828 to 18.32. In 18.38 he re- moved to Hillsboro. Montgomery County, was appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until near the close of the following year, when he resigned to take his seat as Representative in the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 1846 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of Iiis time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 2, 1869.— Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111. , March 29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer- sitj" and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar in 1841, and, the following year, commenced, practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney in 1843, througli repeated re-elections holding the office ten years; was a member of the Constitu- tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was elected Judge of Richland Coimty ; later assisted in establishing the first newspaper published in Olney, and in organizing the Republican party there in 18,56; in 1859 was elected Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. He was also influential in procuring a charter for 320 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- struction of the line, being an original corporator and subsequently a Director of the Company. Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, Nov. 11, 1876.— Edward (Kitchell), another son, was torn at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1840, when he removed with his father's family to Fort Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to continue his studies: in 18.52 made the trip across the plains to California to engage in gold mining, but the following year went to Walla Walla, Washington Territory, where lie opened a law office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at Olney. Richland County, forming a partnership with Horace Hayward, a relative, in the practice of law. Here, having taken position against the repeal of the Missouri Cominomise, ho became, in 18.16, the editor of the fir.st Republican news- paper published in that part of Illinois known as "Egj'pt," with his brother, Judge Alfred Kitchell, being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans in Richland County. In 1863 he assisted in organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following year having been mounted, became a part of the famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to the command of the regiment after the wounding of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in a district strongly Democratic; also served as Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time and, in 1868. was Presidential Elector for the same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk of the same body at the se.ssion of 1861. Previous to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery County Herald," and later, "The Charleston Courier." Resigning his position as Reading Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and afterwards as Captain of his company. At the expiration of his term of enlistment he established "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- ducted until drafted into tlie service in 1864, .serving until the close of the war. In 1860 he removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- ing practice there; was a candidate for the State Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the Republican nominee for Congress in that District. KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1827; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry County, 111., in 1844, and educated in tl^e com- mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 1862; served on the Board of Supervisors and in the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- sentative in the General Assembly, serving one term. He was also a member of the State Board of Education from 1873 to '77, and the latter year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi mili tary and benevolent association founded in the City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its recognized founder. The order was established in Illinois. May 4, 1869, by the organization of "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. On Jul}' 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- bers. At the close of the year four additional Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate membership of 245. Early in the following year, on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- lors as representatives of the five subordinate Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the State was 525, and the membership 38,441. The assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddUng tour for the West, and, in the following year, settled at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- port, from which he realized large profits. He HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 321 was also prominently connected with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad and, in ISoO, became a Director of the Company, remaining in office some twelve years. In 18.52 he was the Free-Soil candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years later became extensively interested in the Con- gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, X. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he engaged in banking business, dying in that city, March 10, 1876. K>'OX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently removing to Worcester, in the same State, where he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now Rock Island, 111. , where he continued in practice for twenty three years. During the greater part of that time he was associated with Hon. John W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer tliroughout Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in which he took part during his residence in Rock Island was the prosecution of the murderers of Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next campaign identified himself with the Republican party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for tlie Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, two years later, was appointed State's Attorney by Governor Yates, remaining in ofiice until suc- ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 6, 1881. KXOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution for the higher education of the youth of both sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and graduated its first class in 1846. The number of graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its head for more than twenty years, and. on his res- ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became its President, but resigned in 1899. KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 square miles and a population (1900) of 43,613. It was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its territorial limits were defined by legislative enactment in 1825, but the actual organization dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, PhiUp Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) was erected the first court house, constructed of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of $192. The soil Ls rich, and agriculture flour- ishas. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- burg, well known for its educational institutions, the best known of which are Knox College, founded in 1837, and Lombard Universitj', founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- lege at Abingdon. KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the Galesburg- Peoria Division of the Chicago. Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad. 50 miles west of Peoria, and five miles east of Galesburg; was formerly the county-seat, and still contains the Fair Grounds and Almshouse. The municipal government is composed of a Mayor, six Alder- men, with seven heads of departments. It has electric lighting and street-car service, good water-works, two banks, numerous churches, two public schools, and is the seat of St. Mary's school, for girls, and St. Alban's Academy, for boys. Population (1890). 1.728; (1900). 1.857. KOERXER, Gustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and received a university education. He was a law- yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once afliUated with the Democratic party, and soon became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was elected to the General Assembly, and three years later was appointed to the bench of the State Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became identified with the Republican party and was a staunch Union man during the Civil War, ser\-ing for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which ho resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as President of the first Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was elected to the Legislature a second time. The 322 HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDLV OF ILLINOIS. following year he was appointed a member of tlie first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sioners, and served as its President. lie is the author of "Collection of the Important General Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- the-Main, 18G6); "Das Deutsche Element in den Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second edition. New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United States Court, was born in Edwards County, III., Jan. 8, 184-1 — his father being a native of (tormany who settleil in Edwards Comity in 182."), while his mother was born in England. The family removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat attended the public schools, later taking a course in Chicago University, after which he began the study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted a position in the office of the County Clerk, where he kept the records of the County Court imder Judge Bradwell's administration. During the sessions of the Twentj'-seventh General Assembly (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after whicli he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by Judge Prendergast; served as member of the Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90; in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, who died in January of that year), and was elected to the office in November following, and re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge Grosscup, wlio had been appointed United States Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, deceased. KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of age, when tlie family removed to Chicago. Here, after attending tlie public schools some three years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after having been connected with various business concerns, he became the junior member of the firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- nection with vvhioli he laid the foundation of an extensive business by establishing a system of restaurants and lunch counters in the business portions of the city. In 1 891 , after a somewhat pro- tracted visit to Europe, Mr. Kohlsaat bought a con- trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, lie be- came ])rincipal proprietor of "Tlie Chicago Times- Herald," as the successor of the late James AV. Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one concern. Although changing the political status of the paper from Democratic to Independent, Mr. Kohlsaafs liberal enterprise has won for it an assured success. He is also owner and pub- lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His whole business career has been one of almost phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of the University of Chicago, of which he continues to be one of the Trustees. KR03IE, TYilliam Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison Coimty, 111., where he lived and worked for some years on a farm. He acquired his education in the common schools and at McKendree College, graduating from tlie latter in 1803. After spend- ing his smnmer months in farm labor and teach- ing school during the winter, for a year or two, he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law department of Michigan University, gradu- ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. Krome has been successively the partner of Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadlej- (late Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President of tlie Madison County State Bank. KUEFFJfER, William C, lawyer and soldier, was born in Germany and came to St. Clair County, III, in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com- missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 323 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. Later, (General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, and having graduated in 1871, established himself in practice at Belleville, where he has since resided. He was a successful contestant for a seat in the Republican National Convention of 1880 from the Seventeenth District. KUTKEXDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin (now Hardin) County, III., March 3, 1815; wa,s self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood adopted the law as a profession, locating at Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later ; in 18.50 became State Senator, serving continuouslj- in the .same body for twelve j-ears; in 1861 en- listed, and was commissioned Major, in the Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, in May following, on acount of impaired health. Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one term; and, after several years in private life, was again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving in the Thirty- first and Thirty -second General Assemblies. In all, Major Kuykendall saw twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four in the House, besides two years in Congress. A zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union'' (Republican) State Convention of that year. He was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- mittee in the session of 18.59, which had the duty of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. '' Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, whicli. beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the entire country, interrupting transportation, and, for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the troubles was the general prostration of business resulting from the depression of values, which affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A reduction of expenses became necessary, and the wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, which found expression in the ordering of a strike among railroad operatives on a larger scale than had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, excited men formed themselves into mobs, which tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- merce by the throat, not only defying the law, but even contending in arms again.st the military sent to disperse them. The entire force of the State militia was called into service, Major- General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. The State troops were divided into three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Torrence, Bales and Pavey. General Ducat assumed personal command at Braidwood, where were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and Lieut.-Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective regimental commanders. Generals Bates and Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, where the excitement was at fever heat, the mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- ing much property. Governor Cullom went to this point in person. Chicago, however, was the chief railroad center of the State, and only prompt and severely repressive measures held in check one of the most dangerous mobs which ever threatened property and life in that city. The local police force was inadequate to control the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. L'nder instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly and effectively co-operated with the municipal authorities in quelling the uprising. He received valuable support from volunteer companies, some of which were largely composed of Union veter- ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, JIartin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen Stuart. General Lieb also led a compan3- of veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- ner and JIajor James H. D. Daly organized a cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered efficient service. The disturbance was promptly subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once more began to move in its accustomed channels. 2. The Strike of 1894— This was an uprising which originated in Chicago and was incited by a comparatively young lalxir organization called the American Railway Union. In its inception it 324 HISTORICAL ENCYCL0PP:DIA OF ILLINOIS. was sj'mpatlietic, its ostensible motive, at the outset, being tlie righting of wrongs alleged to have been suflered by employes of the Pullman Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway Union onlcred a general boycott against all rail- road companies haiiling Pullman cars after June 26. The General Managers of the lines entering Chicago took prompt action (June 2.'j) looking toward mutual protection, protesting against the projxjsed boycott, and affirming their resolution to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Trouble began on the 2Gth. The hauling of freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- urban traffic was interrupted; switching had to be done by inexjierienced liands under jxjlice or military protection (officials and clerks some- times throwing the levers), and in the presence of large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy with the strikers, but actually in the hope of plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, in not a few instances, valuable freight was bxirned. Passengers were forced to undergo the inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, sometimes almost witliin sight of tlieir destina- tion, and .sometimes threatened with death should they attempt to leave their prison houses. The mobs, intoxicated bj' seeming success, finally ven- tured to interfere with the passage of trains carrying the United States mails, and, at this juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be appointed by the United States Marshal. An additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city police force was augmented. The United States District Court also issued a restraining order, directed against the officers and members of the American Railway Union, as well as against all other persons interfering with the business of railroads carrj-ing the mails. Service was readily accepted b^- the officers of the Union, but the copies distributed among the insurgent mob were torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to protect Government property (notably the Sub- treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago requested the State Executive to place a force of State militia at his control for the protection of property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to tlie municipal authorities. The presence of the militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, yet it proved most .salutary. Tlie troops displayed exemplary firmness under most trying circum- stances, dispersing jeering and threatening crowds by physical force or baj'onet charges, the rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually order was restored. The disreputable element subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. Impediments to traffic were removed and trains were soon running as though no interruption had occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the Federal and afterwards those of tlie State), and the courts were left to deal witli the subject in accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- tive board of the American Railway Union were indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were never pressed. The officers, however, were all found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- obeyed the restraining order of the Federal court, and .sentenced to terms in the county jail. Eugene V. Debs, tlie Pre.sident of the Union, was convicted on two charges and gixen a .sentence of six months on eacli, but the two sentences were afterward made concurrent. The other members of the Board received a similar sentence for three months each. All but the Vice-President, George W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, McHenry Count}'. Howard was sent to the Will County jail at Joliet. LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He graduated from Illinois College in 18.55 and was admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir- cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, '85 and '91 ; also ser\-ed for several years upon the bench of the Appellate Court. LACONj a city and county-seat of Marshall County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- ing country raises large quantities of grain, for which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is navigable by steamboats to this point. The city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 325 has grain elevators, woolen mills, a manufactory of shawls, marble works, two~canning factories, a carriage factory and a National bank It also has water works, and is lighted by electricity. There are seven churches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; (1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601. LA FAYETTE (Maniui;* de), VISIT OF. An event of profound intere.st in the history of Illi- nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had been the ally of the American people during their struggle for independence. The distin- guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- try during the latter part of 1824, the General Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of that year, adopted an address inviting him to visit Illinois. This was communicated to La Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the General in Europe seven years before. Governor Coles' letter and the address of the General Assembl}' were answered witli an acceptance by La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- sissippi) arriving at the old French village of Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in the General Assembly from Sangamon County, as well as an Aid-de-Camis on the staff of Gov- ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, with a large delegation of prominent citizens of Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, where a reception awaited him at the elegant residence of Gen. John Edgar. Governor Coles delivering an address of welcome. Tlie presence of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under La Fayette at Brandy wine and Yorktown, consti- tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- brated family of that name, and one of the lead- ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those participating in the reception ceremonies, who were then, or afterwards became, prominent factors in State historj-, appear the names of Gen. John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex- Lieutenant-Governor Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, a future United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles accompanying the party and returning with it to Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was given and an address of welcome delivered by Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few hours later General La Fayette left on his way up the Ohio. LAFAYETTE, IJLOOMINGTON & MISSIS- SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie TUM, the name given, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, to the principal village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in La Salle County. (See Starred Rock.) LAWLER, Frank, was born at Roche.ster. N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation was as a news-agent on railroads, which business he followed for three years. He learned the trade of a shipcalker, and was elected to the Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- Calkers" Association. While j-et a young man he settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, which he represented in that body for three suc- cessive terms. While serving his last year in Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate on the Democratic ticket for Slieriff of Cook County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as an Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 17, 1896. LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, to Gallatin County, III., where his father began farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a military taste by organizing a military company in 1842, of which he served as Captain tliree or four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the Mexican War, whic^h was attached to the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised a company ot cavalry, with which he served to the end of the war — in all. seeing two and a half years' service. He then resumed the peaceful life of a farmer; but, on tlie breaking out of tlie rebellion, again gave i)ioof of his patri- otism by recruiting tlie Eighteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the tliree years' service in May, 1861. His regiment took part in most of the early engagements in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, Colonel Lawler him.self being severely wounded. Later, he was in command, for some time, at Jackson. Tenn., and, in November, 1862, was com- missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and meritorious service. "' He was also an active participant in the operations against Vicksburg, and was thanked on the field by General Grant for Ms service at the battle of Big Black, pro- nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant Secretary of War) "one of the mo.st splendid exploits of the war." After the fall of Vicksburg he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and in Texas, also being in command, for six months, at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1805, he was brevetted Slajor-General, and mustered out, January, 1806, after a service of four years and seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin County farm, where lie died, July 26, 1882. LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com- mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents in childhood, and, at 1' years of age, enlisted in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- ing first as a private, then as .Sergeant, later being elected First Lieutenant, and (although not mustered in, for two months) during the Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of General Rosecrans. He participated in every battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first man of his command over the enemy's works. After the war he became prominent as an officer HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 331 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the Rockford Rifles, in l.STG, and serving as Colonel of the Tliird Regiment for seven years; was ap- pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President Hayes, but removed bj' Cleveland in 188;>; re- appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the accession of Cleveland. He was one of the organizers of G. L. Xevius Post, G. A. R., of whicli he served as Commander twenty-six years ; in 1883 was elected Department Commander for the State of Illinois and, in 18U4, Commander-in- Chief, .serving one 3'ear. LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1830. After two years spent at Middlebury College, he entered the junior class at Union College, graduating from the latter in 18-11. He devoted two years to teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and began practice in 18-14. Tlie following year he removed to Quincy, 111., wliere he was a promi- nent practitioner for ten years. The years 1856-.58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- mary object of restoring his impaired Iiealth. On his return home he began farming in Warren County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench and was elected witliout opposition. Before the expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became Chief Justice. At this time his home was at Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he removed to Chicago, and at once became one of the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although persistently urged by personal and political friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United States Supreme Court, he steadfasth' declined. In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans in the State Legislature for United States Senator against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at Decatur, Ala. . April 9, 1883. LAWRENCE COUMY, one of the eastern counties in the "southern tier." originally a part of Edwards, but separateil from tlie latter in 1831, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- lation, 16,523. The first English speaking settlers seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, ■were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- Tnent was more or less desultory until after the War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil productive. About a dozen negro families found homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker colony was established about Charlottesville the same year. Among the best remembered pio- neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State Auditor (18r)7-64). wiis a large land proprietor at an early day, and his liouse was first utilized as a court house. The count}- is richer in historic a.ssociations than in populous towns. Lawrence- ville, the county-seat, was credited with SK inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- ville ami Sumner are flourishing towns. LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago .5: St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. It has a court house, three chm-ches, a graded school and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 514; (1890). 86.5; (1900), 1,300. LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper proprietor, was born in Cliicago, of Scandinavian parentage. Sept 9, 18.10. After graduating at the Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur- chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," being for some time a partner of Melville E. Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- lishing morning and evening editions. He reduced the price of the morning edition to one cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago Record." lie has always taken a deep interest in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, established a fund to provide for the distribution of medals among public school children of Chi- cago, the award to be made upon the basis of comparative excellence in the preparation of essays uix)n topics connected with American histor}-. LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, U miles northeast of Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis. It is located in an agricultural and coal-mining region, and has various descriptions of manufactures, the chief industrial establishments l«eing flouring- mills, a distillery, a brewery, a planing-niill. and a manufactory of farming implements. The city also has a bank, eight churches and a newspaper, 332 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and is the seat of McKendree College, chartered in 1834. (See McKendree College.) Population (1880). 1.934; (1890), 1,636; (1900), 1,812. LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties south of the Wisconsin State line; named for Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame ; area, 740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It was cut off from Ogle County, and separately organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first County-Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across the Rock River. In 1830, John Dixon, of New York, purchased Ogee's interest for $1,800. Set- tlement and progress were greatly retarded by the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set in in 1838 The first court house was built in 1840. and the same year the United States Land Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo., John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed Receiver. Dixon was iiicorporate a: PS HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 33J it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class in the United States, as it is one of the most modern and carefully selected. The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- poses, especially uu historical subjects. A tardy beginning lias been made in building up a State Historical Library in Springfield; bvit, owing to the indifference of the Legislature and the meager support it has received, the State which was, for nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most important events in the development of the Mis- si-ssijipi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished anything worthy of its name in collecting and preserving the records of its own history. In jiointof historical origin, next to the Illinois- State Library, which dates from the admission of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest library in the State is that of the McCormick Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred in another State. The early State College Li- braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt- lefl College, at Upper Alton, 1807 ; Illinois College, at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at Lebanon, 1834 ; Rockford College, 1849 ; Lombard University, at Galesburg, 18.52. In most cases, however, these are simply the dates of the estab- lishment of the institution, or the period at which instruction began to be given in the school which finally developed into the college. The school library is constantl}' becoming a more important factor in the liberal education of the youtli of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the State Teachers" Association some ten years ago, but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge the range of popular reading and bring the public librarj', in some of its various forms, within the reach of a larger class. The Fhf.e Public Library Law of Ilunois. —The following history and analysis of the Free Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for the "Historical Encyclopedia," bj- E. S. Willcox, Librarian of tlie Peoria Public Library: The Library Law pa.ssed by tlie Legislature of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- brary Law jdaced on the statute bo'ORS OF ILLINOIS. The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the Constitution of 1818, has been retained.in each of the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by the people at the same time witli that of Gov- ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- Governors of the State, from the date of its admission into the Union to the present time (1899), with the date and length of each incum- bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-.33; William Lee D. Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; William H. Davidson (as President of the Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; William McMurtry, 1849-.')3; Gustavus Koerner, 1853-57; John Wood, 18.'57-60; Thomas A. Mar- shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ; Francis A. Hoffman. 1861-65; William Bross, 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 337 Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as President of the Senate), 1873-7") ; Arcliibald A. Glenn (as President of the Senate), l87o-77; Andrew Shuman, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton, 1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith. 1885-89; Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill. 1893-97; William A. Northcott, 1897 — . LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- vania in its output of limestone, the United States Census Report for 1890 giving the number of quarries as 104, and the total value of the product as $2,190,604. In the value of stone used for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any other State, the greater proportion of the output in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small percentage being used for flux, and still less for bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. The quarries in this State emi)loy 3,383 hands, and represent a capital of $3,31G,C10, in the latter par- ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The quarries are found in various parts of the State, but the most productive and most valuable are in the northern section. LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county- seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana Division of the Illinois Central, and the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads; is 28 miles northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among the products being flour, press drills, brick and drain tile. There are also machine shops and ex- tensive canning works. There are some twenty churches, three national banks, a public library, electric street railways, and two daily and four weekly newspapers. Besides possessing a good common school system, it is the seat of Lincoln University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- tion, founded in 1865). The Odd Fellows' Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) As3-lum for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. Population (1880), 5,639; (1890), 6,725; (1900), 8,963. LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's maiden name being Xancy Hanks. The early occupations of the future President were varied. He served at dilTerent times as farm-laborer, flat- boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, lawyer. State legislator, Congressman and Presi- dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk War, and was chosen Captain of his company: was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature the same year, but elected two years later. About this time he turned his attention to the study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. By successive re-elections he served in the House until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- date for Speaker of the Hou.se, on both occasions being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 he was an applicant to President William Henry Harrison for the jiosition of Commissioner of the General Land Oflice, the appointment going to Justin Butterfield. His nextoflicial position was that of Representative in tlie Thirtieth Congress (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- ing candidate for the United States Senate in opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being cho.sen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the organization of the Republican party at Bloom- ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by the Republican State Convention for the United States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate with Senator Douglas on partj' issues, during which they delivered speeches at seven different cities of the State. Although he again failed to secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- acter of the legislative apportionment then in force, which gave a majority of the Senators and Representatives to a Democratic minority of the voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the subject of slavery attracted the attention of the whole country, and prepared the way for the future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate for Presidential Elector. In 1860. he was the nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- ably his candidacy was aided by internal dissensions in tlie Democratic party. His election and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 338 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a pretext for secession, and he met tlie issue with promptitmle and firmness, tempered with kindness and moderation towards tlie se- cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency in 1864, the vote in tlie Electoral College standing 213 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Cien. George B. McC'lellan. The history of Mr. Lin- coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history of the whole country during its most dramatic period. Next to his success in restoring the authorit}' of the Government over the whole Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act of his administration. And yet to this act, which has enil)alnied his memory in the hearts of the lovers of freedom and liuman justice in all ages and in all lands, tlie world over, is due his death at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in Washington City, April If), 180.5, as the result of an as.sault made upon him in Ford's Theater tlie evening previous — his death occurring one week after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of the Union, was assured. A period of National mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor of a National funeral, his remains being finally laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His profound sympathy with every class of sufferers during the War of the Rebellion; his forbearance in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in giving direction to public sentiment at home and in dealing with international questions abroad ; his courage in preparing the way for the removal of slavery — the bone of contention between the warring sections — have given him a place in the affections of the peoi)Ie beside that of Washington himself, and won for him the respect and admi- ration of all civilized nations. LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools and at Hajvard University, graduating from the latter in 1864. During the last few months of the Civil War, he served on the staff of General Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war he studied law and, on his admission to the bar. settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of the firm of Lincoln & Ishani In 1880, he was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the close of the term. In 1889 he became Mini.ster to England by appointment of President Harrison, gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This was the last public office held by him. After the death of George M. Pullman he became Acting President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, later being formally elected to that office, which (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has been frequentlj' mentioned in connection witli tlie Republican nomination for the Presidency, but its use has not been encouraged bv him. LINCOLN AND DOUOLAS DEBATE, a name jiopularly given to a series of joint discussions between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- las, held at different points in the State during the summer and autumn of 1858, while both were candidates for the position of United States Sena- tor. The places and dates of holding these discu.ssions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 21; at Freeport, August 27; at Jouesboro, Sept. 15; at Charleston. Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; at Quincy, Oct. 13; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense audiences gathered to hear tliese debates, which have become famous in the political history of the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted in tl: : l.isto~y of any State. It resulted .in the securing \.'j jJouglas of a re-election to the Senate ; but his answers to t'le shrewdly-couched interrog- atories of Lincoln ! J to the alienation of his Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a sagacious political leader, and his final election to the Presidency. LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 1865. It is co-educational, lias a faculty of eleven instructors and, for 1890-8, reports 209 pupils— ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction is given in the classics, the .sciences, music, fine arts and preparatory studies. Tlie institution has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds and endowment amounting to §60,000, with Iiroperty valued at §55,000. LINDER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- ing tlie circuit a few months was elected Repre- sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), but resigned before the close of the session to accept the office of Attornej'-General, which he held less than a year and a half, when he resigned that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 339 Sixteentli and Seventeenth, afterwards giving liis attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. Linder, in his best daj's, was a fluent speaker with some elements of eloquence which gave him a wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he became a Democrat, and, in IHGO, was a delegate to tlie Democratic National Convention at Charleston, S C. , and at Baltimore. During the last four years of his life he wrote a series of articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, June 5, 1876. LINECtAR, David T., legislator, was born in Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, III, in 1858, afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as Postmaster during the Civil War; was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards became a Democrat, and served as such in llie lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. LIPPIXCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 182."); attended Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis Medical College, and began the practice of medi- cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he went to California, remaining there five years, taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of Governor Yates, recruited a company %vhich was attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as Company K, and of which he was commissioned Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary of the State Senate, and the same year chosen Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- nent President of the Republican State Conven- tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in March, 1887. but died Sept. 13, following, as a result of injuries received from a runaway team while driving through the ground.s of the in.stitu- tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster Ctiandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, was born Marcli 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- ler, a prominent physician widely known in that section of tlie State ; was educated at Jacksonville Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already- endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was appointed Matron of the in.stitution, serving until lier death. May 21, 1895. The respect in which slie was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most toucliing manner at the time of her deatli, and on the removal of her remains to be laid by the side of her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- field. LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 1818; the same year established himself in mer- cantile business at Milton, then a place of some importance near Alton. This place proving unhealtliy, he subsequently removed to Edwards- ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk in the Land Office. He afterwards served as Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a man of education and high intelligence, as well as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his writings, in conjunction witli Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a year or more, but soon after entered the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- ential factor in building up that denomination in Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor (lS6!l-77).was a son of the subject of this sketch. LKjrOR LAWS. In the early liistory of the State, the question of the regulation of the sale of into.xicants was virtually relegated to the control of the local authorities, who granted license, col- lected fees, and fi.xed the tariflf of charges. As early as 1851, however, tlie General Assembly, with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 340 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly known as the "(Hiart law," whicli, it was lioped, would do away with the indiscriminate sale of liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that date a general license system has prevailed, e.xc^ejit in certain towns and cities where proliibitory ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- erning the trafSc, therefore, have been widely variant in difTerent localities. The Legislature, however, has always jiossessed the same constitu- tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance Union began the agitation of the license (piestion from a new standpoint. In JIarch of that year, a delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss Frances E. Willai-d, presented to the Legislature a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of the State Constitution, so as to give females above the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting i>l licenses in the localities of their residences. Miss Willard and Jlrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, addressed tlie House in its favor, and Miss Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. The measure was defeated in tlie House by a vote of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no action. In 18S1 the same bill was introduced anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, persistent agitation was not without its results. In 1883 the Legislature enacted wliat is generally termed the "High License Law," by the provi- sions of wliich a minimum license of $500 per annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic drinks, and .?150 for malt liquors, with the autliority on the part of municipalities to impose a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present time are based upon local option, high license and local supervision. The criminal code of the State contains the customary provisions respecting the sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger cities, many of the provisions of the State law are rendered practically inoperative by the municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by the indifference or studied neglect of the local officials. LITCHFIELD, the jH-incipal city of Montgom- ery County, at tlie intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wal)asli Railways, 43 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fertile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, oil and natunil gas. A coal mine is operated within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively rai.sed in the country, and Litchfield has several elevators, liesides flouring mills. The output of tlie manufacturing establishments (in addition to flour) include foundry and macliine- shoj) products, threshing machines, carriages, cars, brick and tile, brooms, paints, ginger-ale and cider. The city is lighted bj- both gas and electricity, and has a Holly water-works system, a public library and public jiarks, besides two banks, .seven churches, a high and graded schools, an Ursuline convent, a liospital in charge of Catholic sisterhood, and a montlily, three weekly and two daily periodicals. Population (1880), 4,326; (1800). 5,811: (1000), 5,918. LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTOX A. AVESTERX RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened for business, in three different sections, from 1883 to 1S)S7, and for tliree years was operated in con- nection with tlie Jacksonville Southeastern Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- field, CarroUton & Western reverted to the former owners. Six months later it passed into the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it has since been operated. The general offices are at Carlinville LITTLE, GeoFiire, merchant and banker, was born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- ville. 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of which he was President, in these two branches of business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 5, 1896. LITTLE YERMILIOX RIVER rises in Ver- milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 miles. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 341 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 7, 1836 ; was educated in the common schools in his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter's trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was ai)pointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, where he entered into partnership witli the late Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to the firm soon after, the partnership continuing until 1881. In 1883 Mr. Littler was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly from Sangamon Count}', was re-elected in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses Jlr. Littler took a specially prominent part in legislation on the revenue question. LIYERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in Boston, Mass., Deo. 19, 1831 ; taught for a time in a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist minister, who held pastorates at various jilaces in Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote much for denominational papers and in assisting her husband; in 1863 was appointed an agent, and traveled extensively in the interest of the United States Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps in the Mississijipi Valley; also took a prominent part in the great North- western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of late years she has labored and lectured exten- sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- perance, besides being the author of several volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of Cliicago" (1865). Her home is in Boston. LIVINGSTOX COUXTY, .situated about mid- way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the west; area, 1,036 square miles; jiopulation (1900), 43,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was organized in 1837, tlie first Commissioners being Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and $3,000 in cash for the erection of jiublic buildings. Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, and shafts are in successful operation at variotis points. It is one of the cliief agricultural coun- ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried on. The development of the county really dates from the opening of tlie Chicago & Alton Rail- road in 1854, since whicli date it has been crossed by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the cotinty- seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad center and tlie site of the State Reform School. Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has attained a wide reputation as the seat of the parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the liquor habit. LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out in 1837 and incorporated in 1853; situated 33 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- tural, although underlaid with limestone, which is e.xtensively and successfully quarried. Its manufactures are flour, oatmeal, barbed -wire, brass goods, paper and straw board. It has ten churches, a graded public school, a high school and several parochial schools; also a bank and three weekly papers. Popxilation (1880), 1,679; (1890), 2,449^ (1900). 2,659. The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage Canal are at Lockport. LOCKWOOI), Samuel Drake, jurist, was born at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., August 2, 1789; left fatherless at the age of ten, after a few months at a private scliool in New Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 lie removed to Auburn, and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 he descended the Oliio River upon a flat-boat in company with William H. Brown, afterwards of Chicago, and walking across the country from Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he remained a year. In 1831 he was elected Attor- ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of State, to which he was apixiinted by Governor Coles, and which he filled only three months, when President Monroe made him Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same time he was also appointed agent of the First Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature of 1824-25 elected hi:ii Judge of the Supreme Court, his service extending until the adoption 342 III.STpRICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois Central R«iiIroacl, which office he held until his death. He was always an uncompromising antagonist of slaverj' and a leading supporter of Governor Coles in opixisition to the plan to secure a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His ])ersonal and political integrity was recognized by all parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was a citizen of Jacksonville, where ho ])roved him- self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- lege, serving for over a quarter of a centurv as one of its Trustees, and was al.so influential in securing several of the State charitable institu- tions there. His later years were spent at Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th year of his age. LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway. 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- tural, and the town has considerable local trade. It also has a bank and one weekly paper. Population (1880). 635; (1890). 598; (1900), 668. L0(;.\>', Cornelius Ambrose, physician and diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name; was educated at Auburn Academy and served as Medical Superintendent of .St. John's Hospital, Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the works of his relative. Gen. John A. Logan (1886), besides contributing to foreign medical publi- cations and publishing two or three volumes on medical and sanitary questions. Resides in Chicago. LOttAN, John, physician and soldier, was born in Hamilton County, Ohio. Dec. 30, 1809; at six years of age was taken to Missouri, liis family settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- nee and Delaware Indians. He began business as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took part in the Indian troubles of that year and the Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the close of the Black Hawk AVar he settled in Carlinville. and having graduated in medicine. engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At the beginning of the war he raised a company for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the (juota being already full, it was not accepted. He was finally commissionetl Colonel of the Thirty- second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to (ien- eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 18C2, a few weeks later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry and Donelson. Subsequentlj- he had command of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment lost heavilj' at the battle of Shiloh, he himself being severely wounded and compelled to leave the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, serving as a delegate to the first Republican State Convention at Bloomington in 18.56. He was a man of strong personal characteristics and an earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, August 24, 1885. LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- man, was born at old Brownsville, the original county -seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he attained prominence as a public man. Young Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, and afterwards tecame Quartermaster of his regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- cute his law studies. Having graduated from Louisville University in 1851, he entered into partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the special session of Congress in 1861, he left his seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to be Major-General. President Johnson tendered him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con- niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 343 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of the managers in the impeachment trial of tlie President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was chosen United States Senator, as )ie was again in 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Presidential nomination at the Republican Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James (I. Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 2G, 1886. General Logan was the author of "The Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in Chicago. LOGAJf, Stephen Trigg:, eminent Illinois jurist. was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24. 1800; studied law at Glasgow, Kj-., and was admitted to the bar before attaining his majority. After practicing in his native State some ten years, in 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- mon County, one j-ear later opening an office at Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the bench of the First Judicial Circuit; resigned two years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- bly; also served as a member of the Consti- tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- coln. In 18.54 he was again chosen a member of the lower house of the Legislature, was a delegate to the Republican National Conven- tion in 1860, and. in 1861, was commissioned by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- ington. Soon afterward he retired to private life. As an advocate his ability was widely recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. LOGA>' COUNTY, situated in the central part of the State, and having an area of about 620 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or moderately undulating prairie, with some high ridges, as at Elkliart. Its soil is extremely fertile and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- mining is successfully carried on. The other staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, and tlie county was organized in 1839, being originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a I)art of De Witt County. It was named in honor of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but, in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- tal. Population (1890), 2.5.489; ( 1900), 28,680. LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & Nortliwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378; (1890). 515; (1000), .590. LOMBARD UMVERSITY, an institution at Galesburg under control of the Universalist denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- tory, collegiate and theological departments. Tlie collegiate department includes both classical and scientific courses, with a specially arranged course of three years for young women, who con- stitute nearly half tlie number of students. The Univei'sity has an endowment of .$200,000, and owns additional property, real and personal, of the value of .$100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 191 students. LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles soutlieast of Galesburg. Tlie district is agricultural ; the town has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890). 601; (1900), .528. LONG, Stephen Harriman, civil engineer, was born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu- ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after teaching some years, entered the United States Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had charge of explorations between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Jlountains, and, in 1823-34, to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves and a new kind of truss bridge afterwariis gener- ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, with the rank of Colonel. An account of his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) bj- Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and the following year appeared "Long's Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River. Lake of the Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society and the author of the 344 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. first original treatise on railroad building ever published in this country, under the title of "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter days of his life his home was at Alton, 111., where he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from active service in June. 1863, he continued in the discharge of important duties up to his death. LONGEJi'ECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in Crawford County. 111., June 13. 1847; before reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in tlie Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the war. After attending the high school at Robinson and teaching for some time, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in tlio latter year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- came the assistant of Lutlier Laflin Mills in the office of Prosecviting Attorney of Cook County, retaining that position with Mr, Mills' successor. Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing in that position until 1892. While in this office he conducted a large number of important crimi- nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in wliich he gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as a pro.secutor in criminal cases. LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hiibbell, clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31, 1775; prepared for college in the common schools and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 1799 — having supported himself during a con- siderable part of his educational course by manual labor and teaching. He subsequently studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, served as pastor of a Congregational church at Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number of young men for college, including among them Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- vard College and author of numerous historical works. About 1829 his views on the subject of baptism underwent a change, resulting in his uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at Kaska.skia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist Seminary, of which he was the Principal for several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to secure the charter of the college in which the seminary was merged. His name stood first on the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- tributor to its sujiport in the period of its infancy. The latter years of his life were spent among his liooks in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced ago of nearly 98 years. — A son of his— Prof. Ellas Looniis — an eminent mathematician and natural- ist, was the author of "Loomis" Algebra" and otlier scientilic text-ljooks, in extensive use in the colleges of the country. He held professorships in various institutions at different times, the last being that of Natural Philo.sophy and Astronomy in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- age, April 27, 1861 ; came with his parents to America at five years of age, and, after spending some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. Having lost his father by death at twelve years of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- ing business; was afterwards an employe on a street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate business and serving as an appointee of JIayor Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water department. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was defeated. Two years later he was elected to the Fiftj'- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 votes. LOUISVILLE, the county -seat of Clay County ; situated on the Little Wabash River and on the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- southeast of Springfield and G miles north of Flora. It has a court house, three churches, a high school, a savings bank and two weekly ne%vspapers. Population (1890), 637; (1900), 646. LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & NEW AL- BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evanaville & St. Loxds (Consolidated) Railroad.) LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 1.50 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually light, although, as the line leaves the Jlississippi bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 345 (1898) was §18,236,246, of which §4,247,909 was in stock and $10,568,350 in bonds. — (History.) The original corporation was organized in both Indi- ana and Illinois in 1809, and the Illinois section of the line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division was sold under foreclosure in 1870 to the Louis- ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount Carmel & New Albanj- Railroad. A few months later the two divisions were consolidated under the name of the former. In 1881 this line was again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & Carondelet — the new organization assuming the present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a corporation operating an extensive system of railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and extending through Kentucky and Tennessee into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash River, in AVhite County (133.64 miles), with branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), and from JIcLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- sion, though virtually owned by the operating line, is formally lea.sed from the Southeast & St. Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- ence is merely nominal. The latter compaiij- acquired title to the property after foreclosure in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, for 1898, were !51,052,789, and the total expendi- tures (including S47,19S taxes) were §657,125. LOnsyiLLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY, (See JdcksonviUc ', a city in Macon Countj', on the Illi- onis Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important shipping point for com. It has wagon and tile works, four churches and a graded school, and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 819; (1900), 705. MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionarj' soldier and statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. The county is well drained by the Sangamon River and its tributaries. The soil is that high grade of fertility which one might expect in the corn belt of the central portion of the State. Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the products. Decatur is the county-seat and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the county, enjoys considerable local trade. MACOrPIX COUNTY, a south-central county, with an area of 864 square miles and a population HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 349 of 42,256 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of Indian derivation, signifying ''white potato." The county, originally a part of Madison, and later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, under the supervision of Seth Hodges, 'William Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries were wont to retire to a convenient grove to deliberate upon their findings. The surface of the county is level, with narrow belts of timber following the course of the streams. The soil is fertile, and both corn and %vheat are extensively raised. While agriculture is the chief industry in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the other principal towns. MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer and politician, was born on a farm in Chester County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law School, New York. He was soon compelled to abandon practice on account of ill-health, and removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many important municipal reforms. He was thereafter repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among them the mayorality, but persistent!}' refused xintil 1894, when he accepted a nomination for United States Senator by a State Convention of the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- vass of the State, but the Republicans having gained control of the Legislature, he was defeated. He is the head of one of the most extensive wholesale grocery establishments in the city of Chicago. MAlilSOJr COUNTY, situated in the southwest division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- sissippi bluils, but generally either level or only slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along the western border, four to six miles wide, as far north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The county was organized in 1812, being the first county set off from St. Clair County after the organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the third within the Territory. It was named in honor of James Madison, then President of the United States. At that time it embraced sub- stantially the whole of the northern part of the State, but its limits were steadily reduced by excisions until 1H43. The soil is fertile, com, wheat, oats, hay. and potatoes being raised and exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill- hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- erally locating in the American Bottom, and laying the foundation for the present county. In the early history of the State, Madison County was the home of a large number of prominent men who exerted a large influence in shaping its destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and many more whose names are intimately inter- woven with State history. The county-seat is at Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. Population (1890), 51. .535; (1900), 64,094. MAGRL'DER, Benjamin D., Ju.stice of the Supreme Court, was born near Xatcliez, Miss., Sept. 27, 1838: graduated from Yale College in 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in teaching in his father's private academy at Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 he graduated from the law department of the University of Louisiana, and the same year opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- break of the Civil War. his sympathies being stronglj- in favor of the L'nion, he came North, and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting or taking part in political discussions during the war, many members of his immediate family being in the Confederate service. He soon achieved and easily maintained a high standing at the Chicago bar; in 1868 wiis appointed Master in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 18S5, was elected to succeed Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the Supreme Court, being reelected for a full term of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was Chief Justice in 1891-92. MAKAXDA, a village of Jackson County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 8 miles south of Carbondale. It is in the midst of a rich fruit- growing region, large amounts of this product being .shipped there ami at CobJen. for the Chi- cago and other markets. The place has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 528. M.VLTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- tabula County, Oliio, Nov. 3, 18'36, served as a private in the Mexican War and wa.s severely wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge ho 350 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. established himself in the mercantile business at Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois Infantry, was wounded at Fort Doiielson, pro- moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned Brigadier General in August, 1863; served through the subsequent campaigns of the Army of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 1866. Later, ho was appointed by the commander of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that office, Dec. 12, 1867. MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has some manufactures of pottery. Population (1890). 408; (1900), 430. MANIERE, (ieorgre, early Chicago lawyer and jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, his mother removed to New York City, where he began the study of law, occasionally contributing to "The New York Mirror," then one of the leading literary periodicals of the country. In 183.5 he removed to Chicago, where he completed his professional studies and was admitte', Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly- elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman in the construction of the first railroad in that State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at Joliet. After serving three terms in the State Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 1855, was defeated by L3'man Trumbull for the United States Senatorship. At the close of his gubernatorial term he was complimented by the Legislature, and retired to private life a popular man. Later, there were developed grave scandals in connection with the refunding of certain canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately — was connected. He turned over property to the State of the value of nearly §2.50,000. for its indemnification. He finally took up his resi- dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable time in travel in Europe. He was for many years the lessee and President of the Cliicago & Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- field to enlist in the army, and was elected and commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, being mustered out of the service in August, 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Supervi.sor for the District composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton appointed Jlr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 357 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, President Harrison named him First Comp- troller of the United States Treasury, and the House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- fication at his selection. Since retiring from office, Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield. MATTHEWS, Milton TV., lawyer and journal- ist, was born in Clark County, III., March 1, 1846, educated in the common schools, and, near the close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment ; began teaching in Champaign County in 18G5, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, was elected to the State Senate, meanwliile. from 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The Champaign County Herald," of which he was also proprietor. During his last session in the State Senate (1891-93) he served as President pro tern, of that body ; was also President of the State Press Association and served on the staff of Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 10, 1803. MATTOOX, an important city in Coles County, 172 miles west of south from Chicago and .50 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for three lines of railway, and an important shipping point for corn and broom corn, wliich are both extensively grown in the surrounding region. It has several banks, foundries, machine shops, brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, with two daily and four weekly newspapers; also has good graded schools and a high school. The repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. Population (1890), G,H3:j; (1900), 9,623. MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- ative in the General Assembly (1848-53) and, in 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., where he died, Nov. 5, 1859. MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day to Edwardsville, 111. , and afterwards to Jackson- ville; was elected from Morgan County to the Sixth General Assembly (1838), and the next year removed to Springfield, having been appointed by President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for the Land Office there. He was twice elected to Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but finally removed to California, where he died. MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to Edwards County, III, in 1838, and began teach- ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War (1831-33), being appointed by Governor Reynolds Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that section of the State. He had previously been appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- tions, to occupy the position for thirty -seven years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. Louis, when about to take the train for his home at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime was ever discovered, and the affair has remained one of the mysteries of the criminal history of Illinois. MAYWOOD, a village of Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways; has churches, two weekly newspapers, iniblic schools and some manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. McAllister, William K., jurist, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After admission to the bar he commenced practice at Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which position he resigned in 1875, having been elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill a vacancy. He was reelected for a full term and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. He was elected for a tlurd time in 1885, but, before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 29, 1888. 358 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. McARTHUR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 18'J6; worked at his father's trade of blacksmith until 23 j-ears old. when, coming to the United States, he settled in Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler making establishment, later ac'D, John Alexander, a volunteer oflScer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 18.12. and engaged in journalism for a time. He served in the Black Hawk War. and was elected to the Legislature in 1836. and again in 1840 and '42. The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 360 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing four consecutive terms, but declining a renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice (1840 and "52) he was a Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as Representative of the Springfield District; was re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- General early in 1862. Ue participated in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and before Vicksburg, and was in command at the capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- eral Grant. Having finally been restored by order of President Lincoln, he participated in the campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned his commission in 1864. General McClemand presided over the Democratic National Conven- tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah Commission, serving through President Harri- son's administration. He was also elected Circuit Judge in 1870, as succ essor to Hon. B. S. Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. McCLL'RG, Alexander C, soldier and pub- lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- facturer. He graduated at Miami University. Oxford, Ohio. , and, after studying law for a time with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men being already full, his sers-ices were not accepted. In August. 1862, he became a member of the "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the Eighty -eiglith Illinois Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected Captain of Company H. After the battle of Perry viUe, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas, Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary Ridge, had two horses shot under him ; was also with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- sented with a sword bearing the names of the principal battles in which he was engaged, besides l>eing especially complimented in letters by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell, Davis and others. He was invited to enter the regular army at the close of the war, but pre- ferred to return to private life, and resumed his former position witli S. C. Griggs & Co., soon after becoming a junior partner in the concern, of which lie has since become the chief. In the various mutations through which tliis extensive firm has gone. General McClurg has been a lead- ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands at the head of the most extensive publishing firm west of New York. McCOXXEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and educated in the common schools; left liome at 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, spent several years flat-boating, trading and hunting in tlie West, during this period visiting Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, became a citizen of that place. During the Black Hawk War (July and Augu.st, 1832), he served on tlie staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of Major; in 18,'?7 was appointed by Governor Dun- can a member of tlie Board of Public Works for the First Judicial District, in this capacity having charge of the construction of the railroad lietween Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- road built in tlie State, and the only one con- structed during the "internal improvement" era following 1837. He also held a commission from Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce Fifth Auditor of the Treasurj- Department, but retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State Senate for the District composed of Morgan, Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- crat and a delegate to the Democratic National Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter of the war policy of the Government, and was one of four Democratic Senators, in the General Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United States. His death occurred by assassination, by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 361 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Lndlnm (McConnel), son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville. 111., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at Transj'lvania Law School; in 18-16 enlisted as a private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. After the war he returned to Jartsonville and wrote several books illustrative of Western Ufe and character, which were published between 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a "History of Early Explorations in America, "' hav- ing special reference to the labors of the early Roman Catholic missionaries. MeCOXNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born in Madison County, N. Y., Dec. 5, 182-1, and came with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen years of age. His father (James McConnell) was a native of Ireland, who came to the United States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of Springfield, where he engaged extensively in sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders of the State Agricultural Society, being President of the Convention of 1853 which resulted in its organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. The subject of this sketch was engaged with his father and brothers in the farming and stock business until 1861, when he raised a company for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- ing until March, 1863, during that time taking part in some of the important battles of the war in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and was highly complimented by his commander. Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- mission being signed by President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night of his assassination. During the latter part of his service. General McConnell was on duty in Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 1865. After the death of his father, and until 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising and farming, being for a time the owner of several extensive farms m Sangamon Count}', but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. McCOXXELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. After completing his literary studies he read law at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. After various partnerships, in which he was asso- ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when he resigned to give his attention to private prac- tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, soon after his election, to preside at the trial of the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder case, in which he displayed great ability. He has also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- porations. McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15, 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his first finished machine being produced in 1831. Though he had been manufacturing for years in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his first machine was shipped to the West, and, in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to establishing its manufacture in the heart of the region where its use would be most in demand. One of his early partners in the business was William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known in connection with Chicago's railroad historj-. The business gTe%v on his hands until it became one of the largest manufacturing interests in the United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." and having united it with "The Herald," which he already owned, a few months later sold the consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the beginning of the following year, it became the property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager ever since. Mr. McCormick"s most liberal work was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 362 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. dented success, and after conferring upon tlie agriculturists of tlie country a boon of inestimable value. Mccormick theological seminary, a Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In IS.