INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 IN AMERICA 
 
 A Directory of the Work for the Blind 
 in the United States and Canada 
 
 COMPILED IN 1916 BY ■ 
 
 Charles F. F. and Mary D. Campbell 
 
 Reprinted from 
 
 The American Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology 
 
 Volume IX 
 
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INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 IN AMERICA 
 
 A directory of the work for the Blind 
 in the United States and Canada 
 
 Compiled in 1916 by 
 
 CHARLES F. F. AND MARY D. CAMPBELL 
 
 Kditors: "Outlook for the Blind" 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 Reprinted from the 
 
 AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 
 
 VOLUME IX. 
 
t 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND IN AMERICA 
 
 Probably every ophthalmologist has, at some time or other, been 
 asked where and how a blind person can be schooled or otherwise 
 armed for the battle of life. In the following survey, we have en- 
 deavored to make it possible for an inquirer in any one of the United 
 States, or provinces of Canada, by referring to this section of the 
 Encyclopedia, to find just what are the resources for the blind in his 
 own locality. 
 
 We have deliberately refrained from lengthy statements with regard 
 to the education and training of the blind on this continent in the 
 belief that the accompanying series of illustrations with their captions 
 will be more effective than many words. It will be observed, starting 
 with the care of infants, as exemplified in a nursery for blind babies 
 and ending with assistance for adults, that we show with these pictures 
 practically every phase of work for and by tin- blind in America. 
 The illustrations arc typical of the best work in the country. 
 
 By referring to the sub-sections dealing with one's own state or 
 province there will be found the agencies in that locality available for 
 the blind. If there is no institution or organization in a particular 
 commonwealth applicable to the particular needs of the person in whom 
 one may be interested, apply to the superintendent of the existing 
 institution. He will he glad to direct the applicant to the nearest 
 source of help. 
 
 Historical sketch. In the United States the first attempt to be of 
 service to the blind was made in behalf of the education of blind 
 children, as few of the handicapped make a stronger appeal than the 
 blind child. The first schools were started in the eastern states; 
 Boston. New York, and Philadelphia opening them in the early thirties. 
 It matters little which of these institutions actually began teaching 
 blind children first. Suffice it to say that by 1835 the work was well 
 under way in each of these cities, and. as so frerpiently the custom with 
 pioneer work of an educational and philanthropic nature, the main- 
 tenance of these institutions was secured from public-spirited indi- 
 viduals. It was not long, however, before appeals were made to the 
 legislatures, and state aid was soon forthcoming for the education of 
 blind children, not only in the three above mentioned cities, but in 
 other parts of the country. The dates of the founding of the various 
 schools are given as the facts about each institution are recorded. 
 
 5 
 
 373953 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Almost ;ill those win) began working for blind children sooner or 
 later were confronted with the problem of Mind adults; not only 
 children who grew up into adults, but also those who lost their sight 
 later in life. Vrvx naturally those who were responsible for the man- 
 agemenl of early institutions for the education of the blind youth, felt 
 it incumbenl upon them to do what they could for Mind adults, with 
 the result thai in most of the earlier schools for the blind in the 
 United States small workshops or departments were maintained for 
 the instruction ami employmenl of blind men and women. 
 
 It was soon recognized by educators of the blind that it was unwise 
 to have adults mingle with children, so thai gradually the department 
 tor adults was separated from the rest of the institution, ami almost 
 all of the state schools for the blind were devoted principally to the 
 education of blind youth. 
 
 Strange as il may seem, no general movemenl swept over the country 
 during the nineteenth century for the training and care of the adult 
 blind, such as manifested itself for the education of blind children. 
 There were, however, notable exceptions in several states of which 
 mention ought to be made. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, who is recog 
 nized by all as the pioneer worker for the blind in America, established 
 a workshop for blind adults in 1848. which was in reality an off-shoot 
 from the older educational institution for blind children. This shop, 
 in which mattress-making and chair-caning are the principal industries, 
 is still in existence. 
 
 The Xew York City ami .Maryland schools for the blind spent con- 
 siderable money in efforts to operate industrial establishments for 
 blind adults, and the Maryland school shop, continued to the present 
 day. has become the .Maryland Workshop for the Blind. The depart- 
 ment for adults of the Xew York Institute was not continued, but in 
 1869 the Society for the Relief of the Destitute Blind of Xew York 
 City opened a home which is now located at 104th Street and Amster- 
 dam Avenue. In 1868 and 1874 respectively, a working home for 
 blind women and a working home for blind men were established in 
 Philadelphia. While these institutions were not the direct outgrowth 
 of departments of the Philadelphia School for the Blind, the manage- 
 ineiit of the school was very much interested in having practical work 
 undertaken for the adult blind. 
 
 The tirst home teaching society to be established in America was 
 founded in Philadelphia by Dr. Moon, the creator of the Moon 
 alphabet (See p. 259, Vol. T. of this Encyclopedia.) for the blind, and 
 was conducted along the general lines pursued by the English Home 
 Teaching Societies. The Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society did 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 not expand to any greal extent during the first years of its existence, 
 and confined most of its efforts to Philadelphia. In 1892 a movement 
 was set on foot in Connecticut which resulted in the establishment 
 of the Institute for the Blind of that state, and started a wave of 
 interest in adults that soon reached Massachusetts, where instruction 
 for blind adults in their homes was first provided at state expense in 
 1900. 
 
 With the opening of the twentieth century, we find the beginning 
 of an ever increasing effort to provide adequately for the care of the 
 adult blind. In 1903 the first of many associations for the blind was 
 started in Massachusetts. It was also in 1903 that the legislatures of 
 both Massachusetts and New York appointed temporary commissions, 
 which were directed to investigate the condition and needs of the blind 
 in their respective states. In 1906, the temporary commission of 
 Massachusetts was followed by the appointment of the first permanent 
 State Commission for the Blind in the United States. Almosl every 
 year since has witnessed in one or more states the beginning of some 
 kind of state supported work for blind adults, and also for the pre- 
 vention of blindness. 
 
 Even before this section is printed new activities for the blind will 
 undoubtedly be undertaken in different parts of the country. Infor- 
 mation about these more recent endeavors can be found in the Outlook 
 for the Blind, published in Columbus, Ohio, the official organ of the 
 American Association of Instructors of the Blind and the American 
 Association of Workers for the Blind, the two national organizations 
 of this country devoted to the interests of the blind. 
 
 With the exception of a few of the oldes eastern schools for the 
 blind, every institution for the education of blind children is sup- 
 ported at public expense. Even the schools which have private endow- 
 ments receive more or less state aid. The requirements for admission. 
 the course and term of instruction and the general plan of work in 
 every school for the blind in the United States are so similar that, 
 instead of repeating the same item under each school, we give an 
 outline of the work in a typical school for the blind. When referring 
 to the individual institutions, we call attention to special features in 
 which they differ from this "typical school." 
 
 As with residential schools, so with the training of blind children 
 in the public schools ; the plan is exactly the same in all of the cities 
 in which blind children attend public schools. We, therefore, give a 
 brief sketch of the method followed for training such children, and, 
 as above indicated, will not repeat this statement for the various cities 
 in which such work is being done. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 9 
 
 Commissions, associations, libraries, and pensions for the blind 
 likewise have fundamental underlying principles which are common 
 to all of them, and we give what might be termed the objects of these 
 in the following general statement. See. in this connection, the various 
 Blind as well as Blindness captions beginning with p. 116, Vol. II, 
 of this Encyclopedia; also Alphabets and literature for the blind, 
 p. 249, Vol. I. 
 
 RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 These schools arc, generally speaking, open to all blind children of 
 the state who are mentally normal and are at least live years of age. 
 and not over twenty. There is some slight variation in these age 
 limits, hut the precise requirements of each institution will be furnished 
 upon application. The vision of applicants must be too defective to 
 permit them to follow the usual methods adopted in public schools 
 for the education of those who see. The course of instruction is very 
 similar to that given in the public schools. Tt should be noted, however, 
 that inasmuch as considerable additional time has to be devoted to 
 either professional or trade training during the closing years of the 
 student's term, the upper grades in some of the schools do not entirely 
 approximate similar grades in the public schools. Every school for 
 the blind has a more or less full course in musical education for those 
 who are qualified to benefit by the same. Vocal, pianoforte, and, in 
 many schools, organ instruction is provided, and. in a limited number. 
 training is given upon orchestral instruments, and sometimes there is 
 a voluntary hand. Every school gives a course in piano-tuning and 
 repairing, and many schools have recently purchased the "actions" 
 of various piano players so thai prospective tuners may have experience 
 with this increasingly popular instrument. Practically every school 
 gives training in various trades, those most usually found being broom, 
 basket, and mattress making, rag carpet and art fabric weaving, and 
 re-seating of chairs. Girls are all taught hand and machine sewing, 
 crocheting and knitting, and in most schools are given a more or less 
 extensive course in domestic science. In all the schools physical train- 
 ing is given. A number of schools have removed from crowded city 
 premises to sites in the country where ample playgrounds are provided. 
 
 We are unable to give any satisfactory average number of years 
 that pupils attend state schools. Students are usually allowed to 
 remain as long as the school is able to give them any real help. 
 
 It cannot be too emphatically emphasized that these institutions are 
 not "Homes" or "Asylums" to which blind children can be sent for 
 permanent custodial care, but hoarding schools for those who have 
 
12 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 been so unfortunate as to lose their sight. Every child leaves the 
 school during the long summer vacation. It should also be men- 
 tioned thai parents or guardians have to provide clothing for the 
 children dining their education. The aim of every school for the 
 blind in this country is to fit the students for life, that they may become 
 wholly, or in part, Belf-supporting, and take their places in the com- 
 munity as respected and self respecting citizens. There are a few 
 states which have not, as yet, schools of their own; they make appro- 
 priations so that their blind children can he sent to schools in neigh- 
 boring states. So general is this provision that every normal blind 
 child in North America can secure, free of expense, an excellent edu- 
 cation and 1 raining. No other country in the world makes such 
 liberal provision for the education of its blind youth, mostly at the 
 expense of the state. 
 
 Alunrni associations. Most schools for the blind have alumni asso- 
 ciations which meet more or less frequently. Some of the organizations 
 have been very active and have played a prominent part in fostering 
 progressive movements in behalf of the blind, not only for graduates 
 of the institutions they represented, but also for men and women 
 blinded in adult life. 
 
 CO-EDUCATION OK THE BLIND, THE SEMI-BLIND, AND THE SEEING IN- 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Tlie first attempt in America to educate blind children side by side 
 with those who see was made in Chicago. This method of educating 
 the blind had been begun more than half a century ago in Paisley, 
 Scotland, and in London, England. In passing, however, it should be 
 mentioned that the plan in England later resolved itself into what 
 might be termed "day school centers" for blind children, to which 
 the pupils were brought from their surrounding homes day by day but 
 were not placed in classes with their seeing companions, as is the 
 characteristic feature 'of the present American plan. 
 
 The Chicago or, as it is more generally known, "the day school plan." 
 is as follows: A group of children, usually not more than ten, come 
 to one of the public schools in the neighborhood of their homes. This 
 group of bl i ml children is assigned to a special teacher, and to a 
 special room. The children may lie of all ages, and therefore of 
 various grades in scholarship. The first duty of the instructor is to 
 train the pupils to make use of the devices used by the blind to enable 
 them to interpret with their fingers the text-books used by the seeing. 
 As soon as a blind child is able to use these devices with sufficient 
 accuracy and speed, he then goes into the class-room of seeing children 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 13 
 
 of about the same age, and takes part with his seeing companions in 
 the regular school work. If the class happens to be reading, the blind 
 child produces his raised type copy of the book used by his seeing 
 companions and takes his turn in the same way as does his sighted 
 classmate. The younger blind children write their compositions in 
 raised dots. These are later transcribed by the special teacher and 
 passed on to the grade teacher for correction with the papers prepared 
 by the seeing children. Older blind children prepare their work on 
 the typewriter and hand it to the teacher of the grade room in which 
 they are enrolled. 
 
 It will be recognized immediately that this method of education is 
 only available in cities where there are at least ten or more blind 
 children. As the population of this country is very scattered, there 
 always will be' a need for a centrally located residential state insti- 
 tution. Furthermore, "the day school plan" has been in operation 
 too short a time for one to make any general assertion as to its ultimate 
 or comparative success or failure. The points in its favor are economy, 
 normal home life and association and immediate and constant com- 
 petition with the seeing. The greatest problem confronting those 
 responsible for this method of education is how to provide for the 
 student's professional or trade training. Progressive and broad- 
 minded superintendents of residential schools for the blind do not 
 look upon "the day school plan"' as a competitive method of educating 
 the blind. 1ml rather as a plan which calls for the heartiest cooperation. 
 By a well-balanced and practical working together of the supervisors 
 of blind children in both residential and day schools the best results 
 can unquestionably be secured. 
 
 There is one development of the clay school work which should 
 receive special mention. A number of cities, notably Boston, Cleve- 
 land. Cincinnati. Toledo, and New York, have made special provision 
 for children with defective eyesight who are not usually considered 
 blind. These pupils have sufficient vision to enable them to do a 
 limited amount of reading of ordinary print, but their defective sight 
 handicaps them in attempting the work of the regular class-room. 
 Special rooms having as nearly ideal lighting conditions as can be 
 found have been set aside for these partially-blind children. 
 
 The method of instruction followed makes a judicious use of what 
 vision these pupils possess, but great care is exercised not to overtax 
 their weak eyes. Much of the written work is done on the blackboard, 
 though some pupils are permitted to use a soft pencil, writing in very 
 large letters upon unglazed paper. Liberal use is also made of the 
 typewriter. Text books in large print have been prepared for use 
 
14 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 in these classes. The pupils attend the grade rooms in the building, 
 for such work as they can do orally or in a way not to strain their 
 eyes. 
 
 In Cleveland, where this work lias been most thoroughly organized, 
 
 no reasonable expenditure of i ey accessary to bring the work of 
 
 these classes up to the highesl efficiency lias been spared. Here it has 
 been found thai children needing the assistance of such special 
 classes outnumber to a marked degree the children who are totally 
 blind. 
 
 COMMISSIONS FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 Organizations committed to the interests of the blind, whether main- 
 tained by state or private funds, follow the same genera] plan, and 
 as we have given the fundamentals of a typical school for the blind, 
 it seems desirable to indicate what activities are carried on by the 
 organizations concerned with the welfare of the adult blind. These 
 commissions tnighl be said to concern themselves with all the blind 
 who lose their sight too late to he admitted to schools for blind youth, 
 and also with the prevention of unnecessary blindness. The Massa- 
 chusetts Commission, which may fairly lie said to be the forerunner 
 'of much of the work for the adult blind, summarize their activities as 
 follows: J. Maintenance of bureau of information and advice. '2. 
 Industrial training of blind adults. 3. Employment of blind men and 
 women in shops and in their own homes; also through salesroom and 
 special sales. 4. Fostering of home industries by loans, equipment. 
 etc. 5. Reporting to other agencies for schooling, medical care, relief, 
 recreation, etc. 6. Acquainting tin 1 public with the capabilities of 
 the blind. 7. Promoting non-medical work for prevention of blindness 
 and conservation of eyesight. 
 
 In each state where work for the adnlt blind is being undertaken it 
 will be found thai some, or all. of the before mentioned activities are 
 being carried on. and in almost every instance some form of home 
 instruction is being given. 
 
 In conclusion, it should he said that all organizations for the adnlt 
 blind, whether supported by state or by private funds, make a greal 
 effort to solve the problem, as far as possible, of each individual blind 
 person. The circumstances connected with each case are given the 
 mosl careful consideration, and an effort is made to adjust thai person, 
 in spife of his blindness, to a life of usefulness ami contentment. 
 
 ASSOC! \TI(»\s FOB 'I'lli: BLIND. 
 
 In a general way. il may be said that associations for the blind 
 attempt to carry out a part, il' not all. of the program which is followed 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 15 
 
 by almost all Commissions for the Blind. Of course it will be under- 
 stood that all State Commissions for the Blind are maintained at the 
 expense of the state, whereas associations derive their income from 
 philanthropic sources. Some of these associations have sufficiently 
 large annual budgets to undertake almost all of the work of a Com- 
 mission, but usually an association's activities are confined to a large 
 city rather than to a state. Furthermore, tew of the associations have 
 dour very much as yet relative to the prevention of blindness, except 
 by arousing public interest in the necessity for such work and by 
 securing legislation for more effective measures. It should be noted 
 thai most of the Commissions for the Blind have tome into existence 
 as a direct result of the activities of the associations for the blind. 
 
 LIBRARIES I'"i; THE BLIND. 
 
 Every school for the blind lias a Large collection of books in some 
 form of tactile print, and in many of these institutions libraries are 
 available to readers throughout their respective localities. In most 
 states a city or stale library maintains a department for the blind, 
 which is usually available to residents of the state. Details will be 
 found under the respective stales. 
 
 PENSIONS FOR 'I'm: BLIND. 
 
 It is a remarkable fact that although monetary relief was accepted 
 as a practical form of assisting the blind in England 200 years ago, 
 no very serious effort was made in America to aid the blind in this 
 manner until this century. Pensions in England are provided from 
 funds raised through charitable sources, while in America there is 
 very little assistance of this hind which is not appropriated from city 
 or state funds. In 1875 the city of New York began giving a pension 
 of $50 a year to its blind citizens, hut. so far as known, no other 
 municipality has undertaken a similar method of assisting ds blind. 
 In ISPS friends of the blind secured a modification of the Poor Laws 
 of Ohio and a special section was inserted providing relief for the blind 
 not to exceed $100 per annum. In 1904 a state "Pension Law for the 
 Blind" was passed in Ohio, but was declared unconstitutional on the 
 ground of "class legislation.*' In 1908 a bill was passed "For the 
 Relief of the Needy Blind" with a maximum allowance of $150 per 
 year, payable quarterly. Illinois passed a. similar law in 1903, but it 
 was optional with the counties whether they would make any payments 
 or not. and. until 1916. when the law became mandatory, little attention 
 was paid to it. At the present time, the states of Illinois, Iowa, Ohio. 
 Maine. New Hampshire and "Wisconsin, and the city of New York are 
 providing outdoor relief for the blind. 
 
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18 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 The writer and compiler of the following reports wishes to thank 
 those workers for the blind — hailing from every stale and province — 
 who have furnished and revised the material herein presented. Their 
 eooperation has enabled him to furnish the most accurate data possible. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 School for tin lilind, Talladega. School for whites, founded 1888. 
 Capacity, 100 pupils. Valuation of plant, $100,000. Annual state 
 appropriation, $230.00 per capita, based on attendance January 1st. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, F. H. 
 Manning. 
 
 Industrial School for White Blind Men, Talladega. As a result 
 of the efforts of J. S. Laverty, a blind member of the Alabama Legisla- 
 ture, a bill was passed in 1915 creating an industrial school for white 
 blind men. No appropriation will be made until February 1, 1917, 
 when $10,000 becomes available for buildings, and $100 per capita is to 
 he allowed for maintenance. This school is to be under the manage- 
 ment of a board of seven trustees, of which Mr. Laverty is the 
 president. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Montgomery, Department of Archives and 
 History, 88 volumes, 66 titles. 
 
 Talladega, School for the Blind, 1,101 titles. 
 
 ARIZONA. 
 
 State aid for blind infants. A law was passed in 1912 empowering 
 the State Board of Education to provide suitable care, maintenance 
 and instruction for blind babies and children under school age in 
 any institute in Arizona, or any other state, at the rate of $1.00 a day. 
 This care and training shall continue until the child attains the age 
 of six years, and at the discretion of the board of education it may 
 continue until the child reaches the age of twelve years. 
 
 E<1 n rut ion of lilind youth. At present. Arizona has no state school 
 for the blind, hut it sends blind children of school age to schools for 
 the blind in neighboring states. 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 School for the Blind, hitll, Hock. Founded. 1859. Capacity, 120 
 pupils. Valuation of plant. $350,000. Annual state appropriation. 
 $45,000. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 19 
 
 of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. The school owns 
 about 12 acres of land, four of which are available for athletics. There 
 is a gymnasium. Superintendent, John H. Hinemon. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Little Rock, School for the Blind, 1,770 
 volumes, 407 titles. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Institution for the Deaf and the Blind, Berkeley. Founded, 1860. 
 Capacity, 100 (blind) pupils. Valuation of plant, $1,319,443.88; an- 
 nual state appropriation, $107,500 (both departments). For require- 
 ments for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the 
 Introduction to this section. The school occupies a tract of 130 acres. 
 Playground- space covers 3 acres. Magnificent new gymnasiu m and 
 s wimminpi pool completed in 191 5. Principal, L. E. Milligan. 
 
 / nd ust rial II nun of Mechanical Trades for the Adult Blind, Oakland. 
 Founded, 1885. Capacity, 140. Valuation of plant, $200,000. An- 
 nual state appropriation, $31,500. Needy, blind adult residents of 
 ( 'alifornia are eligible for admission when vacancies occur. There is 
 usually a waiting list. The principal trade for the men is broom- 
 making. A few devote their time to hammock-, broom-, bag- and 
 mattress-making, and chair-caning, and the women confine themselves 
 to fancy work. When the men reach the time of life when they are 
 unable to work in the shops, they are allowed to spend their declining 
 years in the institution. This was the second institution to be estab- 
 lished in America, not connected with a school for the blind, for the 
 industrial employment of the adult blind, and largely as the result of 
 the efforts of a blind man, Joseph Sanders. Superintendent, Joseph 
 Sanders. 
 
 San Francisco Association for the Blind, 1526 California Street. 
 Work for the adult blind in San Francisco started as a reading room 
 and library for the blind in 1902 by Mrs. Andrew Rowan, the free 
 public library giving the use of a basement room in one of its branches. 
 Patrons of the reading room are read to, and monthly entertainments 
 are planned for recreation purposes. In 1906 fire destroyed all of 
 the books and property of the association, and since that time re- 
 construction and expansion have gone on effectively, industrial training 
 and employment having been added to its activities. The organization 
 aims to assist any adult blind citizen of San Francisco who may need 
 it. Its present home was purchased in 1913. The organization is 
 supported entirely by voluntary contributions. Principal industries 
 are basket- and broom-making. The activities of the organization are 
 
20 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 carried on practically throughout the year. Fifteen men are employed 
 regularly, and 100 helped. President, Mrs. Myer Friedman. 
 
