INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND IN AMERICA A Directory of the Work for the Blind in the United States and Canada COMPILED IN 1916 BY ■ Charles F. F. and Mary D. Campbell Reprinted from The American Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology Volume IX - 5 Z 9 s- - -C — X ~ y :* INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND IN AMERICA A directory of the work for the Blind in the United States and Canada Compiled in 1916 by CHARLES F. F. AND MARY D. CAMPBELL Kditors: "Outlook for the Blind" ILLUSTRATED Reprinted from the AMERICAN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OPHTHALMOLOGY VOLUME IX. t INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND IN AMERICA Probably every ophthalmologist has, at some time or other, been asked where and how a blind person can be schooled or otherwise armed for the battle of life. In the following survey, we have en- deavored to make it possible for an inquirer in any one of the United States, or provinces of Canada, by referring to this section of the Encyclopedia, to find just what are the resources for the blind in his own locality. We have deliberately refrained from lengthy statements with regard to the education and training of the blind on this continent in the belief that the accompanying series of illustrations with their captions will be more effective than many words. It will be observed, starting with the care of infants, as exemplified in a nursery for blind babies and ending with assistance for adults, that we show with these pictures practically every phase of work for and by tin- blind in America. The illustrations arc typical of the best work in the country. By referring to the sub-sections dealing with one's own state or province there will be found the agencies in that locality available for the blind. If there is no institution or organization in a particular commonwealth applicable to the particular needs of the person in whom one may be interested, apply to the superintendent of the existing institution. He will he glad to direct the applicant to the nearest source of help. Historical sketch. In the United States the first attempt to be of service to the blind was made in behalf of the education of blind children, as few of the handicapped make a stronger appeal than the blind child. The first schools were started in the eastern states; Boston. New York, and Philadelphia opening them in the early thirties. It matters little which of these institutions actually began teaching blind children first. Suffice it to say that by 1835 the work was well under way in each of these cities, and. as so frerpiently the custom with pioneer work of an educational and philanthropic nature, the main- tenance of these institutions was secured from public-spirited indi- viduals. It was not long, however, before appeals were made to the legislatures, and state aid was soon forthcoming for the education of blind children, not only in the three above mentioned cities, but in other parts of the country. The dates of the founding of the various schools are given as the facts about each institution are recorded. 5 373953 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Almost ;ill those win) began working for blind children sooner or later were confronted with the problem of Mind adults; not only children who grew up into adults, but also those who lost their sight later in life. Vrvx naturally those who were responsible for the man- agemenl of early institutions for the education of the blind youth, felt it incumbenl upon them to do what they could for Mind adults, with the result thai in most of the earlier schools for the blind in the United States small workshops or departments were maintained for the instruction ami employmenl of blind men and women. It was soon recognized by educators of the blind that it was unwise to have adults mingle with children, so thai gradually the department tor adults was separated from the rest of the institution, ami almost all of the state schools for the blind were devoted principally to the education of blind youth. Strange as il may seem, no general movemenl swept over the country during the nineteenth century for the training and care of the adult blind, such as manifested itself for the education of blind children. There were, however, notable exceptions in several states of which mention ought to be made. Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, who is recog nized by all as the pioneer worker for the blind in America, established a workshop for blind adults in 1848. which was in reality an off-shoot from the older educational institution for blind children. This shop, in which mattress-making and chair-caning are the principal industries, is still in existence. The Xew York City ami .Maryland schools for the blind spent con- siderable money in efforts to operate industrial establishments for blind adults, and the Maryland school shop, continued to the present day. has become the .Maryland Workshop for the Blind. The depart- ment for adults of the Xew York Institute was not continued, but in 1869 the Society for the Relief of the Destitute Blind of Xew York City opened a home which is now located at 104th Street and Amster- dam Avenue. In 1868 and 1874 respectively, a working home for blind women and a working home for blind men were established in Philadelphia. While these institutions were not the direct outgrowth of departments of the Philadelphia School for the Blind, the manage- ineiit of the school was very much interested in having practical work undertaken for the adult blind. The tirst home teaching society to be established in America was founded in Philadelphia by Dr. Moon, the creator of the Moon alphabet (See p. 259, Vol. T. of this Encyclopedia.) for the blind, and was conducted along the general lines pursued by the English Home Teaching Societies. The Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society did INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND not expand to any greal extent during the first years of its existence, and confined most of its efforts to Philadelphia. In 1892 a movement was set on foot in Connecticut which resulted in the establishment of the Institute for the Blind of that state, and started a wave of interest in adults that soon reached Massachusetts, where instruction for blind adults in their homes was first provided at state expense in 1900. With the opening of the twentieth century, we find the beginning of an ever increasing effort to provide adequately for the care of the adult blind. In 1903 the first of many associations for the blind was started in Massachusetts. It was also in 1903 that the legislatures of both Massachusetts and New York appointed temporary commissions, which were directed to investigate the condition and needs of the blind in their respective states. In 1906, the temporary commission of Massachusetts was followed by the appointment of the first permanent State Commission for the Blind in the United States. Almosl every year since has witnessed in one or more states the beginning of some kind of state supported work for blind adults, and also for the pre- vention of blindness. Even before this section is printed new activities for the blind will undoubtedly be undertaken in different parts of the country. Infor- mation about these more recent endeavors can be found in the Outlook for the Blind, published in Columbus, Ohio, the official organ of the American Association of Instructors of the Blind and the American Association of Workers for the Blind, the two national organizations of this country devoted to the interests of the blind. With the exception of a few of the oldes eastern schools for the blind, every institution for the education of blind children is sup- ported at public expense. Even the schools which have private endow- ments receive more or less state aid. The requirements for admission. the course and term of instruction and the general plan of work in every school for the blind in the United States are so similar that, instead of repeating the same item under each school, we give an outline of the work in a typical school for the blind. When referring to the individual institutions, we call attention to special features in which they differ from this "typical school." As with residential schools, so with the training of blind children in the public schools ; the plan is exactly the same in all of the cities in which blind children attend public schools. We, therefore, give a brief sketch of the method followed for training such children, and, as above indicated, will not repeat this statement for the various cities in which such work is being done. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 9 Commissions, associations, libraries, and pensions for the blind likewise have fundamental underlying principles which are common to all of them, and we give what might be termed the objects of these in the following general statement. See. in this connection, the various Blind as well as Blindness captions beginning with p. 116, Vol. II, of this Encyclopedia; also Alphabets and literature for the blind, p. 249, Vol. I. RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS FOR THE BLIND. These schools arc, generally speaking, open to all blind children of the state who are mentally normal and are at least live years of age. and not over twenty. There is some slight variation in these age limits, hut the precise requirements of each institution will be furnished upon application. The vision of applicants must be too defective to permit them to follow the usual methods adopted in public schools for the education of those who see. The course of instruction is very similar to that given in the public schools. Tt should be noted, however, that inasmuch as considerable additional time has to be devoted to either professional or trade training during the closing years of the student's term, the upper grades in some of the schools do not entirely approximate similar grades in the public schools. Every school for the blind has a more or less full course in musical education for those who are qualified to benefit by the same. Vocal, pianoforte, and, in many schools, organ instruction is provided, and. in a limited number. training is given upon orchestral instruments, and sometimes there is a voluntary hand. Every school gives a course in piano-tuning and repairing, and many schools have recently purchased the "actions" of various piano players so thai prospective tuners may have experience with this increasingly popular instrument. Practically every school gives training in various trades, those most usually found being broom, basket, and mattress making, rag carpet and art fabric weaving, and re-seating of chairs. Girls are all taught hand and machine sewing, crocheting and knitting, and in most schools are given a more or less extensive course in domestic science. In all the schools physical train- ing is given. A number of schools have removed from crowded city premises to sites in the country where ample playgrounds are provided. We are unable to give any satisfactory average number of years that pupils attend state schools. Students are usually allowed to remain as long as the school is able to give them any real help. It cannot be too emphatically emphasized that these institutions are not "Homes" or "Asylums" to which blind children can be sent for permanent custodial care, but hoarding schools for those who have 12 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND been so unfortunate as to lose their sight. Every child leaves the school during the long summer vacation. It should also be men- tioned thai parents or guardians have to provide clothing for the children dining their education. The aim of every school for the blind in this country is to fit the students for life, that they may become wholly, or in part, Belf-supporting, and take their places in the com- munity as respected and self respecting citizens. There are a few states which have not, as yet, schools of their own; they make appro- priations so that their blind children can he sent to schools in neigh- boring states. So general is this provision that every normal blind child in North America can secure, free of expense, an excellent edu- cation and 1 raining. No other country in the world makes such liberal provision for the education of its blind youth, mostly at the expense of the state. Alunrni associations. Most schools for the blind have alumni asso- ciations which meet more or less frequently. Some of the organizations have been very active and have played a prominent part in fostering progressive movements in behalf of the blind, not only for graduates of the institutions they represented, but also for men and women blinded in adult life. CO-EDUCATION OK THE BLIND, THE SEMI-BLIND, AND THE SEEING IN- PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Tlie first attempt in America to educate blind children side by side with those who see was made in Chicago. This method of educating the blind had been begun more than half a century ago in Paisley, Scotland, and in London, England. In passing, however, it should be mentioned that the plan in England later resolved itself into what might be termed "day school centers" for blind children, to which the pupils were brought from their surrounding homes day by day but were not placed in classes with their seeing companions, as is the characteristic feature 'of the present American plan. The Chicago or, as it is more generally known, "the day school plan." is as follows: A group of children, usually not more than ten, come to one of the public schools in the neighborhood of their homes. This group of bl i ml children is assigned to a special teacher, and to a special room. The children may lie of all ages, and therefore of various grades in scholarship. The first duty of the instructor is to train the pupils to make use of the devices used by the blind to enable them to interpret with their fingers the text-books used by the seeing. As soon as a blind child is able to use these devices with sufficient accuracy and speed, he then goes into the class-room of seeing children INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 13 of about the same age, and takes part with his seeing companions in the regular school work. If the class happens to be reading, the blind child produces his raised type copy of the book used by his seeing companions and takes his turn in the same way as does his sighted classmate. The younger blind children write their compositions in raised dots. These are later transcribed by the special teacher and passed on to the grade teacher for correction with the papers prepared by the seeing children. Older blind children prepare their work on the typewriter and hand it to the teacher of the grade room in which they are enrolled. It will be recognized immediately that this method of education is only available in cities where there are at least ten or more blind children. As the population of this country is very scattered, there always will be' a need for a centrally located residential state insti- tution. Furthermore, "the day school plan" has been in operation too short a time for one to make any general assertion as to its ultimate or comparative success or failure. The points in its favor are economy, normal home life and association and immediate and constant com- petition with the seeing. The greatest problem confronting those responsible for this method of education is how to provide for the student's professional or trade training. Progressive and broad- minded superintendents of residential schools for the blind do not look upon "the day school plan"' as a competitive method of educating the blind. 1ml rather as a plan which calls for the heartiest cooperation. By a well-balanced and practical working together of the supervisors of blind children in both residential and day schools the best results can unquestionably be secured. There is one development of the clay school work which should receive special mention. A number of cities, notably Boston, Cleve- land. Cincinnati. Toledo, and New York, have made special provision for children with defective eyesight who are not usually considered blind. These pupils have sufficient vision to enable them to do a limited amount of reading of ordinary print, but their defective sight handicaps them in attempting the work of the regular class-room. Special rooms having as nearly ideal lighting conditions as can be found have been set aside for these partially-blind children. The method of instruction followed makes a judicious use of what vision these pupils possess, but great care is exercised not to overtax their weak eyes. Much of the written work is done on the blackboard, though some pupils are permitted to use a soft pencil, writing in very large letters upon unglazed paper. Liberal use is also made of the typewriter. Text books in large print have been prepared for use 14 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND in these classes. The pupils attend the grade rooms in the building, for such work as they can do orally or in a way not to strain their eyes. In Cleveland, where this work lias been most thoroughly organized, no reasonable expenditure of i ey accessary to bring the work of these classes up to the highesl efficiency lias been spared. Here it has been found thai children needing the assistance of such special classes outnumber to a marked degree the children who are totally blind. COMMISSIONS FOR THE BLIND. Organizations committed to the interests of the blind, whether main- tained by state or private funds, follow the same genera] plan, and as we have given the fundamentals of a typical school for the blind, it seems desirable to indicate what activities are carried on by the organizations concerned with the welfare of the adult blind. These commissions tnighl be said to concern themselves with all the blind who lose their sight too late to he admitted to schools for blind youth, and also with the prevention of unnecessary blindness. The Massa- chusetts Commission, which may fairly lie said to be the forerunner 'of much of the work for the adult blind, summarize their activities as follows: J. Maintenance of bureau of information and advice. '2. Industrial training of blind adults. 