-JO the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated $100,- 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, where it was opened in September, with a cla.ss of iifteen students. Since then nearly §300,000 have been contributed toward a building fund by Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous donations to the same end made bj' others. The number of buildings is nine, four being for the general purposes of the institution (including dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- fessors. The course of instruction covers three annual terms of seven months each, and includes didactic and polemic tlieologj-, biblical and ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology, church government and the sacra- ments, Xew Testament literature and exegesis, apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The faculty consists of eight professor.s, one adjunct professor, and one instructor in elocution and vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are enrolled, including post-graduates. MeCCLLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; received his academic education at Marshall Col- lege, Mercersburg, Pa., graduating in the class of 1852. Then, after spending some six months as a teacher in his native village, he came west, arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- ducted a private school for two years, when, in 1855, he began the study of law in the oflBce of Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria County, serving, by successive re-elections, three terms (18.55-61). At the close of this period he was taken into partnership with his old precep- tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate Court for the Third Appellate District. On retiring from the bench. Judge McCulloch entered into partnership with his son, E. D. JlcCulloch, which is still maintained. Politically, Judge McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1880 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, although, as the result of ((uestions arising during the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial support to the policy of President McKinley. In religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- ber of tlie Board of Directors of the McCormick Theological Seminary at Chicago. McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as could be obtained in the public schools. In 18(12, at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served during the next three years in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, meanwhile participating in the campaign against Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the operations aliout Mobile. On the 9th of April, 1805, while taking part in the assault on Fort Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred in July, 1805. Returning home he spent a year in scdiool at Urbana, after which he was a student in the Soldiers' College .at Fulton, 111., for two j'ears. He then (1808) entered the office of the County Clerk of Champaign Countj' as a deputy, remain- ing imtil 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The latter year he received tlie nomination of the Republican Part}' for Auditor of Public Accounts, and, at the November election, was elected by a plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic opponent. He was serving his sixth term as County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having received the nomination of his party on each occasion without opposition. McDAXXOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brown County, 111., August 29, 1851, acquired his early education m the com- mon schools of his native county and in a private school; graduated from the Law Department of the Iowa State University in 1874, and was admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected Countj' Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. McDannold removed to Chicago, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. n o r. z; > 7i r. n > HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 363 McDOXOUGH COUXTY, organized under an act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attaclied, for judicial purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its present area is 580 square miles — named in honor of Commodore MoDonough. The first settlement in the county was at Industry, on the site of which William Carter (the pioneer of the county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John Vance and William Job settled in the vicinitj- in the following year. Out of this settlement grew Blandinsville. William Pennington located on Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. Campbell erected the first frame house on the site of the present city of Macomb. The first sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the county, was delivered in the Job settlement by Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among tlie early officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; William Southward, Sheriflf; Peter Hale. Coro- ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830. and presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. Tlie first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (■18.57). Since then other lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous railroad centers and shipping points of consider- able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412. McDOUUALL, James Alexander, lawyer and United States Senator, was bom in Bethlehem, Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated at the Albany grammar school, studied law and settled in Pike County, III. , in 1837 ; was Attor- ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of CaUfomia, served several terms in the State Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable aid to the Union cause. McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was bom in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817. graduated at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice for a few years, was invited to assume the man- agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane at Concord. Here he remained some eight years, during which he acquired consider- able reputation in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. In 18.54 he was offered and accepted the position of Medical Superintendent of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his duties in June of that year, and continuing his connection with that institution for a period of more than sixteen years. Having resigned his position in the State Hospital in June. 1870, he soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- ment of insane patients, which he conducted with a great degree of success, and with which he was associated during the remainder of his life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- ices were in frequent request as a medical expert in cases before the courts, invariablj-. however, on the side of the defense. The last case in whicli he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, whom he believed to be in.sane. McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County. 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from that County in the Third and Fourth General A.ssemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. (McGahej'), a son of the preceding, was elected to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford County, in 1834, but died durijjg his term of service. McGAXX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father having died in 1884, the following year his mother emigrated to the United States, settling at Milford. Mass., where he attended the public schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May. 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election and received a certificate of election by a small majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). An investigation having shown his defeat, he 364 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. magnanimously surrendered his seat to liis com- petitor without a contest. He has large business interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad property, being President of an important elec- tric line. McHEJiRY, a town in McHenry County, situ- ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- western Railway. The river is here navigable for steamboats of light draft, which ply between the town and Fox Lake (a distance of seven miles), which is a favorite resort for sportsmen. The town has four churches, a manufactory of farming implements and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 874; (1890), 979; (I'.iOO), 1,013. McHENRY, William, legishitor and soldier of the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and afterwards became prominent as a legislator and soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- eral Assemblies, and as Senator in tlie Sixth and Seventh. While serving his last term in the House (183.5), he died and was buried at Vaudalia, then the State capital. McHenr3' County — organ- ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second session during the winter of 1835-3U — was named in his honor McHENRY COUNTY, lies in the northern por- tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- consin — named for Gen. William McHenry. Its area is 624 square miles. With what is now the County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 1836. the county-seat being at McHenry. Three years later the eastern part was set off as the County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- ical center. The soil is well watered by living springs and is highly productive. Hardwood groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- duction of butter and cheese reaches into the millions of pounds. The geological formations comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of wood have been found at various depths in the drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- where, although the most extensive deposits are in the northern half of the county, where they exist in sloughs covering several thousands of acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, and every important village is a railway station. Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 26,114; (1900), 29,759. MdXTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in Fulton County, N. Y., in 1822; at 19 years of age entered an academy at Galway Center, remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet True Democrat,"" but sold out the next year, and, in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he bought back "The True Democrat,"' which he edited until 1857, meanwhile (185G) having been elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County; but, in 1869, bought "Tlie Wilmington Independ- ent," which he published until 1873. Tlie next year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months after, became political editor of "Tlie Joliet Republican,"' and was subsequently connected, in a similar capacity, with other papers, including "The Phoenix'" and "The Sun" of the same city. Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899. McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, was born in "Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as a private in the War of the Revolution, but later served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and the next year began preaching in his native State, being advanced to the position of Presiding Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- nois falling within his District. Here he remained until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its name from him, together with a donation of 480 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 5, 1835. McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earUest of Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 1827. The first funds for its establishment were subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 365 uted from their scanty means, $1,385. Instruc- tion began, Nov. 24, 1828, under Rev. Edward Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- copal Churcli. In 1830 Bisliop McKendree made a donation of land to the infant institution, and the school was named in his lionor. It cannot be said to liave become really a college until 1836, and its first class graduated in 1841. University powers were granted it by an amendment to its charter in 1839. At present the departments are as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- tion owns property to the value of $90,000, includ- ing an endowment of §25,000, and has about 200 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) McLAREJi', William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South America, and later in charge of churclies at Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then included the whole State. Sub.sequently, the dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected therefrom. Bishop McLaren remaining at the head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, church work has been active and effective, and the Western Theological Seminary in Cliicago has been founded. His published works include numerous sermons, adchesses and poems, besides a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote to Doubt" (New York, 1884). McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and State Treasurer, was burn in Virginia, Oct. 25, 1779 ; before attaining his majority went to Ken- tucky, and. about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- tling finall}' at Belleville, where he entered upon the practice of law. The first public position held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had been Treasurer during the whole Territorial period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the State capital a few months later, he continued to reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- quently represented the Fayette District as Representative in tlie Fifth General Assembly, and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, and, in 1837, became Register of the Land OflSce at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, standing third on the list. He married a Miss Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under whose administration he serv-ed as State Treasurer. Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. McLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of Blooraington, in a farming and stock-growing district; has one weekly paper. Population (1880), 490; (1890), 500; (1900), 532 McLEAX, John, early United States Senator, was born in North Carolina in 1791. brought by his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos- sessing oratorical gifts of a higli order and an almost magnetic power over men, coupled with strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, great command of language, he soon attained prominence at tlie bar and as a popular speaker. In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. Cook, but served only a few months, being de- feated by Cook at the next election. He was three times elected to the Legislature, serving once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (wlio had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, but lived to serve only one session, dying at Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the public appreciation of the loss whicli the State had sustained by his deatli, McLean County was named in his lionor. McLEAN COUXTY, the largest county of the State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is central as to the region north of the latitude of St. Louis and about midway between that city and Chicago — was named for Jolui JIcLean, an early L'nited States Senator. The early immi- grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- tucky and New York were well represented. Tlie county was organized in 1830, the population at that time being about 1,200. The greater portion of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 366 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy ridges are coveretl with scrub oak and black-jack. The soil is extremely fertile ({generally a rich, brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. Sugar and JIackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and gravel beds are numerous, but varj- greatly in depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five feet of the clay common to this formation. The upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is No. 6 of the general section, and the lower. No. 4; the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The principal towns are Bloomington (the county- seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. Population (1800). G3,03G; (IDOO). 67,843. Mt'LE.VNSBORO, a city and the county-seat of Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east -south- east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of Centralia. It has a court house and supports a bank and three churches. Two weekly news- papers are published here, and the town is the seat of a small college. Population (1880), 1,341; (1890). 1,3.55; (1900), 1,758. McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; began work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, III., May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he accepted the position of Freight Agent of the Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here lie re- mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in September, 1864. became Superintendent of the Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- wards successively filling the positions of Assist- ant General Superintendent (1867), General Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- President, remaining in office some ten years, when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 30. 1896. McMURTRT, William, Lieutenant-Governor, was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801; removed from Kentucky to Crawford Count}-. Ind., and, in 1829. came to Knox County, 111., settling in Henderson Township. He was elected Representative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), and to the Senate in 1842. serving in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being the first to hold tlie office under the Constitution adopted that year. In 1863 he assisted in raising the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was compelled to accept a discharge on account of failing health. Died. April 10, 1875. McNEELEY, Thompson W',, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 1835, and graduated at Lombard Universitj', Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year he was licensed to practice, but continueil to pur- sue his professional studies, attending the Law University at Louisville. Ky., from which insti- tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented his District in Congress, resuming his practice at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- ment. McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received an academic education, was admitted to the bar, and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Union army, and served until August 9, 1865, rising, succe.ssively, to the rank of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1809 to 1873 he was a member of the lower house of the General Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- lican. General McNulta has been prominent in the councils of the Republican party, standing second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as Permanent President of the State Convention of 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for President. Some of liis most important work, within tlie past few years, has been performed in connection with receiverships of certain railway and other corporations, especially that of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, was bom at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y.. Jan. 19, 1850; prepared for college at Leroyand Fulton, and graduated at Princeton, N. J. , in 1874. Tlien. after a year's service as teacher of mathematics at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 367 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- ment in 1879, liaving in the meantime traveled through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- toral labor at East Orange, X. J. ; when he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, when he tendered his resignation to accept the position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- atory Acadenij- of Princeton College, N. J. McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in Monroe Count j-. 111., June 12, 1820; graduated from St. Mary"s College (Mo.) in 1839; studied law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, and, in 1842, entered the law department of Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, after which he at once began practice. In 184G he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of his term removing to Joliet. In 18.52 he was appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, "73, "79, and "85, but died a few months after his last election. McKOBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed Circuit Judge, which office he held for three years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, representing the district comprising Monroe, Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was appointed United States District Attorney by President Jackson, but soon resigned to become Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at Washington. Resigning the latter office in the fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois Legislature he was elected United States Senator to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at Cincinnati. Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- ceeded by James Semple. McVICKER, James Hnbert, actor and theat- rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 14, 1822 ; thrown upon his own resources by the death of his father in infancy and the necessity of assisting to support his widowed mother, he early engaged in various occupations, until, at the age of l.j. he became an apprentice in the o£Sce of "The St. Louis Republican," three years later becoming a journeyman printer. He first appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin cipal comedian in Rice"s Theater, Cliicago, re- maining until 18.j2, when he made a tour of the countrj', appearing in Yankee characters. About IS.'jo he made a tour of England and, on his return, commenced building his first Chicago theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 18.57, and was conducted with varied fortune until burned down in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled from time to time, it burned down a second time in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires having imposed ujxjn Mr. McVicker a heavy burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. McVicker did not appear on the .stage after 1882, from that date giving his attention entirely to management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree the respect and confidence, not only of the profession, but of the general public. Died in Chicago, March 7, 1896. McWILLlAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834 ; was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the lumber trade %vith his father, the management of which devolved upon him a few years later. In the early 50"s he was, for a time, a student in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not graduate: in 1855 removed to Dwight. Livingston County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed to that point a few months previous. Here he erected the first store building in the town, and put in a $2,000 stock of goods on Iwrrowed capi- tal, remaining in the mercantile business for eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the establishment seven years longer. In the mean- time, while engaged in merchandising, he began a banking business, which was enlarged on his retirement from the former, receiving his entire attention. The profits derived from his banking business were invested in farm lands until he became one of the largest landowners in Living- ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the original members of the first Methodist Episcopal Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a lay delegate to several General Conferences of that denomination, as well as a delegate to the Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also been a lil)eral contributor to the support of vari- ous literary and theological institutions of the church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 368 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- ventions of that party, including the Bloomington Convention of 1850. and was a candidate for Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- tries, the last including a trip to Eg^-pt and the Holy Land, during 1898-99. MECHAMCSBURG, a village of Sangamon County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 426; (1900), 476. MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now a part of the city) of St. John, N. B. , of Scotcli- Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot descent. At nine years of age he accompanied his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he enjoj'ed such educational advantages as belonged to that region and period. He entered an acad- emy with a view to i)reparing for college, but his family having suffered from a fire, he was com- pelled to turn his attention to business; studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas Countj'. Here he cauglit the spirit of journalism by freijuent visits to the office of a local paper, learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he assumed editorial charge, employing liis brothers as assistants in various capacities. The name of this paper was "The Coshocton AVhig," which he soon changed to "The Republican," in which he dealt vigorous blows at political and other abuses, which several times brought ujjon him assaults from liis political opponents — that being the style of political argument in those days. Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- ties. The following year "The Forest City" was consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- Soil paper under the editorship of John C. Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new paper taking the name of "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery in one compact organization. In this he was aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in Congress, in December, 1833, and, before its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had begun to agitate the question of a union of all opposed to that measure in a new party under the name "Republican." During the winter of 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- est in the paper, his connection with the concern dating from June 18, 1853. He was almost immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred Cowles. who had been associated with him on "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed the position of managing editor, and, on the retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- chief until 1860, when he gave place to Horace White, now of "The New York Evening Post." During the Civil War period he was a zealous supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation policy, and served, for a time, as President of the "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- ernment during the darkest period of the i^bellion. In 1809 Mr. Medill was elected to the State Constitutional Convention, and, in that body, was the leading advocate of the principle of "minorit}' representation" in the election of Representatives, as it was finally incorporated in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed by President Grant a member of the first Civil Service Commission, representing a principle to wliich he ever remained thoroughly committed. A few weeks after the great fire of the same year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. The financial condition of the city at the time, and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- culties and responsibilities, wliich he met in a way to command general approval. During his administration the Chicago Public Library was established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- ously with his return from his European trip, he secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune." re.suming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, wliich, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. The growth of the paper in business and influence, from the beginning of his connection with it, was one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily one of the most successful newspaper ventures in the United States, if not in the world. Early in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 369 mild climate from a chronic disease which liad been troubling liim for years, but died in that city, March 16, lb99, within three weeks of hav- ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous features of his cliaracter were a strong individu- ality and indomitable perseverance, whicli led him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- ous to his deatli, facts were developed going to show that, in 1881, lie was offered, by President Garfield, tlie position of Postmaster-General, which was declined, when he was tendered tlie choice of any position in the Cabinet except two which had been previously promised; also, tliat he was' offered a position in President Harrison's Cabinet, in 1889. MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. .5, 1835; in 18.^."), came to Chicago and was associated witli "Tlie Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was editor. After a few months' service in Barker's Dragoons (a short-time organization), iu Septem- ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election as Major, was chosen Senior Caiitain. The regi- ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By the promotion of his superior officers Captain Medill was finally advanced to the command, and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- ting himself with great credit. A few days after, while attacking a party of rebels who were attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound through the hmgs, dying at Frederick City, July 16, 1863. MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, lU., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- ore. He served as Captain of a company in the Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa County, Wis., where he built the first smelting works in that Territory, served in the Territorial Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- tional Convention (1846). A "History of the Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- ety Collections." Died, at ShuUsburg, Wis., July 7. imr,. MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west of the initial station of the Chicago & North- western Railroad, upon which it is located. It has two or three churches, some manufacturing establishments and one weekly paiier. Popula- tion (1890), 1,0.50; (1900), 2,.';92. MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was born in France in 1645; accompanied La Salle on his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tunty ; descended the Mississippi with La Salle in 1082 ; returned to France and wrote a history of the expedition, and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final expedition; is supposed to liave landed with La Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine. Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Ivaskaskia, in 1790, and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. He was, for several years, Government Agent, and in this capacity negotiated several important treaties with the Indians, of wliose characteris- tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and generous. In 1818 he was elected tlie first Lieu- tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of office having expired, he retired to private life and the care of his extensive business. He died at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was then considered a large estate. Among his assets, however, were found a large number of promis- sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal friends, besides many uncoUectable accounts from poor people, to whom he had sold goods through pure generosity. Menard County was named for him, and a statue in liis honor stands in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- teau, of St. Louis. MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical center of the State, and originally a part of Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- kins. William Engle and George W. Simpson. The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard, who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 370 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. agriculture underwent a cliange. Stock-raising is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among early American settlers may be mentioned the Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton. Solo- mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant are also familiar to early settlers. The county furnished a company of eiglity-six volunteers for the Mexican War. The county-soat is at Peters- burg. The area of the county is 330 square miles, and its population, under the last census, 14,336. In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now extinct, but for some }-ears the home of Abraham Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who marched thence to the Black Hawk War as Captain of a company. MEXDON, a town of Adams County, on the Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast of Quincy; has a bank and a newspaper; is sur- rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. Population (1880), 652; (1890). 640; (1900), 627. MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County, founded in 1853, on both the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Illinois Central Railways, 80 miles southwest of Chicago. It has eight churches, and its public school system embraces three graded schools and a high school. Wart- burg Seminary (Lutheran — opened in 1853) is located here. A good public library was founded in 1870. The chief industrial plants are two iron foundries and machine shops. The city has two banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- rounding country is agricultural and the city has considerable local trade. Population (1880), 4,142; (ISilO), 3,.542; (1900), 3,736. MERCER COl'MY, a western county, with an area of 055 square miles and a population (1900) of 20, 945 —named for Gen. Hugli Mercer. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and along this river the earliest American settlements were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, before the expiration of a half dozen years, the Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Farlow, Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- cer County was separated from Warren, and specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation of cereals. A good quality of building stone is found at various points. Aledo is the county- seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced in 1845. MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and the first permanent hospital in the State — char- tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken toward organization until 1850, when, with a scanty fund scarcelj- exceeding §150, twelve beds were secured and placed on one floor of a board- ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first phj'sician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the hospital was given in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name to Mercy Ilosiiital. Three or four j-ears later, a removal was made to a building previously occu- pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and better arranged building was erected. This edifice it has continued to occupy, although many additions and imjirovements have been, and are still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing and all tlio domestic and financial affairs of the institution. The present medical staff (1896) consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, besides three internes, or resident practitioners. MEREDOSIA, a town in Morgan County, on the east bank of the Illinois River and situated on the Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Springfield. Flour and lumber constitute the manufactured output. Population (1890), 621; (1900), 700. It was the first point to be connected with the State capital by railroad in 1838. MERRIAM, (CoL) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, where he now resides — when not oflficially em- ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- ton, and at McKendree College; entered the Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the c!o.se of the vvar. During the Civil War period he was one of the founders of the "Union League of America," which proved so influential a factor in sustaining the war policy of the Government. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 371 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by l^resident McKinle)', Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- triotic and of incorruptible integiity, he has won the respect and confidence of all in every public position he has been called to fill. MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio. Sept. 16, ISa.'). entered the Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal ChunOi, in 1804, as a travel- ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 1872, and, after two years spent in Slinnesota, removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1868, and tliat of LL.D. by the Northwestern Univer.sity, in 1886. He has published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- dist Law" (1885) ; and "Outlines of Thought on Probation" (1886). MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; later removed to Salem, 111., where he established "The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec- retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878.— Thomas E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawj-er and politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 1884; at six years of age was brought by his father to Illinois, where he attended the common schools and later learned the trade of carriage- painting. Subsequently he read law, and was admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower house of the General Assembly from the Salem District, and was re-elected to the same body in 1870. "74, '76, '86 and "88. He also served two terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost continuous service in the General As.seinbly of eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- ber of State conventions of his party, and stands as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-(ien. Wesley (Merritt), another son, was bom in New York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- nois in childliood, and was appointed a cadet at West Point Jlilitary Academy from this State, graduating in 1860; became a Second Lieutenant in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank of Major-General. He reentered the regular army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a colonelcy in 1870, and, in 1887, received a com- mi.ssion as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming Major-General. He was in command, for a time, of the Department of the Mis.souri, but, on his last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the command of the land forces destined for the Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of the Islands. Towards the close of the J'ear he returned to the United States and resumed liis old command at New York. MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good education, especially in mathematics. Going to Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- penter and mill-wriglit; removed to Kentucky in 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- ana Territory), locating first in the American Bottom and, later, at New Design within the present limits of Monroe County. Two years later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he took up the vocation of a sur\e}or, which he fol- lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under William Rector, surveying much of the land in St. Clair and 1-iandoIpli Counties, and, still later, assisting in determining the northern boundary of the State. He also served for a time as a teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary; in 1821 publislied "A Manual, or Hand-Book, intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, and took part in the steps which resulted in set- ting up a separate Territorial Government for Illinois, the following year. He also received an appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 372 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. County under the new Territorial Government; was cliosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to the Convention of 1818, wliicli framed tlie first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly, serving as Sjjeaker of that body. After leaving New Design, the later years of his life were spent on a farm two and a half miles north of Belleville, where he died in 184G. METAMORA, a town of Woodford County on a brancli of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 miles east-northeast of Peoria, and some 30 miles northwest of Bloomington. Carriages and wagons are manufactured here, and the town has seven churches, two banks, a public park, good schools and a newspaper office. Population (1880), 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in Guernsey Count}', Oliio, August 6, 1828; educated at Madison College in his native State, graduating in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney for Madison Coimty, serving one year. In 1864 he was elected State Senator for a term of four years; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate from the Southern Illinois Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more than twenty-five years. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of the most numerous Protestant church organiza- tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. Joseph Ogle was the first class- leader (1795). It is stated that the first American preacher in the American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) circuit. Revs. Josepli Oglesby and Charles R. Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 1830, twenty-eiglit. the actual membership exceeding 10.000. Tlie first Methodist service in Cliicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. The first Methodist society in that city was organized by Rev. Steplien R. Beggs, in June, 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the early revivalists. Tlie growth of this denomi- nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho- dists in the United States, by the same census, being 4,980,2-10. The church property owned in 1890 (includiii.:; parsonages) approached §111,000,- 000, and tlio total contributions were estimated at $2,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- ports two tlieological seminaries and the Garrett Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- western Christian Advocate," with a circulation of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. (See also Religious Denominations.) METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of Massac Count}-. 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated on the Ohio River and on tlie St. Louis, Alton & TeiTe Haute Railroad. Tlie city was founded in 1839, on the site of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Being in the heart of a timber district, its industries consist largely of various forms of wood-working. Saw and plan- ing mills are a commercial factor; otlier estab- lislmients turn out wheel and wagon material, barrel staves and heads, and veneers. There are also flouring mills and potteries. The city has a public library, as well as numerous churches and schools, and three weekly papers, besides one monthly publication. Population (1880), 2,668; (1890). 3,573; (1900), 4,069. MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war originated in the annexation of Texas to the United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- agreement as to tlie western boundary of Texas. Mexico complained of encroachment upon her territory, and hostilities began with the battle of Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most prominent figures were President Polk, under whose administration annexation was effected, and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished more than her full quota of troops for the strug- gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 373 25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, the assessed quota of the State. The response was prompt and general. Alton was named as the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. The regiments mustered in were commanded, respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris Forman. An additional twelve months" regiment (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent two more regiments, for the war, towards the Mexican frontier. These were commanded by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James Collins. Independent companies were also tendered and accepted. Besides, there were some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments already in the field. Commanders of the inde- pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, of Schuyler Countj'; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best and bravest sons. After participating in the battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those from Kentucky) were especially complimented in General Taylor's official report. The Third and Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the second of these battles. General .Shields fell severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led a gallant charge, and really turned the day at Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably named by General Scott, in his official report, were Colonel Forman, Major Harris. Adjutant Fondey, Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- pendent companies being the last to quit the service. The total number of volunteers was 6,133, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- port to political preferment, and some of the brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- came distinguished soldiers in the War of the Rebellion, including such names as John A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss. W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The cost of the war, with $15,000,000 paid for territory annexed, is estimated at §166,500,000 and the extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 square miles — considerably more than the whole of the present territory of the Republic of Mexico. MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was bom in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the age of 12 years; entered the Northwestern Uni- versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- tions and by teaching in a night school, until his third year in the university, when he became a student in the Union College of Law, being admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of the General .Assembly. MI AMIS, The. The preponderance of author- ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was originally a part of the lUi-ni or Illinois, but the date of their separation from the parent stock cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it occurred before the French pushed their explo- rations from Canada westward and southward, into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. The Iroquois and the British generally knew them as the " "T wight wees, " and so they were commonly called by the American colonists. The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same tribe. When La Salle founded his colony at Stars-ed Rock, the Miamis had villages which could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages: — one on the St. Joseph River, one on the JIxiu- mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). They were friendly toward the French until 1694, when a large number of them were massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried firearms which had been furnished them by the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was never closed. Having become possessed of guns 374 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to hold their own, but also to extend their liunting grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately warring with the French, Britisli and Americans. General Harrison says of them that, ten years before the treaty of Greenville, thej' could have brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the finest light troops in the world," but lacking in discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), greatly reduced their numerical strength. The main seat of the Miamis vras at Fort Wayne, whose residents, because of their superior num- bers and intelligence, dominated all otlier bands except the Piankeshaws. The physical and moral deterioration of tho tribe began immedi- ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by little, they ceded their lands to the United States, the money received therefor being chiefly squan- dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- riginal nation gradually drifted westward across the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- tory, but they have made comparatively little progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- shaira; TlVffs. ) MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, under care of the association known as the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 this association maintained a small hospital for the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, however, Jlicliael Reese, a Jewish gentleman who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- fornia, bequeathed §97,000 to the organization. With this sum, considerablj' increased by addi- tions from other sources, an imposing building was erected, well arranged and thoroughly equipped for hospital purposes. The institution thus founded was named after its principal bene- factor. Patients are received without discrimi- nation as to race or religion, and more than half those admitted are charity patients. The present medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and physicians, several of whom are eminent specialists. MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The main line of this road extends from Chicago to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. firanch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (Histoky.) The company was chartered in 1840, and purchased from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit to Kalamazoo, 144 miles. of which construction had been begun in 1830. The road was completed to Michigan City in IH.jO, and, in 5Iay, 18.")i2, reached Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). The outstanding capital stock (1S9H) was §18,- 738,000 and the funded debt, S19. 101.000. Earn- ings in Illinois the same year, StS 1.002; total operating expenses, S')40,900; taxes, §24,2.50. MICHIGAN. LAKE. {See Lake Michigan.) MIHALOTZY, (Jcza, .soldier, a native of Hun- gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar struggle; came to Cliicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained .soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 24, 1804, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- tion (1880), 845; (1890), 092; (1900), 719. MILBURN, (Rev.) WiHiam Henry, clergy- man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. At the age of five years he almost totally lost sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. For a time he was able to decipher letters with difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's family to Jacksonville. 111., and, live years later, became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- ing, on an average, ten times a week, for $100 per year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance and gaming. This resulted in his being made Chaplain of the Hou.se of Representatives. From 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- gomery. Ala., during which time he was tried for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 375 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned to Methodism in 1S71. He has since been twice Chaplain of the House (1885 and "87) and three times (1893, "95 and "97) elected to the same posi- tion in the Senate He is generally known as "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable prominence by liis eloquence as a lecturer on "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" (1858) and "Pioneers. Preachers and People of tlie Mississippi Valley" (I8(i0). MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight years, came to Ameiica with his parents, who settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school and worked on a farm until the beginning of the Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- tain. After the war he read law with John I. Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago — was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a number of years, served as State's Attorney in Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from Illinois to the Republican National Convention, and the following year was appointed by Presi- dent Harrison United States District Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. Since retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General Assembly. MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was bom at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In October, 1861. he entered the service as a Second Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, Charles Cit}' Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- tember, 1863, he was Colonel of the Sixty- first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg and at ChancellorsviUe, where he was again severely wounded. He commanded the First Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's Station, in December of the same year. At the close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- guished himself in campaigns against the Indians; became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- General in 1890, in the interim being in command of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- cago. Here he did mucli to give efficiency and importance to tlie post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the year he was transferred to the Department of the East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield in 1895, was placed in command of the army, with headquarters in Washington. Dming the Spanish-American war (1898) General Miles gave attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago during the siege conducted by General Shafter, but took no active command in the field until the occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted with rare discrimination and good judgment, and with comparatively little loss of life or suffering to the troops. MILFORD, a growing town in Iroquois County, situated on Sugar Creek, and on t he Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 35 miles north of Dan- ville and 93 miles south of Chicago. The sur- rounding region is agricultural, and wheat is extensively grown. Beds of clay of excellent quality are abundant, and flour, brick and tile manufacturing are the chief mechanical indus- tries of the town. A weekly newspaper is pub- lished here. Population (1890), 957; (1900), 1.077. MILIT.\RY BOUMY LANDS. (See Military Tract. ) MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to a section of the State, set apart under an act of Congress, passed. May 6, 1812, ;vs bounty-lands for soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- ing the same year. Similar reservations in the Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. The lauds in Illinois embraced in this act were situated between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, and extended from the junction of these streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" started about opposite the present site of Beards- town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- ern border of the "Tract" was identical with the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, extended eastward, reached the Illinois about the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 37G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes a great bend towards the south, a few miles west of the cit}' of Peru. The distance between the Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract." from its northern boundary to the junction of the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,. 500, 000 acres— a little less than two-thirds— were appropriated to military bounties. The residue consisted partly of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of fractional quarter-sections bordering on township lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to this, there were large reservations not coming within the above exceptions, being the overplus of lands after satisfying the military claims, and subject to entry and purchase on the same con- ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of them as was necessary to meet the demand for bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite actively about 1823, and the development of some portions, for a time, was verj' rapid ; but later, its growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase from the original holders. This led to a great deal of litigation, and called for considerable legislation ; but since the adjustment of these questions, this region has kept pace with the most favored sections of the State, and it now includes some of the most important and prosperous towns and cities and many of the finest farms in Illinois. MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing for protection of its citizens against the incur- sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- tion, at an early date, of such measures as were then common in the several States for the main- tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of this State, " and declared that the militia of the State should "consist of all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu- lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and this classification was continued in the later con- stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all reference to the subject of color. In each there is the same general provision exempting persons entertaining "conscientious scruples against bearing arms," although subject to payment of an equivalent for such exemption. The first law on the subject, enacted by the first General Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment of a general militia sj-stem for the State ; and the fact that this was modified, amended or wholly changed bj' acts passed at the sessions of 1821, •23, '25, "26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the estimation in %vhich the subject was held. While many of these acts were of a special character, providing for a particular class of organization, the general law did little except to require per- sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to attend county musters, which were often con- ducted in a very informal manner, or made the occasion of a .sort of periodical frolic. The act of July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), required an enrollment of "all free, white, male inhabitants of military age (except such as might be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; divided the State into five divisions by counties, each division to be organized into a certain speci- fied number of brigades. This act was quite elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and provided for regimental, battalion and company musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the organization of volunteer companies. The Jlexi- can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this class of legislation, as also did the War of the Rebellion (1861-65). While the oflice of Adju- tant-General had existed from the first, its duties — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged without stated compensation, the incumbent being merely Chief-of-staff to the Governor as Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- tant part of the State Government, which it has since maintained. The various measures passed, during this period, belong rather to the history of the late war than to the subject of this chapter. In 1865, however, the office was put on a different footing, and the important part it had played, during the preceding four years, was recognized by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 377 of Illinois." During the next four years, its most important work was the publication of eight volumes of war records, containing a com- plete roster of the officers and men of the various regiments and other military organizations from Illinois, with an outline of their movements and a list of the battles in which they were engaged. To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage of an act formulating a military code and provid- ing for more thorough organization. Modifying amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are declared "subject to military duty, and desig- nated as the niinois State Militia," provision is made for the organization of a body of "active militia," designated as the "Illinois National Guard," to consist of "not more than eighty-tour companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- tary enlistments for a period of three years, with right to re-enlist for one or more years. The National Guard, as at present constituted, con- sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides the batteries and cavalr}- already mentioned. Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one or more regiments participating — each year, usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, when regimental and brigade drills, competitive rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act est-ablishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- sions each, was passed by the General Assemblj- of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of an officer with tlie rank of Commander. The commanding officer of each battalion is styled a "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their respective staffs — their organization, in other respects, being conformable to the laws of the United States. A set of "Regulations," based upon these several laws, has been prepared by the Adjutant-General for the government of the various organizations. The Governor is author- ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution of the laws, when called uiwn by the civil author- ities of any city, town or county. This authority, however, is exercised with great discretion, and only when the local authorities are deemed unable to cope with threatened resistance to law. The officers of the National Guard, when called into actual service for the suppression of riot or the enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- pensation paid to officers of the United States army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive $3 per day. During the time they are at any encampment, the officers and men alike receive $1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost of trans[X)rtation to and from the encampment. (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- American War.) MILLER, James H., Si>eaker of the House of Representatives, was born in Oliio, May 29, 1843; in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111., where he finally engaged in the practice of law. At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in the Union army, but before being mustered into the service, received an injury which rendered him a cripple for life. Though of feeble plij-sical organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he waaa man of decided ability and much influence. He served as State's Attorney of Stark County (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative in the Thirty-fourth General A.ssembly, at tlie following session being one of the most zealous supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- brated contest which resulted in the election of the latter, for the third time, to the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he also served in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General Assemblies, during the session of the latter being chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during the ses-sion. First Comptroller of the Treasurj' at Washington. In the early part of the summer of 1890, Sir. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at Manitou Springs, died suddenlj', June 27, 1890. MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early p"s "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic Church in Colonial Days.") MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, and wliich is fed by a stream having its source within one mile of the head waters of the Reil River of the North. From this sheet of water to the mouth of the river, the distance is variously estimated at from 3,000 to 3,100 miles. Lake Itasca is in lat. 47° 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, V)elow wliicli point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of St. Antliony, establi.shing a complete barrier to navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than a mile the river descends GO feet, including a per- pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense water power, which i.s utilized in operating flour- ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- tion is southward, and it forms the boundary between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and the northern part of Louisiana, on the west, and Illinois, Kentuckj', Tennessee and Mis- sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines Parish, La., in lat. 29" nortli and Ion. 89 12' west. Its principal affluents on the right are the Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Mi.ssouri, Arkansas and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer than that part of the Mississippi above the point of junction, the distance from its source to the delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which exceeds that of any other river in the %vorld. The width of the stream at St. Louis is al)out 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The mean velocity of the current between St. Louis and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and one-half miles per hour. The average depth below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum issiiid to reach 150 feet. The principal rajnds below the Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former having twenty-two feet fall and the latter twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- tant of the.se above the mouth of the Ohio, is the "American Bottom," extending along the east bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums have been spent in the construction of levees for tlie protection of the lands along the lower river from overflow, as also in tlie construction of a system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- gation by deei)ening the channel. MISSISSIPPI RITER BRIDGE, THE, one of the best constructed railroad bridges in tlie West, spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui- siana, Mo. The construction company was char- tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its stock and §150,000 of its bonds as an investment, paying a rental of $00,01)0 per annum, to be applied in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and per cent on bonds. In 1894, $71,000 was paid for rental, $16,000 going toward a sinking fund. MOBILE & OHIO RAILRO.VD. This company operates 160.0 miles of road in Illinois, of which 151.0 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- road. (See St. Louis & Cairo liailroad.) MOLINE, a flourisliing manufacturing city in Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite Davenport, Iowa ; is 168 miles south of west from Chicago, and the intersecting point of three trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and Davenport are connected by steam and street railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain water-power from the Mississippi. The region around Moline is rich in coal, and several produc- tive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is an important manufacturing point, among its chief outputs being agricultural implements, malleable iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 381 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, milling machinery, and furniture. The city has admirable water-works, several churches, good schools (both public and private), a public library and five banks. It is liglited by both gas and electricity. There are also tliree daily and weekly i)apers published here. Population (1880), 7,800; (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,248. MOLONEY, Manrice T., ex-Attomey-General, was born in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of "Our Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied tlieology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and studied law at the University of that State, graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 111., where he served three years as State's Attor- ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- nated and elected Attorney-General on the Democratic State ticket, serving until Januarj-, 1897. MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- tion of the Chicago &" Eastern Illinois and the Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south of Chicago. It has good water power, a flouring-mill, railway repair shops, two banks, two newspapers, three churches and a graded school. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026. MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River ; a point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Railways. The surrounding country is agricul- tural and coal yielding. The city has manufac- tories of agricultural implements, sewer-pipe, pottery, paving brick, and carriages and road carts. Monmouth College (United Presbyterian) was chartered in 1857, and the library of this institution, with that of Warren Count}- (also located at Monmouth), aggregates 30,000 volumes. There are three national banks, with a combined capital of $250,000, two daily, three weekly and two other periodical publications. An appropria- tion was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress for the erection of a Government building at Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at 5Ion- mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen instructors and the number of students was 289. The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully laid out. The institution confers four degrees — A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring of the first three, four years' study is required; for the degree of B.L., three years. MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y. , Sept. 24, 1844, and came with his jiarents to Illinois in 1849. His father having been elected Sheriff of Will County in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he engaged in merchandising as the partner of his father, which was exchanged, some fifteen j-ears later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in which he is still employed. He has also been extensively engaged in the stone business some twenty years, being a large stockholder in the Western Stone Company and Vice-President of the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as a Republican, to the State Senate from the Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving himself one of the most influential members of that body. MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — named for President Monroe. Its area is about 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and included within its boundaries several of the French villages which constituted, for many- years, a center of civilization in the West. American settlers, however, began to locate in the district as early as 1781. The county has a diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations of the citizens. Waterloo is the count}--seat. Population (1890), 12.948; (1900), 13,847. MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, situated northeast of St. Louis and south of Springfield; area 702 square miles, population (1900), 30,836— derives its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- zation being effected five years later. The entire population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 families. The surface is undulating, well watered and timbered. The seat of coimty government is located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important town. Here are situated car-shops and some manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in the county's history as pioneers were Harris Reavis, Henry Pyatt. John Levi. Aaron Casey 382 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. John Tillson, Hiram Roiintree, the Wrights (Joseph ami Cliarles). the Hills (Joliu and Henry). William McDavid and John Russell. MOXTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railways. It lies within the "corn belt," and stock-i-aising is extensively carried on in the surrounding country. Among the city industries are a foundry and macliine shops, steam lloiu' and planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, and patent fence and tile works. The city is lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an excellent water system, numerous churches and good schools, with banks and three weekly papers. Pojiulation (18'JU). 1,64.S; (IDOO), 1,982. MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the second institiUiou established in Illinois for tlie higher education of women — Jacksonville Female Seminary being the first. It was founded through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at Godfrey, Madison County, and gave §.53,000 toward erecting and eiiuipping the buildings. Tlie institution was opened on April 11, 1838, with sixteen young lady i)upils. Rev. Theron Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," being the first Principal. In 184.') lie was suc- ceeded by Miss Phileiia Fobes, and she, in turn, by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 18GG, who still remains in charge. In November, 1883, the seminary building, with its contents, was burned; but tlie institution continued its sessions in tem- porary quarters until the erection of a new build- ing, which was soon accomplished tlirough the generosity of alumna> and friends of female edu- cation throughout the country. The new struc- ture is of stone, three stories in height, and tlioroughly modern. The average number of pupils is l.W, with fourteen instructors, and the standard of tlie institution is of a high character. MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1817 ; after a brief season spent in two academies and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1830 he came west and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton. DeWitt County, which has since been his home. In partnership with the late Judge David Davis. of Bloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later, began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and is now one of the largest laml i)roprietors in the State, besides being interested in a number of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. The only official position of importance he has held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- astic collector of State historical and art treasures, of which he possesses one of the most valuable private collections in Illinois. MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Clii- cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834, and was alniast iinmediattdy admitted to the bar, also acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all the county offices on the organization of Cook County. Mr. Moore was one of tlie original Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained from the Legislature the first charter for a gas company in Cliicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, but subsecjuently returned to Concord, Mass., where he died some years afterward. MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- templated expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. After the Clark expe'ears. He died in 1848. MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was a teacher, during portions of this period being successively at the head of three literary insti- tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a minister of tlie Metliodist Episcopal Church, but resigned pastorate duties in 1SG2, to take part in the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which lie was commissioned Colonel, also serving as brigade commander during the last year of the war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that city. July 11, 1883. 5I00HE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng. , Sept. 8, 1793; came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, but before the close of his term, in 1842, was elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thoma-s Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, serving gallantly tliroughout the struggle. In 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 1850 he was elected to the .same office, and con- tinued to discharge its duties until 18.')7, when he was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 1863. MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- ware in 1700; removed to North Carolina in 1789, and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., where he served two terms in the Legislature. He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled in St. Clair County, 111.— besides a family of fif- teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen colored people — the object of his removal being to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- ment," alx)ut four miles east of Belleville, where he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore became a prominent citizen, was elected to the Second Territorial House of Representatives, and was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- sions (1814-15). He was al.so Representative from St. Clair County in tlie First, Second and Third General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois into the Union. In the last of these he was one of the most zealous opponents of tlie pro-slavery Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- ous and highly respected family of descendants, who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in the War of 1812, and also commanded a comi>any in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local lireacher of the Jlethodist Churcli. and was Presi- ilent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- lege at the time of his death in 1849.— Risdon (Mo9 to 1876. In 1864 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in Congress for the State-at-large, being elected again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- trict, in 1880 and "82. During tlie past few years (including the campaign of 1.896) Mr. Moulton has acted in cooperation with the Republican party. MOULTRIE COIIIVTY, a comparatively small county in the eastern section of the middle tier of tlie State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 340 square miles, and population (by the census of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were always friendlj- to English-speaking settlers. The earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. County organization was effected in 1843, both Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal \inderlies the county, but agriculture is the more important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil War) began the practice of law here. MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people different in customs, character and civilization from the Indians found occupying the soil when the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- ence of certain artificial mounds and eartliworks, of the origin and purposes of which the Indians seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These works extend throughout the valley from the Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much more numerous, however, in some portions than HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 389 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This fact, with the remains found in some of them, has been regarded as evidence that the purposes of their construction were widely variant. They have consequently been classified by archseolo- gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while some seem to have had a purpose of which writers on the subject are unable to form any sjitisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of the most elaborate of these works are found along the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear to belong to the defensive class, has led to the conclusion that this region was occupied by a race practically homogeneous, and that these works were designed to prevent the encroachment of hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- nois being in the center of the valley, compara- tively few of these defensive works are found here, those of this character which do exist being referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form and structure give evidence that they were erected by a peaceful people, however bloody may have been some of the rites performed on those designed for a religious purpose. Their numbers also imply a dense population. This is especially true of that portion of the American Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is the seat of the most remarkable group of earth works of this character on the continent. The central, or principal structure of this group, is known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," being situated near the creek of that name which empties into the Mississippi just below the city of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early in the present century by a community of Monks of La Trappe, a portion of whom succumbed to the malarial influences of the climate, while the survivors returned to the original seat of their order. This mound, from its form and com- manding size, has been supposed to belong to the class called "temple mounds," and has been de- scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" and the "best representative of its class in North America." The late William Mc Adams, of Alton, who sur\-eyed this group some years since, in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- lowing description of this principal structure: "In the center of a great mass of mounds and earthworks there stands a mighty pyramid whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a little longer north and south than ea.st and west. Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an orchard of considerable size. This terrace is approached from the plain by a graded roadway. Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west side, is another much smaller, on which are now growing some forest trees. The top, wliich con- tains an acre and a half, is divided into two nearly equal parts, the northern part being four or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, east and .south, the structure still retains its straight side, that probably has changed but little since the settlement of the country by white men, but remains in appearance to-day the same as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, however, has its base somewhat serrated and seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms and the elements. From the second terrace a well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of the structure, which is plainly seen to be ahnost wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight sides." The approximate height of this mound is ninety feet. AVhen first seen by white men, this was surmounted by a small conical mound some ten feet in height, from which human remains and various relics were taken while being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient Slonuments of the Mississippi Valley," published by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- mates that the construction of this principal mound must have required the work of thousands of laborers and years of time. The vipper terrace, at the time of his visit, was occupied bj- the Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the structure was sown in wheat. He also found numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- sels, and concludes that "a populous city once existed here, similar to those of Mexico described by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites of temples or monmnents to great men." Accord- ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two mounds of considerable size within two miles of the main structure, the group extending to the mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 390 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the mounds are also a number of small lakes, evidently of artificial origin. From the fact that there were a number of conspicuous mounds on the Missouri side of the river. on the present site of the city of St. Louis and its environs, it is believed that they all belonged to the same system and liad a common purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior size, being the center of the group — and probably u.sed for sacrificial purposes. The whole uuiuber of the.se structures in the American Bottom, whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two hundred, and the presence of so large a number in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence of a large population in the immediate vicinity. Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois River, as well as on the latter some twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in thirty years, he has imearthed more than a thousand of these, many of which clo.sely resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient cemetery near Chester, in wliich "each grave, when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in decaj". These cists are built up and covered with slabs of limestone, which here abound." — Another noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior to tlxe Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in Crawford County. As described in the State Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area of 1,000 by 1,400 to l..")00 feet, and varying from fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones having a height of five to eight feet. From their form and arrangement these are believed to have been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar construction and larger size, each surrounded by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing towards each other, indicating that they were defense-works. The location of this group — a few miles from a prehistoric fortification at Jlerom, on the Indiana side of the "Wabash, to which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been given — induces the belief that the two groups, like those in the American Bottom and at St. Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor Engelman, in the part of the State Geological Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a remarkable group of earthworks in the Black Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of "fortifications and mounds which probably belong to the same class as those in the Missis- sip])i Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other points farther up tlie Ohio." In the report of Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, mention is made of a very large mound on the Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, now a part of Kankakee County. This had a base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of twenty feet, and contained the remains of a large number of Indians killed in a celebrated battle, in whicli the Illinois and Chippowas. and the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near by were two other mounds, said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at a comparatively recent period. Related to the Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of construction, is a group of nineteen in number on the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy County. Within a circuit of three miles of Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of the conspicuous character of those found in the vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound Builders. — A very large and numerous group of these monuments exists along the bluffs of the Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock Island and Mercer Counties, chieriy between Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a few years ago, estimated that there were 2..j00 of these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter from fifteen to LW feet, with an elevation of two to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- mens of tlie animal or effigv' mounds, of which so many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois; and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with tlie Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within the present limits of the city of Rockford — though some regard it as having more resemblance to an alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 391 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height of a man. There are .some smaller mounds in the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River some six miles below Rockford. There is also an animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo Daviess County, with a considerable group of round mounds and embankments in tlie immedi- ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar character on the north side of the Pecatonica in Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- port. The Rock River region seems to have been a favorite field for the operations of the mound- builders, as shown by the number and variety of these structures, extending from Sterling, in Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A large number of these were to be found in the vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of tlie Wabash — appears to have had a close relation to the works of the mound-builders on the same stream in Illinois. MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of Cairo. The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad passes through the town. The chief industries are lumbering and ship-building, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. One of the United States National Ceme- teries is located here. The town has a bank and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,222; (1890). 2,.5.50; (1900), 2,70.5. ' MOUXT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat of Wabash County, is the point of jimction for two lines of railway. 132 miles northeast of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes. Ind. ; situ- ated on the Wabash River, wliich supplies good water-power for saw mills, flouring mills, etc. It is on the line of the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad. The town has two weekly newspapers. Agriculture and lumbering are the principal pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. Population (1880), 2,047; (1890), 3.376; (1900), 4..'^lt. MOUNT CARROLL, the county -seat of Carroll County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, good libraries, one weekly and two semi-weekly newi5papers. Population (1890). 1,830; (1000), 1,965. MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County; incorporated in 18.J2; had a faculty of thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- erty valued at $100,000, and a library of 5.000 volumes. MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- ated on the Chicago & Iowa Railroad, 108 miles west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- west of Rockford. It is noted as the seat of the Rock River Seminary and Collegiate Institute, a flourishing school with handsome stone buildings. The town lias three churches and three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 895; (1900), 1,048. MOUNT OLIYE, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 08 miles southwest of Decatur; in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;( 1900), 2,935. MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- tion in Logan County, 21 miles nortliwest of Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are leading industries. It is also an important ship- ping point for grain, and contains several elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 1,125: (1890). 1.3.57; (I'JOO), 1,643. MOUNT STERLIN(;, a town, the county-seat of Brown County, midway between Quincy and Jacksonville, on tlie Wabash Railway. It is sur- rounded by a rich farming country, and has extensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six churches and three scliools (one large public, and two parochial). The town is lighted by electricity and has public water-works. Wagons, brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured here, and three weekly newspapers published. Population (1880), 1.445; (1890), 1.655; (1900), 1,960. MOUNT YERNON, a city and county-seat of Jefferson County, is situated on the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis, and about 20 miles southeast of Cen- tralia. It contains the court house, where are held tlie sessions of the Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division. There are railroad machine shops here, besides steam flour, saw and woolen mills. It is the point of junction for four lines of railroad. The city has four churches, two banks and three newspapers — two being issued daily. Population (1880), 2,324; (1890). 3.233; (1900). 5.216. 392 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. MOUNT VERNON & GRAYVILLE RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur & Ei'aiisville Railway.) MOWEAqUA, a village of Shelby County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of Decatur ; has banks and two newspapers, and is the center of a rich agricultural and stock-raising section. Popvilation (1890), 848; (1900), 1,478. MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father having died in IS'i'S, liis mother removed to Pike County, 111., to free her children from the influ- ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he made the overland journey to California, each time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- tending into IS.'il. In 18.54 he engaged in the commission business in St. Louis, as head of the firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861. was again in prosperous business. While on a business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, he had an opportunity of learning the growing spirit of secession, being advised by friends to leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1863, led the advance of General McClernand's division in the attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin liis regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the staff of General McClernand during the advance on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to the command of General McPherson. Early in 1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently participated in the operations in Southwestern Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to General McClernand, but two days later, while approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, was shot through the head and instantly killed. He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by his troops. MULBERRY OROVE, a village of Bond County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 10 miles southwest of Vandalia; has a local news- paper. Population (1890), 750; (1900), 632, MULLIGAN, James A., .soldier, was born of Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, after graduating from the University of St. Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his return resumed his professional studies, at the same time editing "The Western Tablet," a weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- try, first in the West and later in the East, being severely wounded and twice captured. He declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to remain with his regiment. He was fatally wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- chester. While being carried off the field he noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the command until it was obeyed. Before they returned he liad been borne away by the enemy, and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 26, 1864. MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was born in Orange County, Vt.. in 1834; graduated at Thetford Academy in 18.52, when he taught two years, meanwhile beginning the study of law. Removing to Coles County. 111., in 1855, he resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the following year was appointed Colonel of the First Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the service on account of declining health, he re- turned to Cairo, 111., where he became editor of "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the State Senate, serving four years ; served as Presi- dential Elector in 1868; was the Republican nomi- nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of Internal Revenue for the District including the States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He has been prominently connected with a number of important cases before the Chicago courts. MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio at thirty years of age, .settling at Wilmington, Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 393 where he practiced law. During the War he served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's Attorney for Will County and State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second (Jeneral Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11,' 1888. He was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- ation from its organization. MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was educated in the high schools of that place ; at the age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit Clerk at Che.ster, remaining until 1882, when he was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. Two years later he was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty -first District, but was defeated for re-election by a small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. MURPHYSBORO, a city, the county-seat of Jackson County, situated on the Big Muddy River and the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, and distant about a mile north of the line of the Grand Tower & Carbondale Rail- road. It is 57 miles north of Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. Coal of a superior quality for coking purposes is extensive!}' mined in the vicinity, and the city has a foundry, machine shops, flour and saw-mills, etc. There are also four churches, three daily and weekly newspapers, banks and a flourishing Collegiate In- stitute. Population (1890), 3,880; (1900). 6,463. MURPHYSBORO & SH.VW>EF>TOW> RAIL. ROAD. (See Carbondale & Sluiirnectown. St. Louis Soutlicrn and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Hail roads.) NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on the west branch of the Du Page River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy R;iilroad. 30 miles west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles ea.st of Aurora. It has a bank, a weekly newspaper, and several churches; is also the seat of the North- western College, an institution foundeil in 1861 by the Evangelical Association. A normal school (a department of the college) is also located here. Population (1890), 2,216; (1900). 2,629. NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch of the Wabasli Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson- ville. Population (1890). 452; (1900), 398. NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; is 120 miles south of Springfleld and 50 miles east by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal pro- ducing and rich agricultural region. There are two coal mines within the corporate Limits, and three large flouring mills do a considerable busi- ness. There are numerous churches, pubUc schools, including a high school, a State bank, and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 2,232; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of the "Saints" in 1840, it was settled by a colony of French Icarians, who introduced tlie culture of grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of communistic order, but their experiment did not prove a success, and in a few years they gave place to another class, the majority of the pojtu- lation now being of German extraction. Tlie chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are raised and shipped, and considerable native wine is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890), 1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also Mor- mons. ) NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- lowing the example of the French explorers, who chiefly followed the water ways in their early explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- nois, not only settled, to a greiit extent, on the principal streams, but later took especial pains to maintain their navigable character by st'EALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Fauquier County. Va., 1796; while yet a child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, Ky., and tecame a common soldier in the War of 1812; came to Springfield, III., in 1824, and began the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. NEECE, William H., ex-Congres.sman, was lx)rn, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of Logan County, 111. , but which was then within the limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and attended the public schools in McDonough County; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1858, and h;vs been ever since engaged in practice. His political career began in 1861, when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. cil of Macomb. In 1804 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again elected to the lower house of the General Assem- bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- trict in CongresSf as a Democrat, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, Republican. NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) NEOGA, a village of Cumberland County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railways, 10 miles south- west of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some manufactories, and ships considerable grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 829; (1900), 1.126. XEPOXSET, a village and station on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- tion (1880), 052; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- dated) Railroad.) NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has one newspaper and considerable grain trade. Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533. NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. O m O o Art Institute. Public Library. Armour Institute. PrBLfC BUILDINGS. Court-House. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. :39c Newberrj-, an early business man of Cliicago, wlio left half of his estate (aggregating over §2,000,000) for tlie purpose. The property beiiueatlred was largely in real estate, which has sinoe greatly in- creased in value. The library was established in temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section of a permanent building was opened in the autumn of 1893. By that time there had been accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of eminent Americans, including many citizens of Cliicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. The site of tlie building occupies an entire block, and the original design contemplates a handsome front on each of the four streets, with a large rectangular court in the center. Tlie section already completed is massive and imposing, and its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes of a library, and at the same time rich and beautiful. When completed, the building will have a capacity for four to six million volumes. NEWBERnr, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was born at Sangorfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcj', and was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. He was President Jackson's personal ajipointee to the United States Military Academy at West Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After engaging in general merchandising for several years, he turned his attention to banking, in which he accumulated a large fortune. He was a prominent and influential citizen, serving several terms as President of the Board of Edu- cation, and being, for six years, the President of the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of which he devoted, by will, to the founding T)f a free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry Library. ) NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population (1890), 44.5; (1900), 703. NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 868. NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, on tlie Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railwa3-, 53 miles nortlieast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; (1890), .596; (1900), 468. NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, on the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad; is the center of a rich farming region; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 400; (1900), 469. NEWELL, John, Railway President, v.-as born at West Newbury, Mass., jlarch 31, 1830, being directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At the age of 16 he entered the employment of the Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen months later he was appointed an assistant engi- neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 to 1850 he was engaged in making survej's for roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during the latter year, lield the position of engineer of the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- road Company, as Division Engineer, where his remarkable success attracted the attention of the owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern system), who tendered him the presidency. This he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years later, he accepted the position of General Superin- tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but retired in September, 1874, to accept the position of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Jlichigan Southern Railroad, of which he was elected President, in May, 1883, and continued in office until the time of his death, which occurred at Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, Mo., to Galena, III., in 1827, and engaged in min- ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, the following year, for the practice of his profes- sion; soon afterward became interested in the publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which Hooper Warren and Dr. Pliilleo were associated. 396 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebaso, but retired from the service, in lb;53, and returned to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke out he volunteered his services, and, by order of General Scott, was placed in charge of a military hospital at Galena, of whicli he had control until the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- tion were increased by the appearance of the Asiatic cholera among the troops, but lie seems to have discharged liis duties with satisfaction to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide reputation for [irofessional ability, and had an extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the Indianapolis, Decatur & Western Railway, 52 miles east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper and an important trade in agricultural products and live-stock. Population (1880), 906; (1890), 990: (1900), 1,166. NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory, of which the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest Territory," established at Cincinnati by William Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 1793. This was also the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- torial Government on the removal of the capital to Chillicothe, in 1800. The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout at Vinceunes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- ence for ninety-five years. The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the absence of early files and other specific records, the date of its establishment has been involved in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- wards a member of Congress and Governor of the State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest Territory," in his "Pioneer Ili.story of Illinois," has fi.xed the date of the first issue of this [laper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois was severed from Indiana Territory and placed under a separate Territorial f Jovernment. There is good reason, however, for believing that the Governor was mistaken in this statement. If Duncan brought liis press to Illinois in 1809 — which is probable — it does not .seem to have been employed at once in the publication of a news- paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the third paper established in Illinois) says it "was for years only used for the public printing." The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these data, if the paper was issued continuously from its establishment, the date of the first issue would have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence of this is found in the fact that "The Mis.souri Gazette," the original of the old "Missouri Repub- lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which was established in 1808, makes no mention of the Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was most intimate, and these two were, for several years, the only papers published west of Vin- cennes, Ind. In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and tlie name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, the first Attorney-General under the new State GovernTuent, and, for eight years, served as the only Representative in Congress from Illinois — for a time officiated as editor of "Tlie Intelli- gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. The size of the paper, which had been four pages of three wide columns to the page, was increased, by the new publishers, to four columns to the page. On the removal of the State capital to Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was removed thither also, and continued under its later name, afterwards becoming, after a change of management, an opponent of the scheme for the calling of a State Convention to revise the State Constitution with a view to making Illinois a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 397 The second paper established on Illinois soil ■was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. Tlie name of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among others who were associated with the Shawnee- town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, without doubt, the most prolific and popular writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- zines of that period, and author of several vol- umes, including "Legends of the West" and "Border Tales." During the contest over the slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery party by the publication of articles in opposition to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Jlorris Birkbeck and others. The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-24, the strongest and most influential opponent of the scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was "The Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub- lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and responsible editor, though he received valuable aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 182.'}, and was afterwards associated witli papers at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. The agitation of the slavery question (in part, at least) led to the establishment of two new papers in 1832. The first of these was "The Republican Advocate," which began publication at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the management of Elias Kent Kane, then an a.spir- ant to the United States Senatorship. After his election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, after a period of suspension, established "The Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a j-ear or two later, removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the pro-slavery party. With the settlement of the slavery question in Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois jovirnal- ism may be .said to have entered upon a new era. At the close of this fir.st period there were only five papers published in the State — all established within a period of ten years; and one of these ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) promptly ceased publication on the settlement of the slavery question in opposition to the views which it had advocated. The next period of fif- teen years (182.5-40) was prolific in the establish- ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be expected from the rapid increase of the State in population, and the development in the art of printing during the same period. "The Western Sun," established at Belleville (according to one report, in December, 1825, and according to another, in the winter of 1827 28) by Dr. Joseph Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- lished in St. Clair County. This was followed by "The Pioneer," begun, April 2.5, 1829, at Rock Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to L^pper Alton, when it took the name of "The Western Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, however. Hooper Warren, having come into pos- session of the material upon which he had i)rinted "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began the publication of the first paper at the present State capital, which he named "The Sangamo Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor) , was engaged in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a short time. The earliest pai>er north of Spring- field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois State Journal, " and the oldest paper of continu- ous existence in the State — was established at Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye." began the 398 IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPKDIA OF ILLINOIS. publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- ville. Another paper, establislied the same year, was "The Gazette" at VanJalia. then the State capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Tliomas: Francis, Simeon.) At this early date the development of the lead mines about Galetia had made that place a center of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, James Jones commenced the issue of "The Miners" Journal," the first paper at Galena. Jones died of cholera in 1833. and his paper passed into other hands, July 20, 1829, "Tlie Galena Adver- tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- lisher, but appears to have been discontinued before the expiration of its first year. "The Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper by Philleo, in 5Iay, 1832. but ceased publication in September, 183(5. "The North we.stern Gazette and Galena Advertiser," founded in November. 1834. by Loring and Bartlett (the last named afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being now known as "The Galena Advertiser. " Benja- min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of his time, was editor of this paper during a part of the first year of its publication. Robert K. Fleming, wlio lias already been mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, " at Kaskaskia, later published a pape*for a short time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his establishment to Edwardsville, where he began the publication of "The Corrector." The latter was continued a little over a year, when it was suspended. He then resumed the publication of "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 1833. he removed to Belleville and began the pub- lication of "The St. Clair (Gazette." which after- wards passed, through various clianges of owners, under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and "Repre.sentative and Gazette." This was suc- ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," which has been published continuously to the present time. Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- ent times published papers at various points in the State. His first enterprise was "The Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close of his first year, sold out to Judge John York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western Plowboy," which he had e.stablished a few months previous. "The Advocate" was removed to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who had been apjiointed State Printer), was consoli- dated with "The Illinois Register," which had been established in 1836. The new paper took the name of "Tlie Illinois Register and People's Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- ter." Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The Alton Spectator," the first papet- published in Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- crat," by John Calhoim (Nov. 26, 1833); "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; "The Alton American" (1833); "The White County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville Enquirer" 0833); "The Illinois Champion," at Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land Register," at Quincy (183.5); "The Rushville Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- thage (1836) ; "Tlie Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John Russell, at Grafton, and the fii-st paper published in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Pari-s, Edgar County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). The second paper to be established in Chicago was "The Chicago American," wliose initial number was issued, June 8, 1835, witli Thomas O. Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co.. and, on April 9, 1839. its publisliers began the * issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. "The Chicago E.\pre.ss" succeeded "The Ameri- can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was afterwards as.sociated with Warren, and became one of the most influential journalistic opponents of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in the latter part of that year, was a.ssociated with the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in the preliminarj- steps for the issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected by liUndy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 399 vented him from seeing the consummation of his plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in part. A paper whose career, although extending only a little over one year, marked an era in IIU- nois journaUsm, was '"The Alton Observer." its history closing with the assas.sination of its editor. Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to protect his press from destruction, for the fourth time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was this crime to everj- law-abiding Illinoisan. it undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of the institution in whose behalf it was committed. That the development in the field of journal- ism, within the past sixty years, has more than kept pace with the growth in population, is shown by the fact that there is not a countj' in the State without its newspaper, while every town of a few hundred population has either one or more. According to statistics for 1898, there were G0.5 cities and towns in the State having lieriodical publications of some sort, making a total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 monthly, and the remainder at various periods ranging from tri-weeklj' to eight times a year. NEWTOX, the county-seat of Jasper County, situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- tion of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railwaj-s; is an in- corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-min- ing and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in the surrounding region. The city has water- power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- factui-ing, but most of its factories are operated by steam. Among these establisHments are flour and saw-mills, creameries, and canning and egc; case factories. There are a half-dozen churches, a good public school system, including a high school, besides a private bank and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 1,428: (IWO), 1,630. NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUS R.VIL- WAY (>'ickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, of which (1.898) only 9.96 miles are operated in Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total capitalization of the New Y'ork. Chicago & St. Louis, in 1898, is $-50, 222,. 568. of which §19.425.000 is in bonds.— (History.) The New Y'ork. Chi- cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun immediately, and the road put in operation in 1882. In 1885 it pa.ssed into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and reorganized by the consolidation of various ea.st- ern lines with the Fort Waj-ne & Illinois Railroad, forming the line under its present name. The road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as well as the owner of its capital stock. The main line of tlie '" Nickel Plate"' is controlled by the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which owns more than half of both the preferred and common stock. XIANTIC, a town of Macon County, on the Wabash Railway, 25 miles east of Springfield. There is a coal mine here, though agi'iculture is the leading industry. The town has a newspaper and a bank. Population (1890), 639; (1900), 654. MCOL.IY, John (ieorare, author, was bom in Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age was brought to the L^nited States, lived for a time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the office of "The Pike Coimty Free Press" at Pitts- field, and, while still in his minority, became editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, aided him as private secretary, also acting as a correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat."' After the election he was formally selected by Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed L^nited States Consul at Paris, remaining until 1869; on his return for some time edited "The Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the United States Supreme Court in Wa.shington from 1872 to 18S7. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- laboration with John Ilay. of ".\braham Lincoln: A History," first published serially in "The Cen- tury Magazine." and later issued in ten volumes; of "The Outbreak of the Reltellion" in "Cam- paigns of the Civil War," l>esides numerous maga- zine articles. He lives in Washington. D. C. NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came from Cherbourg. France, in 1618, and, for several years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- guage he learned and for whom he acted as interpreter. On July 4. 1634, he discovered Lake Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 400 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and visitod the Ctiippewas, Menominees and Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Ba.v. among whom he was received kindly. From the Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose northern villages he also visited. He subse- quently returned to Quebec, where he wa.s drowned, in October, 1643. He was probably the first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and illinoi.s. NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor an he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the battle of Buena Vista, was i^romoted by General Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives at the session of 1849, and the same year was chosen County Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to '.59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- ville Advocate," a paper originally Democratic, but which became Republican on the organiza- tion of the Republican party. In 1801 he was appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its organization having been delayed, he resigned, and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving until Ma}', 1864, when he resigned — in March, 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1863 63 he was in command at Slemphis, but later took part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After the war lie served as Repre.sentative in the General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as Commissioner (by appointment of Governor Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. His later years have been spent chiefly in the practice of his profession, with occasional excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 1833. In 18.">3 he graduated from Farmers' (now Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After devoting two years to teaching, h° entered the law department of the University i>f Pennsyl- vania (18.55), graduating in 1859. For nine years thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, he and his older brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, with a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- chased, and the two papers were consolidated under the name of "Tlie Times-Chronicle." In May, 1873. liaving disposed of his interests in Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 he and his brother. Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a controlling interest in the paper, when the former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, which he continued to occupy until 1S07, when he was appointed Collector of Customs for the City of Chicago — a position wliicli he now Iiolds. NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway, 17 miles east-northea.st of Litchfield, and 44 miles south by west of Decatur. Grain-growing is the prin- cipal pursuit in the surrounding country. Noko- mis has two elevators and is an important shipping point, besides liaving two flouring mills. There are six churches, a graded school, a National bank, and three weekly papers. Popula- tion (1880), 1,003; (1890), 1.305; (1900), 1,.371. NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 3 miles north of Bloomington and 134 miles southwest of Chicago; the intersecting point of the Chicago & Alton and the Hlinois Central Railroads. It lies in a rich coal region, and lias extensive nurseries. It also has a stove foundry and canning factory, banks and four periodicals. It is the seat of two State institutions — the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal University, founded in 1857. Population (1880), 8,470; (1890), 3,4.59; (1900), 3,795. NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern Illinois Komial University: State Normal Uni- versity. ) NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County and suburb of the city of Alton. Population (1880), 838; (1890), 763; (1900), 904. NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn., Jan. 38, 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 401 Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern home and seek safety for himself and family in the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- missioned Colonel of a regiment and served through the war, being for some nine months a prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his literary education in the public schools, the younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- ing for the practice of law and was admitted to the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his home. In 1880, by appointment of President Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for the Seventh District; in 1882 was elected State's Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval Academy, and, by selection of the Board, delivered the annual address to the graduating class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of that year. In 1896 he was more fortu;.„,c, being elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over his Democratic opponent. NORTH PEORIA, a suburban village in Peoria Countv, 2 miles north of the city of Peoria. Population (1S90), 1.086; (1900), 2..3.58. NORTHERN BOUXDART QUESTION, THE. The Ordinance of 1787, making the first sjiecific provision, by Congress, for the government of the country lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the ilississippi (known as the Northwest Territory), provided, among other things (Art. v., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed in the said Territory not less than three nor more than five States." It then proceeds to fix the boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- tion that there .shall be three in number, adding thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- ever, and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of this provision it ha.s been claimed that the north- ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio should have been on the exact latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the failure to establish this boundary was a violation of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in the said Territory, and for- ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- sent. "—In the limited state of geographical knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The map of Mitchell (17.").')) had placed it on the paral- lel of 42' 20', while that of Thomas Ilutchins (1778) fixed it at 41' 37'. It was officially estab- lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41 37' 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- ary of neither of the three States named was finally fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little north of 41' 44' ; that of Indiana at 41' 46' (some 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), and that of Illinois at 42' 30' — about 61 miles north of the same line. The boundarj' line between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance by her of certain conditions propo.sed by Congres.s. These included the annexation to Michigan of what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," lying between Lakes Micliigan and Superior, in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her southern border, which she demanded from Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- ary of Illinois, in 181S, upon the line which now exists, is universally conceded to have been due to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. While it was then acquiesced in without ques- tion, it has since been the subject of considerable controversy and has been followed by almost incalculable results. The "enabling act," as originally introduced early in 1818, empowering the people of Illinois Territory to form a State Government, fixed the northern boundary of the proposed State at 41" 39', then the supposed lati- tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. While the act was under consideration in Com- mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- ment advancing the northern boundary to 42' 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- plained) was to gain for the new State a coast line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political and commercial relations with the States east of 402 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. it— Indiana, Oliio, Pennsylvania and New York — thus ""affording additional security to the per- petuity of the Union." He argued that the location of tlie State between the Mississippi, Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the soutli — would bring it in intimate communica- tion with the Southern States, and that, in the event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it was important that it should be identified with the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left entirely to the waters of the south-flowing rivers. "Thus," said he, "a rival interest would be created to check the wisli for a Western or South- ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be balanced and lier inclinations turned to the North." He recognized Illinois as already "tlie key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that the time miglit come when it would be the Key- stone of tlie Union. While this evinced wonder- ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his argument that, in time, a commercial emporium would grow up upon Lake Jlichigan. which would demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- nois River — a work wliich was realized in tlie completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal thirty years later, but wliicli would scarcely have been accomplished had the State been practically cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted without division, and, in this form, a few days later, the bill became a law.— Tlie almost super- human sjigacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- ment, has been repeatedly iUustrated in tlie commercial and political history of the State since, but never more significantly than in the commanding position which Illinois occupied during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- zens in the Presidential chair and another leading its 2.50,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the Union in battling for the perpetuity of the Republic— a position which more than fulfilled every prediction made for it. —The territory affected by this settlement of the northern boundary, includes all that part of the State north of the northern line of La Salle County, and embraces tlie greater jiortion of the fourteen counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated at 8,-500 square miles, or more than one-seventh of the present area of the State. It has been argued that this territory belonged to the State of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 and 1813, to induce the jieople of these counties to recognize this claim. These were, in a few instances, partially successful, although no official notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by Governor Ford— who wrote his "History of Illi- nois" when the subject was fresh in the public mind— was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 gave Congress jxiwer to organize a State north of the parallel running through the southern bend of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- nance requiring such additional State to be organized of the territory north of that line." In other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, authorized the organization of an additional State north of and in (i. e., within) the line named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, but acted in accordance with it — in practically assuming that the new State "need not neces- sarily include the whole of the region north of that line." The question was set at rest by Wis- consin herself in the action of her Constitutional Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- stitution, in form recognizing the northern boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act of 1818. NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, created by Act of the Legislature, approved. April IG, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of August Adams, B. F. .Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. After considering many offers and examining numerous sites, the Commissioners finallj' selected the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, IV2 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — this having been tendered as a donation by the citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the latter part of 1869, the system of construction chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- ington, D. C. By January, 187"2, the north wing and rear building were so far advanced as to per- mit the reception of sixty patients. The center building was ready for occupancy in April. 1873, and the south wing before the end of the follow- ing year. The total expenditures previous to 1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date liberal appropriations have been made for addi- tions, repairs and improvements, including the o w O V) V c 7i z > r o o W z z O tn o Z H cn w > ^'ii\\;' ".^ — HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 403 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands connected with the institution The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and Dr. Richard A. Dewe}- (afterwards Superintend- ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head of the institution until liis death, Feb. 27, 1890, covering a period of nineteen j-ears. Dr. Kil- bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, and he, by Dr. Loewy. in June, 1893, and the latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in December, 1898. (See Haviilton, John B.) The total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was $882,74.5.66, of which §701,330 was in land and buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- lishing the hospital, provision is made for the care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- ber of patients under treatment, for the two years preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- bago. XORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee County, III., for the purpose of giving instruction in branches related to the art of teaching. Its last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of property was estimated at more than $200,000, of whioli §160,000 was in real estate and 545,000 in apparatus. Attendance on tlie institution has been affected by the establishment, under act of the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State Normal School at DeKalb (which see). NORTHERN PEMTENTl.iRY, THE, an insti- tution for the confinement of criminals of the State, located at Joliet. Will County. The site was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was found necessary because of the inadequacy of the first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was thought, would meet the public necessities for many years to come. Its estimated cost was §550,000; but, within ten years, there had been expended upon the institution the sum of §934,- 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. Subsequent enlargements have increased the cost to over §1,600,000, but by 1877. the institution had become so overcrowded that the erection of another State penal institution became positively necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The prison has alwaj's been conducted on "the Auburn system," which contemplates associate labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- tory, and {as nearly as practicable) isolation at night. The system of labor has varied at differ- ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract system" and the "State account plan" being successively in force. (See Convict Labor.) The whole number of convicts in the institution, at the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, were reported at §2,121,308.86, of which §1,644,- 601.11 was in real estate. NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Peoria ', Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Augu.st 11, 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to' the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in the war for the Union he joined the "Yates Phalanx," which, after some delaj- on account of the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- ice, in August, ISGl, as the Thirty-nintli Illinois Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion to the colonelcy soon followed, tlie regiment being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where it met tlie celebrated Stonewall Jackson, and took part in many important en- gagements, including the battles of Winche.ster, Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 411 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He bore a conspicuous part in tlie operations about Richmond wliich resulted in the capture of the rebel capital, his services being recognized by- promotion to the brevet rank of JIajor-General. At the close of the war he returned to the prac- tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1S74, wasajjpointed Consul-General and Jlinister-Residcnt to the Argentine Republic, remaining in that position until June, 1885, when ho resigned, resuming his residence in Chicago. OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1000), G18. OTTAWA, the county -seat and principal city of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the Cliicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of glass is found in the vicinity and the place has e.xtensive glass works. Other manufactured products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- roofing, pottery, organs, cigars, wagons and car- riages, besides agricultural implements, saddlery and harness, and pumps. The city has many handsome public buildings and private residences, including, among the former, the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House for the Northern Division. It also has several public parks, one of which (South Park) contains a medicinal .spring. There are a dozen churches and numerous public school buildings, including a high school. The city is lighted by gas and electricity, has electric street railways, good sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 150 artesian wells and nvimer- ous natural springs. It lias one private and two national banks, five libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three German), of which four issue daily editions. Population (1880), 7,83-t; (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. OTT.\W A, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY RAILROAD. (See Chicago, nurlington <£• Quincy Railroad.) OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, to the Indian trite known as the Foxes. (See Sacs and Foxes. ) OWEJf, Thomas J. V., early legislator and Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- bly from Randolpli County; the following year was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- cessor to Dr. Alexander AVolcott, who had died in the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- cago, Commissioner of Scliool Lands, and one of the Government Commissioners who conducted the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. PADDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa- chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he entered the Colonial Army, serving until the close of the Revolutionary War. and being in Washington's command at the crossing of the Delaware. After tlie war he removed ^to Ver- mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which became one of the most prosperous agricultural sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. PAINE, (Gon.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; graduated at AVest Point Military Academy, in 1839, and was a.s.signed to the First Infantry, serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 111., (1848-Gl), meanwhile serving in the lower branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly (1852-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- Colonel of the State Militia, and. in IlUnois, became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in April, 1861, and served through the war, being promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. The first duty performed by his regiment, after this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., where he was in command. Later, it took part in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, the battles of Shiloh, New JIadrid and Corinth, and also in the various engagements in Northern Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From November, 1863, to May, 1864, General Paine was guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, and, during a part of 1864, in command of the Western District of Kentucky. He resigned. April 5, 1865, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 412 HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1882. A sturdy Union man, he performed his duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiencj-. PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the "Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago. There are flour and planing mills here; dairying and farming are leading indu.stries of the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 731 ; (1890), 891; (1900), 1,020. PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of Robinson, and 35 miles soutli b)- west from Terre Haute, on the Indiana & Illinois Southern Railway. It has several churches, a graded school, a bank, two weekly newspaj)ers, flour and woolen mills, plow works and car shops. Popu- lation (18S0), 73.5; (1890), 732; (1900), 979. PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the printer's trade at Jamestown, X. Y., afterwards edited "The Jamestown Journal,"' and served two terms in tlie New York Legislature; in 18.58 removed to Dubmiue, Iowa, and edited "The Dubuque Times." was elected to Congress in 18G0, and again in 1808 and 1872, meanwhile having purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he edited for .several years. In 1873 he removed to Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean,"" remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Po.st- master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- ing in office until the acce.ssion of President Cleve- land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, but resumed his old place at the head of the Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- tion of President McKinley in 1S97. PALMEU, John McCauley, lawyer, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Scott Count}', Ky,, Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, as a student ; later taught and studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was elected Probate Judge of Macoupin Count}', also served in the State Constitutional Convention of 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 18.54, as an Anti-Nel>raska Democrat, casting his vote for Lyman Trumliull for L^nited States Senator in 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- phia; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1860 ; served as a member of the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to command of the Military Department of Ken- tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- field. The following year he was elected Gov- ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- operated with the Democratic party. He was three times the unsuccessful candidate of his party for United States Senator, and was their nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator by the Democratic State Convention and elected in joint .session of the Legislature. March 11, 1891, receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for President, although receiving no electoral votes, proving his devotion to principle. His last years were occupied in preparation of a volume of personal recollections, which was completed, under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life," a few weeks before his death, which occurred at his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. PALMER, Potter, mercliant and capitalist, was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; received an English education and became a junior clerk in a country store at Durham, Greene County, in that State, three years later being placed in charge of the business, and finally engaging in business on his own account. Com- ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- goods business on Lake Street, establishing the house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & Co. (now Marshall Field & Co.), from which here- tired, in 1SG5, with the basis of an ample fortune, wliicli has since been immensely increased by fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer was Second Vice-President of the first Board of Local Directors of the "World's Columbian Expo- sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palnien, wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 413 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner and operator of Chicago. She is a native of Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood weis chiefly spent, though she was educated at a convent near Baltimore, Md. Later she came with lier family to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized leader in many social and benevolent movements, but won the highest praise by her ability and administrative skill, exhibited as President of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- bian Exposition of 1893. PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. P.IXA, an important railway center and prin- cipal city of Christian County, situated in the southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its mechanical establishments include two flouring mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has banks, several churches, graded schools, and three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. Population (1890), 5,077; (1900), o.oSO. PAXA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore ct Ohio South- icestcrn Railroad.) PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the county seat of Edgar County. It is an important railway center, situated 19 miles west -northwest of Terre Haute, 36 miles south of Danville, and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It stands in the heart of a wealthy and populous agricul- tural region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries include foundries, flour, saw and plan- ing mills and car shops. The city has two National banks and three daily and weekly news- papers, besides a court house, seven churches, graded schools, and a Xorinal Academy. Popu- lation (1880), 4,373; (1890), 4,996: (1900).' G,105. PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute <£■ Peoria Railroad ) PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See Terre Haute d~ Peoria Railroad.) P.\RKS, Gavion D. A., lawyer, was born at Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; went to New York City in 1838, where he com- pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here he successively edited a paper, ser\-ed as Master in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a tune, acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- ville; was elected Representative in 18.52, became a Republican and served on the first Republican State Central Committee (1856); the same year was elected to the State Senate, and was a Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and afterwards acted with the Democratic party. Died, Dec. 28, 189.5. PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was bom at Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his interest a few years later. Then, having offi- ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some years, in 1854 he again became associated with "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at Alton, March 31, 1875. PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- lation (1880), 457; (1890), 987; (1900), 1.340. PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden Countj-, Vt. , Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- hood on a farm, receiving his education in the district school, with four terms in a high school at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 enlisted in what became Company C of the Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to the Army of the Cumberland, he participated with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the fact that he never fell out on tlie march, took medicine from a doctor or was absent from his regiment during its term of service, except for four months while recovering from a gun-shot 414 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. wound received at Chickamauga. He was pro- moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, and commissioned Second Lieutenant of liis old company, of which his father was First Lieuten- ant for six months and until forced to resign on account of impiiired health. Receiving his final discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, where he remained until 1809, in the meantime being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1806, and teaching .school one winter. In 1809 he was elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in January of the latter year, purchased an interest in "The Waukegan Gazette." with which he remained associated some fifteen years, at first as the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he was ap|X)inted, by President Hayes, Postmaster at Waukegan, serving four j-ears; in 1886 was elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive elections) as Representative in the Tliirty-fiftli, Thirty-sixth and Thirty -seventh General Assem- blies, being fre(iuently called upon to occupy the Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he was called to the service of the Republican State Central Committee (of which he had previously been a member), as as.si.stant to the veteran Secre- tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign of 1892 he was associated with the late "William J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the Republican National Committee, and was en- trusted by him with many important and confi- dential missions. Without solicitation on his part, in 1894 he was again called to assume tlie secretaryship of the Republican State Central Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- ential part in winning the brilliant succes.s achieved by the party in the campaign of that year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- General of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois — a position which he held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- sive Department Commanders up to the present time. 5Ir. Partridge's service in the various public positions held by liim, has given him an acquaintance extending to every county in the State. PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and saw mills here: the surrounding country is agri- cultural. P(>i)ulation (1890). .WO: (IWO). G40. PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, 1).D., LL.D., clergyman, was born in Bloimt County, Tenn., Jan. 21, 18U; came to Bond County, 111., with his parents in 1822, his father dying two years later; at 18 had had only nine months" schooling, but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a year at Lane Tlieological Seminary, another as tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which •he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic Theology at Lane Seminar}-, as successor to Dr. Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- shij) in 1873, he was, for several years. Professor of Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological Seminary of the Northwest; in 1876-78 served as President of Lake Forest University (of which he was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake Forest University, and was Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly (X. S. ) at Wil- mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., Feb. 24, 1894. PAVET, Charles W., soldier and ex-State .\uditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain and, having been captured, was confined in Libby Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring great hardship and suffering. Having been exchanged, he served to the close of the war as Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- dency, and was one of the famous "306" who stood by General Grant in tliat struggle. In 1883 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- UISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 415 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- Commander for the Department of Illinois in 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from President McKinley the appointment of Special Agent of the Treasury Department. His home is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County. PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at the eastern terminus of the Auljurn & Pawnee Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town has a bank and a weeklj- paper. Popula- . tion, 300; (11*00), .595. PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was organized ami procured a charter in December, 1888, and the road completed the following year. The cost was §101,774. Capital stock authorized, §100,000; funded debt (1895), §.50,000. PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of Earl- ville. The town is in a farming region, but has a bank and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 850; (1900), 765; PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & Western Railroads, 105 miles south bj- west from Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It contains a court house, two banks, six churches and two weekly newspapers. It is also the seat of Augustana (Evangelical Lutheran) College, which was founded in 1860. It is an important shipping-point for the farm products of tlie sur- rounding territory, which is a rich agricultural region Besides brick and tile-works and flour mills, factories for the manufacture of carriages and plows are located here. Population (1880), 1,725; (1890). 2,187; (1900). 3.0.36. PATSOX, a village in Adams County. 15 miles southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station being Fall River, on the Quinc}- and Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 465. PATSOX, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 1840 ; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after passing through the common schools, attended Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented his District in Congress, being elected as a Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- fes-sion iu Washington, D. C. PEABODT, Selini Hobart, educator, was borr in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a Boston Latin School, then engaged in various occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the Poljtechnic College at Philadelphia, in 18.54, remaining three years, when he spent five years in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was teacher of physical science in Chicago High School, also conducting night schools for work- ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege, but returned to the Chicago High School La 1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois Industrial University (now University of lUinoi.s). at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, and, on the expiration of his service there, assumed the position of Curator of the newly organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from which he retired some two years later. PE.VRL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- sas City brancli of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 928; (I'.iOO), 722. PEARSOX, Isaac X., ex-Secretary of State, was born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed to Macomb, JIcDonough County, 111., in 1858, and has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected iu 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and banking business. He was a member of the lower house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in the Thirty-fifth. General Assembly, but before the expiration of his term in the latter, was elected Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election. 416 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. but was defeated, although, next to Governor Fifer, lie received the largest vote cast for any candidate for a political office on the Republican State ticket. PEARSON, John M., cx-Raihvay and AVare- house Commissioner, born at Nowburyport. Mass., in 1833— the son of a ship-carpenter; was educated in his native State and came to Illinois in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first General Assembly from Madison County, and was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and "83. He was appointed a member of the first Board of Live-Stock Commissioners in 188.'5, serving until 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as President of the Board. Jlr. Pearson is a life- long Republican and prominent member of the ^lasouic fraternity. His jiresent home is at Godfrey. PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., April 14, 1820; began teaching at IG years of age, and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a two j-ears' coui'se. He then studied medicine, and, after practicing a short time in his native State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he remained from 1843 to 18!57. The latter year he came to Ogle County. 111., and began operating in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued tliis line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago City Railway Company and American Exchange Bank, besides being interested in other financial institutions. He lias been one of the most liberal supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and a princely contributor to various benevolent and educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in different parts of the country, aggregating over a million dollars. PECATOXICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, mid- way between Freeport and Roekford, being 14 miles from each. It contains a carriage factory and a machine shop, a bank, five churches, a graded school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (1880), 1,029; (1890), 1,059; (1900), 1,045. PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the confluence of two branches, both of which rise in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the river is about .W miles. PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in Portland, Maine, May 22, ISO.'S; received an aca- demical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice elected to the Provincial Parliament and made King's Counsel in 1833; came to IlUnois in 1835, settling in Chicago; served in tlie State Senate (1838-40), and in the House (1840-43 and l«.")8-«0); was also Clerk of tlie Supreme Court (1811-45), Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-(i3), and member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 1881. PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- chant of the metropolis of Illinois; was educated in the public schools, the Chicago University and Union College of Law, graduating from both of the last named institutions, and being admitted to the bar in 1809. For a time he engaged in practice, but his father having died in 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large estate devolved upon him and has since occupied his time, though he has given much attention to the amelioration of the condition of the poor of his native city, and works of practical benevo- lence and public interest. He is one of the founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been President and a member of the Board of Control of the Chicago Athenajum, member of the Board of Education, President of the Chicago Union League, and was an induential factor in securing the success of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- man of the Finance Committee, and member of the Board of Reference and Control. Of late years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several important building enterprises of a semi-public cliaracter, which have added to the reputation of Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- change Building and others in which he is a leading stockholder, and in the erection of which he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was appointed, by President McKinley, the United States Commissioner to the International Expo- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 417 sition at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has followed his discharge of tlie duties of tl)at position, has demonstrated the fitness of his selection. PECK, George R., railway attorney, born in Steuben County, N. Y.. in 1843; was early talcen to Wisconsin, wliere he assisted in clearing his fatlier's farm; at 16 became a country scliool- teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from debt; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- first Wisconsin Infantry, with vvliicli lie joined in "Sherman's Marcli to tlieSea. "" Returning home at the close of the war, he began tlie study of law at Janesville, spending six years there as a student. Clerk of tlie Circuit Court and in prac- tice. From there he went to Kansas and. between 1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ- ence, when he was appointed by President Grant United States District Attornej' for the Kansas District, but resigned this jiosition, in 1879, to return to general practice. In 1881 he became General Solicitor of the Atchison. T,);iel:a & Santa Fe Railroad, removing to C.i^.igo in 1893. In 189.5 he resigned his position with the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fj llailroad to accept a similar position with the Chicago, Jlilwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake Front Park, Chicago ; has al.so officiated as orator on a number of other important public occasions, always acquitting himself with distinction. PECK, John JIason, D.D., clergyman and edu- cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31. 1789; removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where he united with the Baptist Church, the same year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting his studies and supporting liiui-self by teaching. In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia. N. Y., and, in 1817. was sent west as a mission- ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the same year. During the next nine years he trav- eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating at Rock Spring, St. Clair Couuty, where, in 182(i, he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the education of teachers and ministers. Out of this grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton in 183.5, in securing the endowment of which Dr. Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- lected §20,000, and of which he served as Trustee for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two years following, was Corresponding Secretary and Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- cation Society, with headcjuarters in Philadelphia. Returning to the West, he served as pa.storof sev- eral important churches in Missoiu-i, Illinois and Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, for a period of a quarter of acenturj', in the early history of the State, probably no man exerted a larger influence for good and the advancement of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving his attention so constantly to preaching and teaching, he found time to «Tite much, not only for the various publications with which he was, from time to time, connected, but also for other periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared in 1S3G, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jack.son- ville, 1834, and Boston, 1.837), which continue to be valued for the information they contain of the condition of the country at that time. He was an industrious collector of historical records in the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years before his death. In 18.52 he received the degree of D.D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock Spring. St, Clair County, March 15, 1858. PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a wholesale merchant who had lost his fortime by indorsing for a friend. After some years spent in a mercantile house in New York, he came to Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- lowing year brought a stock of goods to the embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small backwoods hamlet — and. by trade anil fortunate investments in real estate, laid the foundation of \vhat afterwards became a large fortune. He died, Oct. 23, 1871. as the result of an accident occurring about the time of the great fire of two weeks previous, from which he was a heavy sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. , Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among Chicago's most substantial citizens. PEKIX, a flourishing city, the coanty-seat of Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. Agriculture and coal- mining are the chief occu- pations in the surrounding coimtry, but the city itself is an important grain market with large 418 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. general shipping interests. It has several distill- eries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, brick and tile works, luniter yards, planing mills, marble works, plow and wagon works, and other important manufacturing industries. Its bank- ing facilities are adequate to its large trade, and its religious and educational advantages are ex- cellent. The city has a public library, and sup- ports three daily and four weekly papers. Population (18t)0), i;,347; (1900), 8,420. " PEKIX, LINCOLX A. DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Peoria. Decatur &• EvaiisviUc Railwaij.) PELL, Gilbert T,, Representative in the Third Illinois General Assembly (1S22) from Edwards County, and an opponent of the resolution for a State Convention adopted by the Legislature at that session, designed to open the door for the admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law of Jlorris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. He was elected to the Legislature, for a second term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to Australia. PEXXSYLTAMA RAILROAD. As to oper- ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet River; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago; South Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21. of which only 61.3-t miles were in Illinois. It owns, however, a controlling interest in the stock of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which see). PEORI.V, the second largest city of the State and the county-seat of Peoria Countj', is 160 miles southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, having a water frontage of four miles and extend- ing back to a bluff, whicli rises 2J0 feet above the river level and about 120 feet alxive the highest point of the main site. It wa.s settled in 1TT8 or "79, although, as generally believed, the French missionaries had a station there in 1711. Tliere was certainly a settlement there as early as 172."), when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same name as the village. From that date until 1812, the place was continuously occupied as a French village, and is said to have been the most impor- tant point for trading in the JlissLssippi Valley. The original village was situated about a mile and a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name of "La Ville de Maillet,"froma French Canadian who resided in Peoria, from 17G.5 to 1801 (the time of his death), and who commanded a company of volunteers in the Revolutionary War. Tlie popu- lation of the old town removed to the new site, and the present name was given to the i)lace by American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who were the occupants of the countrj- when it was first discovered, but who had followed their cog- nate tribes of the Illinois famih- to Cahokia and Kaskaskia, about a century before American occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- ings, with a population of between 200 and 300, made up largely of French traders, hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few Americans. Among the latter were Thomas Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser of Governor Edwards ; Michael La Croix, son-in- law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of Dubuque; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812. about half the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas E. Craig, who had been directed, bj' Governor Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same time, the Governor himself was at the head of a force marching against Black Partridge's vil- lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- munication with Craig, who appears to have acted solely on his own responsibilitj-. That the latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can now be little doubt. He alleged, bj' way of excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from the shore, at night, bj- Indians or others, wlio were harbored by the citizens. The testimony of the French, however, is to the effect that it was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- gated by wine wliicli the soldiers liad stolen from the cellars f>f the inhabitants. The bulk of those who remained after the fire were taken by Craig to a point below Alton and put ashore. Tliis occurred in the beginning of winter, and the people, being left in a destitute condition, were subjected to great suffering. A Congressional investigation followed, and the French, having satisfactorily established the fact that thej' were not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 419 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of Col. George Rogers Clark. It bad one (if not two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters for officers and men. It was finallj- evacuated in 1818, and was soon afterwards burned by tlie Indians. Although a trading jiost had been maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 1813, there was no attempt made to rebuild the town until 1819, when Americans began to arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- pany was established here bj' Jolm Hamlin, the company having already had, for five years, a station at Wesley City, three miles fartlier down the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other products, and was the first to introduce keel- boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had but seven frame houses and twenty-one log cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, as the City of Peoria, ten years later (\Vm. Hale being the first Jlayor). — Peoria is an important railway and business center, eleven railroad lines concentrating here. It presents many attractive features, such as handsome residences, fine views of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- orate system of parks and drives. An excellent school system is liberally supported, and its public buildings (national, county and city) are fine and costly. Its churches are elegant and well attended, the leading denominations being Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a young and flourishing .scientific school affiliated with the University of Chicago, and richly en- dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev, John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a school for the higher education of young men. — At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- nois River valley for many miles, the State has located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is now in process of erection, and is intended to be one of the most complete of its kind in the world. Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of the country. It also has an extensive commerce with Chicago, St. Louis and other important cities; was credited, by the censas of 1890, with 5.^4 manufacturing establishments, representing 90 different branches of industry, with a capital of Sl.'),072,r)67 and an estimated annual product of $55,504,523. Its leading indu.stries are the manu- facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural implements, glucose and machine-shop products. Its contributions to the internal revenue of the country are second only to those of the New York district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; (1890), 41. 