 Staii paid rani, rs for blind students. The Legislature in 1915 
 passed a law whereby blind graduates of the State School for the 
 J Wind in Berkeley, attending the University of California, or any of 
 
 the state normal schools, shall be provided with funds necessary to 
 employ seeing persons to read to them from text-books required for the 
 course taken by the student; provided, however, thai not more than 
 $300, per annum, per individual, be expended. This fund is under the 
 control of the Board of Directors of the State School for the Blind. 
 
 Stait paid home teaching. In 1913 provision was made that the 
 state Library employ a home teacher for the blind. At the present 
 time one blind home teacher is employed, and confines most of her 
 efforts to Southern California. 
 
 California Society for thi Prevention of Blindness. The purpose 
 of the organization is embodied in the title of the society. President, 
 C. S. G. Nagel, M. I).. Head Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Libraries for tin blind. Berkeley. School for the Blind, 1,500 
 volumes. 400 titles. The school does not circulate its books. 
 
 Sacramento. State Library. ?,602 volumes. 1.752 titles. Books cir- 
 culated not only throughout California, but to neighboring states not 
 having libraries for the blind. A printed catalog may be had upon 
 application. 
 
 San Francisco. Association for the Blind. 400 volumes. 
 
 COLORADO. 
 
 School for the Deaf and tlu Blind, Colorado Springs. Department 
 for tin' blind founded in 1883. Capacity, 50 blind pupils. Valuation 
 of plants (both departments), $390,000. Annual state appropriation 
 (both departments). $89,000. For requirements for admission, course, 
 term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. 
 Poultry raising is given special attention. The school proper occupies 
 24 acres of land, while there are also available 200 acres on a ranch 
 three-quarters of a mile away. Ten acres are used for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. Superintendent, W. K. Argo. 
 
 Industrial Workshop for lh, Blind, 618 E. Arizona Avenue. Denver. 
 Founded in 1912; capacity, 20 workers; valuation of plant. $2,000: 
 annual state appropriation, $6,000. This shop is available for blind 
 persons who have been citizens of Colorado for at least three years, 
 and are over 21 years of age. The workshop and salesroom are open 
 throughout the year. 
 
 State home teachinc/. The Legislature fin 1913) made it possible 
 
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22 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 for the State Superintendent of Public Instruction to employ a blind 
 person to give instruction to the adult blind in their own homes. 
 While this instruction is under the direction of the State Superin- 
 tendent of Public J nst ruction, close cooperation with the Industrial 
 Workshop and State School for the Blind is also maintained. 
 Library for tin Blind. Colorado Springs. School for the Blind. 
 
 1,100 volumes. 584 titles. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 shih Board of Education for tfa. /Hind. Connecticut has the unique 
 
 distinction of being the only state in this country which attempts to 
 care for the blind of all ages under one board of management. As 
 the evolution of this effort is so different from that in other states, we 
 are giving a somewhat fuller sketch of it. There are. however, three 
 distinct and separate activities at work in this commonwealth — a 
 nursery, school, and trade training department situated in different 
 localities. 
 
 The incident which led to organized work for the blind in Connecti- 
 cut occurred in 18SS. when Mrs. Emily Wells Foster, in groping her 
 way through a dark passage in a Hartford tenement-house, stumbled 
 over a feeble, little blind Italian boy. On learning that the child was 
 receiving no care or training, Mrs. Foster took him to her own home. 
 where he remained for nearly a yea]-, and was then sent to the 
 Kindergarten for the Blind in Boston. 
 
 Mrs. Poster made some investigations into the condition of the blind 
 in Connecticut, with the result that a large number of children were 
 found who were being badly neglected. Up to thai time the state had 
 provided for only twenty blind children who had been sent to schools 
 for the blind in neighboring states, while for blind adults there existed 
 no provision whatever. Mrs. Poster saw that legislation was required, 
 ami she secured the cooperation of Frank E. Cleaveland, a blind 
 lawyer, with the result that the General Assembly of 1893 passed an 
 
 act creating a State Board of Education for the Blind, consisting of 
 the governor and chief justice. , x officio, with two other members to be 
 appointed by the governor. The Board was to take such measures 
 as it found necessary to secure the object of its existence. Three hun- 
 dred dollars a year were allowed for the instruction and training of all 
 such blind persons as the Board allowed to become state pupils, ami a 
 
 iretary was to be employed who should seek out all blind persons 
 needing care or instruction. 
 
 Before this legislation could be carried into effect, however, a nurs- 
 ery was opened in November, 1893, in a small house in Hartford, where 
 
24 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 half a dozen needy blind children were cared for until October, 1894, 
 when a real kindergarten, numbering twenty pupils, was opened in a 
 large house on Asylum Avenue in Eartford. 
 
 In the meantime, Mr. Cleaveland had devoted himself to the care 
 and industrial training of a number of blind men. for which purpose 
 he gave the use of his own house until 1895, when the stale provided 
 a building on Wethersfield Avenue for the "Connecticut [nstitute and 
 Industrial Borne for the Blind." Ii also provided a new building in 
 the rear of the kindergarten, one story of which was devoted to the 
 temporary use of blind women until 1896, when their permanent 
 quarters on Wethersfield Avenue were completed. 
 
 The year 1897 was a memorable one in the history of the blind, for 
 in that year a Little blind baby was brought to the Connecticut Kin- 
 dergarten for the Blind where it was cordially received. We believe 
 thai blind baity to have been the first one to whom any institution in 
 ibis country, excepl the almshouse, had opened its doors. Applications 
 for other babies soon followed, and philanthropists enabled the mana- 
 gers to receive and care for a number of them, until, in 1905, the Hart- 
 ford buildings being crowded, the babies, with their caretakers, were 
 moved to a small bouse in Farmington. There they remained until 
 1910, when a large fine home in Farmington was provided for them by 
 E. T. Stotesburg, a bountiful friend in Philadelphia. This work for 
 blind babies can only be appreciated by those who have witnessed the 
 deplorable consequences of neglecting; them. 
 
 The Kindergarten on Asylum Avenue grew steadily and classes for 
 older children were added. Besides the ordinary school branches, the 
 children made rapid progress in vocal and instrumental music, and 
 were able to enter advanced classes when sent to the Perkins Institu- 
 tion in Boston. Sloyd, carpentry, sewing, knitting, crocheting, and 
 chair-caning were also taught. Piano-tuning is now added to this list. 
 
 Larger quarters were soon urgently needed and many friends con- 
 tributed to the building fund, to which the state in 1909 added *:>0,000, 
 and in .May. 1911, the school was moved to its present fine quarters, 
 near Blue Hills Avenue. Eighteen acres of land surround the build- 
 ings, seven acres of which are under cultivation for garden vegetables. 
 A great part of the garden work is done by the boys, who enjoy it and 
 find such out-of-door work a source of income on leaving school. There 
 are now 46 pupils in the school. 
 
 The excellent Trades department, under the direction of Mr. and 
 
 Mrs. R. E. Colby, has 1 n much less fortunate than in the nursery and 
 
 the school, inasmuch as it has for a long time been urgently in need 
 of better quarters. A forty acre lot just south of the city has for 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 25 
 
 three years been waiting for the needed buildings. These the trus- 
 tees are now hoping to see erected within a year, as the state has just 
 given $60,000 to the institution for that purpose. 
 
 The industries taught and carried on in this department are the 
 making of brooms, mattresses, rugs, and baskets, chair-seating, sew- 
 ing, crocheting, knitting, typewriting, and stenography. Farm work 
 proves as practical for the men as for the boys. There are today 42 
 blind, or partially blind, persons in the Trades department. 
 
 It will be seen, from what has been said, that the Connecticut Insti- 
 tute for the Blind is peculiarly comprehensive in its work, inasmuch 
 as it aids the blind of all ages to make the most of their lives. 
 
 Superintendent, Nursery tor Blind Babies. Miss Lillian Russell. 
 
 Superintendent, School Department, G. II. Marshall. 
 
 Superintendent, Trades Department, R. E. Colby. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Hartford. School Department Institute for 
 the Blind. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Commission for tJu Blind,Z05-l West 8th St.. Wilmington. In 1909 
 the Delaware Legislature created a Commission for the blind, the chief 
 function of which is to assist the adult blind. The work of the Com- 
 mission is divided into home instruction, carried on by means of home 
 teachers, and industrial training and employment given in a work- 
 shop for the blind where rugs, brooms, and baskets are made, chairs 
 are re-seated, and orders for piano-tuning are solicited. About 25 
 individuals receive direcl assistance from the shop. The articles made 
 by the blind both at home and in this shop are sold at the store located 
 in the Commission's headquarters. The blind children capable of bene- 
 fiting by training are sent to schools for the blind in the neighboring 
 states. Secretary, C. B. Van Trump. 
 
 Library for thi Blind. Wilmington Institute. Free Library. 772 
 volumes, 415 titles. An ink print catalog is provided without charge 
 for residents of the state to whom books are circulated. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Aid Association for the Blind, 3050 R Street, N. W., Washington, 
 D. C. Organized in 1897. This institution has a capacity of thirty 
 men and women ; the valuation of its plant is $50,000, and it is sup- 
 ported entirely -by voluntary contributions and income from endow- 
 ment. Contrary to what might be gathered from the title of this or- 
 ganization, the institution is a "Home" and today occupies a fine, spe- 
 cially constructed building with separate quarters for white and colored 
 
26 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 of each sex. The basement, which is almost entirely above ground. 
 well Lighted and ventilated, serves as a work-room for men who wish 
 id be industrially occupied. The women confine themselves to fancy 
 work. Applicants are not required to pay an admission fee but must 
 have been residents of the District of Columbia. 
 
 District o) Columbia Association of Workers for thi Blind'. Organ- 
 ized 1914. Active members are blind and must be residents of the 
 Distrid one year. There is no restriction as to residence for associate 
 members but they cannot vote. Funds derived from membership pay 
 current expenses, while the money received from entertainments goes 
 to the benefit fund. President. French F. Hnfty. 1808 H St. 
 X. YY.. Washington. 
 
 Thi Columbia Polytechnic Institute for ilic Blind, 1808 H St. 
 X. \Y., Washington, was founded in 1900. Its capacity is 15; valua- 
 tion of plant, $18,000. It is supported entirely by voluntary contri- 
 butions and proceeds of work. This institution is virtually a job press 
 printing plant in which all the work that can be done by the blind is 
 given to them. The profits from the labor of the seeing helpers goes 
 towards the maintenance of the plant. A quarterly magazine in ink 
 print entitled "Voices from DarMand" is issued which is ''edited, 
 managed, folded, inserted, stitched, trimmed, wrapped and addressed 
 for the mail by the sightless." Any sightless man or woman (white) 
 who has need of employment and who is a resident of the District of 
 Columbia may apply and if possible assistance will be given. An 
 effort is made to find employment for tuning and piano instruction. 
 The workers do not reside in the institution. At present ten are 
 employed. Manager, R. W. Swann. 
 
 Tin Library of Congress, Department for tin Blind. For details 
 about this Library, see end of this section. 
 
 National Library for thi Blind, 1729 II. St. N. AY.. Washington. 
 for details about this organization, see end of this section. 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 School for lln Deaf and tin Blind, St. Augustine. Founded in 
 1885. Capacity, 40 (blind). Valuation of plant, $225,000 (both de- 
 partments). Annual state appropriation, $35,000 (both depart- 
 ments). For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose 
 of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. The schools own 
 25 acres of bind. 8 of which are used for athletics. President, A. II. 
 Walker. 
 
 Library for lln Blind. St. Augustine, School for the Blind, 175 
 titles. 
 
28 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Academy for tht Blind, Mar,,,,. Founded, L851. Capacity, L25 
 
 pupils. Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual stale appropriation, 
 $30,000. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose 
 of instruction, see the [ntroduction to this section. The school owns 
 20 acres of land, (i of which arc available for athletics. There is a 
 gymnasium. This school has a fund of $10,000 known as the "pupils' 
 fund" the interest from which is used for assisting students after 
 they leave the school. Superintendent, George F. Oliphant. 
 
 Library for tht Blind. Macon. Academy for the Blind, 2500 vol- 
 umes. 409 titles. Books are not loaned outside of the school. 
 
 IDAHO. 
 
 School for Ih, Deaf and Ih, Blind, "Gooding. Founded, 1906. 
 Capacity, 25 (blind). Valuation of plant, $70,000 (both depart- 
 ments). Annual state appropriation, $30,000 (both departments). 
 Originally located in Boise, destroyed by fire in 1908, moved to new 
 buildings in Gooding in September, 1910. For requirements for 
 admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Instruc- 
 tion to this section. Superintendent, W. E. Taylor. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Gooding, School for the Blind. 200 volumes, 
 150 titles. 750 volumes in ink print. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 llliii, tis School far Ih, Blind. Jacksonville. Founded, 184!). Capac- 
 ity, 225. Valuation of plant, $312,000. Annual state appropriation, 
 $91, 300. School owns :!7 acres of land, 5 of which are available for 
 athletics. There is a gymnasium. This school operates a printing 
 plant which specializes in the production of Braille music. Catalogs 
 may he had upon application. For requirements for admission, 
 course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this 
 section. Superintendent, II. C Montgomery. 
 
 Go-education of lh< Blind and Ih, Seeing, Chicago Public Schools. 
 Classes for blind children were established in the public schools of 
 Chicago in September, 1900. There are three centers for children 
 in the elementary grades, as well as three high schools attended by 
 other blind students. Historically, the Chicago work is of great 
 interest, as it was in this city that the first attempt in America was 
 made to educate blind children by the side of those who see. The 
 general policy followed in this method of education is described in 
 the Introduction 1o this section. It should be added that Chicago and 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 29 
 
 Northwestern Universities both give scholarships to every student 
 capable of entering these universities and who has been recommended 
 to them from the public schools. It is also gratifying to state that all 
 those who have availed themselves of this education have done satis- 
 factory work. Three of those who have graduated are now paid 
 teachers, one at the State School for the Blind, Jacksonville, and two 
 in the Department of Instruction for the Adult Blind. Supervisor, 
 John B. Curtis. 
 
 Visitation and Instruction of the Ad nit Blind, 5618 Drexel Ave., 
 Chicago. Established in 1911 and operated under the State Board 
 of Administration. For five years previous to this the work was con- 
 ducted along similar lines by the Chicago Women's Club. Five teach- 
 ers are employed. About 200 blind people were visited in 1915, to 85 
 of whom instruction was given in reading, writing, typewriting, 
 operating a dictaphone machine, embossed shorthand) sewing, knit- 
 ting, crocheting, basketry, hammock-making, chair-caning, broom- 
 making, and piano-tuning. As far as possible, an effort is made to sell 
 the work of the pupils through bazaars and exhibits. Superintendent, 
 Chas. E. Comstock. 
 
 Industrial Home for tin Blind, Marshall Boulevard, Chicago. 
 Founded 1894. Capacity, 100. Valuation of plant, $100,000. Annual 
 slate appropriation, $35,000. 68 men; 26 women. Applicants must 
 be residents of Illinois. The principal trade is broom-making. The 
 women do some I'ancv-work. and those who can help with the house- 
 work. Forty-one men live outside of the institution, and come to work 
 daily. Superintendent, William F. Schultz. 
 
 Pensions for the Blind. In 1903 a law was passed permitting coun- 
 ties to provide financial relief for blind men over 21 years of age and 
 women over 18 years having an income of less than $250 a year, who 
 are not inmates of charitable institutions, and who have resided in 
 the state continuously for 10 consecutive years, and in their respective 
 counties for 3 years. The amount of annual benefit is $150, payable 
 quarterly. Although this law was passed in 1903, it was not mandatory, 
 upon the counties: therefore it was not generally observed. In June, 
 1915, however, the law was amended so that furnishing this form of 
 relief is now obligatory. 
 
 Illinois Association for thi Prt r, ntion of Blindness, :>i» North Mich- 
 igan Boulevard, Chicago. Organized 1911. Employed an executive 
 secretary 1916. Executive Secretary. Miss Carolyn C. Van Blareom. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Chicago, Public Library. 1149 volumes. 
 The books are circulated throughout the state. Both printed and em- 
 bossed catalogs are available without charge. 
 
30 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 ././■ I, s<>, trill, , School for the Blind. 4500 volumes; 1800 titles in the 
 circulating library. 3000 volumes, 500 titles in pupils' library. Books 
 in circulating library are sent throughout the state 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 Indiana School for tin Blind, Indianapolis. Founded 1847, Capac- 
 ity, 160. Valuation of plant, $772,567.65. Annual state appropria- 
 tion. $45,500. The school owns eight acres, of which three are available 
 for athletics. There is a gymnasium and swiraing pool. For require- 
 ments for admission, course, term and purpose of instruction, see the 
 • Introduction to this section. Superintendent. George S. Wilson. 
 
 Board of Industrial Aid for the Blind, Indianapolis. Founded 1915. 
 This organization, although operating under a different name, is, for 
 all intents and purposes, similar to other State Commissions for the 
 Blind. The purpose and general scheme of work is like that mentioned 
 under commissions in the Introduction to this section. Although the 
 law creating this hoard makes it entirely independent of the School 
 for the Blind, so far as its duties and powers are concerned, the law 
 directs that the same group of men who form the Board of Trustees 
 of the State School for the Blind shall manage the affairs of the Board 
 of Industrial Aid for the Blind. On Sept. 25, 1915, the Board of 
 Industrial Aid acquired by a lease the plant, formerly known as the 
 Industrial Home for Blind Men, and it is now known as Shop No. 1. 
 Pounded 1898. Valuation of plant $5,000. Average of 20 men 
 employed in the shop. Open to residents of Indiana. Executive Sec- 
 retary, C. D. Ohadwick. 
 
 Indiana Association of Workers for th< Blind, Indianapolis. Organ- 
 ized Dec. 12. 1912. The purpose of this organization is to promote 
 the interests of the adult blind of Indiana, and to aid in the prevention 
 of blindness. Interest in the welfare of the blind and the payment 
 of annual dues admits to membership. Sessions are held biennially 
 in the summer, and the organization is maintained by membership dues 
 and private subscriptions. President, B. F. Smith, 135 West Fall 
 ( 'reek Blvd., Indianapolis. 
 
 Libraries. Indianapolis, School for the Blind. 2.074 volumes; 690 
 Idles. 
 
 Indianapolis, State Library. 639 volumes; 36G titles. New York 
 Poinl catalog available without charge. Books circulated throughoul 
 1 lie state. 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 College for the Blind, Vinton. Founded, 1853. Capacity. 140. 
 Valuation of plant. $250,000. Annual state appropriation, $41,600. 
 
32 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 The school owns 40 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium and swimming pool. Fo'r requirements for ad- 
 mission, course, term and purpose of instruction, see Introduction to 
 this article. Superintendent, G. D. Eaton. 
 
 I\ nsions for tht Blind. In 1915 a law was passed permitting coun- 
 ties to contribute $150 per annum "from the poor fund'' toward the 
 support of male blind persons over 21 and female blind persons over 
 18 years of age whose income is less than $300 a year, who have 
 resided in the state continuously for five years and the county for one 
 year. 
 
 The Iowa Home for Sightless Women, 1424-30th St., Des Moines, 
 I oira. Movement to establish the home began in 1907; it was opened 
 September, 1915. Capacity, 8. Valuation of plant, $9,000. Supported 
 by private contributions and donations from different clubs in the 
 state. Applicants are required to pass a medical examination, to be 
 free of contagious diseases or symptoms of insanity, and to pay an 
 admission fee of $300. Inmates of the Home assist with the housework 
 and do different kinds of fancy work. Sales are conducted to dispose 
 of the work of the women. Secretary, Board of Managers, Miss Eva 
 A. Whitcomb, 1424-30th St., Des Moines, Iowa. 
 
 Iowa Association for the Blind, Des Moines. Organized, 1901. The 
 society has done work in the interest of the blind of the state. Presi- 
 dent. .Mrs. J. B. Jordan, Vinton, Iowa. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Des Moines, Iowa Library Commission. 
 267 volumes; 165 titles. The books are circulated throughout the state. 
 Printed catalog free upon application. 
 
 Vinton, College for the Blind. 3786 volumes: 500 titles. Books are 
 circulated throughout the state. 
 
 KANSAS. 
 
 School for tin Blind, Kansas City. Founded. 1867. Capacity, 100. 
 Valuation of plant, $160,000. Annual state appropriation, $36,000. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion, see the Introduction to this section. The school owns six acres 
 of land, two of which are available for athletics. There is a gym- 
 Dasium. Superintendent, Miss Isa Gray. 
 
 Library for tht Blind. Kansas City, School for the Blind. 329 
 volumes; 24s titles. Books may be circulated throughout the stale. 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 Institution for th< Education of the Blind. Founded, 1842. Capa- 
 city, 150. Valuation of plant, $200,000. Annual state appropriation. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 33 
 
 $40,000. The school owns 25 acres of land, 10 of which are available 
 for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admis- 
 sion, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to 
 this section. Superintendent, Susan B. Merwin. 
 
 Kentucky Workshop for the Blind, Louisville. Founded, 1913. 
 Capacity, 8. Uses rented quarters and has, as yet, no appropriation 
 from the state. Principal industries, broom- and mop-making. Appli- 
 cants must be over 18 years of age. Superintendent, Clifford B. 
 Martin. 
 
 Kt ntucky Society for the l'r< r< ntion of Blindness, Lexington. 
 Founded, 1910. Maintained by private subscriptions. The purpose 
 of this organization is to do anything that will assist in the prevention 
 of blindness. Trachoma has made fearful ravages throughout the 
 stale. In spile of the fact that the National Government lias seen fit 
 to establish hospitals in the mountain sections (See p. 1156, Vol. II 
 of this Encyclopedia), stale funds have not, as yet, been appropriated 
 to help in this work, and the above society is doing everything possible 
 to stimulate greater interest in the need fur state aid for the cam- 
 paign to prevent unnecessary blindness. In the meantime its ex- 
 ecutive secretary uses the money of the mountain fund to help those 
 who need medical attention for their eyes. Executive secretary. Miss 
 Linda Neville. 722 W. .Main St.. Lexington. Ky. 
 