3. Employment of blind men and women in shops and in their own homes; also through salesroom and special sales. 4. Fostering of home industries by loans, equipment. etc. 5. Reporting to other agencies for schooling, medical care, relief, recreation, etc. 6. Acquainting tin 1 public with the capabilities of the blind. 7. Promoting non-medical work for prevention of blindness and conservation of eyesight. In each state where work for the adnlt blind is being undertaken it will be found thai some, or all. of the before mentioned activities are being carried on. and in almost every instance some form of home instruction is being given. In conclusion, it should he said that all organizations for the adnlt blind, whether supported by state or by private funds, make a greal effort to solve the problem, as far as possible, of each individual blind person. The circumstances connected with each case are given the mosl careful consideration, and an effort is made to adjust thai person, in spife of his blindness, to a life of usefulness ami contentment. ASSOC! \TI(»\s FOB 'I'lli: BLIND. In a general way. il may be said that associations for the blind attempt to carry out a part, il' not all. of the program which is followed INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 15 by almost all Commissions for the Blind. Of course it will be under- stood that all State Commissions for the Blind are maintained at the expense of the state, whereas associations derive their income from philanthropic sources. Some of these associations have sufficiently large annual budgets to undertake almost all of the work of a Com- mission, but usually an association's activities are confined to a large city rather than to a state. Furthermore, tew of the associations have dour very much as yet relative to the prevention of blindness, except by arousing public interest in the necessity for such work and by securing legislation for more effective measures. It should be noted thai most of the Commissions for the Blind have tome into existence as a direct result of the activities of the associations for the blind. LIBRARIES I'"i; THE BLIND. Every school for the blind lias a Large collection of books in some form of tactile print, and in many of these institutions libraries are available to readers throughout their respective localities. In most states a city or stale library maintains a department for the blind, which is usually available to residents of the state. Details will be found under the respective stales. PENSIONS FOR 'I'm: BLIND. It is a remarkable fact that although monetary relief was accepted as a practical form of assisting the blind in England 200 years ago, no very serious effort was made in America to aid the blind in this manner until this century. Pensions in England are provided from funds raised through charitable sources, while in America there is very little assistance of this hind which is not appropriated from city or state funds. In 1875 the city of New York began giving a pension of $50 a year to its blind citizens, hut. so far as known, no other municipality has undertaken a similar method of assisting ds blind. In ISPS friends of the blind secured a modification of the Poor Laws of Ohio and a special section was inserted providing relief for the blind not to exceed $100 per annum. In 1904 a state "Pension Law for the Blind" was passed in Ohio, but was declared unconstitutional on the ground of "class legislation.*' In 1908 a bill was passed "For the Relief of the Needy Blind" with a maximum allowance of $150 per year, payable quarterly. Illinois passed a. similar law in 1903, but it was optional with the counties whether they would make any payments or not. and. until 1916. when the law became mandatory, little attention was paid to it. At the present time, the states of Illinois, Iowa, Ohio. Maine. New Hampshire and "Wisconsin, and the city of New York are providing outdoor relief for the blind. 5 o « Jr 3 ° 6 c o o - «.g 03 •=. 2 * T5 o 3 « ° — *^ +- 1 E-i"S o .5 o o JT 1 ' — ' a; V 2 J" 1 ^ iS«i«fl 5 * I -_ 4^ "~ 7" -*- 2 — Ph ? « ^ = - X tw O > o -> the oinin Inst: burb; fegft-3 - - > Over en ac The of a ed to r elev pear. heart .t ^ -z: — s s mov e cove ot ap m the 13 - > - o 2 "-J Cj o o fl §=^s oa bl — ri 05 - cj — T3 «*= ^ a A ? ^ ,; ^r 'Ah' jl ■ Jm*w * B B- ■ finl «jj Bk « B P A A^i I9B il 11% 3 W^-^r- B JBr^^'J^^ ■l| w ^ jjLrK ■ ct CD p P» r^. 2 bd X 3 - CD H X X s - ct p d /- p fS _P -: (- _, £- -r s X 2 po co a ~ ct p X pa i-j K cs CD c-H ;t a O B rt CD p^ n pt — Ct ~ -5 pt "£. a — ? ct X p - ■- ct — CD pt - w l-h ct P K CO pa -. a P ~ c = s. | p ~ Ms 2, 4 ce CD X pt X -■ =- - ct f8 X » — P -T . = n G DS 5 P rz _ c to p —■ H ct a P_ IS CD j =- . Z- — — £r c g - -1 p rt c+ rfe Tr- ee e+ H Cf O C CS 1 CD i-i Ha 22 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND for the State Superintendent of Public Instruction to employ a blind person to give instruction to the adult blind in their own homes. While this instruction is under the direction of the State Superin- tendent of Public J nst ruction, close cooperation with the Industrial Workshop and State School for the Blind is also maintained. Library for tin Blind. Colorado Springs. School for the Blind. 1,100 volumes. 584 titles. CONNECTICUT. shih Board of Education for tfa. /Hind. Connecticut has the unique distinction of being the only state in this country which attempts to care for the blind of all ages under one board of management. As the evolution of this effort is so different from that in other states, we are giving a somewhat fuller sketch of it. There are. however, three distinct and separate activities at work in this commonwealth — a nursery, school, and trade training department situated in different localities. The incident which led to organized work for the blind in Connecti- cut occurred in 18SS. when Mrs. Emily Wells Foster, in groping her way through a dark passage in a Hartford tenement-house, stumbled over a feeble, little blind Italian boy. On learning that the child was receiving no care or training, Mrs. Foster took him to her own home. where he remained for nearly a yea]-, and was then sent to the Kindergarten for the Blind in Boston. Mrs. Poster made some investigations into the condition of the blind in Connecticut, with the result that a large number of children were found who were being badly neglected. Up to thai time the state had provided for only twenty blind children who had been sent to schools for the blind in neighboring states, while for blind adults there existed no provision whatever. Mrs. Poster saw that legislation was required, ami she secured the cooperation of Frank E. Cleaveland, a blind lawyer, with the result that the General Assembly of 1893 passed an act creating a State Board of Education for the Blind, consisting of the governor and chief justice. , x officio, with two other members to be appointed by the governor. The Board was to take such measures as it found necessary to secure the object of its existence. Three hun- dred dollars a year were allowed for the instruction and training of all such blind persons as the Board allowed to become state pupils, ami a iretary was to be employed who should seek out all blind persons needing care or instruction. Before this legislation could be carried into effect, however, a nurs- ery was opened in November, 1893, in a small house in Hartford, where 24 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND half a dozen needy blind children were cared for until October, 1894, when a real kindergarten, numbering twenty pupils, was opened in a large house on Asylum Avenue in Eartford. In the meantime, Mr. Cleaveland had devoted himself to the care and industrial training of a number of blind men. for which purpose he gave the use of his own house until 1895, when the stale provided a building on Wethersfield Avenue for the "Connecticut [nstitute and Industrial Borne for the Blind." Ii also provided a new building in the rear of the kindergarten, one story of which was devoted to the temporary use of blind women until 1896, when their permanent quarters on Wethersfield Avenue were completed. The year 1897 was a memorable one in the history of the blind, for in that year a Little blind baby was brought to the Connecticut Kin- dergarten for the Blind where it was cordially received. We believe thai blind baity to have been the first one to whom any institution in ibis country, excepl the almshouse, had opened its doors. Applications for other babies soon followed, and philanthropists enabled the mana- gers to receive and care for a number of them, until, in 1905, the Hart- ford buildings being crowded, the babies, with their caretakers, were moved to a small bouse in Farmington. There they remained until 1910, when a large fine home in Farmington was provided for them by E. T. Stotesburg, a bountiful friend in Philadelphia. This work for blind babies can only be appreciated by those who have witnessed the deplorable consequences of neglecting; them. The Kindergarten on Asylum Avenue grew steadily and classes for older children were added. Besides the ordinary school branches, the children made rapid progress in vocal and instrumental music, and were able to enter advanced classes when sent to the Perkins Institu- tion in Boston. Sloyd, carpentry, sewing, knitting, crocheting, and chair-caning were also taught. Piano-tuning is now added to this list. Larger quarters were soon urgently needed and many friends con- tributed to the building fund, to which the state in 1909 added *:>0,000, and in .May. 1911, the school was moved to its present fine quarters, near Blue Hills Avenue. Eighteen acres of land surround the build- ings, seven acres of which are under cultivation for garden vegetables. A great part of the garden work is done by the boys, who enjoy it and find such out-of-door work a source of income on leaving school. There are now 46 pupils in the school. The excellent Trades department, under the direction of Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Colby, has 1 n much less fortunate than in the nursery and the school, inasmuch as it has for a long time been urgently in need of better quarters. A forty acre lot just south of the city has for INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 25 three years been waiting for the needed buildings. These the trus- tees are now hoping to see erected within a year, as the state has just given $60,000 to the institution for that purpose. The industries taught and carried on in this department are the making of brooms, mattresses, rugs, and baskets, chair-seating, sew- ing, crocheting, knitting, typewriting, and stenography. Farm work proves as practical for the men as for the boys. There are today 42 blind, or partially blind, persons in the Trades department. It will be seen, from what has been said, that the Connecticut Insti- tute for the Blind is peculiarly comprehensive in its work, inasmuch as it aids the blind of all ages to make the most of their lives. Superintendent, Nursery tor Blind Babies. Miss Lillian Russell. Superintendent, School Department, G. II. Marshall. Superintendent, Trades Department, R. E. Colby. Library for the Blind. Hartford. School Department Institute for the Blind. DELAWARE. Commission for tJu Blind,Z05-l West 8th St.. Wilmington. In 1909 the Delaware Legislature created a Commission for the blind, the chief function of which is to assist the adult blind. The work of the Com- mission is divided into home instruction, carried on by means of home teachers, and industrial training and employment given in a work- shop for the blind where rugs, brooms, and baskets are made, chairs are re-seated, and orders for piano-tuning are solicited. About 25 individuals receive direcl assistance from the shop. The articles made by the blind both at home and in this shop are sold at the store located in the Commission's headquarters. The blind children capable of bene- fiting by training are sent to schools for the blind in the neighboring states. Secretary, C. B. Van Trump. Library for thi Blind. Wilmington Institute. Free Library. 772 volumes, 415 titles. An ink print catalog is provided without charge for residents of the state to whom books are circulated. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Aid Association for the Blind, 3050 R Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Organized in 1897. This institution has a capacity of thirty men and women ; the valuation of its plant is $50,000, and it is sup- ported entirely -by voluntary contributions and income from endow- ment. Contrary to what might be gathered from the title of this or- ganization, the institution is a "Home" and today occupies a fine, spe- cially constructed building with separate quarters for white and colored 26 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND of each sex. The basement, which is almost entirely above ground. well Lighted and ventilated, serves as a work-room for men who wish id be industrially occupied. The women confine themselves to fancy work. Applicants are not required to pay an admission fee but must have been residents of the District of Columbia. District o) Columbia Association of Workers for thi Blind'. Organ- ized 1914. Active members are blind and must be residents of the Distrid one year. There is no restriction as to residence for associate members but they cannot vote. Funds derived from membership pay current expenses, while the money received from entertainments goes to the benefit fund. President. French F. Hnfty. 1808 H St. X. YY.. Washington. Thi Columbia Polytechnic Institute for ilic Blind, 1808 H St. X. \Y., Washington, was founded in 1900. Its capacity is 15; valua- tion of plant, $18,000. It is supported entirely by voluntary contri- butions and proceeds of work. This institution is virtually a job press printing plant in which all the work that can be done by the blind is given to them. The profits from the labor of the seeing helpers goes towards the maintenance of the plant. A quarterly magazine in ink print entitled "Voices from DarMand" is issued which is ''edited, managed, folded, inserted, stitched, trimmed, wrapped and addressed for the mail by the sightless." Any sightless man or woman (white) who has need of employment and who is a resident of the District of Columbia may apply and if possible assistance will be given. An effort is made to find employment for tuning and piano instruction. The workers do not reside in the institution. At present ten are employed. Manager, R. W. Swann. Tin Library of Congress, Department for tin Blind. For details about this Library, see end of this section. National Library for thi Blind, 1729 II. St. N. AY.. Washington. for details about this organization, see end of this section. FLORIDA. School for lln Deaf and tin Blind, St. Augustine. Founded in 1885. Capacity, 40 (blind). Valuation of plant, $225,000 (both de- partments). Annual state appropriation, $35,000 (both depart- ments). For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. The schools own 25 acres of bind. 8 of which are used for athletics. President, A. II. Walker. Library for lln Blind. St. Augustine, School for the Blind, 175 titles. 28 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND GEORGIA. Academy for tht Blind, Mar,,,,. Founded, L851. Capacity, L25 pupils. Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual stale appropriation, $30,000. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the [ntroduction to this section. The school owns 20 acres of land, (i of which arc available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. This school has a fund of $10,000 known as the "pupils' fund" the interest from which is used for assisting students after they leave the school. Superintendent, George F. Oliphant. Library for tht Blind. Macon. Academy for the Blind, 2500 vol- umes. 409 titles. Books are not loaned outside of the school. IDAHO. School for Ih, Deaf and Ih, Blind, "Gooding. Founded, 1906. Capacity, 25 (blind). Valuation of plant, $70,000 (both depart- ments). Annual state appropriation, $30,000 (both departments). Originally located in Boise, destroyed by fire in 1908, moved to new buildings in Gooding in September, 1910. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Instruc- tion to this section. Superintendent, W. E. Taylor. Library for the Blind. Gooding, School for the Blind. 200 volumes, 150 titles. 750 volumes in ink print. ILLINOIS. llliii, tis School far Ih, Blind. Jacksonville. Founded, 184!). Capac- ity, 225. Valuation of plant, $312,000. Annual state appropriation, $91, 300. School owns :!7 acres of land, 5 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. This school operates a printing plant which specializes in the production of Braille music. Catalogs may he had upon application. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, II. C Montgomery. Go-education of lh< Blind and Ih, Seeing, Chicago Public Schools. Classes for blind children were established in the public schools of Chicago in September, 1900. There are three centers for children in the elementary grades, as well as three high schools attended by other blind students. Historically, the Chicago work is of great interest, as it was in this city that the first attempt in America was made to educate blind children by the side of those who see. The general policy followed in this method of education is described in the Introduction 1o this section. It should be added that Chicago and INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 29 Northwestern Universities both give scholarships to every student capable of entering these universities and who has been recommended to them from the public schools. It is also gratifying to state that all those who have availed themselves of this education have done satis- factory work. Three of those who have graduated are now paid teachers, one at the State School for the Blind, Jacksonville, and two in the Department of Instruction for the Adult Blind. Supervisor, John B. Curtis. Visitation and Instruction of the Ad nit Blind, 5618 Drexel Ave., Chicago. Established in 1911 and operated under the State Board of Administration. For five years previous to this the work was con- ducted along similar lines by the Chicago Women's Club. Five teach- ers are employed. About 200 blind people were visited in 1915, to 85 of whom instruction was given in reading, writing, typewriting, operating a dictaphone machine, embossed shorthand) sewing, knit- ting, crocheting, basketry, hammock-making, chair-caning, broom- making, and piano-tuning. As far as possible, an effort is made to sell the work of the pupils through bazaars and exhibits. Superintendent, Chas. E. Comstock. Industrial Home for tin Blind, Marshall Boulevard, Chicago. Founded 1894. Capacity, 100. Valuation of plant, $100,000. Annual slate appropriation, $35,000. 68 men; 26 women. Applicants must be residents of Illinois. The principal trade is broom-making. The women do some I'ancv-work. and those who can help with the house- work. Forty-one men live outside of the institution, and come to work daily. Superintendent, William F. Schultz. Pensions for the Blind. In 1903 a law was passed permitting coun- ties to provide financial relief for blind men over 21 years of age and women over 18 years having an income of less than $250 a year, who are not inmates of charitable institutions, and who have resided in the state continuously for 10 consecutive years, and in their respective counties for 3 years. The amount of annual benefit is $150, payable quarterly. Although this law was passed in 1903, it was not mandatory, upon the counties: therefore it was not generally observed. In June, 1915, however, the law was amended so that furnishing this form of relief is now obligatory. Illinois Association for thi Prt r, ntion of Blindness, :>i» North Mich- igan Boulevard, Chicago. Organized 1911. Employed an executive secretary 1916. Executive Secretary. Miss Carolyn C. Van Blareom. Libraries for the Blind. Chicago, Public Library. 1149 volumes. The books are circulated throughout the state. Both printed and em- bossed catalogs are available without charge. 30 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND ././■ I, s<>, trill, , School for the Blind. 4500 volumes; 1800 titles in the circulating library. 3000 volumes, 500 titles in pupils' library. Books in circulating library are sent throughout the state INDIANA. Indiana School for tin Blind, Indianapolis. Founded 1847, Capac- ity, 160. Valuation of plant, $772,567.65. Annual state appropria- tion. $45,500. The school owns eight acres, of which three are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium and swiraing pool. For require- ments for admission, course, term and purpose of instruction, see the • Introduction to this section. Superintendent. George S. Wilson. Board of Industrial Aid for the Blind, Indianapolis. Founded 1915. This organization, although operating under a different name, is, for all intents and purposes, similar to other State Commissions for the Blind. The purpose and general scheme of work is like that mentioned under commissions in the Introduction to this section. Although the law creating this hoard makes it entirely independent of the School for the Blind, so far as its duties and powers are concerned, the law directs that the same group of men who form the Board of Trustees of the State School for the Blind shall manage the affairs of the Board of Industrial Aid for the Blind. On Sept. 25, 1915, the Board of Industrial Aid acquired by a lease the plant, formerly known as the Industrial Home for Blind Men, and it is now known as Shop No. 1. Pounded 1898. Valuation of plant $5,000. Average of 20 men employed in the shop. Open to residents of Indiana. Executive Sec- retary, C. D. Ohadwick. Indiana Association of Workers for th< Blind, Indianapolis. Organ- ized Dec. 12. 1912. The purpose of this organization is to promote the interests of the adult blind of Indiana, and to aid in the prevention of blindness. Interest in the welfare of the blind and the payment of annual dues admits to membership. Sessions are held biennially in the summer, and the organization is maintained by membership dues and private subscriptions. President, B. F. Smith, 135 West Fall ( 'reek Blvd., Indianapolis. Libraries. Indianapolis, School for the Blind. 2.074 volumes; 690 Idles. Indianapolis, State Library. 639 volumes; 36G titles. New York Poinl catalog available without charge. Books circulated throughoul 1 lie state. IOWA. College for the Blind, Vinton. Founded, 1853. Capacity. 140. Valuation of plant. $250,000. Annual state appropriation, $41,600. 32 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND The school owns 40 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium and swimming pool. Fo'r requirements for ad- mission, course, term and purpose of instruction, see Introduction to this article. Superintendent, G. D. Eaton. I\ nsions for tht Blind. In 1915 a law was passed permitting coun- ties to contribute $150 per annum "from the poor fund'' toward the support of male blind persons over 21 and female blind persons over 18 years of age whose income is less than $300 a year, who have resided in the state continuously for five years and the county for one year. The Iowa Home for Sightless Women, 1424-30th St., Des Moines, I oira. Movement to establish the home began in 1907; it was opened September, 1915. Capacity, 8. Valuation of plant, $9,000. Supported by private contributions and donations from different clubs in the state. Applicants are required to pass a medical examination, to be free of contagious diseases or symptoms of insanity, and to pay an admission fee of $300. Inmates of the Home assist with the housework and do different kinds of fancy work. Sales are conducted to dispose of the work of the women. Secretary, Board of Managers, Miss Eva A. Whitcomb, 1424-30th St., Des Moines, Iowa. Iowa Association for the Blind, Des Moines. Organized, 1901. The society has done work in the interest of the blind of the state. Presi- dent. .Mrs. J. B. Jordan, Vinton, Iowa. Libraries for the Blind. Des Moines, Iowa Library Commission. 267 volumes; 165 titles. The books are circulated throughout the state. Printed catalog free upon application. Vinton, College for the Blind. 3786 volumes: 500 titles. Books are circulated throughout the state. KANSAS. School for tin Blind, Kansas City. Founded. 1867. Capacity, 100. Valuation of plant, $160,000. Annual state appropriation, $36,000. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- tion, see the Introduction to this section. The school owns six acres of land, two of which are available for athletics. There is a gym- Dasium. Superintendent, Miss Isa Gray. Library for tht Blind. Kansas City, School for the Blind. 329 volumes; 24s titles. Books may be circulated throughout the stale. KENTUCKY. Institution for th< Education of the Blind. Founded, 1842. Capa- city, 150. Valuation of plant, $200,000. Annual state appropriation. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 33 $40,000. The school owns 25 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admis- sion, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, Susan B. Merwin. Kentucky Workshop for the Blind, Louisville. Founded, 1913. Capacity, 8. Uses rented quarters and has, as yet, no appropriation from the state. Principal industries, broom- and mop-making. Appli- cants must be over 18 years of age. Superintendent, Clifford B. Martin. Kt ntucky Society for the l'r< r< ntion of Blindness, Lexington. Founded, 1910. Maintained by private subscriptions. The purpose of this organization is to do anything that will assist in the prevention of blindness. Trachoma has made fearful ravages throughout the stale. In spile of the fact that the National Government lias seen fit to establish hospitals in the mountain sections (See p. 1156, Vol. II of this Encyclopedia), stale funds have not, as yet, been appropriated to help in this work, and the above society is doing everything possible to stimulate greater interest in the need fur state aid for the cam- paign to prevent unnecessary blindness. In the meantime its ex- ecutive secretary uses the money of the mountain fund to help those who need medical attention for their eyes. Executive secretary. Miss Linda Neville. 722 W. .Main St.. Lexington. Ky. The Mountain Fund. This is a private organization supported by voluntary contributions. Ms purpose is to enable eye sufferers who are needy and live remote From occulists to have expert treatment in the medical centers of Kentucky. Miss Linda Neville began trying to secure adequate medical attention for eye diseases with the support. of the so-called Mountain Fund before the Society for the Prevention of Blindness was established. Miss Neville is the guiding spirit in both organizations. Manager, Miss Linda Neville, Lexington. American Printing House for tin Blind, Louisville. This is a National printing house for institutions for the blind throughout the United States. For full particulars, see the end of this section. Libraries. Louisville, Free Public Library, 293 volumes; 268 titles. The books are circulated throughout Kentucky. Louisville. Institution for the Blind. 400 titles; 2423 volumes. Books are circulated only among pupils of the school. See, also, Alphabets and Literature for the Blind, p. 257, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia. LOUISIANA. School for the Blind, Baton llouge. Founded, 1856. Capacity, 60. Valuation of plant, $100,000. Annual state appropriation, $15,000. 34 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND The school owns 10 acres of land, 3 acres of which are used for athletics. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- tion, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, G. C. Huckaby. Louisiana Statt Commission for tht Blind. Organized 1916. Volun- tary assoi iation interested in the prevention of blindness and industrial occupation for the blind. Secretary. Rev. A. Oscar Browne, M. D. St. Beatrix circle of St. Margaret's Daughters, New Orleans. A voluntary organization which gives assistance to the blind of New Orleans. The activities of this organization are to some extent similar to those of the Associated Charities. Where necessary, assistance is furnished in the form of groceries, clothing and money for board. Social entertainments are given several times a year, to which all the blind of the city are invited. Home teaching is carried on among the blind, hut all the work is done by volunteers, and no salaries are paid. President of the organization. Mrs. Finley D. Ross, 917 "Wash- ington Ave.. New Orleans. La. Library for the Blind. Baton Rouge, School for the Blind. 794 volumes: 460 titles. The hooks are circulated throughout the state. A printed catalog will he furnished upon application. MAINE. Maim Institution for Un Blind. 201 Park Ave.. Portland. Founded, 1906. Capacity, 46 men and 11 women. Valuation of plant. $75,000. Annual state appropriation, $15,000. Applicants must he between the ages of 18 and 50, and too blind to earn their living by ordinary means. The men board in the vicinity ; the women all live at the Institution. The trades followed are broom-making, chair-making, basketry, mattress-making, upholstery, sewing, weaving rugs. Super- intendent. M. \V. Baldwin. State Aid for Blind Infants and Youths. Maine makes provision of $1.00 a day for the care, medical treatment, maintenance and educa- tion of blind infants and children under school age whose parents are unable to care for them properly. These infants may be sent to a nursery for blind babies outside of the state. When blind children are old enough to go to a school for the blind, the state will pay for their tuition while attending such institution in a neighboring state. I'< nsions for the Blind. In 1915 the legislature of Maine passed a law empowering the governor and council to authorize the state treas- urer to pay $200 a year, quarterly, to all blind persons over the age of 21 who are not charges upon any charitable or penal institution. They must have less than $300 a year, must have resided in the state INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 35 continuously for 10 consecutive years, and in their respective counties for at least one year immediately prior to applying for the benefit. MARYLAND. School for the Blind, OverUa. Founded in 1653. Capacity, 130. Valuation of plant, $500,000. Annual state appropriation, $45,000. There is, also, an income receivable from an endowment fund. 'The school owns 100 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of in- struction s«v the (introduction to this section. Until 1911 the Maryland School for the Blind had been located in the city of Baltimore; now a magnificenl new plant has been erected in one of the suburbs of the city, known as Overlea. Upon the same extensive trad of land is located the school for the colored deaf and blind. The new institution for while children is built upon the cottage plan. The school and administration building is in the center of the group of buildings. To the easl are two cottages for girls with a capa- city of 30 each, and at the west are two cottages of the same capacity for boys, h, addition to conducting in this school the general work ""ilined iii tins section under the caption "Residential Schools for the .Blind," it should he mentioned thai one of the practical results of the cottage plan makes it possible for blind young women actually to lake part in preparing some of the tnealfi under the supervision of the domestic science teacher. With such a recently built plant, the equip- ment ail(l i,]| the appointments are up-to-date, and Maryland may justly consider herself as having one of Hie model institutions in this country. Superintendent, John V. Bledsoe. Workshop for tht Blind, Baltimore. As mentioned in the general introduction to this section, the earlier schools for the blind soon recognized the need of some shop in which to carry on the trades the pupils had already learned and; in 1871, Maryland may be said to have definitely made a start to do something for the adult blind, under the auspices, however, of the School for the Education of Blind Youth. A workshop in which broom-making is the chief industry, although mattresses and baskets are also made, was opened in Balti- more, and later this shop was moved to a building upon the school grounds. In 1906 the legislature appointed a Commission to investigate the condition of the adult blind and gave $1,500 for its work, and the outcome of this investigation was a legislative enactment, in 1908, creating a Workshop for the Blind, the management of which Avas to :J6 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND be under a board of directors, two to be appointed by the Maryland School for ilic Blind, and three by the Governor. The nucleus of this organization was the well organized shop of the school which was stalled in L874. Prom the appointment of the Commission to the final appropriation of state funds for the partial support of a work- shop for the blind, greal interest was aroused throughout Baltimore and vicinity in behalf of this institution. The blind themselves were Photo from the School for the Blind. Baltimore, Md. Every Blind Child Should be Encouraged to Learn to Use a Typewriter. A irw .-an cam their living l>y writing shorthand upon a specially arranged machine or by transcribing from a phonograph. Almost all blind people have at some time to communicate with the seeing, heme the value of learning to use a typewriter. most active in helping- to raise funds, and today there is a tine four story factory building as a monument to this campaign. One hundred and seveiily-seven blind men and women arc employed in the shop. The planl is valued at $70,000. The state and city have contributed jointly $20,000 annually during the past two years toward the maintenance of the institution. Private subscriptions have also been received. The principal trades are broom- and basket-making, re-seating of chairs, and piano-tuning. .Mattresses, rugs, hammocks INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 37 and mops are also made. The school and workshop train switch- hoard operators. Superintendent, George W. Conner. Home Teaching. During the vigorous campaign to establish firmly the above mentioned workship, effective home teaching has been car- ried on. Today the headquarters of this work are in the workshop, where a sales-room is maintained for the disposal of the products of home workers. Instruction is given in sewing, knitting, crocheting, Photo from tho School for the Blind, Pittsburgh, Pa. All Blind People Must Learn to Use Their Hands as Effectively as Possible. One of the most practical methods of helping hoys to use their hands is by giving them a thorough course in manual training. weaving and basket- making. The school supports two home teachers, the workshop one home teacher and the Maryland Association of Workers for the Blind one county home teacher. Supervisor, Miss Virginia Kelly. Maryland Association of Workers for the Blind, Associated Blind Men of Maryland, Associated Blind Women of Maryland, 501 W. Fayette St., Baltimore. These three voluntary organizations are made up of the most intelligent blind men and women of the state, with their friends. Each has taken a very active part in helping to raise funds 38 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND to carry forward the work for the adult blind. The cooperation and unanimity of workers for the blind in Baltimore has been very strik- ing. Maryland Association for the Prevention of Blindness. Established L909. Rrincipally active in furthering legislation. Secretary, Dr. James •!. ( 'arroll. Libraries for tin Blind. Baltimore, Enoch Pratt Free Library; 685 titles; 1757 volumes. Books maj^ be circulated throughout Maryland. Overlea School for tin Blind; 700 titles; :>.