024; (1900), 56.100. PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton Count}-, but cut off in 1825. It took its name from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region when it was first discovered. As first organized, it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and Cook, with many others in the northern part of the State. At that time there were less than 1,.500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return from Green Baj- (whither he had accompanied William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria Count}- has been subdivided into thirty counties, among them being some of the largest and rich- est in the State. The first county officer was Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he did not qualify until June 4, following, when he took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the first Clerk of the County Commissioners" Court, and served in that capacity luitil entering upon his duties as Probate Judge. The first election of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election of officers took place in 1826. The first court house was a log cabin, and the first term of the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825. John York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John Dixon. Clerk; Samuel Fulton. Sheriflf; and John 420 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and most populous counties in the State. Its soil is fertile and its nrjanufactures numerous, especially at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city (which see). Tlie area of tlie county is Gl.'i square miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890), 70.878; (19C0), HH.cm. PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria County, which it separates from the counties of Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles long and 2% miles broad at the widest part. PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATUR RAIL- ROAD. (See Terre Haute A- Peoria liaUroad.) PEORIA, DECATUR & EVANSVILLE RAIL- WAY. The total length of this line, extending from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, southeast to Orayville, on the Wabash River — is single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of which it is one-fourth owner. Between Ilervey City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — (History.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- dation of several lines built under separate char- ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1867. built in 1869-71, and operated the latter year, vras leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railway, but sold to representatives of the bond-holders, on account of default on interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the liands of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railway having acquired a controlling interest during the same year, the two lines were con- solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern (alreadj- mentioned). In 1872 the latter corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both consolidations, however, were set aside by decree of the United States District Court, in 1876, and the partially graded road and franchises of the Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed during the month of September of that year, and the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway Companj-, which had already acquired the Decatur & JMattoon Division —thus placing the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the hands of one corporation. A line under the name of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, cliartered in Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, with the Illinois corporation under the name of the latter, and completed from Grayville to Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio River Railroad — cliartered, in 1869. as the Dan- ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was changed to standard gauge and completed, in 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio River Railroad; was consolidated with the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used as the Chicago Division of that line. The property and franchises of the entire line passed into tht/ hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) under their management. PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria &• St. Louis Rail- road of lUinoiti. ) PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railw-ay Com- pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, III. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com- pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock Island in perpetuity. April 14, 1854, the annual rental being $125,000. The par value of the HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 421 capital stock is SLSOOiOOO. Annual dividends of 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island d- Pacific Railway. ) PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total length is 350>^ miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois — 123 being owned by the Companj'. That por- tion within this State extends east from Pekin to the Indiana State line, in addition to vvhicli the Company has trackage facilities over the line of the Peoria & Peliin Union Railway (9 miles) to Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is single, laid with sixty and sixty -seven -pound steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with gravel. The capital stock is SlO.nOO.OOO. In 1895 it had a bonded debt of SlS.fiOli.OOl) and a floating debt of SI. 261, 130, making a total capitalization of 824,864.130.— (History.) The original of tliis corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was .sold under foreclosure in 1879, and reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railway Company. Tlie next cliange occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific Railroad), again undergoing a sliglit change of name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 it again got into financial straits, was placed in charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization committee, and. in .January, 1887, took the name of the Ohio. Indiana & Western Railway Com- pany. The final reorganization, under its present name, took place in February, 1890, when it was leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. (See Cle.feland, Cincinnati, Chicago egan teaching at an early age, and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, and, after a brief course with the distinguished Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years later entered the ministry, serving churches in Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboio. Though originally a Democrat, his advanced views on slavery led to a disagreement with his church, and he withdrew; then accepted a |)osi- tion as paymaster in the construction department of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being transferred to that of LanD OF THE. When the French explorers first descended the Upper Mississippi River, they found some remarkable figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 424 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. above the site of the present city of Alton, whicli excited their wonder and continued to attract interest long after the country was occupied by the whites. The account given of the discov- ery by Maniuette, who descended the river from the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1073, is as follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for their height and length, we saw two monsters painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not gaze long. They are as large as a calf, witli horns on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat like a man's, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of the body, passing over the head and down be- tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. Green, red and black are the colors employed. On the whole, these two monsters are so well painted that we could not believe any Indian to have been the designer, as good painters in France would find it hard to do as well. Besides this, they are painted so liigli upon the rock that it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint them." As the Indians could give no account of the origin of these figures, but had their terror even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- quette himself, they are supposed to have been the work of some prehistoric race occupying the country long before the arrival of the aborigines whom Marquette and his companions found in Illinois. Tliere was a tradition that the figures were intended to represent a creature, part beast and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is said to have offered himself a victim for his people, and when the monster made its appear- ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, discharged their arrows at it, killing it just before it reached its prey. In tliis manner the life of the chief was saved and his people were preserved from further depredations; and it was to commemorate this event that the figure of the bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose summit the chief stood. This story, told in a paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country and in Europe, about the close of the first quarter of the present century, as the genuine "Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics and human remains are said, by the late William McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have been found in caves in tlie vicinity, and it seems a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge tlieir arrows — and, later, their firearms — at the figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 to 1845, but have since been entirely quarried away. PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841, consist- ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its area is 440 square miles; population (1900), 17,706. The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose family the county was named, was the first Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River flows centrally tlirough the county from north- east to southwest, and several lines of railroad afford transportation for its products. Its re- sources and the occupation of the people are almost wholly agricultural, the surface being level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. Other leading towns aie Cerro Gordo (939) and Bement (1,129). PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family removed to Peoria ; learned the printer's trade in the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and established "The Republican" (afterwards "The Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention lield at Decatur, Feb. 23, 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, and being appointed on the State Central Com- mittee, which called the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the National Convention at Philadelpliia, which nominated General Fremont for President. Later, he published papers at Pekin and Roe^k Island, at the latter place Iteing one of the first to name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, com- missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, to the One Hundred and Tliirty-second Illinois (100-days' men), and .serving at Camp Douglas during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the war. Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., published a paper tliere called "The Federal Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later. Clerk of the United States District Court, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 425 was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, he at different times conducted several papers in that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. Died, at Ashland, Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 180G; at the age of 13 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- tled near Collinsville, Madison County, 111., where the father having died, they removed to the vi- cinity of CarroUton, Greene County, in 1831. Here they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- mained a year, then returning to CarroUton. In 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- ing, still later being engaged in the pork and grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- ing business to his dry-goods trade at CarroUton, also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected a woolen factory, which was destrojed b}- an incendiary fire in 1873. Originally an anti-slavery Clay Whig, Mr. Pier.son became a Repul)lican on the organization of that party in 1850. served for a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a delegate to the National Republican Convention at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal contributors to the establishment of the Langston School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at CarroUton, May 8, 1891.— Ornan (Pierson), a son of the subject of this sketch, was a member of the Thirty -second General Assembly (1881) from Greene County, and is present cashier of the Greene County National Bank at CarroUton. PIGGOTT, Isaac >'., early politician, was born about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey- ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- tween Grafton and Alton; in 1838 ran as a candidate for the State Senate against Thomas Carlin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. Louis in 1S58, and died there in 1874. PIKE Cl>UXTY, situated in tlie western jmr- tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 79.") square miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. Zebulon Pike. The first American settlers came about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organ- ized, at first embracing all the country north and west of the Illinois River, including the present county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally organized about one fourth of the counties of the State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals and hay are the staple products, while coal and Niagara limestone are found in abundance. Population (1890), .■51,000; (1900). 31,595. PILLSBl'RY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, began farming in Livingston County. He began the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to the bar, commenced i)ractice at Pontiac. He represented La Salle anCIX>ATI, CHICAGO ic ST. LOUIS K.AILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis & Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the Jeffersonville, JIadisou & Indianapolis Railroads. The Pennsylvania Railroad Companj' controls the entire line through ownership of stock. Capital stock outstanding, in 1898, $47,791,601; 42C illS'l'ORR'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. funded debt, $48.433.000 ; floating debt, $2,214,703 —total capital Si)8..'iO(),.')84. — (History.) The Chicago, St. houis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- bracing the Illinois divi.sion of tliis line, was made up of various corporations organized under tlie laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago AirLino (organized 18(10), and the Cincinnati. Logans- port & Cliicago Railway. In 18(i9, the consoli- dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated under the name of tlie Columbus, Cliicago & Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, imder the present name, in 1800. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) PITTSBlIR(i, FORT WAYNE & CHIC.\(iO RAILROAD. (See Pittdmrg, Furt Wayne & Chi- cago Rail mil/.) PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILWAY. The total length of this line is nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 10 miles are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- S3'lvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire capitalization in 1898 was S.52,549.990: and the earnings in Illinois. §472,238. — (History.) The Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is tlie result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized imder its present title, in 1802, and leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 1869. (.See Pennsylvania Railroad.) PITTSFIELD, the county seat of Pike County, situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the Wabash Railway, some 40 miles southeast of Quincy, and about the same distance south of west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings include a handsome court house and a graded school building. Banking facilities are furnished by a National and one other bank; and it has nine churches, four weekly newspapers and a woolen factory. Population (1880), 2,104; (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,293. PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad, 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is in a dairying section; has a bank and one local newspaper. Population (1880), 6S6; (1890) 8.52; (1900\ 920 PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-soutliwest of Aurora. There is a large manufactory of agricultural implements here. The city has banks, several churches, graded and high schools, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,782; (1890), 1,825; (1900), 1,034. PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon County, on the Springfield Division of the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad 16 miles northwest of Springfield ; has a bank and a news- paper; is surrounded by a rich fanning region. Population (1890), 518; (1900), 575. PLEASANTS, George Wasliiiigtoii, juri.st, was born in Ilarrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1823; received a classical education at Williams College, Mass. graduating in 1842 ; studied law in New York City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1845, e.stablishing himself in practice at Williamstown, Mass., wliere he remained until 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since been liis home. In 1861 he was elei^ted, as a Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- tion which met at Springfield in January follow- ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring at the close of his fifth term— a record for length of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- tory of the State. The last twenty years of this period were spent on the Appellate bench. For several years past Judge Pleasants has been a sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands among the highest. PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for eighteen years. From New York he removed to Ohio, where he was elected a member of the Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. During the Civil War he served four years in the Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He made his home at Streator, where lie was elected Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- mining and lias been connected with several important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 427 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- gress, after which he retired to private life. PLYMOUTH, a village of Ilaucock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 51 miles northeast of Quincj' ; is the trade center of a ricli farming district. It has a bank and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 710; (1900), 854. POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. He is saiil to have been a native of San Domingo, but is described by his conteni]wraries as "well educated and handsome," though dissipated. He appears to have been at the present site of Chi- cago as early as 179-1, his house being located on the north side near the junction of the North and South branches of tlie Chicago River, where he carried on a considerable trade with tlie Indians. About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French trader named Le ilai, and joined a country-man of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, before the latter came to Chicago. POLO, a cit}' in Ogle County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- ton & Northern Railways. 23 miles south of Free- port and 13 miles north of Di.xon. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural implements (including harvesters) and buggies are manufactured here. The city lias banks and two weekly newspapers, seven churches, a graded public and high school, and a public library. Population (1880), 1,819; (1S90), 1,728; (I'JOO), 1,869. PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. Wliile yet a young man lie became the principal Chief of the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatomies. He was alwaj's a firm ally of the French, to whose interests he was devotedly attached, defending them at Detroit against an attack of the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the French and Indian War, although at first strongly disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, the British officer sent to take possession of the western forts. In 1763 he dispatched emissaries to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to unite in a league for the extermination of the English. His proposals were favorably received. and thus was organizeil what is commonly spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He himself undertook to lead an as.sault upon Detrijit. The garrison, however, was apprLsed of his inten- tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian settlers furni.shing supplies to lx)th be.sieged and besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made an unsuccessful sortie on Julj- 31, 1703. After a desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, wjiere Pontiac tried in vain to organize another movement. Although Detroit had not been taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. Joseph, Miami. Ouiatanon. LeBoeuf and Venango, besides the posts of ilackinaw and Presque Isle. The garrisons at all these points were massacred and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. Additional British troops were sent west, and the Indians finally brought under control. Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained implacal)le. His end was tragic. Broken in heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in purpose, he applied to the former (and last) French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation and support in another raid against the British. Being refused aid or countenance, according to a story long popularly received, he returned to the vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an impostor, and that the true Pontiac was a.s.sassi- nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian trader, of the truth of this last storj-, that he caused a monument, which he had erected over the grave of the false Pontiac, to he removed. Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring at Cahokia or Joliet. it is generally agreed, resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the tragedy of ' 'Starved Rock. " (See Starved Rock. ) P0XTL4.C, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Livingston County. It stands on the bank of the Vermilion River, and is also a point of 428 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is 33 miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The surrounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has two national banks, and three weekly newspapers (one Lssuing a daily edition), besides numerous cluirches and good schools. Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, among the principal establisliments being flouring mills, shoe factories, a straw paper factory and a foundry. The State Reformatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. Popula- tion (1880). 2,242; (1890). 2,784; (liiOO), 4,206. POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetewn, III.. Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- way becoming his partners in 1846. In 18.50 he retired from the dry-goods trade and became an extensive dealer in produce, jwrk and tobacco. In 1871 he established the Gallatin County National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- dent. Died, June 30, 1871. POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, librarian and historical writer, was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale College in 1849, and, at the close of his sopliomore year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- umes. Here he prepared and published the first edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical Literatvire. " A second and enlarged addition was published in 18.53, and secured for its author wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852 he was made Librarian of tlie Boston Mercantile Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest li- braries in the United States, which he relinquished to engage in expert Ubrarj- work. He organized libraries in several New England cities and towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and the Cincinnati Public Library, finalh- becoming Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, became Librarian of the Newberr}- Library, organizing this institution and remaining at its head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. Poole took a prominent part in the organization of library associations, and was one of the Vice- Presidents of the International Conference of Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice was much sought in relation to library architec- ture and management. He wrote much on topics connected with his profession and on historical subjects, frequently contributing to "The North American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- arj- paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He was President of tlie American Historical Society and member of State Historical Societies and of otlier kindred associations. POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with liigh honor from Transylvania Universitj', at Lexing- ton, Ky., read law witli his brother. Senator Jolm Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the next j'ear, was appointed the first Territorial Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was strong and profound and his intellect quick and far-reaching, while both were tlioroughly trained and disciplined by .study. In 1816 he was elected a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved himself, not only devoted to the interests of his constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the act authorizing the formation of a State government, and it was mainly through his efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern bend of Lake Michigan. L'^pon the admission of Illinois into the Union, he was made L^nited States Judge of the District, which then embraced the entire State. This office he filled with dig- nity, impartiality and acceptability until his death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. Pope County was named in his honor. — Oen. John (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- ville, Ky., March 16, 1822 ; graduated at the United States Military Academy, 1842, and appointed brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topogiaph- ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-.53), and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific Railway (18.53-59), meanwhile experimenting on the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 429 Plains"' in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, the proceedings being finally dropped on the recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of tlie officers detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and assigned to command in Mis.souri, where he per- formed valuable service in protecting railroad communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- ing an important victory over Sterling Price at Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1862 had command of the land forces co-operating with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10. resulting in the capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 12.5 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- ing participated in the operations against Corinth, he was transferred to command of the Army of Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- dier-General in the regular army. Here, being forced to meet a greatly superior force under General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which led to his falling back on Washington and a request to be relieved of his command. For fail- ure to give him proper support. Gen. Fitzjohn Porter was tried bj' court-martial, and, having been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- ever disqualified from holding any office of trust or profit under the United States Government — although this verdict was finally set aside and Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- sequent service was performed chiefly against the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he took command of the military division of Mis- souri, and, in June following, of the Department of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern States and Territories, from which he was relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida (1867-68): the Department of the Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope published "Explorations from the Red River to the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio. Sept 23, 1892. POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of the State, and contains an area of about 360 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel Pope. It was erected in 181G (two years before the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of Gallatin and John.son Counties. The county-seat was first located at Sandsville, but later changed to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners; Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, Recorder ; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- ney, and Samuel Oraelveney, Treasurer. The highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- eastern part of tliis county, reaching an elevation of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, at times, during a part of the year and are covered with cj-press timber. The remains of Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is found in limited (juantities, among the rocks toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are found in the north. The chief agricultviral products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- lation (1890), 14,016; (1900), 13,585. POUT BYROX, a village of Rock Island County, on the Jlississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 6 miles above Rock Island; has manufactures of lumber and lime, one or two banks and a newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 775; (1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for the Insane is located at Watertown. two miles above Port Byron. PORTER, (Rev.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergj- man, was born at Hadley. Ma-ss., in 1804; gradu- ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The same year he made the (then) long and perilous journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where he remained for two years, organizing the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- ington. While in Chicago he was married to Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 430 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. The next five years were divided between labors at Brownsville, Tex., in the .service of the Sani- tary Commission, and a j)astorate at Prairie du Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Cliaplaiu in the regular array, remaining in the service (with occasional leaves of absence) until 18.S2, when he was retired from active service on account of advanced age. His closing years were spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at the age of 8!) years. POSEY, ((«en.) Thomas, (Continental and Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 9, 1750 ; in 177-1 took part in Lord I)unmore"s expe- dition against the Indians, and, later, in various engagements of the Revolutionary War, being part of the time under the immediate command of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the assault on Stony Point and pre.sent at Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he served in the State Senate, for a time being presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor; later (1812), was elected United States Senator from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the liome of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at Shawneetown, 111., March 18, 1818, where he lies buried. -Vt the time of his death General Pose}' was serving as Indian Agent. POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., remaining there until 1839, when he came to Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- menced the study of law with Judge Charles Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the bar in 1841. In 1840 he enli.sted in the Mexican War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected to the State Senate, and, at the following session, was a leading supporter of the measures which resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later years were spent at Decatur, where he died, June 7, 1886. POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- man, wa&born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious service, until he attained the rank of brevet Rrigadier-CJeneral. He participated in many important battles and was severely wounded at Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1805 he was in com- mand in Western Texas. After the close of the war he entered the diplomatic service, being appointed Consul-General to Austria- Hungary in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1SS6 he was a member of tlie Republican State Central Com.- mittee, and, during 188G, was Commander of the Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected to Congre.ss from the Tenth District on the Repub- lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- election until his death, which occurred in Washington, Jan. 0, 1895. POST, Truman Maroellus, D.D., clergyman, wasbornat Jliildlebury, Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- ated at Middleb\iry College in 1829, was Principal of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. After a winter spent in Wasliingtou. listening to the orators of tlie time in Congress and Ijefore the Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of Classical Languages in Illinois College, and later that of History ; then began the study of theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, of which the former furnished the nucleus. For a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- lege for a short period each year; also held the professorship of Ancient and Modern History in Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- eral j-ears. Professor of Ecclesiastical History in Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid diction and his noble style of oratory caused him to be much sought after as a public lecturer or platform speaker at college commencements, while his piu-ity of life and refinement of charac- ter attracted to him all with whom he came in personal contact. He received the degree of HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 431 D.D. from Jliddlebury College in 18d.j; was a fre- quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository"" and other religious publications, and, besides nunieroas addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- tical Era in Modern History"' (Xew York, 1856). lie resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the period of his death, wliich occurred in St. Louis, Dec. 31, 18Sti. For a quarter of a century he was one of the Trustees of JlonticeUo Female Semi- nary, at Godfrey, III, being, for a considerable portion of the time. President of the Board. P0TTAW.4.T0.MIES, THE, an Indian tribe, one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- ous family of the Algonquins. The otlier branches were the Ottawa and the Cliippewas. The latter, however, retained the family name, and hence some writers liave regarded the "Ojib- beways" and the "Chippewas'" as essentially identical. This interchanging of names has been a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- tinction was analogous to that existing between genus and species, although a confusion of nomenclature has naturalh- resulted in errors more or less serious. Tiiese three tribes early -separated, the Pottawatomies going south from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are making a fire," and the word is a translation into the Pottawatomie language of the name first given to the tribe by the Miamis. Tliese Indians ■were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was divided into four branches, or clans, called by names which signify, respectively, the golden carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- ing to the "Jesuit Relations,"' the Pottawatomies were first met by the French, on the north of Lake Huron, iu 1GI39-40. More tlian a quarter of a century later (ICOG) Father Allouez speaks of them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Micliigan. The same Father described tliem as idolatrous and polygamous, j-et as jx)ssessing a rude civilitj' and as being kindly disposed toward the French. This friendship continued unbroken until the expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. About 1G78 they spread southward from (?reeii Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, and advancing, on the east, into tlie country of the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the Maumee. They fouglit on the side of the French iu the French and Indian War, and later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac to capture and reduce the British posts, and were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet that a considerable number of their warri- ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively supported the British. They were also prominent at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of them, "Tliey were foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion"s share of all presents and annuities, particularly where these last were the price paid fijr the sale of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 1832 and 1833, and were among tlie last of the tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 1846 the scattered fragments of tliis tribe coalesced with those of tlie Chippewas and Ottawas, and formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all their lands, wherever located, to the United States, for $850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in Kansas in lieu of §87,000 of this amount. Through the rapacitj- and trespasses of white settlers, tliis reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then estimated at 2,.")00) became citizens. Tlieir pres- ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- homa. POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- gist and anthropologist, was born at Jlount Morris N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist itinerant preacher, passing his earlj- life at vari- ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and subsequently in Wlieaton College, but, in 1854, began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching at intervals in public scliools. Having a predi- lection fpr the natural sciences, he spent much time in making collections, which lie placed in various Illinois institutions. Entering the army in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the Second Illinois Artillery, being finally jiromoted Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of Sliiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as sufficiently recovered, and continued in active service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, but resigned to accept a similar position in the State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 432 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. greatest work in connection with science by leading a class of pupils to the mountains of Colorado for the study of geolof^cy, which lie fol- lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of the caflon of the Colorado River than had ever l)efore been attempted. This led to provision by Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, which was appropriately placed \inder his direc- tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the Sniith-sonian Iu.stitute, and. again in 18S1, was assigned to the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the r?ureau of Ethnologj', in connection with the Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, where (1899) he still remains. In 188G Major Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- berg University, and that of LL.I). from Har- vard the same 3'ear. He is also a memlier of the leading scientific associations of the countrj-, while his reports and addresses fill numerous volumes issued by the Government. POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 182."); came to America in 1830, was educated in the common schools of Tennessee, and (IS.'JG-Gl) wa.s manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- ton. Ohio; in 18G1, became Captain of a West Virginia cavalry comjiany. and was advaiu'ed through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded while leading a charge at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- change he led a cavalrj- division in the Army of the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the Department of Illinois during 1895-96. PR.VIRIE CITY, a viUage in McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles south by west from Galesburg and 17 miles northeast of Macomb. It has a carriage factory and a large nursery ; also has a bank, five churches and two weekly papers. Pop- ulation (1880), 944; (1890), 812; (1900). 818. PRAIRIE DU POXT, (in English, Bridge Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, located on the banks of a creek, on which was the first mill, operated by water-power, in that section, having been erected by missionaries from St Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was innnd.iti'd and nearly destroyed. PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of the Rock), an early French village in what is now Monroe County, which began to spring up near Fort Chartres (see Fort CIttirtrex), and by 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. It stood at the foot of the Mississippi blufTs, about four miles northeast of the fort. Like other French villages in Illinois, it had its church and priest, its common field and commons. JIany of the houses were picturesque cottages built of limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, said to have been erected by the Jesuits during the days of French occupation. PRF'xTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, was born in St Clair County. 111., in 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- ville, Si>ringfield, Jacksonville and other places — the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the end of his life. During the latter part of his life his home was in Spriiigliidd. Died, June 28, 1887. PREXTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was born at Belleville, Wood County, Va.. Xov. 23, 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- ant of a company sent against the Mormons at Xauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in the Mexican War. In ISOO he was an unsuccess- ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he was captured with most of liis command, after a most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- General of Volunteers. He was a member of the court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, and, as commander at Helena, Ark., defeated the Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28. 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant Pension Agent at Quincy. serving four miSTUiaCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 433 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- dence is at Bethany, Mo., wliere he .served as Postmaster, during tlie achniiii.stration of Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, antl was reappointed bj' President MoKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections.) PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- ])Ose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick and disabled persons, and to provide them, while inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and forms of the Presbj'terian Church."' Rush Med- ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site (see Rush Medical College) , and through generous' subscriptions, a well-planned building was erected, capable of accommodating about 250 patients. A corridor connects the college and hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and surgeons. PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- terian society in Illinois was organized by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky, i;: lolj, at Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- chusetts ^Missionary Society, but had formed no societ)'. The members of the Sharon church were almost all immigrants from the South, and were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two other churches were established in 1819 — one at Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at Edwardsville. In 182.5 there were but three Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen BlLss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years later there were 80 churches, with a membership of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of churches had increased to 487; but. in 1890, (as shown by the United States census) there were less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers and 52,94.') members. The Synod of Illinois is the highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of . the denomination is "The Interior," founded by Cyrus H. McCormick. and published weekly at Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was born near Le.vington. Ky., came to Madison County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received from the first County Court of Madison County, a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served as one of the three Delegates from MadLson County to the Convention which framed the first State Constitution, and, the same year, was elected a Representative in the First General Assembly ; was also Postmaster of the town of Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- tion to the city of Quiiicy; was also engaged there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while engaged on a Government contract for the re- moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. — George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceiUng, and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to have been the first white child born in Edwards- ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- ness with his brother and, later, on his own account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, and, from 183W to '42, was Receiver of Public Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, ISOO; in early childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky and from there to Edwardsville, HI. He gradu- ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821, began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison Counts" Probate Court, Representative in the General Assembly (1826 28), Aid-de-Cauip to General Whiteside iu the Black Hawk War, State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit (1837). Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of lUi- nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. PRIXCE, David, jihysician and surgeon, was born in Brooklyne. Windham County, Conn., June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to Canandaigua, N. Y'., and was educated in the academy there ; began the study of medicine m the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New Y'ork, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- cinnati, where he was associated, for a vear and a 434 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. half, with the celebrated surgeon. Dr. Muzzy. In 1843 he came to Jacksonville. 111., and, for two years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical Department of Illinois College; later, spent five years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on surgerj- in the St. Louis Medical College, when, returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established himself in practice there, devoting special atten- tion to surgerj', in which he liad already won a wide reputation. During the latter part of the Civil War lie served, for fourteen months, as Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, and. on tlie capture of a portion of his brigade, voluntarilj- surrendered himself that he might attend the captives of his conimaud in Libby Prison. After the close of the war he was employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- mis.sion, in writing a medical history of the war. He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- gate to the International Medical Congress in London, and again as a member of the Copen- hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making careful inspection of the hospitals in London, Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he stood in the front rank of his profession, and his death was mourned by large numbers wlio had received the benefit of his ministrations without money and without price. He was member of a number of leading professional associations, besides local literary and social organizations. Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. PRIXCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West Bloomfield. Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8. 1832: attended school at Paj-son, 111., and Illinois Col lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 1852 ; studied law at Quincy, and after admission to tlie bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. In 18G1 he offered his .services to Governor Yates, was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry and, a few months later, commissioned Lieuten- ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- ing imrt, as second in command, in the celebrated "Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 18G3. serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel of his regiment, in 1804. After the war he gave considerable attention to engineering and the construction of a system of water-works for the city of Quincy. where he now resides. PRIXCE, (ieorge W'., lawyer and Congressman, born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880: was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the following year ; served as chairman of the Knox County Republican Central Committee in 1884, and. in 1888, was elected Representative in the General Assembly and re-elected two years later. In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was defeated with the rest of the Stiite ticket; at a special election, held in April, 1895. he was chosen Representative in Congress from the Tenth District to fill the vacancy cau.sed by the death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had 'occurred in January [(receding. In common with a majority of Ids colleagues, Mr. Prince was re-elected in 1896. receiving a plurality of nearly 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in November. 1898. PRIXCETOX, a city and the county-seat of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of Mend.jtu. and 105 miles west-southwest of Chi- cago. It has a court house, gas-works, a good system of graded schools (including a high school), numerous churches, three weekly news- papers and several banks. Coal is mined Iiere, and the manufactures include flour, carriages and farm implements. Population (1890). ;i.39(); (1900), 4,023. Princeton is populated with one of the most intelligent aner of different industries reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 438 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and artificial-ice factories. Population (1880). 27.a(>8; (1890), 31,494; (1890), 31,494; (1900), .36,252. QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See Chicago. Biirlhii/fi)n tC- (,>iihic!i RailriKiil.) QUINCY & CHirA(;0 RAILKO.\D. (.See CVu- cago. Burlingtiiii (t' Qiiiiiri/ Ildilroud.) QUINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See Wabiiali Railroad. ) QUINCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quiucij Railroad.) RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen- ish Prussia, June 20, 1837; learned the trade of a cuiTier with his father and came to the United States in 18.J3, finally locating at Belleville, 111., where, in 18")7, he became a teacher in the pub- lic schools ; in 1873 was made Superintendent of schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction on the Democratic ticket, declined a renoniination in 1880; was nominated a .second time in 1890. and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 1894. In the administration of his office, Pro- fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from partisanship. After retiring from the office of State Superintendent, he resumed a position in connection with the public scliools of Belleville. RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French traveler and trader, who is said to have reached the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the West in ICW-.^O. The period of his explorations extended from 16.52 to 1684, of which he prepared a narrative which was published by the Prince Society of Boston in 188.5. under the title of "Radisson's Voyages." lie and liis brother in- law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See Chouart. Medard.) RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- SION, a Board of three Conuuissioners. appointed by the executive ( liy and with the advice and con- sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap- proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation to raih-oads and warehouses. The Commission's powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The following is a summary of its powers and duties: To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- table to shipper and carrier alike; to require yearlj- reports from railroads and warehouses; to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and unjust di.scrimination, and (if necessary) enforce prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles; to hear and decide all manner of complaints relative to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; to insure the adoption of a .safe interlocking sys- tem, to be approved by the Conuuission ; to enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- cipal offices of the Conimis.sion are at the State capital, where monthly sessions are held. For the purpose of properly conducting the grain inspection department, monthly meetings are also held at Chicago, where tlie offices of a Grain Inspector, appointed bj' the Board, are located. Here all business relating to this department is discussed and necessary sjjecial meetings are held. The inspection department has no revenue outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival ("inspection in") are twenty-five cents per car- load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents jier 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per wagon-load to teams. While there are never wanting some cases of friction between the trans- j)ortation companies and warehou.semen on the one hand, and the Commission on the other, there can be no question that the formation of the latter has been of great value to the receiv- ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the State generally. Similar regulations in regard to the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The fir.st Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 — Henry D. Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson; 1877-83— William M. Smith, George M. Bogue and John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by William H. Robinson) ; 1883-8.5— Wm. N. Brain- ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton ; 1885-89 — John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. John.son (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded. 1891, by John R. Tanner) ; 1893-97- W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F. Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by George W. Fithian); 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley, Charles S. Rannells and James E. Bid well. (See also Grain Inspection.) w •—I >cl O K B c r r d 5 so > Z a > o ?o en a o s w tc 2< n 2: o H O s W o X o a w O HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 439 RAILROADS (IN (iE.NERAL). The existing railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the mania for internal improvement which swept over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being that the State should construct, maintain, own and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton to Jlount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from Alton to the Central Raih'oad, from Belleville to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. The experiment proved extremely luifortunate to the financial interests of the State, and laid the foundation of an immense debt under which it staggered for many years. The Northern Cross Railroad, extending from Meredosia to S|)ring- field, was the only one so far completed as to l)e in operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas U. Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of the existing Wabash system. The first road to be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This was the second line completed in the State, and the first to run from Chicago. The subsecjuent development of the railway system of Illinois was at first gradual, then steady and finally rapid. A succinct description of the various lines now in operation in the State may be found under appropriate headings. At present Illinois leads all the States of the Union in the extent of railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of main track being 10,78.5.43 — or 19 miles for each 100 square miles of territorj' and '2') miles for each 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one of the 103 counties of the State is traversed by at least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 companies doing business in the State in 1896, (including capital stock, funded debt and current liabilities), was §2.669,164,142— equal to S67,r).-.6 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased lines paid dividends of from four to eight per cent on common, and from four to ten per cent on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid aggregating §25,331,7.')2. The total earnings and income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the State, aggregated $77,. 508,. 537, while the total expenditure within the State was §71,463.367. Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 mineral products. The number of passengers (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for the year was §3,846,379. From 1836, when the first special charter was granted for the con- struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — after which all corporations of this character came under the general incorporation laws of the State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 — 293 special charters for the con.struction of railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides numerous amendments of charters already in existence. (For the history of important indi- vidual lines see each road under its corporate name. ) RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- ticed for a time ; also resided some tune in Cali- fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The (Juincy Whig," and represented that paper in the Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 23, 1856. (See Anti-Xebraska Editorial Convention.) In 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. RAMSAY, Rufus >'., State Treasurer, was bom on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; received a collegiate education at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- versity; studied law with ex -Gov. A. C. French, and was admitted to the bar in 1865. but soon abandoned the law for banking, in which he was engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting his business to the latter place about 1890. He served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and two terms (1889 and "91) as Representative in the General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central Riiilroad by the Toledo. St. Louis & Kansas City. 12 miles north of Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one newspaper. Population (1900). 747. RANDOLPH COrXTY, lies in the southwest section of the State, and borders on the Missis- sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair County in 1795, being the second county organ- 440 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ized in the territory which now constitutes the State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- nois historj', Randolph County has been a pivotal point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, wliich subsequently became the center of Frencli influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1722 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration began with the close of the Revolutionary War. Among the early settlers were the Cranes (leha- bod and Georgej, Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. Toward the close of the century came Shadrach Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) with his uncle of the same name, and the Menards (Pierre and Hi|)polyte). the first of whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while its surface is diversified. Timber and building stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. The count}- is crossed by several railroad lines, and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900). 28,001. RANSOM, (Uen.) Thomas Ednard Greenfield, soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt. , Nov. 29, 1834; educated at Norwich University, an institution under charge of his father, who was later an officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he entered on his profession at Peru, 111. , in 1851 ; in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after removing to Fayette County, where he acted as agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he organized a company, whicli having been incor- porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three-years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he was severely wounded and won deserved pro- motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by his bravery, and though again wounded while leading his regiment, remained in command through the day. His service was recognized by promotion as Brigadier - General. He borei a prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 1864, having previouslj' received the brevet rank of Major-General. General Ransom was con- fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- mands. RANTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at tlie junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has a bank, five churches, a graded school, two weeklj' papers, machine shops, flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many handsome resi- dences. Population (1890), 1,074; (1900), 1,207. RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born in France, in lO.'iS ; at his own request was attached to the French missions in Canada in 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illi- nois Country, where he labored for two years, traveling much and making a careful study of the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki language in three volumes, which is now pre- served in the library of Harvard College. His influence over his Indian parishioners was great, and his use of it, during the French and Indian War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort Richmond, his mutilated bod}' being interred the next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- ory on the spot where he fell. RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- many in 1828; entered journalism and came to America in 1851, being employed on German papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " which he continued to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 441 (111 until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for the beuefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 24, 1891. While emjiloyed on papers in this country during the Civil War, he acted as the American correspondent of papers at Berlin, Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central Europe. He served as delegate to both State and National Conventions of the Republican party, and, in 1869, received from President Grant the appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District, but, during the later years of his life, cooperated with the Democratic party. RAUCH, John Henry, phj-sician and sanitary expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, in 1849. The following j-ear he removed to Iowa, settling at Burlington. lie was an active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," and, later, made a collection of ichthj-ologic remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 18G0 he filled the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- izers. During the Civil War he served, until 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board of Healtli and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of the American Public Health Association, and, in 1877. a member of the newly created State Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- tinued in that office during his connection with the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption of a system of river inspection by the National Board of Health. He was a member of manj' .scientific bodies, and the author of numerous monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the domain of sanitarj- science and preventive med- icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- mural Interments and Their Influence on Health and Epidemics," "Sanitarj' Problems of Chi- cago," "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North America, " and a series of reports as Secretary of the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, Pa., March 24, 1894. RAl'M, (Gen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, was born at Ooh^onda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 1839, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1853, but, three years later, removed with his family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil War he was commi.s,sioned a Major in the Fifty- sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. He also rendered valuable service during the Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- cation open, re-enforcing Re-saca and repulsing an attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 1866 General Raiun became President of the pro- jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise of which he had been an active promoter. He was elected to Congress in 1806 from the Soutli- ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- ing one term, and the same year presided over the Republican State Convention, as he did again in 1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago the last two years just mentioned. From August 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- ton, in that time having suijerintended the col- lection of §800,000,000 of revenue, and the disbursement of §30,000,000. After retiring from the Commissionership, he resumed the practice of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the close of President Harrison's administration, when he removed to Chicago and again engaged in practice. During the various political cam- paigns of the past tliirtj- years, his services have been in frequent request as a cami)aign speaker, and he has canvassed a number of States in the interest of the Republican party. Besides his official reports, he is author of "The Existing Conflict Between Republican CJovernment and Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a number of magazine articles. 442 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. RAUM, John, i)ioneer and early legislator, was born in Huiumelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and died at Gok-ouda, 111., March U, 1869. Having received a liberal education in liis native State, the subject of tliis sketch settled at Shawneetown, 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda. Pope County, in 1826. He had previously served three years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator from the District composed of Pope and Johnson Counties in the Eiglith General As.sembly (1833). as succes.sor to Samuel Alexander, wlio hail resigned. The following year lie was appointed Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and was also elected Clerk of the County Court the same year, holding botli offices for many years, and retaining the County Clerkship up to his death, a period of thirty-five years. He was married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and Maj. Jolm M. Raum, botli of whom served in tlie ■volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil War. RAWLINS, John Aaron, .soldier. Secretary of War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- burner. Tlie son, after irregular attendance on the district schools and a year passed at Mount Mon'is Academy, began the study of law. He was admitted to the bar at Galena in 18.54, and at once began practice. In 18.57 he was elected City Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of the Civil War lie favored, and publicly advocated, coercive measures, and it is said that it was partly through his influence that General Grant early tendered his services to the Government. He served on tlie staff of the latter from the time General Grant was given command of a brigade until the close of the war, most of the time being its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 1865, a Major-General. His long .service on the staff of General Grant indicates the estimation in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on the assumption of the Presidency bj- General Grant, in March, 1869, he was appointed Secre- tary of War, but consumption had already obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- vived only six months, dying in oflSce, Sept. 6, 1869. RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- wich, Chenango County, N. Y., March 12, 1821 ; came we.st in 1843, studied medicine and began jiractice at Muscatine. Iowa, afterwards locating in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, for a time, with the publication of a temperance . i)aper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to (Jalena, soon after becoming editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper, witli which he remained until 1854. He took strong ground against tlie Kansas-Nebraska P.ill, and, at tlie session of the Legislature of 1855, served as Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few montlis later became associated with Joseph Medill and Jolm C. Vauglian in tlie purcliase and management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. Ray was one of the most trencliant and jiowerful writers ever connected with the Illinois press, and Ids articles exerted a wide influence during the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which he was an influential factor. He was a member of tlie Convention of Anti-Neb- raska editors lield at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and served as Cliairman of the Committee on Reso- lutions. (See Ant i- Nebraska Editorial Conven- tion.) At the State Republican Convention held at Blooniington, in May following, he was appointed a member of the State Central Com- mittee for that year; was also Canal Trustee by appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the jiaper as an editorial \vriter, remaining only for a sliort time. In 1868 he assumed the management of "The Chicago Evening Post," with which lie remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 1870. RAT, Lyman Beecher, exLieutenant-Gov- ernor, was born in Crittenden Count}', Vt., August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 1852, and lias since been engaged in mercantile business in this .State. After filling several local offices lie was elected to represent Grundy County in the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and being one of the recognized party leaders on the floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County. RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in Dutchess County, N. Y.. Dec. 14, 1812; grew to manhood in his native State, receiving a limited HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS. 443 education: in 1834 removed to Rushville, III., engaging in business as a merchant anil, later, as a banker; was a member of the first State Board of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was elected to Congress as a Republican, representing his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 1881. RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway. 5 miles southwest of Decatur ; has some manufac- tures and a weekly paper. Considerable coal is mined here and grain and fruit grown in the sur- rounding country. Population (1880), 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 006. RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman and educator, was born in New York City, August 29, 1811, being descended from a family of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- monde"), who were expelled from France on account of their religion. In his youth he learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, at Rensselaerville, X. Y. He united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New England Conference and, three years later, began pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- wards President of McKendree College and of the Soutliern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- dale). Dr.Raymond succeeded to the principalship of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the latter institution continuing until 1895, when he resigned. For some three years of this period he served as pastor of the First Metliodist Church at Evanston. His death occurred. Nov. 25, 1897. RE.IYIS, Log'an Uriah, journalist, was born in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111., March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of '"The Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest in the paper and continued its publication under the name of "The Central Illinoian." until 1857, when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and conducted it until 1«66, when he sold out for the last time. The remainder of his life was devoted chiefly to advocating the removal of the National Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and the jmblication of pamphlets and books on the subject; also published a "Life of Horace Greeley," another of General Harney, and two or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, April 25. 1889. RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, who has left the most detailed account of them in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," they consisted of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds describes them as passionate and impulsive, but possessed of a high standard of integrity and a chivalrous and patriotic spirit. — Willlain, the oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after coming to Illinois, and took i)art in the Indian campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers, was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore"s Company of Rangers in the War of 1812. while Charles commanded one of the two regiments organized by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition against the Indians at tlie head of Peoria Lake. —Nelson, still another brother, served in the same expedition on the staff of Governor Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a member of the expedition sent to strengthen Prairie du Chien in 1814. and showed great cour- age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain Samuel \^^liteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor (afterwards President) in an expedition on the Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians and, though severely wounded, was carried away by his horse, and recovered.— Ellas, another mem- ber of the family, was Governor Edwards" first Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was reapiwinted in 1810. serving for more than three years. — Thomas, one of the yoimger members, had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in which he killed his antagonist. (See Duels.) A portion of tliis historic family drifted into Arkan- sas, where they became prominent, one of their 444 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. descendants serving as Governor of that State during the Civil War period. RED BUD, a city in Randolph County, on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south- southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belleville. The place has a carriage factory and two flouring mills, a bank, four churches, a graded school and a weekly newspaper. Popu- lation (1880), 1,328; (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1.169. REEVES, Owen T., la\vyer and jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829 ; gradu- ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in that institution and as Principal of a High School at Chillicothe. In 18.54 he came to Bloom- ington. 111., and, as a member of the School Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system of that city; also has served continuouslj', for over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the time President of the Board. In the meantime, he had begun the practice of law, served as City Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth Illinois Volunteers (a lOO-days" emergency regi- ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, with his command, in October, 18G2. Colonel Reeves was subsequently connected with the construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois Central), and was also one of the founders of the Law Department of the Wesleyan University. In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- ing continuousl}', by repeated re-elections, until 1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency being upon the Appellate bench. REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 1848; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and was reared on a farm; later became a teacher and lawyer, following his profession at Streator ; in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, receiving a majority over three competitors. Jlr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison for the incarceration of male olTenders under 21 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of reformation. It is the successor of the "State Reform School," which was created bj' act of the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, while moderately successful, were not altogether satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a scale adequate to accomplisli what was desired, and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 years. The law establishing the present reforma- tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, may be safely granted conditional liberation. The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) those between the ages of 10 and 16, and(2) those between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is composed of five members, not more than three of whom shall be of the same party, their term of office to be for ten years. The course of treat- ment is educational (intellectually, morally and industrially), schools being conducted, trades taught, and the inmates constantly impressed with the conviction that, only through genuine and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can they regain their freedom. The reformatory influence of the institution may be best inferred from the results of one j'ear's operation. Of 146 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and became fugitives, 6 were returned to the Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in employment and regularly reporting. Among the industries carried on are painting and glaz- ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, which can be emploj'ed in the construction of additional needed buildings. The average num- ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from simple assault, or petit larcenj-, to the most seri- ous offenses known to the criminal code, with the exception of homicide. The number of inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 812. An institution of a similar character, for the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was established under an act of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile Female Ojfenders.) RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Tlie State constitution contains the familiar guaranty of absolute freedom of conscience. The chief denominations have grown in like ratio with the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 145 population, as may be seen from figures given below. Tlie earliest Christian services held were conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested the sincerity of their convictions (in many instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either through violence or exposure. The aborigines, however, were not easily Christianized; and, shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence upon the red men, although the French, who remained in the ceded territory, continued to adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- sionaries. ) One of the first Protestant sects to hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the American Bottom in 1796. (For history of Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 1796, and the first denominational association was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) The Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide of immigration that set in from the Eastern States, early in the '30's. Four churches were organized in 1883, and the subsequent growth of the denomination in the State, if gradual, has been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About the same time came the Disciples of Christ (.some- times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and warm hearted, and did not require belief in any particular creed as a condition of membership. The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. (See Disciples of Christ. ) The Protestant Episco- palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri Synod, only four use the English language. They are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See Lutherans. ) There are twenty-six other religious bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- cording to the census statistics of 1890, these twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 2,800 members, 78 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1.200 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches; Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 ministers; Free-Will Baptists, 4,694 members, 107 churches, 73 ministers; Evangelical Association, 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 83 minis- ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 ministers ; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; Primitive Methodist, 230 members. 2 churches. 2 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members, 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1.400 mem- bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4.500 mem- bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 ministers; Unitarians, 1.225 members, 19 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 260 ministers; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min- isters. (See various Churches under their proper names; also Roman Catholic Church.) REJiD, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., in boyhood, and graduated from the high school there at 17; taught for a time near New York City and later in Maryland, where he began a course of classical study. The Civil War coming on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a non-commissioned ofticer, and participating in the battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill, 446 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. After the war lie came to Chicago and secured employment in a railway surveyor's office, later acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, which was conducted with such success tliat he became the owner of some of the most valuable mining properties in the country. Meanwhile he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of miners and other classes of laborers, and has sought to promote arbitration and conciliation between employers and employed, as a means of averting disastrous strikes. He was especially active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to bring about an understanding between the miners and the operators. For several j-ears ho held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by the demands of his private business, to tender his resignation. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. The foUowinp: table presents the names, residence. Districts rei>resented. politics (except as to earlier ones), and lenpth of term or terms of sfTVici'of Illinois Kepresentatives in tin- lowi-r House ol" Cont^ress. from tin* ort^anizatiori ut Illinois as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; W, Whig; K, Kepubhcan; G-li, Greenback; r, Populistj. Kaue. Residenck. DrsT. Term. Remarks. Ivaskaskia Edwardsville Territory Territory Territory State 1810-14 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. Benjamin Ktephensuii 18H-1G I81(i-18 1818-19 1819-27 Ejected U S. Senator lS24and'29 Kaskaskia JafksoiiIen, D John R. E |Chicago Jasper O. Ward. R. Kksidcnck. LaivrenceviUe ., Marehall. Marshall Springfield Springtield Belleville Benton CarboDdale Chicago.. . . Chicago Marion , Marion Jerseyville.. Jerseyville . Oquawka Peoria Sullivan Sullivan Sullivan... , Lewistown.. Waterloo . ,, Waterloo... Waterloo ... Shelbyville.. Shelbyvilie.. Shelbyville . Monmouth.. Ottawa .. .. Charleston . Springfield. . Shelbyville., Belleville.... Belleville... Belleville .., Vienna Chicago ... CarroIUon... Metropolis.. Freeport — £$ixteentb.. Seven tb ... Eleventh.. Eighth .... Twelfth... Eighth.... Ninth State-ac-large Second First Ninth Thirteenth Firth Tenth Fourth Fifth Seventh Fifteenth Seventeenth... Ninth Twelfth Seventeenth.., Eighteenth.... State-at-large Fifteenth Seventeenth .. Fourth Si.xth Seventh Eighth Tenth Twelfth Eighteenth.... Twenty-Itrst . Thirieenui First Tenth Thirteenth Third Fifth Fourth Sixth Seventh Ninth Twelfth Thirteenth State-at-large. First Third Third Fifth Sixth Tenth First First V.UIL.«gV/ .il.Ol... Chicago Second Stephen A. Hurlbut, R 'Belvidere . Franklin Gorwin, R iPeru Greenbury b. Furt, R ! Lacon , Granville Brtrri»-re. R Canton WilUa u II. R;iy, R Rushville , Robert M. Kiiapp, J> Jerseyville Robert M. Knapp. D J«'r^eyvine John McNulta, R Blooming ton Joseph G Cannon, R Tuscola and Danville Joseph G. Cannon, R Danville Joseph G. Cannon, R Dunville Joseph G- Cannon, R | Danville James .S. Martin. R Salem Isaac Cleuienis, R Carbondale Carter H. Harrison, D Chicago Fourth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Eleventh Thirteenth... Fourteenth ... Fifteenth Fir eenth Twelfth Sixteenth Eighteenth... Second John v. Le Mivne. D Chicago iThird T.J. Henderson. R Priiiceton&Geneseo.. [Sixth T.J. HenUtTson. R ... ... Princeton .Seventh Alexander Campbell, G.B. LaSalle ISevenih.... Richard H. Whiting. It..... .Peoria Ninth John C. Baj:bv, D I Rushville Tenth Scott Wike, D iPittsfield Eleventh... Scott Wike, I), 'Plttsfleld Twelith.... William M. Springer, D. ..Ispringfield |Tweirih.... William .M. Springer. D. . Spdngfu-ld Thirteenth. Adlai K. Stevenson. D Hloomintjion Thirteenih.. Adlal E. Stevenson. D Bloomlngton Thirteenih William A J Sparks. D William Hartzell.D . William B. Anderson, D William Aldrlch. R... . Carter H Harrison. D . Loreiiz Brentano. R . Willmm Lathrop. R. . . Philip C Hayes. R Carly le Sixteenth Chester I Eighteenth ... . Mt. Vernon iXlneleenlh.... Ch icago , First Chicago Second Ch Icago I Third Rockrord Fourth Morris Seventh. Thnriias A Boyd. R Lewiston jNinth Benlamin F .Marsh, R Warsaw iTenth.. 8S9^i3 SUMS 87S-75 M9-63 850-62 Res'd, Apr. •ffi; term fllled by W. J. Allen. J Chosen u. s. Setiat.jr.lS71; resigned: term ( flll«l by John L. Beveridge. Sfi9-71 8C1.C3 m'j-do Served Logan's unexpired term. ms-ti Sfil-fi.-! 863.65 Served McClernand's unexpired term. 863-05 864-71 863-65 1864-'65 filled Lovejoys unexpired term. 873-79 885-87 863-69 86:t.«5 Re-elected, '70 but res'd before betf'ng of term. ,87.1-8;!.. SS3-87.. %o-67.. 8S1-S3.. SS-f-So.. 8fi4-li9.. 805-71.. 805-09.. SC5-71.. 805-67.. M.V09.. 8S7-sy.. i'JT-'JO.. SC3-07.. 807-7 1.. t«;7-71. 867-09.. 809-73.. 87:!-79.. 869-73... 873-75.. 809-73. 869 73. S69 73. 869 73. 871-73.. 871-73.. 873-76.. 881-83.. 871-73.. 871 73., 871 73.. 873 74. 874-77... 873-75.. 873-77... 873-75... S73-81... .S73-; 873-75.. 873-75.. 877-79.. 873-75.. 873-83.. 883-91 , S9:i-95.. ,895.... 873 75.. Filled unexpired term of Washburne. Served unexpired term of Logan. May, 76, seat awarded to'j. V. LeMoyne!' Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. Hied Dec., '74; succeeded by B. Q. Caulfield. From 1874-75 served out Rice's term. 873-; S75 ' S75 S3. ^3 95. .S75 83.. SS3 a>.. .S7'j-»l!'.. 875-.S;j... 875 79.. 875 77.. S77-83... 877-79... 877-79... .877-79... S77-«l . . 877-81.. 877-83... 448 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Residkxcb. Warsaw Warsaw Hlouiniiigton Shawneetown C'hicugo Chicago Chicago Geneva and Elgin. . Mt. Carroll Quincy Isabel Metropolis Metropolis Ottawa Ottawa Pontiac Pontiac Kno,xvllIe Pekin Chicago Chicago Chicago Sycamore Mt. Morris Mt. Morris Peoria Macomb Winchester Hloomington.. DrsT. Eleventh Firteenth .... Thirteenth., Nineteenth . Second Third Third Fourth Fifth Eleventh ... Fifteenth Eighteenth .. Twentieth.... Seventh Eighth Eighth Xinth Ninth Thirteenth .. First Second Fourth Fifth Sixth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth.. Benjamin F. Marsh, li... Benjamin F. Marsh. K... Thomas F.Tipton. R.... R. W. Townshend. 1> Ooorge K Davis. R George R. Davis. U Hiram Uarber. R Johii C. Slierwin, R 1{. M. A. llawk.R James W.siiigieion. D... A. P. Forsythe.O. I! JohnR. Tl'ioma,s. R John R.Thomas. R William Cullen.R William Cullen.R I^ewisE. Payson, R Lewis E. Pavson. R Johnll. Lewis, R Dietrich C.Smith. R R. \V. Dunham, R John F. l''inerty. R (ieorgeE. .\dams, R Reuben l-^lhvond, R Robert R. Hilt.R Robert R. Hilt.R N. E. Worthlngton, D William H. Neece. D James M. Riggs, D Jonathan H. RowelUR... Prank Lawier, D James H, Ward. D Albert J. Hopkins, R Albert J, Hopkins, R Ralph Plumb. R SilasG. Landes, D William E, Mason, R Philip Sidnev Post, R William H. Gest, R George A, A nderson, D Edward Lane, D AbnerTavlor, R Charles A, Hill, R Geo, W. Fithian. D William S. Forman, I) James K. Williams. D James R. Williams. I) George w. Smith, R George \V, smith, R Lawrence E. McGami. D. . Allan C. Durborow, Jr. D Wal ter C. Newberry, D . . . Lewis Steward, Ind' | Piano Herman W. Snow. R Isheldon RenJaminT. Cable, D [Rock Island lEIeventh Owen Scott. D iBloomington Fourteenlli ... Samuel T. Busey, D |Urbana Fifteenth JnhnC. Black. D Chicago state-at-large Andrew J. H uTiter. D ' Paris State-at-large Andrew J. Hunter. D :l>aris Nineteenth... J. Frank Aldrich.R iChlcago I First J ulius Goldzier. D Ichicago I Fourth Robert A. Chillis, R Hinsdale.. Hamilton K. Wheeler. R... Kankakee John J. McDannoId, D Benjamin F. Funk. R William Lorimer, R Hugh R. Belknap, R Charles W. Woodman, R, Geo, E. White, R IChicago Edward D. Cooke, R jchlcago George E. Foss, R 'Chicago George W. Prince, R IGalesburg iTenth Walter Reeves, R 'streator Eleventh... Vespasian Warner, B I Cl Inton i Thirteen th J V. Gratr. R Pekin jFourteenth l»»:i-95. Chicago Second.. Chicago Aurora Aurora Streator Mt. Carmel Chicago (ialesburg Rock Island tiuincy Hillsboro Chicago Joliet Newton Nashville Carmi Carrai Murphysboro ... Murphysboro ... Chicago Chicago Chicago Third Fifth Eighth Eighth Sixteenth Third Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Seventeenth.. First Eighth Sixteenth Eighteenth... Eighteenth ... Niiieteeiitli... Twentieth Twenty-sec' nU Second Third.. Fourth Eighth Ninth Mt. Sterling . Btoomington. Chicago Chicago Chicago Eighth Ninth Twelfth Fourteenth. Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Finis E. Downing, D James A. Connolly, R Frederick Remann. R Wm. F. L. Hadley, R Benson Wood, R. Virginia ISixteenth Springfield ISeventeenth... Vandal la I Eighteenth EdwardsvlUe j Eighteenth -- Effingham iNineteenlh. ... Orlando Burrell.R Carmi Twentieth Everett J. Murphy, R lEast St, Louis JTwenty-first .. James R Mann, R IChicago iFlrst Daniel W. Mills, R , Chicago Second Thomas M. Jett, D Hillsboro I Eighteenth. . . . James R. Campbell, D ! McLeanslwro iTwentieth George P. Foster, B 'Chicago iThlrd Thomas Cusack, D.. '" ' Edgar T. Noonan, D Henry S. Boutell, R W. E. Williams, D Chicago jFourih Chicago Fifth Chicago Sixth Pittsfield Sixteenth B. F. Caldwell. D Chatham Seventeenth. . Joseph B.Crowley. D Robinson Nineteenth ... W. A. Bodenberg, B Eastst. Louis Twenty llrst.. 1877-79.. 1877-89.. 1879 83. lS83-«5.. 1879-81.. 1879-83.. 1879-8'i. 1879 83. 1879 81. 1879 83. , 188.'i-89.., 1881 S3., 1883 8o.. 1801-83.. 1883 91.. 1881-83... 1881-83... 1883-89.. 1883 85. . 1883-91... 1882-85... 1882-95... 1895—... 1883-87... 1883-87 ., lS8:!-«7.. 1883-91... 1885-91... 1885-87... 1885-95... 1895-.. . 1885-89... 1885-89... 1887-91... 1887-95... 1887-91... 1887-S9.. I887-M... 1869-93... 1889-91.. 1889-95... 1889-93... 1889-93... 1899—... 1889-95... 1893-.. . 1891-95... 1891-9.)... - -93... 1891-93... 1:91-93... 1-.91-93... 1891-93... 1891-93... lt9.V95... 1893-95... 1897-99... 189:1-97... 1893-95... 189.3-95... 1893-95... 1893-95... 1893-95.. 1895—. . . 1895-99... 1895-97... 1895-99... 1805-98... 1895—... 1895—... 1895—... 1895—... 1895—... 1895-97... 1895-99... 1895—.... lo95— ,... 1895-97... 1895-97... 1895-97... 1697-.. . 1897—. . . 1897—... 1897-99.. . 1899-.. . 1899—... Died, '82; succeeded by B. B. Hitt. [Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. . Died, Jan. 6, 1895. .1 1899-.. 1899—.. Awarded seat after non, with L. K. McOann. Died, June 4, '98; sued, by Eenry S. Boutell. Died, July 14, -95; suc'd. by W. F. L. Hadley. Elected to fill vacancy. Succeeded £. D. Cooke, deceased. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 449 REYNOLDS, John, Jastice of Supreme Court and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish ancestrj-, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- mon school education, and a two years' course of study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to Cahokia, where he began the practice of law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State volunteers called for service in the BLick Hawk War. Two weeks before the expiration of his term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- crat. He also served as Representative in the Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- cratic candidates. For some years he edited a daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar, ' ' from the time spent in a Tennessee College at that early day, this was not sustained by either his colloquial or written style. He was an ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- ety in consequence of a letter written to .Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as shown by his devotion to temperance, and his popularity among persons of opposite political opinions. Although at times crude in style, and not always reliable in his statement of historical facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered a valuable service to posteritj- by his writings relating to the earlj' history of the State, espe- ciall}- those connected with liis own times. His best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My Life and Times" (18.5.5). His death occurred at Belleville, May 8, 1865. REYXOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and President of State Board of Agriculture, was bom at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law School, and soon afterward began practice. He removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- nebago County, later, successively in Marion County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 18G0 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected its President, filling that position until 1888, when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public or semi-public character, having been President of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during the War of the Rebellion, a Conunissioner to the Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, from the date of its organization (1873) until its final dissolution. His most important public service, in recent years, was rendered asDirector- in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. REYXOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; at 17 3-ears of age went to Chicago, was educated in the high school there, within a month after graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On his return home after nearly four years' service, he entered the law department of the Chicago University, graduating therefrom and beginning practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been prominent in public life, having served as a member of both branches of the General Assem- bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of the G. A. R., and, in 1875. was elected Senior Vice-Commander of the order for the United States. REYXOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after graduating at Jefferson College. Pa., in 1832, was connected with various institutions in that State, as well as President of Capital University at 450 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was President of the Illinois State University at Springfield, lsr)7-60, after wliich he became Prin- cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- ously a Lutlieran, he took orders in the Protestant Episcopal Cliurch in 1864, and served several parishes until his death. In his early life he founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- gious i)ublications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides issuing a number of printed addresses and other published works. Died at Oak Park, near Clii- cago, Se]it. 5, 1876. RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell County, 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. Returning home he engaged in the river ti'ade, and, for fifteen j'ears, commanded steamboats on the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In April, ISGl. he was commissioned Captain of a company of three months' men attached to the Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the reorganization of the regiment for the three- years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesb}-, wlio had been promoted Brigadier-General. After serving through the spring campaign of 1863 in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to his farm near that city. During the latter years of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. RHO.VDS, Joshua, M.l)., A.M., physician and educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sejjt. 14, 1806; .studied medicine and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania with the degree of M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from Princeton ; after several years spent in practice as a physician, and as Principal in some of the public schools of Philadelphia, in 18:39 he was elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1870. RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in the common schools and at Sliurtleflf College, after which he read law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 184,5, atHillsboro; in 1847 was elected County Recorder of Montgomery Coimty, and, in 1848, to the Six- teenth General As.sembly, serving one term. Later he was elected County Judge of Slontgom- ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the Eighteentli Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and again in 1867. He was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the election of the latter year, was cliosen Repre- sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. RICE, John 15., theatrical manager. Mayor of Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected in 1867. He was also prominent in the early stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to raise troops in Cliicago. In 1872 he was elected to tlie Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was chosen to succeed him. RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter year being also chosen Presidential Elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding session of the General Assemblj-, serving as Speaker of the Hou.se. He entered the Mexican War as Captain, and won a Majority through gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 (when he resigned to become a candidate for Governor), he was a Democratic Representative in Congress from the Quinoy District ; re-entered Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention of 1868, but after that retired to private life, acting, for a sliort time, as editor of "Tlie Quincy Herald." Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 square miles. It was organized from Edwards County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 451 Morehouse, Hugh Callioun and son, Thomas Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 there were but thirty families in the district. Tlie first frame houses — tlie Nelson and More- house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some years later, James Laws erected the first brick house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Cliaun- cey. Tlie first church was erected by the Bap- tists in 1822, and services were conducted by William Martin, a Kentuckiau. For a long time the mails were carried on horseback by Louis and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- sell established a line of four-horse stages. The principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a buffalo and Indian trail about wliere the main street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as the county-seat upon the organization of the county, and a Mr. Lilly built tlie first house there. The chief branches of industry followed by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 15,019; (1900). 10,391. RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermilion County, at the crossing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Toledo. St. Louis & Kansas Cit}' Railroads. 17 miles south of Danville. The town has a bank an, 188G. ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated and became a lawyer by profession. In earlj' life he settled at Carmi, III., wliere he married. He was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and personally popular. Tlirough his association with the State militia he earned the title of "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John McLean. His immediate predecessor was David Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, who served one month but failed of election by the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of the same year, within three months after his elevation. ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an inter.secting point of the Chicago & Northwestern ana the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. The surrounding country is a rich agricultural and stock-raising region, rendering Rochelle an important shipping point. Among its industrial establishments are two foundries and a flouring mill. The city has two banks, five churches and three weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,893; (1S90), 1,789; (1900), 2,07.'5. ROCHESTER, a village, and one of the oldest settlements in Sangamon County, having been laid out in 1819; situated in a rich agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio .Southwestern Railroad, '7\n miles southeast of Springfield. It has one newspaper. Pojiulation (1900), 365. ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on the Rock River, and a station on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. It has excellent water-power, a good public school system (includ- ing a high school), banks and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural implements, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are its chief manufactures. There are also railway machine shops located here. Population (1890), 1,900; (1900), 2,176. ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing city, the county -seat of AVinnebago County ; lies on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent water-power is secured bj- a dam across the river, and communication between the two divisions of the city is facilitated by three railway and three highway bridges. Water is provided from five artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the river. The citj' is wealthy, prosperous and pro- gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 1893, was §6,531,235. Churches are numerous and schools, both public and private, are abundant and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 57.715,009 cai)ital invested in 240 manufacturing establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and turned out an annual product valued at §8,888,- 904. The principal industries are the manufac- ture of agricultural implements and furniture, though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour and grape sugar are among the other products. Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches taught include the classics, music and fine .arts. It has a library of 6,1.50 volumes, funds and en- dowment aggregating §50,880 and property valued at $240,880, of which §150,000 is real estate. ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi River, 182 miles west by south of Chicago. It is the converging point of five lines of railroad. The name is derived from an island in the Mis- sissippi River, opposite the city. 3 miles long, which belongs to the United States Government and contains an arsenal and armory. The river channel west of the island is navigable, the east- ern channel having been dammed by the Govern- ment, thereby giving great watei--power to Rock Island. Milan and Moline. A combined railway and highway bridge spans the river from Rock Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, while another bridge connects the city with Moline. The island was the site of Fort Arm- strong (consisting of a group of block-houses) during the Black Hawk War, and was also a place for the confinement of Confederate prisoners (luring the War of the Rebellion. Rock Island has extensive manufactures of lumber, agricul- tural implements, glass, iron, carriage and wagon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 455 works, with several banks, four newspapers, two issuing daily editions. Population (1880), ll.eny; (l.yjU), 13,G34; (1900), 19,493. ROCK ISLAM) COUNTY, in the northwestern section of the State bordering upon the Jlissis- sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an area of 440 Square miles. In 181G the Govern- ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort Armstrong. It has always remained a military post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- ments were made near Port Byron by Jolin and Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak ; and among the pioneers were Wells and ilichael B;ut- lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and George Davenport. The country was full of Indians, this being the headquarters of Black Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk War. {See Black Hawk, and Black Hairk War.) By 1829 settlers were increased in number and county organization was effected in 1835, Rock Island (then called Stephenson) being made the county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- urer. The first court was held at the residence of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The county is irregular in shape, and the soil and scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the water-power inexhaustible, and the county's mining and manufacturing interests are very extensive. Several lines of railway cross the county, affording admirable transportation facili- ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- cipal cities in the county, though there are several other important points. Coal Valley is the center of large mining interests, and Milan is also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55.249. ROCK ISLAND & PEORLi RAILWAY, a standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- road, running from Milan to Cable. 111., giving it a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- nies — the new organization taking the latter name. The road was opened through its entire length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and reorganization under its present name taking place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 1877. anil leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- road, July 1, 188.";. for 999 years, the rental for the entire period being commuted at S4.j0,000. — (Fi.N'.O'ClAL.) The cost of the entire road and eiiuipment was 52.6.54,487. The capital stock (1898) is Si. 500. 000; funded debt, $600,000; other forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital invested to §2,181,066. ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a southerly direction, a part of its course being very sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting the counties of Winnebago. Ogle, Lee, Whiteside and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi three miles below the citj' of Rock Island. It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, furnish abundant water-power. The principal towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its beauty and fertility. ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at the junction of two branches of the Chicago. Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River. 13 miles north of Rockford; has manufactures of paper, flour and agricultural implements and a local paper. Population (1890), 892; (1900), 936. ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, soldier and author, was born at Lebanon. Ohio, June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, lud.. but soon removed to Shawneetown, III., where he gave much attention to geological research and made some extensive natural his- tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite science, wrote for the press and. for two years (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal." still 456 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later editing the newly established "Constitu- tionalist" for a few months. During a part of this period he was lecturer on natural science at Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, which was immediately followed by the pas.sage of the act establishing the State Geological Department. A majority of both houses joined in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- ton in 18.j2, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural Science in the State Normal University, and also a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. Having identified himself with the Democratic party at this time, he became its nominee for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised three companies (mostl}' Normal students) which were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- mal) Regiment; was elected Captain and succes- sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. Having been dangerously wounded in the assault at Vicksburg, on May 23, 1863, and compelled to return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the combined vote of both parties, was re-elected four }-ears later, became editor of "The Bloom- ington Pantagraph" and. in 1870, was elected to the Twenty-seventh General Assembl)-, where he won distinction by a somewhat notable humorous speech in opposition to removing the State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- pointed JIarshal for the Southern District of Illi- nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat prolific author, having produced more than a dozen works which have appeared in book form. One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in "The Alton Courier" in 18.52. Others of his more noteworthy productions are: "The Gray and the Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." He died in Chicago, Nov 6, 1893. ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- moved to the latter State early in life. While teaching he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- pany in Lake County for the war, which was mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused fco leave the field, and led his regiment in the final charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three wounds, from one of which he never fully re- covered ; took a prominent part in the operations at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly two years, including the Atlanta campaign, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois and in Kansas. ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and author, was born in Central New York in 1853 ; entered Hamilton College, but the following j'ear became a student in Michigan University, graduating there in 1874, also receiving the degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1880, was made Dean of the Facultj', succeeding J\idge Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- ber of the American Bar Association, has served for a n\imber of years on its Committee on Legal Education and Admission to tlie Bar, and was the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- cation. President Rogers was the General Cliair- man of the Conference on the Future Foreign Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian E.xposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and was for a time as.sociate editor of "Tlie American Law Regi.ster, " of Philadelphia. He is also the author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony." which has passed through two editions, and lias edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," besides doing much other valuable literarj' work of a similar character. ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- lege, Danville, Ky., and at Tran.sylvania L'niver- sity, graduating from the latter institution in 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For sixteen j'ears he practiced in his native town, and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 457 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated re-elections, until his death, which occurred suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the expiration of the term for which he had been elected. ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles north of Chicago, on Lake Slichigan and the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He assisted Abraliam Lincoln in the construction of the flat-boat with which the latter descended the Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built a number of houses in Springfield, where he has since continued to reside. ROM.W CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The church went hand in hand with the represent- atives of the French Government, carrying in one hand the cross and in the other the flag of France, simultaneouslj' disseminating the doc- trines of GJiristianity and inculcating loyalty to the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the early French settlers and the natives. They were not without factional jealousies, however, and a severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the confiscation of their property. (See Early Min- siunaries.) The subsequent occupation of the country by the English, with the contemporane- ous emigration of a considerable portion of the French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. But Bishop Ro.satti was a man of earnest purpose and rare administrative ability. New parishes were organized as rapidly as circumstances would permit, and the growth of the church has been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also Religious Denominations. ) ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 111., 31 miles south of Jack.sonville, and the intersect- ing point of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. The surround- ing territory is a fertile agricultural region, and the citj' contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock yards, railway shops, water works, two private banks, one daily and two weekly news- papers. Population (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2.351. ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., was bom in Yorkshire, England, brought to America in childhood, his father settling in Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but finaUy returned to the paternal home in Greene County, where, on the location of the Jackson- ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch with tlie main line. ROOT, (ieorg-e Frederick, musical composer and author, was born at ShefBeld, Mass., August 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while employed on his father's farm, learned to play on various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- ton, where he began his life-work. Besides teaching music in the public schools, he was employed to direct the musical service in two churches. From Boston he removed to New York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of musical study. In 1853 he made his first public essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell," which became popular at once. From this time forward his success as a song-writer was assured. His music, wliile not of a high artistic character, captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly to the heart. In 1860 he took up liis residence in Cliicago, where he conducted a musical journal and wrote those "war songs" which created and perpetuated his fame. Among the best known are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Befoi-e the Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he composed several cantatas and much sacred music, also publishing many books of instruction anil numerous collections of vocal and instru- 458 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mental music. In 1872 tlie University of Chicago conferreil on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, near Porthinii, Maine, August 6, 189.5. ROOTS, Benajnh (Juernsey, civil engineer, and educator, was born in Onondaga County N. Y., April 30, 1811, and educated in the schools and academies of Central New York; began teaching in 1827, and. after spending a year at sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in law and civil engineering. He was employed as a civil engineer on the AVestern Railroad of Massachu.setts until 1838, when he came to Illi- nois and obtained employment on the railroad projected from Alton to .Sliawneetown, under the "internal improvement system" of 1837. When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry County, and soon after opened a boarding school, continuing its management until 1816, wlien he became Principal of a sominarj- at Sparta. In 18.51 he went into tlie service of the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in charge of surveys and construction, later as land agent and attorney. He was prominent in the introduction of the graded school system in Illi- nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- mal School at Bloomington and the University of Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the State Board of Education from its organization, and served as delegate to tlie National Repub- lican Convention of 1808. Died, at his home in Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland Countj', Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois the same year and educated in his father's school, and in an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served as a civil engineer in the construction and repair of military roads. Later, lie was Deputy Sur- veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of which his brother, Logan H., was President. — Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- cated at home and at the State Normal at Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1863 enlisted in the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving through the war and acting as Chief Commissary for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," and participating in the great review in Wash- ington, in May, 186.5. After the conclusion of the war he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was elected from that State to the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870)— being, at the time, the youngest member in that body — and was appointed United States Slarshal by Presi- dent (Jrant. lie finally became President of the Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and a half millions, of which he gave a large share to charitable purposes and to the city of Little Rock, for tlie benefit of its hospitals and the im- provement of its jiarks. ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born at C.olconda. Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 18.50. Tlie foundation of his education was secured in tlie public schools of his native place, and, after a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., at the age of 18 he took charge of a country school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the Goloonda graded schools, was later made County Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a second term. During his second term he was admitted to the bar, and, resigning the oflioe of Superintendent, was elected .State's Attorney without opposition, being re-elected for another term. In 1889, liy appointment of Governor Fifer, lie became one of the Trustees of the Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next year, when he was transferred to the Board of Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- tiary at Chester, which position he continued to occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- tary of State on the Republican ticket, his terra extending to January, 1901. ROSEVILLE, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of Bushnell ; has banks and two news- papers; is in an agricultural and coal-mining district. Population (1890), 898; (1900). 1.014. ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton County, 111., July 18. 1823; was educated in the common schools and at Illinois College. Jackson- ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; the following year enlisted in the Fourtli Illinois Volunteers for the Jlexican War, liecame First Lieutenant and was commended for services at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo; also performed im- portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 459 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years as Probate Judge. In May. 18fil, he enlisted in the war for the Union, and wa.s chosen Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving with it in Jlissouri and Kentucky ; was commis- sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the capture of Fort Donelson, and, after tlie evacu- ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command of a division with lieadquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was appointed by President Johnson Collector of Internal Revenue for the Ninth District ; has been three times a delegate to National Repub- lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- date for Congress in a Democratic District. Since the war he has devoted his attention largelj' to stock-raising, having a large stock- farm in Iowa. In his later years was President of a bank at Lewistown, lU. Died Jan. 17, 1901. ROSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at Monson, Hampden County. Mass., April 24, 1792; removed with his father's family, in 180.5, to Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his twentieth j'ear, when he was commissioned an Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United States Infantry, serving through the War of 1812 14, and participating in the battle of Sack- etfs Harlxir. During the latter part of his serv- ice he acted as drill-master at various points. Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- pany consisting of himself and four brothers. with their families and a few others, started for the West, intending to .settle in Illinois. Reach- ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, they transferred their wagons, teams and other property to flat-boats, descending that stream and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they disembarked and. crossing the State, reached Upper Alton, wliere they found only one house, that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their fanulies at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded nortli, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, until they reached a point in the western part of the present county of Pike, where the town of Atlas was afterwards located. Here they erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing their families thither a few weeks later. They suffered the usual privations incident to life in a new country, not excepting sickness and death of some of their number. At the next session of the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- lislied, embracing all that part of the State west and north of the Illinois, and including the present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross settlement became the nucleus of the town of Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- ously or successively, the offices of Probate Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and others of a subordinate cliaracter. As Colonel of Jlilitia. in 1832, lie was ordered by Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at Beardstown with twice the number of men called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower branch of the General Assemljly, also serving in the Senate during the three following sessions, a part of the time as President pro tem. of the last- named body. While in tlie General Assembly he was instrumental in securing legislation of great importance relating to Military Tract lands. The year following the establishment of the county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) lie became a citi- zen of that place, which he had the privilege of naming for his early home. He was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1860. which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- dent the first time. Beginning life poor he acquired considerable property; was liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic, making a hand.some donation to the first company organized in Pike County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. Died, at Pittsfield. May 31, 1873. ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermilion County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 miles north of Danville; has shoe and canning factories, tile and Ijrick-works, banks and two newsjiapers. Population(1890), 879; (1900\ 1.43.5. ROUNDS, Sterlina: Parker, public printer, was born in Berkshire. Vt.. June 27, 1828; about 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- osha, Wis., and, in 184.5. wjis foreman of the State printing office at Madison, afterward working in offices in Milwaukee. Racine and Buffalo, going to Chicago in 18.51. Here he finally established a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an electrotype foundry and the manufacture of presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 460 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed to Omalia, Neb., and was identified with "The Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 17. 1887. ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in Madison County, where he taught school for two years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette County about the time of tlie removal of the State capital to Vandalia. On the organization of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed to office there and ever afterwards resided at Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early history of the county, he held (at the same time) the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served as Delegate in the Con.stitutional Convention of 1847, and the next year was elected to the State Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from the Senate (18.52), he was elected County Judge without opposition, was re-elected to the same office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. Died, at Hillsboro, Marcli 4, 1873. ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- ington, and was appointed by President Grant, successively, United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a State, he was elected the first Governor under the State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. He lias been extensively and successfully identi- fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was born at Haverhill, N. H. , Feb. 10, 1833. He is a graduate of Eureka College and of the Law Department of the Chicago University. During the War of the Rebellion he served three years as company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, was a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home is at Bloomington. ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was bom in Corn- wall, England, in 1830, came to the United States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of tliorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the service as a Captain in tlie Seventh Illinois Volunteers and was successively promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and AUatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry. After the war he returned to his stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- cago; incorporated by act of Marcli 2, 1837, the charter having been prepared the previous year by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. The extreme financial depre.ssion of the following year prevented the organization of a faculty until 1843. The institution was named in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the latter half of the eighteenth century. The first faculty consisted of four professors, and the first term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of twenty-two students. Three years" study was required for graduation, but only two annual terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at the college itself. Instruction was given in a few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. The next year a small building, costing between $3,000 and §4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. The constant and rapid growth of the college necessitated the erection of a new building in 1867, the cost of which was §70,000. This was destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing $.54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 461 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was located on a portion of the college lot, and the two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. Shortly afterwards. Rush College became the medical department of Lake Forest University. The present faculty (1898) consists of O.'i profes- sor.s, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- ance. The length of the annual terms is six months, and four years of study are required for graduation, attendance upon at least three col- lege terms being compulsory. RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 miles northwest of Beardstown : is the southerr terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, the seat of justice being removed from a place called Beardstown, about five miles eastward (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), where it had been located at the time of the organization of Schuyler County, a j'ear previous. At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, grain and fruit-growing region, and contains several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick and tile works; also has two banks (State and private) and a public library. Three periodicals (one daily) are published here. Population (1880), 1,GC2; (1890). 2,031; (1900), 2.292. RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793. and educated in the common schools of his native State and at 3Iiddlebury College, where he gradu- ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support himself, during his college course, by teaching and by the publication, before he had reached his 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic History of Vermont State Prison. "' After gradu- ation he taught for a short time in Georgia; but, early in the following year, joined his father on the way to Jlissouri. The next five years he spent in teaching in the "Bonhomniie Bottom" on the Missouri River. During this period he published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), which gained a wide popularity and was early recognized by the compilers of school-readers as a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vaudalia (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper Alton, which afterwards became Shurtlell College. In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating at a point near the Illinois River to which he gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to which he was an almost constant contributor during the last twenty-five years of his life. About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part of Greene County, but now in Jersey County — to which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was also, for several years. Principal of the Spring Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the author of a number of stories and sketches, some of which went through several editions, and, at the time of his death, liad in prei)aration a his- tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He was an accomplished linguist, being able to read with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian, besides having considerable familiarity with several other modern languages. In 1862 he received from the University of Chicago the degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2. 1SG3. and was buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan. James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- General on the staff of the latter in the Civil War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The Chicago Evening Post." and was advanced to the position of city editor. Subsequently he was connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- cation of Hyde Park before the anne.\ation of that village to Chicago, and has been one of the South Park Commissioners of the city last named. After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. At the expiration of his term of office he resumed editorial work a.s editor-in-chief of "The Chron- icle," the organ of the Democratic party in Chicago. Died June 25. 1900. RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- dier, was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Sept. 25, 462 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at Alton ; was a Republican candidate for Presi- '\A, a city in Carroll County, situated on the Mississip])! River and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount Carroll, and about 20 miles nortli of Clinton, Iowa. It is an important shipping point and contains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, flour, etc. It has a .State bank, several churches, two graded schools and two daily and weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,000; (1800), ;!,(m7; (1000), 3.325. SAYBR(H)K, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 16 miles east of Bloomington. The di.strict is agricultural; the town has a bank and two newspapers. Population (1880), 734; (1890), 8.11; (1900), 879. SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, was born at South Boston, Halifax County, Ya. , Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- ville, Ky., wliere he resided until 1831, having meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111., HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 467 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- ment, but resigned at the close of the same year to accept the judgeship of tlie Third Judicial Circuit, and took up his residence at Sliawnee- town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges added to the Supreme Court bench, the others being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat upon the bench to resume practice. The same year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- vention and Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, received a Major's commission and was assigned to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at Chicago, which position he filled until July 1, 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, during the same period, being ex-officio custodian of United States funds, the office of Assistant Treasurer not having been then created. Died, at Evanston, Oct. 26. 1886. SCA3I3IOX, Jonathan Toiiug, lawyer and banker, was born at Whitefield, JIaine, July 27, 1812 ; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) University in 1831, he studied law and was admitted to the bar at HalloweU, in 1885 remov- ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. After a year spent as deputy in the office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- utes, he was appointed attorney for the State Bank of lUinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became reporter of the Supreme Com-t, whicli office he held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- ated with several prominent lawj'ers, his fii-st legal firm being that of Scanunon, McCagg & Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- lent character, his most important financial venture was in connection with the Cliiavgo Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- ducted an extensive banking business for many years, and of which he was the President and leading spirit. As a citizen he was progressive. public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the main promoters and organizers of the old Galena & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- nently identified with the founding of the Chi- cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) Chicago University, and one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, of the Cliicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- nomical Society — being the first President of tlie latter body. He erected, at a cost of §30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in which he caused to be placed the most power- ful telescope which had at tliat time been brought to the West. He also maintained the observatory at his own expense. He was the pioneer of Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in poUtics, a staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. In 1844 he was one of the founders of '"The Chi- cago American," a paper designed to advance the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ; and, in 1873, when "The Chicago Tribune" espoiLsed the Liberal Republican cause, he started '■The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- chief. He was one of the first to encourage the adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine in Chicago, and was prominently connected with the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in botli for many years. As a member of the Gen- eral Assembly he secured the pas.sage of many important measures, among them being legisla- tion looking toward the bettering of the currency and the banking system. He accumulated a large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, March 17. 1890. SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, in 1821, located in Scarritfs Prairie. Madison County. His sons afterward became influential in business and Methodist church circles. Died, Dec. 12, 1847. SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the uniformity of surface which characterizes a country containing no mountain ranges, but whicli is made up largely of natural prairies, there are a number of localities in Illinois where scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and rugged character, may be found. One of the most striking of these features is produced by a spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- tains of Missouri, projected across the southern part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 468 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tower in Jackson County, through the northern part of Union, and through portions of William- son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. Grand Tower, the initial point in the western part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, standing out in the channel of the Missis.sippi, and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark for navigators ever since the discovery of the Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point immediately on the river bank, formed by some isolated hills alx)ut three miles long by a mile and a half wide, which have withstood the forces that excavated the valley now occupied by the Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower end of this hill, with a low valley between them, is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more than 400 feet above the level of the river at Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of the Mobile & Ohio Kailroael, in the northern part of Union County, with an elevation above tide- water of 985 feet. The highest point in this range of hills is reached in the northeastern part of Pope Count}' — the elevation at that point (as ascertained bj- Prof. Rolfe of the State Universitj' at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as well as some distance up the latter stream — though the landscape along the middle section of the Illinois is generally monotonous or only gently imdulating, except at Peoria and a few other points, where bluffs rise to a con.siderable height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, including the celebrated ".Starved Rock," the site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). This rock rises to a perpendicular height of about 185 feet from the surface of the river at the ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once an island at a period when the Illinois River occupied the whole valley. Additional interest is given to both these localities by their associ- ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- milion River — some two miles from where it empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, for a quarter of a mile, between almost jierpen- dicular walls, the road terminates abrujitly at a dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- tom of the chasm. There is much other striking scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of the earliest explorers in this region was Mount Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first mentioned by St. Cosine in 169S, and has been variously known as Mon jolly, Mont Jolie, Jlount Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 1,800 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The American Antiquarian," expresses tlie opinion that, originally, it was an i.sland in the river, which, at a remote period, swept down the valley of the Des Plaines. Slount Joliet was a favorite rallj'ing point of Illinois Indians, who were accastomed to hold their councils at its base. — The scenery along Rock River is not striking from its boldness, but it attracted the attention of early explorers by the picturestjue beauty of its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. The highest and most abrupt elevations are met with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about three miles south of Galena and two miles from the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known to tourists and river men ever since the Upper Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- tude of some 4.30 feet above the ordinary level of Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and Jack.son"s Mounds being conspicuous among them. There are also some castellated rocks around the city of Galena which are very strik- ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system already referred to, is believed to be the highest elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 feet above the (Julf of Mexico. SCHAUMBERG, a village in Schaumberg Township, Cook County. Population, 573. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 469 SCHXEIDER, George, journalist and banker, was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. Being sentenced to death for his participation in the attempted rebellion of 1848. he escaped to America iu 1849, going from New York to Cleve- land, and afterwards to St. Louis. Tliere, in con- nection with his brother, he established a Oerman daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely anti -slaver J' and exerted a decided political influ- ence, especially among persons of German birth. In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he rigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude and articles gave such offense to the partisan friends of this mea.sure. that "The Zeitung" was threatened with destruction by a mob in IS.'i.i. He early took advanced ground in opposition to slavery, and was a member of the convention of Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, and of the first Republican State Convention, held at Bloomington the same j'ear, as well as of the National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 1860, participating in the nomination of both John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On retiring from this office he engaged in banking, subsequently becoming President of the National Bank of Illinois, with wliich he was associated for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President Hayes tendered him tlie ministry to Switzerland, whicli he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving for a numl)er of years as a member of the Repub- lican State Central Committee. SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, was born in Chautauqua Count j', N. Y., Sept 29, 1831 ; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111. , in 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport ; graduated from the United States Military Acad- emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPher.son and Sheridan : was assigned to the artillery ser- vice and served two years in Florida, after which he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor of Physics in Washington University at St. Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned ■to duty and was appointed mvistering officer; then, by permission of the War Department, entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's Creek. His subsequent career included the organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), command of the Army of the Frontier in South- west Missouri, command of the Department of the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in North Carolina — his army having been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee by way of Washington. After the close of the war he went on a special mission to Mexico to inve.stigate the French occupation of that country; was commander of the Department of the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by appointment of President Johnson, from June, 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- net he was commissioned a full Major-General and held various Division and Department com- mands until 1886, when, on the death of General Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the Army, with headquarters at Washington. He was retired under the age limit. Sept. 29, 1895. His present home is in Washington. SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was Iwrn in CTark County, 111., in 1834; acquired the rudiments of an education in the common schools during boy- hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the higher branches through toilsome application to text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., graduating two years later, and beginning prac- tice at Marshall. 111. He defrayed his expenses at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the Legislature. After serving one term he returned to his professional career and succeeded in build- ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand Division, caused by the resignation of Judge Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he not insistently declined to accept the honor. 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and were extremely rude, as regards both structure and furnishing. Indeed, tlie earliest jiioneers rarely erected a special building to be used as a scliool-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered the purpose, and the church and the court-house were often made to accommodate the school. When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the men of the district gathered at the site selected, bringing their axes and a few other tools, with tlieir ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a cabin. .Sixteen feet square was usuallj' con- sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light and air, and the other for the open fireplace, from which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and mud. on the outside. Danger of fire was averted by thickly lining the inside of the chimnej' with clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great labor, stone was substituted for mortar made from the clay soil. The chimneys were alwaj's wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes extending across one entire end of the building. The fuel used was wood cut directly from the forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the width of the chimney. Occasionally there was no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- tive structures, being built on the earth and the smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In such houses a long board was set up on the wind- ward side, and shifted from side to side as the wind varied. Stones or logs answered for andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were made of roughly split clapboards, held in place by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- ports starting from "eaves poles." The space between the logs, which constituted the walls of the building, was filled in with blocks of wood or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in which straw was sometimes mixed to increa.se its adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the admission of light : and, as glass could not always be procured, rain and snow were excluded and light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over this space a board, attached to the outer wall by leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep out the storms. The placing of a glass window in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 1824, was considered au important event. Ordi- narily the floor was of the natural earth, although this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., iloors made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The seats were also of puncheons (without backs) supported on four legs made of pieces of poles inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, except the advanced pupils who were learning to write. For their convenience a broader and smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall by wooden pins, in such a way that it would slope downward toward the pupil, the front being supported by a brace extending from the wall. When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- self" and faced tlie teacher and his schoolmates. These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with the exception of a split -bottomed chair for the teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or "piggin." of water, with a gourd for a drinking cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures were, they were evidences of public spirit and of appreciation of the advantages of education. They were built and maintained bj' mutual aid and sacrifice, and. in them, some of the great men of the State and Nation obtained that primary training which formed the foundation of their subsequent careers. (See Education.) SCHUYLER COUXTY, located in the western portion of the State, has an area of 430 square miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. The first American settlers arrived in 1823, and. among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, AVilliam H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The county was organized from a portion of Pike County, in 182.5, the first Commissioners being Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Ilor- ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the county-seat, selected a site in the eastern part of the county about one mile west of the present village of Pleasant View, to which the name of Beardstown was given, and where the earliest court was held. Judge John York Sawyer presid- ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 471 pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected the present site of the city of Rushville, some five miles west of the point originally chosen. The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name was afterwards changed to RushviUe. Ephraim Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The surface of the county is rolling, and the region contains excellent farming land, whicli is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous creeks. Population (1890), 10,013; (1900), 16,129. SCHW.VTK.\, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated from the United States Militarj^ Academy in 1871, and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, meantime studying law and medicine, being admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as second in command, sailed from New York in the "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's party, besides discovering relics which tended to clear up the m3'stery of their fate. During this period he made a sledge journey of 3,2.51 miles. Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition up the Yukon River. After a brief return to army dutj' he tendered his resignation in 1885, and the next year led a special expedition to Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York Times." later making a voyage of discovery among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where he found manj- interesting relics of Aztec civili- zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He received the Roquette Arctic Jledal from the Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from the Imperial Geograpliical Society of Russia ; also published several volumes relating to his re- searches, under the titles. "Along Ala.ska's Great River"; ""The Franklin Search Under Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy he accompanied his father to Galena, where the latter established a newspaper, and where he learned the printer's trade. After graduating from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- culture, at the same time contributing short articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he was a compositor in Washington. His first news- paper venture was the publication of a weekly newspaper in Slarj-land in 1872. Returning to Illinois, conjointly with his father he started "The IndiLstrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately secured a controlling interest. His journalLstic and executive capability soon brought additional responsibilities. He was chosen President of the American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press — the latter being an organization for the collec- tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to journals throughout the United States and Can- ada. He was also conspicuously connected w;ith the preliminary organization of the World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." Early in 189.') lie purchased "The Chicago Times," intending to consolidate it with "The Herald." but before the final consummation of his plans, he died suddenly, while on a business visit in New York, April 14, 1895. SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was bom in St. Clair County, III., August 1, 1824; his father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- trict schools was supplemented bj- private tuition, and his early education was the best that the comparatively new country afforded. He read law at BelleviUe, was ailmitted to the bar in 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He served as County School Commissioner from 1849 to 1852, and, in the latter year, waselected County Judge. In 18.56 he was an unsuccessful Repub- lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently speaking from the same platform with Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to succeed David Davis on the elevation of the latter to the bench of the United States Supreme Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a new judicial election being rendered necessary by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 472 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879, but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter years of his life were devoted to his private affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a volume containing a History of the Illinois Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and early lawyers of the State. SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College in 1846, then spent several years looking after his father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa in 1850; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he removed to Bloomington, where he organized the McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its head until his deatli; was also the founder of "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at Bloomington, May 21, 1891. SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, was born in Jackson Township, Effingham County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, after receiving a thorough common-school edu- cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight years. Superintendent of Schools for liis native county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- cation was "The Effingham Democrat,'" which he left to become proprietor and manager of "The Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- cal. Before removing to Bloomington lie filled the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District to the Fifty -second Congress. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor of "The Bloomington Leader." SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an area of 248 square miles. The region was origi- nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who ceded it to the Government by the treaty of EdwardsviUe, July 30, 1819. Six months later (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the countj', John Scott the second and Adam Miller the third. About the same time came Stephen M. Umpstead, whose wife was tlie first white woman in the county. Other pioneers were Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The country was rough and the conveniences of civi- lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn to EdwardsviUe to be ground, and went to Alton for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized from the best citizens, who meted out a rough and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott County was cut off from Morgan and organized in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of it being originally timbered, and it is well watered by the Illinois River and numerous small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 10,304; (1900). 10,455. SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to Rushville. III., in cliildhood, and educated at McKendree College; studied law and came to Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in "The Cliicago Tribune," which had been estab- lished during the previous year. In 1852 he withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- cratic Press," which was consolidateil with "The Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in the banking business as a member of the firm of Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a finished and able writer who did much to elevate the standard of Cliicago journalism. SCKOCitiS, George, journalist, was born at Wilmington, Clinton. Count}-, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs. who came to Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the location of the State University at Champaign, afterwards serving as a member of the first Board HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 473 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's printing office, continuing until 1862, when he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, N. C. He remained in the service until July, 1865. when he resigned; then entered the Uni- versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and Union," of which he finally became sole propri- etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Governor CuUom, and, the follow- ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General Assembly, but, before the close of the session (1879). received the appointment of United States Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com- pelled to surrender tliis position, a year later, on account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, Oct. 15, 1880. SEATOXVILLE, a village in Hall Township, Bureau County. Population (1900*, 909. SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from its admission into tlie Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David BlackweU, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October. 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by the Senate) ; George Forquer, 1825-28 ; Alexander Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 1846-.')0; David L. Gregg. 1850-53; Alexander Starne, 1853-57; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65; Sharon Tyndale. 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816. and the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under tlie first Con- stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of State was filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without limitation as to term of office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by that of 1870, that officer was made elective by the people at tlie same time as the Governor, for a term of four years. SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at various points in the Northwest, organizations of persons disaffected toward the National Govern- ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first they were known by such titles as "Circles of Honor," "Mutual Protective As.sociations," etc. But they had kindred aims and their members were soon united in one organization, styled "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets having been partially disclosed, this body ceased to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) by an organization of similar character, called the "American Knights." These societies, as first formed, were rather poUtical than military. The "American Knights" had more forcible aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the order was re-organized under the name of "Sons of Libert}-." The last named order started in Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organi- zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, acquiring much more strength and influence than its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- mander." "secretary of state," and "treasurer." Each State represented formed a division, imder a "deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided into military districts, imder "major-generals." County lodges were termed "temples." The order was virtually an officered army, and its aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding force, either the oath of allegiance or an OiVth taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive polic}- by the Government in dealing with seces- sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; to aid the Confederates in destroying Government property. Clement L. Vallandigham. the expat- riated traitor. wa.s at its head, and. In 1864. claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 474 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. acts were committed, but the organization, hav- ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- banded in 1M65. (See Camp Douglas Cotispiracy.) SGLKY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway County, Ohio. July 20, 183.5; removed with liis parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, l)Ut, at tlie age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, whore he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, but left the institution during his junior year to assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal,"' at Jack.sonville, with which he remained until the fall of 18.58, covering the period of the organization of the Republican party, in which "The Journal" took an active part. He was a member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known as Republican) State Convention, which met at Springfield, in October. 1854 (the first ever held in the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- lican party. (See Anfi-Xebraska Editorial Convention.) This body appointed the first Republican State Central Committee and desig- nated the date of the Bloomington Convention of May 2i), following, which put in nomination the first Republican State ticket ever named in Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following November. (See Bloomington Convention.) In 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a liistory of the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraud.) Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the last of June, 18C1. Just two weeks before the fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and falsely charged with having been connected with the "underground railroad," in letters from secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- sonal and political enmitj- he had incurred while conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some of whom referred to Jelferson Davis, Senator Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders as vouchers for their characters. He at once invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- tees of the institution, of which he was the Principal, when that body — although composed, for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into his hands. Returning North with his family in July, 18G1, he spent some nine months in the com- missary and transportation branches of the ser- vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, he became as,sociate editor of "The Illinois State Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- ber, 186.5. Tlie next six months were spent as Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 1866, he soon after became identified with the Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 1874, resumed his old place on "Tlie State Jour- nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reapjKjinted by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," but the following year organized a new company for its purchase, when he resumed his former position as editor. In 1880 he disposed of his holding in "The .Journal," finally removing to Chicago, where he has been emplnyed in literary work. In all he has been engaged in editorial work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- cock, of Quincy, b)' whom he had two children, both of whom died in infancy. SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch descent; after learning the tanner"s trade, studied law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing to Mis.souri four years later, where he was ad- mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, he l)egan practice at Edwardsville. but later became a citizen of Alton. During the Black Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He was thrice elected to the lower house of the Legislature (1832, '34 and '36), and was Speaker during the last two terms. In 1833 he was elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but served only until the following year, and, in 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- wards elected. United States Senator to fill the unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 475 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey County, just south of which he o\nied a large estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died. Dec. 20, 1866. SEXECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Cliicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of Ottawa. It has a graded school, several churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain warehouses and one newspaper. Population (1880), 738; (1890), 1,190; (HiOO). 1,036. SEXX, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years of age, his parents settUng at Washington. Wis. He received a grammar school education at Fond du Lac, and, in 1864, began the .study of medi- cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he visited Europe, graduated the following year from the Universitj' of Munich, and, on his return, became Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Surgical Pathology in Rush Jledical College in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. Senn has achieved great success and won an international reputation in the treatment of difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the author of a number of volumes on different branches of surgery which are recognized as standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois National Guard, and has also been President of the Association of Military Surgeons of the National Guard of the United States, besides being identified with various other medical bodies. Soon after the beginning of tlie Spanish- American War, he was appointed, by President McKinley. a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the militan.- branch of the service at Camj) Chicka- mauga and in the Santiago campaign. SEXTON, (CoL) James A.. Commander-in- Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was lx)rn in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a private soldier under the first call for troops issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to recruit a company which afterwards was attached to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain of Company D, which he had recruited. As com- mander of his regiment, then constituting a part of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring HiU, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Na.sh- ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and men, it returned with only 332, all told, although it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known as "The boy Captain," being only IS years old when he received his first commission, and 21 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- paign, he was mustered out with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but. in 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, and, in 1889, was appointed. In- President Harrison, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, which he held at the time of his death. He had also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- tees of the Soldiers" and Sailors' Home at Quincy, and, during most of the time. President of the Board. Towards the close of the year 1^98, he was appointed by President McKinley a member of the ConimLssion to investigate the conduct of the Spanish-American AVar. but. before the Com- mission had concluded its lalxirs. was taken with "the grip " which developed into pneumonia, from which lie died in Washington, Feb. 5. 1899. SEYMOUR, (ieor^e Franklin, Protestant Epis- copal Bishop, was born in New York City. Jan. H. 1829; graduated from Cohmibia College in 1850, and from the General Theological Seminarj- (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 470 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- sionary work. During this period he was promi- nently identified with the founding of St. Stephen's College. After serving as rector in various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of the institution, still retaining his professorship. Racine College conferred upon him the degree of S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 1878. He was a prominent member of tlie Third Pan-Anglica.n Council (London, 188.5), and has done much to foster the growth and extend tlie influence of his church in his diocese. SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. Population (1890), 502; (1900), 587. SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, was born near the Mauinee River, in Ohio, about 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell (see Suuganasit) to the homes of the Pottawato- mies and other tribes within the present limits of Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- ation in driving the white settlers out of the country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, soon after submitted to the United States through General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, who had a village on the Illinois River east of the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for some time, but finally removed 25 miles nortli to Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he remained till 1837, when he removed to Western Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a reservation near by, hostilities began between them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona were killed. He finally returned to his old home in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who drove him from the grove that bore his name. Some friends then bought for him twenty acres of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble specimen of his race. A life of him has been published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678. SHAW, Aaron, former Congres.sman, born in Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He has held various important public offices. He was a member of the first Internal Improvement Convention of the State; was chosen State's Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he served two terms ; served four years as Judge of the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the Forty -eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after admission to the bar, began practice at Mount Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, being reelected in 1872, '7(? and '78. He was Sjjeaker of the House during the session of 1877, and one of the Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth Circuit. SHAWNEETOWN, an incorporated city, the county-seat of Gallatin Coimty. 182 miles south- east of Springfield; .situated on the Ohio River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been laid out in 1808, and a place of importance in Terri- torial and early State history — noted for the number of prominent men wlio resided there. About 1818 it was one of the largest towns in tlie State. Coal and lead are mined in the surround- ing country, and the city is a shipjiing point for both coal and farm products. Pork packing and manufacturing are carried on to a moderate extent. Shawneetown has several mills, a foundry and machine shop, two or three banks and two weekly newspapers. The town has suffered severely from floods in the Ohio River, within the last few years, the most disastrous HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 477 being those of 1883 and 1898. Population (1880), 1,851; (1890), 2,100; (1900J, 1,698. SHEAHAN, James W., journalist, was born in Baltimore. Md., spent his early life, after reaching manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at Springfield. Througli the influence of Senator Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the editorship of "The Young America" newspaper at Chicago, wliich was soon after changed to "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he establi.shed a new paper called "The Morning Post." This he made representative of the views of the "War Democrats" as against "The Times," which was opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago Tribune," which lie retained until his death, June 17, 1883. SHEFFIELD, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island; has valuable coal mines, a bank and two newspapers. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 993; (1900), 1,205. SHELBY COUXTY, lies south of the center of the State, and contains an area of 776 square miles. The tide of immigration to this county was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, although later it began to set in from the Northern States. The first cabin in the county was built by .Simeon Wakefield on wliat is now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, which he soon afterward sold to Josepli Oliver, the pioneer mercliant of the county, and fatlier of the first wliite child liorn within its limits. Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi Casey and Samuel Ilall. In lieu of hats the early settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. The county was formed in 1837, and Shelbyville made the county-seat. Both county and town are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, and limestone and sandstone are also found. The surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow tlirough the central and soutlieastern portions. The county lies in the very heart of the great corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 191; (1900), 32,126. SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia River and two lines of railway, 23 miles south- west of Mattoon and 32 miles .southeast of Decatur. Agriulture, coal-mining, and lumber- ing are all carried on in the surrounding region. In the city are a foundry, several large flouring mills, a woolen mill, agricultural implement works and other factories, besides a national bank (capital §75,000) one daily, four weekly and one monthly periodicals. I'opulation (1880), 2,939; (1890), 3,162; (1895), 3,320; (1900), 3,546. SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Clii- cago & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & West- ern Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has banks and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. Population (1880), 947; (1890), 910; (1900). 1,103. SHELDOX, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in Massachusetts in 1813, graduateil from Williams College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at Hennepin, Putn-im County, but soon removed to Galena, and finally to Rockfonl. In 1848 ho was elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, wliich afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- electeil in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- ceedeil by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 13, 1897. SHEPPARI),Xnthan, author and lecturer, was born in Baltimore. Md., Nov, 9, 1834; graduated at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859; dur- ing the Civil War was special correspondent of "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also served as special Ameri<\in correspondent of "The London Times, " and was a contributor to "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 lie became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 478 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. four years later, accepted a similar position in Allegheny College; also spent four years in Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great Britain ami Ireland. In 1884 he founded the "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of which ho was President until his death, early in 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- ings from (ieorge Eliot" and "E.ssays of George Eliot" were among the volumes issued by hiiu between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, Jan. 24, 1888. SHERMAN, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining there imtil 1836, when he came to Chicago and began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- eral years later he opened the first stone ([uarries at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years in the service of Chicago as a public official. From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company of militia; for two yeai's served as Chief of the Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was chosen Mayor, his administration being marked b)' the first extensive public improvements made in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did much to secure a better water supidy for the city. He was especially interested in promoting common school education, being for several years a member of the City School Board. He was Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of Northwestern University. Retired from active pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a serene old age atWaukegan, 111.— Oren (Sherman) brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- chant, was born at Barre, Vt., March 5, 1816. After spending several years in a mercantile house in IMontiwlier, Vt.. at the age of twenty he came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there the next spring. With various partners Mr. Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- ness until 18.")3, at the same time being extensively engaged in the provision trade, one-lialf the entire transactions in pork in tlie city passing through Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively interested in tlie marble business, continuing in this until a few years after the panic of 1873, when he retired in consequence of a shock of paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 1.5, 1898. SHERMAN, Elijah IJ., lawyer, was born at Fairfield. Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the late Gjn. \V. T. Sherman; gained his education in the common schools and at Middlebury College, where he graduated in 1860; began teaching, but soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the Union ; received a Lieutenanfs commission, and served until captured on the eve of the battle at Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp Douglas. Chicago, awaiting excliange. During tliis pei-iod he commenced reading law and, liav- ing resigned his commission, graduated from the law department of C'hicago University in 1864 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Cook County, and re- elected in 1878, and the following year appointed Master in Chancery of the United States District Court, a position wliicb he still occupies He has repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses on political, literary and patriotic occa.sions, one of these being before tlie alumni of his alma mater, in 1884, wlien he was complimented with the degree of LL.D. SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen, and began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1833. He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he l)ecanie a Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, antl, in 184.'), was made Commissioner of tlie General Land Oftlce. In July, 1846, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, where he was severely wounded. He was again wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 1848. The same year he was appointed (iovernor of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1850 he removed to Minnesota, and, in 18.">8, was clio.sen United States Senator from that State, his term expiring in 18.')9, when he established a residence in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, but at once hastened to Washington to tender his services to the Governmnet. He was commis- sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of numarous wounds caused him to re-sign. He sub- seijuently removed to Mi-ssouri. practicing law at Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was elected United States Senator to fill out the unex- pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in office — serving only six weeks, but being the only man in the history of the country who filled the office of United States Senator from three differ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 479 ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 1879. SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 390. SHIPMAX, George E., M.D., physician and philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 1830; graduated at the University of New York in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, where he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic Hospital in that city, and, in 18.")5, was one of the first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at his own expense, giving to it the latter years of his life. Died. Jan. 20, 1893. SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter in 18.")!; taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of the first Library Board; was also a prominent member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a Director in the new University of Chicago and deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- cago, March 4, 1899. SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon a farnr until 20 years of age, when he entered McKendree College, spending his senior year, however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile accepted a call to the Jlissouri Conference Semi- nary at Jackson, 5Io. ; where he remained three years, when he returned to Illinois, serving churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a part of the time being Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected I'resident of Illinois Female College at Jackson- ville, continuing in that position until 1S93, when he was appointed Superintendent of tlie Illinois State Institution for tlie Blind at the same place. but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio Wesleyan University. SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, was born at Kittauning, Pa., June 15, 1836; came to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate to tlie State Constitutional Convention of 1864. Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was chosen the first Governor of the State, in October of the same year being elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one of the few Western Senators who remained faith- ful to the regular Republican organization, during the political campaign of 1896. SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some years in Scott County in that State, and was educated in the local schools, at Maysville and Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield, with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), where he remained until his appointment as United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 12, 1898. SHl'M.VN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 18:57. he was reared b}- an uncle. At the age of 15 he became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- caster Union and .Sentinel." A year later he ac- companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y.. working for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that city, then known as Governor Seward's "home organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published and distributed — during his leisure hours — a small weekly paper called "The .\uburnian." At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- ployed, for a year or two. in editing and publisli- ing "The Cayuga Chief." a temperance journal. 480 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before the completion of his junior year, consented, at the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi- cago, to accei)t an editorial position on "The Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- pany. From 1865 to 18T0 (first by e.xecutive appointment and afterward by popular election) he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he abandoned active journalistic work in isss. dying in Chicago, Hay 5, 1890. His home during the latter years of his life was at Evanston. Governor Shuman was author of a romance entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous addresses before literary, commercial and scien- tific associations. SHl'jnVAY, Dorice Diright, merchant, was born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot ancestry; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 18.37, and to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a daugliter of Hiram Rountree, an earlj' resident of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- ing at Taylorville. but retired in 18,58, thereafter giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General As.sembly. served in the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1847, and four years as Count}' Judge of Clu-istian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was born in Montgomery County, 111., June, 1843; spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County and in his father's store at Taylorville ; took an academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- eighth Genei'al Assembly and Senator in the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-.seventh, afterwards removing to Springfield, where he engaged in the stone business. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was united with an academy at Upper Alton. This was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- leff") College. As far as its denominational control is concerned, it has always been domi- nated by Baptist infiuence. Dr. Peck's original idea was to found a school for teaching theology and Biblical literature, but this project was at first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis and John Russell were among the first instruc- tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin ShurtleflF donated the college §10,000, and the institution was named in his honor. College classes were not organized until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over Sl'26,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and personal property. About 355 students were in attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate departments, the college also maintains a theo- logical school. It has a faculty of twenty instructors and is co-educational. SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- cago Division of tlie Wabash Railway, 105 miles south-southwest of Chicago ; has banks and a weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was bom at Westfield. JIass., in 1818; learned the trade of a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the bar, came west, finally settling at Xauvoo. Han- cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense to a section of the community. In 1847 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, but was elected in 18.50. and re-elected in 18.53. In 18.53 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 18.55, was elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, where he died. June 18, 1897. SIDELL, a village of Vermilion County, at the Junction of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Peoria & Evansville Railroads; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 776. SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population, (19(X)), 564. SIM, (Dr.) lYilliam, pioneer physician, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 481 America in early manliood, and was the first phy- sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies (1834 and '28). He married a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for that purpose on horseback. He had a family of five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim. rising to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, being President of a Medical College at Memphis, Term. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 1868. SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the first Representative from that coimty in the Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution designed to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave State. 3Ir. Sims resided for a time in Menard Count}', but finally removed to Morgan. SIX(iER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in Scbnectady, X. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of repairs upon the Canal until 18.')3. While thus emploj'ed he became one of the proprietors of the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when they became the property of the Western Stone Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a Republican during the Civil War, and served as a member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the Republican County Central Committee in 1880. He was also associated with several financial institutions, being a director of the First National Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- cago, and a member of the Union League and Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena. Cal., Dec. 28, 1896. SIXGLETOX, James TV., Congressman, born at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at the Winchester ( Va. ) Academy, and removed to Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, Brown County, and, some twenty years later, near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, and was prominent in political and commercial affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- able attention to stock-raising. He was elected Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, being identified to some extent with the "Mor- mon War"'; was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of his party. James M. Riggs. During the War of the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous leaders of the "peace party." He constructed the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, being President of both companies. His death occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. SIXXET, John S., pioneer, was bom at Lex- ington, K}-., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, taken by his parents to Mi.s,souri; enlisted in the War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now Christian County, locating on land constituting a part of the present citj' of Tajlorville. In 1840 he removed to Tazewell Coimty, dying there, Jan. 13, 1872. SKIXX'ER, Mark, jurist, was bom at Manches- ter, Vt., Sept. 13. 1813; graduated from Middle- bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1830. came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master in Chancery for Cook County, and finally L'nited States District Attorney under President Tj-ler. As member of tlie House Finance Committee in the Fifteenth General A.ssembly (1846-48), he aided influentially in securing the adoption of measures for refunding and paying the State debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook County, but declined a re-election in 18.53. Origi- nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United States Sanitary Commission and was identified with all the leading charities of the city. Among the great business enterprises with which he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- cago Union and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railways (in each of wliich he was a Director), the Cliicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, the G;vs-Light and Coke Company and others. Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- viving son was killed in the trenches before Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. SKIXXER, Otis .tinsworth, clergyman and author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 482 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. taught for some time, became a Universalist minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston and New York between 1831 and 18.57; then came to Elgin, III., was elected President of Lom- liard University at Galesburg, but the following year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- umes on religious topics, and, at different times, edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- hill, JIa.ss., and Boston. SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- mon War"" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor Ford. In 1848 be was elected to the lower house of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for the district including Adams and Brown Coun- ties. In 18.51 he was elected Judge of the (then) Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, resigning this position in April, 18.58, two months before the expiration of his term. He was a large land owner and had extensive agricultural interests. He built, and was the first President of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early history, including date and place of birth, are unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative from Washington County in the Second General Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1832 he was elected one of the three Congressmen from Illinois, representing the First District. After attending tlie first session of the Twenty- third Congress, while on his way home, he was attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, Ind., July 11, 1834. SLAUE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo. Albany County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- hood with his parents on a farm, except while absent at school ; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 111., where he soon became connected with the public schools, serving for a number of years as Principal of the Belleville High School. While connected with the Belleville schools, he was elected County Superintendent, remaining in oflSce some ten years ; later had charge of Almira College at Greenville, Bond County, served six years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the Republican party. On retirement from the office of State Superintendent, he resimied his place at the head of Almira College, but, for the past few years, has been Superintendent of Schools at East St. Louis. SLAVERY AGITATIOX OF 1823-24. (See Slai-ery aud Slave Laws ) SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves were first brought into the Illinois country by a Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 1722. At that time the present State formed a part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was regulated by French royal edicts. AVhen Great Britain acquired the territorj-, at the close of the French and Indian War, the former subjects of France were guaranteed security for their per- sons "and effects," and no interference with slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of lUiniiis by "Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers). the French very generally professed allegiance to that t'ommonwealth, and, in her deed of cession to the United States. Virginia expressly stipulated for the protection of the "rights and liberties"' of the French citizens. This was construed as recognizing the right of property in negro slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- served to the settlers (reference being especially made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, their laws and customs, now (then) in force, relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- ertj'. '■ A conservative construction of this clause was, that while it prohibited the extension of slavery and the importation of slaves, the status of those who were at that time in involuntary servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- changed. There were those, however, who denied the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, on the ground that Congress had exceeded its powers in its passage. There was also a party which claimed that all children of slaves, born after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or. at least a modification — of the sixth clause of the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 483 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- mittee, to which this petition was referred, reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- tee recommended the suspension of the operation of the clause in question for ten years. But no action was taken by the National Legislature, and. in 1807, a counter petition, extensively signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note that some of the most earnest oj)ponents of the measure were Representatives from Southern Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State then prepared what is popularlj- known as the "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- lature in 1812. It was entitled. "An Act relating to the Introduction of Negroes and JIulattoes into this Territory," and gave permission to bring slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when they might be registered and kept in servitude within certain limitations. Slaves under that age might also be brought in, registered, and lield in bondage until they reached the age of 3.5, if males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered slaves were to serve their mother's master until the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect of this legislation was rapidly to increase the number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — that is to say. after its adoption. In 1822 the slave-holding partj". with their supporters, began to agitate the question of so amending the organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To effect such a change the calling of a convention was necessary, and. for eighteen months, the struggle between "conventionists" and their opponents was bitter and fierce. The question was submitted to a popular vote on August 2. 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes for such convention and G.640 against. This decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- ing in Illinois for all future time, though the existence of slavery in the State continued to be recognized by the National Census until 1840. The number, according to the census of 1810. was 108; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then the number began to diminish, being reduced in 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which shows any portion of the population held in bondage), it was 331. Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in an article in the first number of "The Genius of Liberty" (Januarj-, 1841), speaking of that con- test, says there were, at its beginning, only three papers in the State— "The Intelligencer" at Van- dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of these, at the out-set, favored the Convention scheme, wliile "The Spectator" opposed it. The management of the campaign on the part of the pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, and a paper was established by the name of "The Illinois Repuldican," with Smith as editor. Among the active opponents of the measure were George Churchill. Tliomas Lippincott, Samuel D. Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- jamin Limdy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United States District Court). William B. Archer, Wil- liam H. Brown and Benjamin MiUs (of Vandalia), John Tillson, Dr. Horatio NewhaU. George For- quer. Col. Thomas Mather. Thomas Ford. Judge David J. Baker. Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest as coming from one who probably had more to do with defeating the scheme, with the exception of Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and detailed accounts of this particular jieriod are to be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- nois for the Legalization of Slavery." an ad- dress before the Chicago Historical Society (1864). by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. (See also. Coles, Eihranl; Warren, Hooper; Brotcn. William H.: Churchill, George; Lippincott, Tliomas; and Xewspapers, Early, elsewhere in this volume. ) SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was born in Dorchester County, Md.. Feb. 20,, 1806. At the age of 17, having received a fair academic education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a wholes;ile grocery-. His father dying, he returned to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the same time studying law, and Injing admitted to 484 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which continued to be his home the remainder of his life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected in IS.M, "52, and "56, serving three times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. He was one of the members of the first State Hoard of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding and organization of the State educational insti- tutions. In 1857 he was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 1861. but declined a re-election for a third term. Died, Jan. l."), 1887. SMITH, Abiier, jurist, was born at Orange, Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an old New England family, wliose ancestors came to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- cated in the public schools and at Middlebury College, Vt., graduating from the latter in 1806. After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to Chicago in 1807, and entering upon the study of law, being admitted to the bar in 18G8. The next twenty-live 3-ears were spent in the practice of his profession in Chicago, within tliat time serv- ing as the attorney of several important corpo- rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected in 1897, his term of service continuing imtil 1903. SMITH, (Dr.) Charl«s Gilman, physician, was born at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1828, received his early education at Phillips .'Academy, in his native place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but completed his course at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1851, After two years spent as attending ])hysician of the Alms House in South Boston, Jlass. , in 1853 he came to Chicago, where he soon acquired an extensive practice. During the Civil War he was one of six physicians employed by the (Jovernment for the treatment of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of observing the management of hospitals in Ger- many, France and England, on his return being invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position which he continued to occupy for the remainder of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, Jan. 10, 1894. SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., where lie studied law with Judge Branilette and began practice. His father, dying about 1S31, left him tlie owner of a number of slaves whom, in 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- pated, giving bond that they should not become a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his death. Col. Jolin J. Hardin was his partner at the time of his deatli on the battle-field of Buena Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- tury, but never held any political office. As a lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- ally to the support of the Government dur- ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, Minn., July 13, 1805, where he had gone to accompany an invalid son. — Thoma.s William (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at Courtland, Ala., Sept, 27, 1832; died at Clear- water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, until, broken in health, he returned home to die. SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in boyhood came to the United States, and. since 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eiglith Illi- nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and, while so serving, was severely wounded at Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- dred and Tliirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was mustered out of service as Captain of Company C of that regiment. His business is that of banker and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- siderable experience in the construction and management of railroads. He was a member of the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was elected Representative in Congress from what was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Steven.son, after- wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- well) having been attached to the district for many years represented by Wra. M. Springer, he was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- election. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 485 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit the institution at the end of two years, because of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, and, in 1834, settled in Cliicago, where he resided until 18G1, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a considerable portion of the present site of Mil- waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was really the owner of the company, although Alex- ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue 11,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely as currenc}'. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- ested in a storage and commission business in Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of construction, by loans of money ; was also a charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, organized in 1848. In 18.'J4, the State of Wiscon- sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates above mentioned, Mr. Smith sold out the com- pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- powered him to issue 83,000,000 in currency. The notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George Smith & Co. 's Chicago bank. About IS.'JG Mr. Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- ments in railroad and other American securities, whicli netted him large profits. The amount of capital which he is reputed to have taken with him to his native land has been estimated at §10,000,000. though he retained considerable tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about Chicago. Among those who were associated with him in business, either as employes or otherwise, and who have since been prominently identified with Chicago business affairs, were Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. Smith made several visits, during the last forty years, to the United States, but divided his time chiefly between Scotland (where he was the owner of a ca-stle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. SMITH, George W., soldier, lawyer and State Treasurer, was bom in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- legiate education, but his father's business embarrassments having compelled the abandon- ment of his studies, at 17 of j-ears age he went to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 18.56 he returned to Albany and began the studj- of law, graduating from the law school in 18o8. In October of that year he removed to Chicago, where he remained continuously in practice, with the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- tered into service, August 27. 1862, as a Captain in the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he was seriously wounded and captured. After four days" confinement, he was aided by a negro to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, but was granted leave of absence, being incai)aci- tated for service. On his return to duty he joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- paign, and was officially complimented for his bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he was again severely wounded, and was once more personally complimented in the official report. At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. Smith commanded the regiment after the killing of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and. in June following, was mustered out. Returning to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- fession, and gained a prominent position at the bar. In 1806 he was elected State Treasurer, and, after the expiration of his term, in January, 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, was born in Putnam Coimty. Ohio, August 18, 1846. When he was four years old, his father removed to Wayne County, 111., settling on a farm. He attended the common schools and graduated from the literary department of Mc- Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 486 niSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. later determined to study law. After reading for a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law Department of the Blounuiigton (Ind.) Univer- sity, graduating tliere in ISTO. The same year he was admitted to the l)ar in Illinois, and has since practiced at JIurphysboro. In 1880 he was a Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was elected a Republican Representative to Congress from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving his sixth consecutive term as Representative from the Twenty-second District. SMITH, (Jiles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the latter place; became a Captain in the Eiglith Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloli and Corinth, and promoted Lieutenant-Cido.iel and Colonel in 1802; led his regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- moted Brigadier-General in August, 18G3, for gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of Lee he was transferred to the Twenty fifth Army Corps, became Major-Geueral in 186."), and resigned in 1860. having declined a commission as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of failing liealth in 1873. Died, at Bloomington, Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the founders of the Society of the Armj" of the Tennes.see. SMITH, > z D > < < c 2 " o ^ f . z 3 > » Z '3 M B r, i. 2 > Z 5 > " < z o 0. a; o w Pi w H •j; f- O > '/J HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 493 SOUTHERX ILLINOIS NORMAL UMYER- SITY, established in 1869, and located, after competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the value of $229,000, but which later depreciated, through shrinkage, to ^To.OOO. Construction was commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main building was completed and appropriately dedi- cated in July, 1874. Its cost was .5265,000, but it was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction are given — classical and scientific — each extend- ing over a period of four years. The conditions of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications enabling him to pass examination for a second- grade tea.cher's certificate. Those unable to do so may enter a preparatory department for six months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach in the public schools, not less than half the time of their attendance at the University, receive free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, wliile others pay a tuition fee. The number of students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in the southern half of the State, with represent- atives from eight other States. The teaching faculty for the same year consisted, besides the President, of sixteen instructors in the various departments, of whom five were ladies and eleven gentlemen. SOUTHERX PENITEXTIART, THE, located near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Xorfliern Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- lishment required the Commissioners to select a site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and timber, and having a high elevation, with a never failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- ings commenced. The first appropriation was of $200,000, and S300,000 was added in 1879. By March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and their labor was utilized in the completion of the buildings, which are constructed upon approved modern principles. The prison receives convicts sent from the southern jwrtion of the State, and has accommodation for some 1 , 200 prisoners. In connection with this penitentiary is an asylum for insane convicts, the erection of which was provided for by the Legislature in 1889. SOUTH GROVE, a viUage of De Kalb County. Population (1890), 730. SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of Customs and Street Railway President, was born at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought the property of the New York Lumber Company at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- sin, where, with different partners, and finally practically alone, he has carried on the business of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 1889, received from President Harrison an appointment as one of the Government Directors of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was a zealous supporter of the Government during the War of tlie Rebellion and rendered valuable aid in the construction and equipment of Camp Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants in payment, when no funds in the State treasury were available for the purpose. He was associ- ated with William B. Ogden and others in the project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon Bay b}- a sliip canal, which was completed in 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden. succeeded to the Presidency of the Canal Company, ser^-ing until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the General Government. He has also been identified with many other public enterprises intimately connected with tlie development and prosperity of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having control of the North and West Chicago Street Railway Systems. SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated in the United States and in Europe, ordained a priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation of colored people, and built for their use the Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made Chancellor of tlie Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- ferred from Louisville to New York, where he was attached to the missionary pitrish of St. Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 494 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. administration has been characterized by lx)th energy and success. He lias devoted much atten- tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought alx)ut tlie founding of many new settlements in the far West. He was also largely instrumental in bringing about the founding of the Catholic University at Washington. Ha is a frequent contributor to the reviews, and the author of a number of religious works. SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the montli of June, 177'J, soon after the declaration of war lietween Spain and Great Britain, an expe- dition was organized in Canada, to attack the Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- ously, a force was to l)e dispatched from Pensa- cola against New Orleans, then commanded by a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to British Commandiints. all through the Western country, to co-ojierate with both expeditions. De Galvez, having learned of the scheme through intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack by becoming the as.sailant. At the head of a force of 670 men. he set out and captured Baton Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- out opposition. Tlie British in Canada, being ignorant of what had been going on in the South, in February following dispatched a force from Mackinac to s\ipport the expeilition from Pensa- cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were contemplated points of attack, as well as the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. This movement was planned I))' Capt. Patrick Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain Hesse was )i!acecl in charge of the expedition, which numbered some 7.')0 men, including a force of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The British arrived before St. Louis, early on the morning of May 2(i, 1780, taking the Spaniards by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers Clark, having been apprised of the project, arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his presence and readiness to co-operate with the Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of the expedition. The accounts of wliat followed are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. Louis shore being variously estimated from seven or eight to sixty-eight — the last being the esti- mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All agree, however, that the invading party was forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, vith a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, pursued the retreating invaders as far as tlie Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on the way. This movement on the part of the British served as a pretext for an attempted re- prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. .Starting early in January, this latter expedition crossed Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. Jo.seph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which liail been captui-ed from the English by Thomas Bi^dy and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort was easily taken and the British flag replaced by the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as of but little moment, at the time, the post being evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious international complications, and the "conriuesf was seriouslj- urged by the Spanish ministry as giving that country a right to the territory trav- ersed. This claim was supported bj- France before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but was defeated, through the combined efforts of Messrs. .Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- ations with England. SPARKS, (Capt,) David R., manufacturer and legislator, was born near Lanesville. Ind., in 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip to California, returning the next year b}' the Isthmus of Panama. In 185.5 he engaged in the milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, but, in 18G0, made a third trip across the ])lains in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, and which was the second steam-engine in that region. He returned home in time to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks later, when the advocates of secession began to develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for .500.000 vol- unteers following the first battle of Bull Run. and was commissioned a Captain in the.Tliird Illinois Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), .serving two and a half years, during which time he took part in several hard-fought battles, and teing present at the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service he became associated with his former partner in the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 495 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- pal owner in 1881, and wliioh has since been greatl}- enlarged and improved, until it is now one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in the State. Capt. Sjiarks was elected to the House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and '97; was also strongly .supported as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Congress in 1896. SPAKKS, William A, J., ex-Congre.ssman, was born near Xew Albany, Ind., Xov. 19, 1828, at 8 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. Thrown on his own resources, he found work upon a farm, his attendance at the district schools being limited to the winter months. Later, he passed tlirough McKendree College, supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, giaduating in 1850. He read law with Judge Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The same year he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in the State Senate for the unexpired term of James M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, bj- President Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land Office in Washington, retiring, bj- resignation, in 1887. His home is at Carlvle. SPAKTA & ST. GEXEVIETE RAILROAD. (See Centralla & Chesier Railroad.) SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1830. Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a most devoted character, continued until the death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson County, Ky. , Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- lature in 1848, but was never again willing to accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. Ou the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and. during the war, was entrusted with many deli- cate and important duties in the interest of the Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he fretjuently visited in Washington. His death occurred at Louisville, May 29, 1882.— James (Speed), an older brother of the preceding, was a prominent Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- gate to the National Republican Conventions of 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served xmtil 1866, when he resigned on account of disagreement with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the age of 75 years. SPOO>' RITER, rises in Bureau County, flows southward through Stark County into Peoria, thence southwest through Knox, and to the south and southeast, through Fulton County, entering the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 150 miles long. SPRINGER, (ReT.) Francis, D.D., educator and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., where he preached and taught school; in 1847 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- nois State University, now known as Concordia Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, but. in September, 1861, resigned to accept the Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry : by suc- cessive resignations and appointments, held the positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- try (1863-64) and Po.st Chaplain at Fort Smith, Ark., serving in the latter position until April. 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the United States Army. This position he resigned while stationed at Fort Ilarker, Kan., August 23, 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen. lierforming important service in caring for non- combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes of war. After the war he served, for a time, as Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery County, 111. : was instrumental in the founding of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 496 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. its Board of Control at the time of his death. He was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of RepresentatiTes at the session of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Illinois for two consecutive terms {1890-"92). He was also member of the Stephenson Post, No. 30, G. A. R. , at Springfield, and .served as its Chaplain from January, 1S84, to his death, which occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1802. SPRINGER, William McKcndree, ex-Congress- man, Justice of United States Court, was born in Sullivan County, Ind., May 30, 1836. In 1848 he removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., was fitted for college in the public high school at Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. Bateman, entei-ed Illinois College, remaining three years, when he removed to the Indiana State University, graduating tliere in 1858. Tlie following year he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Logan County, but soon after removed to Springfield. He entered public life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention of 1802. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress from the Thirteentli Illinois District as a Democrat. From that time until the clo.se of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he served in Congress continuously, and was recog- nized as one of the leaders of his partj- on the fioor, being at the head of many important com- mittees wlien that party was in the ascendancy, and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- nation for Si)eaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the candidate of his party for Congress for the eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 President Cleveland appointed him United States District Judge for Indian Territoiy. SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles southwest of Chicago; is an important railway center. The first settlement on the site of the present city was made bj' John Kelly in 1819. On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first Board of Countj" Commissioners, as the temporarj- county-seat of Sangamon County, tlie organi- zation of which had been authorized by act of the Legislature in January previous, and the name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the selection was made permanent. The latter year the first sale of lands took place, the original site being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to a section in the northwest quarter of the present city — this being the "hey-day" of the South Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but the change was not popularly accepted, and the new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- rated as a town, Ajjril 2, 1832, and as a citj'. .April 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, law in 1882. It was made the State capital by act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the Legislature first convened there in December of the latter year. The general surface is flat, though there is rolling ground to the west. The city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and electric ligliting, commodious hotels, fine cliurches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the best paved and handsomest cities in the State. The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four square miles, but has since been enlarged by the annexation of the following suburbs: North Springfield, April 7. 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 4, 1898 ; and South Springfield and the village of Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. The population of the original cit}*, according to the census of 1S80, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,903, while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last census, was 2, 109 — making a total of 29,072. The latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- lation of 33,375— population b3' census (1900), 34,159. Besides the State House, the city has a handsome United .States Government Building for United States Court and post-oftice purposes, a county courthouse (the former State capitol), a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. Sjjriugfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. His former residence has been donated to the State, and his tomb and monument are in the beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the city. Springfield is an important coal-mining center, and has many important industries, notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- sive manufactories of agricultural implements and furniture. It is also the permanent location of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- ing and one evening — published here, besides various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34.159. SPRIXGFIELI), EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- EASTERN RAILROAD, (See St. Louis. Indian- apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 497 SPRINGFIELD & ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- ERN RAILROAD. (See Baliimora & Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis Railroad of lUinuis.) SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern, tlie Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, 100 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal-mining region and has important manufacturing interests as well. It has a national bank, with a capital of §.50, 000, and one daily and two weekly newspapers. Popula- tion (1890), 3,837; (1900), 0,214. ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers giving instruction iu the preparatory and higher branches, including music and fine arts. It reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate valued at .?1.5,000. ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young men's school at Knoxville. 111., incorporated in 189G under the auspices of the Episcopal Church; in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with forty-five i3upils, and property valued at 501,100, of which 654,000 was real estate. Instruction is given in the classical and scientific branches, besides music and preparatory studies. ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, at tlie crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 67 miles south of Chicago. The dis- trict is agricultural. The town has a bank and a weekly new.spaper. Population (1900), 1,000. ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on Fox River, and the point of intersection of the Chi- cago & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western Railways. It is situated 38 miles west of Chicago and 8 miles south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent water power, which is only partially utilized. Manufacturing is carried on to some extent, and there is a large dairy inter- est. The city lies on both siiles of the Fox River, and has a number of handsome private resi- dences. Population (1890), 1.090; (1900), 2,675. ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first GoTernor of the Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734 ; came to America in 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg, Canada, in 17,')8, and fought under Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- came prominent in public affairs. He seri-ed with distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, later, was censured by Washington for his liasty evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated by a military court. His Revolutionary record, however, was generally good, and even distin- guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the Continental Congress, and presided over that body in 1787. He served as Governor of the Northwest Territory (including the present State of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive he was not successful, being unpopular because of his arbitrariness. In Nove:nber, 1791, he suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, and had to be carried on a litter; he was again vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- ferson removed him from the governorship of Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be the Governor after its separation from Indiana and Illinois. The remainder of his life was spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at Greensburg, Pa.. A\igust 31. 1818. ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- ized within the territory comprised in the pres- ent State of Illinois — the whole region west of the Ohio River having been first placed under civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois County," by an act of the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off by an order •£ Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," in April, 1790 — ^more than two years after his assumption of the duties of Governor of the Northwest Territory, which then comprehended the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole region within the present States of Ohio. Indiana. Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's order, which bears date, April 27. 1790, defines the boundaries of the new county — which took his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 498 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. running thence southerly in a direct line to the nioutli of tlie little river above Fort Massac upon the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its junction with the Mississippi ; thence up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and Mississippi. ■■ The "Little Jlicliilliniackanack,'' the initial point mentioned in tliis description^ also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- naw," the latter being the name by which the stream is now known— empties into the Illinois River on the south side a few miles below Pekin, in Tazewell Count}'. The boundaries of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in that day, as a line drawn south from tlie mouth of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed the longitude of the present city of Springfield, striking the Mississippi about the northwestern corner of Jackson County, twenty-live miles west of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, the eastern border of the county wouUl have fol- lowed a line some fifty miles fartlier eastward, along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, reaching the Ohio River about the present site of Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing about one-half of the area of the present State of Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced all the Illinois Countrj', as it included that por- tion in which the white settlements were located. (See St. Chiir, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) The early records of St. Clair County are in the French language ; its first settlers and its early civilization were French, and the first church to inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court under the common law were had in 1796. The first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- post and pillory played an important part in the code of penalties, these punishments being im- partially meted out as late as the time of Judge (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St. Clair; but Randolph County having been set off in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the older county, so remaining until 1813, when Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At that time it was a mere cornfield owned by George Blair, althougli settlements had previously been established in Ridge Prairie antl at Badgley. Judge Jesse B. Thomas lield his first court in a log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- lished a hostelry, Josepli Kerr oi>ened a store, and, in 1817, additional improvements were inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- ville was incorporated in 1819. In 182.") Governor Edwards bought the large landed interests of Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, ordered a now survey of the town and infused fresh life into its development. Settlers began to arrive in large numbers, maiidy Virginians, wln) brought witli them their slaves, the right to hold which was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial source of strife. Emigrants from (Jerniany began to arrive at an early day, and now a large proportion of the po|)ulation of Belleville and St. Clair County is made up of that nationality. The county, as at present organized, lies on the west- ern border of tlie .south half of the State, immedi- ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 080 square miles. Three-fourtlis of it are underlaid by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- siderable wlieat is raised. The principal towns are Belleville, East St. Louis. Lebanon and Mas- coutali. Poi)ulation of the county (1880), 01,806; (1890), 0G..571; (1900), 80,085. ST. JOHN, a village of Perry County, on the Illinois Central Railway, two miles north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manufactured here. Poiiulation, 495. ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign. Population, (1900), 037. ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded in 180(1. by the Sisters of ( 'liarity. Having been de- .stroved in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the following year. In 1892 it was recon.struc'ted, en- larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. TheSistersattend tothenur.sing, and conduct the domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among ■whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 499 ST. LOUIS, ALTOX & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Haiti o!), 1 12. Its capital stock was $740,900; bonded debt, $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total capital investment to 91,810,730. ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAmpany, was retained in this position. Early in the Civil War he was entrusted with the management of telegraph lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia border, and, in October following, was appointed General Superintendent of Government tele- graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- ber, 1868, his services being recognized in liis promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of Volunteers. In 1809 General Stager returned to Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a number of enterprises connected with the manu- facture of electrical appliances and other branches of the business. One of these was the consolidation of tlie telephone companies, of which he became President, as also of the West- ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being a Director in several other corporations. Died, in Chicago. March 26, 1885. STANDISH, John Van Xess, a lineal descendant of Capt. Miles Staudish, the Pilgrim leader, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- edge and books became his ruling passion, and he devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University in the class of 1847. Later, he received the degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence L^niversity in 1893. and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 502 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. over fifty years in its pursuit in connection witli private and public schools anJ the College, of which more than forty years were as Professor anil President of Loiuhard University at Galesburg. He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' Institutes all over the State, and, in ISoO, was elected President of the State Teachers' Associ- ation. He made three visits to the Old World — in 1879, ■8'2-83, and '91-93 — and, during liis second trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly- every country of Europe, including the "Land of the Jlidnight Sun," besides Northern Africa from the Jleditcrranean to the Desert of Sahara, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia ilinor. A lover of art, he has visited nearly all the i^rincipal museums and picture galleries of the world. In politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine of ])rotection. In religion, he is a Universalist. STAPP, James T. IJ., State Auditor, was born in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1S04; at the age of 13 accompanied his widowed mother to Kaskaskia, III., where she settled; before he was 20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of that officer, was appointed his successor, being twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv- ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor- ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey- nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he held during the Fillmore administration, resign- ing in 18.j5. Two years later he removed to Decatur, where he continued to reside until his death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, erected by him in that city, bears his name. STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- nois River; has an area of 290 square miles. It has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer- ous small streams. The principal industries are agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, and gave his name to a township. Of other pio- neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and Eastmans came from New England; the Thom- ases, Sloores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the Perrys and Parkers from Virginia; the McClana- hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten- nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from Xew Jersey ; the Halls from England, and the TurnbuUs and Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer churcli was the Congregational at Toulon. Population (18S()), 11,207; (1890), 9.982; (1900), 10,180. STARVED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on the south .side of Illinois River, in La Salle County, upon whicli the French explorer, La Salle, and his lieutenant, Touty, erected a fort in 1G82, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was one mile north of the supposed location of the Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so to .speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of the arrival of the first French explorers. The population of this village, in 1680, according to Father Membre, was some seven or ei.glit thou- sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were repeatedly attacked by the Ii-oquois. The Illinois were temporarily driven from La Vantum. hut the French, for the time being, successfully defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was abandoned as a military post, but continued to be used as a French trading-post until 1718. when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois were not again molested until 1722, when the Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur- rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed, they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort St. liOuis had formerly stood. Here they were besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food or water, thej- made a gallant but hopeless sortie. According to a tratlition handed down among the Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in an attempt to escape by night, except one half- breed, who succeeded in evading his pui-suers. This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History of La .Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- fusion after the settlement by the whites, and are .still found mingled plentifully with the soil." (See La Salle, Robert Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St. Louis. ) 503 Historical Encj^clopedia of Illinois. STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis lation, having for its object the establishment of a bank within the territory which now consti- tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act incor- porating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown. with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia." In tGe Second General Assembly of the State (1820) an act was passed, over the Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse judgment of the Council of Revision, establishing a State Bank at Vandalia with brandies at Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in Jackson County. This was, in effect, a rechartering of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwardsville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems to have been well managed ; but the official conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1820, was made the subject of a legislative investigation, which (although it resulted in nothing) seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of the losses finally sus- tained in winding up its affairs — that of the Gen- eral Government amounting to So4.000. Grave charges were made in this connection against men who were then, or afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, including one Justice of the Supreme Court and one (still later) a United States Senator. The experiment wa.s dis- astrous, as. ten years later (1831), it was found necessary for the State to incur a debt of §100,000 to redeem the outstanding circulation. Influ- enced, however, by the popular demand for an increase in the "circulating medium," the State continued its experiment of becoming a stock- holder in banks managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find it. in 183.5, legislating in the same direction for the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" at Springfield, with branches at other points as might be required, not to ex- ceed six in number. One of these branches was established at Vandalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first banking in.stitution of the latter city. Two years later, when the State was entering upon its scheme of internal improve- ment, laws were enacted increasing the capital stock of these banks to §4,000,000 in the aggre- gate. Following the example of similar institu- tions elsewhere, they suspended specie payments a few montlis later, but were protected by "stay laws" and other devices until 1842, when, the internal improvement scheme having be^n finally abandoned, they tell in general collapse. The State ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks were put in course of liquidation, though it required several years, to complete the work. STATE CAPITALS. The fir.st State capital of Illinois was K;v.skaskia, wliere the first Territorial Legislature convened, Nov. 2."), 1812. At that time there were but five counties in the State — St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided that the seat of government should remain at Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- gatory uiwn the Legislature, at its first session, to petition Congress for a grant of not more than four sections of land, on which should be erected a town, which should remain the seat of govern- ment for twenty j-ears. The petition was duly presented and granted : and, in accordance with the power granted by the Constitution, a Board of five Commissioners selected the site of the present city of Vandalia, then a point in the wilderness, twenty mile? north of any .settle ment. But so great was the faith of speculators in the future of the proposed city, that town lots were soon selling at §100 to §780 each. The Com- missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain two-story frame building — scarcely more than a commodious shanty — to which the State offices were removed in December, 1820. This building 504 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure erected in its place. Later, when the question of a second removal of the capital began to be agi- tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk of erecting a new, brick State House, costing $16,000. Of this amount $0,000 was reimbursed by the Governor from the contingent fund, and the balance (§10,000) was appropriated in 1837, when the seat of government was removed to Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- ing the principal vote at the time of the removal to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, Peoria, Alton and lUiopolis — Springfield receiv- ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law removing the capital appropriated S^O.OOO from the State Treasury, provided that a like amount should be raised by private subscription and guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres of land should be donated as a site. Two State Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first cost of the present one (including furnishing) having Tjeen a little in excess of §4,000,000. Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, was an influential factor in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved so formidable a burden . upon the State of Illinois for a generation, and, for a part of that period, seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement Policy.) At the time this enterprise was under- taken the aggregate debt of the State was less than §400,000 — accumulated within the preceding six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased to over §6,500,000, while the total valuation of real and personal property, for the purposes of taxation, was less than §60,000,000, and the aggre- gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same year, amounted to less than §1.')0,000. At the same time, the disbursements, for the support of the State Government alone, had grown to more than twice the receipts. This disparity continued until the declining credit of the State forced upon the managers of public affairs an involuntary economy, when the means could no longer be secured for more lavish expenditures. The first bonds issued at the inception of the internal improvement scheme sold at a premium of '> per cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked iii the markets of New York and London at a dis- count, in some cases falling into the hands of brokers who failed before completing their con- tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If the internal improvement scheme was illadvLsed, the time chosen to carry it into effect was most unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more complete. Of the various works vmdertaken by the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal brought a return, all the others resulting in more or less complete loss. The internal improvement scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until State bonds exceeding §13,000,000 had been issued. For two years longer the State struggled with its embarrassments, increased by the failure of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few months later, with the proceeds of more than two and a half millions of the State's bonds in their possession. Thus left without credit, or means even of paying the accruing interest, there were those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only means of escape. Better coun.sels prevailed, how- ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries and general expenditures, with restrictions upon the Legislature in reference to incurring in- debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" gave assurance to its creditors that its debts would be paid. While the gro^vth of the State, in wealth and population, had previously been checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite of its burdens— its increase in population, be- tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 — when the internal improvement scheme was abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, §15,- 637,9.50; 1844, §14,633,969; 1846, §16,389,817; 1848, §10,661,79.5. It reached its maximum in 18.53 — the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- tion — when it was officially reported at §16,724,- 177. At this time the work of extinguishment began, and was prosecuted under successive administrations, except during the war, when the vast expense incurred in sending troops to the field caused an increase. During Governor Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted to over §3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had been reduced to §281,059.11, and, before the close of 1882, it had been entirely e.xtingui.shed, except a balance of §18,.500 in bonds, which, having been called in years previously and never presented for ft g z o CO CO 1-3 W 2 O ?3 S > Z T^ < M !« CO t— ( O O 3 HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See Macalixter and Stebbins Boiuh.) STATE GUARDIANS FOR (JIRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 2, 1893. The Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than two of the members may reside in the same Con- gressional District and, of the seven members, four must be women. (See also Home for Female Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six years. STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its construction was begun under an act passed by the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- field. A provision of the State Constitution of 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in excess of $3. .500,000 in the erection and furnishing of the building, without previous approval of such additional expenditure by the people. This amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- tional appropriation of S.')31,712, which having been approved by popular vote at the general election of 1886, the expenditure was made and the capitol completed during the following year, thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- nishing to a little in excess of 5-4,000,000. The building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and classic in its stj'le of architecture; its extreme dimensions (including porticoes), from north [to south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, while the porticoes, which are spacious and lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished columns of gray granite. The three stories of the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, with two turrets and a central dome of stately dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern springing from the dome, is 364 feet. STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu tion for the education of teachers, organized under an act of the General Assembly, passed Feb. 18, 18.57. This act placed the work of organization in the hands of a board of fifteen persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; Simeon Wright of Lee; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John Gillespie of Jasper; George Bun.sen of St. Clair; Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel Moseley and William Wells of Cook; Albert R. Shannon of White; and the Superintendent of Public In.struction, ex-officio. The object of the University, as defined in the organizing law, is to qualify teachers for the public .schools of the State, and the course of instruction to l>e given embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches which pertain to a common-school education: in the elements of the natural sciences, including agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology; in the fundamental laws of the United States and of the State of Illinois in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and such other studies as the Board of Education may, from time to time, prescribe." Various cities competed for the location of the institution, Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as equivalent to .$141,725. The corner-stone was laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- ber, 1860. PrevioiLsly, however, it had been sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, and the first commencement exercises were held on June 29 of the latter year. Three years earlier, the academic department had been organ- ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to two pupils from each count}-, and to three from each Senatorial District. The departments are : Grammar .school, high school, normal department and model school, all of which are overcrowded. The whole number of students in attendance on the institution during the schtwl year, 1897-98. was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal department and 306 in the practice school depart- ment, including representatives from 86 coun- ties of the State, with a few pupils from other States on the payment of tuition. The teaching faculty (including the President and Librarian) for the same year, was made up of twenty-six members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. The expenditures for the year l.'^97 9S aggregated §47.62li.92. against .866..528.69 for 1S96-'J7. Nearly §22,000 of the amount expended during the latter year was on account of the construction of a gymnivsium building. STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal property belonging to the State as follows : Pub lie lands. §328.000; buildings, $22,164,000; mis- 50G HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ceUaneous property, $2,650,000— total, 825,142,000. The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield (donated), .$40,000; Illinois and Micliigan Canal, •5168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois (donated by the General Government). 841,000, in Minnesota (similarly donated), §79,000. The buildings comprise those connected with the charitable, penal and educational institutions of the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- ings for tlie use of the Appellate Courts (at Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, the Executive Slansiou, and locks and dams erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the miscellaneous property, 8120,000 represents tlie equipment of the Illinois National Guard ; Sl,9.")0.- 000 the value of the movable property of public buildings; S-wO.OOO the endowment fund of the University of Illinois; and §21,000 the movable property of tlie Illinois & Jlichigan Canal. The figures given relative to the value of tlie public buildings include onlj- the first appropriations for their erection. Considerable sums have since been expended upon some of them in repairs, enlargements and improvements. STATE TUEASURERS. The only Treasurer of Illinois during the Territorial period was John Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and became the first incumbent under the State Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assemblj-; by the Constitution of 1848, tliis officer was made elective by the people for the same period, witli- out limitations as to number of terms; under the Con.stitution of 1870, tlie manner of election and duration of term are unclianged, but the incum- bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years from expiration of the term for which he may have lieen chosen. The following is a list of the State Treasurers, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to tlie present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: John Thomas. 1818-19; Robert K. McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 182.3-27; James Hall, 1827 31; John Dement, 1831-36; Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. "Whiteside, 1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1.841-48; John Moore, 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 18.'59-63; Alexander Starne. 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 186.5-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; Erastus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz, 1877-79; John C. Smith, 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-83; John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 188.5-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; RutusN. Ram.say, 1893-95; Henry Wulff, 1895-97; Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 1899- . STAl'XTOX, a village in the southeast corner of Macoujiin County, on the Cliicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles south-south- west of Litclifield. Agriculture and coal-mining are tlie industries of the surrounding region. .Staunton has a private bank, five cliurches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,358; (1890), 2,209; (1900). 2,780. STEEL PRODUCTIOX. In the manufacture of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second State in the L^nion in the amount of its output, and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 1880 there were but six steel works in the State; in 1890 these had increased to fourteen; and the production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 pounds) had ri.sen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. Of the 3.837,039 tons of Bes.semer steel ingots, or direct castings, produced in the United States in 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, nearly all tlie steel produced in the State being made by that process. From the tonnage of ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of the aggregate for the entire country. This fact is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have converted their steel into forms other than rails, experience having proved their production to any considerable extent, during the past few years, unprofitable except in works favorably located for obtaining cheap raw material, or operated under the latest and most approved methods of manufacture. Open-hearth steel is no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture of crucible steel is sliglitlj- increa.sing, the out- put in 1.S90 being 445 tons, a-s against 130 in 1880. For purposes requiring special grades of steel the product of the crucible process will be always in demand, but the high cost of manufacture prevents it, in a majority of instances, from successfully competing in price with the other processes mentioned. STEPHEXSOX, Benjamin, pioneer and early politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of Randolph County by Governor Edwards under the Territorial Government; afterwards served HISTORICAL ENXYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 1812; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from Congress, became Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, finally dj'ing at Edwardsville — Col. James W. (Stephenson), a son of tlie preceding, was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- wanls became a prominent politician in tlie north- western part of tlie State, served as Register of the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838. received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but withdrew before the election, STEPHEXSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, physician and soldier, was born in Wayne County, 111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the family settled. His early educational advantages were meager, and he did not study his profession (medicine) until after reaching his majority, graduating from Rush Jledical College, Chicago, in 18.50. He began practice at Petersburg, but, in April, 1862, was mustered into the volunteer army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantrj-. After a little over two years service he was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up his residence in Springfield, and. for a year, was engaged in the drug business there. In 186.5 he resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, and always willing to give his own services and orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, liis prac- tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic (whicli see), in connection with which he is most widely known ; but his services in its cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the recognition whicli they deserved, nor did the organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. He finally returned with his family to Peters- burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111., August 30, 1871. STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern county, with an area of 560 square miles. The soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- culture and stock-raising are among the chief industries. Xot until 1827 did the aborigines quit the locality, and the county was organized, ten years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the first cabin within the present limits of what was called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a more pretentious dwelling and became the first permanent settler. Later came William Wad- dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, the Goddards, and others whose names are linked with the county's early history. The first house in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- zation was effected in 1837. the total [kjU being eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- son Martin, who is said to have taught a school of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. STERLING, a flourishing city on the north bank of the Rock River, in Wliiteside County, 109 miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clin- ton, Iowa, and 52 miles east-northea.st of Rock Island. It has ample railway facilities, fur- nished b)- the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. It con- tains fourteen churches, two opera houses, a high school, a free library, a national and two private banks, four newspaper offices, (of which two issue dailj- editions) and a school-house cost ing §80,000. It has fine water-power, and is an important manufacturing center, its works turn- ing out agricultural implements, carriages, school furniture, burial caskets, pumps, sash-doors, etc. It also contains four flouring mills, a large dis- tillery, the Sterling Iron AVorks, besides foundries and machine shops. The river here affords abundant water power, and flows through charm- ing scenery. Population (1880), 5,087; (1890), 5,824; (1900), 6,309. STEVENS, Bradford il., ex-Congre.ssman, was bom at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. During the six years following, he devoted him- self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau County, 111., where he became a merchant and farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and. in 1870, was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth District. STEVENSON, .Vdlai E., ex-Vice-President of the L'nited States, w;is born in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., where the family settled; was educated at the Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 18.58 and began practice at Metamora. Woodf jrd County, 508 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he was Master in Chancery. 1861-65, and State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 186-1 he was candi- date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he returned to Blooniington, where he has since resided. In 1874, and again in 1876. he was an unsuccessful candidate of his party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 and 1882. In 1877 he was ai)pointed by President Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point. During the first administration of President Clevehind (1885-89) he was First Assist- ant Postmaster General; was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since retiring from office he has resumed his residence at Bloomington. STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., Nov. 20, 1824. and received a common school education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his parents to Kendall Countj', 111., where he after- wards resided, being engaged in farming and the manufacture of agricultural implements at Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, lieing defeated by Shelby 31. CuUum. In 1890 the Democrats of the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and. In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted against Albert J. Ilopkius. Mr. Steward died at Iiis liome at Piano, August 26, 1896. STEWARDSOX, a town of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- sas City Railway with the Altamont brancli of the Wabash, 12 miles southea.st of Shelby ville; is in a grain and lumber region ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 077. STICKXEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 1831, and. in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839. for the cir- cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the southern and southeastern part of the State ; for a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois Advertiser," publi.shed at Shawneetown. In 1846 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- ninth Assembly. He also held the office of Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- dier at the beginning of the war, went to the field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby pri.son, exchanged and returned to duty; was promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious service. After the war he practiced his profes- sion in Chicago, tliough almu.st totally blind. Died, Jan. 18, 189.-). STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from Sangamon Count}', 111., was a native of Massachu- setts who came, with his widowed mother, to Sangamon Count}' in 1820, and settled near Williamsville, where he became the first Post- master in the first postoffice in the State nortli of tlie Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon County, serving four years, and. at his first session, being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- where between 1835 and 1840. STILLMAN VALLEY, a village and railway station in Ogle County, on the Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; has tile and brickworks, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population, 475. STITES, Sanniel, pioneer, was born near Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended from John Stites. M.D., who was born in Eng- land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at Hempstead, L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years. The family removed to New Jersey in the latter part of the seventeentli century. Samuel was a cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and various members of the family were prominent in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, Martha Martin, daughter of Epliraim Martin, and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraiin Martin, both soldiers of the New Jersey Line during the Revo- lutionary War^with the last named of whom he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) been intimately associated in tlio purchase and settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton County. He left a large family, several members of which became prominent pioneers in the movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, was born in Sweden. May 11, 1831 ; at the age of 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When the latter became commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the head of the artillery brigade; in February, 186.5, was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out in January, 1866. After the war he went South, and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. He was an inventor and patented various im- provements in steam engines and boilers; was also Superintendent of Public Buildings at Charleston. S. C. , under President Harrison. Died, at Charleston. Feb. 3, 1894. STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- bury College; became a member of the Spring- field (111.) bar in 1833, and. in 1836, was elected to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been adopted bj- the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- western part of the State, removed to Galena, but was legislated out of office, when he left the State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, N. J. STOXE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2. 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, and later acted as overseer of laborers on the Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days imder Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came to Chicago and, having made a fortunate 8i)ecu- latiori in real estate in that early day, a few months later entered upon the grocery and pro- vision trade, which he afterwards extended to grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real estate, in which he was remarkably successful, leaving a large fortune at his death, which occurred in Chicago. June 20, 1877. STOXE, (Rev.) Luther, Bai)tist clergyman, was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 26, 181.5, and si)ent his boy- hood on a farm. After aciiuiring a common school education, he prepared for college at Lei- cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown University, graduating in the class of 1839. He then spent three years at the Theological Insti- tute at Newton, Mass.; was ordained to the ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the next year, entered upon evangelical work in Rock Island. Davenport, Burlington and neigh- boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. Stone came to Chicago and established "The Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- day under the name of "The Standard," and has become the leading Baptist organ in the West. After six years of editorial work, he took up evangelistic work in Chicag class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- matics, Natural Philosopliy and Astronomy, wliich he retained until 1844, when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, lie succeeded to the oflices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during terra time, !ind, as financial agent during vacation.s, in the interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, ser^-ing until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. In 1880 he retired from the institution entirely, having given to its service fifty-six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a number of points in England. He was a frequent cf)ntributor to the weekly religious and periodical press, and was the autlior of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1870) — a text-book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits of local and distant churches — having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville. Feb. 11, 1886. — Julian M. (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Jacksonville, IIL. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 513 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois College and graduated from the college (proper) in 1854. After leaving college he served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when lie began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in Xew York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73); Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degree of D.D. fro:a Illinois College, in 1879. SUBLETTE, a station and village on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306. SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege of voting. The qualifications of electors (or voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitvition (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribed by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 31 years or over, who liave been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act jiassed in 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for scliool officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the .same conditions, as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Australiaii Ballot.) SULLIVAJf, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-raising region; contains two State banks and three weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; (1890)^ 1,468; (1900). 2,399. SULLIVAX, William K., journalist, was bom at Waterl'ord, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843; educated at the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief .season spent in teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVAXT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and — after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from his father near his birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to tlie raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Cliampaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he began farming on a larger scale than before. The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, III. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, on tlie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 27 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. Fred. Hecker. Population (1900). .360. SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Oliio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles west of Viucennes, Ind. ; has a fine school- house, several churches, banks, flour and woolen mills, and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,021; (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,208. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRCC TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session lield in 1854, its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretary of State as Superintendent, ex-officio. Tlie following is a list of the incumbents from the date of the formal 514 niSTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creation of the office down to the present time (1899), with tlie date and duration of the term of each Niniau W. Edwards (by appointment of tlie Governor), 1854-57; 'Williaui 11. Powell (b)' election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-C3; John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Sanmel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Ricliard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 1898, to Januarj', 1899 (by appointment of tlie Governor, to flU the unexpired term of Prof. Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898); Alfred Baylis, 1899—. Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was two years, but, by the Constitution adopteil that year, it was extended to four years, the elections occurring on the even years between tliose for Governor and other State officers except State Treasurer. SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The following is a list of Justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois who liave held office since the organization of the State Government, with the period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph Phillips, 1818-23 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1823-25; Wil- liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-43 (resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- gust 1, 1843 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 1841, to Dec. 19, 1843 (resigned) — also (by re-elec- tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 1841-47 (resigned)— also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-43 (resigned); John D. Caton (vice Ford) August, 1842, to JIarch, 1843— also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- tions). May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr.. (vice Douglas), 1843-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48; James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ; Norman H. Pm-ple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution); William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 (resigned); Pinkney II. Walker (vice Skinner), 1858 85 (deceased); Corydon Beck with (by ap- pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1804, to June 6, 1804; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1804-73; Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. Scott (two terms), 1870-88; Benjamin K. Sheldon (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (ap- pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 3, 1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 1885-94; Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). The Supreme Court, as at present constituted (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and "91 ; James H. Cartwriglit (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- elected, 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice Dickey), elected, 1885, "88 and '97. The terms of Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwright and Magruder expire in 1900 ; that of Justice Carter on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the Con.stitution of 1818, the Justices of the Sui>reme Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of individual members of the Supreme Court under their proper names.) SURVEYS, EARLY GOVERNMEIVT. The first United .States law passed on the subject of Gov- ernment surveys was dated, Jlay 20, 1785. After reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of pensions and to be donated for school purposes, it provided for the division of the remaining pub- lic lands among the original thirteen States. This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- gular system of surveys which, with but little modification, has remained in force ever since. Briefly outlined, the system is as follows: Town- ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal bases, each township containing thirty-six sec- tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, the numeration to commence at the upper right hand corner of the township. The first principal meridian (84° 51' west of Greenwich), coincided HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 515 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation to surveys in Eastern Illinois. Tlie tliird (89" 10' 30" we.st of Greenwich) and the fourth (90' 29' 56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." (See Hutchins, Thomas.) SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 24, 1833 ; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State Senate in 1859, and, in 1801, enlisted in the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major in 1863. Later, he resigned and, returning home, assisted in the organization of tlie Twenty-first and Twenty-second regiments, being elected Colonel of the former; and with it taking part in the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- see In 1863 he was assigned to command at Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- acy.) The service which he rendered in the defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of inestimable value to the country. After the war. General Sweet located at Lombard, near Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal Revenue, and, in 1873, became Deputy Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. (Sweet), for eight years (1874-83) the efficient Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's daughter. SWEETSER, A. C, soldier and Departjnent Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, llaine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, III., in 1857 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the Thirtj'-uinth ; at the battle of Wierbottom Church, Va , in June, 1864, was shot through both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of them. After the war he held several offices of trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- iUj^on and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield District ; in l.'<87 was elected Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington. March 23, 1896. SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near Turner, Jlaine, August 11, 1825; was educated at Waterville College (now Colby Universit}'). but left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and, while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being attacked Ijy climatic fever, was discharged before completing his term of enlistment. He soon after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for a number of years. He early became active in State politics, was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, and. in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- large. In 1862 he received the Republican nomination for Congress in liis District, but was defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- cially in the management of criminal cases. In 1873 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for President, but later returned to the Republican party, and, in the National Republican Conven- tion of 1888, jiresentcd the name of Judge Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. Died, June 8, 1889. SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- ing out of the war, in 1801, although scarcely 18 }-ears of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and. in April, 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet. at Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the Uittle of Farmington, Miss., during the siego of Corinth, in May, 1862, lie had his right arm torn from its socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his retirement from the army. Returning home, after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson Barracks and Quincy. Ill, he received his final discharge, Dec. 21. 1862. spent a year in school, also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- mercial College in Chicago, and having leiirned to write with Iiis left hand, taught for a time in Kankakee County ; serveil as letter-carrier in Chi- cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 69) as a student in the Soldiers" College at FMlton, 516 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 111. The latter year he entered upon the duties of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- signed to take the position of State Auditor, to which he was elected a second time in 1884. In all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- self an upright, capable and high-minded pxiblic oflBcial. Of late years his residence has been in Chicago. SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, August 23, 183G. After 1837 (his father dying about this time), the family resided for a time at Ueedsburgh, and, later, on a farm near Williamsburgli, in Clermont County, in the same State. In 18.52, having graduated from the Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the position of Professor of Languages in his Alma Mater, which lie continued to fill for thirteen years. His first pastorate was in connection with the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- cago, which he assumed in ISGG. His church edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago lire, but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- nation, on charges of heresy. He was acquitted by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by the prosecution could be heard, he personally withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- pendent religious organization known as the "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor to numerous magazines, as well as the author of several volumes. Among his best known books are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb Coimty (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- tains several factories, the principal products being agricultural implements, flour, insulated wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and carriages and wagons. There are also works for canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has high-pressure water-works. There are eleven churches, three graded public schools and a young ladies' seminary. Population (1880), 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900), 3.653. TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwtxjd, Peoria County, 111 , April 29, 1801); at an early age evinced a predilection for sculpture and began modeling; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beau.x Arts until 188,5. The following year he settled in Chi cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on art in the Cliicago University. 5Ir. Taft fur- nished the decorations of tlie Horticultural Build- ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. TALCOTT, JIancel, business man, was born in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he worked at farming until lP.->0. Then, having followed the occupation of a miner for some time, in California, with some success, he united with Horace M. Singer in establishing the lirni of Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- ing most of his life. He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, on the Beard of County Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, and was one of the founders of the First National Bank, anil President, for several years, of the Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- spirited, he contributed freely to works of charity. Died, June 5, 1878. TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County miUtia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- tended tour tlirough the West, finally selecting a location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton now stands — there being only two white families, at that time, within the present limits of Winne- bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought his family to this point, with his sons took up a considerable body of Government land and erected two mills, to which customers came from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott took jiart in the organization of the first Congre- gational Cluircii in that section of the State. A zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. SISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 517 Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 1844, continuing to act with that party until the organization of tlie Republican party in 1856; was deeply interested in the War for the Union, but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. — Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 1806 ; was taken to Rome, N. Y. , by his father in infancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged in mercantile business with liis brother in Che- mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in a tour through the West, finally locating at Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, he was elected one of the first County Commis- sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving four years. He also held various local offices. Died, Sept. 30, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- bron, Conn., Oct. IT, 1807, and taken to Rome, N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, when he engaged in business at Booneville and, still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois and joined his father at Rockton, finally becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- facturing, having become, in 1854, with his brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny reaper and mower. He was an original anti- slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate for Congress, but became a zealous Republican and ardent friend of Abraham Lincobi, whom he employed as an attorney in the famous suit of McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, Thomas B. , and was the first Collector of Internal Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some five years. Though too old for active service in the field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott was one of the original incorporators and Trus- tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — Sylvester (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged in mercantile business in Chemung County ; in 1837 removed, with other members of the family, to Winnebago County. 111., where he joined his father in the entry of Government lands and the erection of mills, as already detailed. He became one of the first Justices of the Pea«e in Winne- bago County, also served as Supervisor for a number of years and, although a farmer, became interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. He also followed the example of his brother, just named, in furnishing a substitute for the War of the Rebellion, though too old for service himself. Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott. was born at Rome, X. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and was connected with his father and brothers in busi- ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870.— Dwight Lewis (Tal- cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, bom in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864. as a soldier in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantrj-; served as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many of the important battles of that year in Missis- sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at Campbellsville, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson- ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when he was released, arriving at home a helpless skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's a.s.sas- sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in Muscatine County, Iowa. TALLULA, a village of Slenard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain and stock-growing region ; has a local bank and newspaper. Population (1890), 445; (1900), 639. TAMAROA, a village in Perry County, situated at the junction of the Illinois Central with the Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a large public school, three churches and a flour- ing mill. Coal is mined here and exported in large quantities. Population (1900). 853. TAMAROA A. MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester d- Western Railroad.) TAXNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- cator, was born of Xew England ancestry, at Waverly, 111., Xov. 29. 1837— being the first child who could claim nativitj- there; was educated in the local schools and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four years teaching in his native place and at Jack- sonville; then accepted the Professorship of Latin in Pacific University at Portland. Oregon, remaining four years, when he returned to his Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of 518 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOrEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 1882, its President. Wliile in Oregon he had been ordained a minister of the Congregational Church, and, for a considerable period during his connection with Illinois College, officiated as Cliaplain of the Central Hospital for the In.saue at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the benefit of the institution under his charge, and, during his incumbency, added materially to its endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- ville, Feb. 8, ISDi. TA>'\ER, John R., Governor, was born in Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, enjoying only such educational advantages as were afforded by the common school; in 18G3, at the age of 19, enlisted in the Xinety-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, serving until June, 186.5, when he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally mustered out in September following. All the male members of Ciovernor Tanner's family were soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- tliers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- ville. Tenn., and another brother dying in hospital at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives — Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the war, Mr. Tanner established liimself in business as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- cessfully in the milling and lumber busine.ss as the partner of his brother. The public positions held by him, since the war, include those of Sheriff of Clay County ( 1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). During the latter year he received the appoint- ment of United States Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- sion of President Clevelaml in 188.5. In 188G, he was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer and was elected by an unusually large majority ; in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, continuing in the latter office until December, 1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee, re- turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen Chairman and condu'cted the campaign which resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- cesses of that year. In 1896 lie received the nomination of his party for Governor, and was elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo- cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000, and a majority', over all, of nearly 90,000 votes. TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson County, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a position as teacher and Superintendent of Public Schools. Later, he was connected with "The Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of California, meeting with reasonable succe.ss as a miner. Returning in a year or two, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering into pai-tnership with the late Col. Thomas S. Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- strumental in securing the appropriation for the erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of that year; was elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was assigned to duty on tlie Appellate bench, but, at the expiration of his term, declined a re-election and resumed the practice of his profession at Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. TAXATION, in its legal sen.se, the mode of raising revenue. In its general sense its puri)oses are the support of the State and local govern- ments, the promotion of the public good by fostering education and works of public improve- ment, the protection of society by the preser- vation of order and the punishment of crime, and the support of the helpless and destitute. In practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, the raising of revenvie is required to be done "by levj'ing a tax liy valuation, so that ever)- person and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its property — such value to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." (State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) The person selected under the law to make this valuation is the Assessor of the county or the township (in counties under township organiza- tion), and he is required to make a return to the County Board at its July meeting each year — the latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- payers and adjust inequalities when found to exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to HISTORICAL E^X'YCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 519 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and the buildings or other improvements erected thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- erty, all tangible effects, besides monej-s, credits, bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, royalties, etc. Property used for school, church or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings and other property Ijelonging to the State and General Government, municipalities, public charities, public liljraries, agricultural and scien- tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, all property subject to taxation is required to be assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of twenty-five to thirtj'-three per cent of its esti- mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, the valuation is often much lower tlian this, while very large amounts escape as.sessment altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the special session of the Fortieth General As.sembly (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of all property subject to taxation in his district, at its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of such cash valuation. An abstract of the property assessment of each county goes before the State Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- izing valuations between counties, but the Board has no power to modify the assessments of indi- vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix the valuation for purposes of taxation of the capital stock or franchises of companies (except certain specified manufacturing corporations), in- corporated under the State laws, together with the "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter between counties in which they lie. — The Consti- tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the Constitution of 18T0 grants no suc-h power, though it authorizes the extension of the '"objects and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the principle contained in the first section of the Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., being local and in the form of benefits, cannot be said to come under the head of general tax- ation. The same is to be said of revenue t".eriv"d from fines and penalties, which are forms of punishment for specific offenses, and go to the benefit of certain specified funds. TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native of Maine, and a resident of Cliicago. He has been in active business all his life as contractor, builder and merchant, and, for some time, a member of the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1884. and represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 19, 1S19; graduated at Madison University in 1839, the next year becoming literar3- and dra- matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal" Here, in a few years, he actjuired a wide reputa- tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His letters from the field during the Rebellion, as war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," won for him even a greater popularity', and were complimented by translation into more than one European language. After the war, he gave his attention more unreservedly to literature, his principal works apjiearing after that date. His publications in book form, including both prose and poetry, compri.se the following: "Attractions of Language" (1845); "Januarj' and June" (18.53); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" — pictures of California life — (1881); "Dulce Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884). and "Thee- philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings." a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the publishers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among his most popular i^oems are "The Isle of the Long Ago." "The Old Village Choir." and "Rhymes of the River." "The London Times" complimented Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- smith of America." TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H., Va., Oct. 18. 1802— the son of a commissary in the army of the Revolution, under General Greene, and a cousin of General (later. President) Zachary Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at an early day. came to Springfield. 111., where he 520 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; was elected from Sangamon County to the lower branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State Senate and, at the next session of the Legislatvire, was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who secured the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. He resigned before the close of Iiis term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- cago. Here he became one of the promoters of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), serving as one of the Commissioners to secure subscriptions of stock, and was also active in advocating the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by which he was known during most of his life, was acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Cliicago branch of the State Bank, and was later identified with various banking enterprises, as also a some- what extensive operator in real estate. An active Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of General Bissell to the governorship in iSr>(i. In 1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- port of Senator Douglas for the Presidencj-, and was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- ment still later, as shown by his participation in the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his life he became extensively interested in coal lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, for a considerable time, served as President of tlie Northern Illinois Coal & Jlining Company, his home, during a part of this period, being at Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891. TAYLORVILLE, a city and countj-seat of Christian County, situated on the South Fork of the Sangamon River and on the Wabash Railway at its point of intersection with the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and some 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several banks, flour mills, carriage and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming implements, two daily and weeklj- papers, seven churches and two graded schools, each of which is accommo- dated in a handsome building. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. Population (1880), 2,237: (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248. TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on the Illinois River ; was first settled in 1823 and organized in 1827 ; has an area of G.'iO square miles — was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers and traversed by several lines of railway. The surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are found, but. generally speaking, Tazewell is an agricultural county. Tlie cereals are extensively cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is extensiveh' conducted at Pekin, the county-seat, which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the county (1880), 29,666; (1890), 29,556; (1900), 33,221. TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in medicine at Middleburj- College, Vt. , in 1830, and, in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he had a contract for carrying the United States mail from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, and the following year undertook a .similar con- tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold these out three j'ears later, he devoted his atten- tion to the practice of his profession, though interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. Temple was instrumental in erecting the first hou.se (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary station at Wolf Point), for public religious wor.ship in Chicago, and, althougli himself a Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant denominations. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, though lie later became a convert to homeopathy, and finalh". removing to St. Louis, assisted in founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. "tEXI'RE of office. (See Elections.) TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Lonifi. Alton & Terre H(t n te Ra ilroad. ) TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See St. Lojii.t. Alton ct Tc)-re Haute Railfoad.) TERRE HAUTE A, INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own within tlie State, but the lessee and operator of the following lines (which see): St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre Haute & Peoria, 145.12 miles; East St. Louis & Carondelet, 12.74 miles — total length of leased HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 521 lines in Illinois, 316.10 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- mond, completed a line between the points named in the title, in 1852, and took its present name in 1866. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock in 1893. TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., 145.12 miles, with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines as.suming the name of tlie Illinois Midland Rail- road. In 1886 the UUnois Midland was soUl mider foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1893 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is operated as a part of the "Vandalia Sj'stem.'' The capital stock (1898) was §3,764,200; funded debt, §2,230,000,— total capital invested, §6,227,- 481. TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, on the Terre Haute & Indianajjolis Railroad, 4 miles east of Effingham ; was originally settled by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu- lation (1900), 498. THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at Middleburj- College, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Cliicago, where he commenced practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he enUsted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the House during his latter term. In 1888 lie was elected State Senator from the Sixth District, serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 1897, General Thomas was appointed United States Appraiser in connection with the Custom Hou.se in Chicago. THOMAS, Jesse Bnrgess, jurist and United States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, in 1803; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature and, later, represented the Territory as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on the admission of the State, became one of the first United States Senators— Governor Edwards being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- sequently removed to Moimt Vernon, Oliio, where he died b}- suicide, May 4, 1853. — Jesse Burgess (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- tor of the same name, was bom at Lebanon, Ohio, July 31, 1806, was educated at Transj-lvania University, and, being admitted to the bar. located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared in connection with pubUc affairs as Secretary of the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832; in 1834 was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Madison County, but, m Febru- ary following, was appointed Attorney -General, serving only one year. He afterwards held the position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- las, and was afterwards elected to the same office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. Dm-ing a part of his professional career he was the partner of David Prickett and William L. May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of the Galena bar. finally removing to Chicago, where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse B. (Thomas) third, clergyman and son of the last named; bom at Edwardsville. 111., July 29. 1832; educated at Kenyon College. Ohio, and Roche.ster (N. Y.) Theological Seminary; practiced law for a time in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- try, serving churches at Waukegan. 111.. Brook- lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He b-^-z HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. then became pastor of tlxe Michigan Avenue Bap- tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874, when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he became Professor of Biblical History in the Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he has since resided. He is the author of several volume.s, and, in 1806, received the degree of D.D. from the old Universit)' of Chicago. THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the Black Hawk War, was born in Wj-the County, Va., Jan. 11. 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., wliere the family located in what was then called the Alexander settlement, near the present site of Shiloh. When he was 23 he rented a farm (althougli he had not enough money to buy a horse) and married. Six years later he bought and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, rapidly accumulated real property, until he became one of the most extensive owners of farm- ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he was fond of military exercise, liolding various offices in local organizations and serving as a Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was one of the leaders of the party opijosed to the amendment of the State Constitution to sanction slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- Nebraska bill in 18.54, and a firm supporter of the Republican party from the date of its formation. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in IS.'JS. '02, "04, "72 and "74; and to the State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in the O.jth year of his age. THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After liis return liome he studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1809. From 1872 to 187C he was State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. Thomas was appointed by President McKinley an additional United States District Judge for Indian Territory. His lionie is now at Vanita, in that Territory. THOMAS, Uilliam, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of tlie Countj' Clerk ; studied law and was admitted to tlie bar in 1823; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., wliere he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (1827). and at the session of 1828-29, reported tlie proceedings of the General A.ssem- bly for "Tlie Vandalia Intelligencer"; was.State"s Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan Count}-; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (18.31-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan ami. a year later, under General Wliiteside ; in 1839 was ajipointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 18.')0-.')2, when lie was especially infiu- cntial in tlie legislation which resulted in estab- lishing tlie institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blinrnor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 23, ISMO. THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County. Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being descended from a Virginia family. After the usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high .school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Mis.souri, but, visiting his uncle. Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville. 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Rejiresent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (18.50-.'")2) for Shelby County. In 1804 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur. 111., but subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resides. THORNTON, WiUiam Fitzhugh, Commissioner of tlie Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1800. went to Alexandria, Va.. where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adams for tlie Presidency. During the War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of eavalrj', and, for a time, as staff -officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (1824-2.')) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 ho removed to Kentucky, and, in 18.33, to Shelbj'ville, 111., where he .soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in 18.59, with which he was actively associated until his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of SI, 000,000 on wliat were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a largo business for eastern parties; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until his death; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria. May 11, IS.'iS.— Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at King.ston, Ma.ss., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterpri.ses. Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872.— Charles Holmes (TilLson), son of John and Chri.stiana Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro. 111.. Sept. l.i, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years — also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro, III., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was admitteil to tlie bar at Quincy, 111., the same year; jiracticed two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General ; for two years later held a commission as Captain in the regular army. During a jwrtion of 1869-70 he was editor of "Tlie Quincy Whig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth General Assembly to .succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, during the same year, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, August 6, 1892. TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agenc}- of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in St. Louis, but. in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., where he opened the first general store in that city; also served as Postmaster for some ten years. During this period he built the fir.st two- story frame building erected in Quincy. up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the handsomest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27. 1892. TIXCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County. Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 17 ; attended school in Coles County, 111 , and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then teeaine a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchant.s. later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr Tincher was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. while in attendance on the adjourned session of that year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and, from January, 18G7, to December, 1808, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of tlie same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented t!ie (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, tlie Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was reelected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. TISKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton: the district is agricultural; the town has one bank and a newspaper. Population (1890), 801; (1900), %5. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 177."), removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Pliila- delphia; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at the battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Land OBSce by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jack.son in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 18G5. He was a grandson of John Todd, wlio was appointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Hlair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his fatlier to Illinois in 1817; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in tlie Florida and Mexican wars and on tlie frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader in Dakota, 185G-61 ; the latter year, took his .seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-05, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland Count}', on the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad, founded in 18.54; has five churches, a graded school, a bank and two weekly newspapers. There are no manufacto- ries, the leading industry in the surrounding country being agi'iculture. Population (1880), 432; (1890), 676; (1900), 818. TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kdusas Citg Rdilrond.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria cf- Western Railway ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo. Peoria A- Western Railxray.) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Effner, at tlie Indiana State line, west to tlie Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 2:JU. 7 miles, owned entirely by the company. It is made up of a division from Eflner to Peoria (1109 miles)— which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863. under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & War.saw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868. and the La Hai-pe & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873. the road sold under foreclo.sure. in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter ilefaulted in July, 1884, and, a j-ear later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, tlie present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 189-i, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was §9,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in stock and 54,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, witli Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.73 miles, of which 179V4 miles are operated in Illi- nois.— (History.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1883 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (173 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLOXO, a city in Champaign County, situated at the intersection of the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Champaign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. Car- riages and furniture constitute its chief articles of manufacture. It is the business center of an agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880). 905; (1890), 902; (1900), 845. TOXICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 15 miles south of La Salle ; the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Popu- lation (1890), 473; (1900), 497. TOXTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, took part in nvunerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle Coimty. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum tlepression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but. for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground; the central por- 526 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the State is almost wliolly flat prairie, and, in the aUuvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded hy the action of streams. The surface generallj' slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformit}- is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea level, though the altitude of Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consi.sts of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,2.57 feet above sealevel, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County — 1.046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818 ; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770: in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790: in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910: in Boone, 1.010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill). 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg. 755; Joliet, .537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little- timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is. lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, hone}' locast, Cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- lofjical Formations), more than compensates for the want of pine forests, wliose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORREXS LAXD TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon. land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has lx;en in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia. New Zea- land and British Columbia for many j-ears, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Asserablj', and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference tliereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elalx)- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same — the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the ])art of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld tlie law. — The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- ti'ation and of transfer for the more elal>orate deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land legis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer, HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below: Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either $50,000 or 5200,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to anj- court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. .Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of tlie act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the fiUng of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in tlie propert}' described. Any person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession bj^ default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incmubrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery; and a writ cf error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned ma}' be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other clas.ses of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it l)ecomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form ol which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's han.l writing, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is re<:iuired of him, which is preser\-ed in the Regis- trar's office. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. Tliat official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. 'When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and reser\-ed as an indemnity fimd for the reimbursement of i)ersons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or liis subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than tinder tlie old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only S3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as (Juickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as sliares of stock or registered bonds. TOULOX, the county-seat of Stark County, situated on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north-northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, as well as a bank, two weekly papers, a woolen factory and a cliee.se factory. Population (1880), 9GT; (I'^OO). 94.'); (19001, 1,0.57. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- roads, 6 miles east of Pana. The district is agri- cultural. Population. (1900). 015. TOWNSHEXD, Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman. w;is l)orn in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and IS he attended pubUc and private schools at 'Washington, D. C. In 18.58 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1862, and wliere he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 1808 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. Fronv It 64 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, Jolin M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 1866-76; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Sjjrings, Miss., March 20, 1893. TREASURERS. (See Stale Treasurers.) TRE.VT, Samuel Hixbbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111., traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1835, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in 'Washington, D. C, Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the 'War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at 'Washington, in October, 1855. Removing to Chicago .soon afterward, his profe.s- sional career has been chieHj' connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated bj' John A. Logan, by one vote. In 18H4 ho was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland api)ointed him Jlinister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was ajipointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (although not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish-American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory acquired from Spain. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has a bank and two newspapers. Population, (1900), 768! TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis; has six churches, a public school and one newspaper. It is in an agricul- tural district, though considerable coal is mined. Population (1880),1,1S8; (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has a bank and a news- paper. Population (1890), 820; (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and .soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky. , was born Feb. 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at JIcKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in 1863, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBl'LL, Lyman, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name '"Brother Jonathan" was derived as an appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 10 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Coiu-t, and was udiiiitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremontand La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Slichi- gaii and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty j'ears. His entrance into public life began with liis elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in' February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, but, five jears later (1848), waselected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 18o3 on account of impaired health. A year later (18.')4) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the siiocessor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 18.')5, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the jieriod of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympathy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedraen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular (lat bar of iron, which turned the millstone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to wliieh were hitched one or two horses, wliich furnL-^hed the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. Tliese rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve busliels of corn, each, per day. • TULET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English extraction and descended from the early settlers of Virginia. His fatlier died in 1832, and. eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847. the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where be 530 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firin of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 18G9 to 1873 ho was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. Tl'XMCLIFFE, Damon ii., lawyer and juri.st. was born in Herkimer County, X. Y., August 20, 1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsetiuently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in ISh'i. In 18.')4 he established himself at Macomb. McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. XrRCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinofT), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign ; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commis.si(med Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 18C4, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, ^vTiting usually on military or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chiekamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER, a town in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quiucy, and the Chicago & Northwest- ern Railroads. Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent, the town having a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has four churches, a graded school, and a weekly newspaper. Now known as West Chicago. Pop. (1900), 1,877. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volimteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the bu.siness office of "The Advance," but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance," which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in tlie real estate business, with which he has since been identified — being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthu.siastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on tlie declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 14. 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works with wliich he was thus connected, were the Delaware division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previousl}' purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1S4T he joined with W. B. Ogden and otliers, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorjiorated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 1S50, and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, wliich have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Riilway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 20, 1871. TURNER, Jonathan Ualdtvin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. T, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teacliing in a gymnasiuiu. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. 51. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other Western States — where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due to Ids efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, al)Out 1850, began formulating tliat system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July. 1862, making liberal ilonations of public lands for tlie establishment of "Industrial Colleges'' in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. Wliile Professor Tur- ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education, and Unirersify of IJlinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor," delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attaclied to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress— once as a Republican and once as an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful Ufe was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was Ids home for more than sixty years, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 93 years— Mrs. Mary Turner Carrici, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TFRXER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The . Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854. he was cho.sen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861. and, in Ma3' of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of tlie Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for L^nited States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark., for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Doug- las County, located at the intersection of the Illi- nois Central and the Indiana, Decatur & Western Railways. 32 miles .south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court- house, it lias five churches, a graded school, a natiimal bank, three weekly newspapers and two establishments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897: (1900), 2,.")(!9. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VISCEXJiES RAILROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis & Kansas ail/ Hail road.) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native countj-, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Jliddlebury Col- lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately thereafter he joineil the Federal army at Vicks- burg. and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which lie served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Xashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, ISO.'J, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed L'nited States District Attorney for the Northern District, .serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891. and again in 1897. TTNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia. Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father ; then came to Illinois, a second time,in 184.'), spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of matliematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profe.ssion of a civil engineer. In Ib.^jl he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he was emijloyed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 18r)7 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held tins position until 1864, when lie received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in office four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtuallj' autlior, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman. Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on tlie morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery— his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived liim. was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A history of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system wliich existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark, "Tlie nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States — extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of liis Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by tlie fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their cuucili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 179.3 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by Pi-esident Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or afK- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his retiirn. Any person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him. knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of §500 for each offense. — In 18.50, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed §1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom tlie case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery: clearly, it made it to the Judge's i>ecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was bom free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 18.50 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors — unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refiLsed to be made parties to its enforce ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of the North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal rights. Tlie slave was his projierty in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the .same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from tlie right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- iouslj' devout and pillars of the church — became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to tills sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. AVitbout hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opjiosition. they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man. with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than anj- Legislature, State or National, could enact. They denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 634 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most jjart, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were i)lain, obscui"o men, without hope of lame or desire for notorii'tN'. Yet there were some wliose names are couspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thonuis Weutwortu Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road" — at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned — ^was an active operator on the line in North Cai-olina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1.S26. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1S19, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Conse' COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State — having been organized, imder the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. Tlie western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mis.sissippi. but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant bein}? tlie Illinois Central; either cross or tap the count}'. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit i.s extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county -seat^ and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 31,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in tlie State, many prominent men found their first liome, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22.610. UNIOX LE.\GrE OF AMERIC.4, a secret polit- ical and patriotic order which had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed piu'- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 1862, consisting of eleven members, as follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. CuUom (father of Senator CuUom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Jlerriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker. (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances," even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life" ; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county, State and General Goverrmient; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might be attaclied. The oath was takan upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which liad been introduced from the Soutli, and wliich afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights" and ' "Sons of Liberty. ' ' (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, tlie organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 25th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington — twelve counties being represented — and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago); Grand Vice-President — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary — George H. Haflow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasiu-er — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald — A. Gould, of Henry ; Grand Sentinel — John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consLsting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- land, of Morgan County; .1. K. Warren, of Macon; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emerj-, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally changed the phraseology and removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impre-ssiveness of the initiatory ceremonies Xew signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, which were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was lield at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigoroiis campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 18C2, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid liad been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1803, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at CleveUiud, Ohio, on the 20th of May following — the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The revised obligation — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States — bound members of tlie League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" 'bear true faith and allegiance to the same''; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection"; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The addre.ss to new mem- bers was a model of impressivene.ss and a powerful appeal to their jjatriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 17.5,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over §25.000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made througli circulars sent out by the officers of the "League." Large contri- butions of money and supplies also readied the sick and wounded in hospital through the niedimu of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous efforts were made by the opposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copy of the ritual was publislied l)y one of tlieir organs; but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy session of the Legislature in 1863, the League is said to liave rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates froiu threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. UMTED STATES SENATORS. The follow- ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union until 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Xinian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35 ;' David Jewett Baker, Xov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robin.son, 1830-41 ; AVilliam L. D. Ewing, 18:35-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-4:?; Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James Semple. 184:}-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55 ; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-73 ; Orville H. Browning. 1861-63; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-65; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. CuUom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected in "89 and '95, his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far- well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term expiring, JIarch 4, 1903. UM VERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One of the leading educational institutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- tional Society (organized at AVashington in 1888), to supplj- the place which the original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See University of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of §600,000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to the amount of §400.000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of land in the citj- of Chicago, was secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for §282,500, and one and one-half (valued at §125,000) donated by Mr. Marsliall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion effected. Sept. 10, 1S90. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed §10,- 000.000. Of this amount over one-half has been contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, wliile he has pledged himself to make additional contributions of ■$2,000,000. conditioned ujion the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the cfimpus. prior to 1S96. include a chemical laboratory costing §182.000: a lecture hall, §150,000; a physical laboraton-. 540 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $150,000; a museum, $100,000; an academj- dor- mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for womeu, 5150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to which several important additions were made during 1896 and '97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equality with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1892, with 589 registered students, coming from nearlj' every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other institutions, to which accessions were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,7.J0, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from every State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special features of the institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and the University Extension Division, which is conducted largely by means of lecture courses, in other cities, or througli lecture centers in the vicinity of the University, nonresident students having the privilege of written exami- nations. Tlie various libraries embrace over :!(K),000 volumes, of wliich nearly 60,000 Iwlong to what are called the "Dei)artmental Libraries,'" besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pnmphlets. UMVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Bajjlist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings cost- ing $100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- lated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen years the in.stitution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavj- debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of §320,000 having accun^u- lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of the institution contemplated preparatory and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UMVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, tlie leading edu- cational institution under the control of the State, located at Champaign and Urbana. It was founded in 1807, although, as early as 1863, the Legislature had accepted an act of Congress of July 2, 1802, wliich provided for the granting of large tracts of public lauds to States which sliould undertake to found colleges, where agri- culture and the mechanic arts should be taught, though not to the exclusion of classical and scien- tific studies. Under this act Illinois was entitled to 480,000 acres. — 30,000 acres for each Sena- tor and Representative in Congress — ^and land- scrip therefor was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates. Under the State law, a Board of Trustees was appointed and organized in March, 1867 — the institution being formally located the same year. Departments and courses of study were decided upon, and Dr. John M. Gregory of Michigan, chosen Regent. Of the land granted by Congress, 25,000 acres were reserved, and 455.000 sold for $319,178. Subsequently, some 9,000 acres more were sold for §121,640, and the land undisposed of will, it is thought, ultimately swell tlie endowment fund to §600,000. The mechanical building was begun and completed in 1871, and it is claimed tliat this was tlie first machine shop erected in America, for .strictly educational purposes. The main buililing was formally opened in December, 1873. Various other buildings were erecteil later, as necessity reciuired. The various courses of study open to matriculates include agricultui'e, chemistry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and gen- eral science, literature, and trade and commerce, to which medicine was added, by tlie affiliation of the Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- geons, in 1897, Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. The State laboratory is located there and an experiment station w.-,s established in 1887. Quarterly bulletins, showing the results obtained at the latter, are sent to all farmers throughout the State who may desire them. The University's revenues were still further increased, in 1890, by a Congressional donation of §15,000 per annum to each institution organized under the act of 1802, the .same to be increased §1,000 anually. until the amount should reach §25,000. A new engineering hall was dedicated in 1894, and a library buiUling in 1895. The value of property aggregates nearly §1,. 500,000. The first name of the institution was the Illinois Industrial University, but, in 1885, this w.-is ciianged to the "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 were made elective by popular vote — three being elective every two years. Dr. Gregory resigned the oflBce of Regent in 1880, and wa,s succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who liad theretofore filled the chair of mechanical engineering and physics. Dr. Peabody having resigned in 1891, the duties of Regent were discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill, until August, 1894. when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintend- ent of Public Instruction for the State of New York, was installed as President. The corps of instruction includes some thirty Professors, with an equal number of Assistant Professors, and over forty Instructors and Assistants, besides a number of special lecturers, demonstrators and teachers in the Preparatory Department, not in- cluding the Medical Department located in Chi- cago. The total number of students during the year 1898-99 was 1,824, of whom 1,492 were men and 332 women. Of these, 867 were connected with the Literary Department (or college proper), 26 with the Winter School of Agriculture, 71 with the Law School, 514 with the School of Medicine, 1.58 with the School of Pharmacy and 179 with the Preparatory Department. The total appropriations made by the State to the Universit}', up to the beginning of the j'ear 1896, amounted to §1,303,000. During the year 1895 a new Machinery Building (50x250 feet) was com- pleted and dedicated. The other buildings com- prise a Chemical Laboratory, Wood and Metal Shops, Engineering Hall, Mechanical and Elec- trical Laboratory, Military Hall, Natural History Hall. Astronomical OUservatorj-, University Hall and Art Gallery. A Librarj' Building, 167 by 113 feet, and capable of accommodating a library of 1.50,000 volumes, is one of the latest structures erected, having been dedicated, with appropriate ceremonies, June 8, 1897. The University Li- braiy embraces 40,000 volumes and 2,500 pam- phlets, besides 7,000 volumes and 16,000 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Natural History and the Agricultural Experiment Station. The insti- tution was seriously embarrassed financially, for a time, in consequence of the illegal use of its funds by the Treasurer in oflice between 1893 and 1897, but the losses were made good by act of the Fortieth General Assembly, at its regular session in 1897, appropriating funds for its reim- bursement. Attendance for the year 1899-00, 2,250. UNORGAXIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into wliich Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General As.sembly, at diiTerent times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all— the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected bj' vote of the people witliin the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, ..nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows; Allen County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843)— from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837)— with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839)— name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857)— from Champaign and VermiUon; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (tliis act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated); Michi- gan County (1837)— from a part of Cook; Milton County (1843)— from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841)— comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized imder act of 1843; Oregon County (1851)- from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proiKJsed to be incorporatetl in AUen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln Coimty out o. parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whieu failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTOX, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about lyi miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtlefif College, an institution controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity, and the city has manufactories of brick, tile (drain and roofing) and of stoneware. Population (1S90), 1,80.3; il'JoO). 2,373. UPTON, (leorge Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspajter work on "The Native American," the following year taking tlie place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal." In 1863, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune." serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial stall, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous coutrilnitions to magazines, his works include: "Lettei's of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Ma.x Muller (1879) ; "Woman in Music" (1880) ; "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (188.5-88). URBANA, a city, and the county-seat of Champaign County; .situated on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the Illinois Cen- tral and tlie Wabash Railways. It is 81 miles west of Danville and !>0 miles east-southeast of Bloomington. Agriculture and coal-mining are conducted in the sun'ounding region. The city's meclianical industries include two flouring mills, a foundry, a machine shop, and manufac- tories of farm implements and of furniture. There are five churches, two banks (one National), and one 'AM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood ; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Amam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illne.ss. After spending .some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6. 1890. VASDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting ])oint for the Illinois Central and the .St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house, six churches, two National banks, three weekly newspaper offices, a graded HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 school, flour, saw and woolen-mills, carriage and wagon works, brick works and a furniture fac- tory. Population (1890), 2,144; (1900), 2,GG5. VANDEVEER, Horatio 31., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington Countj', Ind., March 1, 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settUng on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and. soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 18-57 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1843 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveor, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville. Master in Chancerj', Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1808 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, MarJh 12, 1894. VAX HOKXE, William C, Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph operator on liie Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (18.58-72), later being General Jlanager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. VASSEUR, \oel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was born of French parentage in Canada. Dec. 25, 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 107.3 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously lieen the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. VENICE, a village of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite the city of St. Louis and 4 miles north of East St. Louis. It is touched by four or five lines of railroad, and is nearly opposite the western approach to the new "Mer- chants' Bridge" across the Mississippi to St. Louis; has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1880), 612; (1890), 932; (1900). 2,450. VENICE & CAROXDELET RAILROAD. (See Louixville. EccnsviUe tfc St. Louis {Conxolidated) Railroad. ) VERMILIOX COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and dr.ained by the Venniliim and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826. when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat. James Butler, Henry Johnston. Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and AohiUes Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye. and ]x>tatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the ooimtyseat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890V 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. VERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about SO miles. VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, fornieil li}' the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danv-Ue in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton Countj', on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown and l.T miles northeast of Rushville. It has a manufactorj' of carriages, flour and saw mills, brick and tile works, as well as a private bank, three churches, a graded school, and two weekly newspapers. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 900 feet. Population (1880), 1,133; (.1890), 1,158; (1900), 1,195. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Wabash Railway, 48 miles ea.st of Quincj'; is in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank and weekly new.spaper. Population (1900), 524. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. 34 miles north-northeast of Cairo. It has a court liouse, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Popu- lation (1880). 494: (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217. VI(>0, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the militarj' headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fiu'-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to tlie Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confi.scation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his Ufe. he lived on his little liomestead near Vinceimes. in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his .sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his death, bj' the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age. at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski County, on the Illinois Central Railway. 10 miles north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean BaptisteBissof, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec. January, 1GS8, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet — probably his brother-in-law, although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort .ind established a trading- post. In 1726, under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of Illinois.) VIRDEN, a village of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railroad, 21 miles south by west of Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has four churches, a bank, two newspapers, flour mills, brick and tile works, a machine shop and extensive coal mines. Popu- lation (1880), 1,608; (1890), 1,610; (1900), 2,280. VIRCilNIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass Countj', situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manufacto- ries of wagons and cigars. The city has two National banks, five churches, a high school, and HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 545 two weekly papers. Population (1880), 1,420; (1890), 1,602; (lOOOj, 1,600. VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, WestpliaUa (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 18.jG, and, after a short staj- in New York, came to Cliicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung, ■ ■ meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a threemonths' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the arm}-, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1809. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in tlie Twenty-seventli General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profe.ssion, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens," which has been pubUshed in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidencj' a second time. VOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron — the "Little Giant." The next year (18.58) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, wliich passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1868-G9, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are tlie Douglas Monument, in Cliicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and niimerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. TOSS, Arno, joiu-nalist, la\vyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, witli his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Permsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-liealth to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General A.ssembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROA D, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20. 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Riiilroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 tlie Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 32.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), §1,- 250,000; bouiled indebtedness, $090,000; total capitalization, $2,028,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court liouse built at Centerville, in May, 1820. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county-seat. (See Blount Curmel.) The AVabash River ilrains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfi.sh Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair gi-owth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Viuceuues Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11.8GG; (1900), 12,.583. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive raikoad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which C77.4 miles are in Illi- nois — all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 170,7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. T)ie company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (His- tory.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only -section of road completed under that scheme — that between the lUinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfielil, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power," but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 to N. H. Ridgely and Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New- York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Oliio and Indiana, respectively. under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Riiilroad. which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, IS-W. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finallj' reorganized, umler a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Riiilroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 18.58-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1805, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49,6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal. Mo,, was cliartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. Tlie latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the liands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- sliip, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110,5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St, Louis Raih-oad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. — In November. 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which tlie chief was tlie St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decatur and St, Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Cliicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was operating the following additional lea.sed lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles) ; Hannibal & Central Mis.souri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafaj'ette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Incl. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by wliat is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. Tlie total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and tliat on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of tlie "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were §4,403,621, and the expenses §4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was §139,889,643, including capital stock of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of §S1,- 534,000. WABASH RIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-.southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the southwest extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37' 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Walnn^h Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabasli Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789. and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the puVilication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, MidiUe, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 1845 he i)resided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as earlj^ as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cjrns, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and jiracticed extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Jlr. Walker was imcle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law witli him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for tlie State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergj-man. was born in Philadelpliia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 518 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of whicli — "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonj'niously under the editorsliip of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran througli several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed witli his parents to a farm in Michigan; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849, He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after bis removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorney's for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 23, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va., June 9, 17G6; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1803, and, in 1806, came to Hlinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred liis labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1836, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, I'inkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rusliville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position lie resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bis.sell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1807 and "76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1804, to June, "07, and again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the expiration of his last term lie died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 33, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincmnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1803, and, from 1804 to "68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to tlie bench of the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon bj' Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next lew years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 186T to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the> Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "iireachers' regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the clmrch at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Cliaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincj', but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 31, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, lie became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever oast was for Abraliam Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death. Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and. afterwards, at Jlount Morris. Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to tlie bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (18.52-56), then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1801, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn.. April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored. —Martin B. M. ( Wallacej, brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 186.5, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1860-69); County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WAL>'rT, a town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 20 miles west of Men- dota; is in a farming and stock-raising district ; has a bank and two newspapers. Population (1890), 60.5; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockliouses and family forts liad been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 2.50 mounted volunteers, wlio were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty -one spies, of which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his stall being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812. Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unneces.sarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy tlieir villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the niglit by Indians, wlio were har- bored and protected by the Frencli citizens of Peoria, he burneil tlie greater part of tlie village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on sliore, in tlie early part of the winter, just below Alton. Otlier desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bauds. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Tajdor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe. Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war. although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the 3-ear following. WAR OF THE REBELLION'. At the outbreak of the Civil War. tlie executive cliair, in Illinois, ■was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State under call of the Presiilent. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down anated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out. July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- cliarged at Springfield, August 4. One Hundred and T^venty-third Infan- try. Mustered into service at Slattoon, Sept. 6, 1862 ; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantrj-. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-flrst Volunteer Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Infan- try. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign and in the battles of Port Gibson. Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August. 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty seven days anattles at Fort Heniy, Fort Donelson and Shiloh. another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 5C8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Xov. 22. 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company oflRcers and enlisted men, \mder the first organization, being 1,43.3. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion HilLs, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- viUe and Franklin. From May to October, 186."i, engaged in serv-ice against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort DoneLson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corintli, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1805, the members of the regiment wliose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalrj'. Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlLsted as veterans. Its final muster-out tof)k place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discliarge, October 30. Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), "V\"est Point (Miss.), FrankUn and Nashville ; re-enlisted as veterans, Marcli 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., Nov. 5, 18G5, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. Se^-exth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 oflScers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama anain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico ; on October 22, 980 men and 39 offi- cer took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being m\istered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,271! men and officers. This regiment had the distip.ction of being one of the flr.st to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Rieliland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the .service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; .started immediateh' for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugli Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward vmtil about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard dutj'. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. Fifth Reoiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally compo.sed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to the command of General Brooke; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded ; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-si.x hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington. Ky., where tlie regiment — having lost hope of reaching "the front" — remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty da3's and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in Maj' 11, 1898, under oonuiiand of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 tlie regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a l)art embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 25, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry (known as the "Hil)ernian Rifles"). Two battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 iiiuiii; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. Slarcas Kavanagh, May 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fiftli, the Seventli saw no actual service in the field. Eighth Illinois Volunteer Inf.\ntry (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under tlie second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of tlieir own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll sliowing 1,195 men and 70 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litclifield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to dut}-, but subse- quentl}' transferred to San Luis, wliere Colone Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in Slarch, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. Ninth Illinois Volunteer Inf.\xtry was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield un>ler the second call of tlie President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla. ), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, wliere it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there. May 20, 1S99. at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 oflScers. From Augusta tlie several companies returned to their respective home stations. Tlie Ninth was tlie only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. First Illinois C.vvalry was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Cliicago, two from ' Bloomington, and one each from Sprinirfield. Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in at S;)ringfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, imder command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on August 8, and taking part in the affair at Gua^ yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. Tlie Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The exi.stence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893. placed Illinois in an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service — a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta. as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — all but eighty-eight of the numl>er passing the physical examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after Ijy tlie remainder of the First Battalion, making the wliole number from Chi- cago 400, with 207, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from otlier towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, wliile those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. Thej' saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battlesliii)S, the largest number (60) being a.ssigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47; the Harvard witli ii~>; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans,"' with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H.,» ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago. Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congre.ss in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WINNEB.A.GO ISDI.VXS, a tribe of the Da- cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in tlie French alpliabet. These were, in turn, Frencli misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean — tlie salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonlj' re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairie du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess Count}-, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."' General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago IPar.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industrj', thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARXER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111. , April 23, 1842, and has lived all his life in his native county — his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congre.ss, Mr. AVarner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREX, a village in Jo Daviess County, situated at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail- ways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The suiTound- ing region is chiefly agricultural and stock-rais- ing, although there are also lead mines in the vicinit}-. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, a large creamery and stone quarries, besides a private bank, two weekly newspapers, four churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Population (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. WARREX, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex Count}', N. Y.. June 3. 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of '"The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice af. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Lsaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. W'arren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 18.53, and was the nominee of hLs party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy. Feb. 22, 1881. TVARREX, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to KTentucky. working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March. 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 182.5. and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the 578 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for tlie next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- aUi," at Galena. Abandoning this held in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and Countj' Commissioners' Courts and ex- ofBcio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — which was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His furtlier new.spaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Libert}-," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning liome from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, lie was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22J of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867. came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 3.50 inhabitants; has an area of .540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy U"'o divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities The countj^'s early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county -seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a sliipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), '^1,281; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURO, a town of Macon County, on the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway, 8 miles northwest of Decatur. It has a bank and a local newspaper. Population (1900), 503 AVARSAW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly new.spapers. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890). 598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816 ; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city bj' the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the "Commune." For his conduct he was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 579 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States. he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 23, 1887. He wa.s strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1H80. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at tlie intersection of the Cliicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements consti- tute the manufactured output. It is also an important .shipping point for farm products. It has six churches, a graded school, two banks and a newspaper. Population (1880), 1,397; (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1.4.51. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St Louis ; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wlieat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- facturing is carried on to some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period — the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. 12 miles 'southwest of Chicago; has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAG.4, a village of Knox County, on the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900!,.545. WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe Countj', on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. It stands in a region chiefly agricultural, and underlaid with coal. Its manufacturing interests embrace a large flour- mill, a plow factor}- and some minor industries. Besides its court house, it has four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Population (1880), 1,802; (1890), 1,860; (1900), 2,114. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Jlontpelier and. later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in tlie One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army. Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was reelected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county -seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroads, 81 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gil- man. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works, car-shops and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly news- papers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Population (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington Countj- in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, "49 and .53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '00; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, lU., Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county -seat and principal city of Lake County, situated on the shore of Lake Jlichigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 35 miles north by west of Cliicago, and .50 miles south of Milwaukee. It is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad. The lake is about 80 miles wide opposite this place. In early history Wau- kegan was known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat 580 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tract, about 400 yards wide, which is occupied by gardens, lUvellings, warehouses and manufac- tories. Waukegan contains eight or ten churches, a l'.ig!i scliool, a National bank, two newspaper offices, two steam flouring mills, several tanner- ies, a scale works, a pump factory and a silver plating e.stablisliment, be.^ides agricultural imple- ment works, a brewery, etc. Grain, wool, butter and ale are among the leading articles of export. There are valuable springs, whose water, after analysis, is said to possess valuable medicinal properties. Population (1890), 4,91.j; (1900), 9,426. W.\UKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. {See Elgin, Juliit d- Eastim Jiailircii/.) WAVERLY, a village in Morgan County. 18 miles southea.st of Jacksonville, on the Jackson- ville, Louisville & St Louis and the St. Louis. Chicago & St. Paul Railroads. It was originally settled by enterprising emigrants from New England, wliose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, a newspaper, flour mills, tile works and creameries. Popula- tion (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1.337; (1900), 1,.573. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be. his death-wound — he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1783. he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat, was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3. 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthonj'." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne.'' He was one of the few white officers whom aU the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, ami approjiriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony W^ayne. The county is watered and drained b)' the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle. a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1880), 31,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,026. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs," and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The W^eas were, at one time, brave and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58. constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the Illi-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Mia m in; Pian kesli a ws. ) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, III, about 1828 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1842, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to "46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson. two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventli General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1800 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- tary capacity under tlie Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1809, and died, at Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Cushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1802. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cagO;. where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being rai::ed by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, III., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paj-master of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's statT. participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry. and in the battle of Sliiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi nois & Michigan Canal, and. the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and. from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted ' Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainiler of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 682 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- \irer, and, in Jul}% 1872, was aijpointed Collector of Intei'iial Revenue. Died, at Cliicago, March 12, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 23, 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from tlie law school, in 18,51. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and 'S,-,. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died. Sept. 1, 1888. WELDOX, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C. , was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829; while a child, removed with his parents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academj' and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-5.S, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 18S3, wlien lie was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington — a position wliich he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon •County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was tlie presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, wliere lie was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at tlie State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New Euglaml l)oy of that period. During his boyhooortant municipal reforms; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1863, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1873 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago," published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinarj- height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known tliroughout the State. Died, in Chicago. Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at EdwardsviUe, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at EdwardsviUe, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. 3Ir. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, JIary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly." in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance L'nion — in which she held the position of President; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Sliss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan. Dec. 1. 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSAXE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved. May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, wliile Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 584 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at $40,000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad — the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for tlie reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for HOG patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98. with property valued at $70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and rejKJrted 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, lo miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (liiOO), 002. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolinan Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture — one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, a village of Clark County, on the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad, 10 miles south-southeast of Charleston ; has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad, 12 miles noi'theast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popuhition (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, Dec. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATON,a city, the county seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agriculture and stock-raising are the chief pursuits in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water- works plant (costing $60,000), and has a public library valued at $50,000, the gift of a resident. Mr. J. Q. Adams. Besides a handsome court house, it has eight churches, two graded schools, and four weekly newsjiapers. There are also two carriage factories and a private bank. The city is the seat of Wheaton College (which see). Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,a45. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 185:3, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating $136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatorj' studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61); was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-60) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven j-ears, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. from the Northwestern Universitj' in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 5S5 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamiltou K., ex-Congressman, was born at BalLston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated witli his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where lie has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. TVHEELIXtr, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. WHISTLER, (Maj,) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was witli the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of tlie present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where lie died. Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first JIajor Whistler. WHITE, (ieorgre E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the age of 16. he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- neos until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 lie came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the .State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 18&4, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was bom at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis. , whither his father had removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874. After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which lie is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, JuHu8, .soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirtj'-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., imtenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 18G4, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-deneral of Volunteers. Died, at Kvanston, May 12, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of tlie State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River; was organized in 1810, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880). 23.087; (1890). 23,005; (1900), 25,386. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 45 miles north of Alton and 24 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville. A foundry, flour mill and two wagon shops are its principal manufacturing establishments. A fine variety of potters" clay abounds in the vicinity, and this has stimulated the manufacture of tile and pottery, which is extensively carried on. The town has four churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers — one of them issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), 1.961; (190U), 2,030. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 18.52. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterburj-, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unj-ielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COU>'TT, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River ; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel AVhiteside, a noted Indian fighter; area. 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides s;iw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880), 30,885; (181)0), 30,854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, euiigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as '"Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. — Jolin (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of tlie two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of '"Rangers'" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the succe.ss of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that countj' in tlie First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. — Jolin D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower Hou.se of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County ; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842. and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See DtieJs. ) HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITI>'G, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1810; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twentj'-sixth General Assembly (1869;, and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, III., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at "West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 186G. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to wliich he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and Count}' Clerk of tliat county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, bj- which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital — of which there were an unusual number in those days — into what was called the "Third Hoase." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside imder the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House." being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years, was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died. Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New Y'ork, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the i)osition of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Jlr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 186.5, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,4.50 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 184:^, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of As.se.ssor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia. 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third CJeneral Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville. Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111.. 588 IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quinc}'. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield, 111,, and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1803-G7) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of Law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjaiuiii Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "Tlie .Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in tlie liardware trade at Jonesboro, in wliioli lie continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with winch he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson Countj'. In September, 1861. he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later .serving in Missouri and Arkansas xinder Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of tlie riglit wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately ajjpointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life. Colonel Wiley was engaged ijuite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- .son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y.. July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 —a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the norn de plume of "Poliuto, " and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1802. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 — the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to tlie Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service asDeputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 589 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thitlier in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first as Senator in the First General Assemblj', then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh. Eighth and Ninth — his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, fleshj', of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County."' Will County, organized bj- act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plaintield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. JoUet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), 53,422; (1S90), 62,007; (1900), 74,704. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839, graduated from the Nortliwestem Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwliile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance L^nion, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter ye;xrs of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Mi.ss Willard was a prolific and higlily valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years"" (a tribute to her sister): ■"Woman in Temperance"'; "How to Win."" and 590 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York. Feb. ly. 1898. WILL.VUI), Samuel, A.M., M.I)., LL.l)., phy- sician and educator, was born iu Luneiiberg, Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord. Mass., and prominent iu "King Plulip's AVar," and of his son. Kev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in his infancy to Boston, and. in 1831, to Carrollton. 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleif College, Upper Alton, in 1836 he entered the freshman cla.ss in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State .Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of ICnox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beech'er, now of Elmira, N. Y, The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next j-ear removed to CoUinsville, 111., remaining until 18.57, when he took charge of the Department of Languages iu the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as .Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralysis, in February. 1863. he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois — a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- ment from 186.5 to "69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at .Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago. ■which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Centur3- Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having imblished a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he w;is Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1873 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has bad a second edition in coui-se of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed AboUtionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions imder the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jsrist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy. 111., the following year. He was elected to the General Assemblj- three times — serving in the Senate iu 1832-30, and in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and ap])ointed bj' Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861. L'nited States District Judge for the .State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy. Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastiis Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was bom at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law. he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 391 oflBce he filled until 1863, when lie was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 1870 he became Cliief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with tlie party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLI.VMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 23 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1870, from the Union College of Law. Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 lie was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Jlenard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah lies.. at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 22, continuinj; it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 18.56 Mr. Williams was tlie Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and. as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career — being one of the founders, and. for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a cliief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and tlie Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 18C.5 to his death, May 29, 1890. WILLI.VMS, Xorman, lawj-er, was born at Woodstock, Vt.. Fel). 1, 18;i3, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy. Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of IS.W. After taking a course in the Alban}- Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 18.58, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King. Kales & WiUiams. still later forming a partnership witli Geo. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; also assisted in organizing the Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with liis brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock. Vt.. which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." W^ith Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent ; .was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton. and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt. a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach. N. H.. June 19, 1899 — his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa. . his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the winter until 5'EBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of tlie War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" ■ in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 000 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows; The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distru.st. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For H'innebafiro/wrf/oTi.'s see page 576.) WI>'>"ETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, I6V2 miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880), .584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 597 schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership witli Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1S85 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned tlie following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, "76 and '84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized. June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though dilfering in name, are a financial imit ; the former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as tlie protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890. the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside bj' the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893. for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58,10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with liis parents to Ohio in cliildliood, attended the Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Jlount Vernon. In 1853 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Y'ale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent — who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The .same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Cliicago; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, wliich then includetl Cook County : was a Juilge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of gi-ound in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CAGO. (See Korthicestem University Woman's Medical School.) 598 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Susquehanna Countj-, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught scliool in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry; after the war. graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has imiformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Sir. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, Julin, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 18.59 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexjjired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June. 1864. he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-daj-s' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4. 1883. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north of the center of the State, Ijounded on the west by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area. 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlerj' and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on the New Boston branch of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; the district is agricultural ; the town has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark. March 11, 1844; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in I860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to .secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18. 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was bom at Greenville. Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842, the family settling at Barr}% Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Haj' and Shelby 31. CuUom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixtj'-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 699 ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished liimself, as also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigli and Bentonville. At the latter place he IiaJ a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of JIajor for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smitli, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where lie was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican, " he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of tiie Repub- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the (charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : Headquarters Department of Illinois Urand Army of tue Republic. Springfield. III.. April 1, 186G. General Orders '. No. I. \ The following nnmed officers are hereby appointed and assigned lo duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly; Colonel Jules C. Webber. .\.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel Jolin M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Woods. .Vdjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot. -Assistant AdJntant-CJeneral. Captain John S. Phelps. Ald-de-Camp. By order of B. F. Stepheusou, Department Commander. lUmERT M. Woods, Adjutant-Qeneral. Major Woods afterwards organized tlie various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at Carrollton, Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional ConventioiLs of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Cliicago and 33 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, six churches, two banks (one National), three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, feed and planing miUs, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. Besides possessing excellent public schools, it is the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Popula- tion (1880), 1,475; (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,.502. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching tliree years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served sis County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he vi'as elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John JI. Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that body who voted for the ratification of the Emancii)ation Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton €00 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, 1891. WORDE\, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis RaOways, 32 miles northeast of St. Louis. Population (1890), .522; (1900), 544 WORLD'S COLIMBIAX EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scdentific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in "securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, under re.solution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 3.56) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting tlie selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, "Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 2.5, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were Tested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu- larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plaisance, " which was siirrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selUng- booths thereon. The total area of the site was 633 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- ing those erected by States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments — was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 2.50 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and other expenses connected with ofiicial represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government erected its own building, and appropriated S'500,00() to defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides §2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about S6,500,000. and those by the States and Territories, §6,120,000— that of Illinois being §800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March HI, 1894, including the cost of preliminarj' organiza- tion, construction, operating and post Exposition expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly $45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed §5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipality, §5,000,000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Thirtysi.rfh General Assembly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art had been called into play to produce laitll Park I Station MAP OP THE GROUNDS OF THE JVOJlLpS pOJ.UM^IAJJ EXJ>OpiJION AT Jackson Park ihowing the General Arrangement Buildings and Grounds 1893. .LJUiLUMLJUULJUU^ Bazaar of U Nations Y T ErUrance n Bazaar of Nations ='^^;?::,oi:°— ■'""|sJ?"i ^J^i'iir « -^a«T*d:lt -0/4:3 ^^ =M1 D>YAV^=^^=^PL A1SA>CE^ I [Moonshj I TurVi! ^Palace! . Viliag TJi TCM ; ; R.R.Station C w 3 c en O HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. eoi varied and striking effects. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestrj' buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of the.se had large annexes. The Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Petei's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 31, 1892, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of aduiLssions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460— the largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 701,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to §28,151,168.75, of which §10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick ets, and §3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental .system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, autliors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and relics, kept in afire-proof memorial hall; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of §15,000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors Ijreviously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834. and. in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Tea<;h- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and. after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851. he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, sue- ' ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As St.-ite Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comjirehensive a.s they are volmninous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History JIuseum were established. Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. WORTHI\(JTOX, Moholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morg-.vn- town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and. by profession, a lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 602 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from tlie Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 lie was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. Pliilii) Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 18.52 he engaged in the manufactui-e of Atkins" self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago; Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133.427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent;. WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890), 670; (1900), 902. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Chui'ch, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, 111., where he remained until his death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WTMAX, (Col.) John B., soldier, was bom in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as Superintendentof Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad, finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- Ijany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line vmder Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Ambo}-, in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military- affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization — while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. JI. Slitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having left, the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Ainboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry — the first organized in the State for the three years' service — he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vieksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field. Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Rock Island & Peoria and the Buda and Rush- ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway; has a high school, several churches, two banks, flour mills, machine shop, and two HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 603 weekly newspapers. Coal is also mined here. Population (1880),1,086;(1890),1.116; (1900), 1,277. XEMA, a Tillage of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Divi.sion of the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 23 miles southeast of Gales- burg. The district is agricultural, and the town has banks and a newspaper. Population (1890), 687; (1900), CM. YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 — being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- yette County, Ky. , where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111. , March 7, 1835 ; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin ; in 1802. rai.sed a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after entered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835. and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 18.")0 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventli District and elected over Maj. Tliomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. T%vo years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican party to resist the further extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, on the same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, by his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor."' In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKTILLE, the county-seat of KendaU County, situated on the south brancli of Fox River and on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, some 12 miles southwest of Aurora. It has a bank, a church and a weekly newspaper. Population (IS.SO), 305; (1890), 375; (1900), 413. YOUXG, Brigliam, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt.. June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., but was driven out with them in 1837. settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and. for a time, success- fully defied national authority, is a matter of national rather than State history. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his death at Salt Lake City, Augvist 29. 1877. YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied law and removed to Jonesboro, 111., where he was admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 604 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General Assembly (1820-23) as Representative from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; Presidential Elector in 1828; Circuit Judge again, 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Land Office at Washington. During the session of IS.iO-rjl, he served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- ington, in 1853. TOUNW MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desultory movements of a kindred char- acter had previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 18.54. From 1858 to 1872, various associations were formed at different points throughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps were taken looking to the appointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Jlorton assumed the office. Mucli evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, tlie total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned the secretarj-ship, the office remaining vacant for three years. Tlie question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- erty valued at .$126,500, including building fund.s, the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging the State work under depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1890. The present six depart- ments of supervision are: General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- ants; railroad and city work; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership department, and oflSce work. The two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is responsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annuallj-. WilUs H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- man for several years. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the local Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the property owned was $2,, 500, 000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroad men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men nxunbered 248, and there are now representatives or correspondents in 665 communities wliere no organization has been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational work has been largely developed. The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Chicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its cliiss in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and anotlier among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of English and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, lU., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1852 to "55 he attended McKendree College, but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Cliief Jus- tice of Utah, wliere he has since resided, though superseded by tlie appointment of a successor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but %vas defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, received too late lor Insertion in the body of this work. Is added in the form of a supplement. COGHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bnllock, naval officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1860 he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fooke — then a Representative in Congress from the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving uix)n various vessels until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philippines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey"s squadron to return home, coming by way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and his crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CRANE, (Rev.) James Lyons, clergyman, armj' chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1842, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the last two points being stationed two or more times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which he filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of I>is recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at that time commamled by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com- mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position o£ Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came to him as a personal compliment, being re- appointed four years afterwards and continuing in office eight years. After retiring from tho Springfield ix)stoffice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelbyville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of CoL J. Mayo — a prominent citizen of Edgar County, at an early day— his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, ComptroUer of the Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he was engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, 111., which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- dency, and during the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National Republican Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed ComptroUer of the Treasury, a position 605 •606 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Oliio, and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and has been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 17)^7. DISTIJi, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at •Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army of the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. The father of the subject of this sketch .settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 18G;!, enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of physical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in tlie camjiaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, under Gen. Jolin A. Logan, was subsequentl}' detailed for dutj- on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaca and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successivelj- at Jacksonville (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finall}' at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a second time by assuming the name of a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- sissippi until exclianged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowlj' escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- I>ort, Iowa. June 28, ISG't. he was emploj'ed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, was unanimously elected Commander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had been an oflBcer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the stall of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for tlie Territory of Alaska, a position which (IS'JD) he still liolds. DCMMEK, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell, Slaine, April 9, 1808, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two years in liis native State, in 1882 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be Ills home for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 18G0, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that ijarty as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for tlie Presidency a second time. In 18G4 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was tlie law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich. , in search of health, but died there August 12 of that year. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in the common schools and the high school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albanj', N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable compliment of being retained in office by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 6or dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1890, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted — which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. '30, 1790, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-gi-ower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of cliildren, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff, while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1813, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss Slary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 8, 1813; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ; came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that city, which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845. As early as 1846 he was associated with Wm. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of tlie Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for tlie means to purchase the charter and as.sets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and ex- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of the State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Caliokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of Ids life. His early life had been sjient in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1813 he was able to furnisli Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was Slieriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTOJf, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15. 1S51, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of which he is a member having been connected with the construction of a number of large build- ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June. 1884. being elected to the office of Major, which he retained until January, 1893. when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the .staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was com 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to sen-e in the Spanisli- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment early in Maj'. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until earlj' in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havana. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga.. where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and Speaker of the Forty-first General jVssembly, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling at Industrj', McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education in the common schools and in the lav department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in politics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tunnicliffe, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Fortj' -first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. VIXYARD, Philip, early legislator, was born in Penu.sylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- conda, in 1862, SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of "The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from tlie Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe. Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Sleshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father." The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than §2,500 in goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 per an- num in perpetuity. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 iinder a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during which they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it liad been repeatedly reaf- firmed b3' parts or all of the tribe, especially in 181.5, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in 1831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), "the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In tlie early part of tlie last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began; their fields were taken pos.session of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk"s band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and theu: annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In tliis he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British. The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians '' at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henry and Col. Daniel Lieb. with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 2.5th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickajwos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2.500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew imder cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village. General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- 610 HISTOmCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by whicli he bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississippi unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his baud on tlie site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated bj- his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Proiihet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona. a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April 16, 1833, the Gov- ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of militia." to meet by April 22, Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed bj' April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there May 7 and being mustered into tlie United States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of t)ie baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 13. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into camp in a strong position near the moutii of Sycamore Creek. As socm dis- covered, Black Hawk was ia camp at the same time, as lie afterwards claimed, with about forty of liis braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at this juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, were attacked and two of their number killed , the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 375 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached. Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further history of the affair was as much of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their de.secra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the hands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for safety through the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the rangers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the; Indian loss cx>nsisted of two spies and one of the Ihig-bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp. This ill-starred af- fair, which has passed into history as ".Stillman's defeat," produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, while it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage of the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted e.stimate of the prowess of his own little band — thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, compelling At- kinson to return for the protection of his base of supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had starteii up the Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of W'isconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the swamps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- mand, while the notoriou.s half-breed, MikeGirty, ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and massacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on Slay 21, wlien sixteen persons were killed at the Home of William Davis, and two young girls— Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 15 years — were carried away captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ransometl for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry Gratiot. Great as wiis the emergency at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi-. dence of dissatisfaction and. claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis consin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 612 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had issued bis call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 2,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twenty days, and organized into a regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, from Putnam County under command of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twenty days. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, were Lieut.-Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the Vermilion County regiment ; John A. McClem- and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. John Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) : W. L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious character were had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wiscon.sin ; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and came near in- flicting a defeat, which was prevented by Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- inforcements. In the latter engagement the whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also occurred with varjang results, at Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue Mounds — the last two within the present State of Wisconsin. Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 men — the volunteers being under the command of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined two days later by General Alexander'sbrigade,and on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- tions on Bark River near the site of the present village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the actual location of Black Hawk's camp through Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, whom they employed with a number of Winne- bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- ander's command returned to General Atkinson's headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's provisions for the main army, while General Henry's (600 strong), vrith Major Dodge's battalion numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies for themselves, started under the guidance of Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the Winnebago village on Rock River where Black HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 613 Hawk and liis band had been located, their camp was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting that they had gone to Cranberry ( now Horicon) Lake, a lialf-day's marcli up the river. Messen- gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's lieadquarters, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded about half the distance, they struck a broad, fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- sissippi. The guide having deserted them in order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- sembling to deceive the whites as to the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- less, the messengers were compelled to follow him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- brances behind, the pursuit of the fugitives was begun without delay, the troops wading through swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. Soon evidence of the character of the flight the Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside along the trail, began to appear, and straggling bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to desert Black Hawk, gave information that the Indians were only a few miles in advance. On the evening of the 20th of July Henrj-'s forces encamped at "The Four Lakes," the present site of the city of Madison, Wis., Black Hawk's force lying in ambush the same night seven or eight miles distant. During the next afternoon the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was overtaken and skirmishing continued until the bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage of the main body of his people across the stream. The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of the whites being one killed and eight wounded. During the night Black Hawk succeeded in placing a considerable number of the women and children and old men on a raft and in canoes obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them down the river, believing that, as non-combat- ants, they would be permitted by the regulars to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to intercept them, fired mercilessly ujwn the help- less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two women and children made prisoners. The re- mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- nees, acting under white ofliicers. During the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- known tongue was heard in the direction where Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as it was supposed to come from some one giving orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the Winnebago langxiage in the hope that he might be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. He was describing the helpless condition of his people, claiming that the war had been forced upon them, that their women and children were starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- cross the Mississippi, they would give no further trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and it failed of its object. General Henry 's force having disco vered that the Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi — spent the next and day night on the field, hut on the following day (July 23) started to meet General Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- plete junction between the regulars and the volunteers being eflfected at Helena, a deserted village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the piusuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- newed. Evidence of their famishing condition was found in the trees stripped of bark for food, the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there the dead body of an Indian. On August 1. Black Hawk's depleted and famish- ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant stream, and immediately began trying to cross the river: but having only two or three canoes, the work was slow. About the middle of the afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior." ap- peared on the scene, having on board a score of regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the white flag in token of surrender but the officer 614 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in command claiming that he feared treachery or an ambush, demanded tliat Black Hawk should come on board. Tliis he was unable to do, as he had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a murderous fire of canister and musketry was opened from the steamer on the few Indians on shore, who made such feeble resistance as they were able. The result was the killing of one white man and twenty-three Indians. After this exploit the "Warrior" proceeded to Prairie du Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. During the night a few more of the Indians crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied by the Prophet, and taking witli him a party of ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, fled in the direction of "the dells"' of the Wis- consin. On the morningof the 2d General Atkinson arrived within four or five miles of the Sac position. Disposing his forces with the regulars and Colonel Dodge's rangers in the center.the brig- ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but was drawn by the Indian decoys up the river from the place where the main body of tlie Indians were trying to cross the stream. This had the effect of leaving Oeneral Henry in the rear practically without orders, but it became the means of making liis command the prime factors in the climax which followed. Some of the spies attached to Henrj-'s command having accidental- ly discovered tlie trail of the main body of the fu- gitives, he began the pursuit witliout waiting for orders and soon found himself engaged with some 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It was here that the only thing like a regular battle occurred. The savages fought witli the fury of despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved to greater deeds of courage by the insult which they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in progress and discovering that he was being led off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle soon degenerated into a massacre. In the coxirse of the three hours through wliich it lasted, it is es- timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from the troops, an equal number of both sexes and all ages drowned while attempting to cross the river or by being driven into it, while about 50 (chiefly women and children) were made prison- ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented the abandonment of his people, returned within sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief Wabasha, through tlie suggestion and agency of General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died from wounds and exhaustion, while still others perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, it is estimated that not more than 150 survived the tragic events of the next four months. General Scott, having arrived at Prairiedu Chien early in August, assumed command and. on August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon. 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion, Black Hawk fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army, where he was held a captive during the following winter. The connection of Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by many historians, seems to have been confined to this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as prisoners of war until June 4, when they were released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many principal cities in order to impress Iiim with the strength of the American nation, was brought to Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived this humiliation only a few years, dying on a small reservation set apart for him in Davis County, Iowa, October 3. 1838. Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, tlie most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- nois history. At its beginning both the State and national authorities were grossly misled by an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for recovering the site of his old village, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 615 Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the numbers and courage of Iiis white enemies, es- pecially after the Stillman