 The Mountain Fund. This is a private organization supported by 
 voluntary contributions. Ms purpose is to enable eye sufferers who 
 are needy and live remote From occulists to have expert treatment in 
 the medical centers of Kentucky. Miss Linda Neville began trying to 
 secure adequate medical attention for eye diseases with the support. 
 of the so-called Mountain Fund before the Society for the Prevention 
 of Blindness was established. Miss Neville is the guiding spirit in 
 both organizations. Manager, Miss Linda Neville, Lexington. 
 
 American Printing House for tin Blind, Louisville. This is a 
 National printing house for institutions for the blind throughout the 
 United States. For full particulars, see the end of this section. 
 
 Libraries. Louisville, Free Public Library, 293 volumes; 268 titles. 
 The books are circulated throughout Kentucky. 
 
 Louisville. Institution for the Blind. 400 titles; 2423 volumes. Books 
 are circulated only among pupils of the school. 
 
 See, also, Alphabets and Literature for the Blind, p. 257, Vol. I of 
 this Encyclopedia. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 School for the Blind, Baton llouge. Founded, 1856. Capacity, 60. 
 Valuation of plant, $100,000. Annual state appropriation, $15,000. 
 
34 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 The school owns 10 acres of land, 3 acres of which are used for athletics. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, G. C. 
 Huckaby. 
 
 Louisiana Statt Commission for tht Blind. Organized 1916. Volun- 
 tary assoi iation interested in the prevention of blindness and industrial 
 occupation for the blind. Secretary. Rev. A. Oscar Browne, M. D. 
 
 St. Beatrix circle of St. Margaret's Daughters, New Orleans. A 
 voluntary organization which gives assistance to the blind of New 
 Orleans. The activities of this organization are to some extent similar 
 to those of the Associated Charities. Where necessary, assistance is 
 furnished in the form of groceries, clothing and money for board. 
 Social entertainments are given several times a year, to which all 
 the blind of the city are invited. Home teaching is carried on among 
 the blind, hut all the work is done by volunteers, and no salaries are 
 paid. President of the organization. Mrs. Finley D. Ross, 917 "Wash- 
 ington Ave.. New Orleans. La. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Baton Rouge, School for the Blind. 794 
 volumes: 460 titles. The hooks are circulated throughout the state. A 
 printed catalog will he furnished upon application. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 Maim Institution for Un Blind. 201 Park Ave.. Portland. Founded, 
 1906. Capacity, 46 men and 11 women. Valuation of plant. $75,000. 
 Annual state appropriation, $15,000. Applicants must he between 
 the ages of 18 and 50, and too blind to earn their living by ordinary 
 means. The men board in the vicinity ; the women all live at the 
 Institution. The trades followed are broom-making, chair-making, 
 basketry, mattress-making, upholstery, sewing, weaving rugs. Super- 
 intendent. M. \V. Baldwin. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Infants and Youths. Maine makes provision of 
 $1.00 a day for the care, medical treatment, maintenance and educa- 
 tion of blind infants and children under school age whose parents 
 are unable to care for them properly. These infants may be sent 
 to a nursery for blind babies outside of the state. When blind children 
 are old enough to go to a school for the blind, the state will pay for 
 their tuition while attending such institution in a neighboring state. 
 
 I'< nsions for the Blind. In 1915 the legislature of Maine passed a 
 law empowering the governor and council to authorize the state treas- 
 urer to pay $200 a year, quarterly, to all blind persons over the age 
 of 21 who are not charges upon any charitable or penal institution. 
 They must have less than $300 a year, must have resided in the state 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 35 
 
 continuously for 10 consecutive years, and in their respective counties 
 for at least one year immediately prior to applying for the benefit. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 School for the Blind, OverUa. Founded in 1653. Capacity, 130. 
 Valuation of plant, $500,000. Annual state appropriation, $45,000. 
 There is, also, an income receivable from an endowment fund. 'The 
 school owns 100 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. 
 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of in- 
 struction s«v the (introduction to this section. 
 
 Until 1911 the Maryland School for the Blind had been located in 
 the city of Baltimore; now a magnificenl new plant has been erected 
 in one of the suburbs of the city, known as Overlea. Upon the same 
 extensive trad of land is located the school for the colored deaf and 
 blind. The new institution for while children is built upon the cottage 
 plan. The school and administration building is in the center of the 
 group of buildings. To the easl are two cottages for girls with a capa- 
 city of 30 each, and at the west are two cottages of the same capacity 
 for boys, h, addition to conducting in this school the general work 
 ""ilined iii tins section under the caption "Residential Schools for the 
 .Blind," it should he mentioned thai one of the practical results of the 
 cottage plan makes it possible for blind young women actually to 
 lake part in preparing some of the tnealfi under the supervision of the 
 domestic science teacher. With such a recently built plant, the equip- 
 ment ail(l i,]| the appointments are up-to-date, and Maryland may 
 justly consider herself as having one of Hie model institutions in this 
 country. Superintendent, John V. Bledsoe. 
 
 Workshop for tht Blind, Baltimore. As mentioned in the general 
 introduction to this section, the earlier schools for the blind soon 
 recognized the need of some shop in which to carry on the trades 
 the pupils had already learned and; in 1871, Maryland may be said 
 to have definitely made a start to do something for the adult blind, 
 under the auspices, however, of the School for the Education of Blind 
 Youth. A workshop in which broom-making is the chief industry, 
 although mattresses and baskets are also made, was opened in Balti- 
 more, and later this shop was moved to a building upon the school 
 grounds. 
 
 In 1906 the legislature appointed a Commission to investigate the 
 condition of the adult blind and gave $1,500 for its work, and the 
 outcome of this investigation was a legislative enactment, in 1908, 
 creating a Workshop for the Blind, the management of which Avas to 
 
:J6 
 
 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 be under a board of directors, two to be appointed by the Maryland 
 School for ilic Blind, and three by the Governor. The nucleus of 
 this organization was the well organized shop of the school which was 
 stalled in L874. Prom the appointment of the Commission to the 
 final appropriation of state funds for the partial support of a work- 
 shop for the blind, greal interest was aroused throughout Baltimore 
 and vicinity in behalf of this institution. The blind themselves were 
 
 Photo from the School for the Blind. Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Every Blind Child Should be Encouraged to Learn to Use a 
 Typewriter. 
 
 A irw .-an cam their living l>y writing shorthand upon a specially 
 arranged machine or by transcribing from a phonograph. Almost all 
 blind people have at some time to communicate with the seeing, heme 
 the value of learning to use a typewriter. 
 
 most active in helping- to raise funds, and today there is a tine four 
 story factory building as a monument to this campaign. 
 
 One hundred and seveiily-seven blind men and women arc employed 
 in the shop. The planl is valued at $70,000. The state and city have 
 contributed jointly $20,000 annually during the past two years toward 
 the maintenance of the institution. Private subscriptions have also 
 been received. The principal trades are broom- and basket-making, 
 re-seating of chairs, and piano-tuning. .Mattresses, rugs, hammocks 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 37 
 
 and mops are also made. The school and workshop train switch- 
 hoard operators. Superintendent, George W. Conner. 
 
 Home Teaching. During the vigorous campaign to establish firmly 
 the above mentioned workship, effective home teaching has been car- 
 ried on. Today the headquarters of this work are in the workshop, 
 where a sales-room is maintained for the disposal of the products of 
 home workers. Instruction is given in sewing, knitting, crocheting, 
 
 Photo from tho School for the Blind, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 All Blind People Must Learn to Use Their Hands as Effectively as Possible. 
 
 One of the most practical methods of helping hoys to use their hands is by 
 giving them a thorough course in manual training. 
 
 weaving and basket- making. The school supports two home teachers, 
 the workshop one home teacher and the Maryland Association of 
 Workers for the Blind one county home teacher. Supervisor, Miss 
 Virginia Kelly. 
 
 Maryland Association of Workers for the Blind, Associated Blind 
 Men of Maryland, Associated Blind Women of Maryland, 501 W. 
 Fayette St., Baltimore. These three voluntary organizations are made 
 up of the most intelligent blind men and women of the state, with their 
 friends. Each has taken a very active part in helping to raise funds 
 
38 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 to carry forward the work for the adult blind. The cooperation and 
 unanimity of workers for the blind in Baltimore has been very strik- 
 ing. 
 
 Maryland Association for the Prevention of Blindness. Established 
 L909. Rrincipally active in furthering legislation. Secretary, Dr. 
 James •!. ( 'arroll. 
 
 Libraries for tin Blind. Baltimore, Enoch Pratt Free Library; 685 
 titles; 1757 volumes. Books maj^ be circulated throughout Maryland. 
 
 Overlea School for tin Blind; 700 titles; :>.(>75 volumes. The books 
 may be circulated throughout the state. Catalogs in New York point 
 are supplied free of charge. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Perkms Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, Water- 
 town. Founded; 1829; opened, 1832; resident capacity, 300 and a full 
 staff of officers, teachers and servants ; valuation of plant, $1,000,000 : 
 annual state contribution, $30,000. The Institution receives its chief 
 income from endowments, subscriptions, and fees. The legislatures of 
 Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire pay $300 per 
 annum for each child sent to the Perkins Institution by these states. 
 
 The Perkins Institution, like many others of the older schools, was 
 established in a city and after some years became cramped for play- 
 grounds. The institution (except for the kindergarten and the cottages 
 for the girls' department) used a building which was originally 
 planned for a hotel. When the school left South Boston for Watertown 
 in 1912, it moved into the most complete and modern group of build- 
 ings arranged for the education of the blind in the United States. 
 Director Edward E. Allen, who was the principal of the School for the 
 Blind in Philadelphia when it moved from the city to the suburbs, also 
 supervised the re-building of the Perkins Institution. 
 
 It is interesting to note that there have been but two directors of 
 this school previous to the incumbency of Mr. Allen. Its first head 
 was Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, who may be termed the father of the 
 education of the blind in the United States. (See p. 255, Vol. I, of this 
 Encyclopedia.) Those who have studied the early reports of this gnat 
 seer touching possibilities for the blind are amazed to find that his 
 observations regarding the education, training and care of the blind. 
 whether infant, youth or adult, although written more than half a 
 century ago, conform to and. in many cases, foreshadow the best 
 methods of the presenl lime. Dr. Howe was indeed a great originator 
 in all departments of this work. He was succeeded in 1876 by his 
 son-in-law, Michael Anagnos (See p. 336, Vol. I, of this Encyclopedia), 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 39 
 
 who will be remembered as the great advocate of kindergartens for the 
 blind. It was as a result of his efforts that a large endowment fund 
 was raised to found and carry on the kindergarten department of 
 Perkins Institution, which, for 25 years, was conducted in a special 
 plant of its own at Jamaica Plain, a suburb of Boston. Mr. Anagnos 
 also advanced the educational methods of the older school in every way, 
 keeping well abreast of the times, and, by securing a splendid endow- 
 ment fund for the main institution, made possible its continued growth 
 and prosperity. He died in 1906. Mr. Allen became director in 1907 
 
 Old building occupied by the Perkins Institution from 1839 to 1912. Eere 
 Dr. Samuel <i. Howe began his pioneer work in teaching the blind and the 
 •leaf -blind. 
 
 and is carrying out with better facilities the fundamental policies of 
 his predecessors. 
 
 The presenl extrusive plant stands on 34 acres of land on the banks 
 of the Charles River, in Watertown. The central tower, which domi- 
 nates the otherwise low-spreading buildings, is meant to stand for the 
 aspiration of the Institution for its pupils. The illustrations of this 
 section show the general appearance of the buildings. Pupils and 
 staff live together in families of about 25. each group having its indi- 
 vidual dining-room, kitchen and complete equipment. The cottages 
 are grouped together about closes, much as in an English public 
 school. This arrangement of individual cottages makes it possible to 
 continue a policy inaugurated by Dr. Howe, namely, that of having 
 the young people take a large part in the actual household duties. 
 Mr. Allen is a firm believer in what he terms "contributory effort," 
 
40 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 and the boys as well as the girls not only take care of their rooms, 
 as is customary in many schools where no tuition is exacted, but do 
 the major part of the other housework, with the exception of cooking 
 and laundering. The hired domestic service is reduced to a minimum, 
 the young people being encouraged to do everything they can to help 
 in the running of their cottages. It seems hardly necessary to say 
 thai this plan is adopted not for the sake of economy alone but also 
 for its beneficial effed upon the pupils themselves. We have dwell 
 upon this plan of contributory effort, for it may truly be said to be 
 the school's unique feature, and. while sonic other institutions attempt 
 to do the same, as far as that is possible with their congregate form of 
 equipment, it is most earnestly hoped that, as other schools are re- 
 modeled from time to time, similar opportunity may be given to the 
 boys and girls. 
 
 No sketch of the Perkins Institution would be complete without refer- 
 ring to the fad that it was Dr. Howe who first taught the possibility 
 of educating children who are not only blind but also deaf. Beginning 
 with Laura Bridgman, the school has always provided instruction for 
 a few deaf-blind pupils. Helen Keller, a well-known member of this 
 group of people who have been so well trained was educated by a grad- 
 uate of Perkins Institution and spent some years there. 
 
 Another unique feature of the Institution is its special reference 
 library of books relating to the blind, collected by Mr. Anagnos. No 
 other institution or library in the world has such a complete collection 
 of books in English about, for. and by the blind. While these books 
 cannot be taken from the library, anyone may consult them there or 
 may borrow the published catalog. 
 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose see the 
 Introduction to this section. Director, E. E. Allen. 
 
 limn Memorial Press, Perkins Institution. This printing establish- 
 incut is operated from the income of an endowment fund of $200,000 
 raised by Mr. Anagnos. It makes and publishes hooks and music in 
 the American Braille type (See p. 249, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia), 
 and sells, at cost, special appliances. Schools for the blind and libraries 
 may purchase its publications at 25 per cent less than cost price. Man- 
 ager, Frank C. Bryan. 
 
 Stat, Home-teaching for the Adult Wind. This activity is also 
 under the supervision of the Perkins Institution. Tn 1900 the Massa- 
 chusetts legislature appropriated $1,500 for the inauguration of home 
 teaching, being the first state in the Union to set aside public funds 
 for this purpose. The appropriation has since been increased to $5,000. 
 the supervision of the work being delegated to the State Board of Edu- 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 41 
 
 cation, whose'plans have been carried out under the direction of the 
 Perkins Institution. Four blind instructors visit the adult blind in 
 their homes, to give them lessons in reading and to instruct them in 
 such other occupations as may be of service to them at home. After 
 the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind was established, the au- 
 thorities of the Perkins Institution and representatives of the Commis- 
 sion petitioned the legislature to place the direction of this work under 
 the Commission. In the spring of 1916 this transfer was made. 
 Principal teacher. John Vars. 
 
 Perkins Institution Workshop, 549 East 4th St., South Boston. 
 Founded 1848; capacity 24; valuation of plant, $8,000. Receives no 
 city or state appropriation but owns its building and hires (at a nomi- 
 nal figure) its salesroom at 383 Boylston St.. Boston. Mass.. one of 
 the best shopping localities in the city. The principal industries are 
 mattress-making and chair-caning. No boarding bouse is maintained, 
 the men and women living in the vicinity, or wherever they please. 
 
 Historically, this shop is of interest since it was the Mrs) to be estab- 
 lished in the United stales. As mentioned in the Introduction to Ibis 
 section, the directors of the first schools for blind youth in this country 
 soon realized thai something ought to be done for those who, after 
 leaving school, were unable to support themselves without supervisory 
 assistance, li was forthis reason thai Dr. Bowe opened his workshop 
 near the Perkins Institution, and followed it np by opening a salesroom 
 in the shopping district, where orders might be taken and samples of 
 the work displayed. As the work is charitable in nature, both the shop 
 and the salesroom (which i,s owned by the Kindergarten for the Blind) 
 are exempt from taxation, and the business is therefore not obliged to 
 pay much for its housing. This is mentioned because the shop has the 
 remarkable record of practically making ends meet, which is not true 
 of any industrial establishment for the blind in the United Slates. 
 and would nol be true of this one if it Inn! not indirect state aid 
 through tax exemption. It should he noted, further, that the shop 
 employs only those who are capable of doing good work. In other 
 words, only artisans are regularly employed (although apprentices 
 have sometimes been received I and the overhead charges are very 
 moderate which also helps to explain the unusual showing which this 
 shop has made. Manager. F. ('. Bryan. 
 
 The Massachusetts Association for Promoting the Interests of the 
 Adult Blind. This organization came into existence in 1903 with the 
 avowed purpose of securing the establishment of a State Commission 
 for the Blind. To do this it conducted the first series of illustrated 
 lectures on blindness and the blind systematically given in any state 
 
44 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 in the union. The then executive secretary, (the writer of this sec- 
 tion) accepted invitations to give illustrated addresses to women's 
 and men's clubs and church organizations in all parts of the state, and 
 the public was aroused to the possibilities of the service which could 
 be rendered to the blind by the establishment of a commission. At 
 the same time that this publicity campaign was being carried on, the 
 Association opened an "experiment station" for the trade training of 
 the blind ami made a vigorous effort to find new industrial opportuni- 
 ties for the blind. It is of historical interest to note that in this ex- 
 periment station the first recorded effort in fabric-weaving and artis- 
 tic rug-making by the blind in this country was undertaken. It was 
 also here that a beginning was made in the manufacture of the so- 
 called "Wundermop" a string mop invented by a blind man. It was 
 also as a result of the efforts of the director of this experiment station 
 that the attempl was made to place blind people in factories other 
 than those in which Inning is carried on. The Dennison Manufactur- 
 ing Company was the first to open ils doors to employees of this kind. 
 When the State Commission was created the industries which had 
 been begun in this experiment station were taken over as the nucleus 
 of the workshops which have since been carried on by the state board. 
 After the Commission for the Blind was created the Association con- 
 tinued to exist and it still cooperates with the Commission very closely . 
 and is of great service to it. For example, it started and maintained 
 work for the prevention of blindness, until the Commission took this 
 effort over; also, when Mrs. James A. Woolson gave her property in 
 Cambridge to be nsed as a social and industrial center for blind 
 women, it was made over to the Massachusetts Association, which or- 
 ganization has made itself responsible for the maintenance of this 
 social settlement for the blind. 
 
 When the Outlook for ihi Blind, an ink-print publication devoted 
 to the interests of the blind, was founded in 1907, the .Massachusetts 
 Association generously made up tin 1 annual deficit for several years 
 until the magazine had won for itself sufficient recognition to com- 
 mand the financial assistance of contributors in other parts of the 
 country. ..While the Massachusetts Association cannot point to any 
 extensive equipment of its own. it is unquestionably a fact that much 
 of the modern effort to render practical assistance to the adult blind 
 in this country has had its inspiration from the modest, but effective 
 work inaugurated by this Association in Massachusetts, the most 
 direct outcome of which was the creation of the first permanent Com- 
 mission for the Blind in America. Secretary; E. E. Allen, Perkins 
 Institution. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 45 
 
 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind:, Central Office and Sales 
 Room, 3 Park St., Boston. The Commission was established in 1906, 
 and as indicated above, took over, as a basis of this industrial work, 
 the shops which had been begun by the Massachusetts Association. 
 
 One of the first pieces of work undertaken by the Commission was 
 to make a complete register of all the blind in the state. This had been 
 partly accomplished by the temporary commission appointed in 1903 
 to investigate the needs and conditions of the blind. As there was no 
 precedent for this commission to follow in inaugurating its work it was 
 essential that it should have a comprehensive record of the large num- 
 ber of blind in the state. We mention this census of the Massachusetts 
 Commission for it is an unfortunate fad that other subsequent com- 
 missions have blindly copied this feature of the Massachusetts Com- 
 mission as if no work could be done without it. and we wish to take this 
 opportunity to suggest that other states that may be contemplating 
 work for the adult blind do not need to spend their efforts in trying 
 to create a so-called census of the blind. To be accurate a census must 
 betaken throughout a gives territory in the shortest possible time, and 
 since Massachusetts has this very complete record of its blind popula- 
 tion, those who wish to secure tacts about age, when blindness occurred, 
 etc., ran find this in format ion by referring to the first reports of the 
 Massachusetts Commission, and it is reasonable to presume that the 
 same general facts will hold good in other slates. A compilation of a 
 register is quite different from the taking of a census, and every well 
 organized charity begins a register the day it opens its doors. 
 
 One of the most interesting features of the .Massachusetts Commis- 
 sion is the chain of workshops which it has opened in Cambridge 
 (where there are three), Pittsfield, Lowell. Worcester and Fall River. 
 In the four last-named cities mattress-making and chair-caning are the 
 principal industries, and there is some broom-making carried on in 
 Pittsfield. To each of these shops the men come from the surrounding 
 locality, living in their own homes, or boarding in the vicinity. The 
 I Jommission maintains no subsidized boarding house. 
 
 In Cambridge the largest of the three shops (at 686 Massachusetts 
 Avenue) is given up exclusively to rug-making and mop-making, which 
 are primarily carried on by men. although a few women are employed 
 for knotting and finishing the rugs. 
 
 The second shop (at 131 Brookline street), is also for men, who make 
 brooms, and re-seat chairs and (more recently) carry on a willow 
 industry. 
 
 The third shop, located at 277 Harvard street, stands in the garden 
 of the "Woolson House Estate, and is for women only. In this building 
 
4* INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 the women devote themselves to art fabric-weaving, rug-making, and 
 chair-caning. As was mentioned under the Massachusetts Associa- 
 tion, the property a1 277 Harvard street is held by the Massachusetts 
 Association, the old Woolson home now serving as a delightful residence 
 for homeless blind women who are employed in the industries. It is 
 also used as a vacation house in the summer for those who need the 
 benefit of a change, and as a visiting place for newly blind women. The 
 Massachusetts Commission is entirely responsible for carrying on the 
 art fabric shop, but of course it pays no rent for the use of the build- 
 ing. Instruction in whichever trade seems to be most suitable is given 
 to able-bodied, blind residents of Massachusetts, provided there is 
 room in one of the various shops at the time application is made. At 
 its discretion, the Commission may loan tools and materials (which 
 are to be returned or paid for on easy terms) to blind home workers. 
 The mops, rugs and brooms are disposed of through the sales room. 
 which is maintained by the Commission at 3 Park street and, during 
 the summer season, at a sales room at Manchester-by-the-Sea. 
 
 The general purposes of the Commission are completely outlined in 
 the Introduction to this section. General Superintendent, Miss Lucy 
 Wright. 
 
 Defectivi Eyesight class in Public Schools. In April, 1913, a class 
 for children having defective eyesight was opened in one of the Boston 
 public schools. For details of the methods pursued in such a class, 
 see the Introduction to this section. The superintendent of schools 
 makes this significant comment in his annual report for 1913: "The 
 progress made by the children to whom school had meant almost 
 nothing has been remarkable, showing that the effort is well worth 
 while if the children can lie reached." 
 
 Boston Nursery for Blind Babies, 147 South Huntington Ave., Rox- 
 bury. Incorporated, 1901. Capacity, 25. Valuation of plant, $36.- 
 400. Supported by an endowment and voluntary contributions. Any 
 blind or partially blind child under five years of age is eligible for 
 admission. The state pays a per capita sum for state minor wards. 
 AVhen able to pay, the parents or guardians are expected to defray 
 as much of the expense as possible, although admission may be free 
 when circumstances warrant it. The purpose of the nursery is to pro- 
 vide a home and hospital care for infants; also to supply by training 
 the education that the physically normal child acquires by imitation. 
 The Nursery also admits a limited number of children requiring spe- 
 cial care to prevent blindness. The home and hospital are open all 
 the year. It is interesting to note that this is the first nursery for 
 blind babies which erected a special building for its wards. It is a 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 49 
 
 model of its kind. Any one observing this beautiful structure facing 
 a portion of Boston's park system, would never think of it as an "in- 
 stitution" but rather as a private residence of some wealthy family. 
 Indeed, those in charge of the Nursery have done everything in their 
 power to approximate home conditions for these little people. Super- 
 intendent; Miss Jane A. Kussell. 
 
 Worcester Memorial Home for the Blind, 81 Elm St., Worcester. 
 Founded, 1905. Capacity, 14. Valuation of plant, $9,500. Sup- 
 ported by private contributions and board of residents. It is open to 
 blind women so far as space allows, without restriction, to residents. 
 An admission fee or regular payments for board, according to circum- 
 stances, is charged. It is the hope of the organization to provide other 
 cottages for the homeless blind. The women do what they can towards 
 the upkeep of the house, and are happily and busily occupied with 
 fancy work, which is sold by means of occasional sales. Matron, Miss 
 Bessie Rice. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Boston, Public library, 548 titles, 1052 
 volumes. The circulation of books is not restricted to any particular 
 territory. 
 
 Brookline, Public Library. 75 titles, 109 volumes. Books are cir- 
 culated in Brookline. 
 
 Lynn, Public Library, 205 titles, 255 volumes. No territory limit 
 to circulation; blind assistant teaches all the various types for the 
 blind. A reading room for the blind is open three days of each week. 
 
 N( w Bedford, Free Public Library, 137 titles, 214 volumes. No ter- 
 ritory limit to the circulation. 
 
 Watertawn, Perkins Institution, 1878 titles, 13,999 volumes. 
 Printed catalogs are distributed free wherever needed. Books are cir- 
 culated throughout United States and Canada. 
 
 Worcester, Free Public Library, 164 titles, 292 volumes. The books 
 are circulated through central Massachusetts. 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 School for the Blind, Lansing. The Michigan School for the Blind 
 was organized as a department of the State Institution for the Deaf 
 and Blind and maintained at Flint, from 1854-1881. A separate 
 school was authorized by the legislature in 1879 and opened in Lans- 
 ing in 1881. Capacity, 200. Valuation of plant, $249,843.29. 
 Annual state appropriation, $57,000. School owns 43 acres of land, 
 one of which is available for athletics. For requirements for admis- 
 sion, course, term, and purpose of institution, see Introduction to this 
 section. Superintendent, Clarence E. Holmes. 
 

 
 
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 Photo from tlie School for the Blind, Philadelphia. Pa. 
 
 Pyramid Building. 
 Physical training is fundamental in the education of the blind. 
 
52 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing in the Public ScJwols of 
 Detroit. A class for blind children was opened in Detroit in January, 
 1912. At the present time there is only one center, with 25 children. 
 This includes, however, two distinct classes: one for those who are 
 blind, and the other for those who have partial sight, with 13 children 
 in attendance. For the details of the education of the blind and the 
 partially blind, in the public schools, see Introduction to this section. 
 Teacher in charge, Fannie S. Fletcher. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Babies. The State Board of Education is au- 
 thorized to make provision for the care, maintenance and instruction 
 of blind babies and children under school age, residing in Michigan, 
 when the parents are unable to properly care for them. The Board 
 may contract with any institution having facilities for such care, 
 maintenance and education (in Michigan or any other state) at a con- 
 tract price to be agreed upon not exceeding $5 per week per child. 
 Bill passed May, 1913. 
 
 Employment Institution for the Blind, Saginaw. Established, 1903; 
 opened November, 1904. Capacity, 100. The original plant cost 
 $75,000; additional buildings to the amount of $10,000 have been 
 recently erected. The principal industries of the men are broom- 
 and whisk-making, and for the women, rug-weaving and chair-caning. 
 Instruction is also given to a few in piano-tuning, typewriting, vocal 
 and instrumental music, and all who wish are taught to read and 
 write the embossed systems. Temporary instruction in vocational 
 training, with maintenance, is free to adults of the state, and perma- 
 nent opportunities of wage earning employment (with maintenance 
 at cost, if desired) is provided for proficient industrial workers be- 
 tween the ages of 18 and 60 years. 
 
 The buildings of this institution are attractively grouped upon a 
 lot of seven acres opposite to which is a twenty acre city park. This 
 abundance of recreational facilities and academic training is mentioned 
 because it is so exceptional among the industrial institutions. 
 
 This institution came into being entirely as a result of the efforts 
 of the blind in Michigan, and largely because of the personal efforts 
 and devotion of Mr. Ambrose M. Shotwell, who is today the Librarian 
 and Assistant Superintendent of the Institution. Superintendent. 
 Frank G. Putnam. 
 
 Croud h'<ij>ids Association for the Blind. This organization was 
 established in 1913. Its purpose is to promote the interests of the 
 blind in the city of Grand Rapids. It was this organization which 
 secured the passage of a state law requiring better attention to the 
 eyes of infants. Secretary. Miss Roberta A. Griffith, 800 Clancy Ave.. 
 N. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 53 
 
 Michigan Blind People's Welfare Association. This organization 
 was started in 1900, and convenes biennially. Both officially, and 
 through its individual members, it did much toward the establishment 
 of the Michigan Employment Institution for the Blind. It was this 
 organization that secured the passage in 1913 of a state law requiring 
 better attention to the eyes of infants. It has also fostered a cam- 
 paign in conjunction with the Grand Rapids Association for the 
 prevention of blindness. Its constitution states that the object of 
 the association is "to promote in every feasible way, industrial, social, 
 educational, and general welfare of the blind in Michigan." Presi- 
 dent, Roberta A. Griffith, Grand Rapids; Secretary, Clara M. AVill- 
 son, Clifford. 
 
 Home for Blind Babies, Monroe. Organized, 1911. Supported by 
 voluntary contributions and fees paid by the state for the care of 
 blind babies. Provides for six children. Matron, Mrs. Margaret 
 'Loughlin. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Detroit, Public Library, 222 volumes, 212 
 titles. Books are circulated in Detroit and environs. 
 
 Lansing, School for the Blind, 3734 volumes, 960 titles. 
 
 Saginaw, Michigan Free Lending Library for the Blind, 2500 
 volumes, 2100 titles. Books are circulated throughout the state. 
 
 MINNESOTA. 
 
 Srhool for tin Blind, Faribault. Founded, 1864. Capacity, 100. 
 Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual state appropriation, $35,000. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion, see Introduction to this section. In addition to the usual trades 
 special attention is paid to band weaving. This school has evolved 
 special looms of its own. and has worked out many of the old South- 
 ern blue and white designs. The school owns about 50 acres of land, 
 10 of which are used for athletics. Superintendent, J. J. Dow. 
 
 Summer School for Blind Adults. Faribault. Founded, 1907. 
 Capacity, 15. Through the instrumentality of Superintendent J. J. 
 Dow, the legislature made an appropriation sufficient to try the ex- 
 periment of using the state school for the blind during ten weeks of 
 the summertime to give instruction to a limited number of blind 
 men. A similar term of four weeks is offered to blind women. This 
 is the first institution for the blind in the United States to utilize 
 its plant in this way. Instruction is given in broom-making, rug- 
 and carpet- weaving,' hammock-, flynet- and basket-making, cabinet 
 work and the use of carpenters' tools. Pupils are also taught to read 
 and write, when possible to use the typewriter. The advocates of the 
 
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56 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 summer school plan make no exaggerated claims for the undertak- 
 ing, hut tVcl that this arrangement has served to give courage to many 
 of those who have attended to try and make a better use of their 
 faculties. Full information relative to requirements for admission 
 can be secured upon application to Superintendent J. J. Dow. 
 
 Fit Id mid Employmt nt Agt ncy for the Blind, Faribault. ' Founded, 
 1913. This activity in behalf of the adult blind in Minnesota has 
 within it the possibility of doing everything that has been contemplated 
 by state commissions for the blind, and we refer the reader to "com- 
 missions for the blind" in the Introduction of this section. In addi- 
 tion to the usual activities of commissions the Agency maintains a 
 branch tuning department for the free training of blind piano-tuners 
 in the midway district of St. Paul and Minneapolis. This effort on 
 behalf of the adult blind of Minnesota is carried on under the direc- 
 tion of the State School for Blind Youth. The expenses are met from 
 the support fund of the state school. Director, J. J. Dow. 
 
 Higher Education Aid. Aid to the amount of $300 a year is given 
 to a limited number of blind students in universities, colleges and con- 
 servatories of music at the discretion and under the direction of the 
 Board of Directors of the Minnesota School for the Blind. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Control is au- 
 thorized to make provision for the care, medical treatment, main- 
 tenance and education of indigent blind infants and young children 
 under school age. These children, however, are to be cared for within 
 the state. 
 
 Minneapolis Society for th< Blind. Franklin Building, Minneapolis. 
 Organized 1914. Executive Secretary, Miss Edith Marsh. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Faribault, School for the Blind, 4,000 vol- 
 umes; 566 titles. Books may lie circulated* throughout the state. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 School for the Blind, Jackson. Founded, 1846. Capacity, 85. 
 Valuation of plant, $75,000. Annual state appropriation, $61,000 for 
 1914 and 1915. The school owns 10 acres. of land. For requirements 
 for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Intro- 
 duction to this section. Superintendent, R. S. Curry, M. D. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Jackson, School for the Blind, about 1500 
 volumes, 980 titles. 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 School for the Blind, St. Louis. Founded, 1851. Capacity, 135. 
 Valuation of plant, $412,000. Annual state appropriation, $50,000. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 57 
 
 The school owns five acres of land, two of which are available for 
 athletics. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose 
 of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, 
 S. M. Green. 
 
 State Aid for College Students. In 1913 a law was passed whereby 
 a blind student, admitted to higher institutions of learning in the 
 state, might be assisted to the extent of $300 a year, to employ persons 
 to read text-books and pamphlets used by such pupil in his studies 
 at the College, University or School. The beneficiary under this act 
 is required to produce evidence that neither he, his parents nor his 
 guardian, is able to pay the expense of providing a reader. 
 
 Association for the Blind, 703 .Metropolitan Bldg., St. Louis. 
 Founded, 1911. Is supported by voluntary contributions. A broom- 
 shop employing 15 men is maintained. Some basket-making is also 
 done. The general purposes of the association are similar to those 
 outlined in the Introduction to this section. The association was 
 largely- responsible for the law creating the Commission for the Blind. 
 Executive Secretary, Mrs. Annie F. Harris. 
 
 Commission for the Blind. Established, 1915. The law creating 
 the commission is very similar to that creating the commissions in other 
 states and has already been outlined in the Introduction of this sec- 
 tion. The first appropriation was $12,500, but coupled with the con- 
 dition that a like amount be raised from private subscriptions. Presi- 
 dent, -I. I). Perry Francis, St. Louis. 
 
 Home for Blind Girls, 5235 Page Boulevard, St. Louis. Founded, 
 1867. Capacity, 40. Valuation of plant, $80,000. Supported by con- 
 tributions and proceeds from a small endowment fund. Open to 
 Missouri women without homes who are unable to support themselves. 
 The inmates aid with the housework, and sew and knit. The building 
 is modern and excellently eq nipped. Resident officer, Mrs. P. S. 
 Pelton. 
 
 UniU d Workers for the Blind, 2616 Gamble St., St. Louis. Founded, 
 1913. One purpose of this organization is to provide sick and funeral 
 benefits for the blind of Missouri, although the chief purpose of the 
 society is to secure "pensions for the blind." To further this cam- 
 paign it issues a monthly paper in ink-print and American Braille, 
 known as "The World of the Blind." The membership of this society 
 is limited to blind persons or relatives of the blind. President, Jos. 
 Unterberger, 6033 Westminster St., St. Louis. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. St. Louis, Public Library, 489 volumes; 
 44 titles. Books may be circulated throughout Missouri and the 
 
— T 
 
60 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 adjoining states. In 1912 an embossed catalog was published. Addi- 
 tions are noted monthly in ink-print bulletin. 
 
 St. J. (juts. School for the Blind, 4760 volumes; 569 titles. Books 
 may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 MONTANA. 
 
 School for tin Deaf and Wind, Boulder. Founded, 1894. Capac- 
 ity. 25 (blind). This Institution not only has charge of the deaf 
 and blind, but the institution for feeble-minded is under the same 
 management. Valuation of plant, $330,771.05. Annual state appro- 
 priation, $83,750. The school owns 490 acres of land, 10 of which 
 are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements 
 for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see Intro- 
 duction to this section. Superintendent, II. J. Menzemer. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Boulder, School for the Blind, 189 volumes, 
 56 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 NEBRASKA. 
 
 School for tJic Blind, Nebraska City. Established, 1875. Capac- 
 ity, 100. Valuation of plant, $200,000. Annual state appropriation, 
 $25,000. The school owns ten acres of land, five of which are used for 
 athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, 
 course, term, and purpose of instruction, see Introduction to this 
 section. Superintendent, N. C. Abbott. 
 
 Nebraska Commission for the Blind. Founded, 1913. Appropria- 
 tion. $2,000 for biennium. The Commission employs a Held agent. 
 The activities of this Commission are similar to those outlined in the 
 I til reduction to this section. Executive officer, N. C. Abbott. 
 
 Library for the Wind. Nebraska City, School for the Blind, 4000 
 volumes; 1700 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 State Ilonn Teaching. In September, 1913, a law was passed ap- 
 propriating $5,000 for the assistance of the adult blind. The purpose 
 of the law is very similar to that creating commissions for the blind 
 in other stales, the only difference being that instead of placing the 
 work under a separate board of management, it was put under the 
 supervision of the State Board of Charities and Correction. Further- 
 more, instead of opening an industrial institution for the small num- 
 ber of New Hampshire blind, who might benefit by the same, those 
 who need trade training, which cannot be given in the home, are sent 
 to industrial institutions for the blind in neighboring states. Henry 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 61 
 
 J. Van Vliet, who is in charge of this work, was at one time a student 
 at the Perkins Institution and has twice been a member of the New 
 Hampshire Legislature. Communications concerning this work should 
 be addressed to the State Board of Charities and Correction, Con- 
 cord, N. H. 
 
 Pensions for the Blind. In 1915 a law was passed which provided 
 a sum. not to exceed $150 per annum to be paid from the County 
 Treasury to each needy blind person. The New Hampshire law is 
 almost an exact replica of the Ohio law. The reader is therefore 
 referred to Ohio for further particulars upon this subject. 
 
 Association for the Blind. Established, 1913, its purpose in gen- 
 eral being to further the interests of the blind of the state, and to 
 cooperate, so far as possible, with the efforts carried on at state ex- 
 pense. Secretary. Miss Kate Sanborn, Tilton, N. H. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Concord, Stale Library. 
 
 Manchester, City Library. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Commission for tin Blind, 54 James St.. Newark. Established in 
 1909. The general plan and purpose of the Commission is outlined 
 under "Commission for the blind." in the Introduction to this sec- 
 tion. The Commission employs a Supervisor, her Secretary, a book- 
 keeper, and five traveling home teachers. Weekly lessons in tuning 
 are also given at headquarters. 
 
 State Education of Blind Children. New Jersey maintains no in- 
 stitution for the education of her blind children, but sends them, at 
 the expense of the state, to the New York Institute for the Blind, in 
 New York City, and to the Pennsylvania Institution at Overbrook. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and ilic Seeing in tin Public Schools of 
 Network. A class for blind children was opened in November, 1910. 
 There is an attendance of 17. If children enter this class from 
 neighboring towns a fee of $200 is charged. The plan for educating 
 blind children in the public schools is outlined in the Introduction 
 to Ibis section. Teacher in charge, Miss Janet G. Paterson. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing in the Public Schools of 
 Jersey City. A class for blind children was opened in this city in 
 December, 1911. Six children are in attendance. Tuition for chil- 
 dren from neighboring cities is $100. For further particulars, sec 
 the Introduction to this section. Teacher in charge, Miss Clara M. 
 Croff. 
 
 New Jersey State Aid for Blind Babies. New Jersey makes pro- 
 vision of $450.00 a year for the care, medical treatment, maintenance. 
 
Photo from the School for the Wind. Colorado Springs. Colo. 
 
 Instruction for the blind in poultry raising has been given with increasing interest since 
 1907. The Colorado school has developed this phase of training for blind children exten- 
 sively. 
 

 fti 
 
 
 •'*fti. \ 
 
 l'hoto from the School for the Blind, Hartford, Oram, 
 
 
 Outdoor employment furnishes one of the best forms of physical and 
 manual training for the blind. 
 
64 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 and education of each blind infant and child under school age, whose 
 parents are unable to properly care for them. These infants may be 
 Bent to the Arthur Home for Blind Babies. "When blind children are 
 old enough to go to a school ior the blind, the state will pay for their 
 tuition while attending such an institution in a neighboring state, at 
 the rate of $400 a year. 
 
 Tin Arthur Home for Blind Babies, Summit. Founded, June, 1909, 
 by the Department of the Blind of the International Sunshine Society. 
 This Nursery can take care of 45 infants. It is supported by voluntary 
 contributions and the fees received from states which have sent blind 
 babies to it. The states which pay for the maintenance of blind chil- 
 dren outside of their borders have a reference to such a law under 
 the respective states. Superintendent, Miss Anna Welch. 
 
 Home of our Lady of Perpetual Help for the Blind, Bayonne. 
 Founded, 1890, incorporated in 1891, as a boarding and day school 
 for blind and partially blind children, and a home for the aged 
 blind, male and female. This institution receives the blind from any 
 part of the United States. In charge, Sister Rosalie. 
 
 St. Joseph's Home for the Blind, Jersey City. The home was opened 
 by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace in the fall of 1890, in a private 
 residence. The main building was completed in 1899, at a cost of 
 $65,000. Since that time large additions and improvements have been 
 made. In 1905 a house was purchased adjoining the main building 
 to be used as a residence for men who were for the first time admitted. 
 In 1908 a much larger house was added and occupied by the men as 
 a home, their former building being converted into workshops. In 
 1909 a third house was purchased, to be used as a school department 
 for children. 
 
 Applicants without a home, and having no one to care for them, are 
 admitted to the institution from any state, and it is expected that most, 
 especially the older ones, will remain for life. The state makes no 
 appropriation for the institution, whose maintenance is entirely de- 
 pendent upon voluntary contributions. The institution is owned by 
 the Sisters and is a monument to their devotion to the welfare of the 
 blind. The male occupants of the Home work at mattress-making, 
 broom-making, chair-caning, hammock-making and weaving. They 
 receive a percentage of their earnings. The younger women are given 
 instruction in sewing, knitting and crocheting. They also make ham- 
 mocks and prepare the covers for mattresses for that department. 
 The regular branches are taught in the school department, and both 
 instrumental and vocal music are taught. In charge, Sister M. Ger- 
 trude. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 65 
 
 Camden County Association of Workers for the Blind. Meeting 
 place, Y. M. C. A. Its object is to promote the social, intellectual, and 
 economical welfare of the blind. Secretary, Miss Ethel Robinson, 
 314 Elm St., Camden, N. J. 
 
 New Jersey Association for tin Blind. Montclair. Organized, 1911. 
 The purpose of this organization is to cooperate in every possible 
 way with the State Commission for the Blind, and to aid in stimulating 
 further state aid for additional work for the blind. President, Rev. 
 Win. J. Dawson, D. D. 
 
 New Jersey Blind Men's Club, -A -lames St.. Newark. Organized, 
 1910. Its object is to promote the social and economical welfare of 
 the blind. Secretary. W. .1. Addickes. 
 
 New Jersey Progressiva /Hind Men's Society, Free Public Library, 
 Jersey Cili). Organized, 1910. Its objecl is to promote social, intel- 
 lectual, and economical welfare of the blind. Secretary. L. P. 
 Schuerman. 
 
 Trento'n Association of Workers for tin Blind, Trenton. Organized, 
 L911. Object is to promote the social and economical welfare of the 
 blind. Secretary. .Mrs. Stanley (Yosland. 241 Tyler St., Trenton, N. J. 
 
 Tin Trenton Auxiliary for tin Industrial Blind, 346 South War- 
 ren St.. Tnnton. Valuation of plant, $3,500. A working home for 
 men where chair-caning ami rug-weaving are done. Headquarters 
 called the "Lighthouse." President, Mrs. Harriet Fisher Andrews. 
 
 Libraries for tin lliind. The Library for the Blind, X. V. Public 
 Library, and the Five Public Library of Philadelphia loan books to 
 residents of New Jersey. This puts at the disposal of the blind of this 
 state books from the largesl collection of embossed books for the blind 
 in the United States. 
 
 NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Institute for the Blind. Alamogordo. Founded, 1903; opened, 
 1906. Capacity, 50. Valuation of plant, $50,000. Annual state ap- 
 propriation, $20,000. Fifty thousand acres of land have been given 
 by the state to this institution, and will ultimately become a source of 
 Large income. For school use there ate 22 acres of land, two of which 
 are devoted to athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements 
 for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Intro- 
 duction to this section. Superintendent, Pi. R. Pratt. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Alamogordo, Institute for the Blind, 500 
 volumes, 100 titles. The books may be circulated throughout the 
 state. 
 
66 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Nt w York Instituti for tin Education of the Blind, 34th Street and 
 9th Ave., New York City. Founded, 1831; opened, March 15, 1832. 
 Capacity, 180. Valuation of plant, $1,130,000. Annual state ap- 
 propriation. $350 per capita ; other income from investments. Pupils 
 are admitted without restriction as to residence but aie appointed as 
 state pupils from Greater New York and the neighboring counties of 
 the state by the New York State Education Department. They are 
 also appointed as state pupils from New Jersey on application to the 
 Governor, as well as from other localities by arrangement with the 
 Board of Managers. The institution owns several lots of land in New 
 York City. These have been purchased at different times with the 
 expectation of moving the school from its present location, which is 
 next to the Pennsylvania Railroad Station, to a site where there will 
 be more space for new buildings, athletics and recreation. The Board 
 of Managers is, as this goes to press, in the midst of making arrange- 
 ments for the final location of the new school. In the meantime, the 
 institution still stands upon the historic site which it has occupied 
 for 82 years, and covers about four acres of ground, two of which 
 are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements 
 for admission, course, term, and purpose of institution, see Introduc- 
 tion to this section. Principal, Edward M. Van Cleve. 
 
 State School for the Blind, Batavia. Founded, 1865; opened, 1868. 
 Capacity, 180. Valuation of plant, $460,000. Annual state appro- 
 priation, $60,000, approximately. The children are admitted from 
 any part of the state excepting the ten lower counties. The school 
 owns sixtj^ acres of land, two of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, 
 and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Super- 
 intendent, C. A. Hamilton. 
 
 Catholic Institute for the Blind, 175th Street and University Ave., 
 N( ir York City. Founded, 1909. Capacity, 30. It occupies rented 
 quarters, and is supported both by city appropriation and voluntary 
 contributions. Its purpose is the education and care of Catholic blind 
 children, under the direction of the Sisters of St. Dominic. Superior- 
 ess. Sister M. Bertrand. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Public Schools; 
 of New York City. Established, 1909. Total enrollment. 184. There 
 are 18 centers, 16 for blind children (i. e., those with less than 6/60 
 vision) ; 1 for blind children of kindergarten age; and 2 centers for 
 children with defective vision (i. e., those who have more than 6/60 
 vision and less than enough to attend the regular classes with profit). 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 67 
 
 Pupils vary in ages from 4 to 19 years, and attend all the grades 
 from the kindergarten to the last year in high school. One boy, a 
 strictly "public school product," graduated at the head of his class 
 and is now studying law at Columbia University. For further par- 
 ticulars about the public school method of education see the Intro- 
 duction to this section. Supervisor, Miss Frances E. Moscrip. 
 
 State Aid for College Students. New York has the distinction of 
 being the first state to appropriate public funds to provide readers 
 for blind students attending universities. The law, with an appro- 
 priation annually of $3,000, went into effect in July, 1907. The bill 
 was formulated and enacted through the untiring efforts of a blind 
 man, Dr. Newel Perry. The allowance for each student is $300 a 
 year. 
 
 New York Commission for the Blind, 105 W. 40th St., New York. 
 Established, 1913. State appropriation, 1915-16, $31,640. The com- 
 mission employs eight home teachers (blind), one field agent (par- 
 tially blind) and two social service nurses. Home teaching centers 
 have been established in Yonkers, Albany, Glens Falls, Utica, Syracuse, 
 Rochester, and Buffalo, while Industrial Training Centers are located 
 in Albany, Glens Falls. Qtiea, and Rochester. The activities of the 
 Commission in Brooklyn and New York are in affiliation with the 
 privately supported associations in these cities. All individual cases 
 are referred to the Associations, the Commission availing itself of the 
 organized machinery of these Associations to 'supplement their work. 
 Material is furnished by the Commission for articles to be manufac- 
 tured from samples under the direction of the Association visitor. 
 Checks for satisfactory work are made out to individual blind workers 
 by the Commission, and are distributed by the Association. This plan 
 establishes uniform standards and avoids duplication of effort. The 
 Commission acts as a clearing house for sales of work for privately 
 supported associations as well as for individual workers. The funda- 
 mental policy of this Commission is outlined in the Introduction to 
 this section. Secretary, Miss Marion A. Campbell. 
 
 New York City Pension. "Adult blind persons not inmates of any 
 of the public or private institutions in the City of New York, who 
 shall be in need of relief, and who shall be citizens of the United States, 
 and shall have been residents of the said city for two years previous 
 to the application for such relief" (to quote from the city charter, of 
 June, 1900, section 576), may receive a sum not to exceed $100 "under 
 such rules and restrictions as the Board may deem necessary." The 
 total amount of money distributed in pensions is not to exceed $75,000 
 annually. This money is distributed twice a year. The first city 
 pension was paid in 1875. 
 
68 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 New Yuri; Association for the Blind, 111 E. 59th St., New York. 
 Founded, 1905. The valuation of the various plants is as follows: 
 The Light house, at 111 E. 59th St.. $278,764.60; Vacation Home, at 
 
 1 'I into from the Now York Association for the Blind. 
 
 Eeadquartera of the New York Association for the Blind, Otherwise Known as 
 
 "The Lighthouse." 
 
 Efforts in behalf of the adult blind are now being made in many states, but 
 in none is there to be found n more completely equipped building than that of the 
 above organization, 
 
 Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, $20,000; Tuning School, at 357 E 49th St., 
 rented building; The Bourne Workshop, 338 E. 35th St.. $130,000. 
 All the activities of the New York Association are supported by vol- 
 untary contributions and by the income from a $400,000 endowment 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 69 
 
 fund. The various trades pursued by the beneficiaries defray a con- 
 siderable portion of the operating expenses, but a large proportion of 
 the outlay is for certain phases of educational work, relief, and social 
 settlement activities for which there is no financial return. There is 
 no restriction as to age, race, or creed of applicants. The Associa- 
 tion aims to aid the blind in every possible manner, and its purposes 
 are well exemplified in the Introduction to this section of the Encyclo- 
 p< dia. The activities of the Association are carried on all the year 
 round. The Vacation Home at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, is open from 
 June until September, and for convalescents during the remainder of 
 the year. 
 
 The New York Association has established several clubs, the chief 
 purpose of which is to establish pleasant social relations between mem- 
 bers of the various organizations. Secretary, Miss Winifred Holt. 
 
 Tuning School, 357 E. 49th St. Operated under the auspices of 
 the New York Association for the Blind. Opened in the fall of 1913. 
 There are eight pupils. Their suitability for work admits them. The 
 length of the course depends entirely upon the ability of the pupils, 
 previous training in work, etc. There is a special examination given 
 before certificates are granted. The pupils are examined by a dis- 
 interested firm of piano manufacturers who pass upon their ability, 
 etc. Three former pupils are now actively and profitably engaged in 
 private and factory tuning. 
 
 Bourne Workshop for lh< Blind, 338 E. 35th St.. New York. This 
 workshop is maintained and operated by the New York Association 
 for the Blind. Broom-making is the principal industry, and was 
 begun in 1906. The present building, donated by Miss Emily Bourne, 
 was opened in October, 1912. Valuation of plant, $130,000. Employ- 
 ment can be given to 90 men. There are no restrictions, as to age, 
 race, or creed, for admission, except that applicants must be from 
 Xew York City or state. There is no boarding house connected with 
 this workshop. Superintendent. De Witt Killinger. 
 
 Industrial Home for tJic Blind of Brooklyn, 512 Gates Ave., Brook- 
 lyn. This was the first organized movement in behalf of the adult 
 blind in New York State. Founded, October 1, 1893 ; capacity, 75 
 valuation of plant. $50,000. Broom-making, chair-caning, and mat 
 tress-making are the chief industries. Deficit is made up entirely by 
 private subscriptions. A boarding house is operated chiefly for the 
 benefit of single men, where board is provided at a nominal figure 
 About one-half of the men avail themselves of the boarding house, and 
 the remainder of the employees live in the neighborhood. Superin- 
 tendent, Eben P. Morford. 
 
70 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Headquarters for the Blind, Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 267 
 Schermerhorn St., Marie Bloede Memorial Bldg., Brooklyn. Estab- 
 lished, 1914. Valuation of plant, $35,000. Supported by private 
 contributions and by income from the Fox bequest. Available to 
 residents of Brooklyn. The activities of this institution are now car- 
 ried on in a building which is donated, and might be said to serve 
 as headquarters for much of the social activity in behalf of the blind 
 of Brooklyn. Several clubs of blind people meet here. Besides the 
 weaving and basketry, which are taught to blind women, classes in 
 cooking, etc., are arranged for those who wish to avail themselves 
 of the same. Two home teachers are maintained. Blind children from 
 the public schools in Brooklyn come here Saturday mornings for 
 instruction in sewing, basketry, cooking, physical training and camp 
 fire work. The headquarters are open from September 1st to July 
 1st. Director, Thomas J. Riley. 
 
 Department for the Blind, Brooklyn. Association for Improving 
 the Condition of the Poor. This institution is known as the Exchange 
 and Training Center for the Blind, of the Brooklyn A. I. C. P. It 
 was established in 1912, and is supported by contributions and by 
 income from the Fox bequest. Conducts a workshop and salesroom; 
 chairs are caned and baskets made in the workshop; in the sales- 
 room baskets, rugs and knitted articles are sold on consignment for 
 blind individuals and for students or employees in the workshop. The 
 department also conducts a school where blind young men and women 
 are given advanced training in the use of the typewriter and dicta- 
 phone, with a special reference to clerical work in offices and to the 
 transcription of court proceedings. It is also about to establish a 
 school for salesmanship through affiliation with a department of 
 Columbia University. There are 38 blind men in the basket shop ; 13 
 in the typewriting classes, and 13 in the salesmanship class. Director, 
 Charles Bishop Hayes. 
 
 New York State Federation of Workers for the Blind. This organi- 
 zation was established primarily to secure legislation necessary for the 
 establishment of a state commission for the blind. Since the crea- 
 tion of the commission the federation has not been very active, but it 
 still exists in case it is needed to help out some other movement in 
 behalf of the blind. President, Charles J. Himmelsbach; Secretary, 
 C. A. Hamilton, School for the Blind, Batavia, N. Y. 
 
 Central Council of Workers far the Blind, New York City. This 
 organization is endeavoring to become a clearing house for work for 
 the blind in New York City. President, Charles Bishop Hayes. 
 
 New York Blind Aid Association, 442 W. 35th St., New York. 
 
Photo from the New York Association for the Blind. 
 
 The Bourne Workshop for Blind Men is typical of the buildings in many states devoted to 
 the industrial training and employment of the blind. 
 
72 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Meets at University Settlement. Is an incorporated relief organiza- 
 tion for blind members, with slated benefits. 
 
 Council of Jewish Women, New York Section. A sub-committee 
 o!' this Council lias taken an active interest in the needs of the Jewish 
 blind since lf)06. The Committee provides relief for the indigent 
 Jewish hlind of New York City. The National Council of Jewish 
 Women lias frequently sent recommendations to the various sections 
 of this organization throughout the country, and in many cities the 
 members of the Council have done effective work in behalf of l he 
 blind in their own locality. President of Section, .Miss Sadie American. 
 
 Blind Haiti* s' Mothers' Association, 66 Broadway, New York City. 
 The object of this Association is to unite, in local groups and eventually 
 in national conference, the parents and relatives of blind children, 
 for the betterment of home conditions surrounding the blind; to 
 bring into closer touch the parents and teachers of blind children; 
 to send helpful and instructive literature to parents of the blind in 
 rural communities, and to afford a medium of exchange of ideas 
 among those so scattered; to distribute instructive pamphlets written 
 by eminent specialists on the proper home care of the eyes of young 
 children as a preventive measure and as a first step toward restoration 
 of lost sight : to encourage parents to instil into the minds of their 
 blind children, in their early childhood, a spirit of independence and 
 helpfulness, looking toward useful citizenship. Financial Secretary, 
 F. H. Jerome. 
 
 The Brooklyn and Queens Blind Welfare Society, 3 South Elliott 
 Place. Brooklyn. Established, 1913. An organization primarily of 
 blind people, formed chiefly to foster legislation or any other activ- 
 ity for the benefit of the blind. The Society meets monthly. Presi- 
 dent, Edward T\ r son, 291 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn. 
 
 The Manhattan and Bronx Blind Peoples' League. The primary 
 purpose of this organization was to secure the passage of a bill creat- 
 ing a State Commission for the Blind. The Association is supported 
 by voluntary contributions and holds monthly meetings from Septem- 
 ber to June. Secretary. Emily Heil, 379 E 158th St. 
 
 Mispah Circle, 516 Gates Ave., Brooklyn. This Association was 
 instituted in 1886, its chief purpose being to secure the establishment 
 of an industrial home for the adult blind, which was later accom- 
 plished. The Circle now devotes its interest to helping individual 
 blind people. Secretary. Mary Braun, 561 Argyle Road, Brooklyn. 
 
 City Honit, Blackwell's Island. Maintained by the city for indi- 
 gent blind men and women. Application is made to the Department 
 of Charities, Bureau of Dependent Adults. The State Charities Aid 
 
74 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Association has sent a teacher to the blind inmates of the City Home 
 for a number of years. The New York Public Library has for many 
 years sent a teacher for instruction in reading. The New York Asso- 
 ciation for the Blind has, since its organization, sent a teacher weekly 
 to many of the women in the ward for the blind for instruction in 
 knitting, crocheting and sewing. Monthly entertainments ■ are held 
 for both men and women at which tobacco and candy are distributed. 
 
 Home for the Relief of the Destitute Blind, 104th St. and Amster- 
 dam Ave., New York. Founded, 1868. Capacity, about 50 men and 
 50 women. Supported by annual subscriptions and by income from a 
 small endowment. New buildings for the Home are in process of 
 construction. Applicants are admitted from New York City and 
 vicinity. The women occupy themselves with sewing, knitting, and 
 crocheting, and the men re-seat chairs and re-make mattresses. None 
 of the industries is carried on, however, with the idea of furnishing 
 an income for the institution, and they are not obligatory; the in- 
 mates choose their own occupations. Matron, Mrs. Margaret J. 
 Brown. 
 
 Home for the Blind, 550 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn. (The 
 Church Charity Foundation of Long Island.) This home was begun 
 as ajjrivate undertaking in 1895, at Maspeth, L. I. However, failing 
 of support under its first conditions, an appeal was made to be re- 
 ceived into the Church Charity Foundation of Long Island. This was 
 granted, and in October, 1896, it became one of the institutions of the 
 Foundation, and in May, 1900, was removed to its present location. 
 
 It is intended as a home for Christian women of the Episcopal Dio- 
 cese of Long Island who, owing to blindness and inability of near 
 friends to care for them, are unprovided for. An entrance fee of 
 ^250 is required, and it is expected that friends able to do so will 
 further contribute clothing for the inmates, and towards other ex- 
 penses incurred in times of sickness or death. 
 
 Applicants having any real or personal property are required to 
 place the same with the Treasurer of the Church Charity Foundation, 
 receiving therefrom during their life either the whole income, or a 
 portion agreed upon, the principal remaining at their death with the 
 Home Fund of the Foundation. 
 
 All members of the Home are expected to take such part as their 
 strength and ability admit in the lighter work of the household, and 
 by habits of neatness and order promote the general health and com- 
 fort of the family. Superintendent, Deaconess Agnes L. Hodgkiss. 
 
 King's County Almshouse, Brooklyn. The New York Association 
 for the Blind sends, a home teacher weekly to the Men's Ward to 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 75 
 
 furnish instruction in chair-caning and basketry. A teacher is also 
 sent weekly to the women for instruction in sewing and mending. 
 Monthly entertainments are arranged by the Association for the 
 blind men and women at which the sighted inmates are invited to 
 be present. 
 
 St. Joseph's Blind Asylum, Statcn Island. This is a combined 
 home and school for blind girls and women, under the care of the 
 Sisters of St. Francis. The Home is an integral part of the Mt. 
 Loretto Institution maintained by the Roman Catholic Church. The 
 buildings for blind girls and women have accommodations for 75, 
 and were the gift of Sister Anne. The Institution is maintained 
 by private contributions. Sister Superior, Sister M. Anft. 
 
 N. Y. State and N. Y. City Aid for Blind Babies and Children. 
 At the discretion of the Commissioner of Education, blind babies 
 and children not residing in the city of New York, of the age of 12 
 and under, may be sent to one of the Homes for blind babies and 
 children maintained by the International Sunshine Society, to the 
 Catholic Institute for the Blind or to the Brooklyn Home for Blind, 
 Crippled, and Defective Children, and shall be paid for by the 
 state at the rate of $1.00 per day. 
 
 New York City, in 1908, approved a bill committing its blind 
 babies to the Dyker Heights Home, 84th Street and 13th Avenue, 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., and now pays for their maintenance and training 
 at the rate of $1.00 a day. Since 1912 the City Budget has provided 
 for this payment. 
 
 International Sunshim Home for Blind Babies, Dyker Heights, 
 84th St. and 13th Ave., Brooklyn. Founded, 1904. Capacity, 31. 
 Supported by voluntary contributions ; also by a per capita payment 
 of $1.00 per day for each child from New York City. 
 
 A kindergarten, under the management of the public school system, 
 is maintained in the Home, so that children old enough to benefit 
 by this form of training have regular instruction. This provision 
 was made in 1907. 
 
 A class for the blind is provided in Public School No. 127, Brooklyn, 
 that the children of this Home physically too frail to enter the New 
 York Institute for the Education of the Blind, New York City, at the 
 age of eight years, may attend the public school daily and yet remain 
 in the Blind Babies' Home for special medical care. 
 
 Albany Association of the Blind, Inc., 105 Lancaster Street, Albany. 
 Established, 1908. Eight men in the shop ; 15 women in the classes. 
 The building occupied as headquarters is owned free of debt by the 
 Association. For men, industrial classes in cane-seating, rug- weaving 
 
76 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 ■ 
 
 and basketry are conducted daily throughout the year, the association 
 being responsible for the instruction and the conduct of the depart- 
 ment for cane-seating, the Commission furnishing the machinery and 
 appliances, maintaining the instructor and directing the departments 
 Eor weaving and basketry. 
 
 Industrial classes for women are held on three days of each week 
 from September to July. Monthly social meetings for the blind and 
 their seeing friends are held during the year with the exception of July 
 and August. The Association's work is maintained entirely by vol- 
 untary contributions. 
 
 Prank L. Frost (blind) is the President, and directs the industrial 
 and social activities. The Association employs a seeing teacher for the 
 women's industrial classes, and a (blind) man as teacher of cane 
 seating. 
 
 Buffalo Association for ttu Blind, 489 Ellicott Street, Buffalo. 
 Founded. 1907. Valuation of plant, >f;10.000. It employs from 15 to 
 20 men and women, and is supported by voluntary contributions. The 
 industries are broom-making, chair-caning and art-fabric weaving. 
 Applicants outside of Buffalo are also admitted. The services of a 
 home teacher are supplied by the New York Commission for the Blind, 
 which also assists in the sale of goods made by the workers of the Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 It is interesting to record that the Buffalo Association has been 
 given a Pierce-Arrow automobile arranged to carry 10 to 12 people 
 to and from their work. It is also used for delivery purposes during 
 the day. Manager, J. E. Eldridge. 
 
 Cayuga County Association for the Bli)td, Merrifield. This is a social 
 organization of the blind, which meets from time to time, usually in 
 Auburn. President. A. E. Bigelow. 
 
 Rochester Association of Workers for th< Blind, Inc. Incorporated 
 April 1. 1914. Occupies rented office for administrative work. It main- 
 tained a home teacher until September, 1915. when the Commission 
 took over her support and direction. Holds monthly social meetings 
 for blind members and friends, distributes relief and secures employ- 
 ment for blind, maintains a ticket bureau and sells the products of blind 
 labor. Has been active in securing treatment to prevent blindness, 
 and in securing admissions to the State School for the Blind. Has 
 recently secured organization of Advisory Board to conduct, jointly 
 with the Commission, an Industrial Center for instruction in broom 
 making, chair-caning and mattress-making. President. W. Alfred 
 Watson i blind. 
 
 Syracusi Association of Workers for il>< Blind. Established. 1915 
 
78 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Headquarters, Y. M. C. A. Meeting room furnished gratuitously. 
 Supported by voluntary contributions. 
 
 Tri-County Association of the Blind, Inc. Headquarters at Glens 
 Falls ; covers Saratoga, Warren and Washington Counties. Organized 
 in April, 1915. Incorporated in August, 1915, through the activities 
 of the Commission. Pays traveling expenses of Commission's home 
 teacher for that territory. Works jointly with the Commission, taking 
 responsibility for all social activities and for voluntary assistance in 
 conduct of sales. Treasurer. Mrs. R. W. Sherman. 
 
 Utica Committee for the Blind. Established, 1912. Meeting room 
 furnished gratuitously. Supported by voluntary contributions. Home 
 teacher furnished by the New York Commission for the Blind. 
 
 National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness. 130 East 
 22d Street, New York. Established, January 1, 1915. Supported by 
 voluntary contributions. See under National work, at the end of 
 this section. 
 
 The Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind, 250 West 54th St., 
 New York. President and manager, Walter G. Holmes. 
 
 For details about this publication, refer to Magazines, at the end of 
 this section ; also, see p. 270, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Albany, State Library for the Blind. Three 
 thousand, nine hundred and seventy-three volumes; 2,337 titles (books 
 and music). Books may be circulated throughout New York State. 
 An ink print catalog may be had upon application. Through a spe- 
 cial appropriation made by the state, the New York State Library prints 
 a number of new titles annually. These may be purchased by other 
 organizations at a nominal price. Librarian, Miss Mary C. Chamber- 
 lain. 
 
 Auburn, Seymour Library. One hundred and one volumes. The 
 books are circulated in Cayuga and Onondaga Counties. 
 
 Batavia, State School for the Blind. Four~thousand, seven hundred 
 and fifty-two volumes; 850 titles. The circulation of books is limited 
 to pupils and former students. A printed catalog of the school's pub- 
 lications is available. 
 
 Brooklyn, Public Library. Two thousand, two hundred and fifty-five 
 volumes; 1,300 titles. The circulation of books is practically confined 
 to the borough of Brooklyn. A home teacher is employed by the 
 library. 
 
 Buffalo, Public Library. Ninety-two volumes. The library has city 
 support only but has loaned books to readers in the county. Printed 
 lists of the books are sent without charge. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 79 
 
 New York, Institute for the Education of the Blind. Three thou- 
 sand, eight hundred volumes; 350 titles, practically all text books. 
 The books are circulated only among the pupils of the school. 
 
 New York, Public School Classes for the Blind. Two hundred 
 volumes ; 2.500 pamphlets ; 170 titles. The books are sent to the dif- 
 ferent classes for blind children in the public school system of Greater 
 New York. 
 
 New York, Public Library, Library for the Blind. Seven thousand, 
 nine hundred and two volumes (music scores not included) ; 2,426 
 titles; 5,475 music scores. Books may be circulated throughout New 
 York state. New Jersey and Connecticut, without restriction, and to 
 any part of the United States provided the applicant cannot secure the 
 desired material from a nearer source. Printed catalogs of books and 
 of music will be sent upon request. The embossed catalog is published 
 in five sections, three of books, two of music, each section being 
 printed in the type of the books listed therein. This catalog will be 
 loaned to regularly enrolled readers, or it can be bought at 10 cents 
 a section. The library employs one home teacher who works in Greater 
 New York. Librarian, Miss Lucille Goldthwaite. 
 
 Rochester, Public Library. Fifty volumes; 18 titles. Books are 
 loaned to the Rochester Association for the Blind which has head- 
 quarters at Reynold 's Library. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 School for tJie Deaf and Blind, Raleigh. Founded, 1845. Capacity, 
 350. Valuation of plant, $250,000 (both departments). Annual state 
 appropriation, $72,500 (both departments). The school owns 35 acres 
 of land, 7 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term and purposes of instruc- 
 tion see Introduction to this section. Superintendent, John E. Ray, 
 A.M. 
 
 The Narth Carolina Association of the Blind, Greensboro. Estab- 
 lished in 1909. The general objects of this association are similar to 
 those given under "associations" in the Introduction to this section. 
 At the present time this organization is endeavoring to establish an 
 industrial home for needy blind women. An act of incorporation for 
 such an institution has been granted, and money is being collected for 
 the same. President, H. E. Easley, Greensboro, N. C. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Raleigh. School for the Blind. Three thou- 
 sand, five hundred volumes; 2,500 titles. The books are circulated 
 throughout the state. 
 
80 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 NOKTll DAKOTA. 
 
 School for l In Blind, Bathgate. Pounded, L895; opened, L908; 
 capacity, 36; valuation of plant. $75,000. The school derives its main- 
 tenance from an income of $12,000 per year furnished by a grant of 
 land made by Congress to the state for its schools and public institu- 
 tions. The school owns about 40 acres of land, (i of which are avail- 
 able Tor athletics. The location of the school is such that there is un- 
 limited opportunity lor recreation, and the pupils frequently go for 
 Long walks in the surrounding country. There is a small gymnasium. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion see the lntroduci;on to this section. Superintendent, l>. P. 
 < Ihapple. 
 
 Stati Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Control is au- 
 thorized by a bill, passed in March. 1913. to make provisions for the 
 care, maintenance, and instruction of indigent blind babies and chil- 
 dren under school age in an institution inside or without the state. 
 and to provide transportation to and from the same until there shall 
 he established by law an institution within the state for the care of 
 blind children under school age. 
 
 Library. Bathgate, School for the Blind. Seven hundred and 
 sixty-two volumes; 300 titles. Books may he circulated throughout 
 tlie state. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 Ohio Stati School for the Blind, Columbus. Founded. 1837. Valua- 
 tion of plant, $800,000. Annual state appropriation, $100,000. Capac- 
 ity, 240. There are nine acres in the whole institution, six of which 
 are used for recreational purposes. There are two gymnasia. 
 
 Historically, it is interesting to note that the Ohio School was the 
 first 1o he established entirely at state expense. Boston, New York. 
 and Philadelphia preceded it by only a few years, but these three 
 owe their establishment to private bequests, which were later supple- 
 mented by state appropriations. Superintendent, Charles F. F. 
 ( larapbell. 
 
 Co-education of tin Blind cmd 11k Seeing in the Cincinnati Public 
 Schools. Classes for blind children were started in the public schools 
 of Cincinnati in 1905. There are five centers, three known as '-con- 
 servation of vision" classes, with an attendance of 30 children having 
 partial sighl (that is more than 6/60 and less than 6/15 vision), one 
 center for live blind children, and one center for blind mentally defec- 
 tive' children (4 in attendance). This was the first attempt in America 
 to give blind, mentally defective children special attention in the public 
 
82 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 schools. In the same building there is also provision made for seeing 
 children who are mentally defective. The department is known as the 
 ''Special School for Mentally Defective Children." For full par- 
 ticulars of the public school method for training the blind, see the. 
 Introduction to this section. Director, R. B. Irwin. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Cleveland Public 
 Schools. Classes for blind children were started in the public schools 
 of Cleveland in 1909. There are four centers for partially blind chil- 
 dren, and attendance in these classes is 40. There are four centers for 
 blind children (that is children whose vision is less than 6/60), and 
 the attendance is 33. One of the centers for the blind children is 
 located in the Cleveland Training School for Teachers. This is a fact 
 worthy of attention, for by this arrangement every teacher who passes 
 through this training school has the opportunity of becoming familiar, 
 to a greater or lesser extent, with the possibility of teaching blind chil- 
 dren in the public schools. This arrangement means that graduates 
 from the training school in Cleveland become fully acquainted with 
 this method of educating the blind. 
 
 One of the biggest problems confronting those responsible for the 
 training of blind children in the public schools is to provide the pupils 
 with trade and industrial training equivalent to that given in residen- 
 tial schools. In 1916 Cleveland began to provide its blind youths, who 
 are capable of benefiting by the same, instruction in pianoforte tuning. 
 The man who gives instruction in tuning has charge also of the 700 
 pianos owned by the Board of Education so that it is possible for him to 
 give his pupils the opportunity of practising upon nearly every make 
 of piano in every degree of repair. This is a unique event in the edu- 
 cation of the blind in America, and will go a long way toward placing 
 the public school method of training on an equality with that of the 
 best residential schools. Director, R. B. Irwin. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Toledo Public 
 Schools. Work of this kind was started at Toledo in February, 1915. 
 There are two centers with 18 pupils, one class providing for children 
 with partial vision and the other for blind children. 
 
 In January, 1915, the Board of Education of Cincinnati, and of 
 Toledo, requested Robert B. Irwin, the supervisor of the education 
 of the blind in Cleveland, to conduct this form of education in Cincin- 
 nati and Toledo. This cooperation among the three cities has been of 
 great value, as it has resulted in a practical co-ordination and unifica- 
 tion of the work, and there can be little question that this "so-called 
 public school experiment" is being carried on most progressively in 
 Ohio. In 1916 a visitor was employed to coordinate the training of 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 83 
 
 the blind children in their homes with that received in the school. 
 Director, R. B. Irwin, Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 State Aid for College Students. In May, 1913, a law became effec- 
 tive in Ohio whereby blind pupils studying in any college, university, 
 or technical or professional school authorized by law to grant degrees, 
 may receive assistance for defraying of the expense of readers (subject 
 to the approval of the State Board of Administration), upon the rec- 
 ommendation of the state school for the blind. It is regrettable to have 
 to record that the Ohio law, unlike the New York law, does not specify 
 any fixed amount to be allowed each student. 
 
 Ohio State Commission for the Blind. Founded, 1908. Headquar- 
 ters, Columbus. The purpose of the Commission is similar to that 
 indicated in the Introductory matter of this section, under the head- 
 ing "Commissions for the Blind." The Ohio Commission was the 
 first to employ a staff of nurses to seek and assist those with defective 
 vision. The Commission cooperates with a large corps of ophthalmolo- 
 gists who give gratuitous advice to those who are unable to secure 
 competent medical assistance. The Commission also succeeded, in 
 1915, in having a law passed which not only requires the prompt re- 
 porting of ophthalmia neonatorum (see Blindness, Prevention of), 
 to the State Board of Health, but also makes it obligatory for that 
 Board to send a trained nurse to a family in which a case of ophthalmia 
 neonatorum is found, where parents are unable to provide proper care. 
 As only $5,000 was granted for this home nursing service — for new- 
 born infants with "sore eyes" — the nurses of the Commission for the 
 Blind besides giving their time to other cases of defective vision, co- 
 operate for the first two years with the Board of Health in looking 
 after a case of ophthalmia neonatorum that cannot be reached by the 
 Board of Health nurse. 
 
 The Commission employs nine blind home teachers who give instruc- 
 tion in sewing, knitting and crocheting, as well as instruction in read- 
 ing and other occupations that help to make life more cheerful. Fur- 
 thermore, the Commission provides raw material to blind women 
 who, in their homes, are able to do acceptable work. A market for the 
 articles made by these women is found by cooperation with public- 
 spirited merchants who give, without charge, space in their stores for 
 the sale of this work. The goods are also sold in private homes by 
 traveling saleswomen and at women's clubs. 
 
 The Commission operates a trade-training department in which in- 
 struction is given in broom-and basket-making, and when a man is 
 able to conduct either industry in his own home he is helped in the 
 
84 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 purchase of tools and raw material, and is assisted to find a market for 
 his work. Executive Secretary, .Miss Prances Reed. 
 
 Pensions for the Blind. Ohio appears to be the first state that at- 
 tempted to put into operation a state-wide distribution of monetary 
 relief for the blind. The first law was a modification of the poor laws 
 of 1898. In 1904 a Pension Law for the Blind was passed, to-be admin- 
 istered by the probate court, with a per capita allowance of $100. 
 This enactmenl was. however, declared unconstitutional by the Su- 
 preme Court, upon the ground of "class Legislation." In 1908, the 
 Carrol bill "For the Relief of the Needy Blind" was passed (Sec. G. C. 
 2962-70). The bill provided for a commission in each county which 
 mighl grant such sums as it deemed necessary, up to $150 a year 
 payable quarterly). The conditions of payment are: 1. Blind- 
 ness (degree not defined) ; 2. Residence in the county for one year; 3. 
 Must have become blind while a resident of the state, or have been a 
 resident at the passage of the act; 4. Must be needy and one wdio, 
 unless granted this relief would become a charge on the public, or 
 on those wiio by law. are not required to support him or her. This 
 was declared constitutional by the Supreme Court September 30, 1913 
 89 < ). S. 351 ) on the ground of the need of a class for the poor. The 
 earlier statute gave relief to blind persons regardless of whether they 
 possessed means or not. This law provides for relief only when they 
 would otherwise become public charges. 
 
 In 1913 tlie Carrol bill was amended, abolishing the County Blind 
 Relief Commissions and transferring their powers to the County Com- 
 missioners, in whose hands the distribution of the relief now- rests. 
 
 The Ohio Law was evidently drawn hastily and has not given entire 
 satisfaction either to the blind or to their friends, and it is hoped that 
 other states wishing to pass such laws will study the matter carefully 
 before action is taken. To mention only one of the difficulties, we refer 
 to the fact that no attempt is made to define the term "blind," which 
 leads to considerable confusion. According to the latest reports, nearly 
 4,000 blind people are securing financial assistance under this law; 
 representing a total expenditure of county funds of approximately 
 $400,000 per annum. 
 
 The Cincinnati Library Society for 1h< Blind. Through the efforts 
 of Missvs Ceorgia D. and Florence B. Trader, the Cincinnati Library 
 Society for the Blind was organized in 1901. Weekly readings are 
 held by volunteers, who read books and magazines not published in 
 types for the blind, a special entertainment is given once a month, and 
 classes in reading and writing embossed type and in needle-work are 
 held each week. The blind are also visited in their homes, and helped 
 

86 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 in many ways; they are given medical aid, clothing, tickets to enter- 
 tainments, etc. The Ohio Traction Co. furnish the Society a liberal 
 supply of tickets so it is possible for the blind to enjoy the privileges 
 of the Library. 
 
 Through the efforts of the Society, a department for the blind was 
 opened in the public schools in September, 1905. 
 
 The Society owns about 2,200 volumes, and circulates them through- 
 out the United States and Canada. During the year 1914, 6,182 
 volumes were distributed in this way. Directors, Misses Georgia D. 
 and Florence B. Trader. 
 
 Clovcrnook Home for the Blind, Mt. Healthy. After working among 
 the blind for two years, the Misses Georgia D. and Florence B. Trader 
 realized the need of a home for blind women. March 11th, 1903, the 
 late Wm. A. Procter gave the home of the poets, Alice and Phoebe 
 Cary, for this purpose. It is a brick house of seven rooms on a farm 
 of 26 acres, located at Mt. Healthy, eight miles from Cincinnati. In 
 October of the same year, Mr. Procter built a three room cottage for 
 the gardener and the only blind male inmate — a broom-maker — who 
 used a part of the barn for his shop. In Ma} 7 , 1907, the weaving 
 industry was started. It also had its beginning in the barn, where 
 the women worked, until October, when they moved into a beautiful 
 shop, the gift of Mrs. Thomas J. Emery and Prof. Philip Van Ness 
 Myers. 
 
 That Clovernook might meet the neods of a greater number, a large 
 cottage was erected and dedicated May 31st, 1913. With this build- 
 ing, and the small home, twenty-two blind women are given roomy and 
 comfortable accommodations. 
 
 During the summer of 1913, Prof. Philip Van Xess Myers fitted up a 
 small building where a trial might be made of printing books in em- 
 bossed type. 
 
 The women aH help with the house-work. Those who are not able 
 to work in the weaving or printing shops, make fancy articles. They 
 are given one third the sale price of their fancy work, and are also 
 paid for their work in the shops. 
 
 Weekly readings and monthly entertainments are given, they are 
 furnished with theatre and symphony tickets, and are taken to other 
 places of amusement. 
 
 The home is open all the year. It is supported entirely by volun- 
 tary contributions and the sale of products made by the women. The 
 home was primarily intended for homeless blind women of Ohio, but 
 applicants from other states are favorably considered if there are 
 vacancies. An entrance fee of $300.00 is expected from all applicants 
 
88 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 who are able to pay. Trustees, Misses Georgia 1). and Florence B. 
 Trader.. 
 
 Tin Cincinnati Association for th Welfare of tin Blind. Work- 
 shop, 1506-1508 Bremen Street. Established, 1911. Capacity. 30. 
 The Association occupies rented quarters, and the principal industries 
 are broom and basket-making. Some mops are also made This shop 
 was established as a result of the efforts of the Cincinnati Association 
 for the Welfare of the Blind. Director. Charles p. Kuhn. 
 
 Cleveland Society for tfu Blind, 612 St. Clair Avenue. Found-. 1. 
 1906. This society endeavors to assist the blind along the general lines 
 indicated in the Introduction to this section, under '"typical commis- 
 sions and associations for the blind." It is supported entirely by vol- 
 untary contributions. The Society operates a broom shop, which 
 gives employment to 25 blind men. There is also a small amount of 
 weaving carried on by blind women. The Society cooperates effectively 
 with the State Commission for the Blind in an effort to create as large 
 a market as possible for the sale of the work of the blind. Through 
 active sub-committees it does many helpful things for the blind chil- 
 dren who are receiving instruction in the public schools; it has also 
 organized clubs for the adult blind Secretary. Mrs. Eva B. Palmer. 
 
 Howe Publishing Society for the Blind. Founded in 1911. The 
 purpose of this organization is to provide the blind with current litera- 
 ture. Most of the work is done by totally blind workers. The books 
 produced by this Society are sold to libraries, institutions for the 
 blind and individuals- throughout the entire country. President and 
 director of the work, R. B. Irwin, University Club. Cleveland. Ohio. 
 
 Dayton Association for tlu Blind. Founded. 1907. Its purpose is 
 similar to that of associations for the blind described in the Introduc- 
 tion to this section. For a time, this organization operated a shop in 
 which broom-making was carried on. and it is a particularly note- 
 worthy fact that as a result of its efforts, quite a number of positions 
 have been secured for Hie blind in factories where the seeing are regu- 
 larly employed. The most notable example of this phase of the 
 'work is the employment of three blind girls in the factory of the 
 National Cash Register Company, who have been on the pay roll of. 
 that concern for the past seven years. Positions for men in several 
 other concerns have also been found. 
 
 The Association took an active part, in conjunction with the Cleve- 
 land Society for the Blind, in bringing about the establishment of 
 the Ohio State Commission for the Blind. As soon as the work of 
 the Commission was well organized the Association became less active, 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 89 
 
 but has cooperated very closely with the Commission in work for the 
 blind in Dayton. President, Mrs. Eugene F. Barney. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Cincinnati. Library for the Blind, 2,200 
 volumes. Books are circulated throughout the United States and 
 Canada. A New York Point catalog is available at ten cents a copy. 
 
 Cleveland, Public Library. Six hundred eighty-nine volumes; 436 
 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the United States. 
 
 Columbus, State School for the Blind. Has on hand all the books 
 published by the American Printing House in New York Point. Books 
 may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 OKLAHOMA. 
 
 Srhool for the Blind. Muskogee. Founded, 1908. Capacity, 120. 
 Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual state appropriation, $40,000. 
 The school owns 25 acres of land, 2 of which are used for athletics. 
 For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- 
 tion, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, O. W. 
 Stewart. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Muskogee, School for the Blind. Two thou- 
 sand volumes. Books may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 OREGON. 
 
 School for the Blind, Salem. Founded, 1874. Capacity, 50. Valua- 
 tion of plant, $30,000. Annual state appropriation, $12,000. The 
 school owns ten acres of land, one of which is available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, 
 and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Su- 
 perintendent, E. T. Moores. 
 
 ■ Workshop for the Adult Blind, Portland, 11th and Davis streets. Es- 
 tablished, 1913. Capacity, 20. Instruction is given in hammock-mak- 
 ing, piano-tuning, and chair-caning. At the present time, the Shop is 
 maintained by the Educational Department, City of Portland, in con- 
 nection with its trade school for the seeing. The work is in charge of 
 J. F. Meyers, who is himself blind. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Portland, Library Association. One hun- 
 dred and fifty-four volumes ; 73 titles. Books may be circulated 
 throughout the state. 
 
 Salem, School for the Blind. Six hundred volumes; 240 titles. 
 Books may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, OverbrooJc, Philadelphia. 
 The education of blind children in Philadelphia was begun in 1832 
 
90 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 when Julius Friedlander taught at his own residence and at his own 
 expense Sarah and Abraham Marsh, two Philadelphia children. Hav- 
 ing thus demonstrated the possibilities in educating the blind, a meet- 
 ing of the citizens of Philadelphia w y as held, a committee was 
 appointed, a constitution was soon adopted, and a Board of Managers 
 appointed, which held its first meeting March 5th, 1833. At this meet- 
 ing, Mr. Friedlander was appointed "Principal Instructor," and on 
 the 25th of March, 1833, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruc- 
 tion of the Blind was opened on Twelfth Street, above Race, with four 
 Philadelphia pupils. It is significant that in that early day, the man- 
 agers should anticipate so accurately the character of the work to 
 be done in the Institution as to designate it as an "Institution for the 
 Instruction of the Blind." "The system of instruction adopted was 
 that which the celebrated and benevolent Valentin Haiiy so success- 
 fully carried into effect in several establishments of a similar character 
 in Europe." 
 
 On Jan. 27th, 1834, the Legislature granted the necessary articles 
 of incorporation. 
 
 In April, 1834, the Institution was removed to two large buildings 
 on 13th street, above Race. 
 
 The cornerstone of the building at 20th and Race Streets, which 
 housed the school for 63 years, was laid September 10th, 1835, Andrew 
 Jackson then being President. This building was opened on Oct.. 27th, 
 1836, with an exhibition and concert by the pupils. 
 
 In January, 1899, the school was moved to its present site at Over- 
 brook, within the limits of the City of Philadelphia. Subsequent pur- 
 chases have increased the original 27 acres to about 30 acres. The site 
 has been acquired at an approximate cost of $200,000; the buildings 
 and furnishings have cost about $300,000; the present (1915) valua- 
 tion of plant and equipment is $679,868.93. The buildings are in the 
 Spanish Mission style of architecture so common in Southern Cali- 
 fornia. This construction provides buildings unusually free from 
 danger from fire, while they admit a maximum of light and air. A 
 tuition fee of $350 is charged those who are able to pay it, although in 
 practice but little is realized from this source. The school is supported 
 from the income of endowment funds and by a per capita appropria- 
 tion of $300 for pupils from the state of Pennsylvania. Pupils from 
 Delaware and southern New Jersey are also educated here at the 
 expense of their respective states. 
 
 We have given this full account of the beginnings of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Institution because the Philadelphia, New York and Boston 
 schools were the first three to be established in America. Furthermore, 
 
Photos from the Home for the Blind. St. Louis. Mo. 
 
 "Homes" for the homeless are as much a necessity for the sightless as for 
 the seeing. In states where "pensions" are given to the "needy blind" accom- 
 modation can often be found with some private family in the community. A small 
 well-regulated home is one of the best methods of caring for the homeless, the aged, 
 or the infirm blind. 
 
92 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 the Pennsylvania Institution was the first to give up its congested city 
 quarters and move out to the suburbs. Since the removal of the Phila- 
 delphia [nstitutiou in 1899, the schools in Baltimore and Boston have 
 also given up their eity buildings and haw re-built in the suburbs. 
 
 The New York City I list il ul ion is likewise preparing to make a similar 
 change. 
 
 The ( )\ erhrook school is able to house nearly 200 students. Although 
 located within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, the school pos- 
 hes ample grounds for recreation purposes, approximately eleven 
 acres being given over to athletics, and fully two to gardens for the use 
 of the school children. Historically, it is important to note that in 
 addition to a well-equipped gymnasium, this- school was the first in the 
 United States to install a fine swimming pool and bowling alley, which 
 were opened in 1899. The requirements for admission, course, term, 
 and purpose of instruction are outlined in the Introduction to this 
 section. In addition to furnishing everything required by a typical 
 school for the blind, this school lays considerable emphasis upon the 
 training of pupils who are qualified to become teachers, and it is inter- 
 esting to note that graduates from this institution are serving as teach- 
 ers in quite a number of other American institutions for the blind. 
 
 Another interesting effort of the school is the maintenance of what 
 has been called a ' ' field officer. ' ' Liborio Delfino, who is himself blind, 
 was the pioneer in this form of activity in America. He has visited 
 many former pupils of the institution in their own homes and has 
 called upon almost every blind man and woman in the state. He is 
 constantly visiting prospective pupils and helping graduates who need 
 friendly advice and encouragement in establishing themselves. 
 Superintendent. Olin H. Burritt. 
 
 Salesroom and Exchange for the Blind, 204 So. 13th St., Philadel- 
 phia. Opened, 1910. We mention this interesting establishment imme- 
 diately after the School for the Blind, for it is supported and carried 
 on by the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; 
 It is at Ihis place that Mr. Liborio Delfino, who is in charge, has his 
 headquarters. In the salesroom are sold many articles made by the 
 blind: here also orders for Inning, chair-caning, etc.. are taken. In 
 this same building are housed the books of the Department for the 
 Blind of the Free Library of Philadelphia, and of the Pennsylvania 
 Home Teaching Society, which will be mentioned later. 
 
 Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, Pittsburgh. 
 Founded. 1888. Opened in 1890. Capacity, 130 pupils. Valuation 
 of plant, $600,000. Annual state appropriation $360 per capita ; there 
 is also an income from endowments. The school owns five and one-half 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 93 
 
 aires of land, two of which are available for recreational purposes. 
 There is a gymnasium and swimming- pool; also a special kinder- 
 garten building. This school is unique in respect of location in the 
 midst of what might be termed the intellectual center of Pittsburgh, 
 the pupils being within walking distance of the University of Pitts- 
 burgh, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, the Carnegie Library and 
 Museum, Soldiers Memorial Hall, and the largest and newest high 
 school of the city. For requirements for admission, course, term, and 
 purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superin- 
 tendent, Thomas 8. McAloney. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Education is 
 authorized, in virtue of a bill passed, May, 1913, to make provision 
 for the education of blind children under eight years of age residing 
 in Pennsylvania when the parents are unable to educate them prop- 
 erly. The board may contract to this end with any nonsectarian insti- 
 tution in Pennsylvania or elsewhere, established for the education of 
 the blind, at a cost not to exceed $1.00 a day, the money to be paid out 
 of tli«> state school fund. The Act of 1913 was so amended by the 
 Legislature of 1915 as to permit the state Board of Education to 
 waive the aire limit of eight years in such rases as seem to warrant it 
 by reason of physical or mental defects. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Working Horn* for Blind Men, 3518 Lancaster 
 Aw. W.Philadelphia. Pounded, 1874. Capacity, 200. At the pres- 
 ent time, there are 117 beneficiaries, about half of whom live in the 
 institution. Valuation of plant, $202,000. Annual slate appropria- 
 tion, $17,500, and from the city of Philadelphia, $5,000. Applicants 
 must be at least 21 years of age. in good physical condition, and resi- 
 dents of the state of Pennsylvania for at least one year. The Home 
 prefers not to admit men over 45 years of age. The principal indus- 
 try is broom-making, although a small amount of ray carpel is made, 
 and a limited number of chairs are caned annually. About one-third 
 of the men live or hoard outside of the institution. 
 
 As its name implies, the institution maintains a hoarding home for 
 men who wish to live in the institution and receive board at a nominal 
 tic All inmates who have worked industriously at this institution 
 but who are no longer able to labor are provided with a permanent 
 home in the boarding department or "Retreat" until their death. 
 However, no part of the appropriation by the State or City is used 
 for the care of these individuals; these expenses being met by an in- 
 come from an endowment and by private subscriptions. 
 
 We call the readers' attention to this institution as the one to which 
 we referred in the Introduction to this section, since it was the first 
 
94 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 extensive effort to establish a workshop for adult blind men entirely 
 independent of any of the older institutions for the training of blind 
 youth. It came into being as a result of industrial experiments made 
 by the Philadelphia school, and after long and persistent agitation b}' 
 Mr. Chapin and the management of the school. Hinmon II. Hall, a 
 man who lost his sight in adult life, was the superintendent of the 
 institution from its inception in 1874 until his death in 1890. He had 
 much to do with the early experiments and the success of the institu- 
 tion. Superintendent, Frederick H. Mills. 
 
 Pennsylvania Industrial Home for Blind Women, 3827 Powelton 
 Ave., W. Philadelphia, Founded, 1869. Capacity, 70. Valuation 
 of plant, $89,000. As we have before intimated, it is not easy to draw 
 a line between some so-called "homes" and "workshops." This in- 
 stitution is unquestionably more a Home than a Shop, which we have 
 previously pointed out more closely approximated a factory. In it 
 every inmate able to work is busily employed four and one-half hours 
 a day, some with various forms of fancy work, others with the re-seat- 
 ing of chairs or the weaving of rag carpet and rugs. As in the case 
 of the Working Home for Blind Men, those who have become aged 
 and infirm while in the institution are provided for. The Industrial 
 Home receives no state aid; it is supported entirely by interest from 
 endowment and by private subscriptions. 
 
 The Home receives adults only and without regard to their religious 
 denominations. It prefers not to admit women over 50 years of age. 
 Superintendent, Miss Ada V. Harry. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society and Free Circulating 
 Library for the Blind. Headquarters, Witherspoon Bldg., Philadel- 
 phia. Founded, 1882, by the late William Moon, the blind inventor of 
 the Moon embossed type, and his daughter, Adelaide E. C. Moon. 
 The Society was reorganized in 1898 ; incorporated in 1901 ; received 
 state aid in 1905. It now receives $4,000 a year from the Legislature. 
 The organization also enjoys an income from an endowment fund and 
 from annual donations. The 3,764 volumes which the Society owns 
 are valued at $3,500. With the exception of 710 volumes, which are 
 in the Carnegie Library at Pittsburgh, all the books are deposited with 
 and circulated by the Free Library of Philadelphia. Until November, 
 1915, four home teachers only were employed in the work of the Society, 
 two of these confining their attention to Philadelphia, one to Pittsburgh, 
 and the third working in other parts of the state. Six additional teach- 
 ers have since been engaged. Seven of these are totally and three partly 
 blind. The books owned by the Free Library of Philadelphia are cir- 
 culated only in the city, those in the Home Teaching Society are 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 95 
 
 utilized throughout the country. The Pennsylvania Society was the 
 first home teaching society to be established in America, and the son 
 of the founder, Dr. Robert C. Moon, served as the secretary of the 
 organization until his death in February, 1914. For further par- 
 ticulars of the Moon alphabet, see page 259, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia. 
 Secretary, Mrs. Isabel W. Kennedy. 
 
 Blind Relief Fund of Philadelphia, 617 Witherspoon Bldg. Founded 
 1908. There are no overhead expenses, no state or city aid, but the 
 fund is secured from voluntary contributions. The purpose of the 
 organization is to give an annual outing to the blind, and occasionally 
 financial assistance to the needy blind. Up to the present time, how- 
 ever, only a small fund has been realized. 
 
 CJiapin Memorial Hone for the Aged Blind, 6713 Woodland Ave., 
 Philadelphia. Founded 1906. Capacity, 30. Valuation of plant, 
 $35,000. Endowment fund, $65,000. Supported entirely by dona- 
 tions and income from endowment. Applicants may be of either sex, 
 from Pennsylvania, New Jersey or Delaware, and elsewhere if there 
 are vacancies. An admission fee of $300 must be paid by those over 
 75 years of age, and $500 by those between 65 and 75; in every case 
 burial must be provided for. This Home was founded by 12 former 
 pupils of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, because aged 
 blind persons were excluded from all nonsectarian homes for the 
 aged, as well as from nearly all sectarian homes. Matron, Mrs. Agnes 
 B. Reibold. 
 
 Pennsylvania Association for the Blind, Liberty and Second Ave- 
 nues, Pittsburgh. Founded, 1910. This organization does not own the 
 building in which it maintains its headquarters. Annual state appro- 
 priation, $2,500. The City of Pittsburgh gives $15,000 towards the 
 maintenance of the workshop. Membership dues and donations are 
 also received. This organization aims to carry on the activities out- 
 lined in the "typical Association for the Blind" referred to in the 
 Introduction to this section. Instruction is given at the homes of 
 blind women in sewing, knitting, and crocheting, and material is pro- 
 vided for the making of articles which the organization undertakes to 
 sell. The merchants in Pittsburgh have contributed space for the sale 
 of this work from time to time, although no permanent counter is used, 
 as in New York City and Ohio. In addition to this, club women give 
 substantial aid in the sales, and each year at the Pittsburgh Industrial 
 Exposition, which is held for six weeks in the autumn, the Associa- 
 tion finds a good market for the home work. Executive Secretary, 
 W. W. Stamm. 
 
 Pittsburgh Workshop for the Blind, Liberty and Second Avenues, 
 
96 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Pittsburgh. Founded, L910. Receives $15,000 from the city of Pitta- 
 burgh, and some contributions from private sources. The principal 
 industries are broom-making and chair-caning, and rug-weaving. This 
 shop is conducted under the supervision of the Pennsylvania Associa- 
 tion for the Blind, which lias its headquarters in Pittsburgh, and gives 
 employment to 40 men. Superintendent. Win. II. Long. • 
 
 Blind Women's Progressivt club. Organized, 1912. Incorporated, 
 1!*14. Interested in establishing a home for indigent and aged blind 
 women. Funds secured from membership fees and contributions. The 
 active members are blind and there are one-half as many associate 
 members having sight. This organization is affiliated with the Con- 
 gress tit' Women's Clubs. President. .Miss Elizabeth Johnson. 
 
 The Society for the Promotion of Church Work Among the Blind. 
 Organized in Philadelphia in 1903. Has defrayed the expenses of 
 embossing parts of the Book of Common Prayer. Words and Music of 
 the Hymnal in Braille, Holy Communion in Moon. Cooperates with 
 churches, missionary societies, etc. Employs a blind visitor. Also 
 furnishes guides for those unable otherwise to attend church. Treas- 
 urer, Rev. W. Arthur Warner, 533 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, The Fret Library of Philadelphia. The Free 
 Library of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Institution for the In- 
 struction of the Blind jointly rent the building at 204 South 13th 
 Street, which is used for library purposes and provides a place for 
 the Salesroom and Exchange, a striking example of practical co- 
 operation. Five thousand, five hundred and sixty-nine volumes; 
 1,0(32 titles. Books purchased for the Free Library are circulated 
 only within the city limits, but those belonging to the Pennsylvania 
 Home Teaching Society (see reference to this organization above), 
 are sent anywhere in the United States, except where borrowers may 
 be supplied from a nearer source. Embossed lists of the books are 
 loaned free. Librarian-in-charge, -Mrs. Liborio Delfino. 
 
 Philadelphia, Overbrook, School for the Blind. Nineteen thousand, 
 nine hundred and forty-one volumes; 1,175 titles. Books are circu- 
 lated anywhere in the United States when they cannot be secured else- 
 where. A list of all publications in American Braille can be bought 
 for 9 cents. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Carnegie Library. Two thousand, six hundred and 
 twenty-seven volumes; 1,052 titles. Books are circulated through 
 Western Pennsylvania. Ink print catalog, 10c ; Braille and Moon lists 
 loaned to readers. 
 
 Pittsburgh, School for the Blind. One thousand volumes. Books 
 I o; i ned in Western Pennsylvania. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 97 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Home Teaching for the Adult Blind. Home teaching at state ex- 
 pense was begun in Rhode Island in 1904, and is now conducted under 
 the direction of the State Board of Education. Two teachers are em- 
 ployed. The instruction given is similar to that provided by other 
 home teaching organizations generally. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Infants and Youths. Rhode Island makes pro- 
 vision of $1.00 a day for the care, medical treatment, maintenance, 
 and education of blind infants and children under school age whose 
 parents are unable properly to care for them. These infants may be 
 sent to a nursery for blind babies outside of the state. When blind 
 children are old enough to go to a school for the blind the state will 
 pay for their tuition while attending such institution in a neighbor- 
 ing state. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 School for the Deaf and Blind, Cedar Spring. Founded, 1849. 
 Capacity, 100 blind; valuation of plant, $155,000 (both departments). 
 Annual state appropriation. $35,000 (both departments). The school 
 owns 150 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There 
 is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term and 
 purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superin- 
 tendent, N. F. Walker. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Cedar Spring, School for the Blind. One 
 thousand volumes; 400 titles. Books are circulated throughout the 
 state. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA. 
 
 School for the Blind, <!<inj. Founded, 1900. Capacity, 50. Valua- 
 tion of plant, $70,000. Annual state appropriation, $15,000. The 
 school owns 20 acres of land, 14 of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. Requirements for admission, course, term, 
 and purpose of instruction are similar to those outlined in the Intro- 
 duction to this section except that pupils are admitted up to 30 years 
 of age. This school has the unique feature in this country of having 
 always had a woman as superintendent. Superintendent, Mrs. Lelia 
 M. Curl. 
 
 State Aid for Blind Infants. South Dakota makes provision of $1.00 
 a day for the care, medical treatment, maintenance and education of 
 blind infants and children under school age whose parents are unable 
 to properly care for them. These infants may be sent to a nursery 
 for blind babies outside of the state. When blind children are old 
 
98 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 enough to go to a school for the blind, the state will pay for their tui- 
 tion while attending sueh institution in a neighboring state. 
 
 Libraries for tin Blind, Gary, School for the Blind. One thousand 
 three hundred and thirteen volumes. The books are circulated only 
 among pupils of the school. 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 School for the Blind, Nashville. Founded, 1844. Capacity, 225. 
 Valuation of plant, $230,000. Annual state appropriation, $35,000. 
 The school owns 10 acres of land. There is a gymnasium. For re- 
 quirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see 
 the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, John V. Armstrong. 
 
 Home for Blind Women, Nashville. Founded, 1903. Capacity, 20. 
 Supported by donations and state aid, the amount of the latter for 
 the past two years being $135.00 per capita, per annum. The women 
 help with the housework. Applicants must live in Tennessee, must be 
 of good moral character and have no contagious disease. If possessed 
 of any property, it must be given into the general funds. The Home 
 is under the auspices of the Fear Not Circle, King's Daughters. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Nashville, School for the Blind. Six thou- 
 sand volumes. Books are circulated throughout the state. 
 
 TEXAS. 
 
 School for the Blind, Austin. Founded, 1856. Capacity, 260. 
 Valuation of plant, $300,000. Annual state appropriation, $85,000. 
 Recent appropriation of $300,000 for new buildings. The school owns 
 75 acres of land ; all that is needed is used for athletics. There are two 
 gymnasia and a swimming pool. For requirements for admission, 
 course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this 
 section. Superintendent, E. E. Bramlette. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Austin, School for the Blind. Seven thou- 
 sand, five hundred volumes; 600 to 800 titles. Books are circulated 
 throughout the state. 
 
 " UTAH. 
 
 School for the Deaf and the Blind, Ogdcn. Founded, 1896. Capac- 
 ity, 50; attendance, 35 (blind). Valuation of plant. $300,000 (both 
 departments). Annual state appropriation, $50,000. When the state 
 of Utah was created the enabling act called for the creation and main- 
 tenance of a school for the deaf and the blind and presented 100,000 
 acres of land as auxiliary aid in the support of the institution. The 
 school owns 195 acres of land, 4 of which are available for athletics. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 99 
 
 There is a gymnasium and a swimming pool. For requirements for 
 admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduc- 
 tion to this section. Superintendent, Frank M. Driggs. 
 
 Commission for the Blind. Created in 1909. Four thousand dollars 
 was appropriated for the first two years. The activities of the Com- 
 mission were similar to those indicated under "Commissions for the 
 Blind" in the Introduction to this section. The Commission no longer 
 exists. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Ogden, School for the Blind. Five hundred 
 and fifty volumes; 400 titles. Books are circulated throughout the 
 state. 
 
 Salt Lake City, Public Library. Auxiliary of the Reading Room for 
 the Blind. One hundred and eighty-seven volumes. Books are cir- 
 culated in Salt Lake City and community. A teacher is employed by 
 the Auxiliary to teach at the library. 
 
 Society for the Aid of the Sightless, Provo. Organized in 1904. 
 Helped to bring about the establishment .of the Commission for the 
 Blind. Since 1913, it publishes the "Messenger to the Sightless," a 
 monthly magazine in Braille. 
 
 VERMONT. 
 
 The Austine Institution, Brattleboro. Incorporated, 1904; opened, 
 1912, as a result of the bequest of Col. William Austine, and of addi- 
 tional money appropriated by the state. The School receives a yearly 
 per capita allowance for the board and tuition of each pupil designated 
 by the state. All other expenses are paid by parents or guardians. 
 For paying pupils, the fee is $400 per year for board and tuition. This 
 school is intended for the education of wholly or partially deaf or 
 blind children. At present there are five blind pupils. The school 
 owns 212 acres of ground. Principal, Helen G. Throckmorton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 School for the Deaf and Blind, Staunton. Founded, 1839. Capac- 
 ity, 80. Valuation of plant, $200,000 (both departments). State ap- 
 propriation, $16,800 for the present fiscal year (both departments). 
 The school owns 96 acres of land, 4 of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. Requirements for admission, course, term and 
 purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superin- 
 tendent, Wm. A. Bowles. 
 
 School for the Colored Deaf and Blind, Newport News. Founded, 
 1906. Capacity, 150. Valuation of plant, $125,000. Annual state ap- 
 
100 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 propriation, $25,000. The school owns 88 acres of land, 3 of which are 
 available for athletics. Superintendent, Wm. C. Ritter. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Staunton, School for the Deaf and Blind. 
 One thousand titles. Books are circulated throughout the state. 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 School for the Blind, Vancouver. Founded. 1906. Capacity, 65. 
 Valuation of plant. $110,000. Annual state appropriation, $61,000. 
 The school owns 6 acres of land, three quarters of an acre being used 
 for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admis- 
 sion, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to 
 this section. Superintendent, Mrs. W. B. Hall. 
 
 Seattle Association for the Blind. Secretary, M. Callaghan. Mem- 
 hership, 40. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind, Seattle, Public Library. Six hundred and 
 thirty volumes; 376 titles. Books may be sent anywhere. A typewrit- 
 ten catalog available without charge. 
 
 Spokane, Public Library. Fifty-six volumes < 18 titles. Books may 
 be circulated only in Spokane. 
 
 Vancouver, School for the Blind. Seven hundred and fifty volumes; 
 165 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. 
 
 School for the Deaf and the Blind, liomney. Founded. 1870. 
 Capacity, 85 blind. Valuation of plant, $350,000. Annual state appro- 
 priation. $65,000 for current support (both departments). Ten 
 thousand dollars for betterments. School owns 150 acres of land, 4 
 of which are used for athletics. There is a gymnasium in the basement 
 of the school building. For requirements for admission, course ; term 
 and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction of this section. Super- 
 intendent, Parley De Berry. 
 
 Library for the Blind, Romney, School for the Blind. One thou- 
 sand, five hundred volumes. Books are circulated throughout the 
 state. 
 
 WYOMING. 
 
 The education of blind youth is provided at state expense by send- 
 ing pupils to schools for the blind in neighboring states. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 School for ih< Blind, Janesville. Founded, 1849. Capacity, 150. 
 Valuation of plant, $300,000. Annual state appropriation, operation, 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 101 
 
 $50,000; repairs and maintenance,, $10,000; new buildings, $15,000. 
 The school owns 65 acres of land, 5 of which are available for athletics. 
 There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term 
 and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Su- 
 perintendent, J. T. Hooper. 
 
 Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing in the Public Schools of 
 Milwaukee. Classes for blind children were opened in November, 1907. 
 There are four centers for children in the various grades, and three 
 high schools that admit pupils. The enrollment is 57. The youngest 
 pupil, 5 years old, attends the kindergarten, and the oldest, 20 years, is 
 studying in high school. For details of the public school method of 
 educating the blind, see the Introduction to this section. Teacher in 
 charge, Miss Carrie B. Levy. 
 
 Co-education of the Wind and the Seeing, in the Public Schools of 
 Racine. One center was opened in February, 1909. Enrollment, 6. 
 The youngest pupil is 12, and the oldest 14. Details of this method of 
 instruction will be found in the Introduction to this section. Teacher 
 in charge, Catherine M. Light. 
 
 Workshop for the Blind. Milwaukee. Established, 1903. Number 
 of blind employees, 35. They occupy rented quarters. Annual state 
 appropriation, $8,455 for operation of the workshop, rent, power, light, 
 salary of superintendent, and instructors; $600 annually for purchase 
 of machinery and equipment, furniture, furnishings, and other per- 
 manent improvements. Allowance for labor to blind workmen in 
 1915 was $11,706.31, representing profit above the cost of material. 
 All men are paid by piece work. Indigent blind are allowed the dif- 
 ference between their earnings and their board and lodging while 
 learning a trade ; the allowance not to exceed $75.00 in any one case. 
 Superintendent, Oscar Kustermann. 
 
 P< usions far the Blind. The sum of $25.00 is paid quarterly to blind 
 males over 21 and females over 18 years of age, and not inmates of 
 any institution and having an income of less than $250.00 per annum. 
 Applicant must have been a resident of the state for 10 years and 
 county three years. Payment of this relief is at the discretion of the 
 County Board. The law has been in operation since 1907. 
 
 Wisconsin Association for the Blind. Incorporated, May, 1912. 
 Its purpose is to "promote the interests of the blind and to secure suf- 
 ficient legislation towards prevention of blindness." It is supported 
 by membership fees. In addition to the charter members any person 
 may become a member by paying the annual dues. Headquarters are 
 located at the place of business of the secretary. Secretary. Carrie 
 B. Levy, Board of Education, Milwaukee. 
 
102 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Janesville, School for the Blind. Six thou- 
 sand two hundred and eighty-five volumes ; 519 titles. The books are 
 circulated throughout the United States. 
 
 Milwaukee, Public Library. Three hundred and fifty volumes ; 254 
 titles. Books are circulated in Milwaukee. 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Halifax School for the Blind. Founded, 1867. Opened, 1871. 
 Capacity, 150. Valuation of plant, $160,000. Supported by annual 
 Government grant of $5,000, and income from endowments. The 
 grounds contain four acres, two of which are available for recreational 
 purposes. There are two gymnasia. 
 
 This School is a monument to the ability and devotion of a blind 
 man who has been superintendent of the institution since it was estab- 
 lished. In addition to the usual industries referred to in the Intro- 
 duction to this section the girls are given a course in shampooing. 
 Aside from the fact that this fits each girl to take the best personal 
 care of herself, it frequently happens that it becomes a source of in- 
 come after she returns to her home. While it is doubtless a fact that 
 many of the schools on this continent have admirable mottoes, our 
 most northeasterly outpost has one that might well be hung in every 
 school for the blind, and it should certainly be adopted by those who 
 want to help the sightless. It is, "Opportunity, Occupation, Optimism." 
 The superintendent, Sir Frederick Fraser, has won for himself such 
 recognition in the community as a valuable citizen that he had 
 the unique distinction of being called to the bar of the legislature and 
 publicly thanked forhis services. A similar event had not taken place 
 in the province for 84 years. In June, 1915, this splendid leader of 
 the blind was still further honored, having been knighted by King 
 George. It is noteworthy that the only two men working for the 
 benefit of the blind who have received such an honor at the hands of 
 the British sovereign are both blind, and both have virtually created 
 the schools over which they presided for 40 years. It is remarkable, 
 also, that they began their respective schools within 12 months of each 
 other. The first (to whom we have referred) is Sir Frederick Fraser. 
 of the School in Halifax, and the other is Sir Francis Campbell, of 
 the Royal Normal College for the Blind, London, England. 
 
 Home Teaching Society for the Blind. Headquarters at School for 
 the Blind, Halifax, N. S. 
 
 Maritime Association for the Blind. Founded, 1908. The organi- 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 103 
 
 zation is maintained by subscriptions, and income from endowments. 
 There is an annual fee of $1.00. It is the purpose of the organization 
 to care for graduates and procure ready employment for them. Head- 
 quarters at Halifax School for the Blind. President, S. R. Hussey, 
 School for the Blind, Halifax, N. S. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Halifax, Circulating Library for the Blind. 
 Five hundred volumes, 350 titles. The books are circulated throughout 
 Canada and Newfoundland. 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 School for the Blind, Sherbrook St., West., Notre Dame de Grace. 
 Founded, 1912. Capacity, 40. Valuation of plant, $100,000. Sup- 
 ported by voluntary contributions. The school owns 10 acres of land, 
 5 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For 
 requirements for admission, course, terms, and purpose of instruction, 
 see Introduction to this section. Director, P. E. Layton. 
 
 Montreal Association for the Blind. Founded, 1908. Supported by 
 voluntary contributions. A broom shop, giving employment to 14 
 men, is operated. Valuation of broom shop building, $35,000. The 
 Association for the Blind is entirely responsible for the ■ raising of 
 funds and founding of the school for the blind. At the present time 
 the school for the blind youtli and the workshop are located on the 
 same lot of land. The president of the association 4 is Lt. Col. E. B. 
 Busteed. Honorary Treasurer, Philip E. Layton; Honorary Secre- 
 tary, Mrs. Philip E. Layton. 
 
 The Nazareth Asylum, 95 St. Catherine St., W., Montreal. A 
 French Catholic institution. A school and home. One hundred French 
 blind in the institution. Supported by a government grant and private 
 funds. 
 
 The Mackay Institute for the Deaf and the Blind, 221 Boulevard De 
 Carie, Montreal. Began taking pupils in 1876. This is a protestant 
 institution for English-speaking deaf and blind. Supported by a gov- 
 ernment grant and private subscriptions. At present there are only 
 six blind children at the Mackay Institute. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Montreal, School for the Blind. Six hun- 
 dred volumes. Books loaned to the blind of the province of Quebec. 
 
 ONTARIO. 
 
 School for the Blind, Brantford. Founded, 1872. Capacity, 150. 
 Valuation of plant, $400,000. Annual cost to Provincial Government, 
 $47,749.66. The school grounds comprise 104 acres, of which about 
 half is cultivated, the remainder being lawn and shrubbery. Ten 
 
104 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 acres are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For re- 
 quirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, 
 see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, H. F. Gardiner. 
 
 Libraries for the Blind. Brantford, School for the Blind. Two 
 thousand volumes for circulation among the blind throughout the 
 province. The books used in the Ontario public schools are printed 
 in New York Point at the Brantford School for the use of the pupils, 
 also hymn and song books and music for piano and organ. It is very 
 interesting to note that Superintendent Gardiner has worked out a 
 practical set of instructions to enable relatives or friends (without 
 preliminary study, training, or instruction) to te.ach the blind at their 
 homes to read New York Point. The sheets are printed in ink-print 
 and in New York Point, and Mr. Gardiner is pleased to supply appli- 
 cants without charge no matter in what country they may live. The 
 system is particularly useful to men and women who lose their sight 
 when too old to attend school. 
 
 Library for the Blind. Toronto, Canadian Free Library for the 
 Blind. Four thousand two hundred and fifty-seven volumes; 1280 
 titles; 1500 musical selections. Books are circulated free throughout 
 Canada, and loaned occasionally to readers in the United States. The 
 library is supported partly by grants from several provincial govern- 
 ments but mainly by private contributions. 
 
 NATIONAL WORK FOR THE BLIND IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 American Association of Instructors of the Blind. On August 16, 
 1853, delegates from fourteen different institutions, representing as 
 many states, met in accordance with previous arrangements at the 
 New York Institution, and effected the organization of the body which 
 has since been so potent a factor in advancing the interests of the 
 blind. This was a notable event. It was the first meeting of the 
 kind ever held on the American continent. It was presided over by 
 Dr. Samuel G. Howe. The immediate object of this meeting was to 
 discuss the propriety of petitioning Congress to grant a subsidy for 
 a permanent printing fund for the use of the blind, and although 
 other questions were considered, they seem of small importance 
 in comparison with this. The agitation on this subject lie- 
 gun then did not cease until March, 1879, when an act was 
 passed by the Congress of the United States setting apart, as a 
 perpetual fund, $250,000, the interest of which is annually used 
 in providing books and apparatus suitable for instructing the blind. 
 This result alone justifies the existence of the association. Consider 
 for a moment, what was involved therein. It was the first recognition 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 105 
 
 by the general government that the blind had any rights which de- 
 served its respect. It had made provision by grants of land to further 
 the education of seeing children, it had aided the deaf and dumb, it 
 had considered the Indian and the Negro, and it had not refused to 
 allow the alien participation in these privileges; but until this act 
 passed the children who live in continuous night had been neglected 
 and ignored. It was a triumph of human rights, and it germinated in 
 the first meeting of the association. 
 
 The second convention was not held until August, 1871. It met 
 at the Indiana Institution in Indianapolis, pursuant to a circular 
 issued by W. H. Churchman, superintendent, in which the immediate 
 object of the meeting was declared to be the adoption of a uniform 
 system of printing; for the blind. This convention approved the books 
 printed in the modified Roman lower case type, known as the Boston 
 letter, and also those printed in the combined system of the capital 
 and angular lower case letter. At the same time it was resolved that 
 the New York horizontal point alphabet, as arranged by Mr. Wait, 
 should be taught in all institutions for the blind. This was the begin- 
 ning of the agitation with reference to point print. There were also 
 discussions on the capacity of the blind to engage in commercial 
 and domestic pursuits, concerning the teaching of more manual arts 
 in the schools, with reference to the education of the deaf and dumb 
 and the blind in the same institution, and regarding musical educa- 
 tion, besides other minor questions. 
 
 Since 1871 the American Association of Instructors of the Blind 
 have met nearly every other year at various institutions throughout 
 the country. When the United* States Government set aside funds 
 for the production of books for the education of blind children, the 
 superintendents of schools were practically made an advisory commit- 
 tee of the American Printing House for the Blind, and this fact gave 
 a real reason for the actual coming together of the superintendents. 
 While the type question has been a fertile source of discussion from 
 the very foundation of this organization, helpful papers have been 
 presented upon all phases of work for and by the blind. Secretary, 
 George D. Eaton, superintendent, School for the Blind, Vinton, Iowa. 
 
 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF WORKERS FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 In the spring of 1895 some graduates of the Missouri School for 
 the Blind sent invitations to a number of persons believed to be inter- 
 ested in securing permanent provision for the higher education of 
 the blind, and a meeting was held in St. Louis in September of that 
 year which resulted in an organization entitled the Missouri National 
 
106 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 College Association, the purpose of which was to secure from the 
 Federal Government an appropriation to establish a college for the 
 blind. The second convention was held in 1896, again in St. Louis, and 
 the special college idea was found to be unpopular and was abandoned. 
 The local organization was then placed upon a national basis, and the 
 name changed to The American Blind Peoples' Higher Education 
 and General Improvement Association. 
 
 Other meetings were held from year to year and gradually this 
 organization interested itself in all phases of work for the blind. At 
 the eighth convention, which met at the Michigan Employment Insti- 
 tution for the Blind in 1905, a revised constitution was adopted and 
 the name changed to The American Association of Workers for the 
 Blind and, by receiving most of the workers present into member- 
 ship, one of the ideals of the early promoters was realized — a perfect 
 union of the blind and those actively engaged in work for the blind. 
 From that time to the present meetings of this Association have been 
 held during the odd years so that there would be no conflict with the 
 meetings of the A. A. I. B. which holds its meetings during the even 
 years. The A. A. W. B., like that of the older organization, soon 
 became interested in the difficult type question and appointed a com- 
 mittee of blind men and women which has been known as the ' ' Uniform 
 Type Committee" which has worked for ten years upon this compli- 
 cated subject. 
 
 The A. A. "W. B., like the A. A. I. B., has held discussions relative 
 to all phases of work for the blind. The only difference between 
 the two organizations is that the older association confines its mem- 
 bership to those concerned with the education of blind youth, while 
 the A. A. W. B. includes not only these but all others who are inter- 
 ested in any work for the blind. It may be said that the greatest 
 work accomplished by the younger society is that it has brought about 
 a better understanding between the blind and all workers for the 
 blind. Secretary. Charles F. F. Campbell, superintendent, School for 
 the Blind, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 UNIFORM TYPE COMMISSION 
 
 In 1915 the A. A. I. B. and the A. A. W. B. (just referred to) held 
 their conferences in California. The final report of the Uniform Type 
 Committee, of the A. A. W. B., was presented and accepted. This 
 report recommended, among other things, the establishment of a Uni- 
 form Type Commission which should represent both organizations 
 and have the power to confer with a similar commission in England. 
 This Commission was composed of a representative from each organiza- 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 107 
 
 tion and a third chosen by these two, together with the presidents of 
 both organizations as members ex-officio and one honorary member. 
 This Commission presented its report at the 1916 convention of the 
 American Association of Instructors of the Blind and the following 
 resolutions were adopted : 
 
 Fi rs t — That the American Association of Instructors of the Blind 
 in convention assembled adopt officially and urge upon the blind of 
 America and those interested in the work for the blind to adopt indi- 
 vidually and officially "Revised Braille," Grades I and II, as now 
 authorized in Great Britain, Provided however, that the duly au- 
 thorized English Committee on Uniform Type come to a full agree- 
 ment with our American Commission on Uniform Type for the Blind 
 concerning such modifications in "Revised Braille" as have been 
 proposed by the American Commission or as may be proposed by 
 either the American Commission on Uniform Type or the English 
 Committee on Uniform Type. 
 
 Second — That the Commission on Uniform Type be continued and 
 that it be expanded to include representatives of residential schools, 
 public schools having classes for the blind, home teachers, embossed 
 printing presses and libraries for the blind, these representatives to 
 he named by the President of the American Association of Instructors 
 of the Blind after due consultation witli the President of the American 
 Association of Workers for the Blind. Executive Secretary, H. Ran- 
 dolph Latimer, 222:} North Charles Street, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 AMERICAN PRINTING HOUSE FOR THE BLIND. LOUISVILLE, KY. 
 
 Established, 1858, by an act of the general assembly of Kentucky. 
 At first, its resources were derived from a concession of the state of 
 Kentucky of $5.00 a year for each blind person in the state. In 1879 
 the U. S. Government set aside a fund providing an annual subsidy 
 for this National printing house of $10,000. The books produced 
 from this national grant are divided upon a per capita basis to all 
 of the schools throughout the country. In 1883 a fund of $40,000 had 
 accumulated from the state of Kentucky with which a building Avas 
 erected. Unfortunately the national subsidy has not been increased 
 to keep pace with the increase in the blind population of the country, 
 and, at the present time, a much larger fund could profitably be used. 
 Superintendent, B. B. Huntoon. See, also. Alphabets and literature 
 for the blind. 
 
 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, READING ROOM FOR THE BLIND. 
 
 In 1897 there was opened in the Library of Congress a "Room for 
 the Blind." This room serves as a repository for books used by the 
 
108 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 blind and for a collection of the apparatus employed by the blind to 
 gain an education, and many articles made by the blind. The blind 
 of the District of Columbia come to this room not only to secure books 
 but also to attend occasional entertainments given for their benefit 
 by artists who are visiting or living in Washington. One of the most 
 valuable features of this room is that it brings to the attention of 
 thousands of sightseers, who annually pass through Washington, the 
 knowledge that good work is being done for the blind throughout the 
 country. It frequently happens that a visitor from a distance has 
 derived his first impulse to help in work for the blind of his home 
 state because of the things he saw made for and by the blind at the 
 Library of Congress. 
 
 There are today about 4,000 volumes in all the various systems of 
 types available at the library. So far as its collection permits, books 
 are loaned to those outside of the District of Columbia if borrowers 
 are unable to secure the books they desire in their own locality or in 
 a neighboring state. An ink-print catalog will be sent free upon ap- 
 plication. Librarian-in-charge, Mrs. Gertrude T. Rider. 
 
 NATIONAL LIBRARY FOR THE BLIND, 1729 H ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Founded, 1913. Supported by voluntary contributions. As the 
 name implies, this institution is a library, though an effort is being 
 made to produce books and to a limited extent this is being done as 
 a result of blind labor. Books are published in English Braille. There 
 are 1074 volumes and 511 titles available. Books may be circulated 
 throughout the United States. Ink-print catalogs are furnished free 
 and the same in English Braille are sold for ten cents each. Librarian, 
 Miss Etta Josslyn Giffen. 
 
 AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION* — COMMITTEE ON WORK WITH THE BLIND. 
 
 Appointed to report progress in library facilities for the blind and 
 recommend advance. Chairman, Mrs. Gertrude T. Rider, Library of 
 Congress, Washington, D. C. 
 
 AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION — SUB-COMMITTEE ON CONSERVATION OF 
 VISION OF COMMITTEE ON HEALTH AND PIBLIC EDUCATION. 
 
 Organized. 1907. Publishes pamphlets by members of the medical 
 profession on conservation of vision, conducts lecture campaigns and 
 promotes legislation. Chairman, Dr. Prank Allport, 7 Madison Ave., 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 109 
 
 NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR THE PREVENTION OF BLINDNESS, 130 EAST 
 
 22nd street, new york city. 
 
 Established. January 1, 1915. Supported by voluntary contribu- 
 tions. This committee is the result of the merger of the American 
 Association of Conservation of Vision with the New York State Com- 
 mittee for the Prevention of Blindness. It carries on active propo- 
 ganda for prevention of blindness and conservation of vision, its pur- 
 poses being: 
 
 1. To endeavor to ascertain, through study and investigation, any 
 causes, direct or indirect, which may result in blindness or impaired 
 vision. 2. To advocate measures which shall lead to the elimination 
 of such causes. 3. To disseminate knowledge concerning all matters 
 pertaining to the care and use of the eyes. At the present time the 
 Committee publishes a News Letter giving information of the move- 
 ment; maintains a loan collection of lantern slides for illustrated lec- 
 tures; provides lecturers, and publishes literature on the several sub- 
 jects connected with its work. Managing Director. Edward M. Van 
 Cleve. 
 
 THE SOCIETY FOR PROVIDING EVANGELICAL RELIGIOUS LITERATURE FOR THE 
 BLIND. 39 WEST 32ND STREET, NEW ViiliK, N. Y. 
 
 Incorporated. 1879. To provide religious literature in embossed 
 form for the Mind. Supported by voluntary contributions. Provides 
 the International Sunday School Lessons and non-denominational lit- 
 erature for the blind boys and girls, teachers and pastors. President, 
 Rev. Robert Johnston, D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 XAVIER FREK PUBLICATION SOCIETY FOR THE BLIND, 59 EAST 83RD 
 STREET, NEW YORK CITY. 
 
 Incorporated, 1904. Disseminates Catholic literature among the 
 blind of the United States, and furnishes to all libraries for the blind, 
 copies of its publications in New York Point and in Braille. Pub- 
 lishes also the Catholic Transcript for the Blind, in New York Point, 
 and the Catholic Rt vu W for the Blind, in Braille— both monthly maga- 
 zines. Director, Rev. Joseph M. Stadelman, S. J. 
 
 PERIODICALS FOR THE BLIND AND THEIR FRIENDS. 
 
 American Braille. 
 
 Canada's Premier Magazine; for the circulation throughout the 
 Dominion, published by the Dominion Tactile Press, 275 Delaware 
 Ave., Toronto, Canada. 
 
HO INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 
 
 Catholic Review; monthly, published by the Xavier Free Publica- 
 tion Society for the Blind, 824 Oakdale Ave., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Christian Record; monthly, published free by the Christian Record 
 Publishing Co., College View, Nebraska. 
 
 Church Items; monthly, except July and August, published by 
 Miss S. B. Herreshoff, Bristol, R. I. 
 
 Gospel Trumpet; monthly, published by the Gospel Trumpet Co., 
 Anderson, Ind. ; transcribed from the ink-print. Subscription price, 
 $1.50. 
 
 Illuminator; quarterly, published free by the Holmes-Schenley 
 Literary Society of the Pittsburgh School for the Blind, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Matilda Ziegler Magazin* for the Blind; monthly, published free 
 by The Ziegler Publishing Co., 250 West 54th St., New York City. 
 Walter G. Holmes, President and Manager. 
 
 This magazine is published monthly in raised type for the blind 
 by the Matilda Ziegler Publishing Company. It is printed in both 
 New York Point and American Braille and is sent free to the blind 
 of the United States and Canada. It contains current news items and 
 fiction. The magazine was founded in 1907 by Mrs. Matilda Ziegler, 
 of New York, who maintains it at a cost of over $20,000 a year. Dur- 
 ing this century no single effort in behalf of the blind has brought 
 so much happiness to those who spend their lives in darkness. See, 
 also. Alphabets and literature for the blind. 
 
 Michigan Herald; monthly, except July and August, published by 
 the Michigan School for the Blind, Lansing, Mich. Subscription 
 price, 25 cents. 
 
 Music Survey; monthly, published by the Novel Music Embossing 
 Co., Jacksonville, 111. Subscription price, $2.00. 
 
 Searchlight; published free by the New York Association for the 
 Blind, 111 East 59th St., New York City. 
 
 Weekly News; weekly, published by the Novel Music Embossing 
 Co., Jacksonville, 111. Subscription price, $3.00. 
 
 World of the Blind; monthly, published by the United Workers 
 for the Blind of Missouri, 2616 Gamble St., St. Louis, Mo. Subscrip- 
 tion price. $1.00. 
 
 Neiv York Point. 
 
 Catholic Transcript; monthly, published by the Xavier Free Pub- 
 lication Society, 59 E. 83rd St., New York City. 
 
 Christian Record; monthly, published free by the Christian Record 
 Publishing Co., College View, Nebraska. 
 
 Frc< Press; monthly, Janesville. Wis. 
 
INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 111 
 
 Lux Vera; monthly, published by Joseph Gockel, 834 36th St., Mil- 
 waukee, Wis. Subscription price, $1.50. 
 
 Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind; monthly, published free 
 by the Ziegler Publishing Co., 250 West 54th St., New York City. 
 (See item under American Braille.) 
 
 Music Survey; monthly, published by the Novel Music Embossing 
 Co., Jacksonville, 111. Subscription price, $2.00. 
 
 Sunday School Quarterly; published by the Society for Providing 
 Evangelical Religious Literature for the Blind, 39 West 32nd St., New 
 York City. Subscription price, $1.00. 
 
 Weekly News; weekly, published by the Novel Music Embossing 
 Co., Jacksonville, 111. Subscription price. $3.00. 
 
 Weekly Review; weekly, published by Joseph Gockel, 834 36th St., 
 Milwaukee, Wis. Subscription price, $2.50. 
 
 Ink Print. 
 
 The Cincinnati (ilooc ; weekly, published by Frank Maciewski, 414 
 Greenwood Bldg., Cincinnati, O. Subscription price, $1.00. 
 
 Outlook for the Blind; quarterly, published in Columbus, Ohio; 
 edited by Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. F. Campbell. Subscription price, 
 $1.00 a year. Founded in 1S07 by Charles F. F. Campbell, with the 
 support of the Massachusetts Association for the Blind. Later, the 
 American Association of Workers for the Blind and the American 
 Association of Instructors of the Blind made the magazine their of- 
 ficial publication, and each association appoints two representatives 
 on the editorial staff, but they do not finance the periodical. There 
 is an advisory board made up of representatives from practically 
 every organization working in the interests of the blind in America. 
 A complete file of this publication from 1907 to date gives latest in-, 
 formation about work for the blind throughout the English-speaking 
 world. Address: "Outlook for the Blind," Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 Voices from Darkland; quarterly, published by the Columbus Poly- 
 technic Institute for the Blind, Washington, D. C. Subscription 
 price, 50 cents. 
 
 World of the Blind; monthly, published by the United Workers for 
 the Blind of Missouri, 2616 Gamble St., St. Louis, Mo. Subscription 
 price, $1.00. 
 
 Many schools for the deaf carry on printing departments and pub- 
 lish school papers. When a school for the blind is a part of a joint in- 
 stitution for the blind and the deaf, items of information about the 
 work of the blind in these school periodicals are printed. We do 
 not give a list of these school newspapers as they confine themselves 
 almost exclusively to local matters. — (C. F. F. C.) 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 BERKELEY 
 
 Return to desk from which borrowed. 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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