(>75 volumes. The books may be circulated throughout the state. Catalogs in New York point are supplied free of charge. MASSACHUSETTS. Perkms Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind, Water- town. Founded; 1829; opened, 1832; resident capacity, 300 and a full staff of officers, teachers and servants ; valuation of plant, $1,000,000 : annual state contribution, $30,000. The Institution receives its chief income from endowments, subscriptions, and fees. The legislatures of Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New Hampshire pay $300 per annum for each child sent to the Perkins Institution by these states. The Perkins Institution, like many others of the older schools, was established in a city and after some years became cramped for play- grounds. The institution (except for the kindergarten and the cottages for the girls' department) used a building which was originally planned for a hotel. When the school left South Boston for Watertown in 1912, it moved into the most complete and modern group of build- ings arranged for the education of the blind in the United States. Director Edward E. Allen, who was the principal of the School for the Blind in Philadelphia when it moved from the city to the suburbs, also supervised the re-building of the Perkins Institution. It is interesting to note that there have been but two directors of this school previous to the incumbency of Mr. Allen. Its first head was Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, who may be termed the father of the education of the blind in the United States. (See p. 255, Vol. I, of this Encyclopedia.) Those who have studied the early reports of this gnat seer touching possibilities for the blind are amazed to find that his observations regarding the education, training and care of the blind. whether infant, youth or adult, although written more than half a century ago, conform to and. in many cases, foreshadow the best methods of the presenl lime. Dr. Howe was indeed a great originator in all departments of this work. He was succeeded in 1876 by his son-in-law, Michael Anagnos (See p. 336, Vol. I, of this Encyclopedia), INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 39 who will be remembered as the great advocate of kindergartens for the blind. It was as a result of his efforts that a large endowment fund was raised to found and carry on the kindergarten department of Perkins Institution, which, for 25 years, was conducted in a special plant of its own at Jamaica Plain, a suburb of Boston. Mr. Anagnos also advanced the educational methods of the older school in every way, keeping well abreast of the times, and, by securing a splendid endow- ment fund for the main institution, made possible its continued growth and prosperity. He died in 1906. Mr. Allen became director in 1907 Old building occupied by the Perkins Institution from 1839 to 1912. Eere Dr. Samuel ««• [ A ■K^Rfe"^ MM- i IPI 1 \ %&& Hi%^B~ SMaiSbg 1 jB * ^| -^w^Bb Photo from tlie School for the Blind, Philadelphia. Pa. Pyramid Building. Physical training is fundamental in the education of the blind. 52 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing in the Public ScJwols of Detroit. A class for blind children was opened in Detroit in January, 1912. At the present time there is only one center, with 25 children. This includes, however, two distinct classes: one for those who are blind, and the other for those who have partial sight, with 13 children in attendance. For the details of the education of the blind and the partially blind, in the public schools, see Introduction to this section. Teacher in charge, Fannie S. Fletcher. State Aid for Blind Babies. The State Board of Education is au- thorized to make provision for the care, maintenance and instruction of blind babies and children under school age, residing in Michigan, when the parents are unable to properly care for them. The Board may contract with any institution having facilities for such care, maintenance and education (in Michigan or any other state) at a con- tract price to be agreed upon not exceeding $5 per week per child. Bill passed May, 1913. Employment Institution for the Blind, Saginaw. Established, 1903; opened November, 1904. Capacity, 100. The original plant cost $75,000; additional buildings to the amount of $10,000 have been recently erected. The principal industries of the men are broom- and whisk-making, and for the women, rug-weaving and chair-caning. Instruction is also given to a few in piano-tuning, typewriting, vocal and instrumental music, and all who wish are taught to read and write the embossed systems. Temporary instruction in vocational training, with maintenance, is free to adults of the state, and perma- nent opportunities of wage earning employment (with maintenance at cost, if desired) is provided for proficient industrial workers be- tween the ages of 18 and 60 years. The buildings of this institution are attractively grouped upon a lot of seven acres opposite to which is a twenty acre city park. This abundance of recreational facilities and academic training is mentioned because it is so exceptional among the industrial institutions. This institution came into being entirely as a result of the efforts of the blind in Michigan, and largely because of the personal efforts and devotion of Mr. Ambrose M. Shotwell, who is today the Librarian and Assistant Superintendent of the Institution. Superintendent. Frank G. Putnam. Croud h'ids Association for the Blind. This organization was established in 1913. Its purpose is to promote the interests of the blind in the city of Grand Rapids. It was this organization which secured the passage of a state law requiring better attention to the eyes of infants. Secretary. Miss Roberta A. Griffith, 800 Clancy Ave.. N. E., Grand Rapids. Mich. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 53 Michigan Blind People's Welfare Association. This organization was started in 1900, and convenes biennially. Both officially, and through its individual members, it did much toward the establishment of the Michigan Employment Institution for the Blind. It was this organization that secured the passage in 1913 of a state law requiring better attention to the eyes of infants. It has also fostered a cam- paign in conjunction with the Grand Rapids Association for the prevention of blindness. Its constitution states that the object of the association is "to promote in every feasible way, industrial, social, educational, and general welfare of the blind in Michigan." Presi- dent, Roberta A. Griffith, Grand Rapids; Secretary, Clara M. AVill- son, Clifford. Home for Blind Babies, Monroe. Organized, 1911. Supported by voluntary contributions and fees paid by the state for the care of blind babies. Provides for six children. Matron, Mrs. Margaret 'Loughlin. Libraries for the Blind. Detroit, Public Library, 222 volumes, 212 titles. Books are circulated in Detroit and environs. Lansing, School for the Blind, 3734 volumes, 960 titles. Saginaw, Michigan Free Lending Library for the Blind, 2500 volumes, 2100 titles. Books are circulated throughout the state. MINNESOTA. Srhool for tin Blind, Faribault. Founded, 1864. Capacity, 100. Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual state appropriation, $35,000. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- tion, see Introduction to this section. In addition to the usual trades special attention is paid to band weaving. This school has evolved special looms of its own. and has worked out many of the old South- ern blue and white designs. The school owns about 50 acres of land, 10 of which are used for athletics. Superintendent, J. J. Dow. Summer School for Blind Adults. Faribault. Founded, 1907. Capacity, 15. Through the instrumentality of Superintendent J. J. Dow, the legislature made an appropriation sufficient to try the ex- periment of using the state school for the blind during ten weeks of the summertime to give instruction to a limited number of blind men. A similar term of four weeks is offered to blind women. This is the first institution for the blind in the United States to utilize its plant in this way. Instruction is given in broom-making, rug- and carpet- weaving,' hammock-, flynet- and basket-making, cabinet work and the use of carpenters' tools. Pupils are also taught to read and write, when possible to use the typewriter. The advocates of the 2 o o ■^■L -4fe^?^ 3 '*£§■ >»■ ^^gj^g^ ■^V ^ — - - B^m • ■■- _*&■ < 3" ^1-^flfll ' "** ' nStif*>T CD 1 ^V «■ ^ 5 Pr f k S 3 w Q S3 '■1 3 5' M a £■ o - m X hd o sf ■i CD & V ^ p ^B £" s - >,. # * * ^^^w • v 2 "* « 3 g CD ' 1 : " o ^^ ««d •> 9bc? ji h - »'■<%*• ^a CD v • /•' %»' T V i P ft 3 y & HL 5 • : P ^^ )^ P - ' Jttk^X' «> ■ VI ' *V"' V \ $ o c . V ii i l-b ▼7 <-f- 1 M gg« 1 CD J °s. / — G I -~' CO cd" . / "^ £ /J^i H — . ^ ^ P jg> wB aIS* ' o CO ■^^jjy hm P i ^^^ 3 i^^^^i^Hr j & ■ CD Ha O |^^ CD ■JfifljHt ^■SUL w — — ^■f C+ fl M CD V ««4 " 'J 'i a~_ ir ^■l^' CD P CD cr CD CO CD 3* 9 11§ ? I H O • / /'* . -. o (/ \ll% J j 'M ^ ■ 15 56 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND summer school plan make no exaggerated claims for the undertak- ing, hut tVcl that this arrangement has served to give courage to many of those who have attended to try and make a better use of their faculties. Full information relative to requirements for admission can be secured upon application to Superintendent J. J. Dow. Fit Id mid Employmt nt Agt ncy for the Blind, Faribault. ' Founded, 1913. This activity in behalf of the adult blind in Minnesota has within it the possibility of doing everything that has been contemplated by state commissions for the blind, and we refer the reader to "com- missions for the blind" in the Introduction of this section. In addi- tion to the usual activities of commissions the Agency maintains a branch tuning department for the free training of blind piano-tuners in the midway district of St. Paul and Minneapolis. This effort on behalf of the adult blind of Minnesota is carried on under the direc- tion of the State School for Blind Youth. The expenses are met from the support fund of the state school. Director, J. J. Dow. Higher Education Aid. Aid to the amount of $300 a year is given to a limited number of blind students in universities, colleges and con- servatories of music at the discretion and under the direction of the Board of Directors of the Minnesota School for the Blind. State Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Control is au- thorized to make provision for the care, medical treatment, main- tenance and education of indigent blind infants and young children under school age. These children, however, are to be cared for within the state. Minneapolis Society for th< Blind. Franklin Building, Minneapolis. Organized 1914. Executive Secretary, Miss Edith Marsh. Library for the Blind. Faribault, School for the Blind, 4,000 vol- umes; 566 titles. Books may lie circulated* throughout the state. MISSISSIPPI. School for the Blind, Jackson. Founded, 1846. Capacity, 85. Valuation of plant, $75,000. Annual state appropriation, $61,000 for 1914 and 1915. The school owns 10 acres. of land. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Intro- duction to this section. Superintendent, R. S. Curry, M. D. Library for the Blind. Jackson, School for the Blind, about 1500 volumes, 980 titles. MISSOURI. School for the Blind, St. Louis. Founded, 1851. Capacity, 135. Valuation of plant, $412,000. Annual state appropriation, $50,000. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 57 The school owns five acres of land, two of which are available for athletics. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, S. M. Green. State Aid for College Students. In 1913 a law was passed whereby a blind student, admitted to higher institutions of learning in the state, might be assisted to the extent of $300 a year, to employ persons to read text-books and pamphlets used by such pupil in his studies at the College, University or School. The beneficiary under this act is required to produce evidence that neither he, his parents nor his guardian, is able to pay the expense of providing a reader. Association for the Blind, 703 .Metropolitan Bldg., St. Louis. Founded, 1911. Is supported by voluntary contributions. A broom- shop employing 15 men is maintained. Some basket-making is also done. The general purposes of the association are similar to those outlined in the Introduction to this section. The association was largely- responsible for the law creating the Commission for the Blind. Executive Secretary, Mrs. Annie F. Harris. Commission for the Blind. Established, 1915. The law creating the commission is very similar to that creating the commissions in other states and has already been outlined in the Introduction of this sec- tion. The first appropriation was $12,500, but coupled with the con- dition that a like amount be raised from private subscriptions. Presi- dent, -I. I). Perry Francis, St. Louis. Home for Blind Girls, 5235 Page Boulevard, St. Louis. Founded, 1867. Capacity, 40. Valuation of plant, $80,000. Supported by con- tributions and proceeds from a small endowment fund. Open to Missouri women without homes who are unable to support themselves. The inmates aid with the housework, and sew and knit. The building is modern and excellently eq nipped. Resident officer, Mrs. P. S. Pelton. UniU d Workers for the Blind, 2616 Gamble St., St. Louis. Founded, 1913. One purpose of this organization is to provide sick and funeral benefits for the blind of Missouri, although the chief purpose of the society is to secure "pensions for the blind." To further this cam- paign it issues a monthly paper in ink-print and American Braille, known as "The World of the Blind." The membership of this society is limited to blind persons or relatives of the blind. President, Jos. Unterberger, 6033 Westminster St., St. Louis. Libraries for the Blind. St. Louis, Public Library, 489 volumes; 44 titles. Books may be circulated throughout Missouri and the — T 60 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND adjoining states. In 1912 an embossed catalog was published. Addi- tions are noted monthly in ink-print bulletin. St. J. (juts. School for the Blind, 4760 volumes; 569 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. MONTANA. School for tin Deaf and Wind, Boulder. Founded, 1894. Capac- ity. 25 (blind). This Institution not only has charge of the deaf and blind, but the institution for feeble-minded is under the same management. Valuation of plant, $330,771.05. Annual state appro- priation, $83,750. The school owns 490 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see Intro- duction to this section. Superintendent, II. J. Menzemer. Library for the Blind. Boulder, School for the Blind, 189 volumes, 56 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. NEBRASKA. School for tJic Blind, Nebraska City. Established, 1875. Capac- ity, 100. Valuation of plant, $200,000. Annual state appropriation, $25,000. The school owns ten acres of land, five of which are used for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see Introduction to this section. Superintendent, N. C. Abbott. Nebraska Commission for the Blind. Founded, 1913. Appropria- tion. $2,000 for biennium. The Commission employs a Held agent. The activities of this Commission are similar to those outlined in the I til reduction to this section. Executive officer, N. C. Abbott. Library for the Wind. Nebraska City, School for the Blind, 4000 volumes; 1700 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. NEW HAMPSHIRE. State Ilonn Teaching. In September, 1913, a law was passed ap- propriating $5,000 for the assistance of the adult blind. The purpose of the law is very similar to that creating commissions for the blind in other stales, the only difference being that instead of placing the work under a separate board of management, it was put under the supervision of the State Board of Charities and Correction. Further- more, instead of opening an industrial institution for the small num- ber of New Hampshire blind, who might benefit by the same, those who need trade training, which cannot be given in the home, are sent to industrial institutions for the blind in neighboring states. Henry INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 61 J. Van Vliet, who is in charge of this work, was at one time a student at the Perkins Institution and has twice been a member of the New Hampshire Legislature. Communications concerning this work should be addressed to the State Board of Charities and Correction, Con- cord, N. H. Pensions for the Blind. In 1915 a law was passed which provided a sum. not to exceed $150 per annum to be paid from the County Treasury to each needy blind person. The New Hampshire law is almost an exact replica of the Ohio law. The reader is therefore referred to Ohio for further particulars upon this subject. Association for the Blind. Established, 1913, its purpose in gen- eral being to further the interests of the blind of the state, and to cooperate, so far as possible, with the efforts carried on at state ex- pense. Secretary. Miss Kate Sanborn, Tilton, N. H. Libraries for the Blind. Concord, Stale Library. Manchester, City Library. NEW JERSEY. Commission for tin Blind, 54 James St.. Newark. Established in 1909. The general plan and purpose of the Commission is outlined under "Commission for the blind." in the Introduction to this sec- tion. The Commission employs a Supervisor, her Secretary, a book- keeper, and five traveling home teachers. Weekly lessons in tuning are also given at headquarters. State Education of Blind Children. New Jersey maintains no in- stitution for the education of her blind children, but sends them, at the expense of the state, to the New York Institute for the Blind, in New York City, and to the Pennsylvania Institution at Overbrook. Co-education of the Blind and ilic Seeing in tin Public Schools of Network. A class for blind children was opened in November, 1910. There is an attendance of 17. If children enter this class from neighboring towns a fee of $200 is charged. The plan for educating blind children in the public schools is outlined in the Introduction to Ibis section. Teacher in charge, Miss Janet G. Paterson. Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing in the Public Schools of Jersey City. A class for blind children was opened in this city in December, 1911. Six children are in attendance. Tuition for chil- dren from neighboring cities is $100. For further particulars, sec the Introduction to this section. Teacher in charge, Miss Clara M. Croff. New Jersey State Aid for Blind Babies. New Jersey makes pro- vision of $450.00 a year for the care, medical treatment, maintenance. Photo from the School for the Wind. Colorado Springs. Colo. Instruction for the blind in poultry raising has been given with increasing interest since 1907. The Colorado school has developed this phase of training for blind children exten- sively. fti •'*fti. \ l'hoto from the School for the Blind, Hartford, Oram, Outdoor employment furnishes one of the best forms of physical and manual training for the blind. 64 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND and education of each blind infant and child under school age, whose parents are unable to properly care for them. These infants may be Bent to the Arthur Home for Blind Babies. "When blind children are old enough to go to a school ior the blind, the state will pay for their tuition while attending such an institution in a neighboring state, at the rate of $400 a year. Tin Arthur Home for Blind Babies, Summit. Founded, June, 1909, by the Department of the Blind of the International Sunshine Society. This Nursery can take care of 45 infants. It is supported by voluntary contributions and the fees received from states which have sent blind babies to it. The states which pay for the maintenance of blind chil- dren outside of their borders have a reference to such a law under the respective states. Superintendent, Miss Anna Welch. Home of our Lady of Perpetual Help for the Blind, Bayonne. Founded, 1890, incorporated in 1891, as a boarding and day school for blind and partially blind children, and a home for the aged blind, male and female. This institution receives the blind from any part of the United States. In charge, Sister Rosalie. St. Joseph's Home for the Blind, Jersey City. The home was opened by the Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace in the fall of 1890, in a private residence. The main building was completed in 1899, at a cost of $65,000. Since that time large additions and improvements have been made. In 1905 a house was purchased adjoining the main building to be used as a residence for men who were for the first time admitted. In 1908 a much larger house was added and occupied by the men as a home, their former building being converted into workshops. In 1909 a third house was purchased, to be used as a school department for children. Applicants without a home, and having no one to care for them, are admitted to the institution from any state, and it is expected that most, especially the older ones, will remain for life. The state makes no appropriation for the institution, whose maintenance is entirely de- pendent upon voluntary contributions. The institution is owned by the Sisters and is a monument to their devotion to the welfare of the blind. The male occupants of the Home work at mattress-making, broom-making, chair-caning, hammock-making and weaving. They receive a percentage of their earnings. The younger women are given instruction in sewing, knitting and crocheting. They also make ham- mocks and prepare the covers for mattresses for that department. The regular branches are taught in the school department, and both instrumental and vocal music are taught. In charge, Sister M. Ger- trude. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 65 Camden County Association of Workers for the Blind. Meeting place, Y. M. C. A. Its object is to promote the social, intellectual, and economical welfare of the blind. Secretary, Miss Ethel Robinson, 314 Elm St., Camden, N. J. New Jersey Association for tin Blind. Montclair. Organized, 1911. The purpose of this organization is to cooperate in every possible way with the State Commission for the Blind, and to aid in stimulating further state aid for additional work for the blind. President, Rev. Win. J. Dawson, D. D. New Jersey Blind Men's Club, -A -lames St.. Newark. Organized, 1910. Its object is to promote the social and economical welfare of the blind. Secretary. W. .1. Addickes. New Jersey Progressiva /Hind Men's Society, Free Public Library, Jersey Cili). Organized, 1910. Its objecl is to promote social, intel- lectual, and economical welfare of the blind. Secretary. L. P. Schuerman. Trento'n Association of Workers for tin Blind, Trenton. Organized, L911. Object is to promote the social and economical welfare of the blind. Secretary. .Mrs. Stanley (Yosland. 241 Tyler St., Trenton, N. J. Tin Trenton Auxiliary for tin Industrial Blind, 346 South War- ren St.. Tnnton. Valuation of plant, $3,500. A working home for men where chair-caning ami rug-weaving are done. Headquarters called the "Lighthouse." President, Mrs. Harriet Fisher Andrews. Libraries for tin lliind. The Library for the Blind, X. V. Public Library, and the Five Public Library of Philadelphia loan books to residents of New Jersey. This puts at the disposal of the blind of this state books from the largesl collection of embossed books for the blind in the United States. NEW MEXICO. Institute for the Blind. Alamogordo. Founded, 1903; opened, 1906. Capacity, 50. Valuation of plant, $50,000. Annual state ap- propriation, $20,000. Fifty thousand acres of land have been given by the state to this institution, and will ultimately become a source of Large income. For school use there ate 22 acres of land, two of which are devoted to athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Intro- duction to this section. Superintendent, Pi. R. Pratt. Library for the Blind. Alamogordo, Institute for the Blind, 500 volumes, 100 titles. The books may be circulated throughout the state. 66 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND NEW YORK. Nt w York Instituti for tin Education of the Blind, 34th Street and 9th Ave., New York City. Founded, 1831; opened, March 15, 1832. Capacity, 180. Valuation of plant, $1,130,000. Annual state ap- propriation. $350 per capita ; other income from investments. Pupils are admitted without restriction as to residence but aie appointed as state pupils from Greater New York and the neighboring counties of the state by the New York State Education Department. They are also appointed as state pupils from New Jersey on application to the Governor, as well as from other localities by arrangement with the Board of Managers. The institution owns several lots of land in New York City. These have been purchased at different times with the expectation of moving the school from its present location, which is next to the Pennsylvania Railroad Station, to a site where there will be more space for new buildings, athletics and recreation. The Board of Managers is, as this goes to press, in the midst of making arrange- ments for the final location of the new school. In the meantime, the institution still stands upon the historic site which it has occupied for 82 years, and covers about four acres of ground, two of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of institution, see Introduc- tion to this section. Principal, Edward M. Van Cleve. State School for the Blind, Batavia. Founded, 1865; opened, 1868. Capacity, 180. Valuation of plant, $460,000. Annual state appro- priation, $60,000, approximately. The children are admitted from any part of the state excepting the ten lower counties. The school owns sixtj^ acres of land, two of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Super- intendent, C. A. Hamilton. Catholic Institute for the Blind, 175th Street and University Ave., N( ir York City. Founded, 1909. Capacity, 30. It occupies rented quarters, and is supported both by city appropriation and voluntary contributions. Its purpose is the education and care of Catholic blind children, under the direction of the Sisters of St. Dominic. Superior- ess. Sister M. Bertrand. Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Public Schools; of New York City. Established, 1909. Total enrollment. 184. There are 18 centers, 16 for blind children (i. e., those with less than 6/60 vision) ; 1 for blind children of kindergarten age; and 2 centers for children with defective vision (i. e., those who have more than 6/60 vision and less than enough to attend the regular classes with profit). INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 67 Pupils vary in ages from 4 to 19 years, and attend all the grades from the kindergarten to the last year in high school. One boy, a strictly "public school product," graduated at the head of his class and is now studying law at Columbia University. For further par- ticulars about the public school method of education see the Intro- duction to this section. Supervisor, Miss Frances E. Moscrip. State Aid for College Students. New York has the distinction of being the first state to appropriate public funds to provide readers for blind students attending universities. The law, with an appro- priation annually of $3,000, went into effect in July, 1907. The bill was formulated and enacted through the untiring efforts of a blind man, Dr. Newel Perry. The allowance for each student is $300 a year. New York Commission for the Blind, 105 W. 40th St., New York. Established, 1913. State appropriation, 1915-16, $31,640. The com- mission employs eight home teachers (blind), one field agent (par- tially blind) and two social service nurses. Home teaching centers have been established in Yonkers, Albany, Glens Falls, Utica, Syracuse, Rochester, and Buffalo, while Industrial Training Centers are located in Albany, Glens Falls. Qtiea, and Rochester. The activities of the Commission in Brooklyn and New York are in affiliation with the privately supported associations in these cities. All individual cases are referred to the Associations, the Commission availing itself of the organized machinery of these Associations to 'supplement their work. Material is furnished by the Commission for articles to be manufac- tured from samples under the direction of the Association visitor. Checks for satisfactory work are made out to individual blind workers by the Commission, and are distributed by the Association. This plan establishes uniform standards and avoids duplication of effort. The Commission acts as a clearing house for sales of work for privately supported associations as well as for individual workers. The funda- mental policy of this Commission is outlined in the Introduction to this section. Secretary, Miss Marion A. Campbell. New York City Pension. "Adult blind persons not inmates of any of the public or private institutions in the City of New York, who shall be in need of relief, and who shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have been residents of the said city for two years previous to the application for such relief" (to quote from the city charter, of June, 1900, section 576), may receive a sum not to exceed $100 "under such rules and restrictions as the Board may deem necessary." The total amount of money distributed in pensions is not to exceed $75,000 annually. This money is distributed twice a year. The first city pension was paid in 1875. 68 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND New Yuri; Association for the Blind, 111 E. 59th St., New York. Founded, 1905. The valuation of the various plants is as follows: The Light house, at 111 E. 59th St.. $278,764.60; Vacation Home, at 1 'I into from the Now York Association for the Blind. Eeadquartera of the New York Association for the Blind, Otherwise Known as "The Lighthouse." Efforts in behalf of the adult blind are now being made in many states, but in none is there to be found n more completely equipped building than that of the above organization, Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, $20,000; Tuning School, at 357 E 49th St., rented building; The Bourne Workshop, 338 E. 35th St.. $130,000. All the activities of the New York Association are supported by vol- untary contributions and by the income from a $400,000 endowment INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 69 fund. The various trades pursued by the beneficiaries defray a con- siderable portion of the operating expenses, but a large proportion of the outlay is for certain phases of educational work, relief, and social settlement activities for which there is no financial return. There is no restriction as to age, race, or creed of applicants. The Associa- tion aims to aid the blind in every possible manner, and its purposes are well exemplified in the Introduction to this section of the Encyclo- p< dia. The activities of the Association are carried on all the year round. The Vacation Home at Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, is open from June until September, and for convalescents during the remainder of the year. The New York Association has established several clubs, the chief purpose of which is to establish pleasant social relations between mem- bers of the various organizations. Secretary, Miss Winifred Holt. Tuning School, 357 E. 49th St. Operated under the auspices of the New York Association for the Blind. Opened in the fall of 1913. There are eight pupils. Their suitability for work admits them. The length of the course depends entirely upon the ability of the pupils, previous training in work, etc. There is a special examination given before certificates are granted. The pupils are examined by a dis- interested firm of piano manufacturers who pass upon their ability, etc. Three former pupils are now actively and profitably engaged in private and factory tuning. Bourne Workshop for lh< Blind, 338 E. 35th St.. New York. This workshop is maintained and operated by the New York Association for the Blind. Broom-making is the principal industry, and was begun in 1906. The present building, donated by Miss Emily Bourne, was opened in October, 1912. Valuation of plant, $130,000. Employ- ment can be given to 90 men. There are no restrictions, as to age, race, or creed, for admission, except that applicants must be from Xew York City or state. There is no boarding house connected with this workshop. Superintendent. De Witt Killinger. Industrial Home for tJic Blind of Brooklyn, 512 Gates Ave., Brook- lyn. This was the first organized movement in behalf of the adult blind in New York State. Founded, October 1, 1893 ; capacity, 75 valuation of plant. $50,000. Broom-making, chair-caning, and mat tress-making are the chief industries. Deficit is made up entirely by private subscriptions. A boarding house is operated chiefly for the benefit of single men, where board is provided at a nominal figure About one-half of the men avail themselves of the boarding house, and the remainder of the employees live in the neighborhood. Superin- tendent, Eben P. Morford. 70 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Headquarters for the Blind, Brooklyn Bureau of Charities, 267 Schermerhorn St., Marie Bloede Memorial Bldg., Brooklyn. Estab- lished, 1914. Valuation of plant, $35,000. Supported by private contributions and by income from the Fox bequest. Available to residents of Brooklyn. The activities of this institution are now car- ried on in a building which is donated, and might be said to serve as headquarters for much of the social activity in behalf of the blind of Brooklyn. Several clubs of blind people meet here. Besides the weaving and basketry, which are taught to blind women, classes in cooking, etc., are arranged for those who wish to avail themselves of the same. Two home teachers are maintained. Blind children from the public schools in Brooklyn come here Saturday mornings for instruction in sewing, basketry, cooking, physical training and camp fire work. The headquarters are open from September 1st to July 1st. Director, Thomas J. Riley. Department for the Blind, Brooklyn. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. This institution is known as the Exchange and Training Center for the Blind, of the Brooklyn A. I. C. P. It was established in 1912, and is supported by contributions and by income from the Fox bequest. Conducts a workshop and salesroom; chairs are caned and baskets made in the workshop; in the sales- room baskets, rugs and knitted articles are sold on consignment for blind individuals and for students or employees in the workshop. The department also conducts a school where blind young men and women are given advanced training in the use of the typewriter and dicta- phone, with a special reference to clerical work in offices and to the transcription of court proceedings. It is also about to establish a school for salesmanship through affiliation with a department of Columbia University. There are 38 blind men in the basket shop ; 13 in the typewriting classes, and 13 in the salesmanship class. Director, Charles Bishop Hayes. New York State Federation of Workers for the Blind. This organi- zation was established primarily to secure legislation necessary for the establishment of a state commission for the blind. Since the crea- tion of the commission the federation has not been very active, but it still exists in case it is needed to help out some other movement in behalf of the blind. President, Charles J. Himmelsbach; Secretary, C. A. Hamilton, School for the Blind, Batavia, N. Y. Central Council of Workers far the Blind, New York City. This organization is endeavoring to become a clearing house for work for the blind in New York City. President, Charles Bishop Hayes. New York Blind Aid Association, 442 W. 35th St., New York. Photo from the New York Association for the Blind. The Bourne Workshop for Blind Men is typical of the buildings in many states devoted to the industrial training and employment of the blind. 72 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Meets at University Settlement. Is an incorporated relief organiza- tion for blind members, with slated benefits. Council of Jewish Women, New York Section. A sub-committee o!' this Council lias taken an active interest in the needs of the Jewish blind since lf)06. The Committee provides relief for the indigent Jewish hlind of New York City. The National Council of Jewish Women lias frequently sent recommendations to the various sections of this organization throughout the country, and in many cities the members of the Council have done effective work in behalf of l he blind in their own locality. President of Section, .Miss Sadie American. Blind Haiti* s' Mothers' Association, 66 Broadway, New York City. The object of this Association is to unite, in local groups and eventually in national conference, the parents and relatives of blind children, for the betterment of home conditions surrounding the blind; to bring into closer touch the parents and teachers of blind children; to send helpful and instructive literature to parents of the blind in rural communities, and to afford a medium of exchange of ideas among those so scattered; to distribute instructive pamphlets written by eminent specialists on the proper home care of the eyes of young children as a preventive measure and as a first step toward restoration of lost sight : to encourage parents to instil into the minds of their blind children, in their early childhood, a spirit of independence and helpfulness, looking toward useful citizenship. Financial Secretary, F. H. Jerome. The Brooklyn and Queens Blind Welfare Society, 3 South Elliott Place. Brooklyn. Established, 1913. An organization primarily of blind people, formed chiefly to foster legislation or any other activ- ity for the benefit of the blind. The Society meets monthly. Presi- dent, Edward T\ r son, 291 Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn. The Manhattan and Bronx Blind Peoples' League. The primary purpose of this organization was to secure the passage of a bill creat- ing a State Commission for the Blind. The Association is supported by voluntary contributions and holds monthly meetings from Septem- ber to June. Secretary. Emily Heil, 379 E 158th St. Mispah Circle, 516 Gates Ave., Brooklyn. This Association was instituted in 1886, its chief purpose being to secure the establishment of an industrial home for the adult blind, which was later accom- plished. The Circle now devotes its interest to helping individual blind people. Secretary. Mary Braun, 561 Argyle Road, Brooklyn. City Honit, Blackwell's Island. Maintained by the city for indi- gent blind men and women. Application is made to the Department of Charities, Bureau of Dependent Adults. The State Charities Aid 74 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Association has sent a teacher to the blind inmates of the City Home for a number of years. The New York Public Library has for many years sent a teacher for instruction in reading. The New York Asso- ciation for the Blind has, since its organization, sent a teacher weekly to many of the women in the ward for the blind for instruction in knitting, crocheting and sewing. Monthly entertainments ■ are held for both men and women at which tobacco and candy are distributed. Home for the Relief of the Destitute Blind, 104th St. and Amster- dam Ave., New York. Founded, 1868. Capacity, about 50 men and 50 women. Supported by annual subscriptions and by income from a small endowment. New buildings for the Home are in process of construction. Applicants are admitted from New York City and vicinity. The women occupy themselves with sewing, knitting, and crocheting, and the men re-seat chairs and re-make mattresses. None of the industries is carried on, however, with the idea of furnishing an income for the institution, and they are not obligatory; the in- mates choose their own occupations. Matron, Mrs. Margaret J. Brown. Home for the Blind, 550 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn. (The Church Charity Foundation of Long Island.) This home was begun as ajjrivate undertaking in 1895, at Maspeth, L. I. However, failing of support under its first conditions, an appeal was made to be re- ceived into the Church Charity Foundation of Long Island. This was granted, and in October, 1896, it became one of the institutions of the Foundation, and in May, 1900, was removed to its present location. It is intended as a home for Christian women of the Episcopal Dio- cese of Long Island who, owing to blindness and inability of near friends to care for them, are unprovided for. An entrance fee of ^250 is required, and it is expected that friends able to do so will further contribute clothing for the inmates, and towards other ex- penses incurred in times of sickness or death. Applicants having any real or personal property are required to place the same with the Treasurer of the Church Charity Foundation, receiving therefrom during their life either the whole income, or a portion agreed upon, the principal remaining at their death with the Home Fund of the Foundation. All members of the Home are expected to take such part as their strength and ability admit in the lighter work of the household, and by habits of neatness and order promote the general health and com- fort of the family. Superintendent, Deaconess Agnes L. Hodgkiss. King's County Almshouse, Brooklyn. The New York Association for the Blind sends, a home teacher weekly to the Men's Ward to INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 75 furnish instruction in chair-caning and basketry. A teacher is also sent weekly to the women for instruction in sewing and mending. Monthly entertainments are arranged by the Association for the blind men and women at which the sighted inmates are invited to be present. St. Joseph's Blind Asylum, Statcn Island. This is a combined home and school for blind girls and women, under the care of the Sisters of St. Francis. The Home is an integral part of the Mt. Loretto Institution maintained by the Roman Catholic Church. The buildings for blind girls and women have accommodations for 75, and were the gift of Sister Anne. The Institution is maintained by private contributions. Sister Superior, Sister M. Anft. N. Y. State and N. Y. City Aid for Blind Babies and Children. At the discretion of the Commissioner of Education, blind babies and children not residing in the city of New York, of the age of 12 and under, may be sent to one of the Homes for blind babies and children maintained by the International Sunshine Society, to the Catholic Institute for the Blind or to the Brooklyn Home for Blind, Crippled, and Defective Children, and shall be paid for by the state at the rate of $1.00 per day. New York City, in 1908, approved a bill committing its blind babies to the Dyker Heights Home, 84th Street and 13th Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y., and now pays for their maintenance and training at the rate of $1.00 a day. Since 1912 the City Budget has provided for this payment. International Sunshim Home for Blind Babies, Dyker Heights, 84th St. and 13th Ave., Brooklyn. Founded, 1904. Capacity, 31. Supported by voluntary contributions ; also by a per capita payment of $1.00 per day for each child from New York City. A kindergarten, under the management of the public school system, is maintained in the Home, so that children old enough to benefit by this form of training have regular instruction. This provision was made in 1907. A class for the blind is provided in Public School No. 127, Brooklyn, that the children of this Home physically too frail to enter the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind, New York City, at the age of eight years, may attend the public school daily and yet remain in the Blind Babies' Home for special medical care. Albany Association of the Blind, Inc., 105 Lancaster Street, Albany. Established, 1908. Eight men in the shop ; 15 women in the classes. The building occupied as headquarters is owned free of debt by the Association. For men, industrial classes in cane-seating, rug- weaving 76 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND ■ and basketry are conducted daily throughout the year, the association being responsible for the instruction and the conduct of the depart- ment for cane-seating, the Commission furnishing the machinery and appliances, maintaining the instructor and directing the departments Eor weaving and basketry. Industrial classes for women are held on three days of each week from September to July. Monthly social meetings for the blind and their seeing friends are held during the year with the exception of July and August. The Association's work is maintained entirely by vol- untary contributions. Prank L. Frost (blind) is the President, and directs the industrial and social activities. The Association employs a seeing teacher for the women's industrial classes, and a (blind) man as teacher of cane seating. Buffalo Association for ttu Blind, 489 Ellicott Street, Buffalo. Founded. 1907. Valuation of plant, >f;10.000. It employs from 15 to 20 men and women, and is supported by voluntary contributions. The industries are broom-making, chair-caning and art-fabric weaving. Applicants outside of Buffalo are also admitted. The services of a home teacher are supplied by the New York Commission for the Blind, which also assists in the sale of goods made by the workers of the Asso- ciation. It is interesting to record that the Buffalo Association has been given a Pierce-Arrow automobile arranged to carry 10 to 12 people to and from their work. It is also used for delivery purposes during the day. Manager, J. E. Eldridge. Cayuga County Association for the Bli)td, Merrifield. This is a social organization of the blind, which meets from time to time, usually in Auburn. President. A. E. Bigelow. Rochester Association of Workers for th< Blind, Inc. Incorporated April 1. 1914. Occupies rented office for administrative work. It main- tained a home teacher until September, 1915. when the Commission took over her support and direction. Holds monthly social meetings for blind members and friends, distributes relief and secures employ- ment for blind, maintains a ticket bureau and sells the products of blind labor. Has been active in securing treatment to prevent blindness, and in securing admissions to the State School for the Blind. Has recently secured organization of Advisory Board to conduct, jointly with the Commission, an Industrial Center for instruction in broom making, chair-caning and mattress-making. President. W. Alfred Watson i blind. Syracusi Association of Workers for il>< Blind. Established. 1915 78 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Headquarters, Y. M. C. A. Meeting room furnished gratuitously. Supported by voluntary contributions. Tri-County Association of the Blind, Inc. Headquarters at Glens Falls ; covers Saratoga, Warren and Washington Counties. Organized in April, 1915. Incorporated in August, 1915, through the activities of the Commission. Pays traveling expenses of Commission's home teacher for that territory. Works jointly with the Commission, taking responsibility for all social activities and for voluntary assistance in conduct of sales. Treasurer. Mrs. R. W. Sherman. Utica Committee for the Blind. Established, 1912. Meeting room furnished gratuitously. Supported by voluntary contributions. Home teacher furnished by the New York Commission for the Blind. National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness. 130 East 22d Street, New York. Established, January 1, 1915. Supported by voluntary contributions. See under National work, at the end of this section. The Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind, 250 West 54th St., New York. President and manager, Walter G. Holmes. For details about this publication, refer to Magazines, at the end of this section ; also, see p. 270, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia. Libraries for the Blind, Albany, State Library for the Blind. Three thousand, nine hundred and seventy-three volumes; 2,337 titles (books and music). Books may be circulated throughout New York State. An ink print catalog may be had upon application. Through a spe- cial appropriation made by the state, the New York State Library prints a number of new titles annually. These may be purchased by other organizations at a nominal price. Librarian, Miss Mary C. Chamber- lain. Auburn, Seymour Library. One hundred and one volumes. The books are circulated in Cayuga and Onondaga Counties. Batavia, State School for the Blind. Four~thousand, seven hundred and fifty-two volumes; 850 titles. The circulation of books is limited to pupils and former students. A printed catalog of the school's pub- lications is available. Brooklyn, Public Library. Two thousand, two hundred and fifty-five volumes; 1,300 titles. The circulation of books is practically confined to the borough of Brooklyn. A home teacher is employed by the library. Buffalo, Public Library. Ninety-two volumes. The library has city support only but has loaned books to readers in the county. Printed lists of the books are sent without charge. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 79 New York, Institute for the Education of the Blind. Three thou- sand, eight hundred volumes; 350 titles, practically all text books. The books are circulated only among the pupils of the school. New York, Public School Classes for the Blind. Two hundred volumes ; 2.500 pamphlets ; 170 titles. The books are sent to the dif- ferent classes for blind children in the public school system of Greater New York. New York, Public Library, Library for the Blind. Seven thousand, nine hundred and two volumes (music scores not included) ; 2,426 titles; 5,475 music scores. Books may be circulated throughout New York state. New Jersey and Connecticut, without restriction, and to any part of the United States provided the applicant cannot secure the desired material from a nearer source. Printed catalogs of books and of music will be sent upon request. The embossed catalog is published in five sections, three of books, two of music, each section being printed in the type of the books listed therein. This catalog will be loaned to regularly enrolled readers, or it can be bought at 10 cents a section. The library employs one home teacher who works in Greater New York. Librarian, Miss Lucille Goldthwaite. Rochester, Public Library. Fifty volumes; 18 titles. Books are loaned to the Rochester Association for the Blind which has head- quarters at Reynold 's Library. NORTH CAROLINA. School for tJie Deaf and Blind, Raleigh. Founded, 1845. Capacity, 350. Valuation of plant, $250,000 (both departments). Annual state appropriation, $72,500 (both departments). The school owns 35 acres of land, 7 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term and purposes of instruc- tion see Introduction to this section. Superintendent, John E. Ray, A.M. The Narth Carolina Association of the Blind, Greensboro. Estab- lished in 1909. The general objects of this association are similar to those given under "associations" in the Introduction to this section. At the present time this organization is endeavoring to establish an industrial home for needy blind women. An act of incorporation for such an institution has been granted, and money is being collected for the same. President, H. E. Easley, Greensboro, N. C. Library for the Blind, Raleigh. School for the Blind. Three thou- sand, five hundred volumes; 2,500 titles. The books are circulated throughout the state. 80 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND NOKTll DAKOTA. School for l In Blind, Bathgate. Pounded, L895; opened, L908; capacity, 36; valuation of plant. $75,000. The school derives its main- tenance from an income of $12,000 per year furnished by a grant of land made by Congress to the state for its schools and public institu- tions. The school owns about 40 acres of land, (i of which are avail- able Tor athletics. The location of the school is such that there is un- limited opportunity lor recreation, and the pupils frequently go for Long walks in the surrounding country. There is a small gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- tion see the lntroduci;on to this section. Superintendent, l>. P. < Ihapple. Stati Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Control is au- thorized by a bill, passed in March. 1913. to make provisions for the care, maintenance, and instruction of indigent blind babies and chil- dren under school age in an institution inside or without the state. and to provide transportation to and from the same until there shall he established by law an institution within the state for the care of blind children under school age. Library. Bathgate, School for the Blind. Seven hundred and sixty-two volumes; 300 titles. Books may he circulated throughout tlie state. OHIO. Ohio Stati School for the Blind, Columbus. Founded. 1837. Valua- tion of plant, $800,000. Annual state appropriation, $100,000. Capac- ity, 240. There are nine acres in the whole institution, six of which are used for recreational purposes. There are two gymnasia. Historically, it is interesting to note that the Ohio School was the first 1o he established entirely at state expense. Boston, New York. and Philadelphia preceded it by only a few years, but these three owe their establishment to private bequests, which were later supple- mented by state appropriations. Superintendent, Charles F. F. ( larapbell. Co-education of tin Blind cmd 11k Seeing in the Cincinnati Public Schools. Classes for blind children were started in the public schools of Cincinnati in 1905. There are five centers, three known as '-con- servation of vision" classes, with an attendance of 30 children having partial sighl (that is more than 6/60 and less than 6/15 vision), one center for live blind children, and one center for blind mentally defec- tive' children (4 in attendance). This was the first attempt in America to give blind, mentally defective children special attention in the public 82 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND schools. In the same building there is also provision made for seeing children who are mentally defective. The department is known as the ''Special School for Mentally Defective Children." For full par- ticulars of the public school method for training the blind, see the. Introduction to this section. Director, R. B. Irwin. Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Cleveland Public Schools. Classes for blind children were started in the public schools of Cleveland in 1909. There are four centers for partially blind chil- dren, and attendance in these classes is 40. There are four centers for blind children (that is children whose vision is less than 6/60), and the attendance is 33. One of the centers for the blind children is located in the Cleveland Training School for Teachers. This is a fact worthy of attention, for by this arrangement every teacher who passes through this training school has the opportunity of becoming familiar, to a greater or lesser extent, with the possibility of teaching blind chil- dren in the public schools. This arrangement means that graduates from the training school in Cleveland become fully acquainted with this method of educating the blind. One of the biggest problems confronting those responsible for the training of blind children in the public schools is to provide the pupils with trade and industrial training equivalent to that given in residen- tial schools. In 1916 Cleveland began to provide its blind youths, who are capable of benefiting by the same, instruction in pianoforte tuning. The man who gives instruction in tuning has charge also of the 700 pianos owned by the Board of Education so that it is possible for him to give his pupils the opportunity of practising upon nearly every make of piano in every degree of repair. This is a unique event in the edu- cation of the blind in America, and will go a long way toward placing the public school method of training on an equality with that of the best residential schools. Director, R. B. Irwin. Co-education of the Blind and the Seeing, in the Toledo Public Schools. Work of this kind was started at Toledo in February, 1915. There are two centers with 18 pupils, one class providing for children with partial vision and the other for blind children. In January, 1915, the Board of Education of Cincinnati, and of Toledo, requested Robert B. Irwin, the supervisor of the education of the blind in Cleveland, to conduct this form of education in Cincin- nati and Toledo. This cooperation among the three cities has been of great value, as it has resulted in a practical co-ordination and unifica- tion of the work, and there can be little question that this "so-called public school experiment" is being carried on most progressively in Ohio. In 1916 a visitor was employed to coordinate the training of INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 83 the blind children in their homes with that received in the school. Director, R. B. Irwin, Board of Education, Cleveland, Ohio. State Aid for College Students. In May, 1913, a law became effec- tive in Ohio whereby blind pupils studying in any college, university, or technical or professional school authorized by law to grant degrees, may receive assistance for defraying of the expense of readers (subject to the approval of the State Board of Administration), upon the rec- ommendation of the state school for the blind. It is regrettable to have to record that the Ohio law, unlike the New York law, does not specify any fixed amount to be allowed each student. Ohio State Commission for the Blind. Founded, 1908. Headquar- ters, Columbus. The purpose of the Commission is similar to that indicated in the Introductory matter of this section, under the head- ing "Commissions for the Blind." The Ohio Commission was the first to employ a staff of nurses to seek and assist those with defective vision. The Commission cooperates with a large corps of ophthalmolo- gists who give gratuitous advice to those who are unable to secure competent medical assistance. The Commission also succeeded, in 1915, in having a law passed which not only requires the prompt re- porting of ophthalmia neonatorum (see Blindness, Prevention of), to the State Board of Health, but also makes it obligatory for that Board to send a trained nurse to a family in which a case of ophthalmia neonatorum is found, where parents are unable to provide proper care. As only $5,000 was granted for this home nursing service — for new- born infants with "sore eyes" — the nurses of the Commission for the Blind besides giving their time to other cases of defective vision, co- operate for the first two years with the Board of Health in looking after a case of ophthalmia neonatorum that cannot be reached by the Board of Health nurse. The Commission employs nine blind home teachers who give instruc- tion in sewing, knitting and crocheting, as well as instruction in read- ing and other occupations that help to make life more cheerful. Fur- thermore, the Commission provides raw material to blind women who, in their homes, are able to do acceptable work. A market for the articles made by these women is found by cooperation with public- spirited merchants who give, without charge, space in their stores for the sale of this work. The goods are also sold in private homes by traveling saleswomen and at women's clubs. The Commission operates a trade-training department in which in- struction is given in broom-and basket-making, and when a man is able to conduct either industry in his own home he is helped in the 84 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND purchase of tools and raw material, and is assisted to find a market for his work. Executive Secretary, .Miss Prances Reed. Pensions for the Blind. Ohio appears to be the first state that at- tempted to put into operation a state-wide distribution of monetary relief for the blind. The first law was a modification of the poor laws of 1898. In 1904 a Pension Law for the Blind was passed, to-be admin- istered by the probate court, with a per capita allowance of $100. This enactmenl was. however, declared unconstitutional by the Su- preme Court, upon the ground of "class Legislation." In 1908, the Carrol bill "For the Relief of the Needy Blind" was passed (Sec. G. C. 2962-70). The bill provided for a commission in each county which mighl grant such sums as it deemed necessary, up to $150 a year payable quarterly). The conditions of payment are: 1. Blind- ness (degree not defined) ; 2. Residence in the county for one year; 3. Must have become blind while a resident of the state, or have been a resident at the passage of the act; 4. Must be needy and one wdio, unless granted this relief would become a charge on the public, or on those wiio by law. are not required to support him or her. This was declared constitutional by the Supreme Court September 30, 1913 89 < ). S. 351 ) on the ground of the need of a class for the poor. The earlier statute gave relief to blind persons regardless of whether they possessed means or not. This law provides for relief only when they would otherwise become public charges. In 1913 tlie Carrol bill was amended, abolishing the County Blind Relief Commissions and transferring their powers to the County Com- missioners, in whose hands the distribution of the relief now- rests. The Ohio Law was evidently drawn hastily and has not given entire satisfaction either to the blind or to their friends, and it is hoped that other states wishing to pass such laws will study the matter carefully before action is taken. To mention only one of the difficulties, we refer to the fact that no attempt is made to define the term "blind," which leads to considerable confusion. According to the latest reports, nearly 4,000 blind people are securing financial assistance under this law; representing a total expenditure of county funds of approximately $400,000 per annum. The Cincinnati Library Society for 1h< Blind. Through the efforts of Missvs Ceorgia D. and Florence B. Trader, the Cincinnati Library Society for the Blind was organized in 1901. Weekly readings are held by volunteers, who read books and magazines not published in types for the blind, a special entertainment is given once a month, and classes in reading and writing embossed type and in needle-work are held each week. The blind are also visited in their homes, and helped 86 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND in many ways; they are given medical aid, clothing, tickets to enter- tainments, etc. The Ohio Traction Co. furnish the Society a liberal supply of tickets so it is possible for the blind to enjoy the privileges of the Library. Through the efforts of the Society, a department for the blind was opened in the public schools in September, 1905. The Society owns about 2,200 volumes, and circulates them through- out the United States and Canada. During the year 1914, 6,182 volumes were distributed in this way. Directors, Misses Georgia D. and Florence B. Trader. Clovcrnook Home for the Blind, Mt. Healthy. After working among the blind for two years, the Misses Georgia D. and Florence B. Trader realized the need of a home for blind women. March 11th, 1903, the late Wm. A. Procter gave the home of the poets, Alice and Phoebe Cary, for this purpose. It is a brick house of seven rooms on a farm of 26 acres, located at Mt. Healthy, eight miles from Cincinnati. In October of the same year, Mr. Procter built a three room cottage for the gardener and the only blind male inmate — a broom-maker — who used a part of the barn for his shop. In Ma} 7 , 1907, the weaving industry was started. It also had its beginning in the barn, where the women worked, until October, when they moved into a beautiful shop, the gift of Mrs. Thomas J. Emery and Prof. Philip Van Ness Myers. That Clovernook might meet the neods of a greater number, a large cottage was erected and dedicated May 31st, 1913. With this build- ing, and the small home, twenty-two blind women are given roomy and comfortable accommodations. During the summer of 1913, Prof. Philip Van Xess Myers fitted up a small building where a trial might be made of printing books in em- bossed type. The women aH help with the house-work. Those who are not able to work in the weaving or printing shops, make fancy articles. They are given one third the sale price of their fancy work, and are also paid for their work in the shops. Weekly readings and monthly entertainments are given, they are furnished with theatre and symphony tickets, and are taken to other places of amusement. The home is open all the year. It is supported entirely by volun- tary contributions and the sale of products made by the women. The home was primarily intended for homeless blind women of Ohio, but applicants from other states are favorably considered if there are vacancies. An entrance fee of $300.00 is expected from all applicants 88 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND who are able to pay. Trustees, Misses Georgia 1). and Florence B. Trader.. Tin Cincinnati Association for th Welfare of tin Blind. Work- shop, 1506-1508 Bremen Street. Established, 1911. Capacity. 30. The Association occupies rented quarters, and the principal industries are broom and basket-making. Some mops are also made This shop was established as a result of the efforts of the Cincinnati Association for the Welfare of the Blind. Director. Charles p. Kuhn. Cleveland Society for tfu Blind, 612 St. Clair Avenue. Found-. 1. 1906. This society endeavors to assist the blind along the general lines indicated in the Introduction to this section, under '"typical commis- sions and associations for the blind." It is supported entirely by vol- untary contributions. The Society operates a broom shop, which gives employment to 25 blind men. There is also a small amount of weaving carried on by blind women. The Society cooperates effectively with the State Commission for the Blind in an effort to create as large a market as possible for the sale of the work of the blind. Through active sub-committees it does many helpful things for the blind chil- dren who are receiving instruction in the public schools; it has also organized clubs for the adult blind Secretary. Mrs. Eva B. Palmer. Howe Publishing Society for the Blind. Founded in 1911. The purpose of this organization is to provide the blind with current litera- ture. Most of the work is done by totally blind workers. The books produced by this Society are sold to libraries, institutions for the blind and individuals- throughout the entire country. President and director of the work, R. B. Irwin, University Club. Cleveland. Ohio. Dayton Association for tlu Blind. Founded. 1907. Its purpose is similar to that of associations for the blind described in the Introduc- tion to this section. For a time, this organization operated a shop in which broom-making was carried on. and it is a particularly note- worthy fact that as a result of its efforts, quite a number of positions have been secured for Hie blind in factories where the seeing are regu- larly employed. The most notable example of this phase of the 'work is the employment of three blind girls in the factory of the National Cash Register Company, who have been on the pay roll of. that concern for the past seven years. Positions for men in several other concerns have also been found. The Association took an active part, in conjunction with the Cleve- land Society for the Blind, in bringing about the establishment of the Ohio State Commission for the Blind. As soon as the work of the Commission was well organized the Association became less active, INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 89 but has cooperated very closely with the Commission in work for the blind in Dayton. President, Mrs. Eugene F. Barney. Libraries for the Blind, Cincinnati. Library for the Blind, 2,200 volumes. Books are circulated throughout the United States and Canada. A New York Point catalog is available at ten cents a copy. Cleveland, Public Library. Six hundred eighty-nine volumes; 436 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the United States. Columbus, State School for the Blind. Has on hand all the books published by the American Printing House in New York Point. Books may be circulated throughout the state. OKLAHOMA. Srhool for the Blind. Muskogee. Founded, 1908. Capacity, 120. Valuation of plant, $150,000. Annual state appropriation, $40,000. The school owns 25 acres of land, 2 of which are used for athletics. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruc- tion, see the Introduction to this section. Superintendent, O. W. Stewart. Library for the Blind, Muskogee, School for the Blind. Two thou- sand volumes. Books may be circulated throughout the state. OREGON. School for the Blind, Salem. Founded, 1874. Capacity, 50. Valua- tion of plant, $30,000. Annual state appropriation, $12,000. The school owns ten acres of land, one of which is available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Su- perintendent, E. T. Moores. ■ Workshop for the Adult Blind, Portland, 11th and Davis streets. Es- tablished, 1913. Capacity, 20. Instruction is given in hammock-mak- ing, piano-tuning, and chair-caning. At the present time, the Shop is maintained by the Educational Department, City of Portland, in con- nection with its trade school for the seeing. The work is in charge of J. F. Meyers, who is himself blind. Libraries for the Blind, Portland, Library Association. One hun- dred and fifty-four volumes ; 73 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. Salem, School for the Blind. Six hundred volumes; 240 titles. Books may be circulated throughout the state. PENNSYLVANIA. Institution for the Instruction of the Blind, OverbrooJc, Philadelphia. The education of blind children in Philadelphia was begun in 1832 90 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND when Julius Friedlander taught at his own residence and at his own expense Sarah and Abraham Marsh, two Philadelphia children. Hav- ing thus demonstrated the possibilities in educating the blind, a meet- ing of the citizens of Philadelphia w y as held, a committee was appointed, a constitution was soon adopted, and a Board of Managers appointed, which held its first meeting March 5th, 1833. At this meet- ing, Mr. Friedlander was appointed "Principal Instructor," and on the 25th of March, 1833, the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruc- tion of the Blind was opened on Twelfth Street, above Race, with four Philadelphia pupils. It is significant that in that early day, the man- agers should anticipate so accurately the character of the work to be done in the Institution as to designate it as an "Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." "The system of instruction adopted was that which the celebrated and benevolent Valentin Haiiy so success- fully carried into effect in several establishments of a similar character in Europe." On Jan. 27th, 1834, the Legislature granted the necessary articles of incorporation. In April, 1834, the Institution was removed to two large buildings on 13th street, above Race. The cornerstone of the building at 20th and Race Streets, which housed the school for 63 years, was laid September 10th, 1835, Andrew Jackson then being President. This building was opened on Oct.. 27th, 1836, with an exhibition and concert by the pupils. In January, 1899, the school was moved to its present site at Over- brook, within the limits of the City of Philadelphia. Subsequent pur- chases have increased the original 27 acres to about 30 acres. The site has been acquired at an approximate cost of $200,000; the buildings and furnishings have cost about $300,000; the present (1915) valua- tion of plant and equipment is $679,868.93. The buildings are in the Spanish Mission style of architecture so common in Southern Cali- fornia. This construction provides buildings unusually free from danger from fire, while they admit a maximum of light and air. A tuition fee of $350 is charged those who are able to pay it, although in practice but little is realized from this source. The school is supported from the income of endowment funds and by a per capita appropria- tion of $300 for pupils from the state of Pennsylvania. Pupils from Delaware and southern New Jersey are also educated here at the expense of their respective states. We have given this full account of the beginnings of the Pennsyl- vania Institution because the Philadelphia, New York and Boston schools were the first three to be established in America. Furthermore, Photos from the Home for the Blind. St. Louis. Mo. "Homes" for the homeless are as much a necessity for the sightless as for the seeing. In states where "pensions" are given to the "needy blind" accom- modation can often be found with some private family in the community. A small well-regulated home is one of the best methods of caring for the homeless, the aged, or the infirm blind. 92 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND the Pennsylvania Institution was the first to give up its congested city quarters and move out to the suburbs. Since the removal of the Phila- delphia [nstitutiou in 1899, the schools in Baltimore and Boston have also given up their eity buildings and haw re-built in the suburbs. The New York City I list il ul ion is likewise preparing to make a similar change. The ( )\ erhrook school is able to house nearly 200 students. Although located within the limits of the city of Philadelphia, the school pos- hes ample grounds for recreation purposes, approximately eleven acres being given over to athletics, and fully two to gardens for the use of the school children. Historically, it is important to note that in addition to a well-equipped gymnasium, this- school was the first in the United States to install a fine swimming pool and bowling alley, which were opened in 1899. The requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction are outlined in the Introduction to this section. In addition to furnishing everything required by a typical school for the blind, this school lays considerable emphasis upon the training of pupils who are qualified to become teachers, and it is inter- esting to note that graduates from this institution are serving as teach- ers in quite a number of other American institutions for the blind. Another interesting effort of the school is the maintenance of what has been called a ' ' field officer. ' ' Liborio Delfino, who is himself blind, was the pioneer in this form of activity in America. He has visited many former pupils of the institution in their own homes and has called upon almost every blind man and woman in the state. He is constantly visiting prospective pupils and helping graduates who need friendly advice and encouragement in establishing themselves. Superintendent. Olin H. Burritt. Salesroom and Exchange for the Blind, 204 So. 13th St., Philadel- phia. Opened, 1910. We mention this interesting establishment imme- diately after the School for the Blind, for it is supported and carried on by the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; It is at Ihis place that Mr. Liborio Delfino, who is in charge, has his headquarters. In the salesroom are sold many articles made by the blind: here also orders for Inning, chair-caning, etc.. are taken. In this same building are housed the books of the Department for the Blind of the Free Library of Philadelphia, and of the Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society, which will be mentioned later. Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, Pittsburgh. Founded. 1888. Opened in 1890. Capacity, 130 pupils. Valuation of plant, $600,000. Annual state appropriation $360 per capita ; there is also an income from endowments. The school owns five and one-half INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 93 aires of land, two of which are available for recreational purposes. There is a gymnasium and swimming- pool; also a special kinder- garten building. This school is unique in respect of location in the midst of what might be termed the intellectual center of Pittsburgh, the pupils being within walking distance of the University of Pitts- burgh, the Carnegie Institute of Technology, the Carnegie Library and Museum, Soldiers Memorial Hall, and the largest and newest high school of the city. For requirements for admission, course, term, and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superin- tendent, Thomas 8. McAloney. State Aid for Blind Infants. The State Board of Education is authorized, in virtue of a bill passed, May, 1913, to make provision for the education of blind children under eight years of age residing in Pennsylvania when the parents are unable to educate them prop- erly. The board may contract to this end with any nonsectarian insti- tution in Pennsylvania or elsewhere, established for the education of the blind, at a cost not to exceed $1.00 a day, the money to be paid out of tli«> state school fund. The Act of 1913 was so amended by the Legislature of 1915 as to permit the state Board of Education to waive the aire limit of eight years in such rases as seem to warrant it by reason of physical or mental defects. The Pennsylvania Working Horn* for Blind Men, 3518 Lancaster Aw. W.Philadelphia. Pounded, 1874. Capacity, 200. At the pres- ent time, there are 117 beneficiaries, about half of whom live in the institution. Valuation of plant, $202,000. Annual slate appropria- tion, $17,500, and from the city of Philadelphia, $5,000. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. in good physical condition, and resi- dents of the state of Pennsylvania for at least one year. The Home prefers not to admit men over 45 years of age. The principal indus- try is broom-making, although a small amount of ray carpel is made, and a limited number of chairs are caned annually. About one-third of the men live or hoard outside of the institution. As its name implies, the institution maintains a hoarding home for men who wish to live in the institution and receive board at a nominal tic All inmates who have worked industriously at this institution but who are no longer able to labor are provided with a permanent home in the boarding department or "Retreat" until their death. However, no part of the appropriation by the State or City is used for the care of these individuals; these expenses being met by an in- come from an endowment and by private subscriptions. We call the readers' attention to this institution as the one to which we referred in the Introduction to this section, since it was the first 94 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND extensive effort to establish a workshop for adult blind men entirely independent of any of the older institutions for the training of blind youth. It came into being as a result of industrial experiments made by the Philadelphia school, and after long and persistent agitation b}' Mr. Chapin and the management of the school. Hinmon II. Hall, a man who lost his sight in adult life, was the superintendent of the institution from its inception in 1874 until his death in 1890. He had much to do with the early experiments and the success of the institu- tion. Superintendent, Frederick H. Mills. Pennsylvania Industrial Home for Blind Women, 3827 Powelton Ave., W. Philadelphia, Founded, 1869. Capacity, 70. Valuation of plant, $89,000. As we have before intimated, it is not easy to draw a line between some so-called "homes" and "workshops." This in- stitution is unquestionably more a Home than a Shop, which we have previously pointed out more closely approximated a factory. In it every inmate able to work is busily employed four and one-half hours a day, some with various forms of fancy work, others with the re-seat- ing of chairs or the weaving of rag carpet and rugs. As in the case of the Working Home for Blind Men, those who have become aged and infirm while in the institution are provided for. The Industrial Home receives no state aid; it is supported entirely by interest from endowment and by private subscriptions. The Home receives adults only and without regard to their religious denominations. It prefers not to admit women over 50 years of age. Superintendent, Miss Ada V. Harry. The Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society and Free Circulating Library for the Blind. Headquarters, Witherspoon Bldg., Philadel- phia. Founded, 1882, by the late William Moon, the blind inventor of the Moon embossed type, and his daughter, Adelaide E. C. Moon. The Society was reorganized in 1898 ; incorporated in 1901 ; received state aid in 1905. It now receives $4,000 a year from the Legislature. The organization also enjoys an income from an endowment fund and from annual donations. The 3,764 volumes which the Society owns are valued at $3,500. With the exception of 710 volumes, which are in the Carnegie Library at Pittsburgh, all the books are deposited with and circulated by the Free Library of Philadelphia. Until November, 1915, four home teachers only were employed in the work of the Society, two of these confining their attention to Philadelphia, one to Pittsburgh, and the third working in other parts of the state. Six additional teach- ers have since been engaged. Seven of these are totally and three partly blind. The books owned by the Free Library of Philadelphia are cir- culated only in the city, those in the Home Teaching Society are INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 95 utilized throughout the country. The Pennsylvania Society was the first home teaching society to be established in America, and the son of the founder, Dr. Robert C. Moon, served as the secretary of the organization until his death in February, 1914. For further par- ticulars of the Moon alphabet, see page 259, Vol. I of this Encyclopedia. Secretary, Mrs. Isabel W. Kennedy. Blind Relief Fund of Philadelphia, 617 Witherspoon Bldg. Founded 1908. There are no overhead expenses, no state or city aid, but the fund is secured from voluntary contributions. The purpose of the organization is to give an annual outing to the blind, and occasionally financial assistance to the needy blind. Up to the present time, how- ever, only a small fund has been realized. CJiapin Memorial Hone for the Aged Blind, 6713 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia. Founded 1906. Capacity, 30. Valuation of plant, $35,000. Endowment fund, $65,000. Supported entirely by dona- tions and income from endowment. Applicants may be of either sex, from Pennsylvania, New Jersey or Delaware, and elsewhere if there are vacancies. An admission fee of $300 must be paid by those over 75 years of age, and $500 by those between 65 and 75; in every case burial must be provided for. This Home was founded by 12 former pupils of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, because aged blind persons were excluded from all nonsectarian homes for the aged, as well as from nearly all sectarian homes. Matron, Mrs. Agnes B. Reibold. Pennsylvania Association for the Blind, Liberty and Second Ave- nues, Pittsburgh. Founded, 1910. This organization does not own the building in which it maintains its headquarters. Annual state appro- priation, $2,500. The City of Pittsburgh gives $15,000 towards the maintenance of the workshop. Membership dues and donations are also received. This organization aims to carry on the activities out- lined in the "typical Association for the Blind" referred to in the Introduction to this section. Instruction is given at the homes of blind women in sewing, knitting, and crocheting, and material is pro- vided for the making of articles which the organization undertakes to sell. The merchants in Pittsburgh have contributed space for the sale of this work from time to time, although no permanent counter is used, as in New York City and Ohio. In addition to this, club women give substantial aid in the sales, and each year at the Pittsburgh Industrial Exposition, which is held for six weeks in the autumn, the Associa- tion finds a good market for the home work. Executive Secretary, W. W. Stamm. Pittsburgh Workshop for the Blind, Liberty and Second Avenues, 96 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND Pittsburgh. Founded, L910. Receives $15,000 from the city of Pitta- burgh, and some contributions from private sources. The principal industries are broom-making and chair-caning, and rug-weaving. This shop is conducted under the supervision of the Pennsylvania Associa- tion for the Blind, which lias its headquarters in Pittsburgh, and gives employment to 40 men. Superintendent. Win. II. Long. • Blind Women's Progressivt club. Organized, 1912. Incorporated, 1!*14. Interested in establishing a home for indigent and aged blind women. Funds secured from membership fees and contributions. The active members are blind and there are one-half as many associate members having sight. This organization is affiliated with the Con- gress tit' Women's Clubs. President. .Miss Elizabeth Johnson. The Society for the Promotion of Church Work Among the Blind. Organized in Philadelphia in 1903. Has defrayed the expenses of embossing parts of the Book of Common Prayer. Words and Music of the Hymnal in Braille, Holy Communion in Moon. Cooperates with churches, missionary societies, etc. Employs a blind visitor. Also furnishes guides for those unable otherwise to attend church. Treas- urer, Rev. W. Arthur Warner, 533 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Libraries for the Blind, The Fret Library of Philadelphia. The Free Library of Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Institution for the In- struction of the Blind jointly rent the building at 204 South 13th Street, which is used for library purposes and provides a place for the Salesroom and Exchange, a striking example of practical co- operation. Five thousand, five hundred and sixty-nine volumes; 1,0(32 titles. Books purchased for the Free Library are circulated only within the city limits, but those belonging to the Pennsylvania Home Teaching Society (see reference to this organization above), are sent anywhere in the United States, except where borrowers may be supplied from a nearer source. Embossed lists of the books are loaned free. Librarian-in-charge, -Mrs. Liborio Delfino. Philadelphia, Overbrook, School for the Blind. Nineteen thousand, nine hundred and forty-one volumes; 1,175 titles. Books are circu- lated anywhere in the United States when they cannot be secured else- where. A list of all publications in American Braille can be bought for 9 cents. Pittsburgh, Carnegie Library. Two thousand, six hundred and twenty-seven volumes; 1,052 titles. Books are circulated through Western Pennsylvania. Ink print catalog, 10c ; Braille and Moon lists loaned to readers. Pittsburgh, School for the Blind. One thousand volumes. Books I o; i ned in Western Pennsylvania. INSTITUTIONS FOR THE BLIND 97 RHODE ISLAND. Home Teaching for the Adult Blind. Home teaching at state ex- pense was begun in Rhode Island in 1904, and is now conducted under the direction of the State Board of Education. Two teachers are em- ployed. The instruction given is similar to that provided by other home teaching organizations generally. State Aid for Blind Infants and Youths. Rhode Island makes pro- vision of $1.00 a day for the care, medical treatment, maintenance, and education of blind infants and children under school age whose parents are unable properly to care for them. These infants may be sent to a nursery for blind babies outside of the state. When blind children are old enough to go to a school for the blind the state will pay for their tuition while attending such institution in a neighbor- ing state. SOUTH CAROLINA. School for the Deaf and Blind, Cedar Spring. Founded, 1849. Capacity, 100 blind; valuation of plant, $155,000 (both departments). Annual state appropriation. $35,000 (both departments). The school owns 150 acres of land, 10 of which are available for athletics. There is a gymnasium. For requirements for admission, course, term and purpose of instruction, see the Introduction to this section. Superin- tendent, N. F. Walker. Library for the Blind, Cedar Spring, School for the Blind. One thousand volumes; 400 titles. Books are circulated throughout the state. SOUTH DAKOTA. School for the Blind, 8 28Noy RETC'D ED NOV 18 tW 5s .CIRC [|EPT APR id 74g > 56HW RECTD LD LD 21-95m-ll,'50(2877sl6)476 Uf OV 22 1983 DEC 9 ,983 Pressboard Pamphlet Binder Gaylord Bros., Inc. Makers Stockton, Calif. PAT. IAN. 21. 1908 comaV" 